Background: Eating utensils have crucial role in the hygiene and sanitation of foods. One among health requirements of eating utensils is that they do not contain bacteria exceeding the limits of health requirements. One factor causing high germ rate of food utensils is the behavior of food handlers in washing eating utensils. Objective: To identify the association between hygiene and sanitation (dish washing facilities) and behavior of food handlers (hygienic behavior and washing methods) and bacteriological quality (germ rate and number of E. coli) of plates at food stalls in the area of Catur Tunggal, Depok,  Sleman. Method: This observational study used cross sectional design. Samples were 40 food stalls that used running water to wash eating utensils. Eating utensil directly in contact with foods must not contain germ rate higher than 100 cfu/m2 and the number of E. coli must be 0 cfu/cm2 . Data were obtained through interviews, observations, and laboratory tests. Data analysis used Spearman Rank correlation test and multiple regressions. Result: There was an association between washing hands before working, washing hands without using soap after toileting, soaking, daily clean up and bacteriological quality with p 0.05). The results of regression tests show that variables of soaking and daily clean up are closely related with bacteriological quality. Conclusion: There are significant associations between soaking and daily clean up and bacteriological quality Keywords: sanitation hygiene, behavior of food handlers, bacteriological quality


The ''portfolio effect theory'' developed by the European Commission in merger control is at the center of a fierce international row with the US authorities who believe that this theory has no economic foundations. This paper aims to provide a counter-argument and shows that full-line forcing may be used by the holder a comprehensive range of products as an entry deterrence device to maintain its monopoly power. However, due to buyer power on the retail market, this will happen only if entry is not profitable for the industry as a whole. The effects on consumer welfare are ambiguous. Full-line forcing will reduce prices in the first period, but as it helps maintaining monopoly power, is harmful in the long-term.


The present invention relates to a floor for an elevator car having a bottom surface (7), a top surface (8) and a support structure disposed therebetween (6). The support structure (6) comprises edges on the erected large, shaped pieces (12, 13) of the first interdigitated grid structure (10). For local reinforcement, the support structure (6) additionally has a first superimposed structure is provided at the center of the second grating structure (11).


In this study, we used a common garden to determine if there is differentiation among black spruce seedlings from populations across 15° of latitude in western Canada. Additionally, we tested whether seedlings exhibit trait plasticity in response to increased resource availability. Our results clearly indicated that southern populations grow larger, faster and longer than their northern counterparts. However, there were no differences in allocation patterns or physiological traits among populations and little evidence of plasticity. This study on population-level differentiation and trait plasticity in black spruce contributes to better understanding the resilience of this species under a changing climate.


Thrombotic disorders such as venous thromboembolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) are known complications of solid tumors. To date, no reports have described the treatment of enhanced fibrinolytic-type DIC caused by end-of-life stage solid tumors. We encountered three cases of end-of-life stage solid tumors complicated by enhanced fibrinolytic-type DIC with severe bleeding symptoms. In all three cases, bleeding symptoms improved dramatically after intervention for enhanced fibrinolytic-type DIC with heparin(s) and tranexamic acid. Improvements in abnormal coagulation test results were also seen and the need for platelet concentrate transfusion and fresh frozen plasma infusion was able to be eliminated. However, one patient developed multiple cerebral infarctions. In the future, further studies to investigate the need for intervention in enhanced fibrinolytic-type DIC caused by end-of-life stage solid tumors and suitable treatment strategies are warranted.


We study spectrum of the periodic coupling AMO model. Meantime there establish the continuity of Lyapunov exponent about the the periodic coupling of AMO model. Through the dynamical method can find a interval the AMO model only have absolutely continuous spectrum. At the same time, some condition make the periodic coupling of AMO model is singular continuous.


This paper points out the deficiency in detecting the unknown Trojan horse of the present anti-virus software at first, introduces the advantage of artificial immune system in self-adaptability aspect, and points out the feasibility of artificial immunity mechanism in Trojan horses detection; Then through an analysis about the new technology of Trojan horses, proves the deficiency of current computer security system with a Trojan horses model, presents the transfer of Trojan horses detection from the anti-virus software to the subsystem of immune IDS, improves the self-adaptive capacity of Trojan horses detection with its immune mechanism; Finally, a behavior mode is put forward, which is mapped from the using situation of process systematic resource to the process systematic call, and by this means, a Trojan horse detection model based on artificial immunity mechanism is set up.


Under different density conditions, different plant shape summer corn cultivars were studied aiming to choose preponderant cultivars which had high yield potential. The results showed that comparing low-density conditions corn leaf area index(LAI) was higher than high-density. The rate of photosynthesis was higher than low density conditions and the rate of photosynthesis of CF008 was the highest in all cultivars. Grain yield of CF008 was the highest and the difference was no significant between high-density and low-density, while yield of Zhengdan958 was higher under low-density conditions, which showed that CF008 could density-resistant higher than Zhengdan958. Similarly, the harvest index of CF008 was the highest and the difference was no significant in different density conditions. In a word, compact type cultivars were better than those of half compact type cultivars and CF008 was slightly better than ZhengDan 958.


The Aksys PHD system is designed for short quotidian dialysis employing a 52-liter batch of ultrapure dialysate and up to 30 in situ hot water reuses of the entire extracorporeal circuit including a 40-liter physical cleaning before each dialysis. Methods: We studied the effect of the 52-liter tank during 108 long 5–8 hour dialysis 3.5–6 times/week in 5 patients and one 50-liter patient simulator for 4 weeks. Phosphate (PO4), beta-2 microglobulin (b-2), urea (BUN), and creatinine (creat) were measured pre-, during, and post-dialysis 86 times and in total dialysate 74 times during long dialysis. Tank saturation, Kt/V, and monthly chemistries were also measured. Results:  Patient weight 76 ± 2 kg, QB 234 ± 23 ml/min, QD 498 ± 13 ml/min. Dialysate was recirculated 4.8 times during 8 hours.

 Analyte Short Long dialysis p
Pre-BUN    70 ± 18    49 ± 15 <0.0001
Pre-creat    12 ± 3    10 ± 2 <0.0002
Pre-PO4  5.2 ± 1.5  4.1 ± 1.1 <0.003
Pre-b-2 34.0 ± 5.3 27.8 ± 4.5 <0.0001

All patients on 8 hrs × 5 dialyses/week stopped phosphate binders within 3 weeks. eKt/V(urea) rose to 0.5 in one hour and then slowly to 0.8 at 8 hours.

   Weekly stdKt/V:
 Dialyses/week/Hrs: 2 5 8
5 2.2 2.7 3.0
6 2.7 3.4 3.6
7 3.1 3.8 4.4

At 8 hrs the tank was 99 ± 8% saturated with BUN, 86 ± 12% with creat, 77 ± 18% with PO4, and only 12 ± 5% with b-2. Total removal per dialysis increased 2 gm BUN, 0.4 gm creat, 0.4 gm PO4, and 40 mg b-2. The decline per reuse in conductivity clearance was only 0.7 ± 1.2% during short and 1.4 ± 1.4% during long dialysis (p = 0.11). There was no change in monthly chemistries or hematologies.

Discussion: The data show that the Aksys PHD is very effective for long 8-hour dialysis. The data for PO4 and b-2 are the same as reported for conventional dialysis machines using 5 times as much dialysate, and the weekly stdKt/V if the PHD is used every night is twice the standard defined by K/DOQI. The exceptional cleanliness and biocompatibility by way of the one-per-month reuse should be a great advantage to patients. The full automatization saves the patient one hour every night and 30 minutes every morning. The PHD also economizes on filters and dialysate and is good for the environment.


The invention provides a dihydroquinolone alkaloid compound as well as a crystal, a preparation method and an application thereof as a marine anti-fouling agent. The preparation method is characterized by firstly carrying out strain culture on a fungus Scopulariopsis sp.(TA01-33), then carrying out fermentation culture on the fungus, removing the thallus through filtration and using ethyl acetate for extraction after filtrate concentration; carrying out normal phase silica-gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in sequence, thus obtaining the compound in the formula I in the specification. The compound in the formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or crystal thereof can be used for preparing a high-efficiency and low-toxicity marine anti-fouling agent.


The present application relates to reestablish user identifier push notification channel. Embodiments allow to restore the channel by the push notification session information associated with the user identifier. Agency services to create a description of the user's push notification channel (eg subscription) session information and session information associated with a user identifier. Session information is stored in the other memory area and the cloud service or proxy service in a separate. After the user computing device or proxy service failures, the session information obtained by using the user identifier and the session information to recreate the push notification channel. In some embodiments, the same proxy service allowing notification delivery to give the user identifier associated with a plurality of computing devices.


Surface alloying is a straightforward route to control and modify the structure and electronic properties of surfaces. Here, We present a systematical study on the structural and electronic properties of three novel rare earth-based intermetallic compounds, namely ReAu2 (Re = Tb, Ho, and Er), on Au(111) via directly depositing rare-earth metals onto the hot Au(111) surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy measurements reveal the very similar atomic structures and electronic properties, e.g. electronic states, and surface work functions, for all these intermetallic compound systems due to the physical and chemical similarities between these rare earth elements. Further, these electronic properties are periodically modulated by the moiré structures caused by the lattice mismatches between ReAu2 and Au(111). These periodically modulated surfaces could serve as templates for the self-assembly of nanostructures. Besides, these two-dimensional rare earth-based intermetallic compounds provide platforms to investigate the rare earth related catalysis, magnetisms, etc., in the lower dimensions.


The invention anti-reflection capability of the etching characteristics and the short wavelength light, and preferably the (short wavelength light-absorbing ability), but also provide an anti-reflection film using the composition, and it is high time stability for the anti-reflection film forming. A composition for anti-reflection film forming comprising a siloxane compound having a light absorbing groups, and crosslinking, a siloxane compound is sealed capping group. Thus, by sealing groups capping a siloxane compound, without deteriorating the etching property and the anti-reflection capability can improve the stability with time. An anti-reflection film, the siloxane compound


CAS alert message 'PSW FAIL' shows up frequently during civil aircraft test flights. This thesis provides an in-depth study of the problem by describing the fault phenomena and analyzing the fault based on historical data, system principles, and fault tree analysis. For the AT version after IASC 2nd stage software upgrade, pressure release response is triggered on the wing anti-ice valve when unilateral throttle lever is pushed over 40 degrees with both PACKs off and both WAIVs closed. Test flight data will be analyzed and verified. With respect to the flaws of pressure release response, this study optimizes the logic of ECS IASC software by analyzing trigger mechanism, adding pressure release response pre-requisites such as both PRSOV shut and signals off, with no APR mode initiated, and not under single engine startup. The study of the thesis helps to essentially improve the software, avoiding frequent occurrence of the pressure release response, enabling an accelerated production test flight and delivery test flight of Civil aircrafts.


Aim: to investigate the dynamics of restoration of the amplitude of motion in the ankle joint, the quality of life and to assess the effects of the breakdown of the Achilles tendon.Material: patients (n=59, of which n=30 – the main group and n=29 – the control group) were examined at 4, 8 and 16 weeks after surgery. Indicators registered with the help of: goniometry; the Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score; the scale of an assessment of consequences and results of Leppilahti implications.Results: the decrease of the total amplitude of the motion in the ankle joint takes place due to the deficiency of the amplitude of the dorsal flexion. At the end of the study the dorsal flexion rates were significantly better among the patients of main group. In particular, its deficit was 3.2 ± 1.85° in the main group and 6.8 ± 2.06° in the control group. The final total score Me (25; 75) was also better according to the questionnaire of the Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score: 82 (78; 84) points against 74 (72; 77) points (p <0.01). An assessment of consequences according to the Leppilahti score was 83.8 ± 8.58 points in the main group and 70.7 ± 10.58 points in the control group (p <0.01).Conclusions: means of physical rehabilitation help recover the amplitude of movement in the ankle joint, improve the quality of life and the effects after the rupture of the Achilles tendon. The correct methodological approach and combination of tools further improves the results.


The Corruption Eradication Commission is introducing new laws on corruption. However, the crucial questions are whether the said laws effectively decrease corruption cases, including corruption in public procurement. The number of factors that result in corruption is increasing, especially in the public procurement sector. One of the most important things that can't be ignored is that the public doesn't take part in supervision. This study aims to examine how to reduce corruption in public procurement through an effort towards good governance. The study takes a socio-legal approach. By reviewing some review literature relevant to public procurement corruption, as well as reports by multiple authorities tracking the same subject. This study concludes that public procurement law policies in Indonesia have not worked well. This is one of them, influenced by corrupt law enforcement officials and the irresponsible political elite. As a result, existing legal regulations are not properly implemented.


The article presents the results of research on tribological properties of aluminum coatings, reinforced with particles of carbon nanotubes Nanocyl NC 7000 in quantities of 0.5 wt.% and 1 wt.% as well as carburite (elemental carbon) in an amount of 0.5 wt.%, flame-powder sprayed on a non-alloy structural steel grade S235J0 according to EN 10027-1.The coating properties were assessed based on macro and microscopic metallographic examinations, chemical composition tests, microhardness measurements and abrasion and erosive wear resistance tests. The obtained results were compared with the results obtained for samples with coatings made of aluminum powder – EN AW 1000 series.


(CHEST 2001; 120:1728 –1731) A 27-year-old man presented with a 2-day history of worsening shortness of breath associated with cough productive of clear, occasionally greenish sputum. He reported an episode of mild hemoptysis. These symptoms were preceded by left pleuritic chest pain for 1 week prior to hospital admission. There was no history of fever, recent surgery, trauma, or prolonged immobilization. He did not notice any leg swelling and had no previous similar episodes of illness. He was a nonsmoker, and there was no family history of thromboembolic disease. The patient was known to have grand mal epilepsy at 15 years of age. His medication at the time of hospital admission was phenytoin, 100 mg bid. His last seizure was 3 months ago.


Abstract Of the numerous integral models that have been developed to describe buoyant plumes in stratified crossflows, Schatzmann's model appears to be the most mathematically rigorous and physically complete. So far, however, a comparative study of the performance of this model with previous simpler integral models has not been reported. To aid such a comparison, a control volume development of Schatzmann's governing equations is presented to parallel his more abstract differential development. Discrepancies between the equation act derived by Schatzmann and that derived from a control volume analysis are reported. The control volume equation act is found to be consistent with the equations published by previous workers, once Schatzmann's suggestion is taken into account that a mean flow convective interaction between the plume and its surroundings be included along with the usual turbulent entrainment interaction. The source of the discrepancies between equation sets is discussed, and a numerical exampl...


A label-free electrochemical detection method for DNA hybridization has been developed and tested in an advanced analytical chemistry course. A set of experiments was designed to explore several concepts relevant to electropolymerization of intrinsically conducting polymers, their use as an electrically controlled ion-exchanger of chloride ions, and their ability to bind oligonucleotides through a noncovalent interaction with magnesium ions used as a linker between the polymer and the DNA strand. The electrostatic barrier on the modified electrode created by the phosphate groups of the probe DNA attached to the magnesium ion is modified by DNA hybridization. Changes in the transfer rate of chloride ions of the "label-free DNA detector" are detected as variations in cyclic voltammograms. The basic approach for the detection of the DNA hybridization event relies on the subtraction of cyclic voltammograms recorded before and after DNA hybridization. Different aspects of the experiments can be emphasized, dep...


1. Classification and General Properties.- 1. History and Classification.- 2. Isolation and Propagation.- 3. Occurrence in Nonhuman Species.- 4. Physicochemical Properties.- 5. Hemagglutination.- 6. Virion Structure and Morphology.- References.- 2. The Genome of Group B Coxsackieviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Remarks on the CVB Genome.- 3. The 5' Nontranslated Region.- 4. The P1 Region.- 5. The P2 Region.- 6. The P3 Region.- 7. The 3' Nontranslated Region.- 8. Summary.- References.- 3. Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Virus Growth, Purification, and Assay.- 3. Viral Replication.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4. Perspectives on Cellular Receptors as Determinants of Viral Tropism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathogenesis of Coxsackievirus Infections.- 3. Structural Studies Identifying the Virion Attachment Site.- 4. Specific Cellular Receptors for Coxsackieviruses.- 5. Future Directions.- References.- 5. The Role of Interferon in Picornavirus Infections.- 1. The Interferon System.- 2. The Interferon in Picornavirus Infections.- 3. Conclusions.- References.- 6. Interactions with the Immune System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nonspecific Mechanisms of Resistance to Coxsackieviruses.- 3. Antibody Response to Coxsackieviruses.- 4. Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Coxsackieviruses.- 5. Coxsackievirus Replication in Immunocompetent Cells.- 6. Immunodepression by Coxsackieviruses.- 7. Histopathology of Lymphoid Organs in Coxsackievirus-Infected Hosts.- 8. Mechanisms and Significance of Damage to the Immune System.- 9. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7. The Role of Immune Mechanisms in Pathogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Role of Virus in Disease Pathogenesis.- 3. Evidence for Immune Pathogenesis in Picornavirus Infections.- 4. Mechanisms of Pathogenesis.- 5. Hypothetical Model for Picornavirus-Induced Autoimmunity in Myocarditis.- References.- 8. Application of Monoclonal Antibodies to the Study of Coxsackieviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Generation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3. Antigenic Variants among Naturally Occurring Clinical Isolates.- 4. Selection of Antigenic Variants.- 5. Characterization of Antigenic Variants.- 6. Demonstration of Conserved and Nonconserved Epitopes on CVB4.- 7. Neutralization Epitope Diversity among Laboratory Isolates.- 8. Selection of Antigenic Variants with Changes in Their Biologic Properties.- 9. Characterization of Viral Polypeptides.- 10. Anti-idiotypic Antibodies to Anti-CVB4 Monoclonal Antibodies.- 11. Molecular Mimicry and Autoimmunity.- 12. Perspective.- References.- 9. Host Conditions Affecting the Course of Coxsackievirus Infections.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Infection: Route, Dose, Site of Virus Localization.- 3. Temperature.- 4. Effect of Age and Aging on Coxsackievirus Infection.- 5. Fetal and Neonatal Infections.- 6. Genetics.- 7. Nutrition.- 8. Effect of Hormones on Infection.- 9. Other Agents.- 10. Summary.- References.- 10. The Possible Role of Viral Variants in Pathogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Origin of Variants.- 3. Types of Coxsackievirus Group B Variants.- 4. Coxsackievirus Group B Variants and Animal Models of Diseases.- 5. Coxsackievirus Group A Variants.- 6. Unaccounted-for Coxsackievirus Variants.- 7. Future Goals.- References.- 11. Persistent Infections.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Persistent Infections.- 3. In Vivo Persistent Infections.- 4. Consequences of Persistent Infection.- 5. Discussion.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 12. New Approaches to Laboratory Diagnosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Improvements of Established Techniques.- 3. New Technical Approaches.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 13. General Pathogenicity and Epidemiology.- 1. General Pathogenicity of Coxsackieviruses.- 2. Epidemiologic Observations.- 3. Role of Coxsackieviruses in Various Disease Syndromes.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 14. Coxsackievirus Infection in Children under Three Months of Age.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mild Coxsackie B Infection Acquired from a Sick Household Member or Nosocomially.- 3. Intrapartum (Congenital) Fulminant Coxsackie B Infection of the Newborn.- 4. Differential Diagnosis of Fulminant Coxsackie B Viral Infection.- 5. Viral Diagnosis.- 6. Treatment of Fulminant Infection.- 7. Prevention.- References.- 15. Myocarditis: Clinical and Experimental Correlates.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Coxsackievirus-Induced Cardiopathies.- 3. Specific Models of Heart Muscle Disease.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 16. Relationship of Coxsackievirus to Cardiac Autoimmunity.- 1. Viruses and Autoimmunity.- 2. Clinical Evidence for Coxsackievirus Infection and Autoimmunity in Heart Disease.- 3. Experimental Studies of Virus-Associated Autoimmune Myocarditis.- 4. Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- 17. The Impact of Recombinant DNA Technology on the Study of Enteroviral Heart Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diagnostic Problems in Suspected Enterovirus Heart Disease.- 3. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Full-Length Reverse-Transcribed Coxsackievirus B3 Genomic RNA.- 4. Cloned Coxsackievirus B3 cDNA as a Diagnostic Reagent for the Detection of Enteroviruses.- 5. Detection of Enteroviral RNA in Infected Cells by In Situ Nucleic Acid Hybridization.- 6. Detection of Enterovirus Sequences in the Myocardium from Patients with Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy by In Situ Hybridization.- 7. Expression of Coxsackievirus B3 Proteins in E. Coli and Generation of Virus-Specific Antibodies.- 8. Simulation of Coxsackievirus Cardiac Disease in Cultured Human Heart Cells.- 9. Persistent Coxsackievirus B3 Carrier-State Infection of Cultured Human Myocardial Fibroblasts.- 10. Antiviral Activity of Human Fibroblast Interferon in Coxsackievirus B3-Infected Cultured Human Heart Cells.- 11. Downregulation of Interferon Receptors.- 12. Summary and Outlook.- References.- 18. Neurologic Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3. Neurologic Syndromes.- 4. New Virus Diagnostic Techniques.- 5. Discussion.- References.- 19. Mucocutaneous Syndromes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease.- 3. Herpangina.- 4. Acute Lymphonodular Pharyngitis.- 5. Erythematous Rashes.- 6. Epidemic Conjunctivitis.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 20. Diabetes Mellitus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Epidemiology of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.- 3. Seroepidemiologic Studies.- 4. Follow-Up Studies.- 5. Clinical Observations.- 6. Postmortem Studies.- 7. Experimental Models.- 8. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 21. Epidemiology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Routes of Virus Transmission.- 3. Factors That Influence the Distribution of Coxsackievirus Infections.- 4. A Model for Epidemiologic Patterns of Coxsackievirus Infections.- 5. Coxsackievirus Infections within Families.- 6. Coxsackievirus Infections within Institutions.- 7. Seroepidemiologic Surveys of Coxsackievirus Infections.- 8. Geographic Patterns of Coxsackievirus Infections by Virus Identification.- 9. Summary.- References.- 22. Epidemiology of Group B Coxsackieviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Surveillance.- 3. Association between Infection and Clinical Disease.- 4. Future Techniques and Studies.- References.


Sprouting ability is highly variable among different tree species. In many cases, there are trade‐offs in carbon allocations between growth and storage in seedlings. However, this trade‐off is likely to change with growth stages from seedling to mature plant because carbon investments in reproductive activities and/or risk of disturbance also change by species and growth stage. To examine how sprouting ability and carbohydrate storage change with growth stage, we compared two tropical secondary‐forest trees, Macaranga bancana and M. gigantea, which have different ecological traits. Maximum tree size and growth rate are higher in M. gigantea. We monitored sprout growth and stored resources, including total non‐structural carbohydrate (TNC) and nitrogen in the root, among different tree sizes for 12 months following stem‐cutting treatment. Sprouting ability (total sprout mass) and TNC concentrations were significantly higher in small individuals than in larger specimens in both species. TNC concentration decreased in all size classes after stem cutting. Macaranga bancana had greater sprout survivorship than M. gigantea, which had higher sprouting ability in larger tree‐size classes. Thus, sprouting ability likely depends on root TNC concentration and tree‐size class in both Macaranga species. Higher TNC concentration and sprout survival rates in M. bancana may be related to greater carbon allocation in survival than in growth. This hypothesis is consistent with the ecological traits of M. bancana, such as its growth rate, which was lower than that of M. gigantea.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the outcome of first molar extraction in patients with crowding.

METHODS
Totally 22 patients (8 males and 14 females) from Clinic of Orthodontics, SUN Yat-sen University School of Stomatology with crowding were collected. The patients were aged 11 years 3 months to 26 years 8 months (mean age 16 years 6 months). All of them treated with 1 to 4 first molar extractions.

RESULTS
The average duration of orthodontic treatment was 18.5 months. Normal overjet and overbite was achieved. Good functional occlusion was established.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with severe crowding could be successfully treated with first molar extraction.


Novel poly(ester carbonate)s were synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization Of L-lactide and functionalized carbonate monomer 9-phenyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecan-3-one derived from pentaerythritol with diethyl zinc as an initiator. H-1 NMR analysis revealed that the carbonate content in the copolymer was almost equal to that in the feed. DSC results indicated that T-g of the copolymer increased with increasing carbonate content in the copolymer. Moreover, the protecting benzylidene groups in the copolymer poly(L-lactide-co-9-phenyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecan-3-one) were removed by hydrogenation with palladium hydroxide on activated charcoal as a catalyst to give a functional copolymer, poly(L-lactide-co-2,2-dihydroxylmethyl-propylene carbonate), containing pendant primary hydroxyl groups. Complete deprotection was confirmed by H-1 NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The in vitro degradation rate of the deprotected copolymers was faster than that of the protected copolymers in the presence of proteinase K. The cell morphology and viability on a copolymer film evaluated with ECV-304 cells showed that poly(ester carbonate)s derived from pentaerythritol are good biocompatible materials suitable for biomedical applications.


This chapter contains sections titled: Interest in Power Quality Power Quality, Voltage Quality Overview of Power Quality Phenomena Power Quality and EMC Standards
]]>


e14101 Background: Although preoperative radiotherapy (RT) is widely used as the initial treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (RC) in the neoadjuvant setting, factors determining clinical r...


Summary.

1
An oil/water interface (benzene/salicylic acid solution) has been employed as a model of a cell membrane.

2
The velocity of penetration of salicylic acid from the aqueous into the non-aqueous phase, and the influence of interposed mono-molecular interfacial films (gliadin, sodium cetyl sulphate) on the penetration velocity have been investigated.

3
The penetration constants found were of the order of 106cm2sec-1. An effect of interfacial films on the penetration could not be demonstrated.

4
The reasons for the failure of the interfacial films to affect the penetration are discussed. The influence of the unstirred layers around the phase boundary is found to be negligible. It is concluded that the penetration velocity is principally determined by an "energy barrier" situated in the phase boundary, which must be overcome by the penetrating molecules.

5
The order of magnitude of the penetration constants found in model systems is the same as that observed for living cell membranes. The kinetics of penetration through the latter may therefore be considered as determined by the conditions at the phase boundary as well as by the pore dimensions etc.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a variable response photodetector for correcting non- uniformity of a scintillating crystal, and to provide a method for utilizing a photodetector assembly, a X-ray detecting system and the variable response photodetector. SOLUTION: A photo-diode part 10 of the photodetector is formed of sub elements 20-28 made silicone or other semi-conductor material. Each photo-diode sub element 20-28 is respectively deposited to the surface 34 of a wafer 30, and related to each metal electric connector 50-58 separately extended from an end of the related rectangular sub element to corresponding electric terminals 60-68. The electric terminals 60-68 are interconnected through an electric matrix so that one or more photo-diode sub element 20-28 are selectively started at the same time so as to correct the Z-directional non-uniformity of a scintillating crystal. COPYRIGHT: (C)1997,JPO


The article suggests the lines of the Kazakh language development in professional scientific and technological area, based on the understanding of its role and priorities in the formation of the statehood of the Republic of Kazakhstan. As the importance of the Kazakh language grows and the scope of its application expands, the demand for the development of new scientific theories and innovative technologies and the introduction of innovative methods in teaching foreign students and preparing them for training in various specialties arises. This article contains the author's technique for studying the Kazakh language in a multilingual environment and the grammar of the Kazakh language paradigmatically adapted for learners.


Differentiated services (DiffServ) are becoming very popular to be implemented to provide quality of service (QoS) to various Internet applications. Proportional relative-DiffServ is a recently proposed method aiming to guarantee the ratios of service differences between. However, the outcome of such a method is similar to spreading overall load to each class with a fixed ratio and it allows low priority traffic to affect high priority traffic which is unacceptable. In this paper, we introduce a controller using fuzzy rules to reduce the effect of low priority class upon higher priority ones. Our system adjusts bias of each class using the current traffic condition of the class. The simulation shows that dependency of the delay of a high-priority-class, a value that indicates QoS of the traffic, on lower priority classes is significantly reduced by the proposed method.


Currently available treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and localized prostate cancer are generally effective but are often attended by serious side effects that impact on the quality of life. In particular, most current therapies are non‐specific, with surgery, radiation, and chemical ablation having the potential to cause damage to surrounding tissue. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a prostate‐specific, locally delivered gene therapy for the targeted killing of prostate cells.


HOW far is it possible for us to use the Fourth Gospel as a.reliable witness to the earthly life and teaching of Jesus Christ?" Professor W. F. Howard of Birmingham, England, asked this question in 1931 in his valuable book, The Fourth Gospel in Recent Criticism and Interpretation, in which he surveyed a generation of work on the Fourth Gospel, a story outside the scope of this paper. In the third Christian century Clement of Alexandria set the Fourth Gospel apart from the synoptics as a "spiritual" gospel; in 1820 Bretschneider in his Probabilia set forth most of the questions that have ever been raised against its historicity, but the storm of protest, together with the preference for and defense of this gospel by the influential Schleiermacher, caused Bretschneider to withdraw his con-


Cloud Analysis is based on simple regression in the logarithmic space of structural response versus seismic intensity for a set of registered records. This method is particularly efficient since it involves non-linear analysis of the structure subjected to a set of un-scaled ground motion time-histories. The simplicity of its underlying formulation makes it a quick and efficient analysis procedure for fragility assessment and/or performance-based safety-checking. Nevertheless, the Cloud Analysis has some limitations; such as, the assumption of a constant conditional standard deviation for probability distribution of the structural response given intensity. Arguably, with the increasing levels of intensity, the conditional dispersion in displacement-based response parameters given intensity may increase. Another complication arises when the structure becomes dynamically unstable (or when the analysis software encounters non-convergence problems, or the Collapse of the building due to large demands takes place) by subjecting to some of the ground motion records used for Cloud Analysis. In such cases, the assumption that structural response given intensity is described by a Log Normal probability distribution with constant standard deviation (one of the underlying assumptions of the Cloud Analysis) no longer holds. However, the method can still be applied to the portion of Cloud response that does not include cases of dynamic instability. Thus, the probability of exceeding a specific structural response value given ground motion intensity can be expressed, using the Total Probability Theorem, as the sum of two probability terms. These terms correspond to the two mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive portions of the Cloud response; namely, without cases of dynamic instability and with cases of dynamic instability. In such formulation, the probability of dynamic instability given seismic intensity can be calculated by using a generalized regression model (e.g., logistic regression). The transverse frame of a seven-story existing building in Van Nuys, CA, which is modeled in OpenSees considering the flexural-shear-axial interactions, is employed in order to demonstrate this procedure. The critical demand to capacity ratio, corresponding to the component or mechanism that leads the structure closest to the onset of limit state (e.g., near collapse), is adopted as the structural response parameter. This structural response parameter, that is equal to unity at the onset of limit state, can encompass both ductile and fragile failure mechanisms. Moreover, it can register a possible shift in the governing failure mechanism with increasing intensity. The results for probabilistic demand assessment based on the Cloud Analysis considering the cases of dynamic instability are compared with those obtained based on non-linear dynamic analysis methods such as Incremental Dynamic Analysis and Multiple Stripe Analysis. It is demonstrated that, with a careful selection of ground motion records, this method leads to reasonably accurate results with considerably reduced analysis effort.


Postgraduate Program in Production Engineering, Fluminense Federal University, Volta Redonda 27255-125, Brazil. Master's degree in production engineering, Graduate Program in Production Engineering, Fluminense Federal University. Bachelor's in production engineering from Fluminense Federal University. Currently, he works as Planning and Performance Analyst at Rede Globo. Has experience in Production Engineering, focusing on Planning, Design and Control of Production Systems. firstname.lastname@example.com


Steven R Levine speaks to Sarah Freeston, Commissioning Editor. Dr Steven R Levine is a tenured Professor of Neurology and Emergency Medicine and Vice Chairman of Neurology. He is also an Associate Dean for Clinical Research and Faculty Development. Dr Levine's Research interests are in cerebrovascular disease and stroke. He completed his undergraduate education and Neurology Residency at the University of Michigan, Medical School at the Medical College of Wisconsin (WI, USA) and Fellowship in Cerebrovascular Disease/Stroke at the Henry Ford Health Sciences Center/NIH Designated Center for Stroke Research (MI, USA). He was the Detroit area principal investigator for the NIH-funded National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Trial that led to the US FDA approval of the first treatment for acute ischemic stroke – tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Dr Levine's research has been continuously NIH funded for the past 23 years; active in acute and preventive stroke clinical trials. Curre...


Description: Drought damage to Sitka spruce in eastern Britain and disease impacts on pine and larch more widely, suggest that total reliance on Sitka spruce monocultures for upland forestry may prove unwise. Introduction or mutation of pests/ pathogens could have critical silvicultural and processing implications. While Sitka spruce endures, commercial growers are reluctant to select less familiar alternatives on a precautionary basis. Deployment of "insurance" mixtures of Sitka spruce and alternative productive conifers, capable of completing the rotation, offers a potential compromise. Key companion species include alternative spruces, Douglas fir, Abies firs and western hemlock. This short project will review the fairly restricted record for these "non-nursing" spruce mixtures in British upland forestry, emphasising silvicultural and wood property comparisons, based on literature review, technical discussions, comparative site-yield analyses and field inspection of relevant stands. Dissemination will be by short technical report/ information guide, articles for the forestry press and seminar presentations.


An electrical aspirator handy to use has been fabricated for damage-free field collection of the lace bug, Stephanitis typica Dist. (Heteroptera: Tingidae). It consists of a 12 V motor holding a fan on the shaft housed in a plastic cylinder with a narrow mouth which is connected to a collection tUbe through a rubber stopper. The motor is operated by two 9 V batteries. Aspirator works on the principle that whenever there is a pressure difference in a system, the air flows from the region of higher pressure to the lower pressure region, thus creating a force of suction.


This paper presents a video copy detection algorithm that blocks online transfer of illegally copied DTV broadcast programs. Particularly, the proposed algorithm establishes a set of keyframes by detecting abrupt changes of luminance, and then exploits the spatio-temporal features of keyframes. Comparing with the preregistered features stored in the database of DTV broadcast programs, the proposed scheme performs a function of video filtering in order to distinguish whether an uploaded video is illegally copied or not. Note that we analyze only a set of keyframes instead of an entire video frame. Thus, it is highly efficient to identify illegal copied video when we deal with a vast size of broadcast programs. Also, we confirm that the proposed technique is robust to a variety of video edit-effects that are often applied by online video redistribution, such as apsect-ratio change, logo insertion, caption insertion, visual quality degradation, and resolution change (downscaling). In addition, we perform a benchmark test in which the proposed scheme outperforms previous techniques.


This note highlights the possible re-configuration options for the existing WR284 S-band waveguide in the klystron gallery, to enable those existing 5045 klystrons to power the RF Gun and the L0 accelerating structures for LCLS. A reconfiguration decision based on the pros and cons for each option is subsequently identified.


This study was undertaken to determine product effectiveness of granular formulations to preventively control a mixed adult population of bluegrass and hunting billbug. The turfgrass area consisted of annual bluegrass (20%) and Kentucky bluegrass (80%) and was maintained at Penn State's Valentine Turfgrass Research Center at University Park. Treatment plots were 6 × 4 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated four times with a 1 ft barrier around all replicates. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Treatments were applied in late afternoon on 5 May under partly cloudy skies to moist soil and thatch. At that time, air temp was 65°F with RH = 41.2%. Soil temp at l and 2 inch depth was 56 and 54°F, respectively. Amount of thatch was 0.125-0.25 inch and water pH = 7.0. No irrigation was applied after treatments were completed. General soil conditions were as follows: soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: sand, 16.2%; silt, 64.1%; clay, 19.7%; soil percent water content (percent by wt), 21.8; organic matter, 4.6%; CEC, 11.4; and soil pH, 6.1. Two 4 inch cup cutter sod samples were removed from each replicate on 5 Jul. The total no. of billbug larvae and pupae was counted and converted to ft. Data was analyzed using Waller-Duncan k ratio (WD; P ≤ 0.05).


The aim of the study was to evaluate urban forest soil resistance to degradation caused by intensive anthropopressure by determination of buffer capacity. The study covered six soil profiles located in two forest complexes situated within the boundaries of the City of Lublin with reference to benchmark profiles. The material compiled for the study represented loessive soils and rusty sandy soils. The basic properties were determined for soil samples. Buffer capacity was determined by the Arrhenius method. The loessive soils were found to have higher buffer capacity (resistance to acidification and alkalinisation) as compared to the rusty soils. The decisive factor for buffer capacity of soils is the nature of their mineral part. Since the reference of the deliverables of the study regarding urban forest soils to benchmark profiles shows, degradation of soil is taking place within the agglomeration.


By combining the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach with the corpus linguistic method, this study compared the lexical choices employed by two English newspapers, i.e. China Daily and the New York Times, in their coverage of Sichuan earthquake. This study aims to probe into the different political stances and ideology concealed under the news reports. The comparative analysis of the two corpora was conducted at three levels: word frequencies, part-of-speech (POS) frequencies and semantic category frequencies. The results show that there are significant differences among the three levels in the lexical choices about Sichuan earthquake between the two media, which reflect different ideologies and political stances of China and America. By highlighting the endeavor of Chinese relief work, the CDC presents a responsible government and a united Chinese nation. On the contrary, the NYTC focuses more on emphasizing the dictatorship and incompetence of the Chinese government and the scientific and technological backwardness in China, hence creates a negative image of China. On the basis of the present findings, this study intends to be helpful to the teaching of English reading in China.


THE PRESIDIUM OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIARY COUNCIL AS THE ORGAN OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIARY IN ITALYIn the legal system of the Italian Republic, there are two judicial self-government organs, which guarantee the independence of the courts and the independence of judges. The Supreme Judicial Council safeguards the independence of the common judiciary and the Presidium of the Administrative Judiciary Council — administrative judiciary. Despite the different composition of those organs, each of them ensures proper representation of judges of common and administrative courts. The election of judges by judges is the basic principle for the selection of the new council members. In addition, the competences of the Supreme Judicial Council and the Presidium of the Administrative Judiciary Council, are fundamental for guaranteeing the independence of the judiciary from the other public organs.


A questionnaire survey on 303 higher vocational college students from Beijing Union University was conducted by a list of 90 symptoms(SCL-90),the Family Environment Scale and the Eysenck Personality questionnaires,and the results show that family environment with checkered contradictions,worse intimate degree,and low knowledge,controlling and organization has great influence on the mental health of high vocational college students;higher vocational college students with characteristics of high social stiffness and emotional instability are easier to appear mental health problems.Aiming at these problems,it is feasible to establish the linkage mechanism between schools and families and launch individual coaching and seminar to solve the psychological problems of higher vocational college students.


We define what it means for a Banach algebra to be topologically left Noetherian. We show that if $G$ is a compact group, then $L^{\, 1}(G)$ is topologically left Noetherian if and only if $G$ is metrisable. We prove that given a Banach space $E$ such that $E'$ has BAP, the algebra of compact operators $\mathcal{K}(E)$ is topologically left Noetherian if and only if $E'$ is separable; it is topologically right Noetherian if and only if $E$ is separable. We then define what it means for a dual Banach algebra to be weak*-topologically left Noetherian, and give some examples for which this condition holds. Finally we give a unified approach to classifying the weak*-closed left ideals of certain dual Banach algebras that are also multiplier algebras, with applications to $M(G)$ for $G$ a compact group, and $\mathcal{B}(E)$ for $E$ a reflexive Banach space with AP.


There has been a spike in the number of terrorist attacks in the past few years and this has shown the need to study the effect of blast loads on buildings and to be taken into consideration in the design process. This threat shows the need for understanding blast mitigation techniques with materials primarily in the construction of buildings. The eruption of high energy materials produces blast waves. This kind of eruption causes tremendous losses and irreparable damages to both man and man-made structures. The effect of the blast wave is most atrocious closer at the middle or at the point of constructive interference. Shock tubes are used to mimic blast waves. For the purpose of studying the science behind the effects of blast pressure on buildings, experiments were done in the shock tube on discrete configurations are done at various pressures. Various methods are used to vary the strength of shock wave is for example by changing the driver gases or by changing the diaphragm thickness. Discrete models selected are suitably scaled cylinder, cone and cubical blocks with different materials such as Wood, Nylon and Mild steel. Pressures are measured by using PCB Piezo electronic transducers with suitable PCB Piezo electronic signal conditioner and NI data acquisition system. The present work proves that cone was a better option in reducing the impact pressure of shock on the body.


Test automation saves time and cost by digitising test generation and execution. The existing techniques fail to produce effective and compliable test scripts for not considering both syntactic and semantic information. The proposed three-layer architecture incorporates these information for generation of proper test scripts. It analyses the source code for extracting syntax and UML diagrams for obtaining semantics. Class methods and sequence of calls are extracted from UMLs, and syntax for class instantiations and method calls are accumulated from source code to generate unit and integration tests. A case study as well as experiments, conducted on sample Java projects, conform the competence of the generation process along with the generated test scripts.


Who is Olga Fielden and where does she fit into the canon of Irish literary history? This essay intends to address some of the issues surrounding a prominent hiatus in Irish literary history, namely that of Ulster Protestant women authors, concentrating on a close reading of Olga Fielden's novel Island Story (1933). Born in 1903, Olga Fielden was the daughter of Professor V. G. L. Fielden, a teacher of 'Materia Medica' and pharmacy at Queen's University in Belfast. An active participant in the Ulster Arts scene, Fielden was involved in the PEN Society, as well as writing plays for and participating in the amateur dramatics society, the Northern Drama League. Fielden's play Three to Go (1950) enjoyed a successful run at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin and she also wrote several one-act plays for radio which were aired on BBC Northern Ireland during the 1950s. One such autobiographical play, part of a series produced by Sam Hanna Bell called 'I Remember . . . ', was based on a childhood recollection of her father's implication in UVF gun-running during the family's life in Carrickfergus. In the light of Hanna Bell's personal success as an author and BBC producer, his involvement with Fielden's work gives us some indication of her creditability as a writer and also of the literary circle in which she moved. Apart from plays, Fielden wrote three novels, two of which—Island Story and Stress—were published. The third novel, Liam Donne, a piece of historical fiction based on an account of the life of the Earl of Ulster, William de Burgh, remained unpublished 'due to war'. This once again leads me to ask why a writer who, if not prolific, is undoubtedly talented, has been omitted from Irish literary history. Island Story tells the tale of Jane McCormick's life on the imaginary island of Rathnaheena situated off the north-east coast of Ireland. Jane is a native of Rathnaheena, 'island born and island reared'. The contemporary popularity of other stories of Irish island life—Peadar O'Donnell's Islanders, O'Flaherty's Skerrett for example—highlights, to some degree, the absence of Island Story from the literary history of this particular period in Irish writing. By far the most renowned 'island stories' of the era, however, were those of the Blasket autobiographies, oral and written histories composed by the inhabitants of the Gaelic-speaking Blasket islands, situated off the most south-westerly point of Ireland. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Irish Ireland movement, spearheaded by cultural activists such as Douglas Hyde (Ireland's first president and co-founder of the Gaelic League), Eoin MacNeill (the first Minister for Education in the Irish Free State and co-founder of the Gaelic League), D. P. Moran (editor of The Leader newspaper) and Daniel Corkery (Professor of English at University College, Cork), had preached a doctrine of national distinctiveness, where, as Terence Brown has stated, the only authentic national life was certainly Gaelic and possibly Catholic as well. As texts authored by native islanders, transcribed from Irish, the appearance of the Blasket autobiographies in the late 1920s and


Background: Outcomes-based pricing has been proposed as an alternative to cost-control tools, such as prior authorization and step therapy for new, high-priced drugs (1). Shared financial risk between manufacturer and payer is believed to improve access for patients who respond to therapy while discouraging uptake among nonresponders, thus improving overall cost-effectiveness. For example, the manufacturer of a high-priced therapy for multiple myeloma offers refunds for patients who do not respond to the drug, effectively lowering its price (1). Outcomes-based pricing was recently offered for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors (2), lipid-lowering agents that reduce risk for myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke in persons with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Despite clinical effectiveness, large reductions in the price of these drugs (currently $14500 per patient per year) would be needed to achieve cost-effectiveness at conventional willingness-to-pay thresholds (3, 4), prompting interest in this novel pricing model. Objective: To examine the effect of outcomes-based pricing on the cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitors among eligible patients with ASCVD. Methods and Findings: We used the Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitors among 8.9 million U.S. adults aged 40 to 84 years with ASCVD and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of at least 1.81 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) despite statin therapy (3, 4). This model is an established state-transition Markov model that uses epidemiologic, clinical trial, registry, and claims data to project the clinical and economic burden of cardiovascular disease among U.S. adults (details are available in the Supplement and Supplement Tables 1 to 6 [available at http://tiny.ucsf.edu/CVDpolicymodel]). We compared baseline statin therapy with the addition of ezetimibe (a lipid-lowering agent with a similar indication) or a PCSK9 inhibitor from a health system perspective and a lifetime analytic horizon. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), calculated as incremental health care costs (in 2017 U.S. dollars) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, with a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100000 per QALY. We modeled 3 scenarios that refund progressively larger amounts to the payer for a drug failure. For each MI, stroke, or cardiovascular death that took place within 5 years of initiating a PCSK9 inhibitor, we examined scenarios in which the manufacturer would refund 1 year of drug costs, all drug costs incurred before the event, or drug costs plus inpatient costs for MI or stroke. The effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitors was modeled on the findings of the FOURIER (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk) trial, which randomly assigned 27564 participants with ASCVD receiving statin therapy to additional treatment with evolocumab or placebo (5). Evolocumab reduced a composite end point of MI, stroke, and cardiovascular death (hazard ratio, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.79 to 0.92]) over 2.2 years. Our base case included brand-name drug costs after deductions for rebates and discounts (Table 1). Sensitivity analyses incorporated drug costs based on the Federal Supply Schedule and the cost of generic ezetimibe. Future costs and QALYs were discounted at 3% per year. Table 1. Input Parameters for Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model Simulations Without the refund, the ICER for a PCSK9 inhibitor added to a statin was $324000 per QALY compared with ezetimibe added to a statin. Each of the 3 pricing schemes improved the ICER only marginally, but all ICERs remained substantially higher than $100000 per QALY (Table 2). The scenario in which the manufacturer would refund drug costs plus inpatient costs for MI or stroke yielded the largest refund; however, the ICER for a PCSK9 inhibitor added to a statin improved by only 3.1% ($314000 per QALY). Assuming drug prices that were based on the Federal Supply Schedule or generic pricing for ezetimibe did not meaningfully alter these results (Supplement Tables 7 and 8 [available at http://tiny.ucsf.edu/CVDpolicymodel]). Table 2. Clinical and Economic Outcomes of PCSK9 Inhibitor Therapy in ASCVD Over the Lifetime Analytic Horizon* Discussion: Outcomes-based pricing has been proposed as a novel approach to reducing drug costs, improving uptake, and increasing manufacturer accountability for uncertain treatment responses (1). However, our analysis suggests that it does not meaningfully reduce costs or improve the cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitors. Three factors make such pricing less relevant for preventive medications. First, event rates in prevention are generally low and preventive treatment is lifelong. The annual ASCVD event rate in those with a history of this condition is approximately 3%; among 100 eligible patients, 97 would thus incur the full costs each year and refunds would apply to only 3 patients. Second, attributing an event to the failure of a preventive medication is complicated. In practice, events eligible for reimbursement would depend on clinical context (for example, whether stroke in the setting of poorly controlled blood pressure would be considered a failure of a PCSK9 inhibitor). Finally, patients in nongovernmental insurance markets frequently change plans. Tracking events eligible for reimbursements and payers to whom the reimbursement is due over the long term would therefore be challenging. Broad use of PCSK9 inhibitors among the 8.9 million U.S. adults with ASCVD who met trial criteria would substantially increase drug expenditures nationally (3). Outcomes-based pricing would not reduce this effect. Although we did not examine other eligible populations, the similarity in event rates and the cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitors in patients intolerant of statins or with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia suggests that results would probably be similar (3). We did not model the programmatic costs of tracking events and processing refunds and therefore may have overestimated savings. Although outcomes-based pricing may have a role in other settings, our analysis of its application to PCSK9 inhibitorseffective preventive medications with a high price tagshows the potential limitations of this approach for expensive preventive therapies.


Recent scholarship increasingly considers the representation of women in cross-national legislatures, often examining how the characteristics of the countries in a particular region affect the representation of women in these elected bodies. No studies have examined the representation of women on the high courts in a cross-national context. We attempt to fill this void by collecting an original data set of women's participation on high courts in the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) from 2006 to 2007. Using this data, we examine how institutional choices of judicial selection and structural factors within the country affect women's representation. We find that the variation in women's participation on these courts, from 0% on some to 60% on others, is affected by the prestige of the court, the method of selection, and the tradition of and importance placed upon women's participation within the country. Our results suggest that choices made during the design of high courts can influence the representative nature of the institution.


Epidemiological data about heart failure (HF) in the elderly and, in particular, very elderly patients are lacking.

 To provide the epidemiological profile of elderly and very elderly HF patients in terms of prevalence, associated clinical factors, burden of multimorbidity and functional status.

 Overall cohort of the REgistro POliterapie SIMI (REPOSI) was used to assess study aims. REPOSI is an Italian Nationwide Registry of elderly hospitalized patients in Internal Medicine and Geriatric wards. HF diagnosis was assessed at hospital admission according to ICD-9 code 428.XX.

 Among the 7003 patients originally enrolled, a total of 1095 (15.6%) patients reported a diagnosis of HF at hospital admission. Prevalence of HF progressively increased according to age strata, up to 26.8% in patients ≥90 [Figure]. A logistic regression analysis found that increasing age, body mass index and total cumulative illness rating scale (CIRS) were associated with HF (Table). Moreover, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs) were associated with HF, while liver disease and neoplasm were inversely associated (Table). According to CIRS severity index and comorbidity index quartile, HF patients reported more likely values in the highest quartile than those without HF (47.4% vs. 26.6%, p<0.001 and 34.4% vs. 18.5%, p<0.001 respectively). According to short blessed test, geriatric depression scale and Barthel index, patients with HF had significantly more cognitive impairment and dementia, depression and dependent from others in daily activities than those without HF (all p<0.001).
 Prevalence of HF according to Age Strata

 In a cohort of elderly patients hospitalized in Internal Medicine and Geriatric wards HF was highly prevalent, in particular in those very elderly. HF was associated with several clinical factors, emphasizing a stronger clinical complexity. HF patients were more burdened with multimorbidity and showed an impaired functional status.

 None


Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) provides information on changes occurring during tumor growth in the tumor micro-environment and vasculature. In the present paper, tumor voxel-wise estimates of tumor descriptors including total cell number, proliferative cell number, hypoxic cell number, necrotic cell number and oxygen level derived from DCE-MRI data are used to guide the deformable registration of subsequent time points over the tumor growth cycle, evaluating their predictive value for tumor growth. The analysis of three preclinical colon carcinoma longitudinal cases shows that using physiologically meaningful measures of tumor as guidance information can improve non-rigid registration of longitudinal tumor imaging data when compared to a stateof-the-art local correlation coefficient Demons approach. Moreover, using the determinant of the Jacobian of the estimated displacement field as an indicator of volume change allows us to observe a correlation between the tumor descriptor values and tumor growth, especially when maps of hypoxic cells and level of oxygen were used to aid registration. To the best of our knowledge, this work demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of using biologically meaningful tumor descriptors (total cell number, proliferative cell number, hypoxic cell number, necrotic cell number and oxygen level) derived from DCE-MRI to aid non-rigid registration of longitudinal tumor data as well as to estimate tumor growth.


The article looks at changes in the ecosystem of the Colorado River related to the building of the Glen Canyon Dam in the 1960s and at research on how dam flows may be adjusted in order to allow the river to regain its earlier ecological characteristics.


This paper presents results from the application of the China Regional Energy Trade Model (CRETM, developed at PSI) to analyse the impact of externalities in the power-generation sector of China. The model applies state-of-the-art optimisation methods and incorporates partial equilibrium, endogenous technological change and external costs related to regional pollution and the climate change. This model was used in the China Energy Technology Program, CETP, which charted pathways to sustainable futures based on the use of conventional coal technologies in the electricity sector, as well as considering a range of alternative electricity-generation options. The study using CRETM focused on countrywide China, as described by seven fuel- and power-trading regions, and a 1995–2050 time horizon deemed necessary for the introduction of advanced technologies utilising carbon-dioxide sequestration. The earlier CETP study and recent updates of the CRETM used therein concludes in favour of advanced, low-sulphur-generation technologies and carbon-free technologies through policies that foster Research Development and Demonstration (RD&D) activities and related international cooperation. When externalities are included in the analyses, the power-generation system of China becomes more sustainable while the adoption of advanced energy systems is further justified, since the cost per unit of reduced emissions is far below the projected unit cost for the related externalities.


The temporal variations of the geomagnetic field at Alert are studied for a two-year period during a minimum of the 11-year sun-spot cycle. During this period (27 August 1962 to 21 September 1964),...


The genus Metaurostylopsis was established by Song et al. (2001). The characteristics of this genus are as fol lows: clearly differentiated frontal, buccal, and transverse cirri; frontoterminal cirral row present; caudal cirri ab sent; and more than one left and right marginal row (Song et al., 2001). The genus Metaurostylopsis includes six species (Song et al., 2001; Berger, 2006; Shao et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2011; Jung et al., 2011). The genus Gonostomum, the type genus of the family Gonostomatidae, was established by Sterki (1878), and it includes about 10 ciliate species, including question able synonymous species (Foissner et al., 2002; Berger, 2011; Bharti et al., 2015). The Gonostomum has the fea tures as follows: shortened undulating membrane; most ly three bipolar dorsal kineties; caudal cirri present; and dorsomarginal kineties and kinety fragmentation lacking (Berger, 2011). The genus Lamtostyla was established by Buitkamp (1977), and it comprises 12 species (Berger, 2008). Sev eral features that are present in the Lamtostyla as fol lows: usually short median cirral row terminated ahead of midbody; three bipolar dorsal kineties; caudal cirri lacking; and terrestrial habitat (Berger, 2008). Herein, we describe the three stichotrichs  Metaurostylopsis cheni Chen, Huang and Song, 2010, Gonostomum strenuum (Engelmann, 1862) Sterki, 1878, and Lamtostyla granulifera Foissner, 1997  all of which are new to Korea. Our de scriptions are based on observations of live and protar golimpregnated specimens.


Femoral Head Necrosis (FHN) is an invasive hip disease of skeletal system, which associated with vascular dysfunction. Therefore, vessels regeneration and follow the posterolateral direction are regarded as a potential therapy target for FHN. We report a case of FHN that was treated by successful regeneration of the internal circumflex femoral artery via targeted Lipoaspirate (LPS) infusion and biomechanical support. A 35-year-old man with FHN involved. LPS isolated from the abdominal subcutaneous fat and infuse into the internal circumflex artery approximately seven times at every 1.5 months in both femoral heads. Besides, the porous tantalum rod was grafted after the first LPS infusion on each side. After the 5-year follow-up study, the primary outcomes showed obvious improvement in the number, distribution, and diameter of blood vessels in the ischemic area. In addition, the patient was now able to perform the daily activities; the congestive area increased from 73.4% to 94.2% on the left side and from 0% to 71.8% on the right side. The Harris Hip Score improved from 22 to 91. Multiple LPS infusions via the internal circumflex femoral artery combined with porous tantalum rod grafting offers an alternative treatment option for FHN.


Co‐administration of enoxaparin and a direct oral factor Xa inhibitor (xabans: apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban) could give rise to the problem of overlapping the anti‐Xa activity when measuring direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) levels. We aimed to evaluate in vitro the degree of the interference of increasing enoxaparin concentrations on xaban plasma levels measured by different chromogenic anti‐Xa assays with drug‐specific calibrators and controls.


By definition, children constitute a vulnerable population, especially when they are chronically ill and/or disabled. A characteristic of chronically ill and disabled children is that they also suffer from indirect effects of their disease, such as immobilization, chronic inflammation, reduced time outdoors in the sun, osteotoxic effects of disease-targeted therapy (like glucocorticoids), and poor nutrition. All these factors may lead to bone fragility due to secondary osteoporosis, a co-morbidity that may be overlooked in the context of serious underlying diseases. The ultimate goal of osteoporosis diagnosis and monitoring in this setting is the early identification, prevention, and treatment of low-trauma long bone and vertebral fractures; indeed, vertebral fractures are a frequently under-diagnosed manifestation of overt bone fragility in this context. Efforts to prevent first-ever fractures are also meritorious, including encouragement of weight-bearing activities, optimization of nutritional status, including calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and the diagnosis and treatment of delayed growth and puberty; however, these conservative measures may be insufficient in those at high risk. Numerous natural history studies have shown that vertebral fractures are more common than non-vertebral (i.e., long bone) fractures in at-risk children. Not surprisingly, the cornerstone of secondary osteoporosis monitoring is lateral spine imaging for the early detection of vertebral collapse. Although dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard to measure bone mineral density, digital X-ray radiogrammetry may be used as a surrogate measure of bone strength if dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is not available. In the event that preventive measures fail, treatment with bisphosphonates may be appropriate. Typically, treatment with intravenous bisphosphonates is reserved for children with overt bone fragility and limited potential for spontaneous recovery. However, there is increasing attention to very high-risk children, such as boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, who may benefit from bisphosphonate therapy prior to first-ever fractures (given their high fracture frequency and essentially absent potential for spontaneous recovery). This article provides a contemporary overview of the definition and diagnosis of osteoporosis in children with chronic illness, along with the approach to monitoring those at risk and the evidence for currently recommended intervention strategies.


With the development of China tourism, development strategies of urban tourism comes to be highlighted. As one of the large cities in China, Shanghai has focused its tourism development strategy on urban tourism, and already made a series of advisable innovation on it. Moreover, Shanghai municipal government has listed tourism industry as one of the urban industries. Therefore, a promising and bright future was lain before Shanghai tourism industry.


A kind of TRIP steel containing annealed martensite was developed in the laboratory,mechanical properties,microstructure and retained austenite characteristics of the steel were studied by means of tensile tests,optical microscope and XRD.The results show that compared with traditional TRIP steel(TPF steel),the tensile strength of the TRIP-aided annealed martensitic(TAM) steel is slightly lower than that of TPF steel,however,its elongation is much higher,reaching to more than 32%,and work hardening performance is excellent.The microstructure of the TAM steel consists of polygonal ferrite,bainite,retained austenite and annealed martensite.No significant difference in the amount of retained austenite and its carbon content between TAM steel and TPF steel is observed,but the distribution of retained austenite varies for the two steels,some of retained austenite scatters within the annealed martensite for the TAM steel.On this basis,the in situ tensile test is employed to observe the crack propagation during deformation of TAM steel and the result shows that annealed martensite can block the crack propagation effectively.


than ten units of blood and replacement of more than one total blood volume. Massive pelvic hemorrhage during surgery for gynecologic malignencies is unusual and potentially fatal (1). It should be anticipated as a potential complication in any patient undergoing radical pelvic surgery for gynecologic malignancy, especially in patients with advanced overian cancer and prior radiation therapy (1). The pararectal fossa, cardinal ligament, and presacral and paraaortic areas are the most frequent troublesome intraoperative bleeding sites during extended hysterectomy (2). A systematic approach to the management of intraoperative bleeding is crucial to a successful outcome. Initial managements generally begins with identification and ligation of individual bleeding vessels. Direct compression and hypogastric artery ligation can also be used. A mixture of 50 ml cryoprecipitate and 50 ml of topical thrombin (fibrin 'glue') has also been described as useful in acheiving hemostasis (3). Finally pelvic packs may be necessary to control profound venous bleeding and complete the surgical procedure. In this situation pelvic packing allows hemostasis to occur by a normal clotting mechanism of the involved venous plexus (4). This report documents operative factors and morbidity in gynecologic oncology patient treated with packing during surgery to control massive intraoperative bleeding. Massive Pelvic Hemorrhage During Gynecologic Cancer Surgery: "Treated with Packing" A Case Report


Results: Eczema and its variants were the commonest presentation; 738 patients (30.2%), followed by Acne vulgaris; 611 patients (25%), parasitic infections, were diagnosed among 412 patients (16.8%), diffuse hair loss was found among 398 patients (16.3%), fungal infections; 112 patients (4.5%); 64 (2.6%) patients suffered from bacterial infections and 36 (1.5%) of them were diagnosed to have viral infections. Genodermatoses was the least presentation among 4 patients (0.2%), and 29 patients (1.2%) were referred to Internal Medicine and Psychiatry clinics for more evaluation and management; as their skin manifestations represented a sign of internal disease or it was based on psychiatric disorders. Conclusions: Eczema was the commonest presentation and Genodermatoses were the least common presentation at the Jordanian Field Hospital in Gaza.


For manufacturing automation, for instance, the robotic automation of automobile sub-assembly, CAD data serves as DB offering the geometric information of parts essential for robotic manipulation. However, a direct application of CAD for the robotic manipulation of parts may be of an issue, due to the fact that the particular format of the CAD data available, e.g., STL, does not directly provide certain geometric entities such as surface patch primitives and/or features that are required for robotic manipulation. In this paper, we present a novel method for extracting geometric primitives and/or features, such surface patch primitives as planar, cylindrical, conic, and spherical patches, from the STL format of CAD data, such that an industrial part/object can be represented as a logical sum of these surface patch primitives extracted. This surface patch primitive based modeling makes the automated reasoning involved in the recognition and pose estimation, as well as the grasp planning, of parts/objects easy to be done. The proposed method is applied to various CAD data samples for experimentation: the results demonstrate the reliability as well as the computational efficiency of the proposed method in the extraction of surface patch primitives.


: Lymphomas of ocular adnexa account for nearly 1-2 percent of non- Hodgkins lymphoma and 8 percent of all extra nodal lymphomas. Lymphomas are the commonest orbital malignancies in elderly patients. They commonly present as intraorbital mass, often superolaterally causing proptosis. Hence all elderly patients with a palpable orbital mass should be subjected to biopsy for diagnosis. on auscultation. Visual acuity in the right eye measured perception of light. There was mild conjunctival congestion. Extraocular movements were limited in all directions. There was no fundus view due to a mature cataract. B scan showed normal study of vitreous and retina. Intraocular tension by applanation tonometry was 18 mmHg. Schirmer test showed wetting of 20 mm. The left eye showed an immature cataract with a vision of 2/60. Fundus examination showed only a hazy view of disc and vessels. A clinical diagnosis of right eye- eccentric proptosis for evaluation was arrived with the differential diagnosis of lacrimal gland tumor, orbital lymphoproliferative disorder or pseudotumor of orbit. INVESTIGATIONS: smear, and were within normal limits. FNAC FNAC of the swelling over right eyeball and anterior chest wall showed similar cytology: cellular smear of uniform population of cells. Individual cells have increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, hyperchromatic nuclei and round cytoplasm suggestive of lymphoproliferative disease.


ABSTRACT A novel phosphodiesterase (PdeA) was purified from Delftia acidovorans, the gene encoding the enzyme was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity and characterized. PdeA is an 85-kDa trimer that exhibits maximal activity at 65°C and pH 10 even though it was isolated from a mesophilic bacterium. Although PdeA exhibited both mono- and diesterase activity, it was most active on the phosphodiester bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate with a Km of 2.9 ± 0.1 mM and a kcat of 879 ± 73 min−1. The enzyme showed sequence similarity to cyclic AMP (cAMP) phosphodiesterase and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and exhibited activity on cAMP in vivo when the gene was expressed in E. coli. The IS1071 transposon insertion sequence was found downstream of pdeA.


The Spirit of God blows where it chooses. No individual or religious leader, civic or religious organization, has a monopoly of good. And the sooner we realize this and get out of our exclusivist shells, the sooner we can all work together to make this world a better place to live in.


Based on qualitative analysis of data gathered during in-depth narrative interviews and informal discussions about "queer" youth experiences with twenty-one "queer" individuals, this paper presents a "queer" manifesto of library interventions in support of "queer" youth during various phases of the coming out process. Important characteristics of coming out are discussed, especially as a life-long process for "queer" individuals to acknowledge their sexuality and share that awareness with others. Significant concerns and challenges faced by "queer" youth during different phases in their coming out experiences provide a context for the identification of library interventions that reflect (and require) extending traditional library functions of information provision as well as fulfilling non-traditional expectations that include proactive social justice efforts for libraries to come out of the closet in support of "queer" youth.


An investigation of the potential of γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) nanoparticles (MNPs) to remove AsV from groundwater is reported. The MNPs were synthesized using a modified co-precipitation method via refluxing. The morphological and surface characteristics of MNPs were analyzed using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and Zetasizer techniques. Their AsV removal potential was explored in synthetic water representing the elemental composition equivalent to arsenic-contaminated groundwater of the Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh, India. The arsenic concentration in the samples collected from the study area was observed to be much more than the provisional WHO guideline value for drinking water (10 µg L−1). An orthogonal array L27 (313) of the Taguchi design of experimental methodology was employed to design the experiments and optimization of AsV removal. The ANN tool was trained to evaluate Taguchi's outcomes using MATLAB. The percentage of ionic species distribution and surface complexation modeling was performed using Visual MINTEQ. The study explored the effects of pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose, total dissolved solids, and shaking speed on the removal process. The adsorption was found to occur through electrostatic interactions. The inter-parametric analysis demonstrated the involvement of secondary sites affecting the adsorption. The charge distribution multi-sites complexation (CD-MUSIC) model and 2pk-Three-Plane-Model (TPM) indicated the involvement of the reactivity of singlet (FeOH−0.5) and triplet (Fe3O−0.5) species in the examined pH range. The developed nanoparticles are observed to be efficient in AsV removal. This information could benefit field-scale arsenic removal units.


In trying to obtain rabbit immune sera to allotypic antigen AL-M, rabbit antisera were obtained which detected a pregnancy-associated antigen in human sera. In the Japanese population, the antigen was


An experimental electron swarm method with a special electron capture detector arrangement (ECD) is described which allows one to modify the energy of low energetic electrons from thermal to 2.8 eV by means of radio-frequency voltage. Using theoretically calculated values of electron energy distribution functions in nitrogen and argon the attachment coefficients and the formation rates of negative ions for chlorobenzene, benzyl chloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, nitrobenzene, propyl iodide, trichloroethylene and carbon disulfide were determined in dependence on the mean electron energy. Mean electron attachment cross sections could be estimated.


According to the structural characteristics and the manufacturing requirements of the lighter shell in a factory,the article designs equipment which can automatically punch the lighter pull port.With pneumatic components for actuators and PLC for a control system,the device completes feeding sequence,push on locating,punching pull port,shelling back and product line-up for the shells.Proved by the production practice,the developed devices are reliable operation,process stability and production efficiency.


In this article, polydimethylsiloxane and hydrophobic nano-silica filled polydimethylsiloxane membranes were prepared and employed in dimethylcarbonate (DMC) removal from the DMC/methanol mixture via pervaporation. The sorption and diffusion behavior of the binary molecule were discussed separately to provide qualitative estimation of the PV performance in both membranes. Compared with the polydimethylsiloxane membrane, hydrophobic nano-silica filled polydimethylsiloxane membranes had a little lower sorption selectivity but higher diffusion selectivity. In both membranes, the sorption value was obtained by both experimentation and model prediction. The Flory-Huggins model was performed to predict the solvent uptakes and the sorption concentrations based on the experimental results. The sorption behavior of DMC was predictable, while the methanol solubility was a little higher than the experimental results. Moreover, the diffusion behavior was studied by Fick's law, the calculated diffusion coefficients of the permeates demonstrated a diffusion-coupling phenomenon, especially in hydrophobic nano-silica filled polydimethylsiloxane membranes. Methanol molecules diffused faster than DMC, suggesting the low diffusion selectivity. The PV performance was affected by both sorption and diffusion. Sorption was demonstrated to be a decisive factor in this pervaporation process.


Drug delivery research extensively studies methods to transport proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), genes, antibodies, and vaccines efficiently and safely to human bodies in recent years. This review comprehensively covers the developments in microneedle-based drug delivery, their configurations, design, fabrication, and operation. The factors surrounding the mechanical strength of microneedle-based transdermal patches (MNTP's) have also been reviewed. MNTP's can eliminate limitations of conventional drug delivery systems. Microneedle-based transdermal delivery approach will offer a self-management, patient-friendly, and efficient administration route for drug delivery.


In this paper, the thermal performance of latent heat thermal storage system using metal matrix and foam is investigated for the medium temperature (~ 200 0C) and medium power (~1 MW) ORC-based solar thermal power plant. The latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy and has the advantage of high-energy storage density which makes the storage system compact. The main drawback of PCMs like molten salts is its low thermal conductivity (~0.2-0.5 W/m.K) which inhibits heat transfer to/from PCM. To overcome this, metal matrix and foam are introduced in PCM as thermal conductivity enhancers (TCE) to improve the heat transfer rate. The volume averaging technique for porous medium is adopted to model the metal foam and matrix embedded in PCM. The fluid flow and phase change in porous medium is modelled using single domain enthalpy–porosity technique. A parametric study is performed to show the effect of porosity of the metal matrix and foam on the outlet temperature of heat transfer (HTF) during charging/ discharging period. It is found that the TES with 0.7 metal matrix and foam porosity performs better than TES with PCM and any other porosity. INTRODUCTION The short-term storage of thermal energy at low or high temperatures in a medium can be defined as thermal energy storage (TES). The TES has been used for decades and it is an important component of the power generating plant, especially, if the energy supply is irregular. The intermittent, variable and unpredictable nature of solar radiation generally leads to a mismatch between the rate at the time of collection and the time of supply of solar energy. Hence, there is a need to use a storage system [1]. By smoothing supply, increasing reliability and levelling the load, a TES can improve the performance of a power generating plant. The storage system stores energy when the collected amount is in excess of the requirement of the application and discharges energy when the supply is inadequate. The size of a storage system is largely determined by the specific purpose for which it is used. Another significant characteristic of a TES is its volumetric energy storage capacity which governs its size. The storage system would be better if the volume is smaller that reduces the installation space requirement. Therefore a good storage system should have more energy storage capacity per unit volume and a long storage time [1]. In this context, latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) using phase change material (PCM) can be used, as PCM possesses high latent heat of melting. LHTS provides high-energy storage density and it can store heat at constant temperature corresponding to the phase transition temperature of PCM relative to the sensible energy storage. A PCM based TES plays a major role in energy conservation, minimizes the disparity between the demand and the supply and also improves the performance and reliability of the storage system. Particularly PCMs are much more useful than sensible storage where the temperature difference between the source and the sink is low.


The actual task of using ontological engineering of land relations is presented in the article. On the example of article 162d of the Land Code of Ukraine, the possibility of constructing mathematical constructions characterizing land relations with the help of the logic of predicates is shown. The formal theory based on the logic of predicates and production rules of the problem of determining the degradation of a land plot and their algorithmization is formed


Purpose
Perspective-taking is an overlooked relational competence that matters to interaction, problem-solving and cooperation in inter-organizational buyer–seller relationships. This paper aims to distinguish perspective-taking from empathy with which it has often been associated. It uses aptitude theory to propose a conceptualization of perspective-taking consisting of perspective-taking ability and motivation components that are used to explore the scope of perspective-taking in customer–supplier relationships.

Design/methodology/approach
An experiment and survey, are conducted among customer managers to apply and test measures to capture the ability and motivation components of the perspective-taking aptitude. The two perspective-taking components are used to propose a 2 × 2 matrix that provides a four-type typology, labelled: "talented", "ineffectual", "fervent" and "indifferent". Data are collected from a sample of senior managers of manufacturing firms responsible for the dyadic relationship with a business support agency.

Findings
The data supports the presence and distribution of the four typologies among customers in business relationships and regression analysis confirms the impact of the proposed perspective-taking typology types on customer–supplier cooperation. The different combinations of the perspective-taking dimensions of ability and motivation that make up the perspective-taking aptitude type result in different dispositions to cooperate. "Talented" and "ineffectual" members with high and low perspective-taking ability and motivation scores, respectively, provide the highest and lowest cooperation dispositions. "Fervent" and "indifferent" members occupy an intermediate perspective-taking aptitude on the typology, with the former impacting cooperation moderately and the latter not found to be significant.

Practical implications
Understanding counterparts, inferring their motives and anticipating reactions, is a critical capacity for mutual dyadic adjustments in customer–supplier relationships in business markets. Such an understanding of perspective-taking can prove useful to effective interaction, solution development and relationship building, as interacting managers belonging to different typology types exhibit different levels of cooperation. In addition, an understanding of perspective-taking can prove useful to identify the right talent that can foster effective interaction and solution development in customer–supplier relationships. It also raises the issue as to how best sellers can interact to influence the perspective-taking of buyers in their quest to achieve better solutions and cooperation.

Originality/value
Provides a useful supplement to theory by bringing perspective-taking, grounded in aptitude theory, as an essential relational competence in business marketing that can provide an additional explanation to cooperation and joint problem-solving in inter-organizational business relationships. The paper develops and proposes a typology of perspective-taking that brings together ability and motivation dimensions, operationalizes and assessed their measures and tests the impact of the proposed perspective-taking typology types on cooperation in customer–supplier interaction.


FOOD ON WORLD WAR I BATTLEFIELDS: EXPERIENCES OF SLOVENE SOLDIERS The sustenance of soldiers on the battlefield had always been very important and a great challenge for the supply and support branch of the military, at the same time. Inadequate food not only left soldiers physically weak but also dispirited. The supply of food for Austro-Hungarian soldiers in World War I failed to keep up with the demand, so they were often hungry, especially during the last three years of the war. An analysis of diaries, memoires, and letters of Slovene soldiers enables an insight in their experiences and also identifies different factors that affected them.


The objective of this series of studies was to examine select factors that affect behavior of beef cattle grazing native-tallgrass rangelands. Mineral supplements with divergent palatability characteristics were delivered to beef cows grazing native tallgrass range during various seasons of the year in order to measure mineral intake, frequency of supplement use, and duration of supplement use. We concluded that molasses-based mineral supplements influenced the activities of grazing cows more strongly than salt-based mineral supplements. These influences extended to the amount of supplement consumed as well as to the frequency, duration, and timing of use. Diet selection preferences of experienced, multiparous beef cows and naïve, primiparous beef cows grazing dormant, native tallgrass pastures were examined also during a short-term winter grazing bout. Naïve, primiparous cows selected more forbs and fewer grasses than experienced, multiparous cows. Previous research indicated that preference for broadleaf plants generally increased with grazing experience; however, these conclusions were based on research with greater-quality forages than those evaluated in our study. The differences in diet selection patterns between experienced, multiparous cows and naïve, primiparous cows during a short-term winter grazing period could be indicative of differences in long-term foraging strategies. In addition, the botanical composition of diets grazed by lactating beef cows with suckling calves and non-pregnant, non-lactating beef cows grazing either burned or unburned native tallgrass prairie during summer were evaluated. There were no differences in botanical diet composition between lactating cows suckling calves and non-lactating cows. In contrast, total graminoid selection was greater on burned (74.2%) than unburned pastures (71.8%) and total forb selection was greater on unburned (28.2%) than burned pastures (25.8%). We interpreted these data to suggest that forage selection preferences of beef cows can be altered with spring burning of native tallgrass pastures. Effects of large, round hay bale feeding method on intake of smooth bromegrass hay and eating behavior by beef cows were examined on dormant tallgrass prairie pastures during winter. Three large, round hay bale-feeding systems were evaluated: bales fed in a ring feeder, bales unrolled on the ground, and bales chopped with a flail-type hay processor (20-cm particle length) and deposited on the ground. Hay intake, hay refusal, frequency of use, and duration of use were not influenced by hay-feeding method. Foraging behaviors of beef cows in our studies were influenced by supplement type, cow age, and prescribed burning of rangeland. Conversely, foraging behaviors of beef cows were not influenced by lactation or by hay-feeding method. FACTORS AFFECTING FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF BEEF CATTLE GRAZING NATIVE TALLGRASS RANGE IN THE KANSAS FLINT HILLS