The 2016 report from the International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems (IPES-Food) called for the transformation of global food systems by moving from largescale industrial monocultures to diversified food and farming systems using agroecological principles (IPES-Food 2016). The report identified eight major lock-ins that keep food systems from changing, and the central one that compounds the other seven is the concentration of economic and political power over the food system held by large multinational corporations. Understanding the power of such a lock-in falls within the realm of political economy. One definition of political economy is the understanding of how political and economic power can impact and capture different systems, and supposedly, how this understanding can help develop alternatives to this power. In the case of our food and farming systems, power impacts everything from the natural resource base of farms, to markets, to social relations, to policy. As we have seen over the past several decades, this power has become concentrated in the hands of large transnational corporations who are often vertically integrated from the farm to the market. They also wield considerable political power through lobbying and advertising. As discussed in the IPES-Food report mentioned earlier, this concentration of power has put our food systems on a path that is not sustainable. Confronting this power structure in order to put our food system back on a sustainable path, especially with agroecology, is our challenge. How a political economy focus can help move food and farming systems toward sustainability was the focus of a 2-day workshop organized jointly by the International Panel of Experts in Sustainable Food Systems (IPES-Food) and the International Development Center (IDC) at the University of Sussex in Brighton, United Kingdom, on 4–5 June 2018. Based on a series of thematic discussions, the event served as a forum to share, gain critical feedback on, and enrich the emerging political economy approach of leading food systems thinkers. At the event, participants had an opportunity to: ● Explore key food system issues through political economy analyses, including the themes of diversity and innovation, food-health nexus, emerging consumption trends, agroecology, food sovereignty, power in the food system, material and knowledge politics; ● Address opportunities and challenges in engaging research with change in policy and practice – e.g., transdisciplinarity, science–policy interactions, scholar-activism, the politics of knowledge and impact, communications with different audiences; ● Hone political economy methods/methodologies; ● Deepen connections between participants, share complementary values and approaches; ● Horizon-scan for upcoming topics and challenges in food systems that would benefit from a transdisciplinary political economy approach.


This discussion tells how to calculate the hydrostatic head (bottom-hole pressure) of a gas-cut mud column. An assumption is made to neglect friction loss effect, whereas real behavior and bypassing of gas are accounted for. Input data are density of gas-out mud, density of gas-free mud, diameter of borehole, diameter of the drill string in the borehole, relative density of gas, temperature of return mud, dynamic bottom-hole temperature of return mud, dynamic bottom-hole temperature, wellhead pressure, depth of formation causing gas cutting, and well depth. Iterative calculations are made using programs written for a computer, and a numerical solution is obtained for the length of the gas-out liquid column to a selected pressure increment. 10 references.


Tourism product diversification becomes important not only to attract wider a range of tourists and increase market-share but also to ensure adaptation and resilience to enable tourist destinations to effectively prepare for crises. This study examines whether tourism product diversification enhances adaptability in order to make tourist destinations in Libya more resilient. The study examines the diverse patterns of tourism product development. It does this in relation to the patterns of use of alternative and mass tourism products, and the patterns of relationships between these products, for the cases of Tripoli and Alkhoms.Three frameworks were developed deductively in order to understand and evaluate these research issues. They were applied then to assess the patterns of development, the relationships between tourism products, and their influence on inherent economic resilience. Primary qualitative data were collected by means of in-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with respondents from the supply and demand sides of the tourism industry. Observation and various other secondary data sources were also utilized. The collected data were critically analyzed and interpreted in relation to the themes identified in the frameworks.It was found that diverse patterns of development and relationships evolved between the tourism products. Alkhoms depended on promoting two concentrated types of tourism products that are consumed in different seasons by completely separated sectors (domestic and international tourists). By contrast, Tripoli has developed a wider range of tourism products enabling it to attract larger numbers of tourists from both sectors, and thus it was less influenced by seasonality and forces of decline. In addition, spatial proximity and thematic features have encouraged more businesses - related to tourism to agglomerate near to Tripoli's tourist attractions, resulting in stronger linkages of compatibility and complementarity between its tourist attractions. Such agglomeration has led to more job generation and an improved ability to adapt to change, resulting in greater inherent economic resilience. In contrast, in Alkhoms, the spatial proximities between the main two dissimilar attractions have not been properly exploited. This has caused them to be managed and marketed in isolation, and resulted in Alkhoms having less resilience in the face of seasonality effects and other forces of change. It is argued that destinations that enjoy a wider range and scale of tourism products can develop ways of collaborating that could increase the flexibility and adaptability of the tourism offerings. This can mean they are better placed to meet the changeable and sophisticated needs of tourists, thereby nurturing economic resilience.


Rational and Objectives. Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI offers the potential to provide quantitative maps of tumor perfusion parameters and is therefore expected to play an important role in the study of cancer in small animal models. Extraction of such information from DCE-MRI data requires a methodology for determination of the arterial input function (AIF) for the target tissues. An MRI based method for observation of the AIF in a mouse model is demonstrated in the present report.


In all the methods of separation for the rasemic mix in the amino-acids D and L having major applicability the hydrolysis stereo-selective process for N-acil amino-acids by different Acilases. The Acilase (C.E.184.108.40.206) is a dimer with the molecular mass of 85500 and each sub-unit is constituted by 772 aa. The practical importance of this enzyme is the great stereo-specificity in relation to the acylic derivation of N-amino-acids. The Acilases with different origins have a wide application in biotechnology for the separation of rasemic mixtures of amino-acids in the form of insoluble heterogeneous catalysers. The Acilase I is a dimeric enzyme and the Kinetics of the thermal inactivation of the dimeric enzymes is done in two stages and corresponds to the Kinetic mechanism of the disociactive thermal inactivation of an active dimer which easily dissociates and is reversible in inactive sub-units. OBJECTIVE: To study the properties of the process of association – dissociation of the Acilase I and the Thermal Inactivation of the Acilase I. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A preparation was used of Amino-acilase I with pig kidneys from the Reanal firm. The substrate used is the N-acetil-D-L Metionine from the firm Fluka. The activity of the acilase I was determined in the spectrophotometer Hitachi 124 at 238 nm. The concentration of the substrate was at 0.2 M in 0.15M phosphate tampon – pH 7.25. RESULTS: The specific activity of the acilase I reduces with the increases of the concentration of the Enzyme; this is related to the association of the Acilase I in less active forms of the Enzyme. The Kinetic scheme was studied with the thermal inactivation of the dimeric enzyme – Acilase I that includes the reversible dissociation of the active dimmer in inactive monomers. The characteristics of the Kinetic parameters were calculated for thermal inactivation of a dimeric enzyme. The study influences the product of the reaction L Metionine in the associativedissociative processes of the Acilase I. CONCLUSIONS: The Acilase I is an associative enzyme of the allosteric type. The L-Metionine activates the reaction catalyzed by the Acilase I; the activation is achieved as a result of the dissociation of the inactive oligomeric forms of the Acilase I reaching the active dimmer for high concentrations of L-Metionine. The Kinetic analysis is amplified with the processes of inactivation with complex systems which cannot be completely described by Kinetic schemes.


Background: The reflection process is considered an extremely critical phase for the self-improvement of prospective teachers. During the practicum, students design, implement and evaluate their observations on children during the school program. The later phase of feedback to the university gives them the opportunity to reflect on a group level. The process of critical reflection is important because they detect the errors and redesign the observation process. Materials and Methods: The sample consists of 210 students in the 2nd year at the Department of Preschool Education, University of Thessaly in Greece, during the academic year 2018 2019. The methodology that was used was a qualitative discourse analysis of student evaluation guides. Results: The findings highlight the importance of critical thinking and group reflection. Also, students faced many difficulties that have analyzed during their feedback and reflection. The results approve that the training programs need improvement. Conclusion:The competence of educators is not limited to the percentage of knowledge they have but to the decision-making process before, during and after teaching. In these phases, the critical thinking approach is extremely important, because the result of the teaching practice is determined and leads the pedagogue to his evolution. Key Word: reflection, collective reflection, prospective teachers views, practicum, teacher education -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 06-04-2020 Date of Acceptance: 19-05-2020 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


The preservative effect on the fish of Amomum tsao-ko extract was investigated by soaking the fish in 0.3% Amomum tsao-ko extract and compared with that of 0.3% potassium sorbate solution.The results showed that Amomum tsao-ko extract can significantly inhibit bacterial growth and reproduction in the fish,and slow down the increase of TVB-N and pH values of the fish.In addition,it can lower the decline rate of the sensory quality of the fish.The Amomum tsao-ko extract has similar antibacterial and antioxidant effects to potassium sorbate.


Assessment of the functional disturb ances brought about by respiratory disease is an integral component of the clinical exami nation of any patient with respiratory symp toms. Just as no physical examination is complete without measurement of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, so the recording of the forced vital capacity maneuver (FVC), from which the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) can be determined, is an essential parameter in the documentation of the status of the respiratory system. In addi tion, the clinical examination should include an assessment of the patient's exercise toler ance. From these simple determinations of function in the office or at the bedside, along with the history, physical examination, and chest roentgenogram, the attending physician gains an impression of the disease process and type of physiologic disturbance present, and of the extent of the disability that has resulted from the pulmonary disorder. All patients with respiratory symptoms, whether or not a spirometric abnormality has been demonstrated, should then be referred to a laboratory for further assessment in order to supplement and quantitate the disturb ances in respiratory function. The extent of this further evaluation depends on the sophis tication of the laboratory, for not all of the tests can be performed in most hospitals, and indeed not all patients need to have the more sophisticated tests. As a minimum, however, the studies should include measurement of the lung volume and further assessment of ventilatory function, as well as determination of the status of gas exchange and acid-base balance, both at rest and during exercise. From repeated determinations of pulmonary function one is able to follow the progress of the disease process and to assess the effect of therapeutic regimens.


The importance of interdisciplinarity in the teaching-learning process has been much debated. This topic has challenged schoolteachers, who do not always manage to integrate interdisciplinarity into the school routine. This paper emerged from the discipline Research Methodology taught at the postgraduate course in education of Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. During this course, we sought to gain knowledge about the academic production related to interdisciplinarity in the teaching-learning process, mainly in terms of teacher training and teaching practice, published in dissertations and theses. We explored contents published from 2011 to 2016 in Brazil. The covered period was based on a search for recent productions on the proposed theme, conducted by using the database of the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. Analyses of the documents pointed to the need to work interdisciplinarity during teacher training courses and to adopt an interdisciplinary posture in daily teaching practice in schools. These practices should help to overcome compartmentalization of the teaching-learning process and to provide students with a global view of the world.


This paper describes a significant public sector reform implemented by the Government of Haryana. The salary bill of the state-owned enterprises constitutes a major chunk of their expenditure. The periodic revision of pay scales of the employees of these enterprises used to be based on the existing pay scales and had no linkage to their performance. The State Government, however, digressed from the conventional approach and made the revision of pay scales of the employees incumbent upon the performance of these enterprises, their profitability and their capacity to pay. This case study contains relevant details of one of the loss making enterprises in the social sector, the objective criteria specified by the State Government for considering the revision of pay scales of such enterprises and the corrective measures adopted to make the enterprise self-sustaining.


A condensation of "The Identification of Pissodes strobi, P. approximatus, and P. nemorensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Using Discriminant Analysis," published recently in Annals of the Entomological Society of America (Vol 75, No. 6). The authors are with USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Center for Biological Control of Northeastern Forest Insects and Diseases, Hamden, CT 06514. l . Godwin, Harry T. Vale tine, and


Education, both formal and non-formal, has a very vital role in the process of deradicalization in Indonesia. However, education can also be a forum for radicalism to emerge, considering that there are several schools that are made "different" with certain concepts to instill radicalism. This article provides a description to see how Islamic boarding schools and madrasas in Indonesia counteract radicalism in Indonesia. Islamic boarding schools are traditional Islamic educational institutions that exist to understand, appreciate and practice the teachings of the Islamic religion (tafaqquh fiddin) by emphasizing religious morals as guidelines for daily life in society. Pesantren is the oldest educational institution in Indonesia which has an important contribution in educating the nation's life. This institution deserves to be taken into account in the development of the Indonesian nation in the fields of education, religion and morals. Viewed historically, pesantren have had extraordinary experiences in fostering, educating and developing the community around them.
Keywords: pesantren, madrasah, radicalism


Hyalella is a genus of epigean freshwater amphipods endemic to the Americas. The study of morphological characters alone has traditionally dominated the description of new species. Recently, molecular systematics tools have contributed to identifying many cryptic species and a high level of convergent evolution in species complexes from North America and the South American highlands. In this study, we evaluate for the first time the molecular diversity in Hyalella spp. in Uruguay, a country located in the humid pampa ecoregion, based on four molecular markers. Thus, we investigate the systematic position of H. curvispina in the context of the available phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. Phylogenetic and morphological analyses confirm that there is a "curvispina complex". This complex includes H. curvispina and several similar morphological forms but is paraphyletic in relation to some altiplano species. In addition, we found one provisional new species. The results obtained are contrasted with previous studies to help understand the mechanisms of genetic differentiation and speciation of the genus, which seems to have a strong tendency towards morphological convergence.


The purpose of this study is to explore the future vision and policy direction in the educational fields of Korea in the next 30 years. This study...


This study was inspired by the proposed Thames Gateway Bridge between Beckton and Woolwich and addresses the problem of calculating the long term economic impact of major capital projects, such as bridges. The study of medieval crossings of the Thames reveals that of 18 medieval bridges, only one was allowed to fall into neglect and disappear; the others, once built, remained, and were improved and enlarged and in most cases they or their successors are still present. The conclusion is that in the long term, perhaps the very long term, such capital projects rarely fail to be economically advantageous.


Drawing on the body of North American literature related to English dialect-speaking Indigenous students schooled in majority group classrooms, this commentary paper explores two aspects of institutional racism at work in Saskatchewan schools: (a) the disproportionate representation of First Nations and Metis students in remedial language and speech programs and (b) the relationship and power imbalance between differences in home and school English varieties and educational attainment.


The writing of the Taccuini expresses d'Annunzio's tension to appropriate 'things', to decipher their language and to bring out their full-bodied evidence, achieving results comparable to the highest ones of his poetry. Starting from this persuasion, the present contribution highlights as the primary tool of this perceptive ability and of the poetics that is based on it is for the writer the body, which however in the transformations to which it is subject conditions and limits this ability and over time it loses it, precisely because of the particular visionary intensity that characterized it. It is a parable that must be read as internal to the biographical path of the writer (illness, old age), therefore interpreted without the ideological and moralistic conditionings that still weigh on a correct collocation and understanding of d'Annunzio's experimentalism.


Against the background of a recommended hysterectomy, this article examines the current requirement in Saudi Arabia for the husband's consent for any medical procedure that affects the reproductive ability of his wife. The history and background of this decree is explained, along with the major arguments for its support. Additionally, the legitimacy of the requirement is discussed from the Islamic and legal perspectives. Special attention is given to relevant cultural considerations, such as the family unit, the medical community, and the larger Saudi society. Arguments advocating for discontinuing the requirement are offered along with measures to implement in order to overcome this social artifact.


The herbal immunomodulator was evaluated in immunosupressed broiler birds in terms of body weight gain. The treatment with Ocimum sanctum and Emblica officinalis @ 3 gm /kg feed for 2 weeks were found to be effective immunomodulator in increasing body weight gain in broiler birds.


Put forward a kind of equilibrium points control method and a kind of non-linear synchronization control method for a kind of finance systems. Equilibrium points controller is got on the basis of VFC(State variables feedback control) and stability theory. Non-linear synchronization controller is got on the basis of Routh criterion. Theoretic analysis and numerical simulation show the correctness of two methods. Furthermore, both two methods can be applied to other finance system's synchronization and equilibrium points control.


This paper summarizes the differences existing in the study of the distribution of sports facilities at home and aboard by studying and analyzing the main trend and views in this field in China and other countries. It is concluded that the differences can be reflected in the following three aspects: 1) As for the breadth of the study, foreign scholars make a further study on the evaluation of sports facilities distribution, the trends, factors of changes, strategy, and whether they promote economic development, while Chinese scholars only focus the study on their current state, principles, relation with regional development, and related factors. 2) In terms of studying methods, foreign scholars pay attention to empirical research and analysis on distribution tends and characteristics of the facilities dynamically, while Chinese scholars generally analyze the overall situations of the distribution statically, so they often fail to make further study on comprehensive explanation of the development trends of the facilities distribution and influencing factors. 3) For study of the distribution strategy of the sports facilities, foreign scholars pay more attention to the macro control actions of the government on the use of the public finance, urban development plan and intervening of site selection, and the employment union's franchise of the sports facilities, those are of important significance for enrichment of the study of site selection. Chinese scholars only study the goals, model, and principles for optimization of the site selection. From the results above, this paper considers that the study of distribution of sports facilities should focus on the following four aspects: figure out the relation between sports facilities distribution and regional city development, study the distribution of the sports facilities dynamically and statically, pay attention to the optimization strategy of the space layout, and improve the evaluation methods.


Review(s) of: A soldier's soldier: A biography of Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Daly, by Jeffrey Grey, Cambridge University Press (in association with the Army History Unit): Melbourne, 2013, 249 pp., ISBN 978-1-107-03127-2, RRP $59.95 (hardback).


New testing procedures for determining road emissions of exhaust pollutants for passenger vehicles were established in 2018. New road testing procedures are designed to determine actual exhaust emissions, which may not always reflect laboratory emissions. Test procedures for the emission of pollutants in real traffic conditions are divided into four stages. The latest research on the emission of pollutants from motor vehicles in road traffic conditions, carried out using mobile measuring systems, reflects the actual ecological state of vehicles. The article compares the results of exhaust emissions obtained in road tests using the latest legislative proposals for passenger cars. Then, an attempt was made to determine the engine operating parameters in which exhaust road emission would be the lowest. Solution scenarios were defined as part of permissible changes to dynamic parameters that are included in European legislation on RDE testing. For this purpose, an optimization tool was used, allowing on the basis of given input data to determine the minimum objective function, defined as the smallest emission value of individual harmful compounds. The results of the exhaust gas emissions in the RDE test were used to determine the road emissions of individual harmful compounds. A thorough analysis of the emission intensity of individual compounds has shown that it is possible to approximate such values using functional relationships or adopting them as a constant value. This division was used to determine the extremes (in this case the minima) of the objective function (minimum road emissions of harmful exhaust compo-nents). This task resulted in obtaining (within the permissible tolerances of all driving parameters and durations of individual road test sections) the value of exhaust emissions in the range from 26% to 81% lower than in the actual road test. This means that there is a tolerance range, where you can obtain the value of emissions in road tests. As a result, you can use the process of determining the minimum emissions tests RDE calibration of the drive units already at the stage of preparation so that in the real traffic conditions characterized by the lowest exhaust emissions.


Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of anesthesia induction between inhalation of sevoflurane and intravenous injection of propofol for laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion in adults. Methods:Eighty patients,ASA physical grade I-II,scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery involving lower extremities were allocated to 2 groups at random. Patients in group P received intravenous induction of propofol infusion by a target-controlled infusion system,which was set at the effect-site concentration of 6.0 mg/L. Patients in group S received inhalation induction with sevoflurane using vital capacity manoeuver at the target of end-expiratory concentration of 4.0%. The whole procedure of anesthesia induction and LMA insertion were observed. The changes in hemodynamic state and occurrence of adverse events were recorded. Results:More than 95% patients achieved LMA insertion at first attempt using either induction manoeuver. Although the time of consciousness loss was 21s longer in group S than that of group P,there was no difference in anesthesia induction time for LMA insertion between the two groups. Contrary to a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure following induction in patients of group P,the patients remained hemodynamically stable in group S. The occurrence of apnea was also significantly seldom in group S as compared to that of group P (15% vs 72.5%,P 0.05). Conclusion:As compared to intravenous induction with propofol,inhalation induction with sevoflurane provides a valuable alternative for LMA insertion in adults.


Abstract Atomic layer deposition onto highly porous anodic aluminium oxide templates was used to fabricate the arrays of TiO2 nanotubes. The as-prepared nanotubes were amorphous and subsequently transformed to crystalline phase, anatase, by thermal annealing at the temperature of 400–500 °C. These nanotube arrays were used for Li-ion storage as anode materials. A comparative study for the electrochemical performance of amorphous and crystalline anatase nanotube-array-based anodes has been presented. Amorphous nanotube-array-based anodes showed very high irreversible capacity compared to the anatase ones. Reversible capacity of ∼177 mAh/g was achieved from anatase nanotube-array-based anode, which was close to the maximum obtainable capacity, known as maximum theoretical capacity from bulk anatase phase reported.


Summary form only given. ASML continues to pursue a phased R&D program leading to insertion of EUV lithography tools at the 50 nm node. ASML have addressed technical issues through risk reduction efforts in key subsystem areas including source, optics, contamination control and vacuum stages. In the next phase, which started early 2000, ASML is designing and realizing an alpha tool. This high NA, full field scanner will demonstrate solutions to all high risk areas by end of 2003. This alpha tool is part of a recent EUV program in Europe executed within the MEDEA+ framework with parallel project on source, mask and process. The paper will discuss why EUV is the preferred next generation lithography. The key elements being investigated by the alpha tool project and recent progress are shared. Finally it will be explained how the alpha tool program fits into the overall ASML EUV program which will lead to the insertion of high throughput production tools with aggressive specifications for CD control, overlay and cost of ownership.


A prevalent but untested paradigm is often used to describe the prominence–cavity system: the cavity is under-dense because it is evacuated by supplying mass to the condensed prominence. The thermal non-equilibrium (TNE) model of prominence formation offers a theoretical framework to predict the thermodynamic evolution of the prominence and the surrounding corona. We examine the evidence for a prominence–cavity connection by comparing the TNE model with diagnostics of dynamic extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission surrounding the prominence, specifically prominence horns. Horns are correlated extensions of prominence plasma and coronal plasma which appear to connect the prominence and cavity. The TNE model predicts that large-scale brightenings will occur in the Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Imaging Assembly 171 Å bandpass near the prominence that are associated with the cooling phase of condensation formation. In our simulations, variations in the magnitude of footpoint heating lead to variations in the duration, spatial scale, and temporal offset between emission enhancements in the other EUV bandpasses. While these predictions match well a subset of the horn observations, the range of variations in the observed structures is not captured by the model. We discuss the implications of our one-dimensional loop simulations for the three-dimensional time-averaged equilibrium in the prominence and the cavity. Evidence suggests that horns are likely caused by condensing prominence plasma, but the larger question of whether this process produces a density-depleted cavity requires a more tightly constrained model of heating and better knowledge of the associated magnetic structure.


Interactive new media art is at the forefront of these concerns. The artist strives to create work, which is accessible to everyone, no matter what their age, education or background. In the hope that the work will encourage the passive consumer to become an active part of the piece, embracing notions of dialogue and exchange. Interactive artists challenge the status quo of the art world and of elite institutions, creating artwork that is for the masses.


Handheld tillers are the main tilling machinery in hilly areas, with rotavators as the main tilling parts of the machines. The soil move, soil-cutting force and power consumption, accompanying the tilling process, are crucial to the performance of a handheld tiller. In this study, rotavators were chosen as a case study, and soil-cutting model of the rotavators was built and solved, by Finite Element Method (FEM), for the soil-cutting performance analysis, and the effectiveness of the analysis was validated as well, which will benefit and provide reference for design, optimization, and performance match of the handheld tillers. The results showed that: 1) during tilling process, particles of the top layer soil get the highest velocity and acceleration, and velocity and acceleration of middle layer and bottom layer particles decrease sequentially; 2) soil-cutting force of the rotavators increases to a maximum, and it gradually decreases to reach a relatively stable status with a certain fluctuation; 3) power consumption, combination of kinetic power and internal power, is mainly consumed by means of internal energy, and the ratio of kinetic power and internal power is 1: 9.5.


Article information Background: Subcostal transversus abdominis plane [TAP] block is a peripheral nerve block that provide effective analgesia after upper abdominal surgery. Epidural analgesia is considered the gold standard of analgesia but not suitable for all patients. The Aim of The Work: In this study we compared the efficacy of subcostal TAP analgesia, to epidural analgesia in major upper abdominal surgeries. Patients and Methods: Eighty-four patients allocated into two groups [42 patients in each]: epidural group [Group E] and subcostal TAP group [group S]. Patients in both groups received preoperative bolus dose of 10 ml bupivacaine 0.5% plus 100 mg magnesium sulphate in 20 ml normal saline and received postoperative infusion of 20 ml bupivacaine 0.5% plus 100 mg magnesium sulphate in 50ml saline at a rate 6 ml/hour for 72 hours. The primary outcome was the total postoperative morphine consumption. Secondary outcomes were time to the first rescue analgesia, pain score at rest and cough, hemodynamic changes, postoperative sedation score and adverse effects. Results: There was significant increase in total postoperative morphine consumption in group S [9.51 ± 6.46] compared to group E [4.77 ± 3.74] [P < 0.001]. There was significant increase in pain score in group S compared to group E during rest and cough postoperatively at all time periods. Sedation score is significantly higher in group E rather than group S. Conclusion: Epidural analgesia and subcostal TAP catheter infusion analgesia, both provide adequate postoperative analgesia in favor of epidural analgesia, but subcostal TAP avoids major drawbacks of epidural analgesia. Hence, subcostal TAP catheter may be an effective alternative to epidural catheter for providing postoperative analgesia after major upper abdominal surgeries. Comparative Study between Subcostal Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Analgesia and Epidural Analgesia in Upper Abdominal Surgeries.


We study finite‐size effects on the anomalous dimensions of two‐impurity operators at four loops in 𝒩 = 4 SYM and of single‐impurity operators at the critical order up to nine loops in the β‐deformed version of the theory.


According to Scott (1989) many, if not all, selection theories are mechanistic and assume that evolutionary change proceeds solely from a group of external processes called selection that act on a passive organism (p. 203). In contrast to this, the author proposes an approach on the basis of systems theory which he claims will overcome the problem inherent in the theories. His own theoretical framework is based on the tendencies of systems towards stability and to developing complexity. For Scott, social behavior is a buffer between the individual and differential survival, because it creates the very variation which allows the individual to adapt to a variety of ecological and social conditions. The process begins when genes interact and produce a behavioral phenotype in either of two ways: first, there are strictly organized behavior patterns (fixed action patterns) which can react only to a limited set of situations. Thus it would become necessary for an organism to develop a range of such patterns to be able to react to many possible situations. Secondly, there is the evolutionary tendency for individuals to develop a small number of relatively variable patterns which then are adapted to different environmental conditions through learning. Finally, the author assumes that the social and ecological conditions these behavior patterns create (i.e., relationships and social structures) have a strong feedback on differential survival itself. Scott's approach is appealing because it could provide the basis for an interesting insight into the evolution and the organization of behavior.


1-Trifluoroacetyl-3-dialkylaminomethyl-5-monosubstituted benzimidazoline-2-thiones have been synthesized from p-substituted anilines which were acetylated with trifluoroacetic acid. The trifluoroacetanilides were nitrated, reduced and cyclised with carbon disulphide in the presence of alcoholic potassium hydroxide and finally treated with formaldehyde and suitable secondary amines to afford the Mannich bases. The compounds were characterised by their analytical and spectral (ir, pmr, 19F and mass) data. The synthesized compounds have been screened for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity and found to be active.


Objective
To investigate the effect of plasma exchange and double plasma exchange on serum triglyceride clearance and complications in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

Methods
The clinical data of 40 patients with severe acute pancreatitis were analyzed retrospectively, according to the plasma exchange treatment, the patients were divided into two groups, with 20 cases in each group, the glycerol triacetate (ester) clearance rates, complications and therapeutic effects were compared.

Results
The glycerol triacetate (ester) clearance rate of double plasma exchange group in different periods were 51.9%, 81.0% and 90.2%, which were significantly higher than those of the plasma exchange group (36.1%, 66.0% and 84.9%), the differences between the two groups were significant (P<0.05); the plasma transfusion related complications occurred in 7 cases in plasma exchange group, and double plasmapheresis group had 1 case, there was significant difference (P<0.05).

Conclusions
Plasma exchange and double plasma exchange can effectively reduce the serum triglyceride concentration in patients with hyperlipidemia. In comparison, the double plasma exchange rate is faster, and the other complications of double plasma exchange are significantly lower than those of plasma exchange except the respiratory failure.

Key words:
Dlasma exchange; Double plasma exchange; Severe acute pancreatitis; Triglyceride


Background: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem. Response rates to current standard of treatment (pegylated IFNs and ribavirin) are low in patients with the prevailing genotype 1. Objective: To review papers published or presented at recent international meetings showing the results of trials of new anti-HCV drugs. Methods: Literature search using the terms 'antivirals', 'interferon', 'pegylated interferon', 'ribavirin', 'polymerase inhibitors', 'protease inhibitors', 'cyclophilin inhibitors' and 'hepatitis C virus'. Search of abstracts containing the same terms in the title and presented at the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases 2007 and at the European Association for the Study of the Liver 2008 meetings. Results/conclusion: Preliminary results of Phase II studies of new compounds look promising, although side effects are higher than with current standard of treatment.


This bachelor thesis is concerned with the analysis of development system in the company ON Semiconductor Czech Republic, s.r.o. In the theoretical part is performed a literary search concentrated on the basis and process of developing employees. Within the practical part is performed the analysis of present development system in the company ON Semicon-ductor Czech Republic, s.r.o. On the basis of evaluation the results of the analysis and con-frontation the results with the theory are suggested recommendations for improvement of the development system in the company. The whole development system is structured and offers many development activities. However there is still space for its improvement.


Project abstract: Why do elites ever agree to give power to groups that could shift the balance? What informs their decisions towards this radical political change? These are the serious questions and dilemmas that democratization literature has been tackling since its emergence as a newly organized body of work. The literature on enfranchisement can be roughly organized around two competing frameworks, which are elite-based (Acemoglu and Robinson, 2006; Boix, 2003; Llavador and Oxoby, 2005) and bottom-up explanations (Collier, 1999; Rueschemeyer et al., 1992; Teele, 2018). Nevertheless, these rival frameworks mostly formulated to address the enfranchisement of economic classes – and less so for women suffrage – fall short of accounting for racial enfranchisement mostly due to 1) irreducible numerical specificity of racial minorities, 2) considerable likelihood of electoral retaliation triggered by such reforms, and 3) class-based conception of society in most of these accounts. In this project, I seek to address this blind-spot in democratization literature by tackling the question: Why did the United States and Germany extend the franchise to racialized minorities respectively in the 1960s and 1990s whereas Austria persisted their disenfranchising citizenship policy. Inspired by the methodological tradition of CHA, my study relies on textual analysis of legislative proceedings, party-programs, newspaper contents, judicial records, and other important documents. My preliminary expectations suggest that ideational change plays a crucial role in racial enfranchisement. The emergence of a counter-hegemonic elite group with a new and more expanded notion of democratic peoplehood will foster the opening of existing democratic institutions to new comers, and their leverage over pro-status-quo groups in key veto player institutions is necessary for them to institutionalize their new conception through these radical political reforms of suffrage extension to racialized minorities.


Some plants of Fagaceae provide lots of honey and pollen for honey bees. In the study, we conducted a priminary study on the potential of these plants for Chinese honeybees (Apis cerana) in the midland of Ailaoshan evergreen broad-leave forest from April through July 2007. During the period, three plant species of Fagaceae, including Lithocarpus xylocaspus, Lithocarpus chintungenfis and Castanopsis wattii, are exploited by the bees. These species flower synchronically and last about 50 days. The honey harvest is significantly higher from the colonies at the forest edge than from the colonies within the forest and in neighboring secondary forest. A 5-frame colony at the forest edge can product about 5 kg honey during the flowering period.


The determination of the modulus tangent (Eci ) and of the modulus secant (Ecs) of the concrete can be done using compression test but, to be simpler, it is used relations with characteristic strength (fck). Relations are also used to determine the transversal modulus (Gc) and, in the case of the Poisson's ratio (ν), a fixed value 0.20 is established. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of the ultrasonic propagation waves to determine these properties. For the tests were used specimens with fck varying from 10 to 35 MPa. For the ultrasonic tests were used cylindrical and cubic specimens. The modulus of deformation obtained by ultrasound was statistically equivalent to the obtained by compression tests. The results of modules obtained using the relations with fck was far away from those obtained by ultrasound or by compression tests. The Poisson's ratio obtained by ultrasound was superior to the fixed value. We can conclude that the concrete characterization by ultrasound is consistent and, to this characterization the cylindrical specimen, normally used to determine fck, can be used.


In mid-October this year (17 October 2006), the University Senate at the Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta was convened with the task of electing a new rector for the University. The meeting, presided over by the outgoing rector Dr. Azyumardi Azra, was attended by eighty members of the University Senate. This number comprised of lecturers, assistant lecturers, and department head. Those in attendance included Dr. A. Malik Fajar (former Minister for Education), Dr. Din Syamsuddin (Head of Muhammadiyah), Professor M. Atho Mudzhar (Head of the Research and Development at the Department of Religion), Dr. Husni Rahim (Secretary of the National Higher Education Accreditation Board), and one of the leaders of MUI, Dr. Huzaemah Tahido. Amongst the more prominent of those absent - due to work commitments - were Dr. Quraish Shihab, Dr. Nasaruddin Umar, Dr. Said AqiI Husain al-Munawar, and Dr. Yunasril Ali. DOI:  10.15408/sdi.v13i3.565


Abstract The immobilization of homogeneous catalytic material over the inert heterogeneous support is a recent strategy to overcome the drawbacks and unite the merits associated with the homogeneous as well as heterogeneous catalysts. However the physisorption-induced immobilization does not serve the purpose because of its sensitive reversible nature, a tiny change in reaction parameters may revert the physisorption and so the immobilization. In this work, a new catalytic material silica chemisorbed bis(hydrogensulphato)benzene (SiO2-BHSB) was achieved through the chemisorption of bis(hydrogensulphato)benzene as an active catalytic part on the surface of porous silica. Structural features, purity, thermal stability, and acid strength of the synthesized SiO2-BHSB material were established by adequate analytical techniques, such as FT-IR, solid-state CP-MAS 13C NMR, solid-state CP-MAS 29Si NMR, EDX, DTG, TGA, and acid–base volumetric studies. An environmentally benign catalytic protocol for the synthesis of biscoumarin scaffolds through a tandem reaction between 4-Hydroxycoumarin and structurally diverse aldehydes was developed in which the synthesized material SiO2-BHSB was observed to work as an efficient and reusable catalyst. The structures of the synthesized biscoumarin derivatives were established from their physical and spectrometric data. The synthesized catalytic material was observed to show sustained catalytic activity even after five cycles of its recovery and reuse. In comparison with the earlier reported methods, a tiny amount (2.5 mol%) of catalyst is sufficient to bring out the transformation smoothly in an aqueous-based solvent, ease of recovery, and reusability of the catalyst are additional salient features of the present protocol.


The strength of concrete is considered as the most basic and important material property in the design of reinforced concrete structures. The two standard methods (ASTMC39-03 and BS1881-part 116) for determining the compressive strength of concrete are the testing to failure of cylinder and cube specimens respectively. It has become a problem to use this value as the control specimen sizes and shapes are different from country to another. This study is made to comparison between propose hexagonal specimens with the standard cylindrical one in behaviour of specimens with different sizes under compression load. The new hexagonal specimen has a cross sectional area 4% greater than the cylindrical cross section. The volume of the hexagonal specimen is approximately equal to the cylindrical ones to give a greater uniformity of results. This proposed shape has height to average diameter ratio (H/D) = 1.95. The hexagonal mould has the ease of making a control specimen while avoiding the capping process which is necessary in cylinders and reducing the cost and time it takes to prepare. When the hexagonal specimen cast in horizontal plane so no need for end preparation because the top and bottom surface of the specimen who will be in contact with platen of testing machine, are 100 % levelled and orthogonal to the height of the specimen. Results show that the mean ratio of compressive strength for


Four children with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies died of fulminant pneumococcal infection within several hours of the onset of symptoms. Two of the children had evidence suggestive of intravascular coagulation. It is proposed that sickle cell hemoglobinopathies are host factors, similar to the postsplenectomy state, that predispose the patient to fulminant pneumococcal infection. Children with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies and acute febrile illness, especially those less than 6 years of age, should receive benzyl penicillin G. Oxygen, sodium bicarbonate administered intravenously, and possibly heparin sodium should be given at the earliest sign of altered sensorium, drop in blood pressure, or the appearance of petechiae. In addition, our data support the previously reported association of single or recurrent attacks of nonfulminant pneumococcal meningitis with hemoglobin SS disease. Hemoglobin SS disease should be added to the list of causes of recurrent bacterial meningitis.


The principle and construction of common‐log extension tables for complex numbers are described. These tables are to be used in conjunction with real log tables for performing complex arithmetic. This method is many times faster than the conventional polar‐form method for manual computation using pocket calculators.


based on investigations and studies on mass sports in Beijing city, the achievements and basic experi ences of mass sports during past 50 years, especially after reform and open.


Sector partition based on airspace structure and flow is one of the effective way to improve airspace capability and crowded space,reduce controller's pressure. Controller's workload is increasing with the number of aircraft increases. To reduce the workload of controllers the sector dynamic partitioning is need to study. First,for the same time of day each waypoint altitude area control sectors within a period of flight traffic analysis to establish Delauany waypoint triangle,each time Delauany triangle is weighted in accordance with the different flight traffic,followed by clustering analysis of the generation weighted Voronoi diagram,and then using the improved Huffman coding theory given sector merged division plan. Finally,the Xiamen area control sector data is used to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.


Bilingualism is not a phenomenon of language; it is a characteristic of its use. It is not a feature of the code but of the message. It does not belong to the domain of "langue" but of "parole." If language is the property of the group, bilingualism is the property of the individual. An individual's use of two languages supposes the existence of two different language communities; it does not suppose the existence of a bilingual community. The bilingual community can only be regarded as a dependent collection of individuals who have reasons for being bilingual. A self-sufficient bilingual community has no reason to remain bilingual, since a closed community in which everyone is fluent in two languages could get along just as well with one language. As long as there are different monolingual communities, however, there is likelihood of contact between them; this contact results in bilingualism.


S OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE 23RD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AUSTRALIAN COLLEGE OF PAEDIATRICS MARCH, 1978 GASTRIC TUBE OESOPHAGOPLASTY: THE ROLE OF GASTRIN J. Pitkin and ian S. Reid Children's Medical Research Foundation Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Camperdown N.S.W. In a recent report of cases of peptic ulceration in gastric tube oesophagoplasty an hypothesis was put forward that stasis in the gastric tube caused chronic distension of the transposed antral gastrin cells, with increase secretion of gastrin and as a consequence hyperacidity and peptic ulceration in the tube. A study was therefore set up to test this hypothesis. Fasting and postal prandial serum gastrin levels were estimated in twelve children six months to four years following gastric tube oesophagoplasty. In ten children values were within the normal range of 15-50 pg/ml, two children had raised levels of 160 and 165 pg/ml respectively. Two of the cases investigated demonstrated stasis in the gastric tube. both had normal serum gastrin levels. There are no cases of peptic ulceration in the series. At operation in three oesophagoplasties tissue was taken from the "antral" (proximal) end of the gastric tube and examined electronmicroscopically. No gastrin-secreting cells were seen. In conclusion there appears to be no evidence to suggest a rise in serum gastrin following gastric tube oesophagoplasty and no indication that stasis or obstruction does result in raised serum gastrin. It is suggested that. as gastrin-secreting cells are not present in the gastric tube, one would not expect peptic ulceration to occur in such a tube by the mechanism suggested in the hypothesis. "LONG GAP" OESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA: ANASTOMOSIS OR REPLACEMENT?


The purpose of this study is to construct a web-based learning platform of Computer Support for Collaborative Design (CSCD) based on theories related to a constructivist learning environment model, mind mapping and computer-supported collaborative learning. The platform conforms to the needs of design students and provides effective tools for interaction and collaborative learning by integrating the tools of mind mapping into a learning environment that utilizes CSCD, a computer- assisted support system that can support and enhance group collaboration. The establishment of the CSCD learning platform represents a significant advance from the fixed functions and existing models of current online learning platforms and is the only learning platform in the world that focuses on learners in design departments. The platform is outstanding for its excellence, user-friendly functions, and innovative technology. In terms of funding, technical ability, human resources, organizational strategies, and risk analysis and evaluations, the learning platform is also worthy of expansion and implementation.


Sudan's people are bearing the brunt of the country's deepening economic crisis. According to Bella Bird, World Bank director for Somalia, Sudan and South Sudan, half the population is now living below the poverty line. Last August, Sudanese economist Hassan Satti estimated the real figure would likely exceed 95%.


Excessive production of superoxide by NADPH oxidase in the cerebral artery wall after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with endothelial dysfunction. We recently found that sulphonated aryls, such as suramin, display selectivity for inhibition of vascular vs phagocytic NADPH oxidase activity. Hence the aim of this study was to test whether treatment with suramin, either before or after SAH, could prevent changes in cerebral artery superoxide production and endothelium‐dependent dilatation. Autologous blood (or saline) was injected into the cisterna magna of rats 2 days before measuring basilar artery superoxide production in vitro or dilator responses in vivo using a cranial window preparation. Rats were treated 5 days before, or at the time of SAH induction, with either saline or suramin (43 mg/kg/d sc). NADPH‐induced superoxide production of isolated basilar arteries was increased by 70% after SAH (13122±2006 vs 22481±3960 counts/s/mg, P<0.05). Pre‐ or post‐treatment with suramin normalized superoxide production by the basilar artery after SAH (12138±2079 and 10450±2510, both P>0.05 vs control). Similarly, SAH attenuated dilator responses to acetylcholine by up to 80%, whereas pre‐ or post‐treatment with suramin fully normalized those responses. These findings are consistent with impaired endothelium‐dependent cerebral vasodilatation after SAH being due to inactivation of nitric oxide by NADPH oxidase‐derived superoxide. Furthermore, suramin may represent a novel therapeutic for vascular diseases involving oxidative stress, such as SAH.


The paper surveys flood myths of Turkic people. Even though, the flood myths were the object of research by many scholars, Turkic myths on this theme are left with no consideration. The first time most Kazakh myths related to deluge were compiled together and analyzed from new cultural perspective. The authors compare different versions of flood myths of Kazakh people and analyses their genesis. Kazakh myths are divided into two stages: before Islam and after Islam. In this article myths before Islam are analyzed in relation to the ancient Aryan civilization and compared to myths in Zoroastrianism. In the result of the analysis it was revealed that Kazakh myth on deluge has its own uniqueness and specific plot development. Authors believe that folkloric and cultural analysis of this topic would be one of the initial steps for further analysis in this direction and will help to preserve Kazakh oral literature on deluge. Noteworthy features of these myths include geographical names specific to the entire Turkic and Kazakh people.Key words: Qazighurt, Ararat, Noah's flood, Prophet Noah, Islam, Aryans, Zoroastrianism.


Consumers often view online consumer product review as a main channel for obtaining product quality information. Existing studies on product review sentiment analysis usually focus on identifying sentiments of individual reviews as a whole, which may not be effective and helpful for consumers when purchase decisions depend on specific features of products. This study proposes a new feature-level sentiment analysis approach for online product reviews. The proposed method uses an extended PageRank algorithm to extract product features and construct expandable context-dependent sentiment lexicons. Moreover, consumers' sentiment inclinations toward product features expressed in each review can be derived based on term dependency relationships. The empirical evaluation using consumer reviews of two different products shows a higher level of effectiveness of the proposed method for sentiment


The use of System Dynamics within strategy courses aims to teach students dynamic theories to explain firm performance. This paper presents an analysis of the development of students' strategic systems thinking skills after taking a course on strategic development processes. Students that achieved the best performance employed graphs representing the performance of key variables, described how the strategy worked using verbal explanations of feedback processes, and validated the results obtained to detect poor or unreasonable strategies. However, a large group of students did not follow System Dynamics practices and performed poorly in their strategies. We extract two lessons: more emphasis on the areas shown by the best students, which are along the modeling for learning practices, are needed to improve students' strategic systems thinking skills, and it is important to adopt multidimensional tools to evaluate systems thinking skills given the diversity in learning preferences. Copyright © 2012 System Dynamics Society.


BACKGROUND: Assessment of nutritional status in hospital patients is important to do. However, due to the patient's condition, the measurement must use an estimation formula. This study wanted to know the accuracy of the measurement of body weight from the formula commonly used in hospitals.
AIM: This study wants to see how accurate the actual body weight predictions are based on measurements of UAC in the ethnics in the province of South Sulawesi.
METHODS: The design of this study was cross-sectional. The population of this study was young adults aged 20–29 years. Number of sample is 896 respondents. Sampling consists of 2 stages, namely sample area and research sample. The sampling used was systematic random sampling. The sample size in this study was calculated using the Stanley Lemeshow formula.
RESULTS: The results showed that the formula used to predict the patient's weight, if the formula is calculated using the formula 100% Patient Upper Arm Circumference (PUAC), it is suitable for ethnic Bugis and Mandar male. The formula 90% PUAC is suitable for ethnic Bugis and Mandar and male ethnic Makassarese and Toraja. The formula 85% is suitable for women for all ethnicities.
CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the accuracy of measuring body weight depends on gender and ethnicity, so it is expected that health practitioners in the hospital can adjust the use of formulas according to gender and ethnicity.


This paper from the Lowy Institute looks at he nature of abour migration in the Asia-Pacific region, and its relationship to pathways for people seeking asylum. It aims to identify ways in which countries can extend legal labour-based schemes to refugees and people seeking asylum, who might otherwise be at risk from people smugglers and human traffickers.


The invention relates to a shock-absorbing universal wheel for a luggage. The shock-absorbing universal wheel for the luggage comprises a support, a supporting bracket, a roller and a driving support, wherein the roller is connected with the supporting bracket through a horizontal shaft; the supporting bracket and the support are connected through a vertical shaft; the upper part of the vertical shaft is fixedly connected with the support; the lower part of the vertical shaft is in rotatable fit with a shaft mounting hole formed on the upper part of the supporting bracket; a roller through hole and an installation through hole are formed in the driving support; the supporting bracket is connected with the driving support in a rotatable way through the installation through hole; the roller is connected with the driving support through a horizontal shaft which is arranged in the roller through hole; one side of the driving support, which is opposite to the roller through hole, is provided with a platform surface; and the platform surface is connected with an elastic device which stops the platform surface from moving downwards. Due to the stopping effect of the elastic device, the weight of the luggage and the acting force of the elastic device are balanced, so that the shock-absorbing effect is achieved; and the shock-absorbing universal wheel for the luggage has strong integral structural performance and excellent shock-absorbing performance, and can be interchanged with an ordinary universal wheel seat.


PRIME technology is a novel preparative electrophoretic isolation method for the purification of biological proteins based on molecular size and charge. Molecular charge, generated by the choice of a suitable buffered pH system, is employed in combination with polyacrylamide hydrogel membranes of selected porosities to separate molecules. By using both size and charge as restrictive factors for purification, the PRIME method is able to isolate molecules with high yield and purity. In this paper, we discuss the use of PRIME technology in the purification of plasma proteins. In the present work, albumin at 93% purity was purified at high yield (98%). Using albumin-depleted plasma for further processing of immunoglobulins (IVIG), we were able to obtain an IVIG product yield as high as 92% and purity as high as 88%. Since PRIME does not use solvents or require sub-zero temperatures and is well-suited for plasma purification from modest plasma volumes, we propose the application of PRIME as a cost-effective and safe alternative to Cohn fractionation.


The data of Owen et al. describe the relationship between the Roche Diagnostics compensated Jaie and enzymatic creatinine assays with an isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS) method.We have also reported signi¢cant negative biases for both these commercial assays against ID-MS (compensated Jaie 4.7%; enzymatic 1.3%), although the negative bias they observed for the enzymatic assay was larger than in our hands. The authors are concerned that use of these negatively biased assays to estimate glomerular ¢ltration rate (GFR) using equations such as that derived from the Modi¢cation of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study will lead to an overestimation of GFR. Readers may be aware that a revised version of the MDRD equation suitable for use with assays with calibration traceable to ID-MS is now available and has been recommended for use by the Department of Health in England. We have demonstrated that use of this formulawith either the Roche compensated Jaie or enzymatic assays in the ID-MS traceable version of the formula dramatically reduces the overestimation of GFR. Still closer agreement with MDRD GFRs may be obtained using assay speci¢c correction factors which are now available from the United Kingdom National External QualityAssessment Scheme.


The results of determination of the conductivity, the association degree of counter - ion and the capacitance indicate that their values are relatively small in the O/W microemulsion for SDS/BA/H2O system. At the constant weight ratio of SDS to water, the conductivity, the association degree of counter- ion and the capacitance first increase up to the maximum and then begin to decrease with BA content increasing. In the bicontinuous region, there is a chain conductive mechanism. The conductivity, the association degree and the capacitance change scarcely with the water content. The relation of the capacitance with the properties of physical chemistry in O/W spherical microemulsion region by a least - mean square method is C/μF = 1.036×10-8(1-β)ZskD-1 +0.03466e1,x1 -0.09677e2x2.


The invention discloses a flexible electrofluidic display and a preparation method thereof. The pixel wall structures of the flexible electrofluidic display comprise a first pixel wall structure which is arranged on the surface of a hydrophobic insulating layer and a second pixel wall structure which is arranged on the first pixel wall structure. The second pixel wall structure and the first pixel wall structure of a non-packaging adhesive box area are identical in pattern. The hydrophilic nature of the second pixel wall structure is higher than that of the first pixel wall structure. According to the flexible electrofluidic display, stability of the pixel wall structures can be enhanced so that excessive deformation caused by deformation force can be prevented, and the risk of contact of printing ink and an upper conductive substrate can be reduced; besides, the hydrophilic nature of the second pixel wall structure is higher and the surface of the second pixel wall structure is easy to be wetted by an electrolyte solution so that printing ink is enabled to be more firmly limited in pixel grids, and the possibility of wall-over of the flexible electrofluidic display under the bending or electrifying condition can be reduced; furthermore, liquid flowing in different pixel grids can be prevented by the second pixel wall structure so that accumulation over the wall of printing ink can be prevented.


Ecological environment,the basic foundation for human survival and development,is closely associated with agricultural production activities.As an important agric-economic zone of Guangxi,Xi-jiang economic area's development is closely related to the economic and social development and people's living standards of this region.The recycling ecological agriculture is an essential demand of the scientific outlook on development and is an important guarantee for building the ecological civilization in Xi-jiang economic area and for achieving sustainable development.Although there are many favorable conditions for the development of the recycling ecological agriculture in Xi-jiang economic area,there also exist some disadvantages.In order to promote the recycling ecological agriculture development in Xi-jiang economic area,we should conduct efforts in the aspects of propaganda,organization,technology,finance,policies and so on.


Verity as the basic criterion of argumentive sphere is positioned in the article from the notion of its relevance including discursive semantic number of concepts. Integrative character of the problem at the junction of logics, psychology and linguistics is presented. Thus, according to theoretical colligation interpretive abilities of components of the categorical sphere of argumentation (knowledge, modality, causality) are considered. It is possible to make a conclusion that discursive character of argumentation determines the actualization of the appropriate strategies


Iceland, Ireland and Latvia experienced similar developments before the crisis.
However, the crisis hit Latvia harder than any other country, and Ireland also suffered
heavily, while Iceland exited the crisis with the smallest fall in employment,
despite the greatest shock to the financial system.
• There were marked differences in policy mix: currency collapse in Iceland but not
in Latvia, letting banks fail in Iceland but not in Ireland, and the introduction of
strict capital controls only in Iceland. The speed of fiscal consolidation was fastest
in Latvia and slowest in Ireland. Recovery has started in all three countries.
• Iceland seems to have the right policy mix. Internal devaluation in Ireland and Latvia
through wage cuts did not work, because private-sector wages hardly changed.
Productivity increased significantly in Ireland and moderately in Latvia, but only
because employment fell more than output, with harmful social consequences.
• The experience with the collapse of the gigantic Icelandic banking system
suggests that letting banks fail when they had a faulty business model is the right
choice.
• There is a strong case for a European banking federation.


Many applications of wireless systems require energy-aware networking. Energy efficiency is of particular importance in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, where the networking units have a limited amount of energy resource. Broadcast is the type of communication process of delivering messages from a source node to all the other nodes in a network. Unlike wired networks, broadcasting is an inherent characteristic of wireless transmission. Signal propagation typically occurs in all directions. In such a networking environment, a certain transmission power corresponds to an area of coverage, and a single transmission delivers a message to all nodes within the area. This property is referred to as the wireless multicast advantage in [1]. As a consequence of this property, the power needed to reach a set of receiving nodes is not the sum, but the maximum of the power for reaching any of them. If dij denotes the distance between nodes i andj, then the transmission power required by j to be reached by i is equal toκdij , whereκ is a positive constant and α is an environment-dependent parameter ∈ [2, 4].


A 5-year case study of an established regional newspaper in Britain investigates journalists about their perceptions of convergence in digital technologies. This research is the first ethnographic longitudinal case study of a UK regional newspaper. Although conforming to some trends observed in the wider field of scholarship, the analysis adds to skepticism about any linear or directional views of innovation and adoption: the Northern Echo newspaper journalists were observed to have revised their opinions of optimum Web practices, and sometimes radically reversed policies. Technology is seen in the period as a fluid, amorphous entity. Central corporate authority appeared to diminish in the period as part of a wider reduction in formalism. Questioning functionalist notions of the market, the study suggests cause and effect models of change are often subverted by contradictory perceptions of particular actions. Meanwhile, during technological evolution, the 'professional imagination' can be understood as strongly reflecting the parent print culture and its routines, despite pioneering a new convergence partnership with an independent television company.


A collapsible cot (1) comprises at least an upper frame (2), a lower frame (3), flexible sidewalls (4) extending between the upper frame (2) and the lower frame (3), and at least two members (9,10) being pivotably with respect to the upper frame (2) from an unfolded position wherein the upper frame (2) and the lower frame (3) are spaced apart by the members (9,10) to a folded position wherein the upper frame (2) and the lower frame (3) are located relatively close to each other and vice versa. The members (9,10) are slideably movable with respect to the lower frame (3). All members (9,10) are coupled to each other to simultaneously move the members (9,10) with respect to the lower frame (3).


Objective: To enhance student appreciation for collaboration/team-based care through participation in an interprofessional (IP) history-taking opportunity with individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: Eighty-eight self-selected students from Louisiana State University Health-New Orleans and Xavier University College of Pharmacy participated in an IP elective course which included conducting an IP interview with a PD patient. To assess student perspectives regarding the IP interview, the students completed a thirteen item survey and reflection assignment. Results: Eighty-six students completed the survey and twenty-four completed the reflection assignment. 95% of students agreed the team-based interview and the development of an IP plan of care increased their awareness of the multiple perspectives to consider in designing a care plan. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a statistically significant difference among programs for survey question numbers two and four. All four IP education competencies (value and ethics, roles/responsibilities, interprofessional communication, teams and teamwork) were highlighted in the reflection assignment. Conclusions: The IP interview allowed students to gain knowledge of PD, better understand the role of other disciplines, and create a holistic plan of care. Received: 10/24/2016 Accepted: 02/27/2017 © 2017 Gunaldo et al. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. H IP & Practicing collaborative skills EDUCATIONAL STRATEGY 3(2):eP1122 | 2 Introduction For many years, the health care industry in the United States has recognized the need to prepare for an increase in the number of older adults. The complex care required by older adults can be challenging to clinicians as it is multifaceted. Older adults usually have multiple issues including syndromes, impairments, and chronic conditions such as Parkinson's Disease (PD). Approximately four percent of individuals diagnosed with PD are younger than fifty years of age, but the overwhelming majority are older adults (Parkinson's Disease Foundation, 2016). In 2008, the Institute of Medicine outlined three recommendations to improve the healthcare delivery system for older adults: 1) address the needs of older adults in a comprehensive manner, 2) provide efficient healthcare services, and 3) increase active participation of older adults in their healthcare (Institute of Medicine, 2008). These three recommendations require an interprofessional collaborative approach among healthcare team members. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines interprofessional collaborative practice as "when multiple health workers from different professional backgrounds work together with patients, families, carers [sic], and communities to deliver the highest quality of care" (WHO, 2010). Team-based care or practice is not a new concept in health care; however, there is a gap that exists in our health care system. Despite the fact that teamwork is needed to meet the complex needs of the communities we serve, healthcare providers in the U.S. lack the teamwork training that is needed to be members of effective teams (Interprofessional Education Collaborative, 2011). The Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC), a national panel representing multiple educational professional accrediting bodies, has highlighted the need to train health professional students in teamwork with the goal of preparing students to be ready to practice in teams upon graduation (IPEC, 2011). IPEC developed four interprofessional core competencies that educational institutions can utilize to guide the development of interprofessional education (IPE) learning activities. An increasing number of academic health centers are integrating IPE into healthcare curricula in order to meet accreditation standards. IPE is defined as "when students from two or more professions learn about, from and with each other" (WHO, 2010). Health care professional students who are trained in an interprofessional manner are more likely to form collaborative practice patterns post-graduation (Pecukonis, Doyle, & Bliss, 2008). Therefore, it has become increasingly important to prepare healthcare professional students to collaborate and work in teams. The overall management of PD often requires a team of multiple health care professionals in order to ensure optimal patient care (Pretzer-Aboff & Prettyman, 2015). Health care team members can include a dentist, nurse, family medicine physician, neurologist, occupational therapist, pharmacist, physical therapist, and speech language pathologist. Despite the fact that these individual providers oversee care for the same patient, there are multiple discipline-specific plans of care. The lack of knowledge of team member roles, communication and collaboration among providers can lead to suboptimal care for individuals diagnosed with PD (Van der Eijk, Faber, Shamma, Munneke, & Bloem, 2011). Effective collaboration among team members is not an inherent skill; it must be learned and practiced (Baker, Day, & Salas, 2006). Over the past several years, Louisiana State University Health-New Orleans (LSUHNO) has implemented several IPE initiatives from a grassroots level. There are six schools within LSUHNO: Allied Health Professions, Dentistry, Graduate Studies, Medicine, Nursing, and Public Health. In 2015, LSUHNO administration demonstrated their support of team-based collaborative education and established a Center for Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice (CIPECP). The goal of the center is to coordinate student education by utilizing a team-based, patient-centered approach that delivers the highest quality of care resulting in improved health outcomes.


1. The Project of Enlightenment in Islamic-Arabic Culture, Frank Griffel, Yale University 2. From Esotericism to Science: The Account of the Chariot in Maimonidean Philosophy till the End of the Thirteenth Century, Howard Kreisel, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 3. Competing Approaches to Maimonides in Early Kabbalah, Jonathan Dauber, Yeshiva University 4. Ibn Ezra, a Maimonidean Authority: The Evidence of the Early Ibn Ezra Supercommentaries, Tamas Visi, Palacky University, Olomouc 5. Between Maimonideanism and Averroism: Gersonides' Place within the Maimonidean Paradigm, Roberto Gatti University of Genoa 6. No Perpetual Enemies: Maimonideanism at the Beginning of the Fifteenth Century, Maud Kozodoy, The Jewish Theological Seminary 7. Maimonides' Thirteen Principles: From Elite to Popular Culture, Abraham Melamed The University of Haifa 8. Rabbi Joseph Karo and Sixteenth-Century Messianic Maimonideanism, Mor Altshuler, Carmay Yosef, Israel 9. Maimonideanism in Leon Modena's Ari Nohem, Yaacob Dweck Princeton University 10. The Spectre of Maimonidean Radicalism in the Late Eighteenth Century, Abraham Socher, Oberlin College 11. Counter-Enlightenment in a Jewish Key: Anti-Maimonideanism in Nineteenth-Century Orthodoxy, Michah Gottlieb, New York University 12. Manuel Joel and the Neo-Maimonidean Discovery of Kant, Gorge K. Hasselhoff, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum 13. Maimonides and Ethical Monotheism: The Influence of the Guide of the Perplexed on German Reform Judaism in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century, George Y. Kohler, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 14. Eros within the Limits of Mere Reason: On the Maimonidean Limits of Modern Jewish Philosophy, Hanoch Ben-Pazi, Bar Ilan University 15. How to Read Maimonides after Heidegger: The Cases of Strauss and Levinas, Benjamin Aldes Wurgaft, The University of California, Berkeley 16. Maimonides in Religious-Zionist Philosophy: Unity vs. Duality, Dov Schwartz, Bar Ilan University


In this paper we consider the eigenvalue problem, intersection theory of homogeneous spaces (in particular, the Horn problem) and the saturation problem for the symplectic and odd orthogonal groups. The classical embeddings of these groups in the special linear groups play an important role. We deduce properties for these classical groups from the known properties for the special linear groups.


One of the fundamental challenges in the design of autonomous robots is to reliably compute motion strategies in spite of significant uncertainty about sensor reliability, control errors, and unpredicatable events. The Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) is a general and mathematically principled framework for this type of problem. Although exact solutions are computationally intractable, modern approximate POMDP solvers have made POMDP-based approaches practical for robotics tasks. However, almost all existing POMDP-based planning software suffers from at least two major issues. Firstly, most POMDP solvers require the model to be known a priori and remain constant during runtime, and secondly, quite a lot of the existing software is not very userfriendly. This paper presents the Toolkit for approximating and Adapting POMDP solutions In Real time (TAPIR), which tackles both problems. The need for a constant, fully known POMDP model is averted by implementing the recent Adaptive Belief Tree (ABT) algorithm, while user-friendliness is ensured by a welldocumented modular design, which also includes interfaces for the commonly-used Robotics Operating System (ROS) framework, and the high fidelity simulator V-REP. TAPIR can be downloaded from http://robotics.itee.uq. edu.au/~tapir. To the best of our knowledge, TAPIR is the first software toolkit that directly addresses the aforementioned problems.


This is an excerpt taken from the foreword of my book I Feel, Therefore I Am . I express in it my gratitude to S. Keleman for giving me the courage and the arguments to defend my thesis that the emotional intelligence is more important in our days than the rational intelligence.


Hierarchical reinforcement learning requires identifying relevant sub-goals to guide low-level decision-making, but this process can be time-consuming and challenging. Moreover, manually specifying sub-goals may introduce bias or mislead agents. To address these issues, we propose a collaborative human-AI algorithm that automatically optimizes candidate sub-goals and refines prior knowledge. Our algorithm can be integrated into various hierarchical frameworks and effectively prevent negative inferences that may arise from conflicting sub-goals. Our approach is robust in the face of different levels of human knowledge and able to accelerate convergence to optimal sub-goals and hierarchical policies.


Physical and photochemical properties of dibenzoyl peroxide (DBPO) and phenyl benzoate (PB) in a solid KBr matrix were investigated. The photoinduced decompositions of DBPO and PB were monitored with infrared spectroscopy and HPLC. The organic molecules at different locations in the matrix contribute to the overall IR absorption differently. Therefore, they are affected differently during a photochemical decomposition. The bromide ions in the matrix intercept some of the radical intermediates in the decomposition of DBPO but have no influence on the radical pair in the rearrangement of phenyl benzoate


Natural rivers in urban areas bear significant potential to provide ecosystem services for 12 the surrounding inhabitants. However, surface sealing by houses and street networks, urban 13 drainage, disposal of waste and wastewater resulting from advancing urbanization usually lead to 14 the deterioration of urban rivers and their riparian areas. This ultimately damages their ability to 15 provide ecosystem services. This paper presents an innovative methodology for a rapid and low16 cost assessment of the ecological status of urban rivers and riparian areas in developing countries 17 under data scarce conditions. The methodology uses a combination of field data and freely available 18 high-resolution satellite images to assess three ecological status categories: river hydromorphology, 19 water quality, and riparian land cover. The focus here is on the assessment of proxies for biophysical 20 structures and processes representing ecological functioning that enable urban rivers and riparian 21 areas to provide ecosystem services. These proxies represent a combination of remote sensing land 22 coverand field-based indicators. Finally, the three ecological status categories are combined to 23 quantify the potential of different river sections to provide regulating ecosystem services. The 24 development and application of the methodology is demonstrated and visualized for each 100 m 25 section of the Pochote River in the City of León, Nicaragua. This spatially distributed information 26 of the ecosystem service potential of individual sections of the urban river and riparian areas can 27 serve as important information for decision making regarding the protection, future use, and city 28 development of these areas, as well as the targeted and tailor-made development of nature-based 29 solutions such as green infrastructure. 30


This is a very interesting book. It tells the story of the Indian National Army (INA) Aad Hind Fan] which was formed initially from the Indian prisoners of war taken by the Japanese after their capture of Singapore on Sunday, 15 February, 1942. Subsequently, many Indian civilians domiciled in Malaya were enlisted. At its peak the INA totalled between 40 000 and 50 000, of which only a very small proportion took part in active combat alongside the Japanese in Burma. This account of the INA's adventures (or perhaps it should be misadventures) is well written and obviously researched in depth. After Singapore's surrender the Japanese separated the Indians from their British comrades. Soon they were being encouraged to join forces with the Japanese who were driving the British out of Burma. Bereft of their British officers whom they were accustomed to follow, it is not surprising that a significant number of Indian officers and their jawans should have swallowed the bait. They were told they would be fighting to free India from British domination, hence the title given to their 'Free' army. Among them were Captains Shah Nawaz and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon of the 14th Punjab Regiment and Prem Kumar Sahgal of the 10th Baluch Regiment. All three figure prominently in this book, as does Lakshmi Swaminadan, an Indian woman doctor, who was later to marry Sahgal. There were of course a great many Indian officers who refused to forswear their oath of allegiance. It would appear that theJapanese did not take the INAvery seriously and treated it with typical Japanese arrogance. They may have feared lest it switch sides against them. They made little attempt to equip it properly, appropriating the best of the captured British equipment for themselves and leaving the leftovers to the INA. For the first year of its existence the INA lacked a leader of any stature and consequence. This changed with the arrival in Malaya in May 1943 of Subhas Chandra Bose with the intention of setting up a government-in-exile of 'free India'. Bose was a Bengali politician and a prominent Indian nationalist. At one time he had been president of the Congress Party, and he was one of its leading figures. He had been a thorn in the British flesh for many years, spending many of them in British gaols. On the outbreak of war he went into exile, ending up in Germany, where he met


This paper presents the results of the oxidation of Phenol in aqueous solution in a semi-batch reactor. The advanced oxidation processes studied were UV, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and its combinations. The pH dependence and the influence of the initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide were studied to find the optimal conditions for a complete and fast oxidation of this organic compound. Experimental results indicated that phenol is destroyed more rapidly by ozone at higher pH (912), while ozonation combined with hydrogen peroxide or/and UV is considerably faster at low pH (3-7).


The steam-water direct-contact condensation phenomenon has been studied extensively, both theoretically and experimentally, because of its importance in a variety of industrial operations, such as underwater propulsion systems, steam jet injectors, direct-contact feedwater heaters, and nuclear reactor systems (e.g., the rapid depressurization system of current pressurized water reactors and the pressure suppression system of boiling water reactors). In this work, the steam-water direct-contact condensation has been experimentally investigated. A total of 346 tests (i.e., 290 tests using horizontal nozzles with four different diameters and 56 tests with two different vertical nozzles) have been conducted. As a result, correlations for an average steam-water direct-contact condensation heat transfer coefficient and dimensionless steam plume lengths have been obtained. In addition, a qualitative steam-water direct-contact condensation regime map for high steam mass flux region (G>200kb/m{sup 2}s), in particular, has been developed.


Although proven possible, not many spoofing attacks were reported for the GPS [1]. With the introduction of cooperative localization, spoofing attacks can be easier and more effective, resulting in users, and eventually the whole network, not knowing their exact location. This paper shows that the effects of any spoofing attack can be minimized by processing information from seven or more transmitting users instead of the main stream approach of using only three or four information transmitting users or anchors (base stations). Then by filtering the extreme estimates resulting from the spoofing attack, the user is able to estimate his location close to the location estimate of the case when no spoofing attack happened.


By using CFD method,this paper calculates the pressure distribution of the exterior surface of an ecological office building in the transition season,and then does a numerical simulation of the natural ventilation of various types of rooms in the building on the marginal condition of pressure inlets.The results show that among the exterior rooms with an opening on each of the two sides,those with only one opening on the exterior side,and the inner rooms,only the first type has good ventilation.For the latter two types,a satisfactory effect of natural ventilation in both the exterior and interior rooms can be achieved in the creation of effective pressure difference between openings by making full use of such ingenious designs as the concave and convex changes of architectural configuration,the distance between outside openings,the inside openings connecting to ventilation corridors,and ventilation walls,etc.


This book covers the sources, types, and quantities of contaminants in ground water, methods for ground water quality research, subsurface characterization in relation to ground water pollution, and transport and fate of subsurface contaminants. It focuses on the scientific and technological challenges and accomplishments in ground water quality research and assesses the state-of-the-art developments in this area on an international scale.


In this project the design and implementation of an automatic system of real-time monitoring of climatic variables for vegetable crops located in rural areas is carried out. Seeking to provide the necessary information, to carry out studies and analysis as necessary. As a result, a low-cost device capable of reading climate variables was obtained and exported from any part of the country to a remote point where the data is processed and given the desired use for further analysis, thus competing with the different types of stations existing climatologies that offer similar services with a high implementation cost.


Adults of Syritta flaviventris and S. pipens were reared from larvae collected on decaying platyclades of Opuntia maxima Miller (Cactaceae) from the Spanish Mediterranean coast. The larva and puparium of S. flaviventris, as well as preliminary data about its life cycle are described. The feeding behaviour of the larva in relation to the cephalopharyngeal skeleton morphology is analysed. Based on the present data, a comparative table containing the main morphological characteristics of the immature stages of European species of the genus Syritta is presented.


Teaching quality which directly relate to the survival and development of colleges and universities of higher learning is the lifeline of higher education.And it is also the eternal topic concerned by all sides of the society.Since establish of our college we devote ourselves to research the task on how to construct the teaching quality monitoring system.According to the orientation of school running and personnel training goals,we have been researching and practicing actively since the past 6years by assuring the teaching quality' steady improve.This thesis mainly discuss about the construct of the teaching quality monitoring system and its apply to the teaching management.


One of the key elements for the successful integration of nanoimprint lithography into industrial production processes is the availability of high-performance resist materials. In this contribution we present a novel low-viscosity and fast curing UV-NIL polymer, which is applied by spin-coating and designed for wafer-scale imprinting. Systematic investigations of photocurable components and photoinitiators led to the formulation of the polymer system mr-UVCur06. Film thicknesses in the range of 50 - 500 nm with excellent quality and uniformity could be obtained by spin-coating. Its suitability for UV-NIL processes was evaluated by means of imprinting tests and plasma etching investigations. This included investigations on imprinting with hard moulds, UV curing doses, resolution, etch rates using various plasma gases and pattern transfer. The beneficial flow behaviour of mr-UVCur06 led to short UV-NIL cycle times. Patterns of several orders of magnitude with feature sizes in the range of 30 nm to several tens of micrometers could be imprinted simultaneously. An example of a pattern transfer into Si was shown, where mr-UVCur06 was used as an polymer etch mask.


Orthodontic treatment to upright a tooth that will be used as an abutment for a fixed prosthesis may be started if all diagnostic considerations are favorable. A dentist may correct the axial inclination of the tooth by a method that involves the use of resilient round wire and a Begg type of uprighting auxiliary appliance.


Hundred and fifty frozen broiler carcasses of four commercial brands, purchased at retail stores for Salmonella research, were examined: 43 of the carcasses referred to each of the brands A, B, D and 21 of brand C. Thirty-two percent of the samples were found positive; 11 serotypes were identified as S. Agona, S. Anatum, S. Enteritidis, S. Hadar, S. Havana, S. Mbandaka, S. Montevideo, S. Ouakam, S. Poona, S. Schwarzengrund and S.I4, 5, 12:-. Antibiogram testing of the isolated strains showed 100% resistance to ampicilin, 75.0% to cefhalotin, 52.1% to cephoxitin, 22.9% to tobramicin, 6.2% to polimixin B and to tetracyclines, 4.2% to gentamicin, and 2.1% to netilmicin, to aztreonam and to amicacin. All strains showed total sensibility to chloramphenicol and to sulfazotrim.


Introduction: Corona Virus Infection Disease (COVID-19) refers to the infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most of COVID-19 survivors have residual symptoms after being discharged from the hospital, it then leads to the decreased lung function and quality of life (QoL). Pulmonary rehabilitation is essential because it can reduce the impact of these sequelae. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in improving lung function among adult patients of COVID-19 survivors.Methods: This study was conducted using 5 databases, namely: CINAHL, PubMed, SAGE, Science Direct, and Scopus from 1 April 2020 to 30 September 2021. The combination of keywords used was: "Pulmonary Rehabilitation", "Pulmonary Function", and "Post-COVID-19". In assessing the bias and methodological quality of the articles obtained, this study used the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist tools.Results: From 678 articles, 11 research articles met the criteria. Pulmonary rehabilitation performed in post-COVID-19 patients included the provision of aerobic exercise, breathing exercises, strength training, balance exercises, relaxation, occupational therapy, psychological support, and nutrition consultation. Lung rehabilitation mainly was performed two sessions a week for 3-8 weeks with different proportions for each patient according to clinical conditions and  ability limits. Spirometry and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) revealed that patients who completed the pulmonary rehabilitation program experienced improvements in their lung function.Conclusion: Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation programs under supervision and psychotherapists are the right choice in improving lung function among COVID-19 survivor adult patients.