Overlay network can achieve load balancing of distributed system by choosing lower-cost application-level paths.However,traditional methods didn't take into account the resource bottleneck of partial heavy load paths,so as to decreasing the throughput.Aiming at this problem,a fair load balancing QoS routing algorithm is proposed.The algorithm introduces a fairness resource index into the cost model,and establishes a new load-balancing utility function.At the same time,an adaptive weighting method based on system load status is used to amend the weight of QoS constraints.Experiments show that the algorithm is relatively better performance of the traditional algorithm,to effectively improve service success rate and reduce the fluctuations degree of load distribution.


Circle line (CCL) is approximately 33 km long and comprises of 29 stations. The original power supply intake scheme consists of three (3) 66 kV intake substations located strategically around the line. This design ensures that sufficient redundancy is built into the system to mitigate the event of power outage of any one of the power supply sources. Difficulties in identifying suitable land resulted in the implementation of an integrated design approach for the CCL power supply intake scheme. The existing Singapore mass rapid transit (SMRT) operated intake substations at Bishan Depot Intake and Buona Vista Intake were found to be suitably located in relation to the final CCL alignment making them ideal intake sources for CCL. The use of the existing intakes eliminates the need to identify and secure suitable land for the substation and also brings about savings in both construction and maintenance cost. This paper gives an overview of the considerations in the planning and use of existing intake substations to maintain a reliable and robust power supply for the transit network in Singapore.


A total of 24 concrete samples of nominal dimensions 300mm x 150mm x 100mm each were produced for laboratory testing using six cement dosages of 150 Kg/m3, 200 Kg/m3, 250 Kg/m3, 300 Kg/m3, 350, and 400 Kg/m3. Samples were buried at a swampy area with a moisture content of 67.38% for 56days, 84days, 112days and 196days. For concrete dosed at 400 Kg/m3, compressive strengths of 20.8MPa, 19MPa, 16.5MPa, and 12.7MPa were recorded for 56days, 84days, 112days, and 196days, respectively. The modulus of elasticity for the concrete dosed at 400 Kg/m3 is 29741.38 MPa, and the Poisson ratio is 0.177. The bulk modulus for concrete dosed at 400 Kg/m3 was found to be 15346.43MPa and the shear modulus was 12634.4 MPa. Concrete dosed at 150Kg/m3 recorded a Von Mises stress of 15.407MPa, while concrete dosed at 400 Kg/m3 recorded a higher von Mises stress of 21.984 MPa. The Von Mises stresses were far greater than most of the average uni-axial failure stresses. The maximum distortion energy for concrete dosed at 150 Kg/m3 is 9.028 KJ/m3, while that dosed at 400 Kg/m3 has a distortion energy of 6.067 KJ/m3. Other mechanical properties such as the strains, principal stresses, and failure angles were also assessed. The general trend of the analyses revealed that prolonged exposure of concrete to a humid environment has an adverse effect on the engineering performance of concrete.


A caproic acid bacteria strain of high-yield of acid was isolated from century-old pit mud in Luzhou Laojiao Distillery.Such strain was quite different from Clostridium Kluyverii in biological properties through preliminary identification.The research on its acid-producing condi-tions was summarized as follows: the optimum growth temperature was at 35 ℃,the optimum pH value was about 7.0~7.5,ethanol and sodium acetate were the main mediums for its growth and acid-producing,the highest acid-producing level was 500 mg/mL,and living bacteria number was above 0.5 billion/mL.


Jersey has a relatively long history of weather and climate recording. With the exception of about four years, a basic daily weather record is available in one form or another since 1864. This paper briefly mentions some of the early weather and climate recorders in the island, but concentrates on the two current stations at Maison St. Louis Observatory and Jersey Airport, both operated by the Jersey Meteorological Department. A comparison of recent climate is also shown and discussed. The location of stations mentioned in this paper can be found in Fig 1.


This study aims to develop an electronic beam lithography processing technique with the best pattern resolution among top-down machining methods and apply it to manufacture nanoscale structures. When electron beams enter a substrate with highly dense patterns, a pattern distortion occurs due to the electron beam proximity effect caused by the scattering of electron beams reaching the pattern region under the substrate. A silicon nanomold of line width 50 nm was produced and the pattern uniformity was satisfied within the tolerance range through a proper correction of the electron beam proximity effect. In addition, a photo mask with ultra-fine patterns of diameter less than 100 nm was manufactured for use in the semiconductor exposure process using the correction method of the electron beam proximity effect and innovative methods involving liftoff processes.


Sir .—The clinical memorandum "An Unusual Cardiac Arrhythmia Caused by Hypocalcemia" by Fishbein and colleagues (Journal1982;136:372-373) deserves further discussion. If the authors had searched the medical literature of some years ago, they would have found many articles written on the same subject. 1-5 Bucci et al, 4 in a controlled study of newborns with low birth weights, found that 2:1 heart block did not appear in any of the 16 newborns who received intravenous (IV) infusion of 10% glucose and sodium bicarbonate, while a 2:1 heart block developed in six of 21 newborns who were given oral feedings of 10% glucose and human milk. The difference was statistically 2.4 times its SE (z = 2.4, P =.016), thus it was considered to be significant. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the degree of ECG change and the serum calcium level. The ECG abnormalities were shown to correlate better with the


Heterogeneity is one of the challenges in the current NoC design which forces designers to consider irregular topologies. Therefore, finding an optimal topology with minimum cost (minimum use of links, buffers, NIs, etc) and power consumption, and maximum flexibility can provide the best cost-performance trade-off. Irregular mesh is a topology which combines the benefits of regularity and advantage of irregularity. Routing algorithms especially those coupled with wormhole switching should deal with deadlock occurrences. Unlike deadlock avoidance-based schemes, deadlock detection and recovery-based routing schemes, do not restrict routing adaptability. In this paper, we modify irregular mesh architecture and add some extra mesh-like links to improve its performance using deadlock recovery routing. We evaluate the performance under three well-known deadlock recovery routing algorithms and different traffic patterns before and after the link insertion. Simulation results show the proposed method can noticeably reduce the number of detected deadlocks, average packet latency, routing table size at each node, and energy consumption.


Survey of the five corpora of pre-Hellenic Cretan inscriptions : date ; type of documents ; length of the texts ; characteristics of the writings ; main linguistic features ; current state of the decipherments ; linguistic interpretations and identifications ; future of the research


Generalized extreme value(GEV)distribution includes Gumble distribution,Frechet distribution and Weibull distribution.In order to estimate the parameters of GEV more accurately,integral transform method of moments(ITMOM)was proposed from Mellin transform and calculation formulas for parameters were derived.Taking the annual maximum daily precipitation series of two stations of Kunming City in Dianchi catchment for GEV distribution parameter estimation empirical analysis as an example,this paper adopted the method of sum of squares of relative deviations to evaluate the accuracy of parameter estimation,and compared with the method of moments(MOM).The results show that ITMOM gets smaller values of sum of squares of relative deviations than MOM and its estimation accuracy is better than MOM slightly,which indicates ITMOM is effective and feasible.


The crystal structures of the second and third polymorphic forms of iminodiacetic acid [form I: Boman, Herbertsson & Oskarsson (1974), Acta Cryst. B30, 378-382] have been determined by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis. Form II crystallizes in space group Pbc21 with eight molecules in the unit cell a = 5.267 (2), b = 14.140 (4), c = 14.933 (5) A; form III crystallizes in space group P21/n with four molecules in the unit cell a = 5.258(1), b = 12.206 (2), c = 8.709 (1) A, fl = 100.14 (1) °. Both structures were solved by direct methods and refined anisotropically to R factors of 0.052 and 0.042 respectively. Bond * Permanent address: Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel. 0567-7408/79/020360-07501.00 lengths and angles agree well among the four independent molecules in the three structures. However, molecular conformations, as measured by comparison of torsion angles, differ significantly among the three forms, and these differences are related to the packing scheme as determined predominantly by the hydrogenbonding network.


court. A reviewer can do no more than make the comment, for it is the prerogative of a lawyer-writer to use the cases as he sees fit. In this text, cases are used primarily as illustrative material. For the expression of a trend or a point of view, it is often necessary to rely on dicta at the expense of the judgment. Nevertheless, the very thoroughness with which the cases are piled up makes it difficult to cite them with precision for specific decisions on points of law. The book as a whole is so workable that the spots of obscurity indicated here do not impair its value to the profession.


a Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and Institut de Quimica Teòrica i 4 Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 5 b ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 6 Barcelona, Spain 7 Highlights: 8 · ~1.5 nm particles forming Pt122{111}||CeO2(111) and Pt95{100}||CeO2(111) interfaces 9 · Simulation approach enabling full control of electron transfer in model catalysts 10 · Interaction of Pt particles with CeO2(111) shifts d-states of Pt to lower energies 11 · Pt-ceria interaction increases average Pt-Pt distances in the supported particles 12 · Geometry and DOS of the Pt particles are slightly altered by the electron transfer 13 14 Abstract. Interactions between transition metal nanoparticles and reducible oxide supports 15 are thought to significantly affect the performance of many catalysts. Usually, several metal16 support effects act together and cannot be separated from each other. Herein, by means of 17 density-functional calculations we succeeded to single-out and quantify effects of the metal18 support electron transfer on the structure and electronic properties of important model Pt-ceria 19 catalysts. Namely, we considered ~1.5 nm large Pt95 and Pt122 particles supported on 20 CeO2(111). We show that Pt-ceria interactions notably reconstruct Pt nanofacets forming the 21 interface and shift valence d-states of the Pt particles. These effects are rather insensitive to 22 the Pt-ceria electron transfer, at variance with the electronic structure of oxygen anions at the 23 interface, which is significantly affected by the electron transfer. The findings of this work 24 and the special modelling approach applied pave the way for deeper analysis of electronic 25 metal-support interactions in catalysis. 26 27


The objective of study were to examine the relationship of anaerobic power and the knee joint isokinetic strength measured by bicycle ergometer and isokinetic dynamometer between women`s national volleyball team players and junior national volleyball team players. 24 female volleyball player performed 3 time of maximal knee extension and flexion at the velocity of 180˚/sec, and peak torque, average power, endurance ratio, and Ipsi/Bi balance ratio were recorded. Maximal concentric and eccentric quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength was obtained by measuring maximal force moments (torque) during isokinetic knee extension and flexion movements. A Cybex770 dynamometer(USA) was used for the measurements. Efforts for measurement were preceded by 15 minutes of warmup and preconditioning to the testing device. The data collected was analyzed by SPSS statistical package using paired t test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The results showed that there was significant difference between NT and JT. in extension peak torque and average power. However, JT showed more balanced ipsilateral ratio when compare with NT. No differences was observed in anaerobic power and bilateral ratio. In conclusion, it is necessary for NT to improve their hamstring muscle strength and ipsilateral ratio and thus prevent the possibilities of muscle injuries.


Research has suggested killer whale predation may affect cetacean vocal behavior; however, few data exist to test this hypothesis. Data collected for 19 609 km of visual and acoustic shipboard surveys in the tropical Pacific Ocean were examined to determine if changes in dolphin vocal activity could be attributed to the presence of killer whales. These surveys included 346 detections of three highly vocal dolphin species (genus Stenella), whose whistles can be detected at ranges over 4.6 km. Random forest analysis was used to model vocal behavior based on sea state, visibility, fog/rain, thermocline temperature/depth, mixed layer depth, chlorophyll, distance‐to‐shore, species, group size, perpendicular distance, and presence of killer whales. Our results show that the presence of killer whales significantly inhibited vocal activity in these tropical dolphins (p = 0.02). Killer whales are rare in the tropics, and this disruption in communication may not have a significant impact on interactions necessary f...


The immunogenicity of oil formulations that include saponin as an immunomodulator in cattle, swine and goats was evaluated. The specific immune response was examined by the detection of total antibodies (Ab) against each one of the viral strains in the vaccine by Liquid-Phase ELISA. The titres of Ab were related to the Expected Protection Percentage (EPP) and in each experimental group the proportion of individuals with Ab levels compatible with protection (EPP>81%) was determined. The specific titres of IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes in vaccinated cattle were measured by ELISA. The induction of Ab anti-VIAA and against the polymerase 3D was evaluated by agar gel immunodiffusion and ELISA, respectively. The results indicate that oil vaccines with saponin induced 10 times higher total specific Ab levels, for each one of the viral strains at 30 days postvaccination (DPV) than formulations lacking saponin. In addition, the inclusion of this immunomodulator in formulations with reduced antigen payload, elicited at 30 DPV, significantly higher total antibody protection levels (P<0.005) than those obtained with formulations with high 140S antigen payload, and absence of the immunomodulator. The IgG isotype profiles induced in cattle by these vaccines indicated that both IgG1 and IgG2 were higher in formulations with saponin. In addition, these formulations did not elicited antibodies to non structural proteins in vaccinated animals at 30 DPV. High antibody levels were also induced in pigs and goats after vaccination with vaccines containing saponin. Furthermore, high and persistent immune response induced by this formulation in calves with maternal antibodies was also detected. No adverse effects were shown in the vaccinated animals of any species. The adjuvant effect of the formulations containing saponin with no adverse reactions suggests its use as alternative for emergency vaccination and for prophylactic campaigns.


?Based on LMI theory, sufficient conditions for the existence of output feedback controller which enables the poles of the closed loop system with sensor/actuator failures to lie in a prescribed region are proposed. Such controllers can be obtained through solving a set of LMIs. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated by a numerical example.


This longitudinal study aimed to analyse what coping strategies 8- and 12-year-old children use in frustrating situations. The participants were Hungarian students and their teachers. In the first investigation, children were aged 8 (N=52), and then they were re-examined four years later (N=45). Two Likert-type questionnaires (teacher and student versions) were developed and administered in the study. The instruments proved to be highly reliable (Cronbach's α: .84-.86). The questionnaires enabled the researchers to investigate the following behaviourally observable strategies: physical aggression, verbal aggression, resistance, venting/crying, avoidance, teacher-seeking, peer-seeking, following the norms and following teacher's instructions. In most frustrating situations, the frequency of physical and verbal aggression and venting increased with age. Both the self and teacher reports indicated that as students grew older, they were less inclined to seek peer or teacher's help. The correlation between the teacher and self-ratings is weak, particularly in the 12-year-old cohort (p < .05).


The Wnt signaling antagonist, sclerostin, is a potent suppressor of bone acquisition that also mediates endocrine communication between bone and adipose. As a result, Sost−/− mice exhibit dramatic increases in bone formation but marked decreases in visceral and subcutaneous adipose that are secondary to alterations in lipid synthesis and utilization. While interrogating the mechanism by which sclerostin influences adipocyte metabolism, we observed paradoxical increases in the adipogenic potential and numbers of CD45−:Sca1+:PDGFRα+ adipoprogenitors in the stromal vascular compartment of fat pads isolated from male Sost−/− mice. Lineage tracing studies indicated that sclerostin deficiency blocks the differentiation of PDGFRα+ adipoprogenitors to mature adipocytes in association with increased Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Importantly, osteoblast/osteocyte‐specific Sost gene deletion mirrors the accumulation of PDGFRα+ adipoprogenitors, reduction in fat mass, and improved glucose metabolism evident in Sost−/− mice. These data indicate that bone‐derived sclerostin regulates multiple facets of adipocyte physiology ranging from progenitor cell commitment to anabolic metabolism.


A water-soluble arabinogalactan composed of D-galactose and L-arabinose in the mole ratio 1 : 1.4 has been isolated from the flowers of Malva mauritiana L. Partial acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and 13 C NMR spectroscopy were employed in structure elucidation. The arabinogalactan was shown to have a highly branched structure. The core consisted of 1,6-linked β-D-galactopyranose units, about 65% of which were substituted in position C-3 by side-chains of mainly 1,5-linked α-L-arabinofuranosyl residues.


In this paper,we give two new inequalities which involve arithmetic mean value and geometric mean value by using the extremum method of multivariate function.


~70% of all eukaryotic cellular proteins are regulated by phosphorylation. While structural data for kinases and phosphatases are readily available, only a handful of protein:protein complex structures, which are necessary to understand the biological function of the underlying regulation, have been described. Here we report our efforts to close this gap by describing our novel, structural insights into the regulation of MAPKs (p38, ERK2) by the kinase interaction motif family KIM‐PTPs (HePTP, STEP, PTP‐SL). In order to obtain a molecular picture of these large MAPK protein:protein complexes, we are integrating high resolution techniques (NMR/X‐ray) for the analysis of basic components with lower resolution techniques (SAXS) for constraints on the higher order, dynamic, multi‐protein assemblies. This has allowed us to determine the first detailed structures of MAPK:MAPK regulatory protein complexes, which, in combination with a thorough ITC study, has enabled us to identify the molecular determinants that drive MAPK specificity and fidelity. Finally, we are also providing new structural insights into the MAPK spatial control by elucidating the structures of MAPK scaffolding complexes.


A method for reducing the order of uniformly controllable linear time varying systems is proposed. It uses the uniform controllability property of the time varying system to transform it into a time invariant system of the same order, then a time invariant model is found. Using the model parameters, a time varying model of the same order is determined.


Hue tinting' is a set of visualization interactions that make it possible to use color in ways that are meaningful and specific to visualization tasks. 'Hue tinting' interactions address the problem of how to best choose colors to show numbers while 1) using hue to mark only relevant aspects of the data and 2) minimizing color-related problems such as brightness distortion. Most visualization systems make it difficult to use hue variation to identify and distinguish between meaningful features in a dataset without distorting the form or structure of the data. Like colorizing a black-and-white photograph, 'Hue tinting' lets you use color to select, identify, and mark relevant portions of your data without distorting the brightness of the underlying grayscale visualization. Hue tinting a specific range of data values provides a direct method for validating and compliance-testing. Hue tinting a specific region of an image provides a direct method for identifying and measuring features in a dataset, such as the range of power levels at a given frequency range.


The nutritional components and health function of blueberry.The factors that influrenced the active components of blueberry are summarized in this paper to provide some references for the further development and utilization of blueberry in food industry.


The problems of XCY2002-1/200 field X-ray diagnosis vehicle are pointed out in the fielding evaluation,including the absence of tube protection unit, heavy and dusty accessories. Some suggestions are put forward accordingly to provide references.


In the perspective of philosophy,the way of Laozi is different from that of Zhuangzi. The way of Zhuangzi includes everything in his imagination that embodies the spiritual freedom of human beings and tells the four kinds of freedom:spirit,activity,absoluteness and relativity. In addition,this work involves in the values of material gain and freedom,authenticity of spiritual and material words and so on,making up the ideas of spiritual freedom and being the base of his philosophical system of human life.


To use quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to investigate changes in cartilage canals in the distal femur of juvenile goats after their surgical transection.


In order to screen out precooling time for the long distance cold chain transportation of defferent maturity peach and optimal maturity,taking Cangfangzaosheng at three maturities as material,heat conduction and quality were studied during precooling,cold chain transportation and shelf periods. The results show that heat conduction have some difference in fruits at different maturities during precooling,cold chain transportation and shelf periods,fruits at 7 tenth and 8 tenth maturities can maintain higher firmness,total soluble solids content and titratable acid content. The conclusion for the experiment are followed: Optimal precooling temperature is 2-4 ℃,precooling time for the fruits at 7 tenth and 8 tenth maturities are over 20 h and 10-15 h respectively; Sales period for the fruits at 7 tenth and 8 tenth maturities are 3 d and 2 d respectively,and flavor of the fruits at 8 tenth maturity is better than those at 7 tenth maturity. According to sales situation at local market,the fruits at 7 tenth or 8 tenth maturities can be purchases specifically.


This paper proposed a road line extraction method based on beamlet in SAR image from wavelet,because classical method is deviate edge position,noise-sensitive and so on.The method is applied to the SAR in which the speckle noise has not been depressed,.First nonsubsampled wavelet was processed.Then in the transform domain,the road line feature was extracted based on beamlet.At last,the algorithms of recognition was given to detect the road.Compared with classical methods,it not only can cancell noise effectively,but also give more detailed features,and the recognition of roads is better.The results of the experiments demonstrated the validity of the proposed method.


One method that can be used to identify the dynamic origin and specific parent bodies of Earth crossing meteoroids is the determination of the meteoroids' orbital evolution. In this study, a Python ...


The purpose of this paper is to identify the levels of brand awareness, sources of brand awareness, and brand image of smart phones among young and educated rural consumers. Data was collected from 800 young and educated rural consumers. The relevant responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and Chi-square via the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The opening of new stores that ensure the availability of all brands and the opening of service centres, among other things, are recommended to create awareness and build preference as the educated rural youth changes phones quite frequently. Males were found to be more familiar regarding awareness and usage for all brands of mobile phones than females. Marketers must focus on the needs of female consumers for creating better awareness and preference in them. It is recommended that marketers must develop their websites and update all the new applications and attractive offers over there. This is because the internet is considered as the essential source for creating awareness among the young and educated rural consumers.The coverage area of the study is too small and needs to expand to generalise the findings. Respondents were selected from educational institutions of Delhi, the capital city of India. Consequently, there is a limitation to representing the entire population of India.The findings of the paper indicate the awareness level and brand image perception among young and educated rural consumers, which is not covered much in the existing literature. From this paper, marketers and practitioners can get help in formulating strategies to make their brands popular and improve their brand equity to make their business sustainable. Empirically, marketers and practitioners should focus on media to create brand awareness among young consumers and should put more effort in making efficient use of social networking media, such as Facebook, etc.


Hope and Fairburn (1990) presented a typology of wandering behaviors based on the frequency of such behavior in a sample of community‐dwelling, demented elders. They then linked the nine types of wandering behaviors to a set of etiological components to show that the apparently disparate types of behavior lumped together as 'wandering' may actually have distinct neurologic or neuropsychiatric origins. In fact, the distribution of the types of wandering behavior in the sample points to a single latent variable, with a hierarchical structure that demonstrates the centrality of purposeless behavior in the class of wandering behaviors. This is shown in a Guttman scalogram.


We propose a new method to predict the reliability of capacitors in any three-dimensional structure under any stress conditions, using test chips which have independently controlled three-dimensional structures. This method is a very promising tool for developing high-reliability capacitor insulators on threedimensional electrodes in submicron DRAMs. Moreover, this method can be used to quantitatively compare insulator characteristics.


Until recently, globalization was seen as an inexorable process, which most countries would be forced to sacrifice a growing part of independence and sovereignty. However, after the economic and financial crises in Asia and Latin America, many countries have reconsidered their attitude towards globalization, a trend of active adaptation to this process being outlined, in accordance with national interests. Objective basis of globalization emerged but not independent of the countries' national interests, but by their manifestation in the world economy, as well as in other international relations. So far, in all categories of international relations prevailed the interests of great powers. Therefore, although globalization concerns through its very objective basis all countries, this process has been targeted so far, according to the interests of the most developed and powerful countries, ignoring largely the interests of the developing countries, which forms the majority of mankind. Besides presenting the effects of globalization worldwide, this paper focuses on presenting the more adverse effects they have generated in Romania. The conclusion I reached from this approach is that the leading goals of each people are happiness and culture, and the value without culture, without freedom and freedom without existence and national honor are not possible.


Purpose To evaluate posterior and anterior segment safety of an intracameral injection of levofloxacin 0.5% ophthalmic solution as prophylaxis for patients undergoing cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. Setting This study was conducted at Manila Doctors Hospital, Ermita, Manila, Philippines. Design This was a prospective interventional study. Methods Eyes undergoing standard phacoemulsification cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation were treated with intracameral levofloxacin 0.5% at the conclusion of surgery. Safety parameters, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), endothelial cell counts, anterior chamber cells and flare, and central foveal thickness, were evaluated preoperatively and at 1 day and 1 week postoperatively. Results A total of 50 eyes of 50 patients were included in the analysis. At 1 week postoperatively, all eyes demonstrated BCVA of 20/30 or better and 19 eyes (38%) achieved BCVA of 20/20 or better. On the first postoperative day, no corneal edema was observed, and trace to +2 cells and flare in the anterior chamber were noted in all eyes. After 1 week, all eyes had a quiet anterior chamber and endothelial cell counts decreased by an average of 225 cells/mm2, which was marginally significant (p=0.0525) when compared to other time points. Optical coherence tomography results showed no statistically significant differences between central foveal thickness measurements before and after surgery. There were also no statistically significant differences in preoperative and postoperative pachymetry. No study-related adverse events occurred. Conclusion There were no safety concerns associated with intracameral injection of levofloxacin 0.5%, prophylactically, following cataract surgery. Further study is required to demonstrate effectiveness in endophthalmitis prevention.


A character recognition system which detects and registers a character based on a measure of the continuity or connectivity of character portions during the scanning of a character. Each character is optically scanned, converted into electrical form, and then serially entered into an electronic flip-flop matrix. A particular group of matrix flip-flops are chosen to serve as a "window' and these flip-flops operate in conjunction with respective logical circuits for determining character continuity for each portion of a character as it progresses through the matrix. Varying printing contrasts are automatically handled by providing for appropriate modifica tion of the logical circuits which determine continuity in response to the existing printing contrast. Columns Rows. 23456.-----------2O RECOGNITION CIRCUTRY CHARACTER DeTECTION AND REGISTRATION CIRCUITRY 3,588,818 Patented June 28, 1971


The paper describes current research efforts in the College of Architecture and Planning (CAP) at Ball State University seeking to assess and make creative use of the instructional potential of immersive simulation implemented in virtual reality (VR) environments. We have conducted graduate and undergraduate design studios using the CAP VR Environment, which is a fully implemented VR environment equipped with a Head-Mounted-Display (HMD) system complete with spatial tracking capabilities. Through these implementations we have contributed to the validation of the use of the CAP VR Environment in design studios and have started to develop teaching/learning methodologies for effectively using this immersive VR environment for aiding novice students in the design of architectural spatial experiences. Assuming that only tools that allow us to simulate presence through time may effectively aid the design of spatial experiences, the CAP VR Environment has been used as such a tool for simulating and testing the effectiveness of architectural spatial experiences. The paper describes the learning outcomes in the application of the CAP VR Environment within the studio setting and the level of satisfaction of the students. It also addresses the potential for future research in the use of immersive VR tools.


ABSTRACT This paper proposes a mathematical method to solve the equilibrium equations of a membrane with rigid and cable boundaries for the so-called prestressing phase. More exactly, no constrained thrust network approach is implemented and the problem is studied starting directly from its continuous formulation. In this sense, the membrane is represented by a regular surface with negative Gaussian curvature, and its boundary by a set of regular curves, whose curvature depends on the structural elements, rigid or cable. The equilibrium is expressed by means of boundary differential problems in terms of the membrane shape and its stress tensor. The membrane-cable interface equilibrium requires taking into account a singular condition which makes the problem more complex. Therefore, the corresponding mathematical problem is defined and analysed, and its principal qualitative aspects are discussed in this paper. Moreover, a numerical resolution procedure is proposed and applied.


Summary The femoral arteries of newborn mice which were experimentally infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus were studied electron microscopically. Viral crystalline aggregates were observed within the cytoplasm of adventitial fibroblasts in 4 of 5 animals studied and within a macrophage of one animal. The nuclear chromatin of medial smooth muscle cells was frequently marginated, and margination or pyknosis of nuclear material was observed in fibroblasts of the tunica adventitia. Cytonecrosis typical of infection with picornavirus was observed in adventitial fibroblasts. The most prominent feature of this cytonecrosis was the abundance of membrane-vesicle complexes. The rough endoplasmic reticulum was occasionally dilated and fragmented. Mac-rophages were present in the adventitial and loose connective tissue surrounding the artery. There was an increase of collagen fibers around the internal elastic lamina, which may suggest an irritation or inflammation of the arterial wall. Such early inflammation, which may indicate a toxic reaction, may be the result of viral injury.


The treatment methods of cerebral vascular malformations are microscopic operation treatment,endovascular therapy,and stereotactic radiotherapy. Due to the spurt development of neuroimaging technology,various treatment methods have been significantly improved. At present,the choice of treatment for the specific case is still controversial. Here is to analyze the pros and cons of the above mentioned three methods through detailed elaboration on the arteriovenous malformation vessels construction,hemodynamic characteristics,the risk of bleeding,natural illness history,imaging findings etc. of the cerebrovascular malformation,thinking that the combination of the two or three treatment methods can complement each other,foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses,which can improve the cure rate and reduce morbidity and mortality.


Implementing change in organizations where interests conflict and powerful groups of stakeholders influence decisions is a risky proposition. Involving stakeholders in all aspects of planning, implementing, and embedding the change can significantly help overcome resistance but is not enough. Leaders of a project to establish an electronic case file system at the United Kingdom's Financial Ombudsman Service learned that stakeholder misgivings can continue to surface postimplementation. Their experiences highlight the need to make the required investments in time and other resources; broadly communicate intentions, policies, and program steps; pay particular attention to the key stakeholder groups that have the most influence on buy-in; listen to employees' concerns; and take concrete steps to swiftly address employees fears and complaints—before, during, and after implementation. The key to success, they found, is to contain resistance long enough for stakeholders to become accustomed to and grow to appreciate the change. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous disease with varying survival outcomes depending on the presence of certain genetic abnormalities. Common abnormalities include trisomies, translocations involving the chromosome 14, and amplifications or deletions of chromosomes 1, 13, and 17. t(11;14), occurring in 15% of patients with myeloma, had been considered a standard risk abnormality, but recent data suggest inferior outcome. This is important as new therapeutic options such as the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax has been shown to be particularly effective in t(11;14) patients.
 Methods: This was a multicenter study to identify the outcomes of patients with t(11;14), using a retrospectively assembled cohort. Patients with MM diagnosed between 2005 and 2015 with t(11;14) identified on FISH performed within six months of diagnosis, and with treatment details available and if alive, a minimum of 12 months of follow up, were enrolled.
 Results: The current analysis includes 1216 patients; median age of 62.56 years; 58.7% male. The median follow-up from diagnosis for the entire cohort was 51.9 months; 69.1% of the patients were alive at the last follow up. ISS stage distribution included: Stage I (35.7%), Stage II (34.0%) and Stage III (15.1%), data was missing for the rest. The distribution of concurrent FISH abnormalities included: trisomies (3.5%), del 13q (13.3%), 1q amp (8.8%), and del 17p or monosomy 17 (5.8%). Initial regimen included: 27.2% had an immunomodulatory (IMiD), 45.9% had a proteasome inhibitor (PI), 17.7% had both, and 9.0% had no novel agent. The drug classes by line of therapy are shown in Table 1. An early stem cell transplant (defined as within 12 months of start of first line treatment) was used in 49.4% of patients. The median time to next treatment (TTNT) after starting initial treatment was 26.6 (95% CI: 23.9 to 29.2) months. The median overall survival (OS) from diagnosis for the entire cohort was 95.1 (95% CI: 85.9 to 105.9) months; 4-year estimates for those diagnosed from January 2005 to December 2009, and from January 2010 to December 2014 were 77.5% and 78.6%, respectively. The median OS for those with any one high risk FISH lesion (del 17p/ 1q amp) was 67.5 (55.2, 97.1) versus 101.7 (89.7, 107.3) months. Patients with early SCT (within 12 months of diagnosis) had better OS: 108.3 (103.8, 133.0) vs. 69.8 (61.5, 80.3) months.
 Conclusion: Patients with t(11;14) without high risk FISH abnormalities have an excellent survival. Patients receiving a PI + IMiD combination and those receiving autologous SCT as part of initial therapy had best survival. Though numbers are limited, patients in the later lines receiving newer drugs such as venetoclax and daratumumab had high response rates and durable responses.

 Kumar: Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding. Bittrich:Celgene: Other: Travel Funding, Research Funding; Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation: Research Funding; Otsuka Pharmaceuticals Europe: Other: N/A; SANOFI Aventis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, N/A, Research Funding; University Hospital Wuerzburg: Employment; Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Pfizer: Other: Travel Funding; AMGEN: Other: Travel Funding; JAZZ Pharmaceuticals: Other: Travel Funding; Wilhelm Sander Foundation: Research Funding; German Research Foundation (DFG): Other: N/A; University of Würzburg: Other: N/A. Goldschmidt:Mundipharma: Research Funding; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Adaptive Biotechnology: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; John-Hopkins University: Research Funding; Dietmar-Hopp-Stiftung: Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Sanofi: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; MSD: Research Funding; Molecular Partners: Research Funding; John-Hopkins University: Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Chugai: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Reece:Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Otsuka: Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; Karyopharm: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding. Mateos:Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Abbvie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pharmamar: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; GSK: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Adaptive: Honoraria; EDO: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Ludwig:Celgene: Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; PharmaMar: Consultancy; Janssen: Speakers Bureau; BMS: Speakers Bureau. Mangiacavalli:celgene: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Janssen cilag: Consultancy. Dimopoulos:Sanofi Oncology: Research Funding. Kastritis:Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Prothena: Honoraria; Genesis: Honoraria. Yee:Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Adaptive: Consultancy. Raje:Amgen Inc.: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Celgene Corporation: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Merck: Consultancy. Rosta:Cornerstone Research Group: Employment. Haltner:Cornerstone Research Group: Employment. Cameron:Cornerstone Research Group: Employment, Equity Ownership. Durie:Amgen, Celgene, Johnson & Johnson, and Takeda: Consultancy.


This project presents a deep-learning-based approach to automatically recognize Diabetic Retinopathy progression level. There are three baseline architectures used in our experiment, which are ResNet, EfficientNet, and Swin Transformer. We apply these models to solve our problem in transfer learning, with preprocessing, data augmentation and hyper-parameter tuning to make our models more robust. Besides, we compare the performance of these models mainly in terms of network size and accuracy, and use metrics such as confusion matrix to better visualize the results. The experiment results show that ResNet and EfficientNet has much less parameters than Swin Transformer and are more computational efficient, but Swin Transformer can achieve better accuracy and robustness in this classification task.


The characteristics of atmospheric circulation during summer monsoon onset over the South China Sea (SCS) are studied using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1958 to 1999. It is found that, there are remarkable differences in the average onset times determined by various indices although for certain years, common variation characteristics do exist during the onset stage. In normal years, the onset time of summer monsoon over the SCS is approximately in the fourth pentad of May. The heating in the south of the SCS near the Equator, along with the cold front from the coastal region of the northern SCS to the northwestern Pacific, over the continent north of the Bay of Bangle, and the cold front itself act together, leading to the onset of the summer monsoon. In early monsoon onset years , the convection in the south of the SCS and the cold air over the northwestern Pacific is stronger than they are in normal years. While in late monsoon onset years , the convection region is shifted northwestward to the eastern Indian Ocean, and the cold air over the northwestern Pacific is weaker than in normal years. From the viewpoint of predicting the onset of summer monsoon over the SCS, once the location of convection area near the equator in the south of the SCS persists, the arrival of cold front may probably indicate the setup of summer monsoon over the SCS. While the persistent location of convection over the eastern Indian Ocean may imply that the summer monsoon will be late, the convection induced by the cold front over the Krushio may contribute more to the summer monsoon onset over the SCS.


A Rb-Sr whole·rock age and two whole rock·mineral ages of the Yurappu·dake Plutonic Complex in southwestern Hokkaido were detennined. The Rb-Sr whole-rock age is 115 ± 9 Ma with an initial " Srl . 6S r ratio of 0.7057 ± 0.0001 , whereas the whole rock-mineral ages are 70±7 and 74 ±3 Ma. It is suggested that the Yurappu-dake Plutonic Complex had a Sr isotopic heterogeneity when the whole-rock system was closed.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known as a kind of small, noncoding RNA, which play an important role in mediating many biological processes such as development, cell proliferation and differentiation in plants and animals. Here we report the differential expression profiles of miRNAs and characterized putative target genes in NIH3T3 cells at a series of different time points after UVB irradiation (compared with no UVB irradiation). The relative expression of mature miRNA genes was determined by miRNA microarray technique and the results were confirmed by real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Potential target genes of these miRNAs were classified into different function categories with the GOstat software (http://gostat.wehi.edu.au/cgi‐bin/goStat.pl). Several miRNAs in this study expressed highly at different time points, especially mmu‐miR‐365 and mmu‐miR‐21. Three miRNAs were lowly expressed, of which mmu‐miR‐465 showed low levels of expression at all time points, whereas after 50 J m−2 UVB irradiation mmu‐miR‐296 and mmu‐miR‐376c showed low levels of expression at 6 and 12 h, respectively. Our study provided a basis for the global characterization of UV‐regulated miRNA expression.


Abstract BACKGROUND In many countries, ART service provision is a commercial enterprise. This has benefits, for example, creating efficiencies and economies of scale, but there are also concerns that financial imperatives can negatively impact patient care. The commercialization of ART is often conceptualized as being driven solely by the financial interests of companies and clinicians, but there are in fact many complex and intersecting socio-political demands for ART that have led to, sustain and shape the industry. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE To use the academic and policy discourse on the commercialization of ART to build a theoretical model of factors that influence demand for ART services in high-income countries in order to inform potential policy responses. SEARCH METHODS We searched electronic databases for journal articles (including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed) and websites for grey literature, carried out reference chaining and searched key journals (including Human Reproduction, Fertility and Sterility). The terms used to guide these searches were 'assisted reproductive technology' OR 'in vitro fertilization' AND 'commerce' OR 'commercialisation' OR 'industry' OR 'market'. The search was limited to the English language and included articles published between 2010 and 2020. We used an established method of critical interpretive synthesis (CIS) to build a theoretical model of factors that influence demand for ART services in high-income countries. We developed initial themes from a broad review of the literature followed by iterative theoretical sampling of academic and grey literatures to further refine these themes. OUTCOMES According to contemporary academic and broader socio-political discourse, the demand for ART has arisen, expanded and evolved in response to a number of intersecting forces. Economic imperatives to create sustainable national workforces, changing gender roles and concerns about the preservation of genetic, national/ethnic and role-related identities have all created demand for ART in both public and private sectors. The prominence given to reproductive autonomy and patient-centred care has created opportunities to (re)define what constitutes appropriate care and, therefore, what services should be offered. All of this is happening in the context of technological developments that provide an increasing range of reproductive choices and entrench the framing of infertility as a disease requiring medical intervention. These socio-political drivers of demand for ART can be broadly organized into four theoretical categories, namely security, identity, individualization and technocratization. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The primary limitation is that the interpretive process is ultimately subjective, and so alternative interpretations of the data are possible. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Development of policy related to commercial activity in ART needs to account for the broad range of factors influencing demand for ART, to which commercial ART clinics are responding and within which they are embedded. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Ideas Grant (APP1181401). All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in relation to this work.


Few topics are as widely studied and debated as poverty and inequality. An enormous amount of territory has been covered to achieve better understanding of these complex issues and the interactions between them. Particularly on the latter front, however, much more remains to be done. The world-wide trend towards economic integration, meanwhile, has introduced additional variables such as technology-led growth into the equation that, in addition to macroeconomic and public expenditure policies, have signiŽcant effects on trends in poverty and inequality. There is widespread debate about the effects of these trends and about the ability of domestic policies to harness them in a manner that includes the poor in economic growth. Yet traditional measures of poverty and inequality, such as the headcount ratio and the Gini coefŽcient, do not capture much about what is happening over time and/or within particular societies' income distributions. In other words, they do not tell us who is moving in and out of poverty and why, nor do they tell us about differences in access to opportunity among societies with similar income distributions. Two societies with exactly the same Gini coefŽcient, for example, could be extremely different in terms of how much mobility and opportunity individual members of society had during their lifetimes, and also how much mobility and opportunity children had compared with their parents. One society could be very static, with little movement up and down the income ladder, and those that began at the top of the distribution remain there over time, and those that began at the bottom stay there. Even worse, that static distribution could be transmitted across generations, with the children of the poor also remaining poor. One can imagine such a society as depicted by society A in the transition matrix in Table 1, where the same people who begin in a certain quintile in time zero are also there in time one. This is a society with no income mobility. Alternatively, one can imagine a society with complete mobility, where no one ends up in the same quintile in which they started, and some of


The ES structure described by soft subsets or soft M-subsets does not yield a lattice structure due to its restriction on parameter sets, and so cannot be used in information theory. This study proposes a new ES structure on soft sets that addresses the deficiencies of the prior structure. Using mathematical concepts, we can construct and entirely new system of soft sets. As a result, the ES structure is derived from a finite collection of basic soft sets and offers complicated soft sets via its ES components, allowing for it to be operated by computers, as this is more acceptable to conventional mathematical viewpoints. We rewrote this using a soft J-subset and demonstrated that (ES, ∨˜ES, ∧˜ES) is a distributive lattice. This will play an important role in decision-making problems and contribute to a better understanding of human recognition processes. During the process of reaching a decision, several groups of parameters develop, and the ES structure in this article takes these parameters into consideration in order to handle the intricate issues that arise. In soft set theory, this research gives insight into the cognitive field.


Technological entrepreneurship is the latest issue in the field of entrepreneurship and fostering competitive advantages in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) which has been received special attention. Given the lack of coherent literature review to apply technological strategies in SMEs, and also because of the role of technology based firms which are active in industries with new technologies, such as Nano-Technology industry, while the technological entrepreneurship literature review has been investigated, this article is principally intended to identify effective factors on technological entrepreneurship in Iranian Nanotechnology SMEs. The research methodology of the current article is a mixed one; in the qualitative stage, semi-structured and open interviews and investigation of related documents have been used, and in the quantitative stage, the questionnaire has been applied to gather data. In the research's quantitative stage, a statistical population consisted of managers, expert employees of the case study have been considered, and the simple random sampling method has been used. In addition, in this stage, the questionnaires have been used as the data collection tool and the experts in the qualitative stage measured the research's validity, and the questionnaire's reliability has been approved through Cronbach's alpha of 0.81. The mean analysis has been applied in this stage for the data analysis. The findings of this paper shows that the effective factors on technological entrepreneurship in Iranian Nanotechnology SMEs are categorizes in the four issues of "Internal Processes", "Individual Factors", "Institutions" and "External Networks".


The set of equations known today as Maxwell's equations along with a few constitutive equations lie at the heart of classical electromagnetism. A common misconception held by many is that Maxwell's equations are essential, and that classical electromagnetic theory is settled science and is no longer an active field of investigations. We will review the four Maxwell's equations and related equations, their supporting experimental evidence, the field concept, and the Lorentz and Ritz force laws. We will give a brief outline of two approaches to classical electromagnetism which bypass Maxwell's equations, the propagated potential approach and the direct action approach which bypasses even the field concept. We will also give a few indications of some current research being done in comparing the fitness of the Lorentz and Ritz force laws, and point out some area of research yet to be explored concerning the direct action approach to classical electromagnetism using the Ritz force formula.


Introduction/Hypothesis: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis dosing strategies in the neurocritically ill are not well defined. The utilization of a body mass index (BMI) dosing strategy for VTE pharmacoprophylaxis is unknown in patients with hemorrhagic strokes. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety of early initiation of VTE prophylaxis based on BMI for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) or spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center, cohort study comparing heparin dosing strategies for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). Patients received either the standard dosing of heparin 5000 units subcutaneously every 12 hours or a body mass index (BMI) dosing strategy for VTE prophylaxis. Patients in the BMI dosing group received heparin 2500 units, 5000 units, or 7500 units subcutaneously every 8 hours. Outcomes measured included the incidence of major bleeding, minor bleeding, and time to heparin initiation. Results: A total of 168 patients in the standard dosing (n = 75) and BMI dosing (n = 93) groups were included in the analysis. No patients experienced a major bleed in either group. There were 5 (6.7%) minor bleeds in the standard dosing group versus 3 (3.2%) in the BMI dosing group, p = 0.47. The median time to the first dose of heparin from admission was 45.1 hours in the standard dosing compared to a median of 39.9 hours in the BMI dosing group (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Early initiation of subcutaneous heparin with BMI based dosing for VTE prophylaxis in patients with aSAH or sICH was not associated with an increased incidence of major or minor bleeding. Further studies are needed to determine the incidence of VTE between the two dosing regimens.


IntroductionFrom Pan-Turanism to Pan-Islamism and from orientalism to European centrism there has occurred a shift in the foreign policy orientations of Turkey towards a pan-geographical foreign policy that is "functional" and allows realization of its potentialities. It aims at combining East & West and embraces North & South in the future [(Adib-Moghaddam, 2014a) Also see (AdibMoghaddam, 2014b)].1For the purpose, a modern Turley under the 'strong' leadership - which has shown the political and strategic 'will' to take bold steps - has stepped up efforts for the restoration of the past glory it enjoyed in the ancient times. It has been active in the international system for positive purposes in order to help solve the issues which plague the Muslim world.Middle East and the Gulf region has been in turmoil because of a number of factors, most important being the internal dissatisfaction of the youth with the prevailing social, political, and economic conditions; the proxy wars being fought between different states; wars in Iraq, Syria, Libya, Yemen, etc.; intervention of the competing great powers and other great games going on in the region;and most importantly rise of the extremist organizations like AlQaeda and most recently 'Islamic' State of Iraq and Syria. These issues have been dominant in determining the future of the region. How Turkey as an actor or factor may influence the final outcome or the processes involved in the Middle East specifically and the Muslim world generally, remain the important question that this study intends to explore.Theoretical frameworkThe study employs the theoretical tools available in the field of foreign policy analysis and complex interdependence. Under the impact of technological and financial interdependence foreign policy has been transformed in 3 contexts:1. Making of foreign policy2. The content of foreign policy3. Implementation of foreign policyIn the first phase, it is the process of the foreign policy decision making which is constrained by the complex interdependence. Although the cognitive constraints of the decision makers play an important role in the decision making process, yet because of the process of the globalization and its attendant manifestations, the extraneous factors are now considered as important intervening variables to reach at the decision. The poliheuristic theory of foreign policy decision making being propounded by Alex Mintz and others, not only addresses the final outcome i.e. the decisions, but also take into account these intervening variables. It considers that the decision making process involves two stages: first the cognitive/psychological stage and second the rational choice stage (Mintz, 2004). Secondly, the interdependence processes impact the content of the foreign policy. Which issues are considered as urgent and which are considered as important. How the prioritization of the issues is to be done. And finally the interdependence processes affect the implementation of the foreign policy decisions made.Overall these interdependence processes result in formulation of the foreign policies by the states which are being pursued for the common good. There is now an international brand of experts(Morse, 1969, pp. 375-379) pursuing agenda based on "low policies" seeking international collective goods and to create regulative devices to finance trade.Secondly the rise of non-state actors and the phenomena of radical groups require concerted efforts for control and are beyond the capacity of a single state. Thirdly, the essential connect between Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations theoretical literature is provided by the role theory. "Roles, like the civilian power role, make intuitive sense to policy makers and offer great potential to translate foreign policy and IR theory into meaningful, policy relevant advice" (Thies & Breuning, 2012, p. 3).Similarly the underlying assumption of Complex Interdependence as elaborated by Robert O. …


Introduction: Reconciliation--A Very Different Final Solution After living under an apartheid government since 1948, on May 10, 1994, South Africa witnessed the presidential inauguration of political prisoner and human rights activist Nelson Mandela, officially ending an era characterized by racially-motivated atrocities and human rights abuses. (1) As a means of beginning to contend with the weight of the nation's violent past, and looking forward to a future in which citizens, formerly divided as black and white, victims and perpetrators, would be united, the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established in July 1995 when President Mandela signed into law the Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act. (2) Presided over by Nobel laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the TRC and its ambitions were strongly informed by Christian notions of reconciliation, confession, guilt and forgiveness. Given the prominent role that theological discourse has traditionally played in the nation's political matters, and that the "vast majority of South Africans are church members for whom Christianity is the most important ideological frame of reference", the Commission's institutional basis in Christian virtues is unsurprising. (3) What does seem surprising, however, is the TRC's advocacy of a discourse of reconciliation and forgiveness in response to a historical period characterized by extreme and divisive violence. As a means of achieving such national unification, the TRC sought to bring together the perpetrators and victims of apartheid violence in hopes that, ideally, the perpetrators would repent for their acts and the victims would offer forgiveness, thus leading to reconciliation between individuals and ultimately for the nation at large. (4) [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Cristobal Krusen's Final Solution (United States, 2001) deals extensively with these issues of reconciliation and forgiveness in South Africa in the late- and post-apartheid period. Produced by the Christian production agency Messenger Films, the title Final Solution invokes the National Socialist plan to engage in systematic genocide as the "Final Solution to the European Jewish Question." (5) Krusen's film initially conforms to the genocidal implications of its title, applying it to the intentions of Gerrit Wolfaardt (Jan Ellis), an Afrikaner white supremacist in South Africa at the end of the apartheid period, whose "solution" to the growing racial tensions between the white minority and black majority is the systematic extermination of the latter. However, Final Solution goes further than simply extracting the "Final Solution" from its spatiality and temporality in mid-20th century Europe. The film ultimately inverts the murderous intent of the "Final Solution" after Wolfaardt meets his future wife, Celeste (Liezel van der Merwe) and the Rev. Peter Lekota (John Kani), through whom he abandons his hate-filled intentions. After this "conversion" of sorts, Wolfaardt becomes a staunch advocate of racial reconciliation as a "final solution" that fully conforms to the goals set forth by the TRC. While this about-face attracts seething anger from Moses Moremi (Mpho Lovinga), a black man that Wolfaardt had previously beaten nearly to death during a violent raid, the optimism adopted by Final Solution towards the possibility of transformation from genocidal hatred to compassionate reconciliation is manifest in the protagonist's ability to overcome his hatred, and is alluded to in the film's tagline, "Hate was the Problem ... Forgiveness was the answer." However, as Richard A. Wilson notes, the version of restorative justice that was repeatedly invoked by national political figures and the TRC was at dissonant odds with widespread popular understandings of retribution and punishment as appropriate judicial responses to apartheid. (6) As such, it is clear that the TRC's mandate of reconciliation through forgiveness, optimistically advocated in Final Solution, was far from wholeheartedly accepted by the South African population at large. …


The ACS Pure Parallel Lyman-alpha Emission Survey (APPLES) is a new project to obtain simultaneous, deep images and spectra of random extragalactic fields. APPLES exploits slitless grism observations with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope to achieve high sensitivity over a wavelength range uninterrupted by night sky emission lines. It will thereby provide a sample of Lyman alpha emitting galaxies with a smooth selection function over the redshift range 4 to 7, affording unmatched opportunities to study both the evolution of the Lyman alpha emitting galaxies and the possible drop in Lyman alpha counts at the epoch of reionization. In addition, APPLES can identify a wide range of other interesting objects: Lyman break galaxies to magnitude I=25.5, quasars to at least I=26, foreground emission line galaxies, normal and star-forming elliptical galaxies, and extremely red objects. The first APPLES data are in hand. We present sample spectra representing a broad cross-section of the expected APPLES science topics, together with early science results.


The use of gaseous fuels for internal combustion engines is expected to increase in the future. Heavy duty diesel gas engines often use dual-fuel combustion based on natural gas/methane that is supplied with intake air by injecting the gas into the intake manifold and using direct injection (DI) of pilot diesel as the ignition source. This means that a large fraction of the chemical energy in the fuel is aspirated with the intake air.

In order to simulate dual-fuel combustion, a new computer model incorporating two coupled combustion modes has been developed: a diesel mode modeled as a partially premixed reactor, and a flame propagation mode. The combustion model was implemented in the updated KIVA-3V CFD engine code.

The paper focuses on validating the dual-fuel combustion model (natural gas (NG) or methane with diesel oil) by comparing its predictions to experimental data. An experimental investigation was conducted on a single-cylinder Volvo D12C DI Diesel engine with a displaced volume of 2.02 liters that was modified to operate under dual-fuel conditions. Experimental data such as in-cylinder pressures, heat release traces and emissions (NOx and CO2) were acquired at constant engine speed and load. Different equivalence ratios of the gaseous mixtures were prepared in the cylinder before ignition, and compared to the calculated dual fuel engine in-cylinder parameters. The model was also applied to conventional diesel combustion as a comparative study.


A stereological, morphometric study of the ultrastructure of subapical cells, xylem parenchyma, and cortical chlorenchyma of Echinocereius engelmannii shows that each of these cell types has a unique organellar composition. The cells of any of these tissues are unique not only in vacuolation (which is visible at the light microscope level), but also in the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and the concentrations of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and dictyosomes. Furthermore, the differences between each of these cell types were large and statistically significant. It had previously been found that the cells of each zone of the shoot apical meristems of E. engelmannii are different from those of the other zones, but the present study suggests that, considering the large ranges of structure possible in the nonapical cells of this species, the apical meristem variation should be considered as only a minor difference and that the meristem zones are really quite similar to each other. THE PREVIOUS PAPER of this series (Mauseth, 1981) reported that each zone of the shoot apical meristems of Echinocereus engelmannii was composed of cells with unique ultrastructures, such that central mother cells (CMCs) could be distinguished from either peripheral zone (PZ) cells or pith-rib meristem (PRM) cells. This demonstration that the zones are not identical ultrastructurally is important, but knowing the biological significance of those differences is similarly important. The CMCs are richer in mitochondria (7.52% of protoplasmic volume) than the PRM cells (4.58% of protoplasmic volume; Mauseth, 1981), but does this reflect a major difference in cellular architecture and metabolism or does a difference of this size indicate exceptional similarity, such that only differences as large as perhaps 4.58% vs. 20% or 50% have functional meaning with regard to meristem metabolism? It is not possible to judge this without knowing the range of cellular structures that could possibly exist in this species. Morphometric studies of animal cells suggest that specialized metabolisms are associated with highly characteristic organellar relationships (David, 1977). Therefore, the ultrastructures of several types of I Received for publication 31 March 1980; revision accepted 25 October 1980. Support for this work was provided by NSF grants #PCM76-21429 and #PCM79-02626 and from Grant #BRSG from the University Research Institute of The University of Texas. I thank Beverly Humphrey for her extremely skillful assistance in all aspects of this research, and I thank the Cell Research Institute of The University of Texas for the use of its facilities. mature, specialized tissues were studied, and the results are reported below. Also, it should be possible to identify some of the properties characteristic of meristematic cells by noting which characters are lost as cells are transferred from the base of the apical meristem into the subjacent, maturing tissues below. Therefore, cells of the subapical meristem below the lower boundary of the apex were also examined. MATERIALS AND METHODs-The mater-ials for this study were taken from the same plants as in the previous study (Mauseth, 1981) and were processed simultaneously with the apical meristems in the same fixing, dehydrating, and embedding solutions. Because of the randomization which occurred during processing, it was not possible to determine which apical block was associated with which set of subapical tissues; therefore, paired-comparison statistical techniques were not possible. Comparisons were made between means. All morphometric techniques were identical to those used previously (Mauseth, 1980, 1981) except for the determination of the volume of the nuclei, vacuoles, and cytoplasm of the large cells of the cortical parenchyma. For these, the mean nuclear diameter was determined at the light-microscope level, then nuclear volume was computed. Cellular volume and surface area were also determined from light-microscope measurements of mean length, width, and height. Cytoplasmic volume was computed by multiplying the surface area of the cell by the mean thickness of the cytoplasm (de-


The traffic carried by core optical networks as well as the per-channel interface rates required by IP routers are growing at a remarkable pace year-over-year. This trend is due to the widespread deployment of fixed and wireless broadband networks as well as huge growth of video-based traffic supported via internet and social media applications. Optical transmission and switching advancements have so far satisfied this huge traffic growth by delivering the content over the network infrastructure in a cost and energy efficient manner utilizing to the maximum extend the capabilities of optoelectronic and photonic subsystems and the available bandwidth of deployed optical fibers. However, we are approaching fast fundamental spectral efficiency limits of single-mode fibers and the scientific and industrial telecommunications community foresees that the growth capabilities of conventional WDM networks operating on a fixed frequency grid are quite limited.


PAYNE, JASON ALLEN. The effects of fertilization and light availability on early survival and growth of backcross hybrid American chestnuts. (Under the direction of Howard Allen). The American chestnut (Castanea dentata Marsh. Borkh.) was once a dominant tree species throughout much of its native range in eastern North America until the introduction of a blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica Murr. Barr) decimated the population during the first half of the 20th century. Today, American chestnut is all but extinct, persisting almost exclusively in the forest understory as sprouts originating from blight stricken trees. In the early 1980's, a tree improvement program was initiated by The American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) to produce backcross hybrids using American and Chinese chestnuts (Castanea mollissima). Presently, little is known of how TACF's backcross hybrids will respond when exposed to traditional silvicultural treatments. First and second-year survival and growth of 22 families from TACF's backcross breeding program were evaluated under two silvicultural systems (clear-cut and shelterwood) and two levels of nutrition (64.2 kg N/ha as diammonium phosphate and no fertilization). Study-wide first and second-year survival was greater than 90%. Two-year cumulative height growth was greater in the clearcut treatment (89.5 cm) than the shelterwood treatment (60.0 cm). Fertilized seedlings had greater first-year mean height growth (26.2 cm) than non-fertilized seedlings (19.3 cm). After two growing seasons, cumulative height growth response to fertilization was greater only in the clear-cut treatment (103.6 cm for fertilized vs. 75.3 cm for non-fertilized seedlings). Genotype by environment interactions were observed for the fertilization treatment, where the rankings of family means for cumulative height growth changed in the presence of added nutrients. Growth and survival for hybrid families in this study are consistent with or better than published reports for American chestnut grown under similar conditions.


Cu3(BTC)2 (BTC: 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) combined with TEMPO as cocatalyst is an effective and reusable heterogeneous catalyst to effect the aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols in acetonitrile to the corresponding benzaldehydes under mild temperature at atmospheric pressure. The main deactivation process was attributed to the formation of carboxylic acids arising from the overoxidation of the aromatic aldehyde acting as poisons, coordinating to the free Cu(II) sites and blocking the pores. Comparison with copper acetate as a soluble, homogeneous system established that immobilization of the Cu(II) in the rigid crystal structure of Cu3(BTC)2 does not diminish the intrinsic catalytic activity of this transition metal ion.


Nonlinear parabolic equations are widely used in practice. On most occasions only approximate solutions can be obtained by numerical calculations. A type of nonlinear parabolic equation is studied here.Implicit differential schemes are set up for this equation. Based on this, the differential schemes are solved by using outer iteration method and persuit method. The stability of the differential schemes is proved on Von Neumann's condition and the convergence nature of outer iteration method is analysed. Thus, the numerical problem of the equation is effectively solved. This method can be extended to the general nonlinear parabolic equation solutions. 


The study reported in this article aims to capture the possible changes to the discursive mode of College English (CE) teaching in China by comparing teachers' questions, feedback, and teaching exchanges across two levels of quality courses constructed at different years. Based on transcribed data of 20 videos, it reveals that the general discursive mode of CE teaching was pedagogic; constraints such as sociocultural backgrounds, CE testing system, and factors related to teacher, student, and classroom may account for this mode. Meanwhile, significant differences were found regarding teachers' questioning behaviour and feedback as years elapsed and the course level rose, which may be caused by underlying teachers' beliefs. Implications for Chinese CE teachers and tertiary-level teachers in other Asian English-as-a-foreign-language classrooms are discussed, including the urgency for teachers in teacher-fronted classes to shift their discursive mode from pedagogic to natural to foster students' communicative competence, and suggestions for how to effectuate this shift provided.


Abstract Footings are normally used on firm ground. Previous studies have indicated that footings with large vertical bearing capacity have small settlement and recentering characteristics during excitation. The rocking foundation design is, therefore, considered quite suitable for a firm ground condition; however, some 1 g shaking table tests have shown that rocking structures still might have stability problems leading to toppling. In this study, we conducted pushover and shaking table tests on a rocking-governed column-footing model on dry dense sand to investigate the performance of a rocking structure on sturdy ground. Even in a dense soil condition, the structure had a longer period response than in the fixed-base condition, but this did not necessarily reduce the seismic demand on the structure. The major source of rocking isolation is that the maximum acceleration response of the structure is limited by the ultimate moment capacity of the footing; however, it is important to note that extensive rocking may induce a larger permanent rotation, which may influence the functionality of structures, and also may lead to structure instability, such as foundation twisting observed in this study.


In economic-statistical modeling, the use of a linear regression model gives high results in the analysis of the relationship between economic indicators and production factors. The article analyzes the relationship between the volume of agricultural production and agricultural techniques using multiple regression models. As we know, it is important to get a better result for the decline of multiple regression. It is important to normalize the data set using feature-scaling techniques to get a good accuracy of the results. In this experiment, we also worked with scaling the dataset. First, we tried standard scalers algorithm and calculated the loss using the mean square error. In this way we achieved an accuracy of regression of mean square error 2.48, residual (between and ) sum of square is 6.16 and mean square error 1.03 terms. This work proves what can be predicted from multiple regressions and provides a guide to the impact of techniques on agricultural production.


This chapter is about Lear's experiences as a traveller, and how they shaped him as a writer. It considers the way his poems and paintings are animated by dramas of arrival, departure, and being left behind. It considers, using evidence from Lear's travel writing, the relationship between the experience of being a foreigner, and hearing unfamiliar languages, and the creation of nonsense words. It concludes with an extended close reading of "The Courtship of the Yonghy-Bonghy-Bò".


The prevalence of diabetes among Pima (Akimel O'odham) Indians involves three important domains: political-economic, genetic, and cultural. Programs in diabetes education have made noteworthy impro...


Stream Reasoning is the combination of reasoning techniques with data streams. In this paper, we present our approach to enable rule-based reasoning on semantic data streams in a distributed manner


Objective To investigate the miR-21,miR-155 in three different tumor patients plasma and the expression of p-PI3K、p-Akt in tissue,then to study the intervention by gefitinib. Methods 75 cases patients with cancer were selected and treated in the Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from March 2011 to February 2014,28 cases of esophagus cancer( A group),25 cases of gastric carcinoma( group B),22 cases of nonsmall-cell lung cancer( C group),the other 56 cases as control group( no tumor personnel divided into D1 D2,3,D group),the serum and tissue of patients with Western blot and RT-PCR detection in p-PI3 K,p-Akt and miR-21,miR-155 expression,and the results were statistically analyzed. Results Western blot results showed that: the expression of p-Akt in esophageal and gastric carcinoma patients was significantly higher,the difference was statistically significant( P 0. 01),while expression of p-Akt of non-small cell lung cancer tissue compared with control group was no significant difference;expression of p-PI3 K in gastric cancer,non-small cell lung cancer tissue was higher,the difference was statistically significant( P 0. 05,P 0. 01);tissue expression levels of p-PI3 K in patients with esophageal cancer were compared with the control group,and the difference was not statistically significant. Compared with the control group,miR-21,miR-155 expression in plasma of gastric cancer and non-small cell lung cancer were higher,the difference was statistically significant( P 0. 01),plasma miR-155 expression in patients with esophageal cancer were higher than control group( P 0. 01),but no differences in the expression of miR-21; after using gefitinib to intervene,miR-21,miR-155 expression in plasma of gastric cancer and non-small cell lung cancer was significantly decreased,and the difference was statistically significant( P 0. 05),plasma miR-155 in patients with esophageal cancer was significantly higher( P 0. 05),miR-21 expression did not change. Conclusion miR-21,miR-155 are highly expressed in three different patients with cancer,while gefitinib after intervention for patients with gastric cancer and non-small cell lung cancer effect is better,but for the intervention of esophagus cancer patients with somewhat less effect.


During the three years 2003-2005, 23 persons suspected of being overexposed to ionising radiation were referred to the Health Protection Agency (formerly NRPB) for investigation by cytogenetic analysis. Of these, 18 were related to industrial uses of radiation, 1 was from a major nuclear organization and 4 were associated with radiation used in institutions of research, education or health. No evidence of radiation exposure, as indicated by dicentric or translocation aberrations in chromosomes from blood lymphocytes, was found in 15 persons. The most serious cases investigated involved a defective industrial x-radiography set and a poorly designed cell housing an electron beam accelerator. In all, six persons suffered localized erythema. Fortunately, the incident radiations were poorly penetrating so that their averaged whole body doses were low.


Through using the method of experiment,mathematical statistics and comparison,this paper analyzes the tracing test data of 5577 students from Qingdao agricultural university.The result shows that the students' physical fitness is rather poor when entering university.After two year's systematical physical education and training,their physical function has been evidently improved,but the development of their physical fitness is unbalance and the track and field made obvious improvement.The students' physical function and fitness has been declined one year after the physical curriculum terminated.


The A. discusses the relation between ethnology and visual anthropology which at first sight, regarding the different names of the parent sciences, seems questionable. But it turns out to be a rewarding complementing of methods, approaches, and principles of studying culture, capable of contributing to the progress of research and education in the field of ethnology.


Disclosed are a wearable device and a communication method using the same. A communication method using a wearable device according to an embodiment of the present invention may include the steps of: detecting a motion and a bio-signal from a wearing position of the wearable device or the periphery of the wearing position to recognize a gesture of a user; setting a wireless communication connection to at least one of an external device or an internal device on the basis of the recognized gesture; and performing wireless communication with at least one of the external device or the internal device for which the wireless communication connection is set.


Just seven years ago Dr. Arlie V. Bock and I1presented before the American Society of Clinical Investigation a report entitled: "Electrocardiographic Evidence of Abnormal Ventricular Preponderance and of Auricular Hypertrophy." That report was based on the electrocardiograms of about 1,000 cases studied in the course of two and one-half years at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Our conclusions were that mitral stenosis and pulmonic stenosis do often affect the electrocardiogram to produce an abnormal swing of the electrical axis of the heart to the right, and that hypertension and aortic regurgitation often cause an abnormal swing of the axis to the left. We used the formula which Lewis2had suggested in 1914, simply the sum in tenths of a millivolt of the amplitudes of R in Lead I plus S in Lead III minus the sum of S in Lead I plus R in Lead III; that is (Ri +


Objective: To determine the prevalence of stigma in a population of Multiple Sclerosis patients and to determine if patients with more severe disease perceive higher levels of stigma and if this affect their quality of life. Background: Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic and progressive condition that is associated with a variable clinical presentation. Previous studies have shown that patients having a chronic illness are subject to stigmatization. Patients suffering from stigma and discrimination have worse quality of life and poor medication adherence. Design/Methods: Case – control study with a convenient sample of 60 participants (40 patients with MS and 20 controls). Patients with confirmed diagnosis of MS using the McDonald's Criteria 2010 were recruited at the Multiple Sclerosis Clinic of the Neurology Section. All participants were evaluated for demographic data, MS diagnosis and severity using the EDSS, NeuroQOL (NIH Tool box) questionnaires regarding stigma, social roles, and depression. Results: Stigma and Depression T-scores were significantly higher in MS patients when compared with controls. Stigma is related to age, age at diagnosis and time elapsed to diagnosis (p Conclusions: Caribbean patients with Multiple Sclerosis reported higher levels of stigma, which correlated with disease severity and negatively affected quality of life. Disclosure: Dr. Rivera Cruz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vargas, MSII has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wojna has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for PRHSJ. Dr. Alfonso has nothing to disclose.


A new remote sensing based research infrastructure for atmospheric boundary-layer wind and turbulence measurements named WindScanner have during the past three years been in its early phase of development at DTU Wind Energy in Denmark. During the forthcoming three years the technology will be disseminated throughout Europe to pilot European wind energy research centers. The new research infrastructure will become an open source infrastructure that also invites collaboration with wind energy related atmospheric scientists and wind energy industry overseas. Recent achievements with 3D WindScanners and spin-off innovation activity are described. The Danish WindScanner.dk research facility is build from new and fast-scanning remote sensing equipment spurred from achievements within fiber optics and telecommunication technologies. At the same time the wind energy society has demanded excessive 3D wind flow and ever taller wind profile measurements for the wind energy resource assessment studies onand off shore of the future. Today, hub heights on +5 MW wind turbines exceed the 100 m mark. At the Danish DTU test site Østerild testing is ongoing with a Siemens turbine with hub height 120 meters and a rotor diameter of 154 meters; hence its blade tips reaches almost 200 meters into the sky. The wind speed profiles over the rotor planes are consequently no longer representatively measured by a single cup anemometer at hub height from a nearby met-mast; power curve assessment as well as turbine control call for multi-height multi point measurement strategies of wind speed and wind shear within the turbines entire rotor plane. The development of our new remote sensing-based WindScanner.dk facility as well as the first measurement results obtained to date are here presented, including a first wind lidar measurement of turbulence in complex terrain within an internal boundary layer developing behind an escarpment. Also measurements of wind speed and direction profiles, including turbulence, have been acquired from remote sensing to heights above 1.5 km above the ground.


In this paper, we decided the flight missions which describe the proper purpose of a utility helicopter, and developed the load spectrum by modifying Helix that is a fatigue load spectrum for blade of articulated helicopter rotor system. The developed load spectrum is applied to fatigue analysis of blade using with the stress-life(S-N) method. Also, the present results are compared with the original Helix data in order to verify the load spectrum that we generated.


Pitch based activated carbon fiber(PACF) was made from pitch based carbon fiber through activating at high temperature with H 2O as activating agent. The influence of preparing condition such as activated temperatute and time on the yield, specific surface area and its adsorbent behavior towards n butanethiol(BuSH) were studied. The results show that simple PACF can not remove BUSH from n hexane. Therefore in order to remove BuSH, dispersion of appropriated catalyst such as cobalt is need. Cobalt dispered PACF(PACF Co) can remove BuSH quickly. The activated temperature of PACF using for dispering of cobalt salt don′t affected the results, but the activated time need at least 90 min in order to remove BuSH to below 10 ppm.


AbstrAct Purpose: Having high electrical conductivity, Y 2 O 3 -doped CeO 2 is a good candidate for various high temperature electrochemical devices, such as solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen gas sensor. However, its inferior mechanical properties compared to its competitors, e.g. ZrO 2 -based electrolytes, has restricted its usage. Design/methodology/approach: The present work evaluates the sintering behavior and mechanical properties of CeO 2 , and aims to enhance the mechanical properties and sinterability while restricting the grain growth by doping with Y 2 O 3 . Findings: The relative density, rather than the Y 2 O 3 concentration, was the most important factor that affected the mechanical properties of CeO 2 . Increase of density resulted in higher hardness and elastic modulus, and lower the fracture toughness of CeO 2 . In the optimum condition, the K IC of 5.1 MPa.m 1/2 , nanohardness of 13.0 GPa, and elastic modulus of 371.5 GPa were obtained for the undoped CeO 2


We describe a high pressure cryogenic fill station and a novel method to retrieve and transport filled inertial confinement fusion targets at cryogenic temperatures. The fill station (currently under construction) will be capable of filling millimeter-size plastic spheres with DT or D 2 to pressures exceeding 150 MPa. After filling, the thin-walled targets are cooled and kept below 20 K to prevent them from bursting. After cooling the targets, a cryogenic wrench is used to open the pressurization cell. The fill station cryostat is designed to allow a second cryostat to retrieve the filled targets. This second cold transfer cryostat features removable shrouds with seals that can be repeatably made and broken at cryogenic temperatures.


Objective:To assess the effect of oligohydramnios in third trimester on the perinatal outcome.Methods:Perinatal outcome of 512 cases were evaluated by determining the amniotic fluid index(AFI) with B ultrasonograpy.Results:Occurrence of oligohydramnios in pregnancy week 40 weeks .There was a significantly increased incident of adverse perinatal outcome(included IUGR,fetal distress,5 minute Apgar score7,contaminated amniotic fluid of degree Ⅱand Ⅲ ) among the gravida with AFI≤5.0cm in comparison with AFI8.0cm ,it was also among the gravida with AFI 5.0~8.0cm in comparison with AFI8.0cm.Conclusion:Oligohydramnios could produce serious influence on perinatal prognosis.The AFI could be used to assess the amniotic fluid.AFI 5.0~8.0cm and AFI≤5.0cm should be monitered strongly,avoiding the incident of adverse perinatal outcome.


Roth and Rothblum [Roth, A. E., U. G. Rothblum. 1999. Truncation strategies in matching markets---In search of advice for participants. Econometrica67 21--43] showed that for matching markets using the deferred acceptance algorithm a physician with symmetric (incomplete) information possibly gains only by truncating her true ranking. We show that in symmetric information environments this result is identical for all priority mechanisms and all linear programming mechanisms introduced in British entry-level medical markets and in public school choice in some American cities.


Sport tourism is one of the fastest growing market segments in the global tourism industry. Kenya is no different, as it is reputed world over for its exemplary performances in diverse competitions including long distance athletics and rugby. More significantly, the North Rift region in Kenya is famous for producing world champions including long distance runners. Accordingly, the North Rift region has over the years experienced an increase in the number of athletes and development of athletics training camps not only to nurture young talent but also tap revenue from sport tourists who comprise of world-class athletes from all over the world residing in training camps in the region for weeks or months ahead of major events. However, economic, social and environmental impacts of sport tourism upon destinations in Kenya have received little attention, with prior research on tourism impacts in Kenya focusing almost exclusively on wildlife, cultural and beach tourism. The purpose of this study was to examine residents' perceived impacts of sport tourism around Iten town. In particular, the study looked at how the development of sport tourism has affected the local environment and the livelihood of local people. The study population consisted of local people living in Iten town and the surrounding area. Cluster sampling was applied to select the sampling units where most local people reside. Simple random sampling technique was then used to recruit respondents from each sampling unit. Data collection involved a combination of questionnaires, interviews and observations. Questionnaires and interviews were administered in training camps and residential areas. In addition, interviews were conducted with local community leaders. In total 150 respondents participated in the study. The findings supported the social exchange theory and showed that the economic benefits appear to have the greatest influence on whether local residents support further sport tourism developments. Keywords: Tourism; Sport; Impacts; Social exchange theory; Community; Sustainable Development.