For nearly seventy years, the Court has assessed Eighth Amendment claims by evaluating "the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society." In this Article, I examine the evolving standards of decency test, which has long been a punching bag for critics on both the right and the left. Criticism of the doctrine has been fierce but largely academic until recent years. Some fault the test for being too majoritarian, while others argue that it provides few constraints on the Justices' discretion, permitting their personal predilections to rule the day. For many, the test is seen as a lightning rod over constitutional interpretation, as its very language embodies living constitutionalism and seems to reject originalism. Now an evaluation of the possible replacements for the "evolving standards of decency" test takes on greater urgency. Appellate court judges have begun to press the Court to replace or reconsider the test. Three Justices have signaled their willingness to overrule the test, and at least two more are likely to join them. Given that stare decisis does not appear to be a formidable constraint on the current Court, the time has come to grapple with a new reality for the Eighth Amendment. This Article begins with a comprehensive evaluation of the tests that both originalist and non-originalist scholars have proposed as replacements. It contends that none of the proposed tests eliminate the shortcomings of the evolving standards of decency test, then concludes that originalism is an unsuitable methodology for interpreting the Eighth Amendment. The Article then proposes a new test-grounded in the structural harms of the modern criminal punishment system-that constrains judicial discretion in line with the constitutional values of antisubordination and human dignity. This new test addresses the flaws of the evolving standards of decency test without rendering Eighth Amendment jurisprudence a dead letter. INTRODUCTION................................................................................116 I. THE EVOLVING STANDARDS OF DECENCY TEST ........122 A. History of the Test..............................................................124 B. Criticism of the Test ........................................................... 127 1. From the Judiciary ........................................................ 127 2. From the Academy ....................................................... 130 a. Majoritarian Paradox..............................................130 b. Participatory Process Concerns..............................132 Associate Professor of Law, Cardozo Law School. Thank you for the helpful conversations, support, and comments from: Ty Alper, Michal Buchhandler Raphael, Brad Colbert, Alexander K. A. Greenawalt, David A. Gilman, Lula Hagos, Michael Herz, Mariam Hinds, J.D. King, Guha Krishnamurthi, Katie Kronick, Alma Magafla, Thomas McSweeney, Ion Meyn, Ngozi Okidegbe, Deborah Pearlstein, Michael Pollack, Lindsay Nash, John Meixner, Rachel Moran, Alex Reinert, Vincent Southerland, Stewart Sterk, Kimberly Thomas, Anna Van Cleave, Saurabh Vishnubhakat, Felix Wu and the participants of CrimFest 2022. I am also grateful to my excellent research assistant Bryce Alvord.


As an important branch of halogenated bisphenol compounds, the halogenated bisphenol monosubstituted‐ether compounds have received a lot of attention in environmental health science because of their toxicity and variability. In this study, a synthetic method for bisphenol monosubstituted‐ether byproduct libraries was developed. By using the versatile and efficient method, tetrachlorobisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A, and tetrabromobisphenol S monosubstituted alkyl‐ether compounds were accessed in 39–82 % yield. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of 27 compounds were screened using three different cell lines (HepG2, mouse primary astrocytes and Chang liver cells). Compound 2,6‐dibromo‐4‐[3,5‐dibromo‐4‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)benzene‐1‐sulfonyl]phenol was more toxic than other compounds in various cells, and the sensitivity of this compound to the normal hepatocytes and cancer cells was inconsistent. The compounds 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐(2‐{3,5‐dichloro‐4‐[(prop‐2‐en‐1‐yl)oxy]phenyl}propan‐2‐yl)phenol and 2,6‐dibromo‐4‐(2‐{3,5‐dibromo‐4‐[(prop‐2‐en‐1‐yl)oxy]phenyl}propan‐2‐yl)phenol were the most toxic to HepG2 cells, and most of the other compounds inhibited cell proliferation. Moreover, typical compounds were also reproductive and developmental toxic to zebrafish embryos at different concentrations. The synthetic byproduct libraries could be used as pure standard compounds and applied in research on environmental behavior and the transformation of halogenated flame retardants.


A field experiment was conducted on an acid soil in a humid tropical Island of Andaman, India to explore the feasibility of using locally available organic wastes as liming materials after suitable composting. The organics such as coconut husk compost, poultry manure, vermicompost and gliricidia were incorporated at the rate of 20 Mg ha -1 and the amendment effect was compared with lime applied at the rate of 4 Mg ha -1 . Soil application of composted organic wastes significantly increased the soil pH. The exchangeable Al 3+ showed significant reduction in organic amended soils and completely disappeared in poultry manure and lime treated soils. Significant differences were observed in root volume by application of N rich organic materials compared to control (11.7 mm 3 ) and lime (23.3 mm 3 ) application which helped in increasing volume of soil foraged by maize roots. Poultry manure (3.79 t ha -1 ) and vermicompost (3.73 t ha -1 ) application recorded on par maize grain yield but significantly higher than the control (1.93 t ha -1 ). The results showed the potential of poultry manure and coconut husk composted with either poultry manure or gliricidia as alternate liming material for low input agricultural system prevailing in humid tropical Islands.


We have applied the electron-diffraction method of studying the structure of gas molecules, developed by Mark and Wierl and briefly described by us in a recent paper,(1) in the determination of the atomic configuration and interatomic distances in methyl azide and carbon suboxide molecules. The results of the investigation are given in the following paragraphs, together with a discussion of the information they provide regarding the electronic structure of these molecules.


In nowadays there are many kinds of problems in the system of higher education. One of them is: everyday students get very huge amount of information. In one day student may have 5 - 6 lessons. This means that student have to read at least one chapter for each lesson. This reading takes about 1 - 2 hour to read chapter and to understand it. All of them take very big amount of time for a student to understand all lessons and it is very hard for him/her to do everything in time. This paper explains a study of work microlearning application for mobile phone with Android OS. It consists of general introduction and purpose. There is an application at the end of paper.


This paper studies a method of determining elevator ideal velocity curve by means of multiobjective optimization model to solve the problems of rapidity and comfort of passenger elevator. The paper analyzes practical operation mode of elevator and construct the combination pattern of ideal velocity curve. Combined w ith the actual and related national standards,the multi-objective optimization model of getting ideal velocity curve parameters is established. With the help of multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-Ⅱ, the Pareto solution set of ideal velocity curve parameters can be obtained to carry out regional division based on preference. Through solving the parameters of elevator velocity curve by multi-object optimization,the ideal velocity curves w ith different preferences of passenger elevator can be acquired. The comparison and analysis results of elevator ideal velocity curve under the conditions of different preferences and different rated velocities show that,the method of determining elevator ideal velocity curve by means of multi-objective optimization provides a variety of alternative control modes of running speed for technical staff w hile ensuring the elevator requirements of w orking rapidity and comfort. For the passenger elevators w ith rated speed no more than 3. 5m / s,the acceleration section of ideal velocity curves can be omitted to reduce the complexity of speed control mode.


We study the combination of high-order modulation formats and hard-decision FEC from an achievable information rate point of view. It is shown that at high SNRs, the relative rate loss with respect to capacity is approximately constant for the same FEC overhead. European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC) This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any commercial purpose. Permission to copy in whole or in part without payment of fee is granted for nonprofit educational and research purposes provided that all such whole or partial copies include the following: a notice that such copying is by permission of Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.; an acknowledgment of the authors and individual contributions to the work; and all applicable portions of the copyright notice. Copying, reproduction, or republishing for any other purpose shall require a license with payment of fee to Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright c © Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc., 2018 201 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Information-Theoretic Metrics in Coherent Optical Communications and their Applications Alex Alvarado(1), Yi Lei(1)(2), and David S. Millar(3) (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), The Netherlands. (2) State Key Laboratory of Information of Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, 100876, China. (3) Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, MA 01239, US. email@example.com Abstract We study the combination of high-order modulation formats and hard-decision FEC from anWe study the combination of high-order modulation formats and hard-decision FEC from an achievable information rate point of view. It is shown that at high SNRs, the relative rate loss with respect to capacity is approximately constant for the same FEC overhead.


Abstract The use of wildlife corridors to maintain landscape connectivity has become increasingly relevant to the conservation of wide-ranging species, including the jaguar Panthera onca. Jaguars are particularly threatened in Mexico, where corridor linkages are tenuous as a result of habitat fragmentation. Our study assessed a section of potential corridor south of the Sierra Madre Oriental in eastern Mexico. We conducted 245 interviews with local inhabitants in 140 36-km2 sampling units over a 5-month period and compiled detection histories for jaguars and five prey species: collared peccary Pecari tajacu, red brocket deer Mazama americana, white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, spotted paca Agouti paca, and nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. These detection histories were then analysed using site occupancy modelling. Each sampling unit was assigned a probability of habitat use based on (1) the two smaller prey species (paca and armadillo) and (2) at least two of the larger prey species (collared peccary and two deer species) using habitat in that unit. This probability estimate was considered a proxy for the prey base of each sampling unit and therefore the unit's suitability as a jaguar corridor. Although the prey base in some areas appears adequate to support a jaguar population, large-scale development projects and the paucity of jaguar sign are major obstacles to this region's potential as a jaguar corridor. Our results suggest that the eastern coast of Mexico may not be a priority area for range-wide jaguar conservation.


Managers play a vital role in the development of their organizations and their countries. That is why the issues related to increasing their efficiency have become so important. This research aims at examining the effects of factors involving functionality of managers as viewed by Summers and Carr models in Esfahan Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism directorate in which associations between relationships composition, accountable environment, and management discretion as independent variables (Summers model) have been probed into with respect to their effects on competence, feedback, motive, means, opportunity, standards and goal (Carr model). The research scope encompasses directors, deputies, monument curators, and supervisors of the agencies related to Esfahan Cultural Heritage Directorate. Survey method using questionnaires has been used for gathering data and SPSS software has been used to facilitate the extraction of information. The population cohort consists of 54 people based on census. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire has been calculated using Cronbach's Alpha method which is 0.92 percent. 21 hypotheses have been put forward in this research all of which support a direct relationship between the managers functionality and its factors affecting it and their correlation coefficients were also calculated.


A model for one‐dimensional, zero‐slip, two‐phase flow through a Faraday magnetohydrodynamic generator is developed and used to determine the variation in duct cross section as a function of entrance conditions and load factor for uniform power output and velocity along the duct.


This paper describes some improvements over the original Space-Optimized Tree technique for the visualization and manipulation of very large hierarchies. The new system uses an improved algorithm to calculate geometrical layouts and it also provides better navigation capability. We introduce our new layout algorithm that can make more consistence of the display than the original layout technique made. We also combine Dual View (a new focus+context technique) with the current modified semantic zooming in order to interactively navigate through the large and very large hierarchies.


Wireless sensor network (WSN) sensor nodes should have adequate energy. Reduced energy usage is essential to maximize the endurance of WSNs. Combining WSN with a more significant energy source, a cluster head (CH), is another effective strategy for extending WSN durability. A CH is dependent on the communication inside and between clusters. A CH's energy level extends the cluster's life for the complete WSN. Determining the energy required in WSNs while developing clustering algorithms is challenging. For maintaining energy efficiency in WSNs, this research offers K-medoids with sunflower-based clustering and a cross-layer-based optimal routing approach. An efficient fitness function generated from diverse objectives is used to choose the CH. After CH selection, sunflower optimization (SFO) indicates the best data transmission line to the sink node. The proposed protocol, SFO-CORP, increased the network lifetime by 19.6%, 13.63%, 11.13%, and 4.163% compared to the LEACH, EECRP, FEEC-IIR, and CL-IoT protocols, respectively. The experimental results showed that it performed better for packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, end-to-end delay, network lifetime, and computation efficiency.


This is the code used to analyse the data and generate figures for " From coast to coast: Public perception of ocean-derived benefits in Canada " published in Marine Policy


In class management,implementate the management of governing by doing nothing,in a nutshell is the effort to implement "No management","no religion" and "no words"of the "three noes" policy,we should take the principle of doing nothing,to adopt a cautious management,careful education,careful criticism and praise,build a new harmonious teacherstudent relationship,creating a liberal,democratic,harmonious,pleasant educational environment for students in the most relaxed environment to grow up healthy and happy plug in a pair of "invisible Wings"!


The need to reduce the huge bandwidth demand of video-on-demand (VoD) services has led to the conception of both multicast and broadcast based techniques for the deployment of such services on a large scale. Interactivity, a desirable feature for video services, includes the capacity to perform VCR operations. However, whenever a viewer requests the performance of a VCR operation, his/her video stream becomes unsynchronized with that of his/her multicast group, and a new channel must be allocated for the performance of this operation. The present paper introduces a novel approach for determining the number of video channels needed to support such interactivity. Moreover, it investigates the performance of interactive systems with a pool of channels reserved for the support of VCR operations. Systems with both batching and piggybacking are analyzed. Results indicate that for a medium to high number of users performing VCR operations the number of channels required to achieve target levels of quality-of-service is lower for systems with no pool of reserved channels than it is for systems with such a pool.


Mesogen-containing amphiphilic block copolymers have shown extremely abundant self-assembly behaviors because of the liquid crystalline (LC) alignment within the assemblies. However, development of an understanding of the self-assembly behaviors of these amphiphilic LC polymers is still constrained by the low assembly concentration and complex kinetic effects. Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is a powerful technique to prepare polymer assemblies at high solids content with good repeatability. Taking advantage of PISA, we systematically study the self-assembly behaviors of a series of mesogen-containing triblock copolymers poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-b-poly(benzyl methacrylate)-b-poly(2-perfluorooctylethyl methacrylate) (PDMA-b-PBzMA-b-PFMA), which are prepared by seeded reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer dispersion polymerization of FMA with PDMA-b-PBzMA micelles or vesicles as the seeds. When PDMA-b-PBzMA micelles are used, the morphology of the PDMA-b-PBzMA-b-PFMA as...


Summary Due to today's great societal challenges, such as climate change, demographic boom, resource scarcity, urban settlements find themselves trained in a tense race of reforming their urban development strategies. Turning cities into smart settlements, by improving their waste management and energy consumption seems like the only viable solution for a prosperous and sustainable future. Moreover, statistics show that smart cities create an auspicious environment for the establishment of start-up, as they provide incentives for citizens with creative and entrepreneurial skills. Accordingly, the objective of the current study is twofold: in the first instance, we would like to prove the existence of a causal link between the level of smart orientation in a city and the spread of start-ups, namely, the smarter the city, the bigger the number of start-ups, and vice versa by choosing as our case study, a city from the North-Western development region of Romania, Oradea; secondly, we stress, that the promotion of a collaborative governance model by the city leadership, involving all the stakeholders in the decision-making process enables smart orientation within a city.


Impact of Recalls on ICD Utilization. Introduction: Underutilization of ICDs is well documented. It has been hypothesized that device recalls, and the resultant negative publicity, may contribute.


This study investigates how the Western media reacted immediately after the July 15, 2016 coup attempt in Turkey, in which a group of armed forces loyal to FETÖ aimed to overthrow Turkey's democratically elected government. To this end, 91 news reports and articles in ten newspapers from the U.S., the UK, Germany, and France, dating from July 15 to July 18, 2016, were analyzed. Based on content analysis, the early perceptions of the Western media were categorized by sentiment as positive, neutral, or negative in terms of their tone, feeling, and emotion regarding the coup attempt. The findings show that only 42 publications were neutral only reporting the news, while 44 publications were positive about the coup attempt favoring the junta and failing to support the democratically elected government. On the other hand, only five publications expressed negative opinions about the coup attempt by showing strong support for democracy and expressing anti-coup views. Frequency analysis also shows that the most commonly used keywords and phrases in the news and articles were Erdoğan's authoritarianism (58 times), the polarization of society (32 times), Erdoğan's oppression (28 times), Erdoğan dividing the country (16 times), and the instability of Erdoğan's regime/dictatorship (15 times). Overall, the analysis shows that journalists are not free of bias; most of them missed or neglected the damaging consequences of the coup attempt on Turkish democracy and society due to their negative perceptions about the incumbent government.


Mammalian cells grow, divide, and die in a precise and orderly fashion. For cells to grow and maintain their integrity they need to communicate at both intracellular and extracellular level. This communicative circuit is maintained by means of many different factors functioning at different level to for example receive, transmit and respond to the delivered message. Among these factors are transcription factors whose function is to regulate expression of genes downstream of transmitted signals. Myc is a transcription factor that is estimated to regulate 10%-15% of the genes in the genome and that plays an essential role in various cellular processes required for cell growth, cell division and survival. Often communication between the factors involved in signaling involves addition of small molecule moieties such as phosphate, acetyl, ubiquitin or methyl groups that is exerted through the function of enzymes like kinases, histone acetyltransferases, E3 ubiquitin ligases or histone methyltransferases. E3 ubiquitin ligases tag their substrates by mono or polyubiquitin chain molecules that will dictate the fate of the targeted protein. Ubiquitylated proteins are usually degraded by a cellular degradation machinery called the proteasome. However, depending how ubiquitin chain is formed it can serve other roles than for protein degradation, for instance in transcription. The work presented in this thesis provides insights into underlying the role of a kinase, Cdk2 as well as two E3 ubiquitin ligases, SCF and VHL in the regulating the function of Myc transcription factor/proto-oncoprotein. Deregulated function of Myc plays an important role in the development of many different cancer types. Despite extensive studies on the function of Myc the mechanism underlying its deregulation is still elusive. Another oncoprotein whose deregulation is involved in development of different cancers is Ras. Myc and Ras are known to cooperate in cellular transformation but the mechanism underlying their cooperation is unclear. In paper I we provided a mechanism by which these two oncogene work together in tumor development. We show that Cdk2 kinase phosphorylates Myc at Ser62 and that this phosphorylation is important for Myc-mediated regulation of genes involved in cellular senescence. We show that Myc in this way suppresses Ras-induced senescence, which is one of the barriers for tumor development. This unique role of Cdk2 provides a potential therapeutical advantage to combat Myc and /or Ras-driven tumors. In paper II we identify a new E3 ubiquitin ligase, SCF that was found to target Myc for ubiquitylation and to play a critical role in regulation of Myc function in tumor progression. Our data further suggest that SCF plays an important role in transmitting Cdk activity to Myc function during the cell cycle, emphasizing the CdkFBXO28-Myc axis as a potential molecular drug target in Myc-driven cancers. In paper III we show that Myc interacts with the tumor suppressor protein von Hippel Lindau (VHL) which is part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. VHL was found to promote ubiquitylation of Myc in a non-proteolytic fashion. We showed that VHL associates together with Myc at a subset of Myc target genes throughout the genome and activate or repress the expression of bound genes with functions in cancer development, gene expression, metabolism and other function. We also found that VHL and Myc bind to the MYC locus and regulate the MYC gene expression. Our data reveal novel functions and new modes of regulation of two of the most important oncoproteins and tumor suppressor proteins in human cancer, c-Myc and VHL, respectively. We anticipate that this work will have preclinical and potential clinical implications for cancer biology and treatment. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Hydbring P, Bahram F, Su Y, Tronnersjö S, Högstrand K, von der Lehr N, Sharifi HR, Lilischkis R, Hein N, Wu S, Vervoorts J, Henriksson M, Grandien A, Lüscher B, Larsson LG. Phosphorylation by Cdk2 is required for Myc to repress Ras-induced senescence in cotransformation. Cepeda D, Ng HF, Sharifi HR, Mahmoudi S, Cerrato VS, Fredlund E, Magnusson K, Nilsson H, Malyukova A, Rantala J, Klevebring D, Viñals F, Bhaskaran N, Zakaria SM, Rahmanto AS, Grotegut S, Nielsen ML, Szigyarto CA, Sun D, Lerner M, Navani S, Widschwendter M, Uhlén M, Jirström K, Pontén F, Wohlschlegel J, Grandér D, Spruck C, Larsson LG, Sangfelt O. CDK-mediated activation of the SCF(FBXO) (28) ubiquitin ligase promotes MYC-driven transcription and tumourigenesis and predicts poor survival in breast cancer. Hamid Reza Sharifi,Sara Fahlén, Helén Nilsson*, Alina Castell, Natalie von der Lehr, Fan Zhang, Ara Rofoogaran, Per Hydbring, David Lindgren, Mikael Huss, Lorenz Poellinger, Olle Sangfelt and Lars-Gunnar Larsson. Regulation of c-Myc expression and Function by the von HippelLindau E3 Ubiquitin Ligase/ Tumor Suppressor Protein


When attempting to understand the etiology of some disease condition medical researchers in technologically less developed nations have usually had to rely on manual collection and tabulation methods for producing even the most elementary analyses. As part of a 2-week workshop on the analysis of population family planning and health data by microcomputer a portable IBM microcomputer and other equipment were taken to the National Institution for Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM) in Dhaka Bangladesh. While the emphasis of the workshop was on the analysis of various types of data most participants appeared to be especially interested in learning more about the microcomputer and how it could be used. At the beginning of the workshop none of the 15 participants had any knowledge of a computer. 2 weeks later a core group of 5 faculty members had been sufficiently trained: to enter data of their own using a database management program; to conduct sophisticated analysis using an advanced statistical analysis program; and to plot results in graphic form using a dot-matrix printer. The experience demonstrated that it was possible to assemble and transport a powerful computer system to a technologically less developed country and to train in a relatively short period a group of intelligent computer-illiterate professionals to use the computer in an effective manner. Equally important was the discovery that the entire process of decision making and granting of approval by foreign governmental officials can be lenghthened and made otherwise difficult by lack of concensus on the technology and by the placing of restrictions on its introduction.


A computational investigation of a pressure-gain combustor system for gas turbine applications is presented. The system consists of a valved pulse combustor and an ejector, housed within a shroud. The study focuses on two enhancements to previous models, related to the valve and ejector components. First, a new poppet inlet valve system is investigated, replacing the previously used reed valve configuration. Secondly, a new computational approach to approximating the effects of choked turbine inlet guide vanes present immediately downstream of the Ejector-Enhanced Resonant Pulse Combustor (EERPC) is investigated. Instead of specifying a back pressure at the EERPC exit boundary (as was done in previous studies) the new model adds a converging-diverging (CD) nozzle at the exit of the EERPC. The throat area of the CD nozzle can be adjusted to obtain the desired back pressure level and total mass flow rate. The results presented indicate that the new poppet valve configuration performs nearly as well as the original reed valve system, and that the addition of the CD nozzle is an effective method to approximate the exit boundary effects of a turbine present downstream of the EERPC. Furthermore, it is shown that the more acoustically reflective boundary imposed by a nozzle as compared to a constant pressure surface does not significantly affect operation or performance.


The experimental results of our studies of metal evaporation under powerful optical radiation are presented. The theory of this phenomenon based on a liquid-vapor phase transition is developed. An approximate solution of the Clapeyron-Clausius equation is applied to the present problem. The method permits calculations of metal surface temperature versus incident light intensity I 0 . When a certain critical intensity is exceeded ( I_{md} \sim 10^{7}-10^{8} W .cm-2) a new effect is shown to arise due to disappearance of the metallic properties of the target. The new effect is a "transparency wave" in whose front a liquid metal turns into a liquid dielectric. For I_{0} > I_{md} it is the surface "transparent" (dielectric) layer that is evaporated. Its temperature is no longer raised and it remains below a critical value. This layer is separated from the metal by the transparency wave front, which propagates towards the interior of the metal. The transparency wave causes some other effects to arise, such as a sharp drop of the reflectivity from the metal surface, an essential change in the dependence of the observed evaporation front speed on I 0 , and, finally, occurrence of a maximum on the curve of specific recoil impulse versus I 0 . These other effects may be used to identify the transparency wave. The experimental results support some corollaries of our theoretical model. The vapor dynamics of metal evaporation under powerful millisecond optical radiation are investigated. Vapor heating near the target under laser light has been observed. The initial conditions of vapor motion are studied. From the gas-dynamic measurements the mass flow of the gas phase j 1 is calculated. The dependence of j 1 upon the incident light intensity is indicative of the fact that the metal surface has attained the temperature T = T_{md} , which corresponds to the liquid metal-liquid dielectric transition.


CROWETIPTON, JARED MATTHEW. Controlling the substrate selectivity of polyketide synthases through semi-rational design. (Under the direction of Gavin Williams). Polyketides are a diverse group of natural products that display a range of biological activities. Many polyketides are used extensively in clinical settings, such as the antibiotic erythromycin. However over the past decades antibiotic resistance has become a major hurdle for commonly used antibiotics. Many polyketides are produced by multi-modular megasynthases called polyketide synthases (PKSs). Type I PKSs work in an assembly line fashion that usually involves the specific installation of an extender unit building block by each module. Here we employ a modeling-directed semi-rational design strategy to manipulate the substrate selectivity of the pikromycin polyketide synthase. This approach probes the roles of residues in the active site of the acyltransferase domain, the domain responsible for extender unit selection, to identify the residues responsible for extender unit selection. We demonstrate the identification of mutations that improve non-native extender unit incorporation over the wild-type enzyme. Further we develop a cell extract based dual enzyme assay to test, in vitro, the effects of mutations on other modules in the PKS. This approach is one of the first demonstrations of non-natural substrate acceptance in a PKS that was not from the first or final modules. This dual enzyme assay also demonstrates evidence for substrate selectivity beyond the AT domain. Here we describe several mutations that begin to create a small list of potential sites to control the substrate selectivity of the PKS. Additionally, we are able to demonstrate a single AT mutation that inverts the selectivity of module five of the pikromycin PKS for propargylmalonyl-CoA. © Copyright 2018 Jared Matthew CroweTipton All Rights Reserved Controlling the Substrate Selectivity of Polyketide Synthases Through Semi-Rational Design by Jared Matthew CroweTipton A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science


Piezoelectric actuators are usually used in active control of vibration in recent years.However,the popular filteredx LMS algorithm is limited to linear control problems using feedforward control techniques.It is a problem to design the control system and its control method due to the nonlinearity of piezoelectric actuators.A fuzzy logic system based control structure and adaptive algorithm suitable for driving nonlinear feedforward control systems is presented in this paper.The simulation result for the active control of vibration using the nonlinear piezoelectric actuator shows the effectiveness of this nonlinear fuzzy adaptive control method.


Deng Xiao-ping's thoughts on educational economy and the features are analyzed in the form of the values of educational economy, educational investment and teachers' labor and pay etc. It is pointed out that under the guidance of the thoughts, the educational development should establish the model of manipulation from above to below and from below to above,establish the system of governmental control and market adjustment, constitute the investment system of multiple development and carry out the education cooperation in West China.


The facts of online transactions, there are many differences in dissimilarity when ordering and suitability of goods received. This discrepancy caused problems afterwards with many complaints, the effect was not willing of each other.. This study aims to find out how online buying and selling transactions are carried out through Shopee, what are the advantages and disadvantages, whether online buying and selling transactions can be said to be a transition from system of salam contracts in the sharia context, and whether the activities buying and selling online at Shopee according to the greeting agreement or not. This research method uses qualitative methods, the source of the data obtained is primary data, researchers also use secondary data sources originating from literature related research. The results of the study show that buying and selling online at Shopee has the same concept as the implementation of the salam contract. Online buying and selling transactions have advantages and disadvantages for both sellers and buyers. Online buying and selling transactions can be said to be a transition from the implementation of the salam contract, provided that both parties understand the same in terms of responsibility and trust. By system, buying and selling transactions at Shopee are said to be in accordance with the salam contract.


The structure and energetics for CH{sub 3}SSCH{sub 2} and CH{sub 3}SF have been investigated at the Gaussian-2 level of ab initio theory. The calculated ionization energies for CH{sub 3}SSCH{sub 2} and CH{sub 3}SF are found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements of Baker and Dyke. 13 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.


Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory and immune-mediated skin disease, characterized by epidermal hyperproliferation, abnormal keratinocyte differentiation and angiogenesis, whose skin lesions are promoted by exogenous and endogenous factors. The cutaneous and systemic over-expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, observed in the initiation, maintenance and recurrence of skin lesions, is known to be caused also by reactive oxygen species (ROS). For this reason it has been postulated that ROS production and compromised function of antioxidant system may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Some typical features of psoriasis, like growth rate, expression of VEGF and iNOS as well as the production of VEGF and nitric oxide (NO) and some antioxidant responses, have already been extensively evaluated in differentiated cells of psoriatic skin, but no indications are still available about, the mesenchymal stem, that may be isolated from skin (S-MSCs).


Increasing the channel width of an IGBT is an obvious way to lower the Vce, sat value without any influences on the switching losses of the device. Consequently, the achievable benefit of IGBTs is limited due to the corresponding increase of the desaturation current, which threaten the short circuit robustness. This paper presents the benefits of an IGBT which could be realized, if the feature of a low desaturation current is abandoned and the channel width is increased to a maximum.


Four different methods for defaunating were tested. Small Entodinia but some times also other species of ciliates were found on the next day after defaunation when Aerosol OT was given in doses of 5 and 10 g/animal or 1-1.5 g/kg of rumen content. Emptying and washing the reticulorumen with a 0.9% NaCl solution and subsequent freezing of the contents to -20°C for 96 h resulted in absence of protozoa for a period of 10-14 days and this was followed by the re-establishment of a population of Eudiplodinium maggii, Entodinium simplex and Dasytricha ruminantium. Emptying and washing of the reticulo-rumen with warm (40°C) water accompanied by heating of the contents to 70°C and addition of 10 g of Aerosol OT or 5 g sodium lauryl sulphate (SDS) eliminated the ciliates from the rumen for a period of 7-40 days but re-establishment of small protozoa like Entodinium simplex and Entodinium caudatum was observed later. Emptying the reticulo-rumen and washing the omasum, reticulum and rumen with warm water followed by heating of the contents to 70°C and the addition of Aerosol OT at a proportion of 1 g/kg digesta resulted in elimination of all the species of ciliates from the reticulo-rumen of all defaunated sheep for a period longer than 70 days.


A kind of HMI configuration control water-supplying system for constant pressure is introduced in this paper.The constant pressure water supply system are realized with frequency converter controlling by PLC,which can start water pumps automatically,change the revolution of pumps and adjust the amount of the water supply in a closed ring with constant pressure in order to control the flow of the system in constant pressure.The method makes the system more stable and reduces the cost of the main pipe energy-saving in power plant.


In this thesis, we propose an e-Stokes problem connecting the Stokes problem and the corresponding pressure-Poisson equation using one pa- rameter e > 0. We prove that the solution to the e-Stok ...


Software is designed and built to help solve human problems. However, much current software fails to take into account the diverse end users of software systems and their differing characteristics and needs eg. age, gender, culture, language, educational level, socio-economic status, physical and mental challenges, etc. I give examples of some of these diverse end user characteristics and the need to better incorporate them into requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and defect reporting activities in software engineering. I report on some of our work trying to address some of these issues, including: use of personas to better characterise diverse end user characteristics; extending requirements and design models to capture diverse end user needs; analysis of app reviews and JIRA logs to identify problems and ways developers try to address them; analysis of approaches to improve the accessibility of software designs for diverse end users; adaptive user interfaces and model-driven engineering with human aspects; improved human-centric defect reporting approaches; and use of living lab co-design approaches to ensure end users are first class contributors during all phases of software development. I finish by outlining a research roadmap aiming to improve the incorporation of end user human aspects into software engineering.


The invention relates to the technical field of oil field oil production engineering, and belongs to a horizontal well cementation segmented multi-cluster volume fracturing technology. The problems that when ball putting is adopted in a horizontal well cementation sliding sleeve fracturing technology for fracturing construction, each segment of fracturing ball can only open one stage of sliding sleeve, and consequently construction is complex, and cost is high are effectively solved. According to the technology, a horizontal well cementation cluster type sliding sleeve (4), a pressure sliding sleeve (5) and a bump-pressure seat (6) are firstly put down into a well along with a sleeve pipe (1) to design depth; well cementation is carried out, a pipe cleaning tool (2) is put down to scrape away cement in the pipe, the pipe cleaning tool (2) is put down directly to the bump-pressure seat (6) and matched with the bump pressure seat (6) to achieve locking, the cement is returned to a well mouth, and well shut-in and cement setting waiting are carried out pressure bumping; after pump pressure is added to the well mouth to open the pressure sliding sleeve (5), fracturing is carried out on the first layer; a ball (3) is fed to the second layer, and then the ball is sequentially fed to the third layer to the nth layer in sequence for multi-layer-segment fracturing construction. The technology has the advantages of increasing single-well yield, reducing cost, achieving effective development and the like.


The author draws attention to a number of important unresolved problems (including
 those recognized by leading supporters) of the currently dominant variant of the
 Scandinavian etymology behind of the ethnonym Rus'/русь, He argues a new version of the
 East Germanic etymology of this ethnonym. Following the explanatory model of
 "Finno-Germanic militarized groups", the author believes that for the Roman period we
 should also assume the existence of such groups (in particular, on Saaremaa, Lanemaa and
 Virumaa), controlling the sea route along the southern coast of the Baltic — but with
 the East Germans as the dominant element. East Germanic *rauþs 'red' is proposed as the
 original etymon for русь. Taking into account the phonetic processes characteristic of
 the East Germanic languages (early contraction of the original Germanic diphthongs and
 the tendency to increase vowels), a natural stage of evolution of *rauþs 'red' should be
 the form *rōþs. Considering ethnonymic models of the Finnish peoples (and Goths), we
 should justifiably obtain the form *rōþ (but with the meaning 'red') as the original
 etymon for the Slavic русь.


In many instances soils can be assumed to behave like viscoelastic materials during loading/unloading cycles, and this study is aimed at setting up a viscoelastic model to investigate the dynamic response of a porous soil layer of finite thickness under the effect of periodically linear water waves. The waves and homogeneous water are described by potential theory and the porous material is described by a viscoelastic model, which is modified from Biot's poroelastic theory (1956). The distributions of pore water pressures and effective stresses of various soils such as silt, sand, and gravel are demonstrated by employing the proposed viscoelastic model. The discrepancies of the dynamic response between the simulations of viscoelastic model and elastic model are found to be strongly dependent on the wave frequency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Multi-element Radio-linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) observations of 18-cm lines of OH from the star-forming region W75N indicate a rotating molecular disc orthogonal to the bipolar molecular outflow, with the maser polarization tracing twisted magnetic field lines. The observations are compared with synthetic maser features generated by a polarization-dependent model of maser amplification, which uses input physical conditions drawn from a numerical simulation of a star-forming disc/outflow source. The model helps to explain the complexity of the observed magnetic field structure on the basis of maser emission originating from several different depths within the protostellar disc. Line-ratios, spectral richness and polarization of ground-state (18-cm) masers agree broadly with observations. Although the detailed agreement is crude, the model is able to generate lines that are observed, whilst excluding those that are not: for example, the main lines and 1720 MHz are generated in the ground state, but not 1612 MHz; 4765 MHz is generated, but neither of the other 4.7-GHz lines appear as masers.


In this study, we investigated the physical factors required to accurately reproduce the Milky Way in star fields in a planetarium using three evaluation indices: faithfulness, preference, and depth feeling. Psychometric experiments were conducted by manipulating three different physical factors (transmittance, representation size and star density) of the stars projected on a dome screen as experimental stimuli. The three evaluation indices were rated by observers for 12 different reproductions of the Milky Way. By analyzing the experimental results, we developed a common model to estimate the scores for each evaluation index by changing the coefficients of the three physical factors. Our proposed model has good accuracy, and each evaluation index can be represented by transmittance, representation size and star density. The weighting values indicate that density reproduction was the pivotal factor for the majority of observers. In contrast, the observers were not affected by the size of the stars in the projected Milky Way.


A breadboard is under development to demonstrate the calibration of spectral errors in microarcsecond stellar interferometers. Analysis shows that thermally and mechanically stable hardware in addition to careful optical design can reduce the wavelength dependent error to tens of nanometers. Calibration of the hardware can further reduce the error to the level of picometers. The results of thermal, mechanical and optical analysis supporting the breadboard design will be shown.


Involves adding a few drops of a high molecular weight secondary alcohol to delay oxidation of the sodium while stored under kerosene.


Abstract This paper presents a collision avoidance technique of mobile robots for moving obstacles in unknown environments. The mobile robot considered in this paper has a sensor measuring the distance between the robot and a moving obstacle, such as an ultrasonic sonar or infrared sensor. Avoidance behaviour for moving obstacles is proposed. The collision avoidance conditions for two typical aspects under which the robot encounters a moving obstacle are derived and are used as guidelines for designing the navigation parameters. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by numerical simulation examples.


Abstract YACOWITZ et al. (1954) and Waibel (1958) reported that protein levels in excess of 20 percent promoted rapid growth of young goslings. Roberson and Francis (1961 Roberson and Francis (1963) found that a protein level of 24 percent increased the growth rate of young goslings, but the advantage was lost if the geese were carried beyond the stage of rapid growth. Various workers (Snyder and Orr, 1953; Swanson and Canfield, 1955; Bean and Hanson, 1962; and Roberson and Francis, 1963) have concluded that the major problem of processing geese during rapid growth is poor feathering, which makes feather removal at slaughter extremely difficult. Iodinated casein has increased the growth and improved the feathering of Long Island White Peking ducklings especially during periods of warm weather (Baker et al., 1959). The experiments reported here were initiated to determine the effect of changes in protein level, supplemental iodinated casein, and of supplemental methionine on body…


The Executive is pleased to announce that Dr Chris Stock of London has agreed to conduct courses in Perth, Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane in August next year.


This paper is a report on an experimental study which intended to look into the possible effects of Competitive Team-Based Learning (CTBL) vis-a-vis Group Investigation (GI) method of Cooperative Learning (CL) on the language proficiency of Iranian EFL intermediate students. Seventy homogeneous Iranian intermediate students were selected out of a total population of 110 to serve the present study. The results of the study indicated the advantage of CTBL over GI in terms of its effect on improving the target group's language proficiency. The results of the study were in contrast to the reports of researchers like Ab-Raza (2007), an Israeli language specialist, who have argued that students in Islamic countries "do not value diversity of ideas, beliefs, and perspectives" (p. 5) and so cannot be taught through modern methods like those of CL


This paper introduces a new data-driven methodology for nested logit structure discovery. Nested logit models allow the modeling of positive correlations between the error terms of the utility specifications of the different alternatives in a discrete choice scenario through the specification of a nesting structure. Current nested logit model estimation practices require an a priori specification of a nesting structure by the modeler. In this we work we optimize over all possible specifications of the nested logit model that are consistent with rational utility maximization. We formulate the problem of learning an optimal nesting structure from the data as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) optimization problem and solve it using a variant of the linear outer approximation algorithm. We exploit the tree structure of the problem and utilize the latest advances in integer optimization to bring practical tractability to the optimization problem we introduce. We demonstrate the ability of our algorithm to correctly recover the true nesting structure from synthetic data in a Monte Carlo experiment. In an empirical illustration using a stated preference survey on modes of transportation in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, we use our algorithm to obtain an optimal nesting tree representing the correlations between the unobserved effects of the different travel mode choices. We provide our implementation as a customizable and open-source code base written in the Julia programming language.


Background: Metastatic urothelial cancer (MUC) is the eighth most common cause of cancer death in the UK. Chemotherapy is standard treatment for MUC. Although MUC is initially sensitive to chemotherapy, patients usually relapse within 6 months of completion. The outcome, once relapse has occurred, is very poor (median overall survival 8 months). Therefore, maintaining response to chemotherapy is an attractive goal, and a good environment for testing active single agents in MUC. ATLANTIS is a multi-arm, multi-stage signal searching trial. Patients will be allocated to treatment (vs observation or placebo where possible) based on biomarker expression. Design: ATLANTIS is a randomised phase II biomarker directed umbrella screening trial of maintenance therapy in biomarker defined subgroups of patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival. The protocol consists of a generic main section plus novel drug-specific appendices. The relevant novel drug-specific appendices will be amended when each specific subgroup trial completes or when a further novel drug subgroup is introduced. Central tissue screening for biomarker will occur prior to randomisation. Objectives: The trial will investigate whether maintenance targeted therapy after chemotherapy, with treatment selection based on biomarker expression, delays time to progression and overall survival for patients with MUC. Endpoints: Primary: To compare progression-free survival (PFS) of trial drug and placebo/observation. Different drugs will be tested in different biomarker defined subgroups in an adaptive design. PFS has been chosen as the primary end-point as it is largely objective (the majority of urothelial cancer patients will display progression in accordance with RECIST1.1 criteria) and clinically meaningful - progression after first line therapy represents the transition to the lethal stage of the disease and often the requirement for further cytotoxic therapy. Secondary: Overall survival, response rate, maximum percentage decrease in measurable disease, safety and tolerability. Exploratory: Progression free survival in subgroups defined by biomarkers other than those used for treatment allocation. Translational: Archival tissue, plasma and circulating tumor DNA will be stored and used for future research.


This article explores how young Chinese American children engaged in culturally responsive literacy practices and multimodal authoring practices during an online book club.


An amperometric ethanol biosensor was fabricated by integration of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) with meldola's blue (MB)/ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (MB/OMC/GCE). The MB/OMC/GCE was highly sensitive for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) measurement (9.1±0.25 μA/mM) and gave a low detection limit of 0.21±0.02 μM. The ethanol biosensor exhibited a wide linear range up to 6 mM with a lower detection limit of 19.1±0.58 μM as well as a high sensitivity of 34.58±2.43 nA/mM without suffering any interference from some common electroactive compounds.


Earlier this week I was interviewed by Chinese TV on phone hacking. The Chinese are extraordinarily interested in what we do in the media sector. Last year, Chinese journalists were particularly interested in Prime Ministerial calls for twitter to be regulated after the riots for example. But the really sobering thing happened after the interview when I asked if they had a slot to broadcast the documentary they were filming. He said that it would go out on CCTV1: – and the audience could be up to 300m.


This paper investigates M-brane quantum geometry (and its representation by equations involving the 3-bracket) by looking at the compactification of an M-brane system to a D-brane system. Particularly of interest is the system where coincident M2-branes end at an angle on an M5-brane, and its reduction to D1- or F1-branes ending on a D3-brane. Since equations for the quantum geometries of both of these systems are known, the paper will attempt to directly relate them via a compactification.


From the features of the higher education,this paper analyzes on the main problems existing in the cognition and practice of the current quality education in university,and advances some countermeasures for realizing the quality education from aspects of establishing correct concepts of the quality education,constructing coach-type teacher ranks and cultivating innovation spirit of the students.


This collection is comprised of seven key books on the topic of increasing student engagement. These titles provide international coverage on the subject with a variety of practical applications and how they can be used in real settings by students and teachers.


Abstract : Aircraft designs that employ relaxed static stability (RSS) have the following problem: reduced pitching moments associated with RSS at high angle of attack (AOA) require a minimum pitch recovery moment or margin to guarantee a safe return from high AOA maneuvers at the most aft center of gravity (CG) encountered during a mission. Recent incidents and mishaps on Class IV aircraft have demonstrated a need for establishing quantitative longitudinal high AOA pitch control margin design guidelines for future aircraft. The Naval Air Warfare Center - Aircraft Division (NAWC-AD) is currently supporting an effort in conjunction with NASA Langley Research Center (NASA LARC) to quantify such requirements. NASA LaRC has conducted a series of extensive simulation evaluations to define these design guidelines.


There is a close relation between comprehensive Grobner bases and non-parametric Grobner bases over commutative von Neumann regular rings. By this relation, Grobner bases over a commutative von Neumann regular ring can be viewed as an alternative to comprehensive Grobner bases. (Therefore, this Grobner basis is called an "alternative comprehensive Grobner basis (ACGB)".) In the first part of this paper, we treat the theory of Grobner bases in polynomial rings over a commutative von Neumann regular ring. In the second part, we describe the special type of comprehensive Grobner bases which is called alternative comprehensive Grobner bases on varieties (ACGB-V).


Abstract : This document presents the results of a Phase I cultural resources survey of a proposed borrow pit and associated access road in Ascension Parish, Louisiana. This survey was conducted by R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc., in July 2003; it was performed on behalf of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District. The proposed borrow pit is located on the right descending bank of the Mississippi River (northeast of River Mile 180), and it measures approximately 1.16 ha (2.87 ac) in size. This area was subject to pedestrian survey and backhoe trenching in order to identify any subsurface cultural features or material. In addition, the proposed access road that measures approximately 165 m (541 ft) in length by 15 m (49 ft) in width also was subjected to survey using the same field methods. Therefore, a total of 1.4 ha (3.4 ac) was examined for cultural resources as part of the proposed undertaking. The proposed project items were characterized as possessing moderate to high probability for containing intact cultural deposits based on results of the previous cultural resources investigation entitled Phase I Cultural Resources Survey and Archeological Inventory of the Alhambra to Hohen-Solms and Hohen-Solms to Modeste Project Items, Ascension and Iberville Parishes, Louisiana (George et al. 2000). Despite an intensive field effort, his investigation failed to result in the identification of any archeological sites or historic structures within the Areas of Potential Effect. Phase I cultural resources survey and archeological inventory of the proposed borrow pit and access road project items resulted in the identification of only modern (i.e., post 1950) cultural material. No additional testing of the proposed borrow pit and associated access road is recommended.


As the techniques used in creating audio art and electronic music become more diversified and increasingly use some sort of computer-oriented notation, the question of analysis of this wide repertoire is revisited. While there are still many obstacles in its study, this topic attracts more attention today than in the recent past. In this article, I emphasise the need to consider that, when analysing audio art and electronic music, technology, technique and musical style are to be taken in account. To this end, I introduce concepts put forth by the Russian Constructivists as a basis for reflection.


European studies have suggested that antibiotics are a reasonable alternative to surgery for uncomplicated appendicitis, but in the largest of them, appendicitis recurred in 27% within 1 year (NEJM JW Emerg Med Jun 16 2015; [e-pub] and JAMA 2015 Jun 16; 313:2340). Now, in a multicenter U.S. pilot study, investigators examined outpatient antibiotics-only management of appendicitis.

Thirty patients with uncomplicated appendicitis were randomized to immediate appendectomy or antibiotics (intravenous ertapenem in the …


This article objective to find solution for the problematic of budgetary slack behavior based on management accountant ethics. This article examines the problem of budgetary slack and then connecting with management accountant ethics and ends with the preventive solution.  This research using qualitative approach with descriptive methods. This article finds that if it's related to management accountant ethics, sanctions for violating the principles of integrity, objectivity, confidentiality, and professionalism are by reducing the annual bonus, rotating positions, demoting positions, and the most extreme by dismissing the employee. Prevention efforts can be done by improving the ethical work climate. While, the violation of the competency principle is by giving warning letter with sanctions for reducing the annual bonus and rotating positions in other divisions. Prevention efforts can be done are providing education and training to improve the competence of the accountants.
Keywords: Solution; Budgetary Slack; Management Accountant Ethics.


The object of the research is an isothermal tank container for storage and transportation of liquefied natural gases, which requires special operating conditions and is related to a technological facility of increased danger. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the type and thickness of the insulating material to reduce the losses of liquefied natural gas during storage and transportation. Based on the results of the analysis, effective insulation materials were selected for use in cryogenic tanks for isothermal storage of LNG, the optimal thickness of the insulation material was determined, which provides the required level of losses for gas evaporation.


Very recently, Millard et al. have reported the polymerization of acrylic acid and N-isoproylacrylamide under γ-irradiation via RAFT in aqueous media. However, there are certain practical limitations of employing γ-irradiation for commercial applications compared to ultraviolet (UV) radiation...


Non-maximum suppression (NMS) is an essential part of the face detection pipeline based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). The typical approach for NMS used by face detection is a greedy, locally optimal strategy, which is to localize objects from a set of candidate locations. However, NMS still has some shortcomings, such as sometimes the detection box has no relationship with a high classification score, which leads to misjudging face localization during NMS. In this paper, we observed that the NMS implemented on the multi-task convolutional neural network (MTCNN) is a cascaded network and the enhanced NMS based on MTCNN to achieve high performance during face detection and alignment. We employ WIDER FACE as the test dataset to evaluate our proposal. The precision and recall curves are drawn when using three subsets at different thresholds. The result shows that the proposed approach can perform better performance than traditional NMS.


The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History has moved forward through this stormy period of world conflict, keeping that same faith which brought it through the universal conflagration through which it passed more than a generation ago. In the twenty-seventh year of the effort to discover and treat scientifically the records of the Negro the staff still feels sufficiently encouraged to plan for many more years in the prosecution of this work. This aspiration comes not from any hope for material reward, not even from the expectation that assistance will be adequate to the needs of the undertaking, but from the experience that those who have cooperated thus far in making the sacrifices required for the maintenance of this enterprise are no less inclined toward continuing the unselfish effort. The main thing the staff has had to keep in mind is not to expand the work into inviting fields to undertake long neglected tasks faster than the small income of the organization warrants such new steps. This does not mean, however, that it has been necessary for the Association to stand still. The credit for such income as accrues to the Association belongs mainly to the Negroes themselves. The foundations and agencies which give freely to Negro institutions and thereby control their downsitting and uprising refuse to aid the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History because it is independent. The staff has taken the position of accepting any gifts toward the prosecution of this work as it has been conceived and is now being carried


This paper presents the concept and experimental verification of a simple method of wavelength pre-selection of a single frequency, second-harmonic generation SHG solid state laser Nd:YAG/KTP with the Lyot filter. Apart from well-known configuration of single-frequency operation, the Lyot filter to stabilization of the wavelength was used. The idea presented is based on a measurement of the losses introduced by the Lyot filter inside the laser cavity, or the maximums of laser output power as a measure of the assessment of the Lyot filter tuning to a required laser longitudinal mode, not requiring any external frequency standards. This method allows for the synthesization and stabilization of a selected wavelength from the spectrum range of the gain curve of the laser with the period determined by the "Lyot comb". In the developed system 15 values of wavelength spaced at about 32 pm (∼ 7.9 GHz) for the infrared radiation were obtained.


Approximately 90,000 vasectomies are carried out in the United Kingdom every year, and in 1982 it was reported that 3% of vasectomized men were asking for reversal. Vasectomy reversal (vasovasostomy) can be achieved in some cases by approximating the 2 divided ends of the vasa deferens with 3 or 4 stitches. Using this technique, up to 60% of vasectomized men can obtain sperm in their ejaculate, and about half of these can father children. In 103 cases of microsurgical vasectomy reversal over a period of 6 years prior to 1993, the median age of the patients was 36 years, and an average of 7 years had elapsed since vasectomy. 66% of the patients were 30 or younger, and 24% had barely reached 25 years. Only 89 patients attended for seminal analysis after reversal. The operation was performed on one side only in 24 patients for anatomical reasons, or to obtain less discomfort or lower cost. In the first 42 cases, 8/0 Vicryl suture material was used and 58% of unilaterally operated anastomoses were patent for 6 months or longer. However, a much better anastomosis could be constructed using 10/0 Ethilon suture material, thus the patency rate in later cases was 69%. The results were much better with bilateral surgery, even in the early cases, when 85% patency rate was achieved. 31 pregnancies occurred in 48% of the possible cases. The rate was 64% if vasectomy had been performed less than 10 years previously, falling to 39% if 10 years or more had elapsed since vasectomy. 1 patient operated on 19 years after his vasectomy became fertile. 10 patients had undergone a 2nd vasectomy reversal because of a previous failure without the use of microsurgery. 4 of them had sperm in their ejaculate, and 2 of their wives conceived.


Following the examples of Wang Wei and Du Fu,Jia Dao worked hard in pentasyllabic regulated verse,and developed a new style of his own which influenced the writers in the Late Tang Dynasty and Jiangxi School of Poetry.Thus he earned himself the title of master of great leaning and integhty of his time.


The home gardens of Java have been the subject of considerable interest in recent years. Their non-rice character has attracted the attention of those interested in diversification away from Southeast Asia's rice staple, their species diversity has attracted the attention of those interested in stable and sustainable agricultural systems, and their combination of woody and non-woody plants has attracted the attention of those interested in agroforestry. This recent attention has been disproportionate to the amount of research attention previously focused on home gardens, however. The colonial and post-colonial studies of this system of agriculture do not begin to equal, either in number or depth, those devoted to (e.g.) wet rice cultivation, the major estate and smallholder crops, or even upland swidden cultivation. Given this lacuna (the reasons for which are themselves of interest, as will be discussed below), the appearance of a major study of their agronomic, economic, and social aspects merits an in-depth appraisal. The study is "Pekarangan, Petani dan Kemiskinan: Suatu Studi tentang Sifat dan Hakekat Masyara kat Tani di Sriharjo Pedesaan Jawa" [Home Gardens, Farmers and Poverty: A Study of the Features and Facts of the Farming Community in Sriharjo, Rural Java] by D.H. Penny and Meneth Ginting.


The canned or bottled sea cucumber porridge is produced with sea cucumber 1-8 weight portions, glutinous rice 2-8 weight portions, glutinous corn 2-8 weight portions, sugar 3-4 weight portions and water 50-70 weight portions. As one high grade health food, the sea cucumber porridge has the health functions of invigorating kidney, benefiting life essence and nourishing blood.


An experimental optical synchroniser for packet switched networks is presented; the system can recover time misalignments up to 105.6 ns exploiting switchable delay lines at node-input and wavelength dispersion in a high dispersion fibre at node output, with is 200 ps resolution.


Article is devoted to administrative contradictions of modern reforms of the higher education. On the one hand, the higher education became a key factor of development of the human capital. On the other hand, the control system of development of the higher education is more and more guided by the redistributive relations.


In the article the role and place of selection-breeding work at the modern stage of socio-economic development of the country and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, in particular, are shown. The problems and factors of food independence, as well as innovative technologies, necessary measures and ways of their solution in the shortest possible time, the acceleration of intensification of the milk and meat production, the ways of raising the efficiency of their production on the basis of international technology assessment exterior of the animal are considered.


Knowledge graphs (KGs) are informative knowledge bases for various applications such as semantic web search or question answering. Since KGs often have missing facts mainly due to large construction costs, KG completion is a fundamental problem. Nowadays, as KGs have become large-scale, KG completion has become gradually intractable for classical computers. One promising direction is to utilize quantum circuits to capture complex structural information that entities and relations in KGs have. By encoding entities into quantum states and representing relations between entities as quantum circuits running on the quantum states, it becomes able to score and predict plausible missing entities or relations. However, it is still unclear how to design the quantum circuits to enhance KG completion accuracy. In this paper, we evaluate variations of quantum circuits in terms of KG completion accuracy, and investigate the relationship between the accuracy and the quality of the circuits (e.g., expressibility and entangling capacity). The experiments using a real KG show some correlation between the completion accuracy and the goodness of the circuits.


Objective: To investigate the effect of 2.4-Dinitrophenol on acute toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid in mice.Methods: The LD50 of acetylsalicylic acid with 2.4-Dinitrophenol on mice was determined by simplified probit method.Results:The LD50 in such a case is one-fifth of that of acetylsalicylic acid reported by literature.Conclusion:2.4-Dinitrophenol can increase the toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid.


For this issue of Schools, which marks the beginning of our tenth year of publication, we feature essays and reflections that have characterized the mission of the journal across the years. We defined that mission from the beginning in the phrase that has appeared on each issue cover as "inquiry into the subjective experience of school life." We aimed to create space for the examination of a question both sorely absent and sorely needed in public discourse about education: What takes place when learning actually occurs? The question, as we saw it then, requires careful scrutiny of personal relationships, institutional practices, and social policy. This kind of scrutiny is both scholarly and pragmatic. It is narrative-based inquiry, resting on the telling of stories about the life of the classroom, the life of the school, and the life of the mind in the creation of meaning. The inspiration for the journal came from two conferences organized by Dan Frank, one in 1995 and the other in 2000. Dan called the conferences The School Romance, signifying a convergence of two venerable traditions then nearly 100 years old: psychoanalysis and progressive education. The conferences brought together practitioners in both fields to contemplate the rhythms and resonances of teaching and learning. Dan's title alludes to a famous essay by Freud, "The Family Romance," which Dan proposed as a template for the discussion of what happens in the ways we experience teaching and learning. Freud described our experience of family life as a ro-


1. Compositions comprising: A) from 10 to 99 parts by weight respectively based on the sum of components A + B + C of the aromatic polycarbonate and / or aromatic polyester carbonates,! B) from 1 to 35 parts by weight respectively based on the sum of components A + B + C rubber modified graft copolymerization product: B.1 5 to 95 wt.% Of at least one vinyl monomer and! B.2 95 to 5 wt.% Of one or more graft bases with glass transition temperatures <10 ° C,! C) from 0 to 40 parts by weight respectively based on the sum of components A + B + C of the vinyl (co) polymer and / or polyalkylene terephthalate,! D) from 0 to 50 parts by weight respectively based on the sum of components A + B + C of a phosphorus flame retardant,! E) from 0 to 1.0 part by weight respectively based on the sum of components A + B + C acidic additives and! F) from 0 to 50 parts by weight respectively based on the sum of components A + B + C other additives! wherein component B is obtainable by emulsion graft copolymerization component B.1 to B.2 basis for grafting, provided that in case of compositions not containing components D) and E), the graft copolymer dispersion by spray drying or during the precipitation respectively possesses indicator pH less than 7! characterized in that when implementing the grafting is used from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight (Based on the sum of mass parts of the monomers B.1 and graft base B.2 is 100 parts by weight) of at least one emulsifier selected from the group consisting of salts of saturated fatty acids with 10-50 carbon atoms and an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium or phosphonium wherein the emulsifier or emulsifiers respectively


The desmoplastic small round cell tumour (DSRCT) is a rare, highly malignant neoplasm usually presenting in the abdomen of adolescent males. A characteristic translocation between the Ewing's sarcoma gene on chromosome 22 and the Wilms' tumour gene WT1 on chromosome 11 has been described, producing a fusion gene with expression of the DNA binding area of WT1. Some Wilms' tumour antibodies recognize epitopes of this part of the WT1 protein. All four cases of DSRCT examined showed strong staining of the tumours with an anti‐WT1 antibody, suggesting this may be useful in the diagnosis of these tumours.


One of the important payloads on-board the joint IndoFrench Megha-Tropiques satellite is the Scanner for Radiation Budget (ScaRaB). It is dedicated for monitoring the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) parameters at Top of Atmosphere (TOA). In this article, details of the algorithm used for computing two important ERB components, namely TOA reflected shortwave and emitted longwave fluxes from ScaRaB radiance measurements are presented along with preliminary crosssatellite validation results. The ScaRaB flux computation algorithm is similar to the one used in the ERB Experiment. The maximum likelihood estimation algorithm is used for identification of different Earth scenes and cloud types. First, the raw radiances are corrected for spectral filtering effects followed by implementation of scene-type dependent angular correction to deduce shortwave and longwave fluxes. The instantaneous TOA flux data derived from ScaRaB radiance measurements are compared with similar data available from Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) onboard Aqua and Terra satellites. Preliminary comparison confined to two months period (September– October 2012) using the two satellites suggests that the ScaRaB data are in good agreement with the CERES data. The bias-corrected root mean square difference in ScaRaB longwave flux is 4.7 and 5.3 Wm with respect to CERES on-board Aqua and Terra satellites respectively. For ScaRaB shortwave flux, it is 25.9 Wm and 25.5 Wm with respect to CERES onboard Aqua and Terra satellites respectively. A detailed comparison of ScaRaB TOA flux data with more than one-year of CERES data is already initiated. Results from the preliminary comparison exercise suggest that the ScaRaB data can be used with confidence for ERB studies.


This article reports findings from an ethnographic study investigating the culture of children's musical games played in school playgrounds. The research took place in nine primary schools in Greece and lasted for 6 months. Data collection methods included open observation of children aged 6 to 11 years, focused small-group observation, semi-structured interviews of 53 children (aged 8–11 years), and video recordings of the children's musical games. Analyses of the research data, in light of the relevant literature, revealed the physical and human geographies of musical games, gender preferences, transmission sources and processes, learning and teaching practices, improvisations and variations, and communication among participants. The article concludes with implications for music education research and practice.


In most African setting, parenthood is culturally mandatory and childlessness is socially unacceptable, this is because children are highly desired addition to the family and the society. In Nigeria, about 20% of couples are infertile. Female infertility was reported to account for about 55% of infertility cases, male factor for about 30% to 40% and unexplained infertility accounted for the remaining 5 to 15 percent. Infertility is generally known as a social stigma globally especially in the underdeveloped world. The agony and trauma of infertility is so devastating that only the victims that can understand and describe it. Although, it does not claim the life of an individual, but it inflicts devastating influence on one's life for not fulfilling the biological role of parenthood unintentionally. It is also known that in general, in the developing nation, the society has got a very strong desire for children and particularly for son to carry forth the lineage.


This phenomenological study investigated the materials required for sacrifices of the Dagara people of the Upper West region of Ghana. Different occasions require different sacrifices. Different scholars suggest different materials used in performing sacrifice. This, invariably, depends, to a large extent, on their understanding of what sacrifice is. The descriptive analytical sample survey was the research design used to purposively study Nandom, Lawra and Jirapa areas of the region. Data gathered was systematically analysed with key findings being that the Dagara people had different types of sacrifices for different occasions. The research findings were as follows, that the Dagara carries his/her object of sacrifice from home, that most sacrifices require domestic animals but in a few cases domestic items such as flour, pito and ash could be used. The most popular animal used in the sacrifice is the fowl. Lastly, different sacrifices require different animals.


Current studies at IGT are evaluating combinations of biological and thermal processes that can be used to convert all types of biomass to methane or alcohol fuels. One process under development for the production of methane employs anaerobic digestion followed by thermal gasification. High- or low-mositure-content feeds are subjected to anaerobic digestion andthe refractory nonbiodegradable residues are dewatered and thermally gasified. Nutrients produced in the thermal gasification step are recycled to enhance the bioconversion step. The bioconversion step is also used to clean and upgrade the thermally-produced synthesis gas by biomethanation. In addition, the synthesis gas provides a means for heating, mixing, and stimulation of methanogenesis in the bioconversion step. The process is cost-competitive and has a thrmal efficiency superior to other processes. Another process under study combines fermentation with thermal conversion for production of separate streams of ethanol and methanol. This process employs fermentation for production of ethanol, and thermal conversion of fermentation residues for production of synthesis gas and methanol. Thermal process heat and a portion of the synthesis gas are used to supply the energy required for feed pretreatment, fermentation, and alcohol purification. The output of alcohol (ethanol plus methanol) is approximately double that obtained by conventionalmore » fermentation processes.« less


List of illustrations Preface Introduction: the Carracci in the history of art 1. The early biographies 2. The Carracci and art theory 3. The Carracci academy 4. The drawings and paintings 5. Reflections Retrospect Abbreviations used in notes Notes Bibliography Index.


Objectives: This working paper is a modest attempt to associate Lifelong Learning process with geriatric care i.e. the physical and mental well-being of the elderly people of India. Methods and Materials: The present study utilised data from Census of India, National Sample Survey Organisation and Sample registration system for reviewing the relevant issues like who are the old, what are their problems and why do they need care or why society should at all bother for their care? Results: The present study humbly proposes the introduction of folk games or traditional games for identifying psychological / psychiatric disorders of elderly people. Another fruitful learning experience may be the learning of a new language in a later age. The post retirement period may be the fertile ground for hobby and experience sharing. All these proposed schemes of learning for aged people demand an infrastructure. This is the responsibility of the government and society as a whole. Conclusion: This study does not demand credit for any innovative schemes of learning. The present study only proposes a few new contexts for these processes. It is sincerely expected that the use of Lifelong Learning as a medium for the physical and mental upliftment of this esteemed section of the society would give the 'concept of learning' it's much needed humanistic approach.


BACKGROUND
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is an evolving health problem in the aging male population. Chronic lowgrade inflammation is a critical component of ED pathogenesis and a probable intermediary of endothelial dysfunction, especially in metabolic diseases, with the inclusion of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.

OBJECTIVE
This review will present an overview of preclinical and clinical data regarding common inflammatory mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ED associated with metabolic diseases and the effect of antiinflammatory drugs on ED.

METHODS
A literature search of existing pre-clinical and clinical studies was performed on databases [Pubmed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Embase] from January 2000 to October 2019.

RESULTS
Low-grade inflammation is a possible pathological role in endothelial dysfunction as a consequence of ED and other related metabolic diseases. Increased inflammation and endothelial/prothrombotic markers can be associated with the presence and degree of ED. Pharmacological therapy and modification of lifestyle and risk factors may have a significant role in the recovery of erectile response through reduction regarding inflammatory marker levels.

CONCLUSION
Inflammation is the least common denominator in the pathology of ED and metabolic disorders. The inflammatory process of ED includes a shift in the complex interactions of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. These data have provided that anti-inflammatory agents could be used as a therapeutic opportunity in the prevention and treatment of ED. Further research on inflammation-related mechanisms underlying ED and the effect of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing inflammation is required for a better understanding of the pathogenesis and successful management of ED.


The numerical and the analytical studies of the opening-up vesicles have become hot topics since the experimental observation by A. Saitoh et al. This paper deals with how to obtain the analytical solution of an opening-up shape from the Ouyang biconcave analytical solution. We find only two of the three boundary conditions for the vesicle rims to be independent. The second boundary condition can be satisfied by the Gaussian bending modulus k g =-2, then we obtain the geometric equation for the rims of an opening-up vesicle from the first boundary condition. By analyzing the Ouyang analytic solutions for a closed circular biconcave vesicle and periodic noduloidlike vesicle, we obtain three kinds of shapes with tube topology, which are the convex tube, the toruslike tube, and the catenoidlike tube.


A method is proposed for quantitatively comparing word-meaning lists in related languages, taking into account synonymous lexical representations. This is applied to the Indo-European languages to estimate rates of change of lexical representation for more than a thousand meanings documented by Buck. Comparisons between the distribution of rates for the lexicostatistic test list and other meanings, and between the distributions calculated from Indo-European data and those from Malayo-Polynesian, suggest generalizations of lexicostatistic theory.


Methods of estimating the remaining life of cracked tubular joints in offshore jacket-type platforms are based on fracture mechanics (FM) approach. The accuracy of FM approach depends on the accurate estimation of the stress intensity factors (SIFs). In the present paper, effects of geometric parameters on the results of SIFs for tubular X-joints are investigated. In this study, FE models were generated using ABAQUS and to evaluate the SIFs, J-integral method was used. Numerical SIF results were validated against available experimental data. Results showed that the J-integral method is suitable for the calculation of SIFs. The increase of the γ (= D / 2T) and/or β (= d / D) leads to the decrease of the SIFs. Moreover, the increase of the τ (= t / T), c / a ratio and/or a / T ratio results in the increase of the SIFs; where D, d, T, t, a, and c are the chord diameter, brace diameter, chord thickness, brace thickness, crack depth, and half of crack length, respectively.


Idiopathic transverse myelitis (TM) is heterogenous, even after excluding structural, vascular, and other mimics. TM with small peripheral MRI lesions


AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of planned training, provided for mothers with 0–6 year old children, on their identifi cation of safety precautions for home accidents. METHODS: The experimental design with pretest-posttest control group was used in the study. The data of the study was collected from 160 mothers who were registered to four family health centers in the city center of Kars, between February 2013 and May 2013. The data of the study was collected by using the family description form and Scale for Identifi cation of the Safety Measures Taken by Mothers to Prevent Home Accidents in Children in the 0–6 Age Group. RESULTS: Before the study; there were 16 falling (18.6%), 2 drowning (2.3%) and 4 cut wounds (4.7%) cases in the study group, and there were 10 falling (13.5%) and 2 burning (2.7%) cases in the control group. Pretest mean score of scales in the study and control groups were 176.16±11.36 and 175.49±15.02, respectively, and were not signifi cantly different. The posttest mean score of of 185.47±7.86 in the study group was signifi cantly higher than the value of 177.22±2.00 in the control group. CONCLUSION: Education increases the mothers' identifi cation capability of safety precautions for home accidents.


nectedness of Russian culture on every level and of its European qualities. This volume will be much appreciated by scholars of nineteenthand early twentieth-century Russian literature as well as by historians interested in cultural processes. It belongs in college as well as university libraries because of the author's unique and lively contributions to our understanding of Russian literature as an institution. The bibliography includes Reitblat's major essays but not his book review, newspaper articles, or interviews.


Purpose

The purpose of this article is to present the experience of a Central American university that has been successfully advancing an educational model focused on sustainability for over 25 years. Many universities in industrialized nations are assuming a more active role in promoting sustainable development, while in emerging countries, interest in this issue is recent and not well known.

Design/methodology/approach

A study was conducted on perceptions of the impact from graduates of EARTH (Escuela de Agricultura de la Region Tropical Humeda) University in Nicaragua, Honduras and Guatemala, utilizing a mixed methodology that combined the application of a standardized questionnaire, together with focus groups of graduates, and semi-structured interviews of graduates, their employers, members of their communities, clients of the companies where they work and colleagues.

Findings

Agricultural engineers who received their education at EARTH University have had a positive social, economic and environmental impact in their communities of origin. They have taken on leadership positions and have become change agents who are aware of the social needs around them. They contribute to economic growth and job creation, and at the same time, promote sustainable management of natural resources.

Research limitations/implications

It is a case study and their findings are limited.

Practical implications

Learning about EARTH University's experience may be useful for other higher education institutions seeking to cultivate this perspective in their degree programs, and for academics who support a fundamental reorientation in higher education aimed at confronting the challenge of promoting sustainable development.

Social implications

The results established that most of the agronomists who studied at EARTH University are having a positive economic, social and environmental influence, which appears to be closely associated with their university education. This suggests that higher education may in effect play an important role in promoting sustainability and contributing elements for advancing this perspective in higher education in Latin America.

Originality/value

This study of EARTH University's educational model reveals that, in the case of Latin America, education for sustainability cannot be limited to providing training in natural resources management. The promotion of inclusive development supposes that students have learned how to manage productive activities that are economically and socially sustainable, and that students have received a solid education in values, aimed at fostering a commitment to build a fairer society.


Pb(Zr,Ti)O/sub 3/ (PZT) thin films have been fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering. Aiming at productional process development for ferroelectric RAM application, PZT films have been deposited on 6-inch substrates using a 12-inch ceramic target. High deposition rates up to 100 nm/min have been realized by utilizing a high-density PZT target. Flexible compositional control has been achieved by controlling sputtering conditions. A newly introduced electro-static chuck (ESC) type substrate cooling system has been found effective to improve stability of film composition of PZT sputtering.


Our aim in this paper is to present sufficient conditions for error bounds in terms of Fréchet and limiting Fréchet subdifferentials outside of Asplund spaces. This allows us to develop sufficient conditions in terms of the approximate subdifferential for systems of the form (x, y) ∈ C × D, g(x, y, u) = 0, where g takes values in an infinite dimensional space and u plays the role of a parameter. This symetric structure offers us the choice to impose condtions either on C or D. We use these results to prove nonemptyness and weak-star compactness of Fritz-John and Karuch-Kuhn-Tucker multiplier sets, to establish Lipschitz continuity of the value function and to compute his subdifferential and finally to obtain results on local controllability in control problems of nonconvex unbounded differential inclusions.


In 1957, William L. Landau and Frank R. Kleffner described an intriguing childhood disorder combining an epileptic disturbance and an acquired language regression, which they termed ''Syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder in children'' (Landau & Kleffner, 1957). Although the authors did not specifically study aspects of electroencephalography (EEG) during sleep, they suspected that persistent convulsive discharges resulted in the functional ablation of brain areas concerned with linguistic communication. Their publication subsequently led to the introduction of the eponym LandauKleffner syndrome (LKS), and was classified as a landmark article reprinted in the 50th anniversary issue of Neurology in 1998. In 1971, Patry and collaborators from the group of Carlo Alberto Tassinari introduced the notion of encephalopathy related to electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep (ESES), a condition defined by diffuse and continuous spike–waves occupying at least 85% of slow-wave sleep time (Patry et al., 1971). The authors did not make reference to LKS in their first paper. Hence, in 1989 the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) recognized LKS and epilepsy with continuous spikewaves during slow-wave sleep (CSWS) as distinct epileptic syndromes of childhood (undetermined whether focal or generalized) (Commission, 1989). However, it became evident from subsequent observations discussed, in particular, at the Venice Colloquium on CSWS in 1993 (Beaumanoir et al., 1995), that LKS and epilepsy with CSWS share sufficient characteristics to be classified within the same group of epileptic syndromes. In 2001, the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology proposed to classify LKS and epilepsy with CSWS among the epileptic encephalopathies in which the epileptiform abnormalities may contribute to progressive dysfunction (Engel, 2001). Since the third edition of the textbook on epileptic syndromes of infancy and childhood, ESES and CSWS have been considered as synonymous, and LKS as a particular presentation of epilepsy with CSWS where acquired aphasia is the core symptom (Tassinari et al., 2002). Finally, in 2006, the ILAE Task Force stated that there is insufficient evidence for mechanistic differences between LKS and CSWS to warrant considering them separate syndromes (Engel, 2006). Therefore, LKS and epilepsy with CSWS encompass epileptic conditions having in common cognitive or behavioral impairment acquired during childhood and strong activation of interictal epileptiform activity during sleep. This spectrum of disorders has been enlarged to include atypical forms of rolandic epilepsy (i.e., idiopathic partial epilepsies of childhood) and epilepsies associated with cerebral lesions (e.g., neuronal migration disorders or perinatal cerebral infarct). In 2007, the international neurologic community celebrated the 50th anniversary of the seminal study by Landau and Kleffner. An international symposium was held in Alden-Biesen, Belgium, from 2–4 November 2007. Symposium participants presented state-of-the-art findings on acquired epileptic aphasia and related disorders, focusing on the developments during the last 10–15 years in the fields of neurophysiology, neuropsychology, functional neuroimaging, pathophysiology, and treatment. The Organizing Committee (Willem F. Arts, MD, PhD; Edgard De Wijngaert, MSc; Pierre Maquet, MD, PhD; Philippe F. Paquier, PhD; and Patrick Van Bogaert, MD, PhD) positioned the electroencephalographic phenomenon of CSWS centrally in the program, with several CSWS-related clinical pictures revolving around it. The symposium was officially held under the auspices of the ILAE. Drs. Landau, Kleffner, and Tassinari actively participated in the debates. Significant advances were made in the delineation of the epileptic syndromes with CSWS with respect to other epileptic syndromes and developmental disorders of childhood, in the elucidation of pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to cognitive deterioration, and in therapeutic approaches. The Symposium also cast light on the many issues that need to be addressed in future research. For example, the etiology of LKS is still unknown, the occurrence of impaired sleep–related plasticity as a consequence of Address correspondence to Dr. Patrick Van Bogaert, Department of Pediatric Neurology, ULB-H pital Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium. E-mail: email@example.com