The Crozzle, a complex crossword variant, is described. Algorithms to generate solutions to the constrained and unconstrained crossword puzzle problems are described, moMkd and applied to the Crozzle. 'fhe properties of the Crozzle gleaned from these efforts are described. The efforta of human solvers are also described, Automated solution scores generated are compared to the score of the solutions produced by humans, Three data seta are presented as test-beds for future research efforts, It is not yet clear that the Crozzle problem is solvable. THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM The Crozzle, afthough based upon simple rules, is a highly complex word puzzle which has not yet successfully yielded to automation in the sense that human players achieve scores on the puzzle that are consistently greater than those achieved by the current implementations. It seems likely that MIS will remain the case for some time to come. At least three aspects of the Crozzle make it of real interest for analysis, &spite the fact it is little known outaide Australia. The fiit is that the puzzle is different each time it is played as different lexicons are used. This implies that although both humans and computers may use the same solution principles for each lexicon each time it is played, the tactics employed must differ. The second is that the puzzle has both a solution set and a search spaw that are not only huge but are highly discrete, Consequently there can be no straightforward traversal of the search space to the solution(s) providing the globally maximum score. The thiid and crucial aspect is somewhat unusual: data exist which allow a macroscopic analysis of human attempts, under virtually identical conditions and for large stakes, to solve a series of Crozzle puzzles. This aspect of the problem not only SI1OWSautomatically derived solutions and scores to h compared to human solutions and scores, but also poses its own set of problems. This set of problems revolves around the nature of the solution methods used by the humans, the efficiency of their methods and whether or not their best Permission to copy without fee ell or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying ie by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. 01992 ACM O-89791-502-X/92/0002/01 10...$1.50 attempts represent global maxima. Overall, then, the Crozzle is potentially a for computer methodology and analysis, problem, DESCRIPTION OF THE CROZZLE very usefuf teat-bed much as the eheas The Crozzle has four major elements, each of which can be varied to a greater or lesser degree whilst still retaining the essential nature of the puzzle. These elements are, (1) a blank r x n grid; (2) a lexicon of m words; (3) a set of rules governing the manner in which the m words, from and only from the lexicon, can be inserted into the grid to form a valid solution, and, (4) a set of rules determining a unique score for each valid solution. The published rules of the competition are given in Appendix 1. Certain other less fundamental conditions are also applied by the competition judges. The objective of the puzzle is to create a vdld solution with the highest score possible. 'llte score for any valid solution is determined by: (i) the total number of wor& inserted into the grid multiplied by the score per word inserted, and, (ii) the sum of the scores for each intersection of a horizontal and vertical word, where each intersection score is determined by the letter involved in the intersection of the two words. Valid solutions to the Crozzle are virtually identical in form and appearance to normal crossword solutions (see Appendix 2 for examples of Crozzle solutions), Within the grid there is a set of interlocking horizontal and vertical words and corresponding black squares, The only difference in appearance is that solid blocks of letters of varying sizes can appem, i.e., without intewening black squares separating adjacent horizontal (or vertical) words as would be the case in a normaf crossword. 'Ilk :s aflowed as long as legitimate words from the lexicon run through the blocks both vertically and horizontally. These solid blocks of letters occur as players attempt to maximise their scores and bccauae,


Zinc α-2 glycoprotein( ZAG) is a 40 kD soluble protein,which is secreted in various body fluids,and it plays many important functions in the human body. After the discovery of this molecule,various studies have been documented on its structure and functions. Initially,ZAG was considered to involve in fertilization and lipid mobilization,and then researchers found that ZAG have carrier protein,ribonuclease activity and other functions. ZAG also involved in immune control,cell adhesion,and regulating melanin production. Recently,studies suggest that ZAG promotes the synthesis of skeletal muscle,and hinders tumor proliferation,and might be a biomarker for the early diagnosis of cancer and anti-diabetic treatment. Thus,based on ZAG molecular structure,in this paper we would review the research progress of biological functions of zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein.


In pattern recognition problem,Chinese character recognition has done in-depth research by domestic and overseas scholars in recent years.In this paper,The advantages and disadvantages,the scope of application of every method are compared.Then emphasizes on Support Vector Machines,Simulation results show that SVM method has the best recognition efficiency than others.


Time series prediction is important for the industry and various prediction models have been proposed. Recently some reports showed that deep learning models have higher accuracy than traditional models. However, it is known that these models take longer time to learn and are difficult to maintain long-term periodicity. To deal with these problems, some researches on deep models with the concepts of autoregressive models have been proposed. However, since these models have not been compared with the same data and same settings, it is unclear which models are effective for diffrent tasks and different data. In this research, we apply these models to different types of time series data under different settings and examine the learning processes and results to capture the features of each model. The results confirmed the claimed merit of the model and suggested that simpler deep models are effective under complicated problems.


By discussing the features of seals quality control system,this article concludes that the seals qualify needs to be maintained both by the users and enterprise when seals are in use.


Propagation of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) worms in the Internet is posing a serious challenge to network security because of P2P worms' increasing complexity and sophistication, significant damages their propagation can cause, and recent popularity of P2P networks with increasing number of users. No existing work has solved the problem of propagation modeling of P2P worms due to its complexity. This paper presents a study on propagation modeling of P2P worms. It also presents our applications of the proposed approach in worm propagation research. Our major contributions in this paper are firstly, we propose a novel logic matrix approach to modeling the propagation of P2P worms, and demonstrate the approach's ease of employment through the simulation experiments; and secondly, we find the impacts of the network-related characteristics on a P2P worm's attack performance in structured P2P networks, and a critical value of vulnerability rate. The proposed discrete-time deterministic propagation model of a P2P worm is written in a difference equation of logic matrix. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first using logic matrix in network security research in general and worm propagation research in particular. The proposed approach's ease of employment makes it an attractive instrument to conduct worm propagation research.


Journal of Systematics and Evolution (JSE) recently established two award categories: (1) JSE Outstanding Papers, and (2) JSE Outstanding Papers by Young Investigators (first author receiving doctoral degree within seven years) (see Ge & Wen, 2015a for details). In the July issue of 2015, 20 most cited papers published in JSE in the period from 2008 to 2013 were selected to receive the first set of awards of JSE Outstanding Papers (Ge &Wen, 2015b). We herein announce the recipients of the awards for 2014 and 2015. The papers were nominated by JSE Editors andwere selected largely based on the citations per year (citation data from Thomson ReutersWeb of Science, accessed 21 April 2016). Winners of the JSE Outstanding Papers will be presented with a certificate and awarded with $800; and winners of the JSE Outstanding Papers by Young Investigators will receive a certificate and a prize of $500.


The design and performance details for a link, and a tracking delay system operating in the 0.5 to 4 GHz band are presented. This is a composite fiber optical and microwave system, with delay bits ranging from 512 to ns in binary steps.


As one of the most important instruments of production in ancient time, ships are a complicated and systematic carrier. To study their uses one could broach the subjects of naval architecture, art of seamanship, fishing production, social function of trade and navy, and its anthropological meaning as a special settlement 3 . With respect to naval architecture our study divided it into the following: shipform, structure and principle of design. The method of experimental archaeology ship-reconstructions first in the late half of the last century in Europe. Initial endowment by the Danish National Research Foundation reconstructed a Viking ship. This methodology involves archeology, ancient documentation, and ethno-archaeological investigation of the same culture-tradition of shipbuilding. In this way, ancient ships can be restituted, rebuilt, and understood. Chinese junks had adopted the bamboo strip sail in the Western Han dynasty (B.C.206—A.D.220). This tool was still in use in the Early Qing Dynasty (1644-1799) as evidenced by the Ganzeng warship. However, archaeologists have not found tangible evidence and are unclear on its structure and manufacturing methods. Nautical archaeology had never carried out an experiment on replica and reconstruction according to ancient navigation environment perspectives. The reconstruction of Ganzeng warship from the Early Qing Dynasty was based on the study of historic documents, integrated with methods of ship design and building traditions acquired from the ethnographical field work in Fujian province. This was the first full scale experimental anthropology reconstruction project in China. the design principle and method began with the preliminary sorting of the modular system of construction that was largely based on the study of the transverse watertight bulkhead, mast base structure, and the axis helm that can lift and swing bamboo strip sail. From this project we concluded that experimental reconstruction of ship remains is the only effective means to preserve the Chinese junk heritage. Furthermore, in this paper we introduce the use of modern technology and research tools used in experimental archaeology of ship remains.


Rajkot is a city of Gujarat state in India and administrative headquarters of the Rajkot District, located on the banks of the Aji River and Niari River. The soil samples were collected from four farm sites of different area surrounding Rajkot. Data presentation revealed different values of the physical and chemical analysis of soil pH, Specific gravity, Bulk density, True density, particle size, moisture content, organic matter, Na,K,Mg,Ca,Cl and HCO3 were studied.


Gili Trawangan is known as one of the tourists popular place to visit that is located in Lombok island where Sasak tribe origin from. Sasak tribes has distinctive buildings with certain characteristics. Aston Sunset Beach Resort is one of the resorts that provides and shows the nuances of traditional Sasak architecture, that the shape of the structure has caught the intention of the tourists who visit the resort. In order to find out how deep the Sasak architecture is applied to the resort building, it is necessary to conduct a research, with the aim of what parts are implemented and how the Sasak architecture implementation is in each room unit of building architecture at Aston Sunset Beach Resort. The method used in this study is a qualitative deductive method with a rationalistic paradigm, the data in this study were obtained based on literature studies and direct field observations, and the analysis was carried out by comparing the resort architecture data and the Sasak architectural study using predetermined parameters to find equations as well as the difference between the two, if a difference is found, it will be seen how far the difference is transformed or vice versa, which is significantly different from the character of Sasak architecture. The results of this research found that the implementation of Sasak architecture in several resort buildings is in various forms but does not necessarily apply to all of the constructions but the buildings still have the same characteristics


The Haleeb Foods Limited (HFL) is taking care of quality of production by using acceptance sampling procedures. To check the validity of sampling plan adopted by HFL, 30 sampling plans are compared with respect to AQL, AOQL, ATI and LTPD. The results and conclusions show that quality is always towards an improvement trend. The technology is no more the superiority as it is accessible to every one. Investigation and reduction in variations are key to process improvement. For HFL a single sampling plan with N=2700, n=30 and c=1 is suggested, for better quality products. The proposed sampling plan will provide decrease in AQL, AOQL & LTPD by 11.36%, 10.83%, & 9.74%, respectively. The 6.35% increase in ATI is negligible. Thus, the proposed single sampling plan shows improvements with respect to producer's risk, consumer's risk and lot tolerance percent defective for P10.


The role of materials management project is to supply the site with all the necessary elements (machinery, equipment, spare parts, tools, equipment and construction supplies) under the terms of cost, quality and timeliness required by the project. The fulfillment of the objectives of the project in terms of time, quality and costs closely linked to the quality of work done by suppliers in the planning and implementation stages of the project, basically. The aim of this study is based on the proposal of a comprehensive model of management of materials for major projects, which can be useful for public and private projects. The resulting model systematically describes each of the activities of the procurement process, namely acquisition planning, vendor selection, definition of the requirements of the proposal, bid proposal preparation, bid evaluation, award and training contract, contract administration and contract closure. For each, the responsibilities of each project group involved in them are specified, the differences in relation to the type of acquisition and your own particular application listed in Venezuela. Keywords: major projects, materials management, suppliers.


The aim of this study is to conduct an analysis of the investment made by the fifteen largest sovereign wealth funds on listed European companies. The analysis is divided into two sections: a descriptive one and a statistical one. The methodology used for this purpose consisted of mining data from Orbis database and running a binomial logistic regression. The main results show that, in the first place, the Norwegian fund is the one that invests in a larger amount of companies and European countries. Another significant result indicates that the United Kingdom is the country that receives the most investment. Finally, the results lead also to the conclusion that, concerning investing, sovereign wealth funds are influenced by a set of factors such as company size, profitability, and leverage, whereas the company's home country and the economic sector it belongs are not determining factors.


Properly stored lavender from 1945 was collected in French market and Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis was carried out to see possible chemical transformation and chemical composition. Total of 102 peaks (100% components) were identified, out of them 10 were oxidized minor components (total 0.41%). The lavender essential oil was dominated by the linalool (40.8%), terpinen-4-ol (9.9%), α-terpineol (3.5%), linalyl acetate (16.4%), lavandulyl acetate (3.8%), and trans-caryophyllene (2.2%). Enantiomeric distribution of major monoterpenoids were also measured.


This study introduces a music therapy assessment tool designed for use in a special education context. Working with findings from a survey of music therapists practising in special education, measures were developed which incorporate New South Wales curriculum outcomes from the Music Education Life Skills, Personal Development, Health and Physical Education and Creative Arts (Dance) with music therapy outcomes. The survey included demographic and method questions and explored the extent to which music therapists engaged with music education outcomes. The assessment seeks to validate music therapy in the special education setting by providing a practical tool that is accessible to both educators and therapists. It includes the categories of. communication, initiation, response, movement, social interaction, emotional expression, listening and decision making. A main finding of the survey indicates that 90% of surveyed music therapists apply six or more of the ten Life Skills Music Education Outcomes (Board of Studies, 2003). The survey results were limited by a sample of 40 music therapists and also by self-reporting. Recommendations include further clinical application and refinement of the assessment tool.


Immature permanent teeth are prone to pulpal necrosis due to dental caries, traumatic injury, or developmental malformation. These cases can lead to arrested root development, accompanied by thin root dentinal walls and open apices. Therefore, the efficient disinfection and adequate filling of root canals can often be challenging for clinicians.


Polymer and its composites are finding ever increasing usage for numerous industrial applications in sliding/rolling components such as bearings, rollers, seals, gears, cams, wheels, piston rings, transmission belts, grinding mills and clutches where their self lubricating properties are exploited to avoid the need for oil or grease lubrication with its attendant problems of contamination [1]. However, when the contact between sliding pairs is present, there is the problem of friction and wear. Yamaguchi [2], Hooke et al. [3] and Lawrence and Stolarski [4] reported that the friction coefficient can, generally, be reduced and the wear resistance increased by selecting the right material combinations.


The "Triangle that Moves the Mountain" is a conceptualized strategy initiated as a social tool for solving difficult social problems, by simultaneously strengthening capacity in three interrelated sectors: (1) creation of knowledge; (2) social movement; and (3) political involvement. The concept has been claimed as the basis of many successes in various Thai policy arenas. This article describes the strategy implications of four alcohol policy development case studies. The first case is the establishment process for the Thai Health Promotion Foundation and its contribution to the alcohol policy area. The second and third cases are two phases in the development of alcohol promotion regulation. The last case reviews the movement against the approval of an alcohol company listing on the Stock Exchange of Thailand. The case studies show that capacity strengthening in three sectors, based on this concept, benefited Thai alcohol policy development.


In this work a strict comparison of the results obtained on InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures by HRXRD and RBS-channeling analysis shows a discrepancy in the In atomic fraction determined by the two techniques. The discrepancy leads to a difference in the reference lattice parameter of the relaxed film and, therefore, changes the description of the strain relaxation rate. After a discussion on the possible reasons for this discrepancy, the results have been interpreted as the influence of the atomic degrees of freedom internal to the lattice unit cell which could determinate the equilibrium


Taking precautions and error-correcting is one of volleyball technique teaching methods. Analyzing the main causes that produce the mistake in the volleyball technique teaching, the author adopts the homologous measure to prevent and correct errors, drawing lessons from volleyball technique teaching, which can be borrowed and employed in volleyball teaching.


I. M. Rabinowitch, O. B. E., D. Sc., M. D., C. M., F. R. C. P.(C), F. A. C. P., was one of the leading participants in the program of the American Medicolegal Congress, held last January in St. Louis. We are pleased to have the privilege of presenting to our readers his excellent and comprehensive address on Chemical Tests of Alcoholic Intoxication, which he read at the Congress. Dr. Rabinowitch, who has participated as an expert witness in numerous trials in which there was a question of alcoholic intoxication, is Associate Professor of Medicine and Lecturer in Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology at McGill University, Montreal, and Director, Institute for Special Research and Cell Metabolism, The Montreal General Hospital.-EDITOR.


Hypothalamic IRI was not affected in haemorrhaged rats, but diminished considerably in the dehydrated ones. In the neurohypohysis, IRI was distinctly higher both in dehydrated and haemorrhaged rats, i.e., under disorders which stimulated vasopressin and/or oxytocin release. It is suggested that insulin-like substance(s) may be someway involved in regulation of vasopressin or oxytocin secretion.


To remain competitive in increasingly changeable markets, companies need to be reactive. They must often face unforeseen events, such as a cancellation or a modification of order, taking into account rush order, random interruptions of the production system, etc. This requires, in particular, a real time Production Activity Control (PAC) in order to deal with emerging critical events. We distinguish two types of production activity control: reactive control and corrective control. Reactive control is rather intended to anticipate the disturbances, whereas corrective control intervenes following an unanticipated event. Among all the software used in industry for real time shop floor control and the decision-making aid, we are particulary interested in Discrete Eevents Simulation (DES) coupled to Manufacturing Execution System (MES). In this paper, our objective is to show the interest to use 'On-Line Simulation' for real-time production activity control. We will also detail the designed functionalities and the features of such a tool.


The article considers the problems of threats to the collapse of democracy, when the components of democracy are at risk. Examples of the collapse of democracy have shown the lack of free and fair elections, which threatens the independence of the judiciary, the restriction of the right to freedom of speech, and the political opposition's ability to challenge the government, prosecute and offer alternatives to the regime. The government poses a threat to national security in order to create a "sense of crisis" that allows the government to "denigrate critics as pro-government or unpatriotic" and portray defenders of democratic institutions as "representatives of a tired, isolated elite". With this in mind, the purpose of the study was determined – to systematize the factors of the collapse of democracy. In order to achieve this goal, the criteria of approaches to the analysis of the problems of coagulation of democracy were analyzed and systematized. As a result, the factors of the collapse of democracy include: the weakening of political institutions, violations of individual rights and freedom of thought, which call into question the efficiency and stability of democratic systems. It is established that the problematic aspects are the level of inequality, differences in identity; democratization through bottom-up peaceful protests has led to a higher level of democracy and democratic stability than democratization caused by elites; constitutions resulting from pluralism (reflecting different segments of society) are more likely to promote liberal democracy (at least in the short term); that the threat of civil conflict encourages regimes to make democratic concessions; development in a democratic direction requires collective security; the process of democratization can occur by chance, as it depends on unique characteristics and circumstances; correlation of democratization with democratization of knowledge as the spread of the ability to create and legitimize knowledge among citizens, in contrast to knowledge under the control of elite groups; correlation with the effect of democratization of design. Key words : democracy, democratic backsliding, political regime, democratization, political crisis.


The number of known techniques for solving eclipsing binary light curves is surprisingly large. H. N. Russell and Z. Kopal have each discovered several methods, and even a partial listing of others would have to include those of Kitamura, Schneller, and Wyse. Nevertheless, the method to be described here, although very simple in concept, does not appear to have been described in the literature. It is limited to rectified light curves which show complete eclipses.


The Pearson product moment correlation is an index of how well one can predict scores on one variable given scores on another based on a linear regression equation; the higher the correlation, the better prediction. The nature of this predictability was investigated at the level of the individual. We demonstrate there is relatively little improvement in predictability of individual status for the middle 80% of the population as correlations increase from .10 to .50, and that it is not that much better for correlations as high as .90. The same is true for the middle 60% of the population when assessing how likely it is that an individual will perform as well or better (or as poorly or worse) on a second variable than on the predictor. These generalisations are demonstrated initially with an empirical sampling distribution from a population correlation of .50. It is further investigated by determining the probabilities associated with decile location based on analytical integration of the normal bivariate space for population correlations of .10, .30, .50, .70, and .90.


This article is a theoretical section and a continuation of the article: "Periodic system of isotopes", in which the system was checked against 10 types of experimental data, the periodic change of properties at the level of nuclei and the vertical symmetry of subgroups of isotopes were found. Periodic system of isotopes was constructed with the help of a special algorithm, the principle of multilevel periodicity of the atom, from the electrons to the nucleus. As a description of the multilevel periodicity, this paper presents a unified system of quantum numbers, which is used to describe both electron and nucleon shells (binomial probabilistic interpretation). With the binomial interpretation the problem of a particle in a one-dimensional potential well has been solved; quantum-mechanical calculations for the probability functions of the orbitals and periods of both electrons and nucleons have been performed - characteristic equations have been obtained, the projections of electronic orbitals have been reproduced and the binomial interpretation has been shown to correspond to the family of spherical harmonics. Based on the principle of multilevel periodicity, expressions are derived and planar projections of nucleon nucleon orbitals are constructed, and similarity of the forms with electron orbitals is analyzed and revealed. A critical analysis of the modern.


We have developed dual-probe scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) to visualize detailed carrier diffusion/recombination processes and applied it to the assessment of the local carrier dynamics in an InGaN single quantum well. It is clearly demonstrated that the carrier motion is strongly affected by the potential distribution within InGaN; potential ridges prevent carriers from diffusing outside them, whereas potential peaks cause carriers to travel a roundabout route around them. As a consequence, carriers anisotropically diffuse for several hundred nanometers along a specific direction toward a strong-photoluminescence domain. Thus, the dual-probe SNOM technique is a powerful nanoscopic tool, and may be versatile for characterizing photonic materials.


ABSTRACT The concept of acknowledging students' interests – both what they may be interested in and what is in their interest – is gaining increasing purchase in the new competitive economy of higher education. In addition to the obvious benefits of boosting student success in higher education institutions (HEIs), there are well-established educational advantages of foregrounding students' interests. The philosophical and psychological literature abounds with justificatory explanations of why interest is so crucial to learning of all kinds. Apart from the clear motivational benefits, organising learning around interests helps educators to realise the goal of Bildung, the education of the whole person. However, notwithstanding the obvious value of utilising interest in teaching and learning, there is a dearth of relevant research on the topic of relevance to HEIs. This research aims to help redress the balance by investigating how the interests of learners may be utilised effectively in the guidance and supervision of postgraduate students undertaking masters' dissertations in education.


Abstract This article analyses the nexus between the Caribbean's manifold vulnerabilities and the direct and structural violence evident throughout the region's history. It argues that Caribbean states are threatened not only by direct violence but also by the structural violence permeating in impoverished and marginalised sectors of the state–society complex. Both forms of violence are attributable to the historical legacy of colonisation, to US paternalism and hegemonic dominance in the post-colonial era, and to the persistence of the coloniality of power, even after Caribbean states won their independence from European imperial powers. Today, the region is, per capita, one of the most violent areas on the globe. Evidence of concatenated violence is growing across this region, demonstrating the difficulty small underdeveloped states have in addressing threats to their security, independence, economic viability, and continued existence in the intermestic environment within which they operate.


24 Targeted threatened species management is a central component of efforts to prevent species 25 extinction. Despite the development of a range of management frameworks to improve 26 conservation outcomes over the past decade, threatened species management is still 27 commonly characterised as ad hoc. Although there are notable successes, many management 28 programs are ineffective, with relatively few species experiencing improvements in their 29 conservation status. We identify underlying factors that commonly lead to ineffective and 30 inefficient management. Drawing attention to some of the key challenges, and suggesting 31 ways forward, may lead to improved management effectiveness and better conservation 32 outcomes. We highlight six key areas where improvements are needed: 1) stakeholder 33 engagement and communication; 2) fostering strong leadership and the development of 34 achievable long-term goals; 3) knowledge of target species' biology and threats, particularly 35 focusing on filling knowledge gaps that impede management, while noting that in many cases 36 there will be a need for conservation management to proceed initially despite knowledge 37 gaps; 4) setting objectives with measurable outcomes; 5) strategic monitoring to evaluate 38 management effectiveness; and 6) greater accountability for species declines and failure to 39 recover species to ensure timely action and guard against complacency. We demonstrate the 40 importance of these six key areas by providing examples of innovative approaches leading to 41 successful species management. We also discuss overarching factors outside the realm of 42 management influence that can help or impede conservation success. Clear recognition of 43 factors that make species' management more straightforward – or more challenging – is 44 important for setting realistic management objectives, outlining strategic action, and 45 prioritising resources. We also highlight the need to more clearly demonstrate the benefit of 46 current investment, and communicate that the risk of under-investment is species extinctions. 47 Together, improvements in conservation practice, along with increased resource allocation 48 and re-evaluation of the prioritisation of competing interests that threaten species, will help 49 enhance conservation outcomes for threatened species. 50


The paper deals with methods of tailoring magnetic properties of soft and hard magnetic composites. Comparison of magnetic properties of injection moulding and compression moulding Nd-Fe-B magnets are presented. Magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B bonded magnets were tailored by different ways such as: amount of resin, addition of barium ferrite, Al or Fe powders. Influence of technological parameters such as compression pressure, time and temperature of curing on magnetic parameters of Nd-Fe-B bonded magnets are presented in the paper. Magnetic properties of soft magnetic composites made of Fe, Ni, Co are presented in the paper. Influence of technological parameters such as compression pressure, time and temperature of curing on magnetic parameters of iron soft magnetic composites are presented also in the paper.


This article proposes a review of the modeling approaches for floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) for nonlinear control design. The aerodynamic, hydrodynamic and mooring line dynamic modules for the FOWT have been reviewed to provide an overview of several modeling approaches with their respective features. Next, three control-oriented models from the literature are revisited by presenting their methodological approaches to modeling and identification. These three models cover the three most popular types of FOWTs. Then, the performances of these models are validated with the open fatigue, aerodynamics, structures, and turbulence (OpenFAST) code, and their performances are evaluated according to several criteria. Finally, one of the three models is used to illustrate a nonlinear second-order sliding mode control based on the twisting algorithm to optimize the performance of the FOWT in terms of energy extraction and reduction in the platform pitch oscillation.


Excess molar volumes (VE) of two ternary systems: (i) acetone + carbon tetrachloride + cyclohexane and (ii) acetone+cyclohexane+ehloroform at 298.15K have been measured as a function of composition. The differences between the experimentally determined VE.values from and the sum of the binary contributions. illustrated as equivalue contours are found to be positive for the ternary system (i) and both positive and negative for system (ii).


SUMMARY This paper presents a Bayesian method to estimate the expected proportions in a three-way contingency table appropriate when prior knowledge about the main, firstand second-order interaction effects can be described by a particular kind of exchangeability assumption. The proposed Bayes estimates are calculated by finding those values of the effects which maximize the resulting posterior distribution and can be used to explore the possibility that a nonsaturated submodel, such as independence or conditional independence, fits the data. This extends the work of Leonard (1975) for two-dimensional tables. We discuss numerical strategies to solve the estimating equations and point out how an incorrect choice of values for the 'indifference' case, as made by previous authors, can have serious effects on the convergence of the algorithms. The method is exemplified by a survey on skin cancer and data on voting transitions in British elections.


This paper analyzes the issues related to the estimation of common time trend breaks in large panel data. The break parameters are speci…ed to be local to zero. In that case, the common components creating strong cross equation dependence can be consistently estimated without knowing the break date. Subtracting these common components estimates from the original observations removes the cross equation correlation asymptotically. The common break date estimate obtained by minimizing the sum of squared residuals over all permissible break dates after the subtraction of the common components estimates achieves a faster rate of convergence than the one obtained without the subtraction. The limiting distribution of the common break date estimate is provided so that con…dence intervals can be formed. Some Monte Carlo simulation results are reported to support the asymptotic results. JEL Classi…cation Number: C33 Keywords: structural break, deterministic time trend, large panel data, common factor, local asymptotics Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Monroe Hall, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903 (email@example.com) 1 Introduction Exploiting panel structure for time series analysis has become very popular and successful in econometrics, especially in the area of unit root and cointegration tests. Such an e¤ort is relatively scarce but growing in the area of structural breaks. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new estimation method for a common structural break in time series panel data. A distinct feature of time series panel data is that there is not necessarily a cross sectional relationship among individuals but they still possess in common a certain aspect of their time series properties, for example, the sum of the autoregressive coe¢ cients or the timing of a structural break. Panel data naturally o¤ers a more e¢ cient method of inference for this common aspect. The e¢ ciency gain is often the greatest when the cross sectional units are independent. However, numerous empirical studies have reported there exist common factors in many time series panels such as multicountry or multistate data. Common factors typically create strong cross equation dependence and make inference more challenging. Kim (2010) proposed an estimation procedure for a common deterministic trend break in large panels with strong cross equation dependence. The estimation method proposed is simply to minimize the sum of squared residuals for all permissible break dates. Kim (2010) reports the rate of convergence and the limiting distribution of this simple common break date estimate under various sets of assumptions on the error process. One of the main results in Kim (2010) is that, in the presence of strong cross equation dependence, the rate of convergence of the common break date estimate is only as fast as the one obtained with one time series. This paper continues from where Kim (2010) has stopped. Hence, the model will be essentially the same, that is, the dependent variable in each equation consists of a deterministic trend and an error component. The deterministic trend is assumed to have a change in the slope, intercept or both. The error process has the common factor structure so that the cross equation correlation is of very strong form. However, we modify the model in two important ways in this paper. First, we assume that the break date in each equation is a random draw from a common distribution and thus it can vary across equations. The identical break date assumption in Kim (2010) is only a special case of the current setup. Since the individual break date varies across equations, its mean is referred to as the common break date, and the main focus of paper is on the estimation of this mean. The second modi…cation speci…es the break parameters (i.e. changes in the intercept and slope parameters) to be local to zero. Under this local to zero parameterization, the trend breaks are small enough not to interfere with the estimation of the common components but large enough for


In predictive regressions with variables of unknown persistence, the use of extended IV (IVX) instruments leads to asymptotically valid inference. Under highly persistent regressors, the standard normal or chi-squared limiting distributions for the usual t and Wald statistics may, however, differ markedly from the actual finite-sample distributions which exhibit in particular noncentrality. Convergence to the limiting distributions is shown to occur at a rate depending on the choice of the IVX tuning parameters and can be very slow in practice. A characterization of the leading higher-order terms of the t statistic is provided for the simple regression case, which motivates finite-sample corrections. Monte Carlo simulations confirm the usefulness of the proposed methods.


The Bank's Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) has undertaken several studies during 2001 which bear on the issue of development effectiveness. Two of these, a Report on Development Effectiveness and a Report on the Results of the 2001 Evaluability Assessment Exercise, will be presented to the Board of Executive Directors early in 2002. Because both bear on issues currently before the Committee of the Board of Governors, this note (RE-258) is designed to summarize briefly the principal conclusions of these studies and suggest the implications of these findings for possible future changes in Bank procedures.


Coastal deltas worldwide are under risk of degradation due to the increasing impacts of sea-level rise, and continuous human alterations of river basin hydrology. This research highlights the geomorphological changes that have occurred within the Tana River delta in Kenya, an important deltaic ecosystem of high biodiversity value in East Africa.

The geomorphological features (river channels, floodplain, coastal dune system) and their evolution over the past two centuries were described. Aerial and satellite imagery was used to assess the magnitude and distribution of coastal changes from the 1960s to present.  Additionally, sediment cores recovered within the mangrove environment were analysed to establish the succession of sedimentation periods and patterns. Finally, we explored the response of the coastal processes of deposition and erosion under anthropogenic alterations of the hydrological system.

It was established that over the past two centuries Tana River has changed its main channel and outlet to the Indian Ocean on three occasions. A first river avulsion occurred in the 1860s, followed by a second avulsion in the late 1890s that was promoted by human interference through channel expansion and dyke construction. The third change in river course has occurred gradually over the past 20 years, amid human efforts to engineer the river channels.

From the sediment analysis and radiocarbon dating, it is ascertained that the lower deltaic region developed rapidly over the past ~180 years, facilitated by increased sedimentation from the main Tana River. On the other hand, analysis of the coastline changes indicate that there has been increased erosion of the coastal dune system and mangrove vegetation along the former river outlet, leading to rapid marine intrusion into local subsistence farming areas. By analysing the combined impacts of both natural river dynamics and human alteration we highlight how the integrity of the Tana River delta has increasingly become vulnerable under present sea level rise and continued upstream river alteration.


Wireless surveillance systems are rapidly gaining popularity due to their easier deployability and improved performance. However, cameras inside are generating a large amount of data, which brings challenges to the transmission through resource-constrained wireless networks. Observing that most collected consecutive frames are redundant with few objects of interest (OoIs), the filtering of these frames can dramatically relieve the transmission pressure. Additionally, real-world environment may bring shielding or blind areas in videos, which notoriously affects the accuracy of frame analysis. The collaboration between cameras facing at different angles can compensate for such accuracy loss. In this work, we present Litedge, a light-weight edge computing strategy to improve the QoS (i. e., the latency and accuracy) of wireless surveillance systems. Two main modules are designed on edge cameras: (i) the light-weight video compression module for frame filtering, mainly realized by model compression and convolutional acceleration; and (ii) the collaborative validation module for error compensation between the master-slave camera pair. We also implement an enhanced surveillance system prototype from real-time monitoring and pre-processing on edge cameras to the backend data analysis on a server. Experiments based on real-world collected videos show the efficiency of Litedge. It achieves 82% transmission latency reduction with a maximal 0.119s additional processing delay, compared with the full video transmission. Remarkably, 91.28% of redundant frames are successfully filtered out, greatly reducing the transmission burden. Litedge outperforms state-of-the-art light-weight AI models and video compression methods by balancing the QoS balance ratio between accuracy and latency.


The present invention relates to a roller structure, applied in a tappet which converts the rotatory motion of a cam, in a high pressure pump of an internal combustion engine, to a linear motion, and delivers the linear motion to a piston. The roller structure for a high pressure pump includes: a main body of the roller which is installed inside the tappet, and which is formed with grooves on both side end portions; and cloud members respectively inserted to both sides of the main body of the roller.


Although megasonic cleaning can remove effectively nano particles in the Cu/low-kinterconnection post-Chemical Mechanic Polishing(post-CMP)cleaning,the megasonic energy in cleaning may also cause extensive damage to microstructures.To predict the damage,the structural deformation and the stress distribution of Cu and low-k materials in megasonic cleaning were examined with Finite Element Analysis(FEA).Two-dimensional models were used in analysis of the stress-strain of a typical cell impacted by a caviation bubble in the circulate wiring pattern and all of the simulations were performed with ABAQUS.The results show that the maximum stress is concentrated in the binding area between Cu and low-k,which will result in the delamination of low-k materials.When the line width is 22nm,the stress and deformation reach the largest values by 1 379MPa and 3.074 nm respectively.When the line width is more than 22nm,the max stress and max deformation decrease with increase of Cu line width.The increasing frequency will not change the stress distribution and displacement.The results are in agreement with the defect found in industrial applications.


The course of styrene (S) polymerisation with the inclusion of SiC nanofibres (SiCNF) was compared with the course of reaction with singlewall carbon nanotubes (SWNT), whose radical activity has formerly been studied with respect to the polymerisation of another vinyl monomer – methyl methacrylate (MMA). The radical polymerisation of styrene in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) initiated by 4.4'-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic) acid (ACPA) at 333K in the presence of SiC nanofibres and SWNT was investigated by the dilatometric method. The principal difference in the chemical structure of the nanoparticles investigated is that the monomers influence their activity in the polymerisation. The SWNT act as loweffective inhibitors in the polymerisation of S and MMA but in an essentially different manner, whereas SiCNF have no impact on the process. The presence of carbonaceous nanoparticles in the processes investigated influences the thermal properties of polymerisation products differently.


Social, political and economic changes have been promoted by the globalization growth leading to the denationalization of markets, standardization of lifesty...


8 The front-end electronics of the electromagnetic calorimeter of an International 9 Linear Collider detector are situated in a radiation environment. This requires the 10 effect of the radiation on the performance of the electronics, specifically FPGAs, 11 to be examined. Physics events and hadron events that originate from the machine 12 background, have been simulated and radiation spectra in the area of the detector 13 housing the front-end electronics have been estimated. It is not yet possible to make 14 a final prediction of the absolute effect of this radiation as the type of FPGA and 15 the final design parameters of the accelerator will not be decided for several years. 16 Therefore measurements are proposed which can be made in order to estimate the 17 radiation damage for any given FPGA. The estimates are made using energy spectra 18 at the location of the front-end electronics as well as energy deposition in the ECAL. 19 The radiation damage is estimated by using energy spectra and energy depositions 20 produced for this part of the detector. The method, but not the particle spectrum 21 and the energy depositions, is applicable for electronics in any part of the detector. 22


The main argument of this paper is that the practice of granting conscientious exemptions is better understood as the outcome of tolerance than as a way of applying the idea of equality. I suggest that the principle of tolerance solves the difficulties of other explanations of what a conscientious exemption actually is, and successfully describes the nature of the practice of granting conscientious exemptions in almost all cases. It almost always describes the state of mind and the behaviour of the ruler and it is wide yet precise enough to include all other - however contradictory - explanations. Thus, whether there is a right to be granted conscientious exemptions and whether it is a matter of grace or discretion; whether it is an individual right or a communal one; whether it protects minority rights or not; whether it reflects equal respect or not - tolerance succeeds in capturing and describing the nature of the practice of granting conscientious exemptions in almost all cases.


In this paper, we show through a contrastive analysis of person reference in Catalan and Spanish parliamentary discourse, that it is paramount to take into account not only syntactic but also pragmatic factors in order to adequately analyse the differences between two languages that have rather similar morphological paradigms. Indeed, whereas Catalan and Spanish are two Romance languages which share various important features concerning person reference, among others the fact that they are pro-drop languages, our analysis aims to show that important contrasts may be found at a pragmatic level, especially in a conflictual genre such as parliamentary debate (Blas Arroyo 2011). Based on previous language-specific studies (among others Gelabert 2006), we analyse all the occurrences of speaker- and addressee-reference in a corpus of Spanish and Catalan parliamentary debates, taking into account among others the reference established, the political function of the utterer and the position in the utterance. In the first place, we show that singular deictics are more used in Spanish, whereas plural forms are preferred in Catalan. This may be related to the political system as a whole, more specifically to the higher presence of coalitions in the Catalan system, which favour that the speaker refers to a group rather than to individuals. In the second place, we discuss differences in the use of the formal address forms, showing that, contrary to what is claimed in the literature, Catalan voste is more frequent than Spanish usted. Moreover, both forms occupy different positions in the utterance, notably with respect to the verb form. Finally, we show that some differences in the use of vocatives (Cuenca 2004) may be due to the debating styles and history of the respective parliaments. Indeed, whereas the slightly archaic su senoria ('your Lordship') is still widely (though not exclusively) used in the Spanish parliament, this form is inexistent in the Catalan parliament, possibly due to the fact that the Catalan parliament restarted its functioning in 1980 after a 40 years-interruption, taking up a more modern style of address in which su senoria no longer had a place. We will show that the specific position of su(s) senoria(s) in Spanish impacts on the vocative use as a whole and explains the different frequencies of vocatives in Catalan and Spanish parliament, and also the different frequency of usted(s) and voste(s) mentioned above. Thus, through this contrastive analysis of Spanish and Catalan, we will show that it is fruitful to take into account pragmatic and discursive features in contrastive studies of two closely related languages.


Bentonite from various regions has different performance and characters because of their different formation mechanism.In this article,some sodiumizing modification experiments are carried out on Bentonite from Hubei、Xinjiang、 Liaoning、He'nan and Zhejiang five different regions,at last,we get the best production process of bentonite from the five different regions using for casting.


The process of mastering a foreign language at a Russian university is carried out in a specially organized linguodidactic environment, which implies a methodical system created in accordance with peculiarities of a natural linguocultural society. This system combines components of effective teaching and methods of pedagogical management ensuring a step-by-step development of students' linguistic personality based on European standards of language proficiency. The necessary basis for a modern linguodidactic environment is information and communications technology (ICT), which opens unrestricted access to the world of native speakers in the global communication network. The linguodidactic language environment, which is based on ICT tools, demonstrates and thereby shapes sociocultural stereotypes, and provides an opportunity to learn peculiarities of communicative behavior in a foreign language. Moreover, such linguodidactic language environment ensures students' participation in real language communication and pushes the boundaries of conventional educational situations, thus, expanding students' experience of intercultural communication.


Cluster ions can produce surface craters and amorphous ion tracks in semiconductors. This process in combination with defect mediated diffusion can be applied to fabricate buried nanowires. 1.4 MeV Si2+ ions at low fluences and 400 keV Ni+ ions at high fluence are implanted into Si(100) and annealed at 600°C. NiSi2 nanoclusters are formed and TEM measurements show surface craters of around 30 nm diameter which are followed by amorphous tracks of diameter 15 nm caused by the Si2+ ions in Si substrate. 50 nm long finger like buried vertical nanowires from the silicide clusters are formed along the amorphous track which is due to diffusion of Nickel atoms towards the surface mediated by the defects in the track. It is a step closer to the fabrication of buried nanowires.


Let G be a simple connected graph of order n, sequence of vertex degrees d1 ≥ d2 ≥ ·· · ≥ dn > 0 and Laplacian eigenvalues μ1 ≥ μ2 ≥ ·· · ≥ μn−1 > μn = 0. With Π1 = Π1(G) = ∏i=1 d2 i we denote the multiplicative first Zagreb index of graph, and K f (G) = n∑n−1 i=1 1 μi the Kirchhoff index of G. In this paper we determine several lower and upper bounds for K f depending on some of the graph parameters such as number of vertices, maximum degree, minimum degree, and number of spanning trees or multiplicative Zagreb index.


In 1975, Hughes and Neer introduced a shoulder arthroplasty rehabilitation protocol emphasizing recovery of passive mobility early in the postoperative course. The "Neer protocol" starts with recovery of passive elevation and external rotation and advances to recovery of internal rotation. Using the same protocol, Neer et al demonstrated that 47 of 48 patients who underwent rotator cuff repair had attained at least 140 degrees of passive anterior elevation and 40 degrees of passive external rotation within 6 days after surgery with no long-term adverse effects. The goal of postoperative shoulder rehabilitation is to restore a functional extremity in a timely fashion. Paramount in attaining this goal is the achievement of normal shoulder mobility. Limitations to obtaining this motion are imposed by biomechanical considerations following shoulder surgery. On a histologic level, shoulder surgery involves connective tissues (tendons, ligaments, and capsule), all of which are composed of collagen and as such are subject to the biomechanical properties and limitations of collagen, including plasticity, stretching, and temperature sensitivity. The plasticity of collagen allows connective tissues to adapt to physiologic and pathologic conditions. Rehabilitation is designed to maximize these adaptations, providing functional recovery. When subjected to oriented stresses, collagen fibers stretch along the lines of those stresses, allowing specific gains during prescribed mobility exercises. The heat solubility of collagen facilitates stretching of the collagen fibers in a warm environment. Early rehabilitation in a warm-water pool facilitates the timely gain of passive mobility following shoulder surgery. In addition to propagating collagen solubility allowing for easier stretching, rehabilitation with the shoulder submerged or partially submerged in warm water provides a "weightless" environment. This "weightlessness" allows the arm to find the best path to achieve a specific movement. Additionally, a warm-water pool provides comfort, improving proprioception while minimizing nociception. Thermal neutrality is obtained with water heated to 34°C (skin temperature of 29°C and core body temperature of 37°C). A water temperature of 35°C increases skin comfort and enhances collagen solubility Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Gilles Walch, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinique Ste. Anne Lumière, 85 Cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France. Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery 4(2):44–49, 2003 © 2003 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc., Philadelphia


Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common musculoskeletal disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common treatment for advanced OA. However, joint replacement surgeries may lead to complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), surgical site infection, and prosthetic joint infection (PJI). Our objective is to discuss a Streptococcus bovis group (SBG) PJI case after TKA and its possible consequences in clinical practice. We describe a 67-year-old female who underwent TKA and developed initial complications including wound hematoma, symptomatic anemia, and acute DVT. Further investigations because of knee pain persistence and inflammatory signs post TKA revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the synovial and scar tissues from the knee and SBG in the periprosthetic membrane from the revision surgery, as well as mitral infective endocarditis and a large stenosing villous polypoid lesion in the ascending colon. SBG osteoarticular infection post TKA is a rare condition, but it may be associated with severe diseases. This article highlights the link between SBG and colorectal cancer (CRC) and emphasizes the importance of an echocardiogram and a colonoscopy for early detection and prompt treatment of infective endocarditis and CRC. This diagnostic workup should be performed even in the absence of symptoms, for early diagnosis and increased chance of cure. A multidisciplinary approach, involving orthopedists, infectious disease specialists, cardiologists, and gastroenterologists, among others, is advised to effectively manage SBG infections and improve patient outcomes.


The structural components (main) of the diagnosis of the competitiveness of the business structure, supporting the opinion of scientists and enterprise managers, are the competitiveness of the products of the business structure, the concentration of the market in which the business structure functions, as well as the effectiveness of the functioning of the business structure under risk conditions, which includes financial-economic, production and commercial efficiency. It is also stated that information technology is an effective management tool for solving economic problems in the field of management and administration. It was determined that today a relevant and important issue is the need to form new and improve existing provisions (both theoretical and practical) regarding the effectiveness of the use of information technologies in the management of a business structure under risk conditions, with the use of mathematical modeling. In view of this, the purpose of the study is to develop an economic-mathematical model for diagnosing the effectiveness of the use of information technologies in the management of the business structure under risk conditions. Based on the results of the research, the article proposes a new economic-mathematical model, and based on it, a set of parameters, criteria and ratios are formed, which ensure the effective functioning and development of the business structure, taking into account the introduction (rational use) of information technologies in the management of the business structure under risk conditions. The basis of this model is the functional relationship between profits, the level of efficiency of the business structure and business risks. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the improvement of the economic-mathematical model for diagnosing the competitiveness of a business structure, which is based on the functional relationship between profits, risks and the level of efficiency of the business structure, which is one of the structural components of diagnosing the competitiveness of a business structure. This model takes into account an expanded set of economic parameters and factors and, unlike the existing ones, it includes the function of a compromise between the level of efficiency of the business structure and business risks, taking into account the peculiarities, role and significance of the use of information technologies in the management of the business structure. This type of approach makes it possible to reduce the number of inaccurate and inadequate results in the context of optimizing methods of using information technologies for making reasonable and effective management decisions (both current and prospective) in the business structure management system under risk conditions. It is advisable to conduct further research in the direction of studying practical issues regarding the formation of a quality and effective management system of the business structure in conditions of risk and uncertainty.


To investigate whether lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and very late antigen 4 (VLA-4) are involved in vasoendothelial adhesion and transendothelial migration of high proliferative potential endothelial progenitor cells (HPP-EPCs), flow cytometry was used to analyze the expression of integrin β1 and β2, the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1, 2) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) in mouse bone marrow endothelial cells (mBMECs). The adhesion and transmigration through endothelial cells of the HPP-EPCs blocked by functional grade neutralizing antibodies of VLA-4 and LFA-1 were studied in vitro. The results revealed that HPP-EPCs were positive for CD11a and CD49din HPP-EPCs. The expression of ICAM-1and VCAM-1 of mBMECs increased after activated by IL-1β and TNF-(l. The results of adhesion in vitro revealed that the numbers of the adhered and migrated cells in the CD11 a antibody group, in the CD49 dantibody group and in the combinational antibody group were less than those in the isotype control antibody group. Furthermore, the number of adhered and migrated cells in the combinational antibody group was less than that in the CD11a or the CD49d antibody group (p<0.05). It is concluded that both LFAI and VLA-4 are involved in vasoendothelial adhesion and transendothelial migration of HPP-EPCs.


Background to the study: The use of Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) to measure effectiveness of care, and supporting patient management is being advocated increasingly. PROMs data are often collected using hard copy questionnaires. New technology enables electronic PROM data collection. Purpose of the study: To identify patient and practitioner perceived opportunities and challenges to implementing electronic PROM data capture as part of the process for developing a PROM phone and online app. Methods: Interviews were undertaken with patients (N=18), and clinicians (N=46). Patients and clinicians were recruited through practice advertisement, in printed healthcare media, social media, and professional networks. Semi-structured interviews were used. Data were analysed using the Framework approach. Themes, sub-themes, and models were developed from the analysed data. Results: Patient themes included relevance of data collection, data protection, and confidentiality. Practitioner themes included issues around patient engagement, and relevance to clinical practice. Overall patients were more enthusiastic than clinicians about using PROMs in practice. They welcomed the opportunity to provide feedback, and were prepared to use technology to achieve this. In contrast, clinicians reported concerns that patients would not want to complete PROMs, or may be unable to use electronic devices to achieve this. Other clinicians noted that this was a professional demand and part of reflective practice. Conclusion: The patients9 enthusiasm to contribute data and the clinicians9 paternalistic views were contrasting and suggests a greater need for patient centred communication.


A rapid, simple, and sensitive dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure followed by HPLC-UV was applied to determine the benzoate and sorbate in foods. The method was optimized for some variables including extraction solvent type and volume, dispersing solvent type and volume, and the effects of salt and pH. Optimum conditions were determined as follows: sample volume, 5 mL; extraction solvent (chloroform) volume, 250 μL; disperser solvent (acetone) volume, 1.2 mL; NaCl amount, 0.75 g/5 mL at pH 4. Sixty samples were analyzed, including 15 doogh, 15 fruit juice, 15 cookie, and 15 tomato paste; benzoic acid was detected in 57 samples (95%) at levels up to 448.1 μg/mL and sorbic acid in 31 samples (51.6%) at levels up to 1369 μg/mL. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the LOD and LOQ were determined as 0.1 and 0.5 μg/mL for benzoate and 0.08 and 0.3 μg/mL for sorbate, respectively. The results showed that these preservatives are commonly used at high levels in yogurt drinks (dooghs) and cookies. Also, the concentration of benzoic acid that was detected in the tomato paste and fruit juice samples was low but may affect children and sensitive persons.


When the original BSCB model was used to inpaint images,the isophotes of the images may overlap to some extent in the diffusion process,and its visual effect is of poor visual satisfaction. To solve the above problem,the original PM anisotropic diffusion model was improved with a UK-flag shaped anisotropic diffusion model proposed. Then,UK-flag shaped anisotropic diffusion model was applied in the diffusion process of the BSCB model to propose an improved BSCB model. Finally,the proposed inpainting model and other improved BSCB models were applied to inpaint the damaged ancient Thangka. The experimental results show that the visual effect and the Mean Square Error( MSE) of the inpainted image are outstanding without increasing the time complexity by using the proposed model in comparison with the original BSCB model and other improved BSCB models.


There are nearly 20 million women in the United States experiencing menopause at present. It is estimated this number will grow to 60 million by the year 2010.(1) Menopausal women are faced with a variety of symptoms and the difficult decision of whether to undergo Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) with its unhealthy side-effects. What many woman don't know is that there are effective alternative therapies—not only to decrease symptoms of menopause, but also to reduce the associated risks of coronary artery disease and osteoporosis. Natural therapy focuses on symptom relief and disease prevention by adjusting diet and using nutritional supplements and herbs. Many women begin experiencing menopause at around age 45 as the body begins adjusting to erratic hormone levels. Irregular menstrual periods and hot flashes characterize Perimenopause, or the time leading up to menopause. Although the ovaries will continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone during this time, the availability of these hormones becomes increasingly dependent on fat tissue and the adrenal glands. Menopause is defined by the loss of ovarian function with the actual cessation of menses, and occurs in most women by age 51. Symptoms of menopause include emotional lability, decreased vaginal lubrication, hot flashes or night sweats (in 80% of women), and depression.


Stress intensity factor is an important criterion which can determine the developing of road crack. Based on the singular isoparametric element and fracture mechanics, this paper analyzes and discusses the problem about the singular crack in pavement structure under three types of load. At the crack tips, we get the corresponding stress intensity factors by means of regression analysis. Then this paper presents the finite strip model to verify the program. The results indicate that length of crack and the modulus of base course have a remarkable influence. Under the convex load, the crack develops more easily.


In the late 16th century a new dramatic genre became popular amongst audiences at the public theatres in London. Deriving devices and moods from Senecan tragedy, and inheriting a moral vision from the morality plays and interludes of the late 15th and early 16th century, the chromcle history play presented audiences with scenes and stories from the range of British history, including mythical and legendary origins, and the dyastic struggles of the late medieval period. Numerous plays within this fledgling dramatic genre were produced in the 1580s and 1590s and beyond, while contemporaries such as Thomas Heywood hailed the patriotic fervour that such plays could inspire: "what English blood seeing the person of any bold English man presented and


In this position paper we examine the various risks in component-based development. We divide the risks into six main categories and argue that they not only overlap but also cut across the various application development stages. We propose a risk management mechanism based on identifying risk management techniques for each individual risk category and then integrating the various individual techniques into a global strategy.


By means of an algebraic Bethe ansatz approach, we study the Zamolodchikov–Fateev and Izergin–Korepin vertex models with non-diagonal boundaries, characterized by reflection matrices with an upper triangular form. Generalized Bethe vectors are used to diagonalize the associated transfer matrix. The eigenvalues as well as the Bethe equations are presented.


On condition that the processing properties and mechanical properties of propellant were assured,BAMO/THF was used to improve the chain property of GAP by means of copolymeration.By adding proper chain extender and crosslinking agent further,the mechanical properties of GAP binder curing system could be tailored to a higher level. When R=1.3,m(GAP)∶m(BAMO/THF)=75∶25,using BDO as chain extender,IPDI/N100 as crosslinking agents,the tensile strength of film was 1.03MPa and the elongation at break was 505.3%.


The present invention discloses a method and apparatus for testing service bandwidth, network bandwidth to improve the accuracy of test results. The method comprising: determining each service over the network bandwidth and the bandwidth estimation; over a difference between the estimated bandwidth of the network bandwidth and service, determining network quality level; correspondence relationship with the number of network quality level of the preset initial thread the initial number of threads corresponding to the quality level in the network, is determined to find out; according to the searched initial number of threads, using a preset algorithm to determine the maximum available traffic bandwidth.


The spring Sudan low and its Red Sea Trough (RST) were detected objectively using sea level pressure data obtained from a National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset spanning the period from 1955 to 2014. The climatology of the detected lows suggested that the Sudan low was active for approximately 69.5% of the spring and that approximately 56.2% of this time the Sudan low developed into the RST. Furthermore, three main genesis regions of the RST, which generated 95.25% of the RST, were identified over Sudan, South Sudan and the Red Sea, approximately 61.76% of which was over South Sudan. In addition, three main outermost areas of the RST, which received 94.1% of the RST, were specified to the west, east and north of the Red Sea, approximately 54.88% of which was in the eastern region. Synoptically, the orientations of the detected RST around the Red Sea are strongly influenced by the Siberian and Azores high systems. The RST is directed along the western side of the Red Sea if the Siberian high extends westward and the Azores high shrinks westward, whereas the RST is oriented to the east if the Siberian high shrinks eastward and the Azores high extends eastward. The RST extends directly northward if the Siberian and Azores high systems withdraw eastward and westward, respectively. These results also demonstrate that the core position and strength of the upper maximum winds play an important role in the generation of RST. The selected case studies have confirmed the synoptic climate results and indicate that the Sudan low will not develop into RST when the northern region has been affected by a high‐pressure system and the core of the upper maximum wind is located over the northern Arabian Peninsula.


Abstract. Vegetation is an important component in global ecosystems, affecting the physical, hydrological and biogeochemical properties of the land surface. Accordingly, the way vegetation is parameterised strongly influences predictions of future climate by Earth system models. To capture future spatial and temporal changes in vegetation cover and its feedbacks to the climate system, dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) are included as important components of land surface models. Variation in the predicted vegetation cover from DGVMs therefore has large impacts on modelled radiative and non-radiative properties, especially over high-latitude regions. DGVMs are mostly evaluated by remotely sensed products, but rarely by other vegetation products or by in-situ field observations. In this study, we evaluate the performance of three methods for spatial representation of vegetation cover with respect to prediction of plant functional type (PFT) profiles – one based upon distribution models (DM), one that uses a remote sensing (RS) dataset and a DGVM (CLM4.5BGCDV). PFT profiles obtained from an independently collected vegetation data set from Norway were used for the evaluation. We found that RS-based PFT profiles matched the reference dataset best, closely followed by DM, whereas predictions from DGVM often deviated strongly from the reference. DGVM predictions overestimated the area covered by boreal needleleaf evergreen trees and bare ground at the expense of boreal broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs. Based on environmental predictors identified by DM as important, we suggest implementation of three novel PFT-specific thresholds for establishment in the DGVM. We performed a series of sensitivity experiments to demonstrate that these thresholds improve the performance of the DGVM. The results highlight the potential of using PFT-specific thresholds obtained by DM in development and benchmarking of DGVMs for broader regions. Also, we emphasize the potential of establishing DM as a reliable method for providing PFT distributions for evaluation of DGVMs alongside RS.


Difficult financing is one of the main development obstacles which present small and medium-sized enterprises of our country generally face. Having analysed the present main reason difficult in financing of small and medium-sized enterprises of our country in two respects from inside and outside at first , this text, then proposes a series of countermeasures to this problem of difficult financing of small and medium-sized enterprises of our country from the respects of enterprise oneself and system.


The authors analyze polarization dispersion determined from the Stokes parameter measurement for a single-mode fiber. The polarization state changes are considered for a discrete, tandem fiber model using Poincare sphere representation. As a result, it is found that the differential delay time estimated from the Stokes vectors of output light is not given as the cumulation of zero-mean random values but as positive random values, when random mode conversion exists along a fiber axis. Consequently the polarization dispersion is predicted to increase in proportion to the square root of distance over a 1000-km length. >


The black rock series in the early Cambrian of our country are rich in non-ferrous metals,precious metals,rare earth metals,coal and non metal mineral.Among these,in South Qinling Mountains fold lower Cambrian vanadium deposit resource potential is tremendous,which is located in the northern margin of the Yangtze plate.Taking the northwest of Hubei province as an example in this paper,the vanadium deposit geological characteristics,metallogenic regularity and metallogenic conditions were discussed.Northwest of Hubei vanadium deposit is produced in the lower Cambrian rich in organic carbon,silicon,mud in black rock series.The main layer is stratiform,bedded,simple form,the stability of the occurrence,buried in shallow,wide distribution,large reserves.Mineralization is controlled by strata,lithology,tectonic and paleogeographic conditions.The initial concentration of vanadium deposit is subject to the chemical biological mineralization,later tectonic reworking has some influence on the distribution of mineralization and enrichment.So this result indicates that the northwest of Hubei vanadium rich deposit has the dual characters of biological mineralization and submarine hydrothermal sedimentary mineralization,the deposit genetic type shall be attributed to the deposit area of the biochemical sedimentary metamorphism-reformed deposit category.


The central pathological link in addictive states is the drug withdrawal syndrome. Usually, severe manifestations of the withdrawal syndrome are associated with reduced sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors (desensitization), lower density of receptors and impaired transport of neurotransmitters, and the rebound effect. Zebrafish is an effective tool in the study of classic withdrawal symptoms and special cases of withdrawal of other selected psychoactive drugs.


Tang dynasty was the most important historical period for Naxi- Zhang and Naxi-Bai relationship. Moxie in Tang dynasty centered on the powers of Tang ,Nanzhao and Tubo. This article is to discuss their relationship in political turmoil so as to illustrate that the relationships have had a far-reaching influence on the development of Naxi-Zhang and Naxi-Bai relationship.


Shafranov equation method. The point is that the location of singular surfaces, at which critical conditions should be formulated, is not known beforehand and itself must be found from the solution to the problem. Moreover, it is impossible to generalize this approach to the case of nonideal, nonaxially symmetric and nonsteady flows. So it is not surprising that most investigators, who are primarily interested in astrophysical applications, have recently focused on a totally different class of equations, namely, on time relaxation problems, which can only be solved numerically [19]. Here, we would only like to hope that the key physical results obtained using the Grad ± Shafranov equation, which, naturally, are independent of the computing method, are not forgotten.


Objective:Comparing the difference of various digestive enzymes to culture ectopic endometrial glandular cells and their stromal cells,in order to find an ideal model in vitro to research the growth,differentiation and mechanism of drug action of human endometrial cells.Methods:Samples of isolated endometrial cells were divided into 3 groups at random:group of pancreatic enzyme,group of collagenase digestion,group of pancreatic enzyme coadunating collagenase.The growth state and morphous feature of cells were observed through inverted phase contrast microscope.Results:The achievement ratio of 3 groups were 53.33%、73.33%、86.67%,respectively.Then the coadunating digestion group was more successful than others(P0.05).The growth state of all epithelial and stromal of endometrium in vitro were not different manifest(P0.05).Conclusion:It is concluded that the coadunating method which has higher achievement ratio than pankrin method and shorter than collagenase method,can degrade cost.


Standards linked with the environmental protection and vehicles are increasingly restrictive. EURO VI standard and regulations define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold. Because of that, Selective Catalyst Reduction systems are used in a new vehicles with the heavy-duty type engines. This paper presents a study of the SCR system in public transport vehicles of the Municipal Transport Company (MPK) in Lublin, Poland. The tests were performed to study the power consumption of the SCR (the urea applicator into the catalyst) and calculate the results per unit of fuel. The amount of fuel for the Solaris Trollino 12 trolleybus was estimated and the energy demand found was of the order of 343 kWh/year. This gives low diesel fuel consumption, i.e. only 34.3 litres per year. The study also shows a graph of the daily demand of energy by the SCR system in public transport vehicles.


Rainbow trout were exposed to an episode of artificial soft water at pH 5.4 containing 0.95 mg 1 -1 of aluminium for 1 h and gill, skin, body mucus and blood aluminium concentrations were determined. Skin and blood showed no significant increase in aluminium content, whereas whole gill tissue and body mucus showed significant increases. The results are discussed in terms of the gill and body mucus being major sites of aluminium absorption, and a tentative mechanism for aluminium absorption is discussed.


Motif derives from the culture value,collective memory and traditional consciousness of one's nation and exhibits the collective cultural consciousness.The culture tendency of the works and the culture identity of the characters are decided by the national culture embraced in the motif.Hebraic culture has always been the motif of Saul Bellow's creation.It determines the writing style,the language expression,the character display and the theme development of Bellow.The identification with Hebraic culture lets Bellow get rid of the trap of the dangling man and then become a writer who overcomes the limitation of races and culture and writes for all human beings.


Th is paper describes a worldwide interlaboratory study on PCDDS, PCDFs, dioxin-like PCBs, indicator PCBs and PBDEs in no-artificially fortified human blood plasma. The study took place from January 2006 to July 2006. The test material was sent to 10 participants from 7 countries. The study design involved the analysis of one test sample in triplicate. The results reported for PCDDs were satisfactory with a range of relative standard deviation (RSD) of 925%, except OCDD (RSD 61%). Four congeners (2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PentaCDF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HexaCDF, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8Hex aCDF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HeptaCDF) out of the ten PCDFs were measured reliably (RSD 11-28%). Good results were achieved for PCBs except the CB 77 (RSD 48%), CB 28 (RSD 50%), CB 52 (RSD 63%), CB 101 (RSD 60%). Levels of PBDEs in the test material were very low (i.e. ng/L range). Results showed that a further improvement for BDE 47 (RSD 114%) and BDE 99 (RSD 81%) is needed. Too scarce results were reported for BDE 209 to assess its performances. The study also highlighted the issue of lipid determination. Enzymatic methods provide higher results compared to gravimetric methods. As scientific literature compares human exposure to these contaminants on a lipid weight basis in serum, the results presented here point out the necessity of standardizing lipid measurements.


This thesis analyzed the performance of aesthetics in classical poems.The essence of all classes of art aesthetics is: pay attention to the truth of falsehood versus reality,pursue the implication and art effect,enlighten the people the capacity of imagination,make people see the arrival of autumn from fallen of one leaf,or to sense the situation out of thousands of miles in a short distance.


Some of the atomic levels of Cs I and the Cs-Xe molecular terms were excited using a pulsed tunable dye laser in a Cs-Xe gas mixture. The time-resolved fluorescence from the directly populated levels or the states populated by collisional and radiative transfer were detected employing the delayed-coincidence technique. On analysing the shapes of the fluorescence curves, the lifetimes of the molecular states were found to be shorter than 1 ns and to have no significant influence on the lifetime measurement of the atomic states within the range of Xe pressures applied (3.3 up to 600 Torr). The lifetime for the 72S, 52D and 42F atomic states of Cs could be determined.


Over the last few years, we have witnessed the rapid development of Michael Porter and Mark Kramer's "Creating Shared Value - CSV" strategy. It builds on the philosophy of Corporate Social Responsibility - CSR and represents a step forward in uniting business and state efforts to address social issues. The author proves this by comparing CSV and CSR and outlining some of their similarities and differences. Clarifying the essence of CSV and highlighting it from CSR are consider to force the impact of this new philosophy in the world of modern business.


Abstract Orostachys japonicus (O. japonicus) was extracted with ethanol (EtOH) and sequentially separated with organic solvents, including n‐hexane (Hex), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n‐butanol (BuOH), and water (H2O). All the fractions were confirmed for anti‐inflammatory activity in an inflammatory condition. The DCM fraction showed the highest anti‐inflammatory ability. Here, we examined the effect of DCM fraction and investigated the intracellular signaling pathways in LPS‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The DCM fraction significantly inhibited the mRNA levels of pro‐inflammatory mediators and cytokines including iNOS, COX‐2, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, and IP‐10 in LPS‐stimulated cells. Also, the treatment of DCM fraction excellently reduced the expression of the proteins of AP‐1 (phospho‐c‐Jun and phospho‐c‐Fos) and phospho‐IRF3 as transcription factors. As a result, it suppressed LPS‐induced inflammatory mediator and cytokines via inhibition of transcription factors. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that DCM fraction has a strong anti‐inflammatory activity that improves the inflammatory state.


This report examines off-system bridge design, construction, maintenance, financing, rehabilitation, and replacement. For this report off-system refers to those bridges typically owned and maintained by local agencies and by state agencies on rural and other low-volume roads. It will be of interest to all state departments of transportation and local agencies with off-system bridges under their jurisdiction. The report focuses on the best procedures that promote safe, efficient, and cost-effective practices for such bridges. Topics covered include the state of existing bridge populations, maintenance, load rating, rehabilitation, strengthening, geometrics, structural design criteria, replacement alternatives, construction practices, and off-system bridge administration, including funding, environmental permitting, and interagency cooperation and partnering. This synthesis contains information drawn from survey responses from U.S. state departments of transportation and local transportation agencies, a literature search and review, an owner survey, and a survey of bridge product producers.


Toquantifyperformanceof3Dtime-lapseelectricalresistivity tomography ERT, a sequential injection/withdrawal experiment was designed for monitoring the pump-and-capture remediation of a conductive solute in an unconfined alluvial aquifer. Prior information is incorporated into the inversion procedure via regularization with respect to a reference model according to threeprotocols:1independentregularizationinvolvingasingle reference model, 2 background regularization involving a referencemodelobtainedviainversionofpreinjectiondata,and3 time-lapseregularizationinvolvinganevolvingreferencemodel obtained via inversion of data from previous experimental stages.Emplacementandsequentialwithdrawalofthesoluteisclearly imaged for all protocols. Time-lapse regularization results in greater amounts of model structure, while providing significantcomputationalsavings.ERT-estimatedelectricalconductivity is used to predict solute concentration and solute mass in the aquifer. At any experimental stage, we are able to estimate total solute mass in the aquifer with a maximum accuracy of 60%‐85% depending on regularization protocol and survey geometry.Wealsoestimatethewithdrawnsolutemassforeveryexperimentalstagethechangeinmassbetweenexperimentalstages. Withdrawn mass estimates are more reliable than total mass estimates and do not exhibit systematic underprediction or dependence on regularization protocol. Withdrawn mass estimates areaccurateforchangesinmassbelow2‐4 kgofpotassiumbromide KBr for horizontal and vertical dipole-dipole surveys, respectively. Estimating the withdrawn solute mass does not require background subtraction and, thus, does not require backgrounddata.


Patients — and textbook authors — often believe that severe chest pain is more likely to indicate heart attack than is milder chest pain. Researchers conducted a secondary analysis of a prospective study of 3306 patients with chest pain …


The aim of this article is to analyse the various industrial processes in the Ajaokuta and the waste products each produces, with the view to highlighting some conservation measures that will enhance the environmental management plan of the Ajaokuta steel complex. A background information was provided on the general production system of steel, was provided, before a detailed description of major plants in the complex that produce environmental wastes, these included Sintering Plant, Cake Oven, Blast Furnance, Iron and steel making plants, Rolling Mills and the Thermal Power Plant. Pollution inventory of these were made and its highlights revealed that the Cake oven and Sinter plants are highly polluting, while the Electric Arc Furnanace (EAF) and Electric Induction Furnanace ( EIF) plants that use scrap and DRI are relatively less polluting due to lower scales of operation and the nature of the feedstock being used in the Ajaokuta complex. Generally the air pollutants most visible are those of particulate matter, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. Some corrective measures were proposed including the introduction of emission control technologies like scrubbers, bag filters and electro static precipitators. Water quantity and quality measures were also recommended in order to reduce water use from the existing 15m 3 /tcs to less than 5m 3 /tcs. Similarly the existing volume of solid waste being generated by the processes inventoried at 600 to 800kg per ton of steel and adequate measures were recommended in order to reduce it to the global average of 400 to 500 kg per ton of steel.


Maximizing the heat transfer and reducing both the flow resistance and the overall size are vital in heat exchangers design. In view of that, in the present study circular and elliptical tubes were studied as the basic components of heat exchangers. The tubes were arranged to form single in line circular and elliptical tube arrays. The circular tube array consists of 10 tubes with diameter of 22.25 mm, while the elliptical tube array consists of 18 tubes with axis ratio of 0.3. In both arrays, 6.2 mm gab between each two adjacent tubes was kept. The experiments were conducted in a closed loop thermal wind tunnel facility with a 305 mm x 305 mm x 600 mm test section. The study was for heating of air via water in cross flow. For the two arrays, Rea was ranged from 17000 to 49000, and mw was varied from 0.01 to 0.11 kg/s. The study revealed that mainly the Reynolds number controls the heat transfer mechanism at the air side. Correlations in term of Nua and Sta variations with Rea were established. Also, the pressure drop across the arrays was observed and the results were correlated in term of P<jc as a function of Rea. The results concluded that enhancement in the heat transfer of 70 % and reductions in the pressure drop of 79 % were achieved by utilizing the elliptical tubes as relative to the circular tubes. For the water flow, the variation of Nuw with Rew was observed. An overall combined correlation applicable for the water flow inside the circular and elliptical tube arrays was established.


The main idea dominating the current trends in VLSI circuits is to offer large scale integration coupled with extensive power reduction solutions, even with newer devices and topologies[1]-[2]. However the significant increase in the gate switching energy results in higher power dissipation and costly heat sinks. At that point, to constrain the dissipation of power, elective arrangements at various level of deliberation are suggested. The power dissipation is significantly reduced by the adiabatic logic structure at the expense of circuit complexity to accomplish low power dissipation, switching procedures are used. Adiabatic logic discussed here provides an approach to use the energy repeatedly that is put away in the load capacitors. This paper briefs some of the adiabatic logic families such as PFAL and SAL. It aims at comparing the effectiveness of adiabatic logic with respect to power dissipation and delay. The implementation of the 4 bit CLA validates the credibility of the logic. A graph has been plotted to show the effect of temperature on sub threshold adiabatic logic based 4 bit CLA. The simulation results obtained from the vituoso environment of cadence tool suggests three folds power reduction in the ECRL topology as compared to the other existing topology.


A centrally planned two-storey building of the late 11th century in England is sufficiently remarkable to warrant the most careful study ; all the more surprising is the comparative neglect of the Bishop's Chapel of St. Katherine and St. Mary Magdalene in the precinct of Hereford Cathedral when it is remembered that this is the only Anglo-Norman chapel of the kind known to have been built in this country.1 The Chapel no longer stands ; the only surviving fragment is the north wall, which remains almost to the full height incorporated in and forming part of the south wall of the south walk of the abbey cloister. To this entirely functional use it owes its preservation. The rest of the building was quite deliberately demolished, and with little reason, by Bishop Egerton in about 1737. The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the Chapel in plan and elevational section from the accounts of the 18th-century topographers, with the surviving fragment as a basis for measurement and a yardstick by which to check the accuracy of the topographer's drawings.2 The building presents peculiarities of form which are baffling if read solely in an English context. Only by adducing Continental parallels does the form become explicable. It is also to our present purpose that the process shows the reliance that may be placed upon the sketches of one of our greatest topographer-antiquaries, William Stukeley. First, something must be said of the sources of the design and the reason for the adoption of it at Hereford. Direction is given to our enquiries at an early stage by William of Malmesbury, in his Gesta Pontificum, who tells us that Robert of Lorraine, proficient in the arts, succeeded to the bishopric (at Hereford) and built there a chapel after the pattern of that at Aachen.3 The Bishop's Chapel, as reconstructed in the following paper, exhibits all the features of the Rhineland ' doppel-capellen ', the double chapels that are found especially in that area and only most rarely elsewhere.4 Robert held the See from 1079 to 1095, therefore the building is closely dated ; it is in fact the second earliest surviving example of the kind to which a definite date is assignable. William of Malmesbury was writing in 1125 only forty-six years after the event; thus archaeological and near-contemporary evidence are allied.