for NGC2017, Sept. 2017 by Fred Roozeboom (firstname.lastname@example.com ; email@example.com) Atomic Layer Processing: basics, materials, processes and applications Fred Roozeboom 1 Eindhoven University of Technology, Dept. of Appl ied Physics, The Netherlands 2 TNO, Eindhoven, The Netherlands ; e-mail: email@example.com Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is an emerging technique to deposit fi lms with (sub-)monolayer thickness control and superior material quality for a wide variety of applications and substrate materials . Characteristic is the use of sequential self-l imiting surface half-reactions (see www.phys.tue.nl/ALD/movies) to achieve uniform and conformal fi lms even on demanding 3D topology, It is this asset that has already made conventional, thermal ALD accepted by the high-end nano-electronics and hard disk storage industry to produce critically thin and uniform HfO2 and Al2O3 layers [1,2]. The introduction of plasmaand radical-enhanced ALD has further widened the process windows for various new materials and temperature sensitive substrates. In addition, maskless patterning by area-selective deposition has been introduced, where growth only occurs on substrate regions that have been activated or deactivated by exposing the substrate surface locally to microplasma, e-beam or laser (pre-)treatment [3]. Molecular Layer Deposition (MLD) is a close relative of the ALD technique. Where ALD is l imited to inorganic coatings (oxides, sulphides, nitrides and metals), the wider choice of precursor chemistries in MLD enables to synthesize engineered coatings with 'tailor-made' properties. These coatings consist of both inorganic and organic building blocks fused together with atomic-level precision. As an example, we will discuss the growth of hybrid materials l ike "alucone" using trimethyl aluminum and glycol as precursors [1]. This way, an extensive material toolbox has become available, encompassing nanometer-scale functional fi lms synthesized from inorganic to organic, to hybrid chemicals for application in electronics, displays, energy conversion and storage, MEMS/NEMS, nanoparticle photonics and catalysis, biological, antimicrobial, etc. With the introduction of spatial, atmospheric pressure ALD [4], the technique is also becoming attractive for large-area and flexible substrate applications. The concept is based on the spatial separation of the halfreactions, instead of temporal, combined with gas -bearing technology. The reactor design contains separate zones exposing the precursor chemical vapors one by one to a substrate that moves underneath the reactant inlets at close proximity (~100 μm distance). Between and around these reaction zones, shields of inert gas separate the precursor flows. In addition, these gas shields act as gas bearings, facil itating virtually frictionless movement of a substrate through the reactor [5,6]. The major advantages of spatial vs. temporal ALD are the increased industrial-scale deposition rate and substrate size, combined with processing at atmospheric pressure. This way, spatial ALD has found or is foinding industrial application in photovoltaic, rechargeable battery and display device manufacturing, either in roll-to-roll or in sheet-to-sheet production. In CMOS technology the scaling beyond 10 nm feature size is now requiring atomic-level technology breakthroughs beyond the resolution of advanced EUV lithography and the limits of conventional plasma etching. The scaling of future 3D FinFET and vertical NAND flash technology with narrower fins, l ines and gap features created and fi l led at acceptable cost is only possible by state-of-the-art spacer-defined patterning, and processing mixes of atomic level cleaning, deposition and etching (ALE, also known as reverse ALD). This tutorial will start with a short introduction on thin-fi lm technology (history, trends in materials and dimension control). The topics treated next will be: materials used, nucleation, growth modes (thermal and plasma), selectivity in patterned growth, and reactor designs used for conventional and spatial processing. Finally, if time permits, a short outlook on Atomic Layer Processing will be given, based on the comparison between ALD and ALE principles [7,8], i .e. layer-by-layer growth or removal. 1 S.M. George, Chem. Rev. 110 (2010) 111. 2 F. Lee, et al., Proc. 2007 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conf., June 11-12, 2007, p. 359. 3 A. Mamel i , et al., Chem. Mater. 29 (2017) 921. 4 P. Poodt, et al., Adv. Mater., 22, 3564 (2010). 5 D.H. Levy, S.F. Nelson, D. Freeman, Journal of Display Technology, 5 (12), (2009) 484. 6 P. Poodt, et al., J. Vac. Sc. Technol . A, 30 (2012) 010802-1. 7 T. Faraz, H.C.M. Knoops, F. Roozeboom, W.M.M. Kessels, ECS J. of Solid State Science and Technology, 4 (6), (2015) N5023. See a lso http://jss .ecsdl .org/content/4/6 8 Directional Atomic Layer Etching, T. Li l l, et al., Encyclopedia of Plasma Technology, 1st edition, Taylor & Francis , 2016. DOI: 10.1081/E-EPLT-120053939.


Abstract
Purpose
One ambition of most mid-career MPA programmes is to combine the attainment of an academic master degree with a qualitative leap in professional skills and functioning. This ambition requires that academic insights and methods be sensibly linked to real-life professional contexts and challenges. This chapter develops a rationale to enhance conditions and mechanisms that help to produce such linking, based on insights in professional learning.

Design/methodology/approach
Two methods used in the mid-career MPA programme at Erasmus University Rotterdam to help students to establish such links will be discussed. The first method involves an evolving personal learning agenda and the second method involves peer-to-peer coaching. Both methods will also be used to evaluate the added value of the programme for the professional functioning of the students.

Findings
The MPA programme makes students link theory to their own real-life practice and changes their perspective on analysis and professional intervention. Often, however, these new perspectives are quite general in nature, not taking much account of the specific context. Thorough lecturer feedback and training in peer consultation may help students to become more reflexive and to develop better situation-specific strategies.

Practical implications
The findings point to the need for further development of didactical strategies.

Originality/value
The chapter analyses professional added value of an academic programme.


Since July 1997 we have been made differents types of laparoscopic urologic surgeries at the Evita Pueblo Hospital of Berazategui of Buenos Aires province. We describe the indications and technics of two retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomies, that were done successfully in patients with right hypotrophic kidney's. The kidneys were taken out by a minimal lumbotomy in one case, and in the other by a nylon bag, fragmented in small pieces by a remain tweezer. Since there are very few indications of retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy in small kidney, we believe that it is possible to increase them in this type of surgery.


In this paper, we establish the boundary regularity results for viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear degenerate/singular parabolic equations of the form $$u_t - x_n^{\gamma} F(D^2 u,x,t) = f,$$ where $\gamma<1$. These equations are motivated by the porous media type equations. We show the boundary $C^{1,\alpha}$-regularity of functions in their solutions class and the boundary $C^{2,\alpha}$-regularity of solutions. As an application, we derive the global regularity results and the solvability of the Cauchy-Dirichlet problems.


The human large intesine is inhabited by a diverse and complex bacterial flora, which includes an outstanding total number of 1014 cells, >1000 species and a biomass of more than 1 kg [1, 2]. Thus, the gut microbiota may be conceived as a specialized 'microbial organ' within the gut, affecting human health and disease through its involvement in pathogenesis, nutrition and immunity of the host [1-3]. Recently it has also been recognized that this dynamic yet stable ecosystem plays a role in conditions such as obesity and diabetes as well as in general well-being, from infancy to ageing [1-8]. Consequently, an increasing number of studies which explore the potential of promoting health by nutrition focuses on possible ways to influence and modulate the composition and activity of the gut flora towards a healthier one [4, 9-12].


Police use force in high-stakes situations: as state agents, they are obligated to balance the suspect's right to security against the community members' right to safety. Currently, the doctrine of qualified immunity (DQI) overprotects police officers, which facilitates the use of illegitimate force. In section I, I survey the theoretical concerns motivating my inquiry into police authority. Section II develops these moral concerns by analyzing two deleterious effects of the DQI. Then, in section III, I show a proper conception of authority to be essential to balancing the two aforementioned rights and argue that the doctrine breeds excessive use of force because it fails to ensure police legitimacy. I finish by suggesting how we should restrict police immunity.


The present invention relates to amlodipine, irbesartan compound preparation and application. Novel antihypertensive compound preparation of the present invention is disclosed amlodipine irbesartan as an active ingredient a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Preferred weight ratio amlodipine composition: irbesartan = 1:10-50. The amount of compound preparation were significantly lower than the dose of each drug alone, and can significantly enhance the antihypertensive effect, extend the duration of the buck. Especially for cardiovascular remodeling in patients with hypertension, but also for renal hypertension, hypertension with renal impairment or renal dysfunction associated with diabetes treated patients.


The present financial crisis poses some difficulty to China economy,but we should be aware of the opportunity for China to be a great nation brought about by the crisis along with the disadvantageous in-fluence.The judgment lies in the basis that:after the 30-year practice of reformation and opening up poli-cy,China has gathered economic,technological and cultural "soft and hard power".Whereas the eruption of the financial crisis in developed countries shakes the present world order and provides opportunity for newly developed countries to construct a new one.Whether China can seize the opportunity lies in the successful transformation of economics,technology and development strategy.


The nanoparticle composite CdS/TAB(dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium) is synthesized. It is investigated by IR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, X ray diffraction, TEM, AFM and SPS, which prove the existence of CdS nanocrystal and the formation of core shell structure. Also, the size of the composite can be controlled by altering the ratio.In the meantime, it is indicated by EFM that such orderly assembly substance can form electrostatic field superlattice.


Online videos platforms such as YouTube is the most popular social media platform in terms of user numbers in Indonesia. YouTube is also one of the most popular online platforms for accessing religious lectures. Users can provide feedback on the videos through comments, likes, and shares. On the other hand, sentiment analysis in the Indonesian language is getting popular, but few have tapped the vast unstructured data source on YouTube. Comments and reviews from viewers are valuable feedbacks for improvements. The review on YouTube is an essential resource to be analyzed by a preacher. However, manual analysis of YouTube reviews is complicated due to a large amount of review data. Therefore, this study aims to analyze sentiment on YouTube video reviews. In this paper, we employed the Lexicon and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to analyze a total of 2575 review data. In this case study, we mined YouTube user's review to understand the netizen's opinion on a famous Islamic Preacher in South East Asia, namely Ustadz Abdul Somad (UAS). We employed the Google Apps Script (GAS) with Javascript coding language to crawl YouTube review data. Based on the results, the lexicon method successfully analyzed sentiments with an accuracy of 70%. Furthermore, 98% of YouTube users gave positive reviews on the UAS videos lecture. This study is a stepping stone for more complex sentiment analysis regarding text pre-processing and algorithm robustness.


The invention discloses one kind to be based on the efficient Optimize magnetic circult design organization of stepper motor driven hall thruster, wherein interior anode and outer anode are respectively arranged in the intracavitary and outside of ceramic chamber, and can be with ceramic chamber relative motion;Magnet steel is fixed on pole shoe, and pole shoe is installed on the outside of outer anode, and can be with outer anode relative motion;Interior anode, outer anode and pole shoe adjust relative position using three sets of adjustment mechanisms.Every set adjustment mechanism includes connecting rod, driving panel, stepper motor and guide rail;Three driving panels are parallel to each other;It is parallel to each other between three groups of connecting rods, three guide rails;Three driving panels and guide rail, connecting rod are at plumbness;Guide rail trend is parallel with hall thruster axis.The present invention drives by stepper motor, continuously changes discharge channel, anode, magnet steel relative position, seeks optimal magnetic structure, can significantly shorten the lead time, reduce development cost, seeks more accurate optimization design domain.


The heavy metal contents in hair of the people who lived in Seoul and visited hospital for alopecia were analyzed. The results are as follows, 1. Cadmium, arsenic, thallium, antimony, and beryllium were accumulated for exceeding the reference range. 2. Mercury (p<.001), arsenic (p<.01), antimony (p<.001) were more detected in man more than in women. barium (p<.001), bismuth (p<.05), thallium (p<.05) were more detected in women than in man. They were all statistically significant. 3. Depending on the age. the mercury content in the hair increased gradually. There was a statistically significant difference (p<.01). Especially mercury content (1.2904 ppm) of the people who aged over the fifty were accumulated for exceeding the reference range. 4. Lead (p<.05), aluminum (p<.05), arsenic (p<.01) were more detected in the state of nature hair than in the state of the perm and staining. Barium (p<.001), bismuth (p<.05), thallium (p<.05) were more detected in the state of the perm and staining than in the state of nature hair. They were all statistically significant. However. the results were all less than the levels that are recommended value.


The synthesis of poly(dimethylsiloxane-graft-(α,1→4)-glucopyranose) by enzymatic polymerization with potato phosphorylase (E.C. 184.108.40.206) has been successfully performed using a polyinitiator based on polysiloxane with statistically distributed maltoheptaonamide and maltoheptaoside. Three different pathways are described to obtain suitable polyinitiators. Polysiloxanes with pendant gluconamide or maltoheptaonamide groups are prepared from acetyl-protected N-allylaldonamides by hydrosilation using a rhodium catalyst. Maltoheptaonamide-modified siloxanes of high molecular weight remain water insoluble. However, in an aqueous suspension the carbohydrate side chains are solvated and are accessible for phosphorylase to polymerize the amylose grafts


The paper is dedicated to comparative analysis of the result of using cryptocurrency based on blockchain technology in Russia and abroad. Different countries have different approaches to recognizing the cryptocurrency as a legal tender at the state and corporate levels. Thus, Japan has legalized cryptocurrencies and developed a regulatory and legal framework to introduce them in the economy. The USA has recognized the bitcoin as one of the official financial tools, but has not recognized it as a currency. In the UK bitcoins are considered private funds. In China cryptocurrencies are prohibited for government-owned companies and banks, but allowed for individuals. Europe recognizes bitcoins as a security, whereas Russia recognizes the status of cryptocurrencies as a digital commodity or asset. At the same time the diversity of approaches is complemented by the relevant legal regulation of blockchain technology. The paper discusses various problems related to blockchain technology applied not only as a basis of cryptocurrencies, but for a variety of uses in business, ITsystems and interaction between people. Economic and legal capabilities are revealed to use blockchain technology in the Russian Federation in the sphere of payments and financial


The present invention is one all-weather peripheral gaurd system and belongs to the field of electronic information technology. The all-weather peripheral gaurd system consists of multifunctional sensors, sectional devices, host station and super phonetic RF cards connected together. The multifunctional sensors constitute an infrared and microwave guard curtain wall. When some one invades, the multifunctional sensor sends out phonetic warning, the sectional device transmits alarm site coordinate to the host station, the host station records and displays the alarm site while emitting alarm information to the super phonetic RF cards the security personnel carry. The present invention may be also used to send red laser beam for piloting airplane.


Within the past decade, concerns over the environmental impact of civil aviation have pushed the research community towards the development of more efficient propulsion technology, which delivers a lower carbon and NOx footprint. The current progress achieved in the various specialised disciplines creates the need to redefine the performance barrier achievable by 2025 state-of-the-art aero-engines. This paper summarises some of the latest advancements within the gas turbine research community on the performance modelling and analysis of very low dspecific thrust direct-drive turbofan engines for EIS 2025. Engine and aircraft performance models were used to predict the extent of fuel burn reduction at aircraft level that could be achieved by reducing the engine specific thrust level , increasing operating pressure and temperature levels and applying technology factors representing a step beyond current state-of-the-art. The models represented modern three-spool direct-drive turbofans powering a typical A350XWB-type aircraft. The outputs of the engine design of experiments (DoE) exercise resulted in three most promising candidates. Targeting EIS in 2025, the final optimum design showed 14.81% block fuel improvement for a representative long (7000nm) range mission, accompanied by 30.9% penalty on engine weight. These results propose that with current technology level, at the lower end of the specific thrust range, there is still available design space for the direct-drive turbofan architecture. INTRODUCTION In order to achieve and maintain a leadership position within the aerospace sector, engine manufacturers are continuously in pursuit of more efficient engines in a commercial environment where even an improvement of 0.1% in terms of SFC is considered by airlines to be of significant benefit in the long-run (Pitt and Norsworthy, 1999). Additionally, with the aerospace sector under scrutiny due to its contribution to GHG emissions, the Advisory Council for Aviation Research and Innovation in Europe (ACARE) put forward its 'vision' for 2020 (European Commission, 2001) setting a target of 50% reduction in fuel-burn and perceived noise, and 80% reduction in landing/take-off NOx emission compared to a typical EIS in 2000 aircraft. This further restricts the design space of the conventional engine architecture which is already at its limit in terms of efficiency. The overall efficiency of an engine is a product of the propulsive, thermal and transfer efficiency. Thermal efficiency depends on component efficiencies, overall pressure ratio (OPR) and turbine entry temperature (TET) which in turn depends on advancements in material. Propulsive efficiency dictates how well useful work is achieved by the propulsive jets relative to their kinetic energy. With higher jet velocity, with respect to the airspeed, propulsive efficiency decreases. This has led to the development of high by-pass ratio turbofan engines which led to large fan diameters and weight implications due to the size of the fan and the nacelle. Transfer efficiency dictates the extent of which the energy supplied by the core reaches the


Theorem. Let X be a complete non-singular curve of genus g over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic0, and let a be an automorphism of X of order N with N^2g+1^5. Let Hx be a hyperellipticcurve of genus g defined by the equation y2=(xg+1―l)(x8+1―X) with 2.^k\{R,1}, and let rx be an automorphism of Hx defined by rj: (x, y)^^g+\X, ―y). Assume that the pair (X, a) is not isomorphic to {Hx, <Jx>) for any X with N=2g+2 and g even. Then the pair (X, a) is isomorphic to (Fir, s),air, s)),for some (r, s).


List of Photographs List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors Introduction: Multimodal Texts from Around the World: Cultural and Linguistic Insights W.L.Bowcher PART I: AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST Nigeria: Multimodality in Oko Folktale Discourse and its Sociosemiotic Purposes E. Akerejola Jordan: Schematic Representations in Election Advertisements in Jordan K.Momani PARY II: EUROPE Greece: Multimodal Text Analysis of Three Modern Greek Printed Advertisements Employing the Persuasive Modes of Ethos, Logos and Pathos M.Karagevrekis Finland: The Localisation of Advertising Print Media as a Multimodal Process T.Hiippala Croatia: 'G local isation': Exploring the Dialectic between the Local and the Global M.Stenglin Russia: Alcohol Advertising in Aeroflot I.Berazhny PART III: ASIA AND OCEANIA India: 'In India, nobody wants to be dark': Interpreting the Fairness Ideology Through Intersemiotic Complementarity S.Ramakrishnan China: A Multisemiotic Analysis of a Chinese Long Scroll Painting Y.Fang Japan: Multimodality in Japanese Anti-war Placards W.L.Bowcher Australia: Standing out on Critical Issues: Evaluation in Large Verbal-visual Displays in Australian Broadsheets D.Economou PART IV: NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA USA: Multilingual California: Spanish in the Market C.Colombi Brazil: A Comparative Study of Brazilian and British Images of the Black Body C.Magalhaes & P.H.Caetano Index


Tarsal coalitions are uncommon clinical entities that must be suspected when an adolescent patient presents with foot pain, decreased mobility, and deformity of the feet. Bilateral calcaneonavicular cuboid coalitions in adults are rare. We report a case of bilateral tarsal coalitions in an adult, diagnosed on Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate bone scintigraphy with single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography.


[Objective] To know characteristics and assess the diagnosis and treatment of caesarean scar pregnancy.[Methods] The clinical data of 42 cases with caesarean scar pregnancy were retrospectively analyzed.[Results] After the treatment of MTX among the 42 patients,38 persons were cured by dilatation and curettage(DC),and 3 patients were cured by lumpectomy of cesarean scar pregnancy,and 1 patient had a hysterectomy because of hemorrhoea.[Conclusion] Knowing the clinical characteristics of caesarean scar pregnancy is helpful for correct diagnosis.It is effective to use MTX and DC in the therapy of cesarean scar pregnancy.


References The United States airline industry is experiencing an underlying mix of challenges in areas of Quality, Safety, and Economics. A collaborative research team has examined and generated data that lays a foundation to provide stakeholders valuable decision-making information. The components of this study include quality and safety analysis on airline performance, aviation maintenance exploration with safety management systems and economic implications. A policy research construct is applied to result in a mechanism that purports necessary industry and government action. Economic and Policy Outcomes Safety Management Systems Airline Quality Rating (AQR) Policy Research Construct AQR = +8.63×OT + −8.03×DB + −7.92×MB + (−7.17×CC) (8.63 + 8.03 + 7.92 + 7.17) Bennett, M.; Bowen, B. D.; Headley, D. E.; Luedtke, J. R.; Holt, T. B. (February 2018). A Longitudinal Analysis on the Cyclical Pattern of the US Airline Industry. Ethnographic and Qualitative Research Conference. Las Vegas, NV. Bowen, E.; Bowen, B. D.; Bennett, M. (May 2018). Leadership decision-making and consumer perceptions: Can the public influence change? 30th Annual Convention of the Association for Psychological Science. San Francisco, CA. Gilbertson, D. (2019). Southwest CEO: Maintenance cancellations, delays costing 'millions of dollars weekly'. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/2019/03/06/southwestairlines-ceo-gary-kelly-maintenance-cancellations-costing-millions-weekly/3078021002/ Lu, C., Kirschner, J., Bowen, B. D., & Bowen, E. E. (2012). Advancing a qualitative-based research construct: Methods and applications. Ethnographic and Qualitative Research Conference. Las Vegas, NV. Stolzer, A. J., Halford, C. D., & Goglia, J. J. (2010). Safety Management Systems in Aviation. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. The Policy Research Construct (PRC) is implemented by conducting research and analysis on an existing social problem, in order to provide policymakers with actionoriented recommendations for fixing the problem. The AQR was developed in 1991 as an objective method for assessing airline quality. The present study attempts to identify attitudinal patterns and relationships in the way consumers view the commercial air industry. AQR scores are produced by utilizing DOT data from four categories that consumers deemed important and a custom formulated equation. This research utilizes comparative trend analysis to track airlines in operational performance and allows for the development of theories in data shifts and trends. SMS are a standardized approach for organizations to oversee the safety program utilized by an operation. Safety Policy Senior management institutes commitment to safety and goals are outlined. Risk Management Hazards are identified and controls are designed. Safety Assurance Risk controls are evaluated and adjusted if needed. Safety Promotion Safety culture is strongly encouraged using training and communication practices. 1. Identifying aviation policyrelated problems 3. Regulatory reviews & acquisition 5. Policy/regulatory analysis 2. Policy issues and legislative identification 7. Pilot-testing and evaluation 6. Analytical findings 1. P ol ic y Re vi ew 3. P ol ic y Ac tio n 2. P ol ic y


Study on theoretical models of laser self-mixing interference based on optical feedback effect is made in terms of weak optical feedback condition.The theoretical models are given on the basis of gain threshold and lasing frequency by virture of double mirror-cavity model.The phenomenon of laser self-mixing interference is successfully explained by means of these models.Finally the mathematical models of a practical fiber-optic self-mixing interference system are analyzed.


Submitted for the DFD10 Meeting of The American Physical Society Particle shadow velocimetry vs. LDV: measurements of a turbulent pipe flow1 MICHAEL MCPHAIL, JOSEPH GIORDANO, ARNOLD FONTAINE, MICHAEL KRANE, ARL Penn State, LARRY GOSS, JAMES CRAFTON, Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc. — Image pre-processing was used to improve multi-color Particle Shadow Velocimetry (PSV) measurements of a nearwall turbulent pipe flow. These included corrections for color cross-talk, color aberration and image distortion. Multi-color PSV is a modification of DPIV which employs pulsed multicolor lights for illumination. The particle shadows are imaged to produce 2-D vector fields with traditional DPIV correlation methods. Multicolor PSV allows for higher temporal sampling rates than conventional DPIV, at lower cost. Aberrations were quantified by imaging a target with known geometry and generating a mapping function to correct the multicolor shadows for chromatic aberration shadow displacement shifts between colors. PSV images were spatially corrected with these functions. Color cross-talk was corrected for by subtracting average cross-talk intensity from the local intensity. Corrected mean velocity and second order statistics for turbulent pipe flow in the Penn State ARL glycerin tunnel showed favorable comparison to LDV and standard PIV measurements. 1Acknowledge support from PSU-ARL Water Tunnel summer intern program. Michael Krane ARL Penn State Date submitted: 10 Aug 2010 Electronic form version 1.4


Pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) schemes typically rely on inertial measurement unit (IMU) of smart- phones to estimate position of the user. However, the performance of IMU based schemes depends on the placement of the IMU on the user and is affected by error accumulation over time. In this paper, we propose and implement PILoT, a Precise IMU based Localization Technique to overcome these shortcomings without compromising the accuracy of the system. It employs a novel wavelet based filtering technique to i) remove noise from the accelerometer readings and ii) deal with the positional changes of the device on the user. Heading is estimated using magnetometer and gyroscope. These techniques are then used in conjunction with a novel map awareness algorithm which eliminates the accumulated error based on the turn events. The proposed scheme achieves sub meter accuracy with a mean error of $0.52$ meters.


Studies have shown that in some cases, peer attention can maintain students' problem behavior (e.g., Northup et. al., 1995). These studies tend to use confederate peers and similar topographies of attention across all participants (reprimands). Information on events that typically follow problem behavior in the natural environment may provide some empirical validation for the use of peer-delivered consequences during functional analyses. Thompson & Iwata (2001) conducted a descriptive assessment to determine what types of consequences typically follow problem behavior in the natural environment, and although attention was a relatively common consequence, they reported that peer attention was rarely observed. The current study consists of two descriptive assessments that focus on peer attention as a consequence in a middle-school classroom. The first descriptive assessment is an extension of the Thompson and Iwata (2001) study and consists of a study on the prevalence of peer attention as a consequence for problem behavior in a middle school classroom. The second descriptive assessment consists of a study on the topographies of peer attention provided in the natural environment. Results from the first study indicated that the probability of peer attention following problem behavior was greater than unconditional probability of peer attention for eight of the eleven students, suggesting that peer attention is a common consequence for the problem behavior of middle school children. The results from second study indicated that the topography of peer attention varied widely, but rarely included statements regarding the behavior or reprimands. Prevalence & Characteristics of Peer Attention 6 Table of


In this paper, we use a numerical method for solving the nonlinear Black–Scholes partial differential equation of the European option under transaction costs, which is based on the nonstandard discretization of the spatial derivatives. The proposed scheme, in addition to the unconditional positivity, is stable, consistent, and monotone. In order to illustrate the efficiency of the new method, numerical results have been performed by four models.


Abstract Lactobacilli are part of the normal flora of the urogenital tract, and are used to restore the bacterial balance of the gastrointestinal, urogenital and respiratory tracts. We studied whether lactic acid bacteria could be used as probiotics in the urinary tract in order to prevent colonization of uropathogens in the epithelium. The strains used wereLactobacillus fermentumCRL 1058 and the uropathogenic strainsEscherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniae. Lactobacillus fermentum, attached to agarose beads, was inoculated intra-urethrally into 2-month-old female BALB/c mice in different doses. These mice were then challenged by the same method withE. coliorK. pneumoniae. A reasonable double dose of lactobacilli (107CFU per dose) was adequate to protect the mice since pathogens disappeared completely by the third day after challenge. Using a lower lactobacilli double dose (105CFU per dose), the number ofE. colirecovered in the urogenital tract of challenged mice was lower than in control animals, but did not disappear completely. However, lactobacilli failed to exert a protective effect againstK. pneumoniaecolonization. No increase in the levels of either anti-lactobacilli or anti-K. pneumoniaeantibodies was observed up to the 25thday in mice treated with lactobacilli. A remarkable variation of the level of lactate dehydrogenase and a slight increase of anti-E. coliantibodies were found in animals infected withE. coli, while polymorphonuclear leucocytes were observed in the urine of animals infected withK. pneumoniae. A therapeutic assay against both pathogens could not be achieved; a decrease in the number ofE. coliin the organs of animals treated with lacobacilli only was observed. Our results suggest thatL. fermentumcould be used as a probiotic to prevent and avoid urinary tract infections caused byE. colibut not those caused by capsulated pathogens such asK. pneumoniae.


One of the tasks in the BioCreative V challenge, the CHEMDNERPatent task, includes three subtasks: CEMP, CPD, and GPRO. We participated in the CEMP and CPD subtasks, and developed a system on the basis of selected open-source NLP, machine learning toolkits. In our system, the CEMP subtask is regarded as a sequence labeling problem, and the CPD subtask is regarded as a text classification problem.


This contribution bites off more than it can possibly chew, by aiming to raise questions of institutional governance in the EU, and discuss the potential to inject the system with a greater measure of democracy than is in store there currently. Alexandrian Libraries could be filled with the amassed publications on this topic, so that any attempt to engage in a complete survey would be doomed to failure from the very beginning. As a starting point, it is perhaps better to take our cue from the rather common complaint that citizens have so far been insufficiently involved in the process of European integration, while the sphere of decision-making that is perceived as enjoying a maximum of popular legitimacy, the nation-state, has been steadily eroded. Allegedly, the current financial, migration and geopolitical crises created a perfect storm, placing further dents in the general support for the Union and its policies – though it should not be overlooked that commentators pointing in this respect to 'record levels of distrust' usually fail to mention that the numbers are rarely more positive for domestic institutions (and often even worse). Nevertheless, it seems that in several quarters the pressures have truly reached a boiling point, with referendums being staged or advocated in various countries, as if to compensate the people for the earlier diminution of power. Simultaneously, it is wondered with ever greater frequency whether the Union, in its present form, can be redeemed at all – some even arguing that one may be vehemently pro-Europe, and then (by necessary consequence) anti-EU.


Aqueduct water resource structure is built in peculiar site conditions and lots of complexities are involved. Theories of planning and hydraulic design are not yet adequately available. Detailed theories as well as theories with integrated approach are hardly available in standard books, manuals and codes of practices. Hence the designer has to deal with his knowhow and with the help of lot of basic theories. Therefore, the aqueduct trough designed with limited theories may lead to failure of hydraulics of the moving water in the canal and trough, and uneconomical superstructure and sub-structure. While dealing with hydraulic design the theories of open channel flow have to be necessarily applied. This paper presents the integration theories applicable for hydraulic design of aqueduct trough and significance of boundary roughness of trough for cost effective aqueduct structure.


A time-dependent Hartree-Fock method using Skyrme's interaction is presented which allows evaluation of adiabatic mass parameters by solving decoupled inhomogeneous differential equations without discretizing the continuum. The collective Schr\"odinger equation is constructed including corrections due to zero-point motions. Under the assumption that the collective path is given by constrained Hartree-Fock, the formalism is applied to monopole vibrations of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ and yields remarkable differences with other collective approaches and with the random-phase approximation.


This paper gives a detailed commentary about both surviving descriptions of the first pilgrimage of St. Sava, the first of which was written by Sava's pupil, hieromonk Domentijan (probably in 1242/1243), and the second, by the monk of Hilandar, Teodosije (around 1300). Special attention was paid to the chronology of the pilgrimage, and the research also included Sava's return journey from the Holy Land, i.e. his visits to the emperor John III Batatzes, the monasteries of the Holy Mountain and Thessalonica...


The main directions of research on perennial grasses in the field feed production of the Feed Institute are revealed. The analysis was carried out on the main perennial grasses: clover, alfalfa, galega and grasses. In chronological order, indicating the names and positions of researchers, a list of all areas of research on: the introduction of culture is given; terms, methods of sowing, norms of sowing seeds in single-species and mixed phytocenoses; selection of cover crops; effective use of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen fertilizers and trace elements, depending on the composition of grass stands and different years of use; assessment of the fungicidal role of molybdenum and mineral fertilizers; selection of adaptive components in order to create an uninterrupted green and raw material conveyor; modes of use of grass stands that provide energy-saturated, high-protein feeds; determination of the size of symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, depending on the varietal characteristics and growing conditions; effective use of herbicides to protect crops from weedy vegetation, comparative assessment of productive longevity, etc.


Fresas Nuevos Materiales S.A. (FNM), based in Huelva, Andalucia, Spain, was created in 1999 to breed varieties adapted to this province and areas with similar climatic conditions. Every season we make around 120 crosses and plant about 10.000 seedlings. Around 200 plants are selected and tested the next season as first-year selections. The first year-selections selected (about 10-15%) are tested in field trials the following season as second-year selections; the best of them (4-5) pass to the advanced selections trials. Three new cultivars named 'Cisco' (short-day), 'Fnm Coral' (short-day) and 'Pedrone' (day-neutral) were released in 2005. The cultivar 'Fnm Coral' with good yield and excellent quality is being cultivated this season (2007/8) in about 170 hectares. New selections with good yield and excellent quality are being developed to be commercialized in the coming seasons. Two of them, 'A3-10-8' (short-day) and 'A3-54-1' (short-day, early season) are in the registration process. Field trial results for agronomic traits and fruit quality for 2005/6 and 2006/7 seasons are presented.


Everyone has the right to freely participate in the cultural life of the community (United Nations, 2012). In Europe and around the globe, many efforts have been made in order to include people with visual impairments and blindness into the cultural life (Braille Authority, 2012; Brvar, 2010; European Blind Union, 2011; Kennedy, 2003; Kurze, 1996; Salzhauer Axel & Sobol Levent, 2003; Wright, 2009). The objects and artifacts exhibited in museums for people with visual impairments are available either by direct touch of the original or its 3-D reproduction. Paintings, on the other hand, require a different approach--usually a tactile adaptation is created. This paper describes the process used to create a tactile adaptation of the painting Portrait of Empress Elisabeth of Habsburg, which hangs in the Celje Regional Museum in Slovenia as a part of the Cultural and Art Historical Collection. It was painted between 1873 and 1875 by the Austrian artist Georg Martin Ignaz Raab. The Empress Elisabeth, also known as Sissi (1837-1898), was famous especially in the Habsburg monarchy for her extreme beauty and unconventional style of life. Her life inspired many movies that ensured her legacy for generations to come. There are many techniques used in tactile adaptation. Two are used very often, namely the microcapsule technique (Braille Authority, 2012) and the thermovacuum technique (Rener, 1992). To create a tactile adaptation in this study, a new technique with an inkjet printer, the Roland UV LEC-330, was tested (Roland, 2012). The printer uses a special varnish that can be cured by ultraviolet (UV) light to generate raised relief surfaces printed layer by layer. This cannot be used for numerous copies, though, as the printing procedure is very time consuming. The printer adjustment and mistake correction are simple because the technique is digital. Apart from these technical aspects, we also explored ways of conveying the content of the actual image as best we could (Salzhauer Axel & Sobol Levent, 2003). The painting was carefully transformed into a tactile adaptation with the help of a museum expert; thus, during the adaptation, all historically important data were preserved. The process unfolded in three stages that are described below. In each stage, in addition to the technical use of the printer, subjects who are blind or visually impaired were interviewed to tell us whether the information at that point in the adaptation was easily perceived tactilely or not. Their comments were taken into consideration in the following stage. The final, third adaptation now hangs alongside the painting in the museum, where it is available for museumgoers who are blind or visually impaired. METHODS Subjects The subjects who participated in this study were found with the help of the Slovenian Association of People with Visual Impairments and Blindness and the Institute for Youth with Visual Impairments and Blindness of Slovenia. Our aim was to exhibit the tactile adaptation in a museum. Our main criterion was, therefore, that subjects be interested in art and the exploration of art. The average age was 35 years. All subjects agreed that tactile adaptation is useful and a likeable medium that helps improve their understanding of the visual world. Not all subjects were involved in all three stages of the adaptation. In Table 1, their involvement and some demographical data are presented. Three stages of adaptation The painting's dimensions are 79 x 63.3 centimeters (roughly 31 x 25 inches) (see Figure 1). The tactile adaptations, due to size restrictions connected to the sense of touch, were smaller--only 36 x 29 centimeters (approximately 14 x 11 inches) in size (Brvar, 2010). The three tactile adaptations were printed in a similar way, with only minor differences. Table 2 shows printer settings and printing conditions. The appropriate museum expert was consulted throughout the procedure; however, the historically relevant features were determined beforehand. …


Phase transformations of 100nm Ge1Sb4Te7 films induced by single 130fs pulse at 800nm have been investigated with time-resolved microscope. With an average fluence of 30mJ/cm2, a reflective intensity increase was observed within 1ps in 100nm as-deposited Ge1Sb4Te7 films after excitation by intense femtosecond pulse, which was consistent to an electronically induced non-thermal phase transformation. XRD measurement confirmed that single femtosecond pulse could induce crystalline marks in 100nm as-deposited Ge1Sb4Te7 films. Our results indicated that single femtosecond pulse could trigger both crystalline and amorphous phase in 100nm Ge1Sb4Te7 films. The fluence for crystallization was higher than that for amorphization.


SUMMARY Protein synthesis was measured in wether sheep by constant intravenous infusion of [3H]tyrosine. The specific radioactivity of plasma tyrosine at plateau was used to calculate tyrosine flux and the rate of protein synthesis in the whole body was estimated. For wethers fed hay and concentrates tyrosine flux was 2·46 mmol/h and protein synthesized was 5·29 g/kg body weight per day. Corresponding values for wethers fed barley straw were 30–35% lower. Fractional rates of protein synthesis in individual muscles were between 2 and 3% per day for diaphragm, longissimus dorsi, gastrocnemius, semitendinosus and vastus lateralis muscles from wethers fed hay and concentrates, but the value for vastus intermedius was higher. Corresponding rates for wethers fed barley straw were 18–36% lower.


In chromophores of low symmetry, including chiral species, modeling calculations generally do not produce the most convenient set of coordinates for evaluating the molecular second order nonlinear polarizability tensor β ( 2 ) . By referencing the internal coordinate axes with respect to a single, dominant transition, the number of significant electric-dipole allowed β ( 2 ) tensor elements can be reduced from 18 in second harmonic generation (SHG) to at most 3, with the complete removal of all chiral elements. This coordinate transformation reduces the complexity of SHG measurements of oriented chiral systems to a level consistent with chromophores of significantly higher symmetry and provides a straightforward approach for extracting orientation information from polarization measurements.


A technique of the linear invariants calculation for infinite Petri nets with the regular structure is presented and studied on the example of square communication grids of an arbitrary size. It is proven that the compulsory buffering of the packets inevitably leads to possible blockings of communicating devices. The structure of complex deadlocks involving an arbitrary number of communicating devices caused by both the cycle of blockings and the isolation is studied. ∗


This paper discusses entrepreneurship as an employment status of higher education graduates drawn on both secondary and primary data. The main research findings show that the entrepreneurship rate of Vietnam is higher than many other countries and Vietnamese university graduates. The entrepreneurship rate of Ho Chi Minh City University of Education's graduates is 12.3%, which is a moderate level. A large proportion of the entrepreneurs come up to start a new business at university or after graduation. The findings imply that tailored entrepreneurship courses for students in different disciplines at university will increase the entrepreneurship rate and the entrepreneurial success of the graduates.


The article deals with the basic constituents of the category of Understanding: concepts UNDERSTANDING, SYMPATHY and AGREEMENT through the cognitive approach. Semantic characteristics of the above-mentioned concepts which represent understanding as a complex mental and emotional phenomenon of human activity are revealed.


Phototaxis of the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas was studied with subsecond time resolution by using a newly developed taxigraph. The taxigraph determines the cell density in a particular volume element of a cuvette by measuring the amount of scattered light originating from the cells in this region. When the cell density is kept below 106/ml, a linear relationship exists between the scattered photon irradiance and the number of scattering particles. Time-dependent scattering changes can be used to determine direction and extent of phototactic activity as well as the time course of various adaptation processes. This communication describes design and performance of the taxigraph in detail and compares results obtained from Chlamydomonas cell populations with those obtained from single-cell analysis by using a computer-aided motion analysis system.

The high time resolution of the taxigraph permits the study of rapid adaptational processes. Chlamydomonas strain 806 cells, which have been reported to show exclusively negative phototaxis, were found to turn transiently towards the light upon a rapid change in irradiance, before eventually moving away from it. The duration of the initial positive phototactic response was critically dependent on the magnitude of the irradiance increment. Adaptation to a step-up stimulus was consistently faster than to a step-down stimulation. The statistical nature of the switch from positive to negative phototaxis is demonstrated by single-cell observation.

Different adaptation levels were characterised by stimulus-response curves, either in the presence of a constant background or following a defined delay after long previous irradiation. To describe the observed behaviour the existence of two adaptation processes, occurring on a vastly different time scale, must be anticipated: a rapid (seconds) background adaptation and a slow desensitisation in steady light which is completed in 30-40 min.


In this paper, we study the functional limits of occupation time fluctuations of a kind of site-dependent binary branching particle systems. Our result extends the Theorem 2.2 in Bojdecki et al (Stochastic Process. Appl. 116 (2006), P.1-P.18) and gets some new information on the behaviors of occupation time processes.


Lipophilic cationic technetium-99m-complexes are widely used for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). However, inherent uncertainties in the supply chain of molybdenum-99, the parent isotope required for manufacturing 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generators, intensifies the need for discovery of novel MPI agents incorporating alternative radionuclides. Recently, germanium/gallium (Ge/Ga) generators capable of producing high quality 68 Ga, an isotope with excellent emission characteristics for clinical PET imaging, have emerged. Herein, we report a novel 68 Ga-complex identified through mechanism-based cell screening that holds promise as a generator-produced radiopharmaceutical for PET MPI. distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper. study


These days floating column is commonly used in most of the multi-storey building. These multi-storey buildings mostly have one storey open (no walls) in the ground level and its purpose is to use as a parking or open auditorium. Such types of structures having discontinuation in the load transfer mechanism, because of columns are in floating condition. Hence, such structure can produce very high risk in terms of damage at the time of earthquake, so these are not desirable in those areas that are coming under seismic active zone. In this project the multi-storey building having floating column in the earthquake prone area is considered to observe its behaviour under the effect of earthquake.


In the market economy, a press librarian might adapt intense competition on the press trade by making conversions on the aspects of conceptions and duties, information consciousness, management methods, service means, etc.


This randomized pilot project evaluated an intervention promoting health care literacy around HIV, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and stigma reduction using private social media groups that complemented existing HIV prevention services among female sex workers (FSWs) in Cameroon. The intervention was 12 HIV and sexual health videos tailored to FSWs that were released over 8 weeks through a secret Facebook group platform. In-person surveys were administered before, after the intervention, and three months later. No HIV seroconversions were detected; all participants completed follow-up and agreed to recommend the intervention to a coworker. Although the intervention was assessed to be acceptable and feasible to implement, poor internet connectivity was a key barrier. In time-series analysis, the intervention group participants reported improved PrEP interest, PrEP knowledge, and condom use along with reduced PrEP and HIV-related stigma, but no impact on sex-work related stigma or social cohesion. Similar results occurred in the control group. Cross-contamination and small pilot study size might have hindered the ability to detect the differential impact of this intervention. As communications technology increases in Cameroon, it is essential to learn more about FSWs preferences on the use of social media platforms for HIV prevention strategies.


For the classical solution synthesis of human epidermal growth factor (h-EGF), five protected peptide derivatives, Boc-Leu-Asp(OcHex)-Lys(Cl-Z)-Tyr(Br-Z)-Ala-OH (5), Boc-Val-Cys(MeBzl)-Met-Tyr(Br-Z)-Ile-Glu(OcHex)-Ala-OH (12), Boc-Tyr(Br-Z)-Cys(MeBzl)-Leu-His-Asp(OcHex)-Gly-OH (18), Boc-Cys(MeBzl)-Pro-Leu-Ser(Bzl)-His-Asp(OcHex)-Gly-O H (23) and Boc-Asn-Ser(Bzl)-Asp(OcHex)-Ser(Bzl)-Glu(OcHex)-OH (28) were synthesized to build up the sequence corresponding to 1–30.


Focus groups were used in the present study to explore the racial identity development of Black male and White male student-athletes on a predominantly Black, Division IA football team at a predominantly White institution (PWI). Findings indicate that the Black male football players demonstrated positive indicators of Black racial identity. The White male football players were at various stages of White racial identity development, but in general their experiences were positive as well.


The paper discusses the information pragmatics of political discourse, the specifics of its distribution through various linguistic instruments, as well as its localization in lexical or grammatical constructions. The recurrent constructions responsible for «pressed in» pragmatics, the latter also characterizing them, are widely used in English political discourse which disseminates these constructions and suppliers to readers.Political discourse connotation as part of its pragmatics is also discussed.


Based on analysis and sum for regional geological structural development regularities of Pengzhuang mining field, as well as the stress value of actual measurement, the conditions of in-situ stress and structure stress are discussed. The stress measurement data and analysis result have offered reliable basis for further calculation and design of next production step.


The microwave limiter modules were designed and fabricated with hybrid integrated circuit in a small size. It was fabricated with tow PIN diodes and a single detector diode chip. Its electric characteristics are: the frequency range 2~18 GHz, survival power 4 W, the leakage ≤ 30 mW, the insertion loss ≤2.5 dB, VSWR2.0. The package size is 13.5 mm×6 mm×3 mm and the connectors are 50 Ω pin.


Liver fibrosis occurs as a result of the net deposition of excess collagen types I and III and other matrix proteins, which are synthesized by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). These cells are also able to synthesize enzymes, called metalloproteinases, which can degrade matrix proteins in the extracellular space. The activity of the metalloproteinases is carefully regulated by controlling their conversion from pro-enzymes to the catalytic form and by a family of specific inhibitors, called tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Recent evidence indicates that HSCs play a key role in regulating matrix degradation in the liver: (i) they express several metalloproteinases; (ii) they express cell-surface-associated metalloand serine proteinases that can cleave prometalloproteinases to the active form, and (iii) they express TIMPs which inhibit extracellular degradative activity. It is suggested that the complex interplay of these different factors plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.


Mechanical stability of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is required not just for portable applications, which must accommodate strain as a function of operation, but also for manufacturing, transportation, and utility‐scale applications. However, the mechanical reliability of OPVs is often disregarded compared with other stress (thermal, oxygen, moisture, irradiation). The key to improving the mechanical stability of OPVs lies in realizing mechanically robust active layers. This perspective first analyzes working scenarios of flexible OPVs (static and dynamic conditions) and strategies toward achieving mechanically robust active layers. Then, the recent achievements in improving the mechanical robustness of active layers are summarized in the aspects of all‐polymer active layers, single‐component active layers, and third component strategies. In the end, an outlook and perspective on the future of the field are provided to help improve the mechanical stability of active layers.


Use of inferior vena caval (IVC) filters has proliferated. In 1979, ≈2000 vena caval filters were inserted. In 1999, the number of IVC filters inserted annually had increased ≈25-fold to 49 000. Retrievable IVC filters were first approved in 2003 and gained popularity rapidly. By 2006, retrievable IVC filters accounted for about half of all IVC filters that were inserted. The largest proportional increase in IVC filter use was subsequently in patients at risk for pulmonary embolism (PE) but who had had neither PE nor deep vein thrombosis (DVT).1

Article, see p 2018

Appropriate use of IVC filters is a hot topic. On the one hand, filters hold the promise of reducing PE rates by trapping moderate and large DVT that have detached from the deep veins of the legs and pelvis and that are hurtling toward the heart. On the other hand, we do not have clear-cut definitions of which patients with PE and DVT will benefit most from this technology. Aside from the expense and possible futility, an array of complications can ensue, including caval perforation,2 caval thrombosis, fracture, fragment embolization, intracardiac migration,3 cardiac perforation, and cardiac tamponade.4 In a systematic review of retrievable IVC filters, only 34% were retrieved, and the majority remained in place permanently. Most of the complications from retrievable filters occurred with long-term use.5

In Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries ≥65 years of age, ≈17% of PE patients undergo IVC filter placement. The IVC filter use rate in PE patients has remained stable since year 2000. However, the frequency of hospitalization for PE has increased in this population by ≈70%, resulting in a sharp rise in the absolute number of filters inserted. Use appears especially high in blacks, in men, and in octogenarians, but overall use varies markedly across the United States. …


The aim of this paper is to analyse Thomas Pynchon's V. within the tradition of metafictional literature, and to show that it proposes a new view of social commitment for the novel. The paper studies V. as a parody of reflexive literature in order to reveal that its reflexive nature emphasises the novel's incapacity to shape its material and bestow a truthful meaning on it. History, the act of narration, language's relationship with reality, the metaphorical and metonymical functions of language and mises-en-abyme are some of the strategies the novel parodies. Such reflexive mechanisms are refused the possibility of providing an integrating meaning. They are inscribed in a linguistic system whose processes of codification entail a trasformation and manipulation of reality. As a conclusion, the text proposes the absence of language as an alternative to a state of affairs which has been traditionally used by the dominant classes in order to oppress the rest of society.


We develop a variational theory for geodesics joining a point and a one dimensional submanifold of a sub-Riemannian manifold. Given a Riemannian manifold (M,g), a smooth distribution $\Delta\subset T{M}$ of codimension one in M, a point $p\in{M}$, and a smooth immersion $\gamma:\R\rightarrow{M}$ with closed image in M and which is everywhere transversal to $\Delta$, we look for curves in M that are stationary with respect to the Riemannian energy functional among all of the absolutely continuous curves horizontal with respect to $\Delta$ and that join p and $\gamma$. If (M,g) is complete, such extremizers exist, and they are curves of class C2 characterized as the solutions of an integro-differential equation or by a system of ordinary differential equations. We present some results concerning a sort of exponential map relative to the integro-differential equation and some applications. In particular, we obtain that if p and $\gamma$ are sufficiently close in M, then there exists a unique length minimizer. We obtain existence and multiplicity results by means of the Ljusternik--Schnirelman theory.


To explore and utilize lavatube caverns, a negotiable entrance is vital. Lavatube entrance amelioration includes clearing debris, establishing a transportation right-of-way, and preparing for and installing various access aids. There are four main types of entrances to lavatube caves: a "rille entrance," a "skylight," a "hornito," and an engineered, artificial skylight. A rille entrance should be easiest to improve. In rare cases it may be possible to simply walk or drive into the lavatube. More likely, the rille entrance will be choked by initial rille collapse and eons of weathering. A mucker and cable assembly used to clear the entrance might become a cablecar. Later, a suspended road may be built. A skylight forms when a small portion of the cave ceiling collapses. The skylight entrance is prone to further collapse. Given their great age, unstable areas will probably have collapsed already. Beneath the skylight, there is most likely a chaotic pile of collapse debris ("breakdown"), covered with regolith. Dangerous slopes of regolith lead into the hole. Survey and stabilization are the first steps of entrance amelioration. Mechanical aides from nets and ladders to A-frame pulleys and small elevators can then be emplaced. Later development could include large freight elevators up to a skylightspanning "Maxivator" suitable for lowering entire ships into the lavatube shelter. Hornitos occur where temporary blockage within the active lavatube causes molten lava to burst out to the surface, leaving a surface cone of solid basalt with a central hole leading to the cave. There may only be minor debris below this hole. A hornito provides a strong lip and solid foundation for devices to lower material and people into the cave. Where a cave lacks a handy entrance, an artificial skylight could be created. The edges of the hole would be engineered, and the roof is not necessarily weak in its vicinity. Utility holes of various sizes could be drilled directly. Larger holes could be created by direct blasting, or precision blasting to result in a removable plug. The improvement of lavatube entrances will require a range of engineering solutions. Since lavatubes on the Moon or Mars are expected to be vast, the effort of entrance amelioration is small relative to the sheltered space it makes available. The cost is low compared to the payoff. Introduction Entrance Types. Lavatube caverns are large voids in bedrock with massive shielding and virtually no weather. They offer many advantages for lunar and planetary bases, including cost-savings and reduced risk (Walden et al. 1998). Once a candidate lavatube is located (York et al. 1992), the next task will be gaining access. There are three types of natural entrances to lavatubes: a "rille entrance" at the end or beginning of a collapsed lavatube trench, a "skylight" formed by a spot failure of the lavatube roof not extensive enough to have become a collapse trench, and a "hornito" 1 To whom correspondence should be sent, email email@example.com 2 All authors: Lunar Base Research Team, The Oregon L5 Society, Inc., P.O. Box 86, Oregon City, OR 97045; website http://www.OregonL5.org; email firstname.lastname@example.com


In the Ile de France, the rural area stretches out very for around Paris and its suburds . A great demand for leisure of proxymity and activities dealing with the discovery of nature weighs on the rural area because of the overlapping of the urban and rural areas. In concrete terms, a great and diverse amount of tourist accomodation results from this pressure. Recently this supply has bcen strengthened by the farmers' moves who tum towords diversification proposing good form products. However, the preservation of this green area is the necessary condition for the durability of this play activity attendance and especially the creation of Parcs Naturels Régionaux . The stake is important as the agricultural world is expcriencing a restructuration. Mots-Clés Ile de France, Tourisme rural , Péri urbain, Vente directe


olds" Paper presented at the Annual conference of the British Psychological Society, April 1989 100. Bowie C and Ford N. "Sexual behaviour of young people and the risk of HIV infectioin " Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1989. 43 61-65 101 Nutbeam D Smith C. and Catford J "Evaluation in health education. A review of progress, possibilities and problems" Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1990 44 83-89 102 Reid DJ and Massey DE "Can School Health Education be More Effective? "H alth Education Journal. 45: 7-13. 103 Vincent ML Clearie AF Schluchter MD "Reducing Adolescent Pregnancy Through School and Community-Based Education" Journal of the American Medical Association, June 26, 1987. 1257, No. 24. 3382-3386 104. Howard M 1985 "Postponing Sexual Involvement Among Adolescents" Journal of Adolescent Health Care 1985 6 271-277 105 Jones EF. et al "Teenage Pregnancy in Developed Countries Determinants and Policy Implications" Family Planning Perspectives 1985 17, No. 2 March/April 53-63 106. Jones et al Pregnancy, contraception and Family Planning services in Industrialized countries. Yale University Press 1989. 107 Tones BK "Health Education Present Prospects and Future Potential" Monitor 1984 66 Summer 6-9 108 O'Rourke TW "Why School Health Education? The Economical Point of view" Health Educatioin 1985 16 121-124 109 Laing WA Family Planning The Benefits and Costs. Policy Studies Institute, 1982 110 Bury J Teenage Pregnancy in Britain Birth control Trust, 1984 111 Tripp G and Davenport A "Fear Advertising — it doesn't work!" Health Promotion, Winter 1988/89 17-18. 112 Halloran JD Expert Technical Consultation on AIDS organised by the Health Education Authority 1989 113 Davenport-Hines R Sex, Death and Punishment Collins, 1990 383 114 Hovey A "Three hundred thousand governors to train!" Education and Health May/June 1990 8 17-20 115 Porter M Akhoj K and Duch D Sex Education Programmes for Parents, a study for the World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe 1990 (in press) 116 Meredith P Sex Education Political Issues in Britain and Europe Routledge, 1989 117 Burt JJ and Meeks LB Education for Sexuality Saunders College Publishing 1985 191. 118 Williams T and Roberts J Health Education in Schools and Teacher Education Institutions — a report for the Health Education Council Teacher Education Publication, 1985


Purpose: The aim of this study was to elucidate the continiuty of ligament in chronic injury of the posterior cruciate ligament(PCL). Method: Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) of twenty-six PCL injury patients with grade II or III laxity and more than 5mm side to side difference on stress radiographs were reviewed in terms of ligamentous continuity and thickness of the ligament at average 7.2 months(range:1–36) after injury. The results were compared with arthroscopic findings in fifteen patients. Results: Eighteen PCLs(69%) showed continuity of PCL, in which average thickness of the injured portion was 61% of the intact portion. When thickness of the ligament in cases without continuity was rated as zero, the average thickness of the PCLs as compared to intact portion of the ligament increased as the time from injury elapsed; 16.4% in 0–2 months group (7 cases), 30.0% in 3–5 months group (6 cases), 53.8% in 6–8 months group (9 cases) and 80.0% in over 9 months group (4 cases). Of the fifteen cases with confirmed continuity of PCL in arthroscopic examination, nine cases showed continuity on MRI, while the remaining six cases didn't. Conclusion: More than two thirds of PCLs in symptomatic chronic injury showed ligamentous continuity on MRI. The longer the interval from injury was, the thicker the PCL was. In cases over 6 months after injury, the PCLs were of more than 50% thickness of the intact portion.


The electrical behavior of circular spiral inductive components in a homogeneous environment is analyzed by using the concentric ring approximation. This work is based on the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) modeling method which is extended to rotational symmetry case. Analytic approximations of all integral formulas are used in order to enable fast computation of the partial inductance and capacitance coefficients, to provide an efficient tool for design. The result is a full modeling method allowing the plotting of complex impedance frequency response and also the drawing of charge and current densities distribution inside of the conductors.


The author probed into the influencing factors on foam quality in beer fermentation, and pointed out that the hydrolysis function of protein was essential.


Dementia is currently the only leading cause of death that is still on the rise, with its overall costs already surpassing those of cancer and heart disease combined, it has developed into a worldwide crisis. In response to its serious and far-reaching effects, the US government has established the "National Alzheimer's Project Act" (Public Law 111-375), which aims to prevent and successfully manage Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, by 2025. Unfortunately, the incidence of this rapidly progressive, irreversible neurodegenerative cerebral disorder is expected to increase further in coming years, given its close connection with advanced age, yet there are no satisfactory therapies. All the available agents, currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for managing AD are merely palliative, their efficacy decreases over time and they are frequently associated with undesirable side effects. Moreover, efforts to develop new and more efficacious treatments have been futile, despite all the time taken (nearly 20 years) and billions of dollars spent in the rigorous process of drug design, research, development, formulation, and testing.


To imitate failure pattern and the bending resistance of beams under quadratic loading, this paper established three-dimensional finite element model by using ANSYS, and then compared with the test results in the references. The study results show that for only calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of beams and the initial load that is less than 20%, the influence of secondary stress can be ignored; When other conditions are the same, the capacity of beams increases with CFRP increasing, but with more than 3 layers, it decreases, so in practice CFRP is pasted up to 3 layers.


This think piece reflects on the ways in which the category 'transgender' is used by waria – Indonesia's 'national transvestite' (Boellstorff 2007) – based on ethnographic data collected from informants aged forty years or older in Yogyakarta and Jakarta. I was struck by how this group used the category 'transgender' with reference to a particular time in life that stretched from mid-teens to late twenties, a period marked by national and transnational migration for intensive sex work and other labor. Their use of 'transgender' to describe certain times of their lives but not others validates scholarly calls to question the privileging of gender and sexuality in analyses of subjectivity. It also troubles the basis of Western assumptions about aging and its relationship to the self, which presumes an experience of time as an orderly chronological progression. Finally, their use of 'transgender' demands closer attention to why the use of categories of gender and sexuality might shift across the life course. My informants' narratives invite us to consider how people in different locations draw upon globalized categories to make meaning. Greater ethnographic attention towards how categories are drawn upon to produce and reflect subjectivity in diverse ways may produce a reflexive understanding of the relationship between categories and the context of entrenched structural inequalities in which they are used.


Singled ended and fully differential low-voltage programmable gain amplifiers are presented. They have close to rail-to-rail input/output swing, and wide bandwidth. The operation is based on the technique of the floating voltage controlled voltage source in the feedback loop of an op-amp. Experimental results are shown that validate the proposed design in 0.5mum CMOS technology with a single supply VDD=1.5V and with NMOS and PMOS threshold voltages of 0.73V and 0.93V respectively.


In 1992, responses to a questionnaire on Meniere's disease were obtained from 39 Asean doctors. 1) Meniere's disease is not so rare in Asean countries. However, symptoms seemed less severe than in Japan or western countries. 2) Most Meniere's patients did not smoke or drink alcohol. 3) Meniere's patient seemed to occur more frequently in females than in males.


A new negative current mirror using n-channel GaAs MESFETs is proposed. The circuit combines the advantages of linearity and good high frequency performance. Applications are as a general high speed circuit building block and for high frequency amplification.


The purpose of the research. To analyze the peculiarities of the course of arterial hypertension of patients with terminal renal insufficiency in predialytic and dialytic periods. Materials and methods. 145 patients with terminal chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), who were treated by the programme hemodialysis, were examined; 50 patients were made daily monitoring of arterial pressure by the apparatus BPLab-2 in the day of programme hemodialysis. The methods of diagnostics: clinico-anamnestic, laboratory and instrumental researches. Results. Patients with terminal CRI, treated by the programme hemodialysis, mostly have symptomatic arterial hypertension. The evidence of arterial pressure (AP) in predialytic period is higher than in dialytic period, the procedure of hemodialysis promotes the decrease of AP.


Mould industry is the foundation of manufacturing,and training of professional personnel in the industry plays a significant role in its rapid development,which requires that a curriculum setup incorporating theory and practice be employed for the students of mold design and manufacture in vocational colleges.A system simulating the mould production line should be introduced to assist the teaching and to promote the students' competence.


OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the content determination of palmatine hydrochloride,berberine hydrochloride and paeonolin in Compound yishen soft capsules.METHODS:RP-HPLC method was used.The determination was performed on Diamonsil-C18(200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.03 mol·L-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate(pH 3.10,gradient elution) at a flow rate of 1 mL·min-1.The UV detection wavelength was 265 nm and injection volume was 20 μL.RESULTS:The linear ranges of berberine hydrochloride,palmatine hydrochloride and paeonolin were 0.016 61~0.415 20 μg(r=0.999 9),0.027 01~0.675 20 μg(r=0.999 9),0.157 00~1.255 70 μg(r=0.999 9),respectively.The average recoveries were 99.81%(RSD=0.82%,n=6),98.53%(RSD=0.74%,n=6),99.32%(RSD=0.87%,n=6).CONCLUSION:The method is simple,accurate,and reproducible and can be used for the quality control of Compound yishen soft capsules.


Three dimensional hierarchical structures constructed with low dimensional nanoscale building blocks have become a new research focus for lithium storage. Some hierarchical structured compounds, such as V2O5, Co3O4 and MoS2 micro/nanoflowers, have been synthesized for energy storage applications. However, it still remains a challenge to fabricate well-designed hierarchical MoO2 microflowers. This paper reports on a morphology-controlled synthesis of hierarchical peony-like MoO2 microspheres as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. This hierarchical structure is fabricated via a simple template-free solvothermal method. The as-derived hierarchical MoO2 microspheres exhibit high specific capacity, high capacity retention, and remarkable cycling stability, when evaluated as an anode material for LIBs.


Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates in cruciferous plants and can kill fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. The effect of 2-phenylethyl ITC (2-PE ITC), the main ITC liberated from the roots of canola, was tested in vitro on a range of fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. Bacteria were generally more tolerant than the eukaryotic pathogens to 2-PE ITC, although both groups showed considerable variability in response (ED90 ranging from 0·005 to 1·5 mm for eukaryotes, and from 0·33 to greater than 3·34 mm for complete inhibition of bacterial growth). While intraspecies variability was low, interspecies variability was high within some genera. Amongst the eukaryotes, Trichoderma spp. were the most tolerant to 2-PE ITC, while other genera, including Aphanomyces, Gaeumannomyces, Phytophthora and Thielaviopsis, were very sensitive. A range of responses was exhibited by Pythium spp. and the different anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani. A simple laboratory screening may be an effective way to identify candidate soilborne pathogens for control in rotation cropping systems which include a Brassica crop phase.


Mentoring or apprenticeship is an ancient form of gaining knowledge and experience within a domain. This method of learning is especially well suited for the preparation of professionals. In this article, a model of mentorship is described and applied to the domain of school consultation. The framework is further illustrated by reporting the results of an exploratory case study of mentorship in school consultation. Specifically, through an analysis of audiotaped mentoring sessions, the mentoring process is described. Pre- to postchanges in the student consultant's representation of the consultant role are explored using Kelly's (1955) role repertory grid technique. The results are discussed in terms of the benefits of a mentorship model in the preparation of school consultants.


In this paper, we present a new approach for the problem of logical topology reconfiguration in WDM networks. The reconfiguration algorithms attempt to keep the network availability as much as possible during the reconfiguration process. Most studies on methods to design a logical topology provide optimization formulations and their solutions under the assumption that the traffic requirements are known in advance. In practice, traffic demands change due to new services. When it does, a new optimal topology should be obtained. In the proposed algorithm, we assign subsidiary lightpath for each current lightpath. The resources of subsidiary lightpaths are not used for traffic transportation. If the lightpath exchanging is necessary during the reconfiguration process, we use subsidiary lightpaths to handle traffic without any rerouting. The proposed algorithm was evaluated by using OWns simulator. The NSFNET network topology with 14 nodes and 21 links was used for performance evaluation. The results show that the number of lost packets and blocking probability are remarkably reduced


OBJECTIVE
To explore the expression of fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAPalpha) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in myocardial cytoplasm for the cases of sudden death due to acute myocardial ischemia.

METHODS
The heart tissues of 47 cases were collected. All cases were divided into three groups: control group, acute myocardial infarction group and recurrent myocardial infarction group. FAPalpha and TGF-beta1 expressions were explored in myocardial cytoplasm by immunohistochemistry technology. The staining results were collected by image analysis system and then the positive area ratio and average optical density were detected. The positive signal differences were compared among the groups.

RESULTS
Strong FAPalpha and TGF-beta1 expressions were detected in myocardial cytoplasm in both acute and recurrent myocardial infarction groups. The expression of FAPalpha was not detected in myocardial cytoplasm in control group and TGF-beta1 expression showed a weak positive result. FAPalpha and TGF-beta1 expressions showed the statistical difference (P < 0.05) in myocardial infarction (acute and recurrent) groups and control group.

CONCLUSION
FAPalpha and TGF-beta1 can be the diagnostic markers for determing acute myocardial infarction.


In this paper ,we reported the procedures and evaluation of five staining methods of spermato-genic cells which were exfoliated in sperm on semen smear. The results showed that Wright-Giemsa method stained cell nucleus clearly;dead or alive spermatozoa was able to be distinguished and aero-some was stained clearly with eosin-Wright-Giemsa;spermatic nucleus was stained red but flagellum could not be stained with nigrosin-eosin-Wright-Giemsa; mature spermatozoa was stained lightly and immature one stained purple with brilliant green-Wright-Geimsa; neatrocytic nucleus was stained purple and cytoplasm stained light green with peroxidase-Wright-Giemsa. Of these five stain ing methods, Wright-Giemsa was the best for staining spermatogenic cells. The staining methods cou'ld be selected to use in accordance with the need.


We report a 75‐year‐old man with a 3.5‐year history of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)‐related inflammation. His initial symptom was headache and sensory aphasia appeared 1 month later. Brain MRI revealed features compatible with meningoencephalitis involving the right frontal, parietal and temporooccipital lobes. A brain biopsy sample from the right parietal lobe showed thickening of the leptomeninges, and granulomatous vasculitis with multinucleated giant cells and vascular Aβ deposits. No vascular lesions were evident by cerebral angiography. Serological examination revealed an elevated level of proteinase 3 anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (PR3‐ANCA). The patient was treated with corticosteroids, but this was only partially and temporarily effective. Autopsy revealed marked leptomeningeal thickening with inflammatory cell infiltrates and hemosiderin deposits, many superficial predominantly small infarcts at various stages in the cerebral cortex and only a few cerebral active vasculitic lesions. Immunohistochemically, CAA showing widespread Aβ‐positive blood vessels with double‐barrel formations was demonstrated. In conclusion, we consider that, although the association of PR3‐ANCA with the pathogenesis of Aβ‐associated vasculitis remained unclear, the present case represents a rare example of CAA‐related inflammation at the chronic stage.


In order to effectively slow down the deformation and failure of Fushun Electric Power Plant due to the mining and stripping operations in Fushun West Surface Mine,with the optimized deformation monitoring and measuring network and the analysis and comparison on the large monitoring and measuring data,the paper studied the deformation failure mechanism of the plant area in the Fushun Electric Power Plant located at the slope top of the mine slope in the Fushun West Surface Mine and under the influences of the complicated geological conditions in the mining and stripping areas of the Surface Mine.Based on the circumstances,the material with the filling cementing performances was applied to prepare the grout.Taking the high pumping pressure as the power source,the grout would be injected into the strata with the grouting equipment.The grouts were be spread with the permeation,filling,splitting,packing and other ways.The static grouting control plan was to consolidate the soil particles and the rock cracks.The good results were obtained from the implementation of the grouting plan.The high pressure grouting technology to prevent and control the ground surface deformation could be effective to control the geological disasters occurred in Fushun Electric Power Plant.


It is well known among physicists that two different kinds of experiments give an anomaly in the proton-radius. The anomaly is: When a muon orbits the proton the proton-radius is 4% smaller than when an electron orbits the proton. This anomaly is a puzzle in standard physics. This puzzle is solved in a new cosmological theory with a new dark energy-force. This article describes the solution. The solution is put in perspective of new physics by a combination of quantum-gravity and sub-quantum dark matter-force in one formula, within the new cosmological theory, called the Double Torus Theory for the universe. Additionally the principle for an anti-gravitational machine is shown based on the use of a dark matter force.


ABSTRACT Microemulsions, or their precursors, are proposed for improving the quality of dyed fabrics. The investigated substrates are polyamide (nylon 6 and 6.6) polyester, and a secondary cellulose acetate-nylon 6 blend. Besides conventional fibers, also nylon 6 and polyester microfibers are studied. It has been possible to ascertain that suitable organized systems allowed to obtain a better uniformity of coloration without depressing dyebaths exhaustion. Furthermore, in some cases, satisfactory results have been obtained at halved liquor ratios with consequent energy saving during the tinctorial cycles.


Promoting direct competing brands in the same page of a retailer store flyer has become a current managerial practice. This study questions the relevance of this practice by examining its negative effect on brand and promotion recall. It postulates the existence of an interference effect, already confirmed by previous advertising research. An inter-subject experiment conducted on 400 adults reveals a limited negative effect on brand and promotion recall. It also shows that this effect, when it exists, affects both familiar and non familiar brands. Managerial implications are suggested in order to reduce interference effect.


The dose-response phenomenon characterized by low dose stimulation and high dose toxicity has been reawakened after a long period of marginalization. This phenomenon termed hormesis is induced by biological, physical and chemical agents and occurs in all groups of living things including whole plants and animals, microorganisms, cells and tissues. Hormesis has attracted increased interest among toxicologists from diverse disciplines, resulting to emergence of new scientific tools for its study. Statistical models have been developed and used to characterize hormesis dose-response relationships. Some of these models include the classical Brain-Cousens model, the Cedergreen-Ritz-Streibig model and their reparameterizations. Other hormesis models are the bilogistic models, their modifications or extensions and the hormesis models used in allelopathy such as An-Johnson-Lovett model. These models are used to describe either U-shaped or inverted U-shaped dose-response relationships and to compute hormesis quantities. This review explored the applications of these models in toxicological studies with emphasis to their strengths and weaknesses.


The present invention provides a hydrogen storage material constituted by essentially hydrides lithium and magnesium, hydrogen storage material has the general formula: having a Li Further, a method of manufacturing a hydrogen storage material, and its use for reversibly or irreversibly store hydrogen is provided.


This study compares the vocabulary used by Indonesian fourth-grade students in their free writing with that taught in their English language textbooks to assist language teachers in developing relevant learning materials for young learners. To achieve this, the researchers employed the corpus linguistic method and analyzed the writings of 369 students from 19 public elementary schools in Malang, East Java, Indonesia, along with five selected English textbooks. The University of Adelaide Text Analysis Tool program, AdTAT, was used to analyze the corpus. The program generated word lists consisting of the top 100 words most frequently used by students and the top 100 words used in English textbooks. The findings of the study revealed a 45% match between the top 100 words most frequently used by students and the top 100 words used in English textbooks. This suggests that there is a significant overlap between the vocabulary used in free writing and that taught in textbooks. The implication of this study is that language teachers need to recognize the basic words students acquire before learning new vocabulary to achieve successful learning of the target language. The study suggests that language teachers should incorporate more culturally relevant vocabulary into their teaching materials to better engage and motivate their students. The findings of this study can also assist language curriculum developers in designing more effective and culturally relevant teaching materials for young learners.


So far, there is no philosophy that one could learn. For where is it? Who has got it in his possession, and by what characteristics can it be recognized? One can only learn to philosophize.-Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, "Architectonic,"A838/B866; quoted in UNESCO 1953:17Nel Noddings, the well-known philosopher of education and proponent of care ethics, worries that Foucault's approach to education is potentially damaging to educational practices and philosophizing because it calls into question the agency of subjects at precisely the moment that historically marginalized groups are beginning to experience their own subjective agency (Noddings 2007: 80-81). Though her argument is not addressed to Foucault alone, his work is implicitly included when she suggests that the so-called "death of the subject" in postmodern philosophy means that subjectivity is no longer the constitutive basis of meaning, that subjects are now understood as constituted by multiple, fragmentary identities.1 If subjectivity is always constituted and fragmentary, and thus produced by forces beyond its control, she suggests, then autonomy and agency will ultimately be experienced as illusions. Marginalized groups, as a result, she thinks, will lose interest in pursuing autonomy and agency. An education in power technologies would be, therefore, an unwitting extension of hegemonic, marginalizing, and exclusionary endeavors.2 But I see no reason for her to limit the argument to marginalized groups. For its center is the thought that if one is educated to believe in the impossibility of individual autonomy, then one will forego the attempt to act autonomously. This paper questions the assumption here that education and educators can and should shape or mold students in such a direct manner, if at all. It will do so by sketching an important part of the intellectual history informing Foucault's own genealogical investigation into the emergence of such an assumption in a disciplinary society. This history leads directly to Georges Canguilhem, Foucault's elective master, his bon maitre. And in the relation between the writings of master and student, we find a different exemplification of education, namely, as a thoroughly dialogical and philosophical activity undertaken for the sake of freedom.3The book in which Noddings worries about the death of the subject, entitled Philosophy of Education, is intended primarily as a textbook for students of education. Though the chapters of the book treat diverse philosophical approaches to education, Noddings's title seems to suggest that there is such a thing as philosophy of education. This paper's title, by contrast, is meant to suggest that education would be better grasped as an activity pursued philosophically, rather than the object of a disciplinary subdivision within academic philosophy. Etymologically, philosophy is the love or friendship for wisdom, that is, the search for wisdom. While many other human activities and practices require education or training, not all make education central to the very practice itself as philosophy does. The best way to philosophize about education, I contend, would be to consider attempts at the education of philosophy. Rather than evaluate solely what philosophers have said or written about how to philosophize or think, I will consider how one philosopher endeavored to develop and transform methods and ideas found in another. I respond to Noddings's concerns, therefore, by focusing on Foucault's accounts of education and philosophy, framing these as critical continuations of Georges Canguilhem's own work as a philosopher concerned with education.Such an endeavor is authorized by Foucault's own late essays asserting the importance of Canguilhem's work for his own (Foucault 1991). Treating Canguilhem and Foucault together on education is important in its own right for a number of reasons: first, because it helps to correct widespread and mistaken perceptions about Canguilhem, that, for instance, he was a historian more than a philosopher or that his sole area of interest was medicine and the life sciences. …


A new flipped voltage follower (FVF) whose current source is realized by a depletion-mode thin-film transistor is proposed. It is successfully applied to a static voltage-programmed pixel circuit. The new FVF has good adjustable self-compensation (ASC) ability, which makes the pixel circuit can compensate for different threshold-voltage shifts of thin-film transistors in not only the driving but also the FVF circuits. The simulation results show that the proposed pixel circuit exhibits a tiny current variation ranging from 1.69% to 3.80% when "global" transistors shift by ±0.2 V or ±0.3 V. In the experiment, the excellent ASC ability of the new FVF is verified by measuring the voltage transfer curve under ultraviolet exposure. Finally, the proposed pixel circuit exhibits a current variation of 1.4% after a stress time of 40000 s.


Dear Editor, Selfmanagement is key in type 1 diabetes (T1D) care to optimise glycaemic control, reduce diabetes complications and improve quality of life.1 For people with T1D, longterm selfmanagement can be challenging and require multidisciplinary support. In the United Kingdom, provision of diabetes selfmanagement education (DSME) is typically delivered facetoface, although significant regional variation exists. Barriers to attendance at DSME are complex and opportunities for reintervention after initial invitation are often limited.2 Furthermore, through social distancing and healthcare restructuring, COVID19 has resulted in a substantial reduction in facetoface DSME offered. eLearning is a growing area in T1D care, offering a flexible and lowcost intervention aiming to increase reach through improved accessibility. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are an example of eLearning where a cohort simultaneously progress through structured educational material. Through discussion boards and livestreams, MOOCs can provide a social space moderated by healthcare professionals for learners to ask questions, share experiences and benefit from peersupport. Additionally, interspersed quizzes can facilitate selfassessment of incremental knowledge gained. MOOCs for DSME have previously been well received in a diverse type 2 diabetes cohort, associated with sustained improvements in selfreported health knowledge and selfmanagement ability.3,4 We developed and delivered an MOOC in type 1 DSME and herein report user experience and 3month followup. An MOOC in type 1 DSME was developed and delivered over a 2day period in 2021. The course was developed by MyWay Digital Health Ltd./NHS Diabetes Programme, accredited by the Quality Institute for SelfManagement Education and Training,5 and advertised widely through social media and email. Content was freely available and consistent with existing structured education topics, featuring multimedia resources and daily social media livestream question and answer sessions. See Appendix S1 for course outline and Figure 1 for user interface. User experience was established among consenting participants via integrated precourse, postcourse and 3month followup surveys. Paired survey responses were analysed using a Wilcoxon signedrank sum test and user demographics were compared with coursecompletion status using a chisquared test. Course and followup completion data are presented in Table 1. Among users who provided precourse demographic data (n = 897), most were people with T1D (51.4%), with family members/carers (26.6%) and healthcare professionals (16.9%) comprising much of the remaining cohort. Among users with T1D, 65.0% were aged 35– 64, 68.6% were female, 95% lived in the United Kingdom and 93% identified as white. There was a range of time since diagnosis, and 58% had engaged with structured diabetes education before (87% facetoface; 35% online). Users with T1D were less likely to complete the MOOC compared to users without T1D (p < 0.0001). Age, gender and previous DSME engagement were not associated with course completion status among users with T1D. Users found the course useful, easy to use and motivating (see Figure 2). In the precourse, postcourse and followup survey, users with T1D were asked to selfassess their selfmanagement ability and health knowledge through agreeability to the statements I manage my diabetes well and I know enough about my health. Comparing preand postcourse responses, median response improved in the postcourse survey from neutral to agree for both statements (n = 131, p < 0.0001 for both statements), and this improvement was sustained at 3 months (n = 50, p < 0.003 for both statements). 56.3% (n = 36/64) of coursecompleters with T1D at followup had made a change to the way they managed their diabetes following the course, with 69.2% (n = 45/65) agreeing the course improved their selfmanagement confidence and motivation. Furthermore, coursecompleters with T1D were asked at followup if they felt taking part in the course had helped to reduce the frequency and/or