The open-loop phase estimator (OLPE) has been used to recover the carrier phase for burst mode communications. However, OLPE is not optimal in the presence of frequency offset. The authors propose a new carrier phase estimator in a feedforward form to restore the total carrier phase, including the earner phase offset and/or the carrier frequency offset. The proposed estimator has significantly less complex hardware compared with the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) in practical implementations.


It is an important result of economic theory that integration might alter the allocation of resources within a country as well as between countries. Moreover, there are theory-based arguments suggesting that border regions might have an advantage in attracting resources due to their specific location in the center of the integration area. In this paper author have highlighted the continued empirical importance of national borders, even within the EU, which exhibits a much higher degree of economic integration than has been achieved at the global level. Perhaps even more surprising is that capital flows show distinctly similar patterns, a bias towards investment in the home market. In fact it would appear that these two phenomena are closely linked. Thus, whilst globalization has had profound effects on economic actors there is little to suggest that the traditional role for governments in OECD countries in providing social welfare and in regulating the domestic market economy are being undermined. If these borders to international commerce are impervious to further policy initiatives, or if their removal would reduce welfare by, for example undermining individual preferences, then the frictionless world foreseen by some where national administrations become largely impotent in affecting domestic economic outcomes is unlikely to occur. Thus, future discussions concerning global governance will take place between sovereign states that retain substantial discretion in economic policy making in an environment of considerable differences in economic and political power. The author have noted, however, that this situation is apparent for the industrialized countries. In developing countries the situation may be very different. The range of policies that is available in OECD countries is not accessible to many developing countries. In addition the social and business networks and the nature of consumer preferences, which have evolved over many years in OECD countries, and which are key elements in differentiating national from international markets, are not developed to the same extent or take forms which may be inconsistent with and undermined by the increasing use of the market mechanism.


This article considers participation in post-compulsory mathematics education (Advanced or A-level) which is currently exercising education policy-makers in England and elsewhere. I argue that the central problem is neither that of devising an economically motivated strategy for increasing student numbers nor simply raising the level of mathematical capability attained. Rather, the central problem is about what mathematics to teach, how and why? I will present emerging findings from two current studies of 14—19 mathematics education, highlighting socially differentiated patterns of participation. Then I will consider the values/philosophical influences on current policy and practice. This leads me to argue that the curriculum needs reframing so that all students are enabled to use their mathematics to read, understand, critique and act in the mathematically formatted worlds in which they live.


An ultrasonic feature scan imaging system used for testin g delamination flaw probably existing in the bimetal rotor clad layer was studied and develo ped. The bimetal rotor with nine column holes can be tested automatically. All the wave train of testing result will be saved in computer for post processing. There are various im aging modes including depth imaging and amplitude imaging, to find delamination flaws acc ura y and estimate their size. Imaging experiments for actual work piece was done using th e system, and all kinds of feature information were collected. The system has high stability and repeat-ability.


). Selective reaction with the silver atoms at the interface of the particles occurred and the coated particles were then extracted from reverse micelles. The powder of coated nanocrystals thus obtained was then dispersed in hexane, giving an optically clear solution. The size distribution was still rather large (30 %), and to reduce it a size-selected precipitation process [20] was used. In this process two solvents, such as hexane and pyridine, are mixed. The first is a good solvent and the second a poor solvent for the alkyl chains. With this solvent mixture, the larger coated particles flocculated whereas the smaller ones remain in the solution, thus providing size selection. By repeating this process several times, a homogenous clear colloidal solution of dispersed 4.3 nm nanocrystals is obtained. The concentration of nanocrystals with final size distribution around 13 % was controlled.


The objectives are to develop and apply primary and secondary dosimetric systems for measurements in the complex radiation fields currently in use for radiobiological research and advanced radiation oncology. The concept of local absorbed dose calorimetry continues to be applied and further developed using tissue equivalent and other materials. Aspects of a simplified approach to calorimetry with thermistors used as non-isolated-sensors in polystyrene are described. This approach also has the potential of giving accurate absolute absorbed dose measurements in situations where the irradiation time can be limited to about 20 minutes. A non-isolated-sensor calorimeter has also been constructed of A-150 tissue equivalent (TE) plastic. Comparison of the absorbed dose measurements with these two calorimeters, after correction for the known mass energy absorption coefficients, gives a direct determination of the thermal defect of A-150 plastic at different levels of free O/sub 2/ content in the material. This will permit a study of various approaches to excluding oxygen. This type of calorimeter is presently also being constructed with solid-water-equivalent plastic, i.e., the material designated WT/SRI by Constantinou. Our previously successful isolated sensor calorimeters are still in operation. With the availability of both isolated and non-isolated absorbed dose calorimeters, of our parallel platemore » ionization chambers in similar material and geometry, and of specific commercial ion chambers, we are in a unique position not only to compare all of these systems but to examine critically basic assumptions in absorbed dose concepts and the correction factors used in different methodologies.« less


This paper investigates the -gain stability of perturbed neural networks by analyzing finite-gain stability of control systems. Using the method of variations of the parameters, the method of Liapunov function and the method of inequality analysis, an sufficient condition guaranteeing networks -gain stability is given, when networks are affected by inner and external perturbation.


For the on-line mechanical condition monitoring of conventional circuit breaker, based on the analysis of vibration signal measurement and generation principle in circuit breaker breaking motion process, the mechanism action time parameters with clear physical meaning are correlated with vibration events, and thus an on-line mechanical life prediction method based on vibration detection and multi-parameter support vector regression optimized by particle swarm optimization (MP-PSO-SVR) is proposed. The method aims to use the action time parameter as the main monitoring parameter to reflect the mechanical condition degradation and the life failure criterion. At first, the complete multi-parameter of life degradation is obtained through the designed on-line measurement algorithm of action time parameter and the assisted time-domain features of vibration signals in the corresponding time. Then, a quantitative life prediction model is constructed based on multi-parameter support vector regression. Finally, the degraded multi-parameter is used as input to the prediction model to predict the remaining mechanical life. Indeed, the experiment significantly shows that the on-line life evaluation model is definitely effective and practical in engineering.


Objective To analyse the relationship between the varicosity of esophagus and portal hypertensive gastropathy(PHG),and the incidence of Hp infection in patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage of hepatocirrhosis.Methods The damage degree of esophageal varicosity was divided into four grades and the PHG were divided into three groups according to the McCormack standards by emergency gastric endoscopy,and H.pylori were detected by experiments of fast urease and 14C urea expiration.Results Of all patients,82(52.8%) were induced by esophageal varicosity explosion and 40(26.3%) were due to PHG,34 were due to other causes.There was significant positive association between the damage degree of esophageal varicosity and PHG(P0.01).In 62 Hp-positive patients,there were 29 cases of esophageal varicosity,19 of PHG,9 of peptic ulcer and 5 of others,respectively.The incidence rate of Hp infection had not significant association with the damage grade of esophageal varicosity and PHG(P0.05).Conclusion The esophageal varicosity explosion and PHG are two major factors in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage of hepatocirrhosis.The more severe is the damage degree of esophageal varicosity,the more high is the incidence rate of PHG.Rate of Hp infection has not association with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage of hepatocirrhosis,so it is undefined to get ride of Hp in its treatment.


Manno-oligosaccharide from yeast cell wall and Immuno-active polysaccharides from edible mushrooms may improve animal health through manipulating animal intestinal eco-system and microbial community,and enhancing animal defense system.In vitro accumulative fermentation gas production technique and molecular biological identification technology were used to determine the fermentation characteristics and microbial community of Manno-oligosaccharide (MOS) from yeast cell wall,and natural immuno-active polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes (LenE),Tremella fuciformis (TreE),and Astragalus membranaceus (AstE).The results showed that the total sugar content makes up over 60% of the DM of the mushroom and Astragulas extracts,while that of MOS contains more than 90% sugar.The gas profiles were similar for MOS,AstE and LenE,while TreE had a diphasic digestion pattern.The gas production rate of AstE,MOS and LenE was significantly faster than TreE.Both MOS and AstE had the highest total VFA production and lowest pH value overall.The fermentation of the polysaccharide extracts resulted in the production of mainly straight-chain fatty acids and decreased NH3.These oligosaccharide and polysaccharide extracts may influence the activity and composition of microbial population after fermentation,both in terms of fermentation characteristics and changes in end-products.Thus the study demonstrated that natural immuno-active polysaccharides,LenE,TreE and AstE,from Lentinus edodes,Tremella fuciformis,and Astragalus membranaceus,and MOS from yeast cell wall significantly altered fermentation end-products and cecal microbial activities after fermentation.


Geometric properties of self–similar solutions to the equation ut = uxx + γ(u )x, x > 0, t > 0 are studied, q is positive and γ ∈ R \ {0}. Two critical values of q (namely 1 and 2) appear the corresponding shapes are of very different nature. AMS(MOS) Subject Classification: 35K55, 35K65.


the author employs Cardinalis, Carpodacus and iS'phyra~picus; making a new M1exican variety, carneus, of Cardinalis Virginianus, and following a previous writer * in reducing C. igneus of Baird to a variety. In the matter of blue, the Cyanura Stelleri series is adduced and very skilfully treated. An interesting parallelism of Stelleri and coroncata is elucidated; the writer keeps the two distinct species, although he confesses that they intergrade at one point. The peculiar mode of parallelism is here presented for the first time; the rest of the case is not novel tE. C.


ABSTRACT The right to health has been somewhat neglected in discussions about human rights at both national and international levels. States are often reluctant to implement socio-economic rights which they consider to be a resourcing issue, rather than a matter of rights. The right to mental health has received even less attention and is rarely mentioned in national laws and policies, with the focus remaining largely on compulsory care and treatment. The adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) therefore provides new impetus to explore the right to health, and mental health in particular, for people with mental disabilities. By considering the rights to health in Article 25 and to rehabilitation and habilitation in Article 26, together with the right to exercise legal capacity under Article 12 CRPD and the support paradigm inherent in this, it may be possible to achieve realisation of the right to mental health in its broadest sense. This article explores the links between Article 12, the support paradigm and the right to mental health. It also reflects on the existing legislative and human rights framework within Scotland and explores to what extent the right to mental health is currently being realised. It suggests that fully embracing the rights identified in Articles 12, 25 and 26 CRPD is required to achieve a shift in focus away from inappropriate compulsion and towards providing resources and services to support good mental health which could enable the realisation of the right to mental health at the national level.


Summary form only given. Periodically poled ferroelectric crystals such as KTiOPO/sub 4/ (PPKTP) and LiNbO/sub 3/ (PPLN) are increasingly being used as efficient frequency converters due to their high nonlinearities and engineerable phase-matching characteristics. The photorefractive effect and relatively small aperture size of available PPLN crystals limit their applicability for high-pulse-energy green-blue light generation. On the other hand, the PPKTP which, reportedly, sustains higher optical intensity and can be poled over larger aperture thickness has a potential for the generation of high-power green-blue radiation. In this work we report on the investigation of frequency doubling by PPKTP of the flash-lamp pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers. Special attention has been paid to the efficiency limitations at high pulse energies.


Fieldbus technology and digital control technology provide platform of further innovations of high profomence hydraulic component. In this paper, the main advantage of fieldbus was introduced, and development in high profomence hydraulic component abroad was summarized. It provides a reference of development in high profomence hydraulic component for our country.


Modeling of complex physical systems with Modelica usually leads to the high-index differential algebraic equation system (DAE), index reduction is an important part of solving the high-index DAE. The structure index reduction algorithm is one of the popular methods, but in special cases, it fails. Combinatorial relaxation algorithm can detect and correct the breakdown situation. And the maximum weight matching of bipartite graph is an important part of the combinatorial relaxation algorithm. In order to choose the proper method for the large-scale, dense bipartite graph, this paper provides three implementations of the Hungarian algorithm. The experiment results and the theory show that the BFS single-augmented method is better than others.


The invention provides a magnetic connecting piece and relates to a connecting member used among steel plates in power distribution equipment. The magnetic connecting piece is formed by penetrating and hanging a left magnet and a right magnet on a centering bolt, wherein the shapes of the left magnet and the right magnet are symmetrical, the structures of the left magnet and the right magnet are same, and the polarities of the magnetic poles of the adjacent surfaces of the left magnet and the right magnet are dissimilar. The left magnet has the structural characteristics that a rod part which protrudes rightward and is sleeved into the connected plate is arranged on a substrate, the length of the protruded part of the rod part is less than or equal to the thickness of the connected plate, and a penetrating hole which is used for penetrating and hanging the centering bolt along the axial line of the rod part is arranged on the left magnet. By depending on magnetic force, the magnetic connecting piece is clamped and connected durably and reliably and can not loosen. The magnetic connecting piece is especially suitable for connection among steel plates in power equipment.


Abstract : This study suggests that the association of character with EQ are: First, emotional intelligence is the realm of affection, heart or feelings. Second, the characters are in the psychomotor domain, gestures or behavior. Third, the movements of characters comes from the heart / mind, while Emotional Intelligence born of understanding / feeling as a reflection from outside or from yourself. Emotional intelligence and character chime in behavior that is the result of an in-depth education and understanding. The relationship between the character of the SQ are: First, Spiritual Intelligence is at the point of God Spot physically and it is the pure consciousness within Qalbu Ruhiyah. Secondly, Spiritual Intelligence comes from inspiration or meaning of life. Third, Character and Spiritual Intelligence chime in behavior, gestures or personality are both educational outcomes and deep contemplation. The relationship of character education and EQ, SQ and morals are a very dynamic relationship, the relationship is mutually interact in a process of formation of personality in education. Key w ord s : S haracter, Emotional Quotient, Spiritual


This era is considered an era of the internet where almost everything happening around us has the internet involved in it from online shopping to online education, online transactions to online communication, and many more. In such an era there are huge chances of "Cyber Attacks", "Cyber Frauds", "Cyber Wars" and "Unauthorized accessing of any account". Such activities are considered under "Cyber Crime" and to stop these activities "Cyber Laws" are regulated. Cyber Law can be defined as a legal system that provides all the information regarding the punishments for offenses, freedom rights on subtopics of the internet, online security, and online privacy. To spread awareness about the right execution of one's knowledge, the "Cyber Ethics" term is made which is the study of ethics made for Computers covering user controls and for what computers are exactly made to do and also how society and an individual are affected by such activities.


.............................................................................................................................. 85 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 86 Methods............................................................................................................................... 89 Results ................................................................................................................................. 94 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 100 References ......................................................................................................................... 111 Tables and Figures ............................................................................................................ 122 Supplementary Materials .................................................................................................. 131 5. OVERESTIMATING THE POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF INTERNAL PHOSPHORUS LOADING DUE TO WIND-DRIVEN SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION IN A TIDALLY INFLUENCED SHALLOW FRESHWATER LAKE: A MODELING APPROACH .............................................................................. 133 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 133 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 134 Methods............................................................................................................................. 147 Results ............................................................................................................................... 142............................................................................................................................ 133 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 134 Methods............................................................................................................................. 147 Results ............................................................................................................................... 142


The invention discloses an automatic press-in assembling machine of a motor shell bearing. The automatic press-in assembling machine of the motor shell bearing comprises a motor shell bearing press-in mechanism mounted on an upper working table of a main rack through screws; the motor shell bearing press-in mechanism comprises a lower bearing loading device, a motor shell loading device and a press-in linking device, and is mounted in a connected manner through a guide rod which is fixedly arranged on a bottom board; a top board is fixedly arranged at the upper end of the guide rod; and the motor shell bearing device moves on the guide rod between the lower bearing loading device and the press-in linking device. According to the manner, with the adoption of the automatic press-in assembling machine of the motor shell bearing, the labor can be saved; the production efficiency and the product yield can be improved; and the rejection ratio and the production cost can be reduced.


This is a long-awaited and needed book. Apart from H.'s earlier treatment, one previously had to turn to the outline treatments of the army in Appendix II of F. W. Walbank's Philip V of Macedon (1940), or more recently to pp. 289–320 of Sylvie Le Bohec, Antigone Dôsôn roi de Macédoine (1993). H's new treatment will form the basis for future work on the Macedonian army, and constitutes an admirable addition to the Νεμευ/ναυα series. There are few of H.'s conclusions elaborated in this book with which one could disagree. H. (pp. 34, 38) interprets the appearance of the term hetairoi in scattered epigraphic sources as evidence that the Royal Cavalry of the Antigonid army retained the title of 'Companions'. It is normally held that only the Seleucid Royal Cavalry retained this title. H. has already dealt with the Macedonian army in his Macedonian Institutions Under the Kings (Athens, 1996), pp. 443–60. This earlier treatment concentrated on Alexander's reform of the Macedonian phalanx at Sittakene in 331/0, and dealt with the introduction of the chiliarchia (re·ected in the organization of the phalanx under the Antigonids) and the territorial basis on which the units of the phalanx were recruited. For the second theme H. also made use of a Hellenistic inscription from Beroia honouring the o ̧cers of the city. He postponed a fuller discussion of the later Antigonid army for this volume, as a number of important epigraphic documents remained unpublished. These are now largely available for discussion. H. (p. 19) tells us that the book is not to be seen as an archaeological work, but rather as one limiting its aims to achieving a better comprehension of the organization of the Macedonian army during the last century of independence of the kingdom. He (p. 7 n. 1) informs us that he has not been able to make use of practically all the information supplied by the recently discovered painted frescoes found in Macedonian tombs. The latter, though well known from repeated reproduction in various publications, are considered unpublished. Much work remains to be done in the future to integrate this archaeological evidence with the literary and epigraphic evidence. Another desideratum is to gather the disparate evidence for continuity in the institutions of the Macedonian army after Alexander and before the last century of the Antigonid kingdom—dealt with in this book. For example, the character of the feather-crested chiliarchos from the Corinthian garrison featured in Menander's Perikeiromene might be taken as evidence for the continuous organization of the Macedonian army in chiliarchiai. The book is divided into three parts. The μrst, which is by far the largest, concerns the di¶erent components of the army and their organization; the second, the way in which the army was recruited; and the third, training and discipline. At the end is an epigraphic appendix containing the edited texts (without translation) of the principal inscriptions used. In the μrst section H. also makes use of seven relief sculptures relevant to his discussion of the equipment of the di¶erent components of the army. Of particular interest is the grave relief from Idomene, now in Skopje Museum (pl. VI). The deceased is equipped with a cuirass and helmet, a long spear, and a small shield, perhaps only 146   


The article proposes reflections from a look directed at youth subjectivities experiences, with special focus on issues about the feminist activism in digital spaces. Its methodological locus is the page "Moca, voce e machista" / "Girl, you are sexist" and its objective is to analyze the digital feminism visibility and the female body as an instrument of the fight for freedom. We conclude that the activism and the visibility consisting of "Moca" lead to identity politics , which engage politicity actions from the youth, commonly through a negotiated resistance to the power structures. Ethnography is the methodology used.


A seam butt type insulation system for an LNG tank is provided to achieve an excellent insulation property, airtightness and processing performance, to reduce a working process and duration so as to improve productivity, and to allow an easy montage and a solidness of an insulation layer. A seam butt type insulation system for an LNG tank includes: many second insulation plates(20), arranged continuously so that they are connected to a ship body by means of a connection material of a ship-body insulation plate; a tongue(30), mounted on the upper central surface of the second insulation plates in a longitudinal direction of the second insulation plates; a second protective wall(40), formed as one body in such a manner that both sides of an invar strake(41) are welded respectively to the tongue of one-side second insulation plate and that of the other-side second insulation plate; a first insulation plate, inserted between the tongues in such a manner that it is located in an upper part of the each invar strake between the tongues; a connector(50), connecting the first insulation plate with the tongue by using a bolt-nut connection of both sides of the former; and a first protective wall(60), made out of a stainless steel, and welded to the upper surface of the first insulation plate.


Three classes of bifunctional compounds related to frustrated Lewis pair chemistry were studied. The first class, alkynyl-linked phosphonium borates, was strategically synthesized and the corresponding neutral alkynyl-linked phosphine boranes generated in solution. They were reacted with THF, alkenes and alkynes to undergo either ring-opening or multiple bond addition reactions, giving rise to zwitterionic macrocycles. In two select alkynyl-linked phosphonium borates, thermolysis resulted in unique rearrangements transforming the phosphino- and boryl-substituted alkynyl moieties into C4 chains. The alkynyl-linked phosphine boranes were further demonstrated to coordinate as η3-BCC ligands in Ni(0) complexes. The rigid nature of the coordination was confirmed by dimerization without cleavage of the Ni–B interaction upon the addition of acetonitrile or carbon monoxide. Moreover, reactions with Al-, Zn- and B-based Lewis acids prompted hydride transfer within the alkynyl-linked phosphonium borate and interesting functional group transfer reactions.
The second class of the bifunctional systems, a series of gem-substituted bis-boranes, was subjected to reactions with tBu3P and CO2. The O-linked bis-borane was shown to coordinate the phosphino-carboxylate moiety with one B, while the methylene-linked bis-boranes were demonstrated to chelate the carboxyl group.
The third bifunctional system class, vinyl-group tethered boranes, was examined to elucidate the mechanism of the frustrated Lewis pair addition reaction to olefins. Using a bis(pentafluorophenyl)alkylborane, the close proximity of the olefinic protons and the ortho-fluorine nuclei were evident by both NOE measurements and DFT calculations. Moreover, its reactions with phosphine bases suggested that an initial interaction between the highly electrophilic borane and the olefinic fragment precedes such frustrated Lewis pair addition reaction. Furthermore, a bis(pentafluorophenyl)alkoxyborane was synthesized and reacted with P-, N-, C- and H-based nucleophiles, demonstrating the wide range of Lewis bases that can be applied in olefin addition reactions with complementary regioselectivity.%%%%PhD


Objective To explore the significance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid cytology in the diagnosis and treatment of viral encephalitis (meningitis). Methods The head MRI and cerebrospinal fluid data of 189 patients with viral encephalitis (meningitis) were reviewed, and early changes of cerebrospinal fluid cyotology of patients with normal or abnormal MRI findings were analysed retrospectively. Results Among 189 viral encephalitis (meningitis) patients, 96 (50.79%) patients presented abnormal MRI, and 129 (68.25%) patients presented abnormal cerebrospinal fluid cytological findings. In patients with abnormal MRI the abnormality rate of cerebrospinal fluid cytological findings was 72.92% (70/96), while in patients with normal MRI it was 63.44% (59/93), the difference was significant (P = 0.000). Conclusion In the early stage of viral encephalitis (meningitis) MRI changes appear later than abnormal cerebrospinal fluid cytological findings, but both of them are important for clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2011.05.013


To survive in the arid conditions with little soil and air precipitations, Campanula sclerophylla (Kolak.) Ogan. xerophyte has a set of unique strategy for stress response and stress adaptation. Structural and physiological responses of this xerophyte were studied under in vitro induced repeated osmotic stress. Plants were cultured for 2 weeks (for each stress 1 and stress 2) on half MS media supplemented with two mannitol concentrations (100 and 200 mM for treatment I and treatment II, respectively). Results showed that first stress inhibited shoot length, but after the second stress it did not differ from the control in treatment II. On the other hand, root number and root length were strongly inhibited in both stress events in treatment II. Relative water content in leaves in these experiments decreased significantly in treatment II compared to control, and repeated stress showed the same results. However, first stress increased pigment content compared to control, but stress 2 resulted in decreasing it till the level of control. Proline content increased significantly after the stress 2 periods, but there were nonsignificant changes after the stress 1. It is evident that stress 2 needed more compensation of high osmotic pressure comparing to the stress 1 in case of C. sclerophylla. Thus results suggest that in C. sclerophylla the structural strategy of adaptation to repeated stress is a redistribution of growth processes, but not a complete inhibition of plant growth. On the other hand, pigment content did not decrease during both stresses compared to control indicating stable physiological state during repeated stress. Introduction The negative effect of drought, salinity and extreme temperatures is primarily due to a decrease in the osmotic potential, so they all induce similar metabolic changes in plant cells (Jewel et al. 2010). As result of numerous studies of plant reactions to osmotic stress, the basic mechanisms underlying their adaptation were revealed. These mechanisms were identified at the genetic, biochemical, cellular, organ and organism levels in many agricultural crops (Li and Liu 2016). Increased synthesis of osmolytes (including proline), changes in the content of soluble proteins, sugars, pigments, and other physiological mechanisms are included in response to osmotic stress (Munné-Bosch and Alegre 2013, Piwowarczyk et al. 2014, Li et al. 2015, FletaSoriano, and Munné-Bosch 2016). In addition, it has been shown that the response of plants to drought and salinity is strongly affected by the genotype (Gupta and Huang 2014, Crisp et al. 2016). Furthermore, many plant species showed stress memory mechanisms, usually expressed by less intensive physiological reactions to repeated stress (Li and Liu 2016). The study on the physiological mechanisms of xerophytes adaptation to osmotic stress will provide deeper understanding of plant drought resistance. In recently published researches devoted to the identification of specific drought resistance mechanisms in some xerophytes, a transcriptome and Author for correspondence: .


reason instead of false perceptions and hysteria. Any rational approach to pesticide use should include a risk-benefit comparison. Pesticides, by nature, are risky, but their benefits are real and easily taken for granted. For example, some people want a total ban of pesticides, but they must be ready to accept termites in their houses, fleas in their carpets, moldy vegetables, food-borne toxins, food shortages with soaring prices, and outbreaks of long-forgotten diseases. But what about the risks of pesticides? Pesticides are poisons and can be hazardous. Fortunately, research, education, and government agencies are constantly reducing the risk of using pesticides by producing "safer" chemicals, pest-specific pesticides, better application methods, and tougher pesticide laws. The result is a constantly improving risk-benefit ratio. But that does not mean the job is complete. Misuse of and accidents involving pesticides still occur. And even when used correctly, some pesticides can harm the environment and non-targeted living things. Just as the benefits of pesticides are real, so are the risks. There will always be room for improved pest control methods. The purpose of this publication is to explain the nature of pesticides, their history, their benefits, their risks, the regulations in place to ensure their responsible use, and current trends in their use.


I. INTRODUCTION Since 1940 many spectroscopic techniques have been discovered and refined to further investigations into the electronic structure of atoms and molecules. Most of these, however, measure differences in absorption of electromagnetic energy of various wavelengths which are in turn related to atomic or molecular phenomena. In photoelectron spectroscopy and related techniques (Auger, Electron Impact, and Penning Ionization) a liberated ejected electron is examined. Therefore, the technique is sensitive to ionization processes and the parameters governing electron-molecule interaction. It thus provides a separate and distinctly unique approach to probing electronic structure.


Abstract : The focus of the PPT basic research program at AFRL has now shifted to understanding the sources of the low energy efficiency. Based on previous research modifications such as changing the electrode geometry, discharge frequency, and discharge energy may all result in moderate increases to the energy efficiency. What is required from a basic research standpoint is a diagnostic capability that can acquire information with sufficient accuracy to enable PPT designers to understand why certain influences increase performance - and then design PPTs which maximize these effects. To model a fluid description of the PPT plasma, the critical measurements are magnetic field and density. Temperature, composition and charge state also become critical as the models become more detailed. This paper describes a magnetic field probe array used at AFRL to map the magnetic fields in a laboratory model PPT. The paper focuses on determining to what extent the probe perturbs the plasma, the measurement limitations. Also discussed are options towards making this critical measurement with increased accuracy.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review the current performance management system of the South Korean Government and make recommendations for improvements to its institutional, operational, and value dimensions.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on a literature review, the government performance management system in South Korea is analyzed according to its institutional, operational, and value dimensions.

Findings
The Korean Government's performance management system has developed distinct features such as strong political leadership, diversity in types of performance evaluation, the institutional involvement of civilian experts, and a mutually cooperative system among agencies tasked with efficient performance management. This paper concludes that the government performance management system requires further improvement in its institutional, operational, and value dimensions.

Originality/value
The paper provides scholars and policy makers concerned with government performance management, with diverse perspectives and suggested areas for improvement.


Frequency conversion air conditioner is popular for its advantages such as saving en-ergy,low noise and low starting current etc.,but some of them produce high frequency wave and high frequency which pollute environments.Its characteristics of capability is discussed in the paper.


In western industrialized countries, the cyclic economy come from industrial sustainable development into economic and social development stage of a new philosophy and practice. As one of the two major themes of sustainable development, cyclic economy has become a global development trends and common concerns of mankind. This paper briefly described based on the theory of cyclic economy, combined with our present economic situation of business development cycle, from the conditions of the business, regional development of cyclic economy, market mechanisms and government regulation of the four aspects of the development of cyclic economy in China constraints, and address these issues into the appropriate measures to promote the development of cyclic economy to provide Chinese enterprises and references.


Linker chemistry is a kind of effective approach for polymer synthesis,which possesses high activity,high yield,high selectivity,and is sensitive to the specifically groups,fits for the link or ligation of the polymers and connect with molecules.This review introduces and summarizes our progress on synthesis of functional polymers with well-defined structure via linker chemistry.The linkages include condensation reaction,ring-opening reaction,click chemistry,and reversible linkages.Finally,a proper prospect of the development of linker chemistry has been discussed.


Bill Howarth, Emeritus Professor of French at the University of Bristol, died peacefully on 3 July 2015, in his ninety-third year. Bill was born in Yorkshire and educated at Silcoates School and Queen's College, Oxford. After war service in Bomber Command — a context of which he seldom spoke, but in which 'the European theatre' took on a very different meaning from that which dominated the rest of his life— he began his academic career at Jesus College, Oxford, where he was Fellow and Tutor from 1948 to 1966. He succeeded William McCausland Stewart as Professor of Classical French Literature at the University of Bristol in 1966, and remained loyal to that institution until his retirement in 1988. Bill's scholarly reputation is of one who combined a meticulous attention to detail with an unfailing ability to perceive the full picture. His seven authored books, nine critical editions, and four co-edited volumes were complemented by at least fifty articles, as impressive in their range as in their identification of intriguing new angles on many aspects of literary study. Although the focus was always on French theatre (classical, Romantic, and twentieth-century), the range was surprisingly wide. At Bill's retirement party it was pointed out, with a certain wry glee, that the droit du seigneur could almost be taken as a leitmotif of his bibliography, featuring in articles from the 1960s and the 1970s as well as in a critical edition of Voltaire's play in 1986. But although his fascination for comedy often brought him into contact with other people's smut, his analysis of it was unfailingly deft and tasteful. His magisterial full-length studies of Molière, of the Romantic drama, and of Beaumarchais remain fundamental to the reading lists of English-speaking undergraduates to this day, and his critical editions of individual Molière and Anouilh plays, as well as his student guides toAntigone and Le Cid, are full of fresh insights. A typical example of his witty erudition from 1980: seeking to illustrate an observation that eighteenth-century drama was more reliant than seventeenth on the confessional self-portrait, Bill did not content himself with quotation, but cleverly imagined how Tartuffe might have introduced himself if the play had been written a hundred years or so later than it was:


The main goal of this research was to help users determine the proper timing of preventive maintenance by identifying how environmental aging affects asphalt material properties (binder and/or mixture) in the pavement and how the application of pavement preservation treatments impact the aging process. Two main test sections were studied: (1) a designed experiment on the Low Volume Road portion of MnROAD to look at aging through the application of treatments on an annual basis over a five-year period; and (2) a 10-year-old pavement on TH 56 in southern Minnesota, also a designed experiment, with seals applied on an annual basis over a four-year period. Mix testing on TH 56 cores indicated that subsections with chip seals applied more than two years after construction had essentially the same fracture energy properties as the unsealed control subsection – implying that the initial treatment from a preservation standpoint should occur within the first two years of the pavement's life to mitigate damage from environmental aging. The MnROAD sections did not show the same response. Based on the testing conducted during the study and the associated findings, it appears that rheological tests can be conducted on the asphalt binder recovered from a pavement core to assess the effects of oxidative aging. When possible, it appears prudent to use a mixture fracture energy test, such as the Disk-Shaped Compact Tension test, in conjunction with asphalt binder rheological testing to quantify the effects of aging within a pavement and suggest appropriate timing for the application of preservation treatments.


The article deals with the economic role of agro-industrial complex in the context of globalization. Special attention is paid to national and international experience in the development of agro-industrial complex. Agro-industrial complex is the main area of high potential of the economy in the country, and has great possibilities. Now, about 43, 0 percent of the people are about one third of the economically active population.Agribusiness is a common production system total capital and develops according to the law of the system. In many cases, the agribusiness changes of consumer goods production to the manufacturing sector of economic resources. Thus, it is not only the production. It is also the environment of the population. And the level of agricultural production has a direct impact on the state of food security in the country. Now, food safety has become a global aspect in the context of globalization, therefore, subject of the article is very relevant.


This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of FibroTest, transient elastography method, combined FibroTest and transient elastography method, no matter the sequence, using liver biopsy as reference standard, for assessment of severe hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in adults with chronic hepatitis C without any co-infections such as hepatitis B, HIV, and alcoholic liver disease. • To compare the accuracy of FibroTest, transient elastography method, combined FibroTest and transient elastography method, for assessment of hepatic fibrosis in adults with chronic hepatitis C. • To explore heterogeneity analysing the following study factors: ◦ different grade of inflammation according to the liver biopsy; ◦ different lengths of liver biopsy sample; ◦ different number of portal tracts included in a liver biopsy sample; ◦ different serum levels of ALT activity. • different grade of inflammation according to the liver biopsy; • different lengths of liver biopsy sample; 1 FibroTest, transient elastography method, and combined FibroTest and transient elastography method for diagnosis of severe hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in adults with chronic hepatitis C (Protocol) Copyright © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. • different number of portal tracts included in a liver biopsy sample; • different serum levels of ALT activity.


This paper reports a patient with a pure Candida albicans vascular graft infection. Presentation was notable for the absence of systemic signs and symp toms of infection, minimal local tissue reaction, and a paucity of organisms in the initial pathologic specimen. The clinical course with multiple episodes of bleeding, the associated pathologic finding of vein necrosis, plus the repeated finding of yeast in tissue sections and in culture implicate the fungus as the cause of local pathology. This paper presents the patient, describes risk factors and possible mechanisms for infection, speculates on the reasons for the rarity of documented candida graft infections, and discusses the implications for patient management.


A fixing apparatus of a long span assembling wale is provided to improve working efficiency by stably supporting a strut with triangular structure and fixing and straining a steel wire, to cut down expenses by simplifying structure, and to make the best use of space by bearing earth pressure with tension of the steel wire. A fixing apparatus of a long span assembling wale includes a horizontal beam(110) integrally combined with a prestressed wale(20), a compression beam(120) inclined and installed at an end of the horizontal beam and combined with a corner strut(50), an inclined beam(130) inclined and mounted to connect the horizontal beam to the compression beam, first and second head blocks spaced from each other and placed in a triangle formed of the compression beam, the inclined beam and the horizontal beam to fix and strain a steel wire(22), a guide plate curved in the inclined beam to guide the steel wire, and a lifting jack integrally combined with the guide plate and lifted up and down in the inclined beam. The horizontal beam, the compression beam and the inclined beam are formed of H-beams with a flange and a web, and a stiffener is integrally combined with the web for compression and reinforcement.


Based on the sequences from EST library,the full length cDNA of LECT2 was successfully obtained from Epinephelus akaara by RACE technique.The full-length of LECT2 is 601 bp,including 54 bp of 5′UTR,79 bp of 3′UTR,and a 468 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 155 amino acids.The comparison of LECT2 amino acid sequence in E.akaara with its homologous sequences in other 21 species showed that it shared the highest identity(78%) with LECT2 amino acid sequence in Pseudosciaena crocea,and with the other 20 species,the identity percentages ranged from 40% to 73%.This result indicated that LECT2 is conserved among species.In this study,it was also found that the phylogenetic tree based on LECT2 amino acid sequences is congruent with their evolutionary relationships.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that LECT2 could be detected in various tissues,and the highest expression was found in the liver of E.akaara.Expression of LECT2 in the liver of V.harveyi-challenged fish dramatically increased comparing to that of the healthy fish.Besides the liver,expression in kidney,spleen and gill was slightly higher than those of other examed issues in the V.harveyi-challenged fish.These results revealed that LECT2 might be involved in the process of immunity reactions,and the liver might be the most significant location of LECT2 gene expression.


The first section included an introduction to research and discussed the researcher to the importance of performance skills in all sports, as well as for a handball game skills and dependence on the physical effort To master it, And the second section included a some topics that are directly related to the variables of the study, The third section included the research methodology, and he chose a research community Purposively by handball players at the National Center for Sports Talent Aged (16-17) years and the number of (20) players In this section The presentation of the mechanism of work and how the variables w As for the fourth section, the results were presented and discussed in terms of the researcher's scores in the main experiment, and after that the researcher reached a set of conclusions and recommendations presented in the fifth section. The most important conclusions were the use of tests that are close to playing conditions and competition when measuring physical characteristics And the skill of handball players and conduct similar research using different skills did not address the study and knowledge of the relationship between them and the handball effort. Ere chosen and the method of conducting the main experiment.


In this paper,the concentrations of Cd,Cr,Pb,Ni,Cu and Zn in the full dry soft part of the adult clam Moerella iridescens from three geographical populations,Lianyungang population from Hangzhou bay,Zhapu and Cixi population from Haizhou bay were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer.The results indicated that the concentrations of Cd,Cr,Pb,Ni and Cu in the clam from Cixi and Zhapu were significant higher than that in Lianyungang,but a reversed trend was found for Cr.The major contaminant for the three populations M.iridescens was Zn among the six heavy metals and the concentration amounted to 548.589-732.201 μg/g.Overall the heavy metal contamination for M.iridescen was better in Lianyungang population while it was worse in Zhapu population.The results of cluster analysis based on the six heavy metals indicated that the contamination character was similar between Cixi and Zhapu(Euclidean distance 89.79),but that was quite different from Lianyungang(Euclidean distance 139.19 and 204.56 respectively).Therefore,the cluster results based heavy metals was consistent with geographical distance among the three populations of M.iridescens.


This paper describes the use of the novel multi-pha se high voltage (HV) transformer-rectifiers (TR) in ESP applications, as an alternative to high frequen cy switch mode power supplies (HFPS). As well-known a three-phase TR can deliver a very smooth voltage wa veform. This power supply has the disadvantage of n ot being able to deliver a pulsating voltage waveform (high ripple) in case a change in the operating con ditions requires it. A multiphase HV power supply based on a traditional three-phase power supply can eliminat e this shortcoming as with an ingenious switching in the p rimary side of the HV transformer and in the thyris tor controller, both single-phase (high ripple) and thr ee-phase operation (low ripple) are possible. This paper describes the switching principles as well as the o utput power which is possible to achieve in both op eration modes. The multi-phase TR has been tested at full-s cale in an ESP for coal-fired boiler and the first commercial installation has been commissioned.


Several major issues in freight transportation regulation were reviewed by Kriebel and Baumel (KB) in a recent Journal article. They included carrier entry, pricing, and the effects of regulations on the quality of service and the efficiency of carrier operations. The KB paper was concerned mainly with listing arguments for and against regulation. The objective of this comment is to clarify the economic problems in the continuing debate on further deregulation. Several of the regulated motor carrier industry's arguments mentioned by Kriebel and Baumel are contested.


PURPOSE: A cutting method and device of laser-transmitting member are provided to easily cut material not easily cut by laser and to have excellent productivity by applying force two regions around a laser-irradiated part to cut the both regions. CONSTITUTION: A cutting method of laser-transmitting member comprises: an irradiation step irradiating laser to a laser-cutting member in a region where the laser-transmitting member is arranged; a cutting step cutting two regions by applying force to the two regions around a laser-irradiated part. A cutting device of laser-transmitting member comprises: an irradiation part irradiating laser to the laser-cutting member in the region where the laser-transmitting member is arranged; and a cutting part applying force and detaching the two regions from the laser-irradiated part.


Objective To Study the correlation between CD 3AK cells and non-MHC-restricted killing for treating cancer patients by infusion of allogeneic CD 3AK cells.Methods CD 3AK cells from healthy adults' peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) were induced in vitro.The effect and the target cells' epitype were determined by micro-lymphocyte-cytotoxicity assay.MTT method was performed to assess killer-cell cytotoxicity.Results It was found that in cancer cell lines, CD 3AK cells from different people had same cytotoxicity in spite of different MHC epitype(P0.05).It demonstrated that CD 3AK cells' cytotoxicity was non-MHC-restricted.Conclusion CD 3AK cells might be implied in cancer immunotherapy.


Recently, left-handed (LH) metamaterials have been achieved by arranging an array of TE resonant dielectric resonators (DRs) in a cut-off parallel plate waveguide [1], [2]. Since negative permittivity is provided by the TE cut-off background, the DRs only need to generate the required negative permeability in order to realize a LH metamaterial. This configuration provides a more flexible choice in structural parameters and uses a non-metallic resonant structure for achieving negative permeability that can be scaled to terahertz frequencies and beyond. One of the unique features of a LH metamaterial-based leaky wave antenna is that it can scan from back-fire to end-fire simply by changing the operational frequency. To overcome this frequency-dependent feature, an electrically-controlled tunable leaky wave antenna has been proposed [3]; the dispersion curve can be shifted by varying the bias voltage of the varactor diodes in each unit-cell. In contrast to the frequency and electrically controlled leaky wave antenna, this paper presents a mechanically controlled leaky wave antenna suitable for DR-based LH transmission lines. The dispersion curve is shifted when the boundary condition on the other side of the radiation aperture changes. A 15-cell leaky wave antenna is designed with the proposed structure and the radiation patterns are measured to confirm the capability of mechanical tunability for the maximum beam direction.


Dietary intake of f1uoride is believed to be largely derived from drinking water. In Malta, tapwater presently contains less f1uoride than is found in naturally occur ring ground water obtained from aquifers. Over 55% of water production comes from reverse osmosis and such water is practi cally f1uoride-free. Before the introduction of reverse osmosis water into the water budget, f1uoride levels measured from 10 different tapwaters averaged 0.51 ppm F-. Now, f1uoride contents measured from 19 tapwater sources average 0.21 ppm Fand more than a third of these sources are prac tically f1uoride-free. The incidence of den tal caries in Malta has so far been low according to international standards. We suggest that the lowering of the fluoride level in the water supplies may favour an escalation in the incidence of tooth decay in future.


Researchers used a viscous fluid to disrupt the operation of a molecular motor that transports material inside biological cells, giving insights into how it works.


Dual parallel motion systems are mechanisms that drive load jointly by dual parallel motion axes. For these special mechanisms, diminishing desynchronization between parallel axes is essential to harness the potential performance of the whole system. However, a wide variety of synchronization applications tend to have great differences in control objectives and mechanical structures, which makes it laborious and time-consuming to design customized control schemes. Meanwhile, existing generalized synchronous control schemes are simply based on state compensation, which finitely offset mechanical coupling effect and limit the synchronization performance. To overcome these drawbacks, a generalized model of dual parallel motion systems is presented in this article, which can categorize the synchronous control objective into one uniform expression. By applying motion decoupling strategy to the generalized model, an advanced composite synchronous control scheme is proposed, which provides a generalized synchronization solution with comprehensively considering the motion coupling effect. Finally, simulation and experimental results on a dual-driven gantry platform verify that the proposed control scheme can significantly improve the synchronization performance.


Data for 1518 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects are listed in this report. The majority of the EOR projects fall into the following categories: pressure maintenance; dump floods and controlled waterfloods. At the present time, there are 6 tertiary projects in the state: the Micellar - polymer Demonstration Project, a thermal recovery project; an inert exhaust gas project; the Iola Fire Flood Project, and a polymer-enhanced water flood. Field data from each of the secondary and tertiary recovery projects are tabulated. (DMC)


This paper reports on the combustion characteristics of biodegradable biomass briquettes prepared from charcoal, sawdust and sugarcane bagasse. The three materials were mixed in respective ratio of 20:20:60, 20:30:50, 20:40:40, 20:50:30 and 20:60:20. The briquettes were produced using Budenberg dial gauge hydraulic compression machine with the formation of briquettes under 64 MPa pressure with 120 seconds dwell time. Combustion characteristics such as proximate analysis, fuel-burning rate, fuel ignition time and afterglow time of the produced briquettes were determined. Results show that briquette with sample composition of 20:50:30 has better calorific value of 24613.69 kJ/kg and sample with ratio 20:30:50 has lowest calorific value of 22500.3 kJ/kg, while sampling with ratio 20:30:50 has better physical properties with shatter resistance of 99.61% and porosity index value of 47.40%.


The raspberry plant – raspberry aphid system At SCRI, we have a long-standing interest in factors that confer resistance to insect infestation, particularly of the Rubus genus to the large raspberry aphid, Amphorophora idaei, the only vector of significance for several viruses that infect raspberry in Europe2-4. Preliminary studies indicated that raspberry leaf wax plays an important role in determining resistance and susceptibility to the insect5. We have now conducted a more rigorous comparison between the A. idaeiresistant cultivar, Autumn Bliss, which contains the major resistance gene A10, and the A. idaei-susceptible cultivar, Malling Jewel6. To correlate aphid behaviour with leaf chemistry accurately, bioassays were performed with A. ideai, which densely populates Malling Jewel but not Autumn Bliss, immediPlant biochemistry & cell biology


A case of glomangioma located at an unusual site, the extradural space of the cervical spine, is presented. To our knowledge, this is the first case that has been identified at this location. Radiographic features of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) image were collected as a dumbbell-shaped tumor at epidural space of the cervical spine. These features correspond with the histological findings.


Purpose. The article points out the correlation between myth and action within Habermas's theory of communicate rationality. Methodology. The concepts of communicative action and myth are analyzed within the methodological scope of philosophical reconstruction and principle of systematicity. Results. It is argued, that myth, understood as a possible context of truth, does not contradict with the principles of communicative rationality, because truth itself is no longer an undependable validity claim, but it rather complies and changes with the context. Practical implications. The research's results might be widely used in academic and educational environments. Moreover, it is crucial to concretize the concept of action for solving not only theoretical issues, but also personal, social, ethical and political problems, since action is a medium through which man, society and world interact with each other.


Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to chart the development of bancassurance as a method of selling insurance and how it fits within the regulatory environment in Ireland. Design/methodology/approach - – General review of the leading financial institutions retailing insurance in Ireland and their respective processes in retail distribution. Findings - – Unlike in Europe where bancassurance involves the bank creating insurance products, in Ireland many banks engage insurers to create product to be sold via banking network, call centre or online. Whitelabeling insurance products allow the bank and insurer to enter or exit the market. In developing a bancassurance product, fundamentals need to be in place for success. The regulatory environment also does not favour banks creating insurance products; hence, this method is suited to the Irish market based on market size and existing distribution channels. Research limitations/implications - – Based on a general review of the market, past and present, it does not take into account future developments of the banking sector which is subject to change post the EU banking crisis. Practical implications - – The paper establishes the current trend of banks entering the insurance market in Ireland. Originality/value - – Based on observation, general literature review and the current regulatory requirements to retail insurance in Ireland, the paper offers a perspective of market entry for a bank to sell insurance.


VRML can construct the 3D structure module that is necessary for the network,JAVA enables the 3D scene with the ability of interaction.This paper comprehensively introduces the method of VRML and JAVA,and how to access the VRML scene in JAVA,and how to transfer data from JAVA to VRML scene.


To assess potential impacts of transgenic insect-resistant (MON 863 x MON 810) Bt maize-pollen consumption on hive honeybees, two-, three-, four- and five-day-old workers were fed during five days with a mixture of honey and sugar (Control, Group I), honey with non-transgenic Limagrain maize pollen (Group II) and honey with Bacillus thuringiensis maize pollen (Group III). The consumption rate, weight of bees, protein content, antioxidant enzyme activities and total antioxidant status were estimated. There were no significant differences in any of the above parameters among the groups of bees fed on the three diets. Only trehalose and maltose levels were higher in bees fed a pollen-free control diet compared to bees fed either transgenic or non-transgenic maize pollen. Our data indicate that the transgenic pollen had no adverse impact on studied markers of young hive honeybees.


This paper summarizes the application of acoustic emission technology in the identification of concrete damage. It reviews the application of acoustic emission technology in the identification of the damage of concrete structure, including the characterization of acoustic emission of concrete structure damage and the application of acoustic emission technology in research of concrete fatigue performance in concrete. Besides, the review of the application of acoustic emission technology on steel corrosion researches is presented, as well as the application of acoustic emission technology in the identification of concrete damage under high temperature and freeze-thaw cycles. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic reference for relevant researchers.


Transient global simulations were carried out to investigate the effect of argon flow on oxygen and carbon coupled transport in an industrial directional solidification furnace for quasi-single crystalline silicon ingots. Global calculation of impurity transport in the argon gas and silicon melt was based on a fully coupled calculation of the thermal and flow fields. Numerical results show that the argon flow rate affects the flow intensity along the melt–gas surface, but has no significant effect on the flow patterns of silicon melt and argon gas above the melt–gas surface. It was found that the evaporation flux of SiO along the melt–gas surface decreases with the increasing argon flow rate during the solidification process. However, the net flux of oxygen atoms (SiO evaporation flux minus CO dissolution flux) away from the melt–gas surface increases with the increasing argon flow rate, leading to a decrease in the oxygen concentration in the grown ingot. The carbon concentration in the grown ingot shows an exponential decrease with the increase of the argon flow rate, owing to the fact that the dissolution flux of CO significantly decreases with the increasing argon flow rate. The numerical results agree well with the experimental measurements.


The Home Care Services allow actions to promote, prevent, treat the pathologies and recover the individual within the home, in addition to providing comfort and approximation of the affective bonds with their relatives established by the team responsible for the patient. This study aimed to know the sociodemographic and pathological profile of the patients treated in the Best Home Program by the staff of the Home Care Service of a municipality in the Southwest Region of Goias. This is a descriptive and exploratory study with simple statistical analysis for the quantitative data regarding the variables age and sex and for the pathologies treated by the Home Care Service. A structured questionnaire was used for the patients and / or family members attended by the program in March 2017. The largest number of patients attended by the team comprises the age group of people over 64 years old (57.4%), 43% of the females and 57% males. The study found that the main cause of home hospitalization was COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (33.33%), followed by (14.58%) of neoplasms. Conclusion: The present study reinforces the importance of basic care programs and actions in an articulated and multidisciplinary way, for the treatment of patients who need humanized and qualified care in a timely manner at home.


Background Hypertension (HT) has been one of the leading global risk factors for health,so it is importantto indicate groups of people with high risk(s) of HT to provide them with lifestyles modification and checking blood pressure (BP) periodically for early detection of HT. Objective To determine the prevalence of HT and some important risk factors in suspected high risk group. Material and Method Randomized villages in Ban Paew District Samuthsakorn Province; Central Thailand which were near the sea. The authors conducted the survey in February – April 2002 and 2003; getting one volunteer from each house who was in the age of 40–69 years (y). Volunteers were advised to fast from 8 p.m. until next morning for blood drawn, checking the weight, height and waist. BP was measured by using the automatic BP; history, physical examination, etc. were done. BP at 140/90 mm. Hg or higher either systole or diastole and also persons with currently treatment would be diagnosed as hypertension. Result Total of 1,079 volunteers with completed data, there were 153 (14.2 %) being known HT; 143 (19.5%) from735 and 62 (32.5 %) from 191volunteers, with no history of HT and not knowing their BP being hypertensive respectively. So a total of 205 (22.1%) from 926 volunteers were hypertensive with 89 (26.6 %) from 335 men, 116 (19.6 %) from 591 women (p = 0.0145), and 32 (3.5%) with isolated systolic hypertension. HT increased significantly in age of 60–69 y more than 50–59 y and 40–49 y; also with BMI over 25 (p = 0.0002), drinking alcohol (p = 0.0384); but no significance with smoking (p = 0.2139), eating salty foods (p = 0.6568); however, the group which ate sour taste had borderline significance for negative risk of hypertension (p = 0.0489). Conclusion The authors reported the prevalence of 22.1% having hypertension in the age group of 40–69 years and very high up to 32.5% in the group of not knowing their BP. Hypertension significantly increased with older age group from 40–49 to 60–69 y, male gender, BMI over 25, drinking alcohol; and with borderline significance for being a negative risk of hypertension in eating sour taste group.


This paper applies the clipper receiver with diversity combining techniques to the frequency hopping (FH) M-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK) systems against a destructive band multitone jammer, and presents an exact error probability performance evaluation with further discussions. A noise free channel is first assumed for analysis, and this assumption is then verified by computer simulation. Both optimal jamming tone power from the jammer's view and the choice of the clipping level from the communicator's view are investigated. The worst case performance of the FH/MFSK system against an optimum jammer is discussed in detail with extensive numerical results. It is also found that the clipper receiver provides the most attractive performance as compared to several other diversity combining receivers previously proposed. >


We present two to five year patency rates of 59 femoropopliteal bypasses performed with stabilized human umbilical vein (SHUV). Strict adherence to precise technique is emphasized. Our overall patency rate calculated by the actuarial life table method was 54.5% at five years. Patients operated upon for limb salvage was 50% and in patients operated on for disabling claudication the rate was 65.6%. Properly utilized SHUV can provide patency rates in femoro popliteal bypass similar to those utilizing autologous saphenous vein and better than polytetrafluoroethylene, Dacron, and bovine heterograft when these are used for below knee anastomosis.


PurposeThe anonymity of the Internet supports an increasing number of deviant behaviors such as secret affairs. This paper aims to investigate whether religiosity has a negative relationship with the incidence of secret affairs in cyberspace and how it moderates the substitution effect between the use of online and off-line channels for such deviant behaviors.Design/methodology/approachThe authors constructed a cross-sectional county-level dataset containing data on US religious adherents' ratios and actual expenditures on a social website related to extramarital affairs. The data were analyzed by ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares regression models.FindingsIn general, religiosity has a negative relationship with secret affairs in cyberspace. It also moderates the relationship between using online (secret affairs websites) and off-line (entertainment facilities) channels for extramarital affairs. The deterrent effect of religiosity is weakened in religious communities with diversified religious teachings/structures and stricter requirements.Originality/valueThis work enriches the understanding of the role of religiosity in online deviant behaviors and provides essential insights for policymakers (e.g. in relation to spillover effects of social norms in cyberspace).


Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the second most significant cause of cancer-related mortality, with a 5-year survival rate of just 11%. PDACs are one of the most difficult to treat cancers, mainly because of the desmoplastic tumor microenvironment enriched with tumor-supportive extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal cells. Unfortunately, the efficacies of current pancreatic cancer therapies are limited partly by stroma-mediated drug resistance. We reason that Discoidin Domain Receptors, which belong to the receptor tyrosine kinase family and bind to fibrillar collagens present in the ECM, may be a critical promoter of PDAC growth and progression. Though several drugs targeting DDR proteins have been developed, no inhibitors specific to DDR proteins have been developed. Moreover, those drugs have not been approved for treating PDACs.
 Methods. A high throughput screen using small molecule inhibitors was performed to identify bonafide inhibitors of DDR proteins. Structural and reported-based essays were done to determine the specificity. Functional assays were performed to test the potency of the candidate inhibitors. Mechanistic studies were done using RNA-seq, real-time PCR, and western blot.
 Results: Using an unbiased screening approach, we identified inhibitors that specifically target DDR proteins. Our studies revealed that small molecule inhibitors blocked the short and long-term viability as well as migration/invasion of PDAC cells. In addition, they induced apoptosis and halted the cell cycle at the G1-S checkpoint. Mechanistic studies revealed that the pro-growth signaling cascade was significantly inhibited.
 Conclusions: Our results showing specific DDR inhibitors blocking the growth and progression of PDAC cells without affecting the viability of normal cells suggest that these inhibitors may serve as a safe and potent regimen for treating pancreatic cancers.
 Citation Format: Trong Phat Do, Sajid Khan, Daohong Zhou, Matthew Hart, Stanton McHardy, Manjeet Rao. DDR-targeting small molecule inhibitor as a novel therapeutic for treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5004.


A patient had bilateral testicular tumors complicating the adrenogenital syndrome. This is the first such instance of the complication fully documented to have occurred with the simple virilizing type of congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and the first demonstration of cortisol synthesis by the testicular tumors associated with this disorder. A review of the literature concerned with the origin of these testicular tumors suggests that they arise primarily from testicular interstitial cells under the stimulus of increased plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).


The useful edge has a better pixel connectivity in the edge map, but the noise and useless edge have a worse pixel connectivity in general. This paper implements the label processing on edge map, reserves the parts of maximum connectivity,which means the useful edge, filters the noise and useless edge correspondingly. Experimental results show this method is effective for improving the quality of edge map.


What kind of legal talents to train and how to cultivate legal talents is a major issue that needs to be resolved in the transformation of legal education in China. China's current legal education objectives are not accurate, the socialist rule of law concept is not deep enough and it is out of step with legal vocational education, which has led to the lack of legal beliefs, lack of practical innovation ability and difficulty in adapting to the needs of socialist market economy development. Under the guidance of the dual goals of belief and rationality in legal education, deepening the reform of the undergraduate talent training model in China is the fundamental requirement for the integration of legal education and vocational education. It is also the key to realizing the rule of law and building a harmonious society.


n the last years of the World War II and the period of post-war reconstruction, with a huge rise in patriotic sentiment, the Soviet state and society made efforts to recreate the destroyed cities on a new basis, eradicating all the shortcomings in their planning and development, and to make them better, more beautiful, more comfortable for living. The article briefly describes how the city of the near future was seen in the early years of developing projects for the restoration of cities destroyed by the war.


The world is plagued by the historic pandemic of COVID-19.1,2 The impact of this pandemic has been evident in every section of society.1 In a major part of the world, the pandemic has resulted in large scale morbidity and mortality.1 The effect is not only limited to healthcare but to the overall felicity i.e., mental, physical, psychological, and the financial wellbeing of the society.1 This pandemic has devastated the healthcare systems of the developed world and also has severely affected the already weak and fragile healthcare systems of the developing countries.3 The low-income countries with meagre expenditure on the health budget are at the receiving end.3 The improper planning, lack of commitment, corruption, lack of vision for the future has led to chaos and pandemonium in the pandemic of COVID-19.2 These low-income countries were already having a high burden of morbidity and mortality due to other communicable and non-communicable diseases and now with the uncontrolled and geometric progression of the COVID-19 cases, the treatment/care of these diseases has suffered remarkably.4 The recent survey by WHO conducted in the 155 countries revealed that the impact of the pandemic on these diseases was global with a greater degree of severity in the low-income countries.4 There are confusion and fear of death among the general public.1 The already overburdened health care systems are stretched


Concrete cracking is prone to occur in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau due to the cold weather, great range of temperature between day and night and poor construction conditions, therefore the application of anti-cracking technique plays a very important role in assurance of concrete quality. Anti-cracking measures of concrete are here introduced in the paper.


The evidence concerning the creation of the Augustal Prefecture and the Egyptian diocese is complex and apparently contradictory , and has led to the establishment of two incompatible dates in standard works of reference.


The co‐inhibitory B7‐homologue 1 (B7‐H1/PD‐L1) influences adaptive immune responses and has been proposed to contribute to the mechanisms maintaining peripheral tolerance and limiting inflammatory damage in parenchymal organs. To understand the B7‐H1/PD1 pathway in CNS inflammation, we analyzed adaptive immune responses in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55‐induced EAE and assessed the expression of B7‐H1 in human CNS tissue. B7‐H1–/– mice exhibited an accelerated disease onset and significantly exacerbated EAE severity, although absence of B7‐H1 had no influence on MOG antibody production. Peripheral MOG‐specific IFN‐γ/IL‐17 T cell responses occurred earlier and enhanced in B7‐H1–/– mice, but ceased more rapidly. In the CNS, however, significantly higher numbers of activated neuroantigen‐specific T cells persisted during all stages of EAE. Experiments showing a direct inhibitory role of APC‐derived B7‐H1 on the activation of MOG‐specific effector cells support the assumption that parenchymal B7‐H1 is pivotal for delineating T cell fate in the target organ. Compatible with this concept, our data investigating human brain tissue specimens show a strong up‐regulation of B7‐H1 in lesions of multiple sclerosis. Our findings demonstrate the critical importance of B7‐H1 as an immune‐inhibitory molecule capable of down‐regulating T cell responses thus contributing to the confinement of immunopathological damage.


It represents the meaning of developing green ecological architecture and the develop progress of it,puts forward the basic principle of the design of ecological architecture,specifically introduces the continuous develop of architecture of our nation,to prompt the development of green ecological architecture and assure the forever continuous develop of human society.


Glucoamylases catalyze a stepwise hydrolysis of starch with the production of glucose. In order to make an efficient conversion of starch into glucose, glucoamylases prepared from Rhizopus spp.(Sigma Co.) were attached to a porous glass and immobilized by glutaraldehyde-induced crosslinking. The porous glass used in this study was ZrO₂ coated. 40∼80 mesh, 550Å pore diameter. Using the forgoing glass, we could couple as much as 50㎎ of protein per gram of carrier. Substrate for the glucoamylase was an enzyme-modified thin-boiling 30% cornstarch solution used where greater solubility and low viscosity are desired. Immobilized glucoamylase had an optimum pH 7.0 to the alkaline side of soluble enzyme. Km values of immobilized and soluble enzyme were 1.04mM and 1.25mM, respectively. The thermal stability of glucoamylase was increased by immobilization and the immobilized enzyme showed am optimum temperature at 40∼60℃. The continuous conversion of cornstarch to glucose by use of immobilized glucoamylase resulted in the production of a more than 90 DE product.


Introduction Metabolic syndrome is a complex of disorders including abdominal obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the pineal hormone melatonin are of great importance for preserving body homeostasis, and potentially melatonin can be a a safe and effective agent in the complex treatment of menopausal women with metabolic syndrome.The aim of the study is to determine the prospects of using the epiphysis hormone melatonin in the complex treatment of menopausal metabolic syndrome based on the analysis of scientific publications.Material and methods The review includes data from studies on the effect of melatonin (MT) on the components of metabolic syndrome in periand postmenopausal women. Sources were searched for the period 2016–2023 in the international databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and the Russian scientific electronic library eLibrary by search words and phrases: melatonin, menopause, perimenopause, metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension.Results and Discussion The analysis of the literature data showed a number of advantages of the effect of exogenous MT preparations on individual components of metabolic syndrome, but some results were contradictory. Scientific evidence of MT influence on anthropometric indices, markers of glucose homeostasis, hemodynamic parameters and signs of body's inflammatory response, as well as multidirectional effects on lipid profile was found.Conclusion Given the multifunctionality and safety of exogenous MT preparations, its use in the complex therapy of menopausal metabolic syndrome should be considered.


This study was undertaken to determine whether anonymity is a necessary condition for candid self-report of antisocial behavior. A checklist of antisocial behaviors was filled out both anonymously and nonanonymously by high school and delinquent boys. Although both groups disclosed more antisocial behavior when protected by anonymity, differences in scores under the 2 administration s were comparatively small. The changes in candor were also more pronounced for slight infractions than for serious violations. Correlational analysis showed that individuals maintained about the same ranking on antisocial behavior in both administrations of the checklist. Scores on the 2 administration s of the checklist correlated equally highly with other criteria of delinquency. It was concluded that the importance of anonymity has been overemphasized in research on delinquency using self-report techniques. A number of recent delinquency researchers, dissatisfied with the proliferation of research comparing "institutionalized delinquents" and "nondelinquents," have turned to the study of self-reported adolescent misbehavior. This method has yielded some provocative findings (e.g., Short & Nye, 1958), and has revitalized old and fundamental questions about delinquency. A resurgence of interest in socioeconomic status and delinquency, for example, is partly attributable to the impact of this method. Few investigators, however, have tried to study the validity of the self-report method in delinquency research. An obstacle to such studies is the anonymity under which reports of antisocial behavior are made. Anonymous reports of antisocial behavior usually cannot be related to data on boys available from other sources. Predictive, longitudinal, and other validity studies become difficult, if not impossible, when boys do not sign their names to checklists of delinquent behavior. Short and Nye (1958), however, stress the importance of anonymity. According to these authors, rapport can only be obtained where boys have nothing to gain either by withholding or distorting information. Recent in


Managing to evaluate the distribution of value between the various actors implicated on the creation, the production, the marketing and distribution of innovative offer remains an enormous challenge for a start-up. This value sharing is even more difficult for a start-up where the incumbent companies are big and have high negotiating powers. This is the kind of ecosystem in which Eveon found itself, a start-up and pioneer in the design of automatic medical devices, attempting to find its place amongst the giants of the pharmaceutical industry. This case shows how a start-up can define its position in a value chain when confronted with a number of strategic options and Business Models.


The invention discloses a method for preventing a database in an intelligent network system from deadly embrace, comprising the following steps: adding an empty list for a list requiring to be subjected to insertion and deletion; alternately setting the two lists as an insertion list or a deletion list by taking setting time as a period; and judging the attributes of the two lists in the business running process and executing corresponding insertion or deletion on the two lists. The invention also discloses a device for preventing a database in an intelligent network system from deadly embrace. By the method and the device in the invention, the problem of the deadly embrace in the intelligent network system can be prevented, thus ensuring normal operation of the intelligent network system.


The bar-press response reinforced by the contact with estrus female was investigated in growing male rats. The bar-press latency as well as the subjects' behavior changed distinctly in the course of the study with the increase of experience and maturation of the subjects. Some behaviora.1 items such as, nasogenital contact, climbing on the head, and running around showed gradual inP r e a ~ e during succeeding weeks of life, psrallelly to the decrease of the sitting under female, and crawling under female. A gradual shortening of the bar-press latencies was observed from the 4th to the 11th week of life succeeded by a prolongation from the l t h to the 14th week. On the basis of the changes in bar-press latencies as well as of the analysis of the subjects' behavior it is suggested that the young male rat between the 4th and 7th week of life comes under an increasing influence of sexnal motivation. During the period of life between birth and the first copulation the male mammal changes radically his attitude toward the females of his species. At the onset of this period every mature female is regardet by a male puppy like a mother, and the full repertoire of the care-soliciting behavior (11) is directed towards her. Towards the end. when puberty comes and the first copulations appear, the female becomes a mate. The question arises how the motivation under536 J. BECK AND J. CHMIELEWSKA lying the contacts between males and females changes between these two stages. An experiment on rats was performed in order to investigate this problem. The evaluation of motivation was based on a careful analysis of animal behavior, whereas the response latency was used as an indicator of the level of this motivation. Rats have been chosen as study subjects for three reasons: because of the short time dividing their birth from maturity, because of their well-known postnatal behavior (4, 6, 10) and because they had been already used in the investigation of instrumental CR reinforced by the contact with conspecifics (2, 5, 7, 8, 12).


This thesis is part of a bigger project on cobots. Cobots are collaborative robotic arms with sensors and control on motor currents to work with humans in safety. Though they are already collaborative the project wants to implement a vision control system for changing in real-time the path behavior, therefore improving the safety. The focus of this text is to study the interconnection protocols between robot and computer. In particular how control a robot UR3, produced by Universal Robot, from Matlab. To achieve the target also a study of Python has been done. As result a series of libraries to control the robot from Matlab and Python have been written together a collection of examples for using them.


Abstract We present a loosely coupled, non-iterative time-splitting scheme based on Robin–Robin coupling conditions. We apply a novel unified analysis for this scheme applied to both a parabolic/parabolic coupled system and a parabolic/hyperbolic coupled system. We show for both systems that the scheme is stable, and the error converges as O(ΔtT+log(1Δt)), $\mathcal{O}\big({\Delta t} \sqrt{T +\log(\frac{1}{{\Delta t}})}\big),$where Δt is the time step.


In this study the plane elasticity problem for a functionally graded layer containing multiple cracks is investigated by means of the dislocation distribution technique. The elastic modulus of the medium is assumed to vary exponentially in the thickness direction. The Fourier integral transform is used to obtain the stress fields caused by an edge dislocation in the layer. The stress components exhibit Cauchy as well as logarithmic singularity at the dislocation location. The dislocation solution is employed to derive a set of integral equations to analyze cracks with arbitrary configuration. The numerical solution of these equations yields dislocation density on a crack surface which is used to compute the crack stress intensity factors. The interaction between cracks in layers with different material properties is studied


Development of a new processing method for the effective use of rice-Shochu distillation remnants is an important subject for the reduction of environmental pollution. In this study, inhibitory effects on the growth of human stomach tumor cells along with the induction of apoptosis were obtained for powder treated with ethanol from freeze-dried supernatant of rice-Shochu distillation remnants in vitro. Futhermore, the powder obtained from rice-Shochu distillation remnants showed no toxicity to normal rats in vivo experiments. These results suggest that rice-Shochu distillation remnants might be effectively used not only as medicine but also as food supplements for health.


Polymer composite materials are used for engineering applications under hard working conditions. The Nano materials have unique wear properties with low specific weight and high resistance to degradation in order to ensure safety and economic efficieny. The matrix material is taken as the epoxy resin and the reinforcement as the woven roving mat (glass fiber). The addition of filler material (nanoclay) improves the wear and tribological behaviour. The laminate were prepared by hand lay-up method with varying %Wt(0 to 4) of nanoclay on epoxy glass fiber. The distribution of nanoclay in epoxycomposites were studied using XRD.The surface morphology of the glass fiber epoxy nanocomposite were analysed by Field Emission Scanning Electrom Microscope (FESEM).The enhancement effect of nanoclay was more significant in the epoxy glass fiber reinforced composite.


Objectives Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family are critical regulators in immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation, however, tissue NF-κB metabolism and their relevance to methylation status remain unknown. Methods We examined gene expression profiles of 5 NF-κB transcription factors, 6 inhibitory IκB proteins (I-κB), 3 IκB kinase (IKK) complex and 24 pathway components in NF-κB signalling pathway. Data-base mining of NF-κB family members and conponnets mRNA expressions are accomplished by querying GEO DataSets profiles under inflammation cytokine stimuli, hypomethylation status, and homocysteine treat. We analysed correlations between gene expression, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and S-adenosylmethion ine (SAM) levels, and SAM/SAH ratios in 7 mouse tissues. Results Our results showed that (1) NF-κB family members and pathway components have different expression levels in different tissues, and high expression in mouse, but inactive in human in normal condition; (2) Vascular system has lower response to NF-κB activity; (3) Tissues can be divided into 3 tiers according to essential molecular of NF-κB canonical and non-canonical pathway expression level in normal condition; (4) Canonical pathway is activated immediately after inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, IL-1 stimuli, but non-canonical pathway is up-regulated until 4 h treatment; (5) Lymphotoxin β/LIGHT has no effect on NF-κB family members and components expressions at 4 h; (6) Sca1+ subset endothelial progenitor cells has lower NF-κB family members and components expressions level than Sca1- subset endothelial progenitor cells; (7) Most of NF-κB family members and components expressions are down-regulated by hypomethylation status; (8) Most of NF-κB family members and components expressions are down-regulated by acute homocystein treat in different cell type. Conclusions These new results provide an insight on the roles of NF-κB family members and components in tissues and cross talk between canonical and non-canonical pathway in different cell type, and its relevance to methylation. Our study is the first to make a model of specific tissue gene expression profiles of NF-κB and regulation of tissue methylation.


Despite the continuous growth in renewable sources of energy, coal remains the primary source of energy security in developing countries and accounted for 1.1 Gt of CO2 annually. The present study was conducted to examine the dynamic land cover changes, deforestation, and carbon (C) emissions in the mined landscape of Central India. Geospatial techniques coupled with field measurements were conjunctively employed for quantifying land use and vegetation changes from the period of 2001 to 2020. The unchecked mining (6.4–30 km2) along with the rapid expansion of agriculture (586.7–642.5 km2) were identified as major drivers of deforestation, which resulted in the net loss of 115.3 km2 area under intact sal (Shorea robusta) dominated forest. The mining and associated activities increased the fragmentation of intact forest that had not only decreased density, basal area, and diversity of vegetation but also a huge loss of biomass of ~2.5 Tg that contributed to a net loss of 1.08 Tg C (~3.98 Tg of CO2) in the past 20 years. The study explored the use of land management options and confirmed that C offset ensued from land use changes without hampering coal production for the next two decades. The scenarios will provide valuable information to the policymakers for devising sustainable coal mining by underpinning the ecological compensation for deforestation while promoting cleaner production technologies through decarbonization to counteract emissions, which could help in achieving ambitious goals set by India for planned C reduction targets as Intended Nationally Determined Commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015).


Comprehensive approach to realize the "Low Carbon Society, Sound Material-Cycle Society, and Society in Harmony with Nature" is an issue of regional and city planning. The planning method based on watershed unit is one of the important topics to solve both global environmental problems and local problems on the ecosystem, cultural landscape, and disaster prevention and has been introduced in the Master Plan for Parks and Open Spaces of some municipalities in Japan. The small watershed unit is introduced to share the future vision based on scientific data, water cycle and biodiversity. Some municipalities show the model of eco-harmonized city in the district scale based on small watershed unit. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the needs and problems of the watershed planning to manage the park and open spaces. The study area is Sendai metropolitan area, the Tohoku District, Japan. First, we mapped small watershed of Sendai city and analyzed the characteristics of natural environment, and their policy by the small watershed unit. Second, the relationship between the characteristics of small watershed and actual condition were clarified.