Today's high performance bipolar technologies rely upon stringent control of the polysilicon deposition and pre-deposition cleaning processes. The advent of LPCVD cluster tools allows more precise control of the interfacial layer through the use of insitu vapour cleaning and subsequent re-oxidation prior to poly deposition. In this paper, the use of thermally grown interfacial oxide layers of polysilicon emitter transistors is investigated and the results compared with an optimised process in a conventional horizontal deposition equipment. The interfacial layers are characterised by SIMS to obtain the integrated oxygen dose at the interface and by RBS to observe epitaxial realignment. The impact of the regrown interfacial oxides on the emitter and base profiles is quite small, such that the electrical characteristics are dominated by the interface properties. A process window is defined where a significant reduction of the base current can be obtained at the expense of only minor increases in the emitter resistance. It is also demonstrated how the emitter resistance and base current operafing point can be engineered using RTA annealing. Lower and upper limits for the integrated oxygen dose are defined, based on epitaxial realignment and current gain distributions. For poly deposition in a conventional furnace, the current gain can be controlled by pre-and post implant RTA temperature, while the cluster system offers an additional degree of freedom to engineer the current gain by tailoring the oxygen dose at the poly emitter interface.


The object of this paper is to draw attention to the influence of possible frequency difference between current and voltage on ac power measurement. We will discuss this issue for wattmeters based on analog and digital sampling techniques in this paper and recommend a optimum sampling interval to be used for the digital sampling techniques.


A new process for the production of a clinical (or controlled size) dextrans was developed. This process is simpler, cheaper and more economical than traditional methods. It involves the use of a mixed culture fermentation with a dextranase producing strain (Lipomvces starkevi ATCC 74054) and a dextransucrase producing strain (Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 10830). The new process produced 84 % (w/w) of the theoretical yield of clinical dextrans with an average polydispersity between 1.2 and 1.5. The mechanism for clinical dextran formation is a competitive production of acceptors from newly formed dextran molecules by dextranase. The acceptors compete for the existing glucosyl portion of sucrose, resulting in higher levels of small size dextran molecules. The maintenance of a proper balance of dextransucrase to dextranase is essential for the functioning of this process.


We investigated the relationship between residence in the neighbourhood of an aluminium smelter and the prevalence of atopy in schoolchildren (7–13 years of age). Atopy was assessed in 556 of the 620 participants by a skin prick test with eight common aeroallergens. The median exposures to sulphur dioxide and fluoride during the pollen season in the age interval 19–36 months were 24 and 3.1 μg/m3 in the spring and 20 and 3.3 μg/m3 in the summer, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) of having atopy was 2.0 (95% CI: 1.2–3.3) in those children who had lived in the index area for 7 years or more compared with those who had lived there less than 7 years (cumulative effect). The OR of atopy was 2.5 (1.44.4) in those who had lived in the index area during the age interval of 19–36 months compared with rural residence during this age‐interval (age‐specific effect). When the age‐specific effect and the cumulative effect were compared in the same logistic model, the former decreased to 1.1 (0.43.0), whereas the latter was 2.2 (0.7–6.6). The results indicate that exposure to these low levels of irritants during early childhood increases allergen sensitization in children.


The immunohistoehemieal examination of adnexal neoplastns is an area of eonsidetable pertinenee to the dertnatopathologist. This area is rapidly expanding as new polyelonal and monoelonal antibodies are being inttoduced which have specificities for various parts of the eutaneous adnexa. These antihodies may be used to study the histogenesis of adnexal neoplasms and to identify and categorize poorly differetitiated neoplastns. At present, several useful atitibodies exist which identify epitopes in ecerine and apocrine glands; antibodies of diagnostic relevance directed against antigens in sebaceous gland and pilar unit are not yet available. Antigens that have been studied in adnexal structures are; 1) earcinoembryonic antigen (CEA); 2) SI00 protein; 3) the blood group substances. A, B, and H; 4) beta 2-microglobulin; 5) casein; 6) prekeratins; 7) a variety of antigens identified by tnonoclonal antibodies.


During the last decade, many studies have addressed the signature of community assembly processes by assessing the deviation of a functional diversity pattern from that expected in null communities, using a randomization algorithm. The basic principle has been to compare the functional structure of a 'local community' with a set of randomly generated communities from a 'regional species pool'. Specifically, it allows assessing the extent to which species constituting a community are functionally more or less similar than expected under the assumption of a random assembly, thus revealing the influence of assembly processes such as competition or environmental abiotic filtering. However, the processes shaping community assembly act at various scales, and their combined influences on the functional community structure may be difficult to disentangle. In this context, we need a framework that explicitly takes into account the multi-scale nature of the ecological processes in order to perform appropriate analyses and draw unambiguous interpretations. By combining a comprehensive conceptual scheme and a review of the literature, we have showed that performing a trait-based null model analysis cannot be reduced to the sole choices of a randomization algorithm and a functional metric. Other choices, mainly related to data acquisition also appear crucial, from the sampling strategy, i.e. the choice of an appropriate scale, to the type of data, i.e. mainly presence-absence versus abundance, through the proper definition of a reference species pool. Because the methodological choices are non-independent, we found that particular combinations of modalities of these methodological choices seem more suitable to detect environmental filtering, competitive dominance or limiting similarity patterns. In light of these findings, we propose some practical guidelines to test the influence of the community assembly mechanisms at multiple spatial scales.


The use of mobile applications is increasing in the hospitals. Besides numerous advantages such as time and location independent view of examination results, documentation of therapy at the patient site, point of care workflow and decision support, smartphone- or tablet-based mobile systems pose challenges to system manufacturers and hospital-IT operators. In this paper we present our experiences on managing mobile, Android-based medical devices in hospitals based on the GlucoTab®. GlucoTab® is a client-server system using a Google Android-based tablet as a frontend device for diabetes workflow and insulin decision support in hospitals. We analysed the hospital IT-infrastructure for mobile devices in eight different hospitals and based on recent published reports. Based on this analysis we developed suggestions on how to handle typical administrative issues like domain integration, software inventory and distribution or user management. Depending on the integration prerequisites of hospitals we finally provided five different integration scenarios for the GlucoTab® system.


Tuberculosis (TB) is a common lethal infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is a preventable and curable disease which most often affects the lungs. According to the WHO, TB to date, claims the second largest number of victims due to a single infectious agent right after HIV/AIDS. Although a widespread implementation of control measures focus on case finding and short-course chemotherapy, the global burden of TB has increased over the past two decades [1]. A  deterministic model  of tuberculosis in  sub-Saharan Africa in general and Cameroon in particular is designed and analyzed  with respect to its transmission dynamics. The model includes both frequency- and density-dependent transmissions. It is shown that the model is mathematically well-posed and epidemiologically reasonable. Solutions are non-negative and bounded whenever the initial values are non-negative. A sensitivity analysis of model parameters is performed and the most sensitive parameters of the model are identified using the Gauss-Newton Method [2]. In particular, parameters representing the proportion of individuals having access to medical facilities have a large impact on the dynamics of the disease. We demonstrate how an increase of these parameter values over time can significantly reduce the disease burden in the population within the next 15 years.


Most analysts agree that the recent proliferation of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) is largely the result of exasperation with multilateral trade liberalisation through the World Trade Organisation and a defensive response to the large-scale adoption of PTAs by major economies. The spread of PTAs, however, suggests that there are motivations other than economic that are inspiring these trade deals. It is becoming increasingly obvious that the use of PTAs to gain or reinforce strategic benefits, or to forestall strategic disadvantage, has been a major but largely unacknowledged driver of the recent trend towards PTAs. Three profound shifts in the international system over the past 15 years have led to the declining utility of traditional security institutions and thus the search for new forms of strategic deal-making: an enduring crisis of security institutions; the rise of new great powers; and the arrival of non-state security threats. In response, both large and small powers have resorted to a range of instruments, including strategically-driven PTAs.


Decay usage scheduling algorithm gives preference to processes that have consumed little CPU in the recent past. It has been widely-used in time-sharing systems such as UNIX, where CPU-intensive processes and interactive processes are mixed. However, there has been no sound understanding about the mixed effects of decay usage parameters on the service performance. This paper empirically analyzes their effects in terms of the resulting service bandwidth and delay Based on such empirical analysis, we derive the clear meaning of each parameter. Such analysis and understanding provides a basis of controlling decay usage parameters for desirable service provision as required by applications.


Within the research project "KoWaLo" a framework for configuring adaptable logistics chain will be developed in order to consider the effects of adaptability on the whole supply chain. General constitutive characteristics of logistics are with a scenario based approach using key performance indicators matched with the characteristics of adaptability. The matching allows for an identification and assessment of the main constitutive characteristics of adaptable logistics and concludes therewith the procedural method, which in turn is the focus of this paper.


This article discusses the legal regime of expropriations, heading the analysis of the action of expropriation by social interest for purposes of agrarian reform, also known as agrarian expropriation.


It is known that quantitative measures for the reliability of software systems can be derived from software reliability models. And, as such, support the product development process. Over the past four decades, research activities in this area have been performed. As a result, many software reliability models have been proposed. It was shown that, once these models reach a certain level of convergence, it can enable the developer to release the software. And stop software testing accordingly. Criteria to determine the optimal testing time include the number of remaining errors, failure rate, reliability requirements, or total system cost. In this paper we will present our results in predicting the reliability of software for agile testing environments. We seek to model this way of working by extending the Jelinski-Moranda model to a 'stack' of feature-specific models, assuming that the bugs are labelled with the feature they belong to. In order to demonstrate the extended model, several prediction results of actual cases will be presented. The questions to be answered in these cases are: how many software bugs remain in the software and should one decide to stop testing the software?


A The use of opioids for treating chronic nonmalignant pain (CNP), long controversial, has been neither common nor widely accepted. That's in part because of the lack of clinical trial data on the analgesic efficacy of opioids in CNP. Equally influential, however, have been concerns about addiction, tolerance, and adverse effects. But now more and more clinicians are recognizing that those concerns aren't supported by the available evidence. That's in some measure due to educational efforts like those that have improved treatment of acute pain and cancer-related pain. Consequently, we can expect to see more patients with CNP receiving opioids as part of their pain management plans. Opioids may appropriately be considered for any chronic pain that hasn't been satisfactorily relieved by other medications and nonpharmacologic measures. One misconception about CNP has been that some types of pain don't respond to opioid analgesics. In fact, all do, to a greater or lesser extent. Recently, the American Academy of Pain Medicine and the American Pain Society collaborated on a consensus statement, "The Use of Opioids for the Treatment of Chronic Pain." The statement is in response to inquiries from state legislatures, medical examiners, regulators, and health care professionals about the use of opioids in patients with


This study evaluated the behaviour of the Salmonella enterica serotypes in osmotically stressful BHI broth (0.940 ≤ aw ≤ 0.960), assessing inoculum from two stages of the bacterial life cycle (exponential and stationary) and two temperatures (25°C and 35°C).


This research seeks to investigate perceptions of student teachers on nurseries and housemaids on Early Childhood Development (ECD). Six factors were extracted on nurseries and five were extracted for housemaids accounting for almost the same amount of variance. The main factor for nurseries functionary importance in ECD was stimulation of the mental and social emphasis of the children; and for housemaids it was on the moral development of the children and their complimentary role to nurseries. Housemaids were more paramount in ECD in terms of their ability to fill in for time-poor parents unlike nurseries due to the varying financial requirements, they were also more flexible on the space requirements for children's development. Overall, factor analysis was more pronounced for the perceptions on housemaids than nurseries on ECD, which suggest the presence of extraneous variables especially economic ones that influence more the latter's viability than the former.


"Pals don't evaluate pals". Although the comment was traded at the pissoir in a health administration facility many years ago, its memory has always accompanied the author most susceptible to use that type of toilets. The claim belongs to the type of heartfelt and shocking statements –such as "democracy raises crime: It's time for security companies to disembark in Spain" heard very early in the early post-francoist period at an airportthat time seems to have ratified. Pals don't evaluate pals.


2 Abstract: Egypt as semi-arid county is forced to look for new and alternative water sources. Regarding to the limited fresh water resources, agriculture drainage water especially at the end of irrigation canals could represent a reasonable solution. The current study was carried out to assess the relationships between soil physical, chemical properties and soil water constant, water movement under reuse of agricultural drainage water. To control and monitor the soil variables, soil samples (0-30 cm) were collected from El-Khashaah, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, to analyzing soil and irrigation water chemical properties (pH, EC, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations (Ca , Mg , Na and K ). Data were statistically analyzed to obtain the relations 2+ 2+ + + between water and soil parameters, Pearson correlation coefficient were computed. Obtained results showed that a decrease in the organic matter content and an increase of parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity and some exchangeable cations were expected. A negative correlation was found with soil hydraulic conductivity, highly significant with EC (p<0.01). Same trend was obtained in relation between soluble cations and sodium adsorption ratio values, except Ca . The highest coefficients values (r) were recorded with Mg ++ followed by Na . Results showed that they had significant correlation coefficient, except Ca , while Mg had + ++ ++


In order to manage increasingly complex business and IT environments, organizations need effective instruments for representing and understanding this complexity. Essential among these instruments are enterprise models, i.e. computational representations of the structure, processes, information, resources, and intentions of organizations. One important class of enterprise models are value models, which focus on the business motivations and intentions behind business processes and describe them in terms of high level notions like actors, resources, and value exchanges. The essence of these value exchanges is often taken to be an ownership transfer. However, some value exchanges cannot be analyzed in this way, e.g. the use of a service does not influence ownership. The goal of this chapter is to offer an analysis of the notion of value exchanges, based on Hohfeld's classification of rights, and to propose notation and practical modeling guidelines that make use of this analysis.


Laser powder bed fusion process is widely used in producing cellular materials for various applications. However, there are limitations in the process to produce high-porosity cellular materials with accuracy. A deviation is observed between the as-built and the as-designed geometrical parameters that lead to variation in the obtained stiffness of the cellular material. This study investi-gates the behavior of three cell topologies, cubic regular, cubic irregular, and trabecular under as-designed and as-built configurations to study their Young's modulus variation. The obtained results are compared with the ideal predictions of the Gibson – Ashby law to evaluate the deviation. Eventually, a linear correlation was developed between the as-designed and as-built Young's modulus to generate a database to select the as-designed geometry/properties to obtain the required as-built geometry/properties. and as-built compression modulus using a log – log scale


We have successfully synthesized a novel chiral AB block copolyacetylene consisting of a dynamic cis-transoidal racemic helical sequence and a static cis-cisoidal one-handed helical sequence by usi...


OBJECTIVE To study effects of Dioscornin Tablets on expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in synovial tissue of collagen-induced arthritis(CIA)rats,and to investigate the mechanism of Dioscornin Tablets antiangiogenesis in treating rheumatoid arthritis.METHEDS 48 wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups(n = 12/group):normal control group(A),CIA model group(B),tripterygium group(C),Dioscornin Tablets(D).Rats in B-D group were established CIA rat model and the rats in C-D group were lavaged with corresponding medicine for 21 days.The micro-vessel density(MVD)of synovium was measured by caulating CD31 level and real-time PCR was used to detect VEGF expression in synovial tissue of CIA rats.RESULTS MVD,VEGF expression in synovial tissue of CIA rats in B group were signficantly higher than A group(P﹤0.01);MVD、VEGF expression in synovial tissue of CIA rats in C-D group were significantly lower than B group(P﹤0.01).Moreover,there were no significantly differences between C group and D group(P﹥0.05).CONCLUSION Dioscornin Tablets can inhibit angiogenesis in synovial tissue by down regulating VEGF expression.


The DVB-S is a new digital satellite broadcasting technology which meets the industrial standard.Based on this technology,China Meteorological Administration built up a low-cost,wildly-applied satellite remote sensing data sharing platform.The users can acquire the near-real-time satellite remote sensing data from US EOS,NOAA and Chinese FY satellite series.Due to the signal disturbance and other reasons,some received data have lots of abnormal data,which influence their utilization.Considering the multiple receiving stations in the DVB-S system,there would be lots of overlapped areas in their receiving range.A method for modifying the abnormal data in the MODIS 1B swath image by using the correspondent pixels in the overlapped area is introduced in this paper.Its key steps include image selection,overlapped area matching,abnormal data replacement etc.,and the automatic data processing code is realized by using Visual C++.


Background—Activation of innate immunity, especially infiltration of monocytes, is critical for proper wound healing and scar formation after myocardial infarction (MI). Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that interleukin-13 (IL-13), which influences the differentiation of monocytes/macrophages and has profibrotic properties, modulates wound healing and remodeling after MI. Methods and Results—MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left coronary artery in both male and female wild-type (WT)/IL-13−/− mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that expression of IL-13 was induced in left and right ventricular myocardium of WT mice within days in response to MI. Fifty-six–day survival was significantly impaired (65% in WT versus 34% in IL-13−/−) in male but not female IL-13−/− (55% in WT versus 54% in IL-13−/−) mice. Serial echocardiography showed significantly increased left ventricular dilation in male IL-13−/− compared with WT mice starting from day 1 after MI, despite comparable infarct...


The genus Polygonum(Polygonaceae)contains rich medicinal plants.In this paper,the studies on flavone constituents and bioactivity of genus Polygonum mainly from 1990 were reviewed.


A MUTANT HIRUDINO HVIC3, PREPARED REPLACING an amino acid sequence which begins with amino acid 53, HV1 HIRUDINO RESIDUE ON THE OTHER amino acid sequence starting with amino acid 53, RESIDUE HIRUDINO HV3. Said mutant not only has a high effect antithrombotic BUT ALSO SERVES TO STRETCH inhibit bleeding time. ESCHERICHIA COLI TRANSFORMED BY A VECTOR segregating PROTEIN STRANGE, comprising a DNA sequence containing an origin (ori) pUC, a sequence DNA tac promoter or trp, A DNA SEQUENCE coded signal peptide and a sequence encoded DNA PROTEIN AS STRANGE, which secretes AND PRODUCE LARGE AMOUNTS foreign proteins outside the cells.


This paper addresses the morphological word formation process that is known as clipping. In English, that process yields shortened word forms such as lab (< laboratory), exam (< examination), or gator (< alligator). It is frequently argued (Davy 2000, Durkin 2009, Haspelmath & Sims 2010, Don 2014) that clipping is highly variable and that it is difficult to predict how a given source word will be shortened. We draw on recent work (Lappe 2007, Jamet 2009, Berg 2011, Alber & Arndt-Lappe 2012, Arndt-Lappe 2018) in order to challenge that view. Our main hypothesis is that English clipping follows predictable tendencies, that these tendencies can be captured by a probabilistic, multifactorial model, and that the features of that model can be explained functionally in terms of cognitive, discourse-pragmatic, and phonological factors. Cognitive factors include the principle of least effort (Zipf 1949), an important discourse-pragmatic factor is the recoverability of the source word (Tournier 1985), and phonological factors include issues of stress and syllable structure (Lappe 2007). While the individual influence of these factors on clipping has been recognized, their interaction and their relative importance remains to be fully understood. The empirical analysis in this paper will use Hierarchical Configural Frequency Analysis (Krauth & Lienert 1973, Gries 2008) on the basis of a large, newly compiled database of more than 2000 English clippings. Our analysis allows us to detect regularities in the way speakers of English create clippings. We argue that there are several English clipping schemas that are optimized for processability.


Under certain conditions of near-shore slope and wave activity, the major seaward drainage of water which has been moved toward the beach in waves and breakers is in the form of rip currents. These currents are particularly well developed along the coast of New South Wales, where they exhibit a systematic form. Each beach has a complete rip-current system which is controlled by the particular features of the beach and which is varied by such factors as the size and regularity of the waves, the tide, and the wave-source direction. Although strict principles cannot be applied to the variations of these systems, it is possible to evaluate the major factors involved and to analyze and predict the forms of each system under variable conditions.


The article provides an overview of the housing policy in Poznań. It begins with a discussion of the importance of dwellings in contemporary society. The second section focuses on the main assumptions of the housing policy in Poland and the tools that can be used on the level of local government units. Next, the authors present the current state of the housing market in Poznań. In order to provide deeper insight, the analysis is based on data spanning over a 6-year period using both quantitative and qualitative methods. In the final two sections, the implementation of the city's housing policy is discussed. The authors argue that the overall effects of Poznań's housing policy are positive, but serious challenges lie ahead.


Microwave catalytic pyrolysis of sewage sludge were conducted on a single mode microwave reactor. The effects of CaO and steam on hydrogen-rich gas formation characteristics were analyzed. The results indicated that the CaO can improve the formation of H2 and CO. When CaO in sewage sludge increased from 0 to 0.75 g/(g dried sludge), the H2 and CO concentration increased from 62 vol.% to 77 vol.%, while CH4 and CO2 concentrations decreased from 28 vol.% to 9 vol.%. The steam can also improve the formation of H2 and CO, with 1.59 g/min of the steam flowrate, the H2 and CO concentration increased to the maximum of 81 vol.%, and the CH4 and CO2 concentration decreased to the minimum of 16 vol.%. When the steam gasification was coupled with the CaO catalyzing, the H2 concentration can reach to 61 vol.%, which was 79.3% higher than the experimental conditions absent of steam and CaO.


We present a detailed X-ray spectral analysis of the sources in the 1Ms catalog of the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS) taking advantage of optical spectroscopy and photometric redshifts for 321 extragalactic sources out of the total sample of 347 sources. As a default spectral model, we adopt a power law with slope Γ with an intrinsic redshifted absorption N H , a fixed Galactic absorption and an unresolved Fe emission line. For 82 X-ray bright sources, we are able to perform the X-ray spectral analysis leaving both Γ and N H free. The weighted mean value for the slope of the power law is $\langle \Gamma \rangle \simeq 1.75 \pm 0.02$, and the distribution of best fit values shows an intrinsic dispersion of $\sigma_{\rm int} \simeq 0.30$. We do not find hints of a correlation between the spectral index Γ and the intrinsic absorption column density N H .
We then investigate the absorption distribution for the whole sample, deriving the N H values in faint sources by fixing $\Gamma = 1.8$. We also allow for the presence of a scattered component at soft energies with the same slope of the main power law, and for a pure reflection spectrum typical of Compton-thick AGN. We detect the presence of a scattered soft component in 8 sources; we also identify 14 sources showing a reflection-dominated spectrum. The latter are referred to as Compton-thick AGN candidates.
By correcting for both incompleteness and sampling-volume effects, we recover the intrinsic N H distribution representative of the whole AGN population, $f(N_{\rm H}) {\rm d}N_{\rm H}$, from the observed one. $f(N_{\rm H})$ shows a lognormal shape, peaking around $\log(N_{\rm H})\simeq 23.1$ and with $\sigma \simeq 1.1$. Interestingly, such a distribution shows continuity between the population of Compton-thin and that of Compton-thick AGN.
We find that the fraction of absorbed sources (with $N_{\rm H}>10^{22}$ cm -2 ) in the sample is constant (at the level of about 75%) or moderately increasing with redshift. Finally, we compare the optical classification to the X-ray spectral properties, confirming that the correspondence of unabsorbed (absorbed) X-ray sources to optical type I (type II) AGN is accurate for at least 80% of the sources with spectral identification (1/3 of the total X-ray sample).


The structural and magnetic phase stabilities of a Si(001)∕MnAs superlattice have been investigated using the highly precise all-electron full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method within the generalized gradient approximation. From a total energy and atomic force calculations, we found that the zincblende structure for MnAs is most stable over other atomic configurations, where either Mn or As layers are attached to the Si interface. The antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling between the Mn atoms is calculated to be energetically favored over the ferromagnetic (FM) coupling by a total energy difference of 40meV∕unit cell. More interestingly, we predict that a 2% tetragonal distortion from its AFM crystal structure induces a magnetic phase transition from the AFM to a half-metallic FM phase with a 0.36eV band gap for the minority spin channel, which indicates a promising possible spintronics application.


The objective of this paper is to examine economic efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises in the food industry. The analysis focuses on the Czech Republic. The source of data for the conducted analysis of the enterprises was a database containing accounting data of companies with at least one employee. The observed data were from the 6-year period (2007-2012). The analysis comprised of the data envelopment analysis (DEA) and financial analysis. Based on the analysis results, the enterprises were divided into several groups according to their level of efficiency. In these groups with different efficiency, common economic characteristics of the enterprises were searched for. It was found that the enterprises with high levels of economic efficiency in the food industry evince high levels of profitability, low leverage and high liquidity. The further analysis revealed that the enterprises with the low level of economic efficiency have achieved a substantial improvement in the observed economic indicators of the business performance in a longer term horizon.


The multi-agent systems paradigm, enhanced with biological inspired concepts, such as swarm intelligence and self-organization, offers an alternative way to design control solutions that address the current demands for flexible, robust, responsive and adaptive manufacturing and automation systems. Being the development of these systems traditionally complex, the use of modelling and simulating environments may contribute for the fast prototyping and proof of concept of these solutions. This paper explores the use of these environments and uses the NetLogo platform to illustrate the development of an agent-based control application for an experimental production system. The designed and tested agent-based system exhibits robustness and adaptation to changing environments based on the stigmergy concept.


Zero-shot learning (ZSL) is an emerging research topic whose goal is to build recognition models for previously unseen classes. The basic idea of ZSL is based on heterogeneous feature matching which learns a compatibility function between image and class features using seen classes. The function is constructed based on one-vs-all training in which each class has only one class feature and many image features. Existing ZSL works mostly treat all image features equivalently. However, in this paper we argue that it is more reasonable to use some representative cross-domain data instead of all. Motivated by this idea, we propose a novel approach, termed as Landmark Selection(LAST) for ZSL. LAST is able to identify representative cross-domain features which further lead to better image-class compatibility function. Experiments on several ZSL datasets including ImageNet demonstrate the superiority of LAST to the state-of-the-arts.


Studying the geographical distribution of species can reveal conditions and processes that may drive species presence and abundance. Organism distribution has frequently been explained by climate, but the relative role of local environmental predictors is not fully understood. Moreover, in the freshwater realm, intrinsic differences existing between different categories of water bodies can lead to significant differences in species–environment relationships. Here, we tested the relative importance of broad‐scale climate and local environmental predictors in explaining plant species distributions in freshwater lakes and streams. We built species distribution models to investigate which predictors best explain aquatic plant distribution in two categories of water bodies. We used species inventories and records of three climate and eight local environmental predictors for 150 lakes and 150 streams in Finland. We found that sets of predictors that explain the distribution of macrophyte species are unique depending on if species are in a lake or a stream. Overall, air temperature and ecosystem size were essential to predict aquatic plant species presence in both water body categories. Broad‐scale climate predictors were always very important in explaining species distribution, while local environmental conditions such as water chemistry were of variable influence, depending on species and water body category. These results are probably due to high spatial and temporal variability and range of water physico‐chemical parameters, especially in streams. Nonetheless, despite a lower relative importance than climatic factors, local environmental predictors also strongly affected species distributions. Our findings highlight that incorporating local environmental conditions to species distribution models in addition to climate predictors is necessary to improve predictions, particularly for distribution of stream flora. Considering the species‐specific responses of aquatic plants to their environment, studying species individually with species distribution models represents a useful analysis.


In the process of teaching and learning, teachers are the key link. So, to know the qualities a modern teacher should have is of great significance to teaching and the development of the whole society. This paper briefly probes into the basic qualities such as creativity consciousness and pioneering spirit, multi-stuctural knowledge and excellent scientific research ability, cooperation spirit and consciousness and so forth. From which the paper puts forward the new concept of the qualities a teacher should have in modern teaching .


Photoemission electron microscopy is used to probe photon-induced oxygen vacancies generated on TiO2 (110)-(1×2) surfaces. An increased oxygen vacancy concentration within the irradiated region leads to an increase of local photoelectron emission. The local oxygen deficient region can be compensated by exposing the surface to molecular oxygen at 1×10-5 Torr, or via surface diffusion at 450 K in vacuum. The surface diffusion coefficient was estimated to be on the order of 10-12 m2/s. Photoemission electron microscopy allows in situ studies of surface electronic defect formation and removal.


This conceptual paper presents a model for understanding how new leaders' styles of leadership emerge and self-identity changes. New leaders' interpersonal orientation, power motivation, and regulatory focus along with organizational expectations are predicted to influence their beliefs about how to exert power and their motivation to lead (MTL). New leaders' power beliefs, MTL, and perceptions of situational needs affect their engaging in transactional and transformational behaviors. This is the emergence of leadership style and the development of identity as a leader. Over time, new leaders' behaviors, outcomes, and identity formation alter their power beliefs and MTL. This model suggests directions for human resource development research and practice supporting new leader development and building a culture of leadership consistent with the organization's expectations.


TPS3646 Background: In retrospective studies statin use during preoperative chemo-radiation (pCRT) for rectal cancer is associated with improved overall survival, pathological tumor response and treatment toxicity. In vivo preclinical studies show that statins radiosensitize cancer cells, with improved tumor control and reduced radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) and skin toxicities. A prospective randomized trial is justified to confirm these clinically important benefits. Tumor regression following pCRT has strong prognostic significance, as assessed radiologically (MRI-based tumor regression grading [mrTRG]) prior to, or pathologically (pathTRG) following, surgery. Using mrTRG after each treatment phase in total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) programs could assess incremental tumor regression and optimize patient management including surgery. Methods: Design: This double-blind phase 2 trial is recruiting 222 patients planned to receive long-course fluoropyrimidine-based pCRT for rectal adenocarcinoma at 17 sites in New Zealand and Australia. Patients are randomized to simvastatin 40mg or placebo daily for 90 days, starting 1 week prior to pCRT, with minimization for major prognostic variables. Pelvic MRI at baseline and 6-8 weeks after pCRT will assess mrTRG. A protocol amendment allows TNT using consolidation chemotherapy after pCRT; MRI timing is unchanged. Primary objective: comparison of rates of grades 1-2 mrTRG following pCRT with simvastatin or placebo, considering mrTRG in 4 ordered categories (1, 2, 3, 4-5). Secondary objectives: comparison of rates of grades 1-2 pathTRG in resected tumors; incidence of > grade 2 acute GI and non-GI adverse events (AE); incidence of late GI AE; compliance with intended pCRT and trial medication; proportion of patients undergoing surgical resection post-pCRT; 3-year local recurrence rate, disease-free and cancer-specific survival; and pathological scores for radiation colitis. Tertiary and correlative objectives: association between mrTRG and pathTRG grouping; inter-observer scoring agreement on mrTRG and pathTRG; comparison of the association between tumor CD3+ and/or CD8+ T-cell infiltrates in diagnostic biopsies and pathTRG; intensity and distribution of subsets of infiltrating T-cells in irradiated resected normal and malignant tissue; and the effect of simvastatin on markers of systemic inflammation (modified Glasgow prognostic score and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio). Eligibility criteria exclude statin use within 6 weeks prior to trial entry, patients intolerant of statins, and planned use of oxaliplatin or biological agents during pCRT. Trial recruitment commenced April 2018 and 95 of 222 patients have been recruited as at 21 January 2022. Clinical trial information: ACTRN12617001087347.


Vacuum pump (100) for pumping fluid from a space to be evacuated (102), wherein the vacuum pump (100) to a pumping chamber (106), a getter pump (104) and / or in the pump chamber (106) for receiving media from the to be evacuated space (102) and operatively coupled to said getter (104) cold cathode pressure measuring pump (108) for measuring a pressure in the pumping chamber (106) and for additionally recording medium from the space to be evacuated (102).


Crop Physiological Properties of Field Grown Corn (Zea mays) and Soybean (Glycine Max) Abstract Short-term water stress during the reproductive period of summer grown crops is a common occurrence in the U.S. southeastern Piedmont region. Plants have evolved an antioxidative mechanism to ameliorate this oxidative stress. The application of humic substances has been shown to increase antioxidant activity of water stressed crops; thus, it is proposed that humic substances in land-applied organic amendments may improve the health and yield of summer grown crops compared to inorganically fertilized crops. Research was conducted to assess the effects of organic and inorganic soil amendments on soil physicochemical properties and plant physiological responses. Corn and soybean were cultivated at the Northern Piedmont Agriculture Research and Experiment Station in Orange, Virginia in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Neither crop experienced water stress during the sampling period (July 14-August 27, 2004; August 12September 16, 2005). Treatment differences in leaf antioxidant activity were only observed in the corn. All corn plants that were fertilized with amendments supplying the crop's nitrogen needs, regardless of the source, had greater leaf nitrogen (+29%), chlorophyll (+33%), and protein contents (+37%), lower superoxide dismutase (-29%) and ascorbate peroxidase (-17%) activities, and lower malondialdehyde (-33%) contents relative to the control and low nitrogen treatments. There were no observed differences in catalase activity, which was likely due to the evolutionary advantage of C4 metabolism. Yield was strongly related to midseason leaf nitrogen contents (R=0.87, p<0.0001) and not soil humified carbon (R=0.02, p=0.0543). There were no observed treatment differences in soybean leaf physiology and metabolism. Differences, however, were observed over time. As the leaves senesced, leaf chlorophyll, protein, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities decreased, and the malondialdehyde content increased. Ascorbate peroxidase activity slightly increased with time. Catalase activity in soybean was primarily linked to the oxidation of glycolate, a product of photorespiration, and not the formation of reactive oxygen species in the chloroplasts. The organically amended treatments had higher yields (9-21% increase), greater protein contents (4-9% increase), and seed weights (5-14% increase) relative to the fertilizer and control treatments. I conclude that differences in


Based on analysis of characteristic and economic characteristics of rural distribution power network, the economic characteristic evaluation index is built. The application of analytic hierarchy process used in planning decision of rural power distribution network is introduced.


. The problem of treatment of purulent-necrotic processes of soft tissues is undoubtedly and to this day remains extremely relevant in the structure of surgical pathology. Thus, the interaction of microorganisms with the macroorganism triggers a cascade of reactions with the release of inflammatory mediators (cytokines), which in turn cause persistent vasodilation. This leads to a violation of perfusion, and as a consequence of ischemia, purulent-necrotic foci and parenchymal organs. As a result, the penetration of antibacterial drugs and other medicines into the foci of inflammation is disrupted. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the cryoplasma – anti-enzyme complex used for the correction of thrombohemorrhagic syndrome in the complex treatment of patients with various variants of the course of common soft tissue phlegmon. The results of treatment of 165 patients with advanced soft tissue phlegmon were analyzed. The data of hemostasis indicators obtained during the study confirmed the development of thrombohemorrhagic syndrome in patients with common soft tissue phlegmons. This was indicated by depletion of the coagulation and anticoagulation systems, thrombinemia, and depression of fibrinolysis. Inclusion in the complex treatment of cryoplasma-anti-enzyme therapy (FFP, heparin, proteolysis inhibitors) it helps to eliminate the developing thrombohemorrhagic syndrome in patients with common soft tissue phlegmon. The course of the wound process improves, which contributes to the possibility of earlier plastic closure of the wound defect by 1.6 times. The number of deaths is reduced by 2.5 times.


In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a wafer holding mechanism (50), incorporated into a transport module (20) suitable for 300mm wafers. Wafer holding mechanism is attached to the inner surface of the door (30) of the transport module, the frame and the workpiece (52), to secure the semiconductor wafer in the transport module, extending laterally from the first side wall and the second side wall portions respectively , preferably including a mutually parallel plurality of first wafer engagement member and a plurality of second wafer engagement members (62, 64). Each wafer engaging member comprises arm portions and (62B), and a wafer engagement head spaced laterally from each side wall (62C). Wafer engagement head of the plurality of first wafer engagement member is in close proximity to the wafer engagement head of the plurality of second wafer engagement members.


Abstract This study is a reference study of three leading MIS journals, Information Systems Research, Journal of Management Information Systems, and MIS Quarterly. References from the articles published during the period 2000-2002 were gathered and analyzed to determine the formats of the resources. About 65% of the citations were to journal articles and about 25% to books or book chapters. The references to journal articles were further analyzed by date and subject of the journal. About 93% of the journal articles were published since 1980, and management was the most frequent journal subject.


IT-based teaching plays an important role in university education, especially in chemistry laboratory courses, which arouses safety concerns for the public. Thus, it is worthwhile for the university to develop IT-based teaching in laboratory courses. Thirty-one experimental teaching videos have been made in the HKUST chemistry department and these videos have been uploaded to the chemistry department website.


17,17-Ethylenedioxy-3-methoxy(9,12,12-2H3)-9β-oestra-l,3,5(10)-trien-11-one (3) was reduced to the mixture of 11-epimeric alcohols (4) which upon elimination of DHO gave the (12,12-2H2)-9(11)- dehydrooestrone derivative (5b). Treatment of (5b) with (2H6)diborane followed by oxidation afforded the (9,12,12-2H3)alcohol (8a); hydride reduction of the corresponding tosylate then gave 17,17-ethylenedioxy-3-methoxy(9,12,12-2H3)oestra-l,3,5(l0)-triene (7). Acid hydrolysis of (7), followed by demethylation, and reduction with sodium borohydride yielded (9,12,12-2H3)oestradiol (10). Sodium borohydride reduction of (11&12,12-2H3)oestrone (6),prepared in several steps from the 9β,12,12-trideutero ketone (3), gave (11 ξ,12,12-2H3)oestradiol (9). [The two trideuterated oestradiols (9) and (10) were required for biological studies.]


On a midwinter day in Moscow at the very end of 1927, a package containing two kilograms of a substance, similar in color to "lime-flower honey,"1 which had been christened "Diolefin" by its makers was deposited with the scientific and technical council for the chemical industry of VSNKh. Just over four and a half years later, on a summer day in 1932 in laroslavl' five hundred kilograms of this same material were removed from an autoclave in a newly built factory. These two events are seen as marking the beginning and end of the development and innovation of synthetic rubber, one of the success stories of the First Five- Year Plan; for the laroslavl' plant, SK-1 (Sinteticheskii Kanchuk-l), with a design capacity of ten thousand metric tons, was the first large-scale plant to be built anywhere in the world.


In the pervasive computing environment consisting of peers (a generic name for clients, servers or agents), context -awareness plays an important role to offer personalized services for various applications, e.g., medical services, robotics, travel planning, security monitoring, and multi-player gaming. Accordingly, context management turns out to be an important issue in manipulating, acquiring information and reacting to the situation. In this paper, we describe a contract-based workflow paradigm to support long and short duration transactions in a context-aware pervasive computing environment. This paradigm provides for software contract that captures mutual obligations using program constructs such as "require [else]" for precondition and "ensure [then]" for post condition, assertions, invariants needed in the pervasive computing environment. Such program constructs are essential to deal with the uncertain nature of connectivity of pervasive devices and networks, and the trial-error (subjunctive) nature of the processes and the programs used in E-commerce, robotics and multi-player gaming.


This paper answers a call to increase theoretical precision and contributions through refining our current understandings of the relationship between key organizational constructs. Through applying...


The data set contains WWW-pages collected from computer science departments of various universities in January 1997 by the World Wide Knowledge Base project of the CMU text learning group. The 8,282 pages were manually classified into 7 classes: 1) student, 2) faculty, 3) staff, 4) department, 5) course, 6) project and 7) other. For each class the data set contains pages from the four universities: Cornell, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin and 4,120 miscellaneous pages from other universities. The files are organized into a directory structure, one directory for each class. Each of these seven directories contains 5 subdirectories, one for each of the 4 universities and one for the miscellaneous pages. These directories in turn contain the Web-pages. The proposed work performs the data preprocessing to clean the dataset and transform it in to the pattern for classification. Then the feature extraction is performed for extracting only minimum number of representative features or terms extracted from it without using the entire Web page. After that the classification algorithm is used to classify the dataset into one of the seven classed using FP-Growth algorithm. The proposed approach is compared with the existing system apriori algorithm. KeywordsApriori algorithm, Classification, Data Preprocessing, Data Set, FP – Growth.


Opportunistic invasive fungal infections (IFI) have been described in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19-related cytokine storm, immune dysregulation and lymphopenia may increase IFI susceptibility in comorbid patients. We described the case of a 64-year-old man with respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2 infection complicated with disseminated cryptococosis. We analyzed the role played by the SARS-CoV-2-associated lymphopenia and the cumulative risk factors that lead to secondary infection by Cryptococcus neoformans, and its part in the dysregulation of the immunity response.


An investigation is conducted of a metropolitan area network that is an extension to the Manhattan street network (MSN) and features a three-connected, regular mesh topology. The design of a triangularly arranged connection (TAC) node is discussed, and the basic layout of the network is examined. The underlying routing approach of the network is explored and explained through a routing example. It is established through simulation that the increased interconnectivity of the TAC gives a significant boost in performance over the MSN at a cost of more physical links and node complexity.<<ETX>>


NASA s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is well known for its contributions to large ascent propulsion systems such as the Saturn V rocket and the Space Shuttle external tank, solid rocket boosters, and main engines. This paper highlights a lesser known but very rich side of MSFC-its heritage in the development of in-space chemical propulsion systems and its current capabilities for spacecraft propulsion system development and chemical propulsion research. The historical narrative describes the flight development activities associated with upper stage main propulsion systems such as the Saturn S-IVB as well as orbital maneuvering and reaction control systems such as the S-IVB auxiliary propulsion system, the Skylab thruster attitude control system, and many more recent activities such as Chandra, the Demonstration of Automated Rendezvous Technology (DART), X-37, the X-38 de-orbit propulsion system, the Interim Control Module, the US Propulsion Module, and multiple technology development activities. This paper also highlights MSFC s advanced chemical propulsion research capabilities, including an overview of the center s Propulsion Systems Department and ongoing activities. The authors highlight near-term and long-term technology challenges to which MSFC research and system development competencies are relevant. This paper concludes by assessing the value of the full range of aforementioned activities, strengths, and capabilities in light of NASA s exploration missions.


Hypothesis
In the clinical follow-up of metastatic breast cancer patients, semi-automatic measurements are performed on 18FDG PET/CT images to monitor the evolution of the main metastatic sites. Apart from being time-consuming and prone to subjective approximations, semi-automatic tools cannot make the difference between cancerous regions and active organs, presenting a high 18FDG uptake. In this work, we develop and compare fully automatic deep learning-based methods segmenting the main active organs (brain, heart, bladder), from full-body PET images.
Methods
We combine deep learning-based approaches with superpixels segmentation methods. In particular, we integrate a superpixel SLIC segmentation at different depths of a convolutional neural network, i.e. as input and within the optimization process. Superpixels reduce the resolution of the images, keeping sharp the boundaries of the larger target organs while the lesions, mostly smaller, are blurred. Results are compared with a deep learning segmentation network alone. The methods are cross-validated on full-body PET images of 36 patients from the ongoing EPICUREseinmeta study. The similarity between the manually defined ground truth masks of the organs and the results is evaluated with the Dice score. Moreover, these methods being preliminary to tumor segmentation, the precision of the networks is defined by monitoring the number of segmented voxels labelled as "active organ", but belonging to a lesion.
Results
Although the methods present similar high Dice scores (0.96 ± 0.006), the ones using superpixels present a higher precision (on average 6, 16 and 27 selected voxels belonging to a tumor, for the CNN integrating superpixels in input, in optimization and not using them, respectively).
Conclusion
Combining deep learning with superpixels allows to segment organs presenting a high 18FDG uptake on PET images without selecting cancerous lesions. This improves the precision of the semi-automatic tools monitoring the evolution of breast cancer metastasis.


Hydatid disease is mainly caused by the larva of Echinococcus granulosus and it is endemic in many parts of the world like in India. Humans are the accidental intermediate hosts of this organism. Liver and lungs are the most commonly affected organs and breast is a rare primary site. Isolated involvement by hydatid cyst is still rarer. We report a case of hydatid cyst of the breast, which was diagnosed preoperatively on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), but was clinically unsuspected of hydatid disease. The case was further correlated radiologically. A 45-year-old woman presented with complaint of a gradually progressive lump in left breast since 1 year. On physical examination, a well-defined, round, 2 9 2 cm, mobile, nontender lump was palpable in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast (UOQLB). No other lump was found in contralateral breast and bilateral axillae. Clinical picture was suspicious of breast abscess or malignant breast pathology and thus referred for FNAC. Fine-needle aspiration cytology from the breast lump yielded thick whitish aspirate and the smears showed fragments of acellular lamellated membranous structures with delicate parallel striations along with dispersed multiple tri-radiate hooklets in a necrotic background along with an occasional cluster of benign breast epithelial cells at some places (Fig. 1). The cytomorphologic findings were diagnostic of hydatid cyst. Patient was advised for further radiologic correlation and for lesion at any other site. Ultrasonography of the breast revealed a thinwalled, well-defined, cystic lesion without internal echoes in UOQLB close to the pectoral major fascia, measured 2.8 9 2.3 cm in size and showed clumped membrane-like structures within the cyst (Fig. 2). Radiologically, the chest and abdomen were normal and revealed no other cysts at any other site in the body. The patient was advised for surgical intervention along with a course of antihelminthic drug. Human hydatid disease is endemic in India and cases of hydatid have been reported from all parts of the country. The most commonly affected organs are the liver (70%) and lungs (25%); the less frequently affected sites are the spleen, kidneys, heart, bone, nervous system, and soft tissue. Breast involvement is rare, accounting for only 0.27% of the localizations. It can be the primary site or part of disseminated hydatidosis and usually presents as a painless, slowly progressively increasing breast lump. The symptoms and signs are nonspecific and thus the clinical suspicion is rare. Preoperative diagnosis of mammary hydatid disease has been made accurately on the basis of FNAC, in the presence of pathognomic hooklets and the laminated membrane. Radiologically, ultrasonography is more specific than mammography in identifying a hydatid cyst. The sonographic findings of mammary hydatid cysts are similar to those seen in other organs and reveal a well-defined, lobulated mass of heterogeneous echogenicity that may contain multiple cystic areas. Due to the rareness of this condition, the above-mentioned sonographic appearance of breast hydatid disease is frequently missed until aspiration cytology or an operative diagnosis has been Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr Nivedita Ghosh, Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002, India, or e-mail: email@example.com


The personal/professional dichotomy, present within dominant notions of professional boundaries, is an ongoing source of tension within social work. Peer workers, given their positioning as both service users and workers, are uniquely placed to contribute to pre-existing efforts in unsettling this dichotomy. Our analysis, informed by dialogic sharing and theorising with fifteen peer support workers, alongside post-humanist and critical mental health approaches, considers the oppressive effects of enacting a personal/professional dichotomy within mental health settings, and conversely, the emancipatory potential of unsettling the dichotomy. Rather than conceptualising such events as boundary 'crossings', 'incursions' or 'transgressions', we suggest (re)imagining professional boundaries as multiple, enacted through ever-shifting socio-material relations. Our analysis supports pre-existing calls for a relational ethic of social work and highlights how lived experience and post-humanism can support the discipline's commitment to anti-oppressive practices. We recommend further research, informed by lived experience, to explore the complex relations that constitute boundary practices and their effects for both social workers and service users.


Background: The decline in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine effectiveness (VE) is well established, however the impact of variant-specific immune evasion and waning protection remains unclear. Here, we use whole-genome-sequencing (WGS) to tease apart the contribution of these factors on the decline observed following the introduction of the Delta variant. Further, we evaluate the utility of calendar-period-based variant classification as an alternative to WGS. Methods: We conducted a test-negative-case-control study among people who received SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing in the Yale New Haven Health System between April 1 and August 24, 2021. Variant classification was performed using WGS and secondarily by calendar-period. We estimated VE as one minus the ratio comparing the odds of infection among vaccinated and unvaccinated people. Results: Overall, 2,029 cases (RT-PCR positive, sequenced samples) and 343,985 controls (negative RT-PCRs) were included. VE 14-89 days after 2nd dose was significantly higher against WGS-classified Alpha infection (84.4%, 95% confidence interval: 75.6-90.0%) than Delta infection (68.9%, CI: 58.0-77.1%, p-value: 0.013). The odds of WGS-classified Delta infection were significantly higher 90-149 than 14-89 days after 2nd dose (Odds ratio: 1.6, CI: 1.2-2.3). While estimates of VE against calendar-period-classified infections approximated estimates against WGS-classified infections, calendar-period-based classification was subject to outcome misclassification (35% during Alpha period, 4% during Delta period). Conclusions: These findings suggest that both waning protection and variant-specific immune evasion contributed to the lower effectiveness. While estimates of VE against calendar-period-classified infections mirrored that against WGS-classified infections, our analysis highlights the need for WGS when variants are co-circulating and misclassification is likely.


In this paper, the off-state stress degradation for the high-voltage p-type lateral extended drain MOS (pLEDMOS) based on the silicon-on-insulator (SoI) substrate with the thick gate oxide has been investigated experimentally. It shows that, during the stress, there are interface states and negative oxide-trapped charges at the polygate terminal region, but the negative oxide-trapped charges are identified to be the main degradation mechanism. In addition, because the difference of the depletion widths leads to different current paths depth under two monitor conditions, it has been observed that the degradation of the saturation drain current (Idsat) is always much more serious than that of the linear drain current (Idlin). Finally, a novel SoI-pLEDMOS transistor with a reversed doped HV-N-well has been presented to optimize the off-state degradation.


The role of family homeostasis in Conjoint Family Therapy is reviewed and examined from the standpoint of the Sociocultural Systems framework as presented by Buckley. Sociocultural Systems concepts are presented, and an attempt is made to relate them to a view of the family. It is concluded that the concept of homeostasis by itself is insufficient as a basic explanatory principle for family systems and that it may limit both our expectations for families and our approaches to helping families. The concepts viability, positive feedback processes, morphogenesis, and "variety" are presented and emphasized as important for a more tenable conceptualization of the family system in our society today. An attempt is made to relate these concepts to some of the clinical family literature and to examine the implications of these concepts for mental health and educational approaches to the family.


With the development of multilateral trade and currency diversification, international trade settlement currency choice becomes increasingly important in foreign exchange risk control, transaction cost reduction and increasing economic benefit. This paper reviews the three development phases of international trade settlement currency theory. On this basis, it discusses recent foreign trade settlement currency choice in our country and the possibility of RMB acting as international trade settlement currency. At present, US dollar is still considered as the first choice in international trade settlement currencies. However, our country could increase RMB settlement in international trade actively, and implement pricing and settlement in ocean trade by creating conditions so as to reduce foreign exchange risk and promote the development of RMB internationalization.


The article is the first study in Bulgarian linguistics to make known the fact that the Bulgarian-born Franciscan brother Franciscus Soimirovich compiled a Valachica-Latina dictionary, a fragment of which was first published in 1666, and reprinted several times since. This was the first published dictionary of the Romanian language. The work of Franciscus Soimirovich is a contribution to the history of Bulgarian lexicography as well as to comparative linguistics. I hope that the full text of the dictionary compiled for the needs of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith will be found.
Keywords: Bulgarian Catholics, seventeenth century, Bulgarian lexicography, comparative linguistics


Sunshine increases placebo effect in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients (Gailledreau et al., 2015). Kokras et al. (2014) showed that sunshine induces different responses in female than male mice in preclinical models of depression. Objective: To determine if the sunshine induced placebo effect exhibits gender differences in human Materiel and Methods: Data from 9 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies of antidepressants conducted by the French GICIPI network were reviewed. MADRS (5) or HAM-D 17 (4) were used as the main efficacy tool. For each patient, variation of scores (Delta MADRS/Delta HAM-D) between two consecutive visits were correlated with the average sunshine index observed at noon between these visits. Sunshine indexes were provided by Météo-France. Correlations were computed with Microsoft Excel. Results: Sunshine increases placebo effect: however analysis of both genders (n=52) demonstrates no statistically significant (NS) correlation (r 2 =0.0064). Analysis of the males (n=8) demonstrates NS correlation in cloudy (< 1000 Joules/cm 2 ), variable (1000–2000 Joules/cm 2 ) or sunny (> 2000 Joules/cm 2 ) weather. Although analysis of the females (n=44) demonstrates NS correlation as well for cloudy or variable weather (r 2 =0.0016), there is a strong correlation between sunshine index and Delta MADRS/ Delta HAMD for females exposed to sunny weather: r 2 =0,315, n=20, p<0.01. This correlation is even stronger in the subpopula-tion of females aged less than 50 years: r 2 =0.6398, n=12, p<0.001. Discussion: The hypothesis underlying this correlation between sunshine index and variations of MADRS/HAMD scales will be discussed. than insufficiently known effect be responsible for failure of a number of double-blind, rand-omized, of antidepressant compounds. Abstract Objective: The UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA) has been extensively utilized in patients with schizo-phrenia and bipolar disorder to measure functional capacity. This post-hoc analysis of NCT01564862 reports the psychometric properties of the UPSA in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in an outpatient clinical trial setting and determines clinically relevant treatment response (MCID). Methods: as a responder definition for treatment response. Abstract Background: The possible dose-dependency for the antidepressant effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) remains controversial. We have conducted the first comprehen-sive patient level mega-analysis exploring this issue, one incen-tive being to address the possibility that inclusion of low-dose arms in previous meta-analyses may have caused an underestimation of the efficacy of these drugs. Methods: Pooled company-sponsored, using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) conducted to evaluate the effect of citalopram, paroxetine, or sertraline in adult major depression (n=2859). The single item depressed mood, which has proven a more sensitive measure to detect an antidepressant signal than the conventional one, i.e. the sum score of all HDRS items, was designated primary effect parameter Abstract Objective: Recent studies demonstrated changes of serum and plasma amyloid ß-protein (A β ) levels in patients with depression. Although the change of serum levels of A β has been suggested as a risk factor for future onset of Alzheimer's disease, the relationship between A β levels and treatment response in patients with depression is still unclear. Our objective of this study is to assess whether serum levels of A β may predict the response to antidepressant treatment in patients with major depression. Methods: Serum A β 40 and A β 42 levels at admission were evaluated in 120 patients with major depressive disorder. All patients were treated with antidepressant. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton rating scale for depression at admission, 4-weeks after treatment and at the time of clinical remission. The relationship between serum levels of A β and 4-weeks response rate was analyzed using multiple regression analysis controlling age, gender, severity of depression and number of depressive episodes. Results: Serum levels of A β 40 ( β =-0.147, p=0.143), A β 42 ( β =-0.003, p=0.977) and A β 40/42 ratio ( β =0.085, p=0.396) were not significantly associated with 4-weeks response rate. Similar results were shown in elderly patients (>60 years). Conclusions: Serum levels of A β may not predict the response to antidepressant treatment in patients with major depression. Further studies which controlled antidepressant type and dose will be needed. Abstract Background: Post-hoc analyses of significantly improved depressive symptoms versus placebo based on the MADRS ( p <0.05; p <0.001, respectively). Path analysis of UPSA revealed that 96.9% of the effect of vortioxetine was direct and not due to improvement in depressive symptoms. For composite efficacy analysis (MADRS≤10 and UPSA≥75), vortioxetine was significantly superior to placebo (22.3% versus 10.2%, p =0.005), but duloxetine (16.0%) was not ( p =0.124). Conclusion: Vortioxetine, but not duloxetine, significantly improved functional capacity versus placebo on the UPSA. These results emphasize the distinct profile of vortioxetine in MDD patients with cognitive dysfunction.


Agile approach is responsible to bring out the high quality of deliverable in a shorter period. It has been observed that existing development methods do not focus on the early stages of estimation of size, cost, effort and time due to uncertainty in requirements. In this paper, an estimation model using agile methodologies has been proposed, so that a development process can be estimated from the initial stage to the delivery of the project. This paper also proposes a new algorithmic approach and is compared with an existing algorithmic approach. Further, this paper discusses the implementation of a project according to the proposed estimation model and new algorithmic approach. At the end of the paper, a comparison between existing and proposed model, strengths and its implications of proposed model have been discussed.


The article investigated the form of grass planting pavement and the plant species and growth conditions in the pavement throughout the year in Shanghai.The results showed that the 26 species of plants such as Euphorbia humifusa,Sagina japonica and so on were the most frequently plants in the pavement.The plants in good growth performance in spring,summer,autumn and winter were separately 15 species,19 species,12 species,14 species in pavement.The main problems of glass planting pavement in Shanghai were:glass planting pavement's application was quite few,the plants' application was quite monotonous,glass planting pavement's technology was not mature.


This article emerges from the need to propose a description of deontic elements considering their performance in the opinion text, particularly in the opinion piece genre. In this enunciative context, there are some nuances of the deontic modality that can be understood within the possibility-necessity poles, considering the relationship that the text producer maintains with the text and with his/her partner.


"Substance abuse is the most common and clinically significant co-morbid disorder among adults with severe mental illness" (Drake, Becker & Bond, 2003). Serious or severe mental illness (SMI) is terminology typically utilized to identify individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Version IV Text Revision (DSM-IV TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), which is persistent in duration, and also which may cause behavioral functioning which interferes substantially with the primary activities of daily living (Bond & Campbell, 2008). In 2003, there were an estimated 19.6 million adults aged 18 or older with serious mental illness (SMI), representing 9.2 percent of all adults (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; SAMHSA, 2004). The 2003 SAMHSA National Survey on Drug Use and Health also indicated a high correlation between SMI and substance dependence or abuse. According to this report, among adults with SMI in 2003, 21.3 percent (4.2 million) were dependent on or abused alcohol or illicit drugs. The prevalence of persons with co-occurring disorders is apparent. Individuals with a psychiatric disorder appear to be at an increased risk for having a co-morbid substance use disorder. Previous studies indicate that at minimum, at least 20% of all persons with mental disorders have met the criteria for a substance use disorder at some time in their past and that experiencing a mental disorder increased the odds of having a substance use disorder by 2.7 times (Evans & Sullivan, 2001; Hollar, 2008; Robinson, 2005). Individuals abusing or dependent on drugs or alcohol can develop symptoms similar to those seen in many psychiatric disorders, including psychotic symptoms, depression, anxiety, mood swings, isolation and withdrawal (Evans & Sullivan; Twamley, Jeste, & Lehman, 2003). Therefore, engaging persons with dual diagnoses in treatment and counseling can be especially difficult. In addition, many dually diagnosed persons have enhanced challenges with efforts to comply with treatment or to benefit from standard interventions because of the complications of both illnesses. Employment and the nature of work are important, if not essential, to the lives of most people. Beyond the economic compensation associated with employment, a sense of productivity, contribution and worth tend to be associated with work. Employment also appears to be an effective intervention to facilitate positive recovery outcomes. A NIDA funded research project (DA11240-01, P.I. Alexandre Laudet, Ph.D.) found that medical treatment and symptom control are key factors to recovery for persons who are dually-diagnosed, but long-term rehabilitation must also include vocational services (Laudet, Magura, Vogel & Knight, 2000). This study also indicated employment as a key area of importance to participants and an important goal. Moreover, in a study examining psychosocial approaches to people with dual diagnoses, Drake & Mueser (2000) identified employment as a key support in the movement toward recovery. Over a decade ago, the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI; Noble, Honberg, Hall & Flynn, 1997) reported on the relative dearth of employment success for the population of persons with SMI within the vocational rehabilitation system. This research confirmed the reality of low employment rates and provides evidence that persons with severe mental illness experience less success at becoming vocationally rehabilitated than most other persons with disabilities (Rogers, Anthony, Toole, & Brown, 1991). NAMI (2004) contended that the state-federal public rehabilitation program has failed through their service delivery program to increase the employment rates of persons with severe mental illness. More recently, an Institute on Rehabilitation Issues (Dew & Alan, 2005) report on vocational rehabilitation for persons with psychiatric disabilities stated, "this serious public health challenge is under-recognized as a public health burden" (p. …


This paper presents an on-going research effort on platform-based product family design using a knowledge intensive support paradigm. The background research related to product family design is first reviewed. Then, the fundamental issues underlying the product family design are discussed. A module-based integrated product family design scheme is proposed with knowledge support for customer requirements' modeling, product architecture modeling, product platform establishment, product family generation, and product assessment. The systematic methodology and the relevant technologies are investigated and developed for knowledge modeling and support in the product family design process. An information and knowledge-modeling framework is developed for the module-based product family design scheme. The issues and requirements related to develop knowledge intensive support system for module-based product family design are also addressed. Finally, a case study on knowledge support for power supply family design and evaluation is provided for illustration.Copyright © 2002 by ASME


The advent of social media has revolutionized the speed of communication between millions of people around the world in various cultures and disciplines. Social media is the best platform for exchanging opinions and ideas, interacting with other users of similar interests and sharing different types of media and files. With the phenomenal increase in the use of social media platforms, the need to pay attention to protection and security from attacks and misuse has also increased. The present study conducts a comprehensive survey of the latest and most important research studies published from 2018-20 on security and privacy on social media and types of threats and attacks that affect the users. We have also reviewed the recent challenges that affect security features in social media. Furthermore, this research pursuit also presents effective and feasible solutions that address these threats and attacks and cites recommendations to increase security and privacy for the users of social media.


Introduction. The article examines the history and transformation of zaysanism within traditional Tuvan society between the mid-18th and early 20th centuries, since the phenomenon remains one of the least investigated social institutions of Tuvan tribal structure. Goals. The work seeks to explore the history and transformation of zaysanism. Nowadays, on the eve of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the Tuvan People's Republic — the official date marking the duration of Tuvan statehood — it is necessary to go back to historical roots and explore the institution of clan / tribal rulers. Methods. The study involves extensive ethnographic materials, documentary archival sources, and employs the problem-chronological, structural and historical-comparative methods to analyze the backgrounds and transformation of zaysanism in Tuva. Results. It is known that well before the defeat of Dzungaria and conquest of Tuva by the Qing Empire, the Tuvan ethnic groups already had a stable social structure characterized by an established administrative system — zaysans (Tuv. чейзен). Despite all innovations of the Manchu government, the institution of zaysanism — enforced by traditions and customs – survived in Tuva to the early 20th century. Moreover, the conquest lead to its further transformation into state authorities with certain hierarchy, functions and differentiation. Conclusions. Due to the specific geopolitical whereabouts, the transformation of the institution of zaysans in Tannu-Tuvan banners resulted in the emergence of a special administrative apparatus characterized by significant internal autonomy, well-defined structure, rigid hierarchy, and independence of local rulers.


This paper presents advanced proportional-integral-differential sliding mode control (aPIDSMC) for semi-active vehicle suspension system integrated magnetorheological (MR) fluid damper to improve vehicle ride comfort and stability. The proposed approach consists of a system controller based on a-PIDSMC to compute the desired damping force. The system controller contains two subcomponents: (i) a proportional-integral-differential part for disturbance compensation, and (ii) a sliding mode part for executing disturbance estimation errors. Another controller is a continuous state controller which estimates the command voltage that is needed to track the desired damping force. Dynamic model of quarter vehicle suspension system is presented and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. The results of the proposed a-PIDSMC controlled system are compared with conventional sliding mode controller (SMC), conventional PID controller and the passive suspension system. The performance criteria are evaluated in time domain using two types of road excitation. The simulated results indicate that the proposed controller offers a significant improvement in vehicle ride quality and stability.


The viability of nodding thistle (Carduus nutans) seed buried at three depths in four different soils was evaluated over a 16 year period. Seed viability was affected more by burial depth than by soil type. The amount of viable seed retrieved from the top 2 cm soil layer after 1 year was less than 16% of that buried, while up to 71% and 84% of seed buried at the 5 cm and 20 cm depths respectively remained viable. Sixteen years after burial, up to 20% and 32% viable seed was retrieved from the 5 and 20 cm depths respectively. It is estimated that if left undisturbed, it would take between 14 to 80 years for viable seed numbers to be reduced to 1% of the original seed numbers, depending on soil type.


Questions on basic algorithms tended to have good answers and good commentary on practical concerns. Questions on basic notions in complexity theory tended to have good answers and some more advanced theorems were stated without proof (usually wisely). Theoretical questions that do not have a practical angle were usually not answered. There is nothing on semantics or logic; however, since the book's title is Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook it is not claiming to cover those areas. Many of the chapters have a practical bias and the very choice of topics shows a bias towards practice (e.g., a chapter on graph-drawing algorithms, and seven chapters on cryptography and its variants, while only six chapters on complexity theory). Given the intended audience, this is might be appropriate. I will refer to the old handbook as MIT and the new one as CRC. Hence the fair question is "I have Volume A of MIT. Do I need CRC?" The following topics are in CRC but not in MIT: dynamic graph algorithms, graph drawing algorithms, on-line algorithms, comp learning theory, convex optimization , AI search algorithms, and simulated annealing techniques. The topics that are in both books get a deeper treatment in MIT but some of the newer results are stated (but not proven) in CRC but not in MIT. Note that the price of CRC is very cheap ($89.00) The combination of the index and the table of contents made items in CRC easy to find.


Severe air pollution events accompanied by high PM2.5 concentrations have been repeatedly observed in Middle-Eastern China since 2013 and decreased in recent years. The reason for this caused widespread attention. The month of January was selected to represent the winter season annual changes in the winter PM2.5 and meteorological conditions—including the upper-air meridional circulation index (MCI), winds at 700 and 850 hPa levels and surface meteorology—from 2013 to 2019. These conditions were analyzed to study the contribution of meteorology changing to the annual PM2.5 changing on the regional scale. Results show that, based on values of upper-level MCI, the years 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2019 were defined as meteorology-haze years and the years 2016 and 2018 were defined as meteorology-clean years. A change in meteorological conditions may lead to a 26% change in PM2.5 concentration between 2014 and 2013 (two meteorology-haze years) and 16–20% changes in PM2.5 concentration between meteorology-haze years and meteorology-clean years. Changes in pollutant emissions may cause 21–47% changes in PM2.5 concentration between each two meteorology-haze years. A comparison of two meteorology-clean years and pollutant emissions in 2018 may be reduced by 40% compared with 2016. Overall, changes in emissions had a greater influence on changes in PM2.5 compared with meteorological conditions.


minds of the current Russian leadership. In contrast, the book insists that the Belarusian people and the Russian people have followed different historical paths and have different experiences and self-identifications. It further argues that there are great differences in their cultures and languages, geographic environments, and opportunities for political influence. While the book makes several valuable points, its central argument is somewhat weak and not very convincing. That Belarus and Russia are two different countries is an indisputable fact. However, mentally organizing these countries as two different civilizations that clash (83) makes us oblivious to a number of complexities. First of all, epistemologically, the Huntingtonian "clash of civilizations" is rooted in political realism, which claims the inevitability of inter-civilizational clashes. It does not look into intra-civilizational diversity, and it presents each civilization as static, monolithic, and immutable. Such views ultimately ignore cultural, historical, and linguistic interpenetration among different civilizations. Moreover, Huntington's "clash of civilizations" has been politically utilized and popularized by the Russian leadership in order to legitimize its claims. It is not clear from the monograph how helpful and necessary this framing really is. Secondly, the "clash of civilizations" is embedded in the epistemology of deterministic othering. For example, the author refers to Russia's immutable "nature" (178), its inherent aggressiveness (169), and claims that "European culture is genetically closer to Belarusians" (194). Such labels and generalizations are somewhat inadequate, as they do not allow us critically to reflect and discuss the current reality. There are examples of European countries imposing high moral standards in efforts to come to terms with their own pasts. However, the argument that Russia, "formed thanks to the Golden Horde" (62), is inherently aggressive appears orientalizing and ultimately simplistic. Notwithstanding these critical reflections, the book provides a good basis for a profound discussion about the orientation of Belarus and its possible future. It is clear that in order to resist Russia's influence, Belarus needs to reclaim its Europeanness. Challenging widespread myths and simplifications about Belarus, the book offers us needed perspectives on the country, which is now facing one of the darkest periods of its history and a very unclear future.


The change of industrial structure presents the trend of balance of secondary-industry and third-industry,optimization of light industry and heavy industry and capital and technology intensive industry in Zhejiang province.The structure of human resource can not match the needs of the evolution of industrial structure,and the adjusting of human resource structure, perfecting of cultivation mechanism and strengthen of task emphases is the key for advancing the economy development.


This study aims to determine the form of transparency and financial accountability at the Coin Foundation Sumbawa. Using a qualitative approach with qualitative data analysis techniques as well. Where we collect data directly plunge into the field. Interviewing informants, studying the literature, and doing triangulation of sources, data, and research time. Our successful research result concludes that the Sumbawa Coin Foundation utilizes print and online media as a means of effective, efficient, transparent and accountable information dissemination.


Nanometer flocculent iron fiber is prepared via chemical vapor thermal decomposition.The chemical structure,crystal style,morphology and magnetic properties of the prepared samples are examined with X-Ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and vibrating-sample magnetometer.It is shown that the prepared flocculent iron fiber,which remains as fiber in microstructure when ground into micro-powder,is a body-centered cube lattice of α-Fe.The fiber shows good performance with respect to saturation magnetization.Its specific saturation magnetization (σ_s) ranges from 128 emu·g~(-1) to 187 emu·g~(-1),while the coercive force of iron fiber under quick cooling is 12 times higher than that of spontaneously cooled iron fiber.The average diameter of the fiber is 0.35 μm,while the diameter of the crystal cell ranges from 6.85 nm to 15.18 nm.The absorber made of iron fiber with surface density in the range 1.72~2.2 kg/m~2 shows a reflectivity lower than -10 dB.


On the basis of three selected examples, some problems attributed to the presence of voids resulted from mining operations in already commissioned underground coal mines are discussed. Continuous and discontinuous deformations of the ground surface (sinkholes and subsidence troughs) of anthropogenic origination implicate hazards for the ground surface, even many decades after completion of mining work. Nowadays, when decommissioning and fl ooding of numerous mines happens, ground movements as well as seismic events related to fl ooding of abandoned underground mines can be observed. The fi rst case study draws attention to the problems of effective voids localisation methods as well as the reliability of grout injection operations for road construction purposes. The second case emphasizes a problem occurring often in areas with long and complex mining histories, meaning appropriate determination of origin, process and protective measures regarding occurred ground deformations, or damage to buildings. The third case describes specifi c effects on the surface (shocks and ground surface elevation) generated by the fl ooding of decommissioned mines.


(1999). Health Hazard Evaluation of Methyl Bromide Soil Fumigations. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: Vol. 14, No. 7, pp. 407-412.


The performance of direct-detection optical synchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems with pulse position modulation (PPM) signaling (PPM/CDMA) using modified prime sequence codes as signature sequence codes with co-channel interference canceller is analyzed under the assumption of number-state light field where the background noise is negligible. Modified prime sequence codes that exhibit a grouping characteristic are employed for optical synchronous CDMA systems. The upper bound on the bit error probability of optical synchronous PPM/CDMA systems with co-channel interference canceller is derived, and the bit error probability of optical synchronous PPM/CDMA systems are evaluated. We compare the optical synchronous PPM/CDMA systems with co-channel interference canceller to that of the optical synchronous PPM/CDMA systems without co-channel interference canceller and to those of optical synchronous OOK/CDMA systems with and without co-channel interference canceller. We show that optical synchronous PPM/CDMA systems with co-channel interference canceller have better bit error probability performance than other optical synchronous CDMA systems.


Fatigue cracks may start early in the life of cyclically loaded structural components and the useful life is determined by the rate at which these fatigue cracks propagate in the component. Fatigue crack propagation rate has been shown to be a function of the elastic stress intensity range and stress ratio, R, (ratio of the minimum stress to the maximum stress) for constant amplitude loading. Tests must be performed to determine these fatigue crack propagation rates and associated material constants for each distinct material. Accordingly, a series of tests was conducted to measure fatigue crack growth rates in niobium. This material is one of the body-centered cubic refractory metals and its properties make it increasingly useful as a structural material in nuclear applications (because of its low thermal neutron cross-section and corrosion resistance) and energy conversion devices (see papers in Reference 1 for range of applications). Axial load fatigue crack growth tests were conducted with pure niobium sheets. The data were analyzed using the elastic stress intensity method, and the material constants in the power law were determined.


First-principles models that incorporate all of the key physics that affect the internal states of a lithium-ion battery are in the form of coupled nonlinear PDEs. While these models are very accurate in terms of prediction capability, the models cannot be employed for on-line control and monitoring purposes due to the huge computational cost. A reformulated model [1] is capable of predicting the internal states of battery with a full simulation running in milliseconds without compromising on accuracy. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using this reformulated model for control-relevant real-time applications. The reformulated model is used to compute optimal protocols for battery operations to demonstrate that the computational cost of each optimal control calculation is low enough to be completed within the sampling interval in model predictive control (MPC). Observability studies are then presented to confirm that this model can be used for state-estimation-based MPC. A moving horizon estimator (MHE) technique was implemented due to its ability to explicitly address constraints and nonlinear dynamics. The MHE uses the reformulated model to be computationally feasible in real time. The feature of reformulated model to be solved in real time opens up the possibility of incorporating detailed physics-based model in battery management systems (BMS) to design and implement better monitoring and control strategies.


The paper continues to analyze the language of international organizations, its development and importance of its correct understanding in the course of partners' communication with different languages, which requires translators to be more attentive to avoid discrapencies and confusions while translating dialogues or presentations at some official meetings. The topicality of such research is obvious. Thus in the article the authors decided to discuss a very interesting phenomenon of buzzwords and 'plastic' words as a distinct class of words. For that, they reviewed key publications on development discourse and eleven characteristics of development buzzwords and plastic words were identified and discussed. An attempt was made at classification of development buzzwords into concepts and decorative elements. The international organizations with their activities try to help further promotion of world economies and improve the life of countries in need. Consistent studies of development terms and their deconstruction seem promising and, as a result, might contribute to better understanding and perception of buzzwords in the countries receiving a development assistance.


Background: Malaria diagnosis is confirmed by finding asexual parasites in peripheral blood firm. Due to the absence of microscopy at most health centers, clinical judgment is often used to make the diagnosis. Studies on clinical accuracy have been done but none from Lagos .
Objective: To document the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of malaria among children under five years .
Methods:
A prospective study on children under five years presenting with fever presenting to the children\'s Emergency Room, LUTH. The study was done between January and October 2001.
Result: A total of 184/323 children had a clinical diagnosis of malaria. The diagnosis was confirmed in 57 (31%) of them . Those with a clinical diagnosis of severe malaria had a higher chance of it actually being malaria compared with those with a clinical diagnosis of acute malaria (p NQJHM Vol. 14 (1) 2004: pp. 101-103


Abstract Mature green bananas (Musa sp., AAA group, Cavendish subgroup, cultivar 'Williams') were used to examine the uneven de‐greening of banana peel treated with 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP). After ethylene treatment (200 μl litre−1 for 24h at 20°C) bananas were allocated different treatment units: 1‐MCP treatment (200 nl litre−1, 20°C, 24h); nitrogen treatment (O2<0.1%, 20°C, 24h); ethanol treatment (0.3 ml litre−1, 20°C, 24h); chilling treatment (1±1°C, 24h); and untreated control (20°C). After these post‐ripening treatments (24h), fruit were stored in perforated plastic bags at 20°C. Ethylene, respiration, ethanol and acetaldehyde production, skin colour, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content, and flesh firmness were assessed at regular intervals. The post‐ripening nitrogen atmosphere and chilling treatment (24h) led to a transient delay of ripening compared to ethanol ‐treated fruit and untreated control fruit. However by 1 week of shelf life at 20°C, there were no differences between non‐1‐MCP treated fruit. No differences in the accumulation of acetaldehyde and ethanol were detected during storage. Ethylene production was not affected by the 1‐MCP treatment 24h after initiating ripening. However peel de‐greening, the decrease in chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence were delayed with 1‐MCP treatment. There was some general browning throughout the 1‐MCP treated peel in both the green and yellow areas of the ripening peel. It appears the 1‐MCP treated peel 24h after ethylene treatment may still undertake some normal senescence that occurs during banana ripening.