The invention provides an instant octopus and a production method thereof. According to the production method, 60-75 weight parts of octopuses are taken as main ingredients and 3-8 weight parts of apple butter, 6-15 weight parts of syrup, 2-5 weight parts of bruised ginger, 5-10 weight parts of mashed garlic, 2-5 weight parts of sesame, 2-5 weight parts of white vinegar and 5-8 weight parts of paprika are selected as auxiliary materials. The production method comprises the following steps: after removing entrails from the octopuses, cleaning the octopuses, selecting the odor octopuses and removing; curing the selected octopuses for 8-20h with salt, milling for 10-60min with salt, cleaning for 2-4 times and controlling water for 10-30min, and then cutting the octopuses into 5-7cm sections; modulating the auxiliary materials, namely, the apple butter, syrup, bruised ginger, mashed garlic, sesame, white vinegar and paprika; mixing and uniformly stirring the auxiliary materials with the octopus sections; and curing for 8-20h. The problems that the present octopus processed products contain few octopuses and are low in nutritive value are solved.


The word mnemonic (pronounced "ne MON ik") is briefly defined as "aiding the memory." It is derived from Mnemosyne, the name of the ancient Greek goddess of memory. "Mnemonics" refers in general to methods for improving memory; a mnemonic technique is any technique that aids the memory. Most researchers, however, define mnemonics more narrowly as being what most people consider to be rather unusual, artificial memory aids.


The study investigated the effect of cashless policy on economic growth in Nigeria using quarterly time series data spanning through the period of 2012 to 2021 while the research design adopted for the study was the ex-post facto research design. Diagnostic test such as serial correlation, heteroskedasticity and Cusum test were conducted. Phillip-Peron and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) were used to carry out unit root test on the variables while the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) was used for the data analysis. The findings revealed a significant relationship between Cheque (CQ) and Internet banking (IB) with the Gross Domestic Product while the relationship between the Automated Teller Machine and the Gross Domestic Product is negatively insignificant. The study concludes that cashless policy influences economic growth in Nigeria and therefore suggests that the Central Bank of Nigeria should encourage Banks to offer quality ATM services to their customers. This is expected to boost the adoption of alternative payment system which is amongst the rationale for introducing the cashless policy.


Introduction: Patient education is one of the fundamental and valuable components in professional nursing performance which indicates professional development. The aim of the present study was to clarify nurses' viewpoints on factors affecting patient education. Method: This was a qualitative research in which twenty nurses were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was done using deep interview with semi-structural questions. All interviews were first recorded, then transcribed. Finally, the data were analyzed using constant comparative technique through conventional content analysis. Results: Three main themes with six subcategories were extracted. The main themes were "organizational factors", "personal factors", and "cultural and environmental factors". Conclusion: Regarding the research findings, some of the affective factors in patient education were determined through nurses' perspectives. Therefore, it is recommended to perform careful management and organizational interventions, and provide necessary conditions for patient education.


According to the European standard EN 13108-21, quality control in an asphalt plant is based on the category of the plant. Category is established based on the results of the last 32 sample analysis. Depending on the category A and B, the minimum frequency of analysis in the finished product (sample per quantity) vary from 300-2,000 tons. Each analysis requires 2.5-3 kg asphalt. We believe that analyzing 2.5 or 3 kg of asphalt cannot represent 300 or 2,000 tons of production. The question is "What quality is the asphalt batch between two consecutive tests". Experience shows that there are fluctuations that deviate from the production parameters. For the reasons specified above, this research proposes a new method of quality control. This method suggests online automatic control and correction of the product, enabling transparency that leads to increased asphalt quality.


China surpassed the United States in 2010 to become the world's largest energy consumer, and accounted for 71% of global energy consumption growth in 2011. China's energy mix is carbon intensive, using coal to supply 66% of the China's total energy consumption in 2012 (EIA 2015). One approach to reduce peak electricity consumption, which is often supplied by non-renewables, is through Time of Use (TOU) pricing, a demand response mechanism through which the electricity price is high during peak load demand period and low during off-peak load demand period. Since 2003, Jiangsu Province in China implemented a TOU pricing scheme for residential customers. Throughout the years, over 95% of urban residents voluntarily enrolled in the TOU program shifting peak load by over 1,000 MW in its maximum, achieving on average 90.2% of grid utilization in 2007 (Jiangsu Electric Company 2008). Despite the effort, in summer 2014, peak demand in Jiangsu surged to historical high and threatened grid reliability. This study investigated over 1,000 urban residential families in three representative cities in Jiangsu Province, namely Nanjing, Yangzhou, and Xuzhou, to develop a deep understanding of their load profile. Yangzhou's survey results are coupled with actual electricity consumption data to examine the effects of behavior on energy consumption as a basis for identifying effective strategies to reduce residential electricity consumption. The result indicated that the prevalence of room air conditioning played a pivotal role in residential consumers' electricity usage pattern. Other important behavior change to avoid the peak price rate is to shift showering and laundry to off-peak periods. 6-1 ©2016 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings


Individuals with obesity may be less sensitive to the taste of fat, and it is hypothesized that this is due to excess dietary fat intake. This study assessed the effect of a 6‐week low‐fat (LF) or portion control (PC) diet matched for weight loss on fat taste thresholds, fat perception, and preference in people with overweight/obesity.


This paper considers wave-driven rip currents from a circulation–vorticity point of view. A highly simplified description of rip currents using continuous generation of point vortices at fixed locations is found to have a wide range of applicability around the rip neck. Rip scaling becomes straightforward, and is seen to collapse to a single form. Numerical experiments with this simplified system have the ability to predict well startup transients including previously unexplained peaks, and frequency-dependent effects of wave groups on rip currents. Quantitative mean currents in the rip neck are represented moderately well by this theory.


Uprisings by royal sons against their fathers were a common phenomenon in the politics of medieval Europe, but one that, so far, has not been fully explored in the context of the thirteenth century. This was, however, a period during which numerous norms and mechanisms were developed that continued to define the Latin West well into the early modern period. This article uses three case studies (England 1173; Germany 1234; and Castile 1282) to outline both shared features of medieval European politics at large, and characteristic differences between central regions of the medieval West.


The invention relates to a method of operating a valve (18; 38), a valve member (56) of the valve (18; 38) by means of a triggering of an electrically operable actuator (20) from a first position can be moved to a second position. According to the invention, the actuator (20) at least once driven in a first time interval, and thereafter in a second time interval (64) is not actuated, wherein a an abutment of the valve element (56) at the first position signal characterizing (62) to electrical terminals (55a, 55b) of the actuator (20) is determined. Here, a driving energy of the actuator (20) is changed stepwise, whereby a threshold value (31) is determined the activation energy, wherein the valve member (56) from the first position just in or just can not stand out.


The article discusses the problem of organizing the students independent work at credit system of education, its nature and characteristics, as well as the motivational aspect of the students self-study, contributing to the expansion and reinforcement of learning material.


Two sets of downflow-upflow constructed wetland systems planted with different macrophytes were irrigated by water with algae bloom for one week. The inflow and outflow of the constructed wetlands were collected to study the removal efficiency of microcystions of the constructed wetland. The content of microcystions were tested by HPLC; the values of temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen were also determined, as well as the content of microcystions and microorganism in the water sample. Results showed that the two constructed wetland systems could reduce the microcystins in the inflow with the removal rates of 68.5% and 34.6% respectively. The removal efficiency of the wetland planted with Phragmites austualis and Schoenoplectus sp. were better than the wetland planted with Zizania latifolia and Acorus tartarinowii. Among the three kinds of microcystins (RR, YR and LR), the YR is best removed by the constructed wethands; its content dropped to lower than the test limit. Sorbing by the substrate and degrading by the microbes were the two main processes of the microcystins^ removal in constructed weland, and the microbial process, being largely affected by the conductivity and bacteria activity in the wetland, is more important.


PZT/epoxy 1-3 composite rings with PZT volume fractions /spl Phi/ ranging from 0.58 to 0.93 are fabricated. They have sufficiently small epoxy width (/spl sim/77 81 /spl mu/m) and can be treated as effective homogeneous media. The mode coupling theory and a finite element model (FEM) are applied to predict the thickness (f/sub T/), lateral (f/sub L/), radial (f/sub R/) and wall-thickness (f/sub W/) resonances of the composite rings. As the frequencies and electromechanical coupling coefficients play a significant role in the performance of composite transducer, it is important to know how these parameters change with /spl Phi/. Good agreements are found between the experimental results and the FEM simulations. It is obvious that f/sub R/ and f/sub W/ vibrations greatly deteriorate at low value of /spl Phi/. To avoid unwanted modes from coupling to f/sub T/, the thickness and configuration of the PZT elements in the rings should be optimized.


Abstract Optical measurement systems are an important part of the portfolio of 3D topography sensors. By precise, contactless and rapid measurements these sensors constitute an alternative to tactile instruments. In this contribution the principle of a laser interferometric distance sensor is presented, which in combination with lateral scan axes acts as a topography sensor and also as distance sensor for the compensation of vibrations in a coherence scanning Linnik interferometer. An advantage of this distance sensor is its high acquisition rate of height values, which in case of working as a topography sensor enables high scan velocities as it is demonstrated at a chirp standard measured with a scan velocity of 80 mm/s. This is much higher than the scan velocity of tactile instruments, which are typically limited up to 1 mm/s. In addition, the compensation of vibration disturbances demonstrates the capability of the fast distance measurement. In contrast to other existing high-speed point sensors the relevant components are mass products. This keeps the costs of the sensor setup in a limited range. Furthermore, the sensor shows potential of much higher measurement rates than 116 kHz provided by the sensor used here.


Gravitational natural hazards such as snow avalanches, rockfalls, shallow landslides and volcanic activity represent a risk factor for mountain communities around the world. In particular where documentary 15 records about these processes are rare, decisions on risk management and land-use planning have to be based on a variety of other sources including vegetation and tree-ring data and natural hazard process models. We used a combination of these methods in order to evaluate dynamics of snow avalanches and other natural hazards at Valle de las Trancas, in the Biobío Region in Chile. Along this valley, natural hazards threaten not only the local human population, but also the numerous tourists attracted by outdoor recreational activities. Given the regional 20 scarcity of documentary records, tree-ring methods were applied in order to reconstruct the local history of snow avalanches and debris flow events, which are the more important weather-related processes at respective tracks. A recent version of the model Rapid Mass MovementS (RAMMS), that includes influences of forest structure, was used to calculate different avalanche parameters such as runout distances and maximum pressures, taking into consideration the presence/absence of forest along the tracks as well as different modelled return periods. 25 Our results show that local Nothofagus broadleaved forests contribute to a reduction of avalanche runout distances as well as impact pressures on present infrastructure, thus constituting a valuable ecosystem disaster risk reduction measure that can substitute or complement other traditional measures such as sheds.


: Objectives: To investigate the clinical effect of radical resection of ERCP(Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) in patients with hepatic Echinococcosis and biliary tract without jaundice, the research was carried out in Qinghai province at Qinghai university Affiliated hospital. The objectives of study were to assess Comparative analysis of ERCP treatment methods for hepatic Echinococcosis invasion and biliary tract without jaundice Methodology: A nalysis of 29 cases of hepatic bubble hydatid invasion and biliary tract without jaundice treated by our department from January 2015 to March 2018, according to the different treatment methods, 9 cases (experimental group) and radical resection of patients with ERCP+ENBD were divided into 20 cases with radical resection of two-stage lesions ( Control group), the operation time of each group, the amount of blood loss during operation, the biliary leakage of postoperative complications, the average length of hospital stay, the average hospitalization cost, the median time of carrying peritoneal drainage tube after operation, preoperative, 3 days after operation, 7 days ALT, AST, ALP, and other liver work indexes were analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in the average length of hospital stay, average hospitalization cost, general data (sex, age, location of lesion, size of lesion, etc.), liver function index before and after operation (AST, albumin, PT, INR, 3 days after Operation ALP, AST, albumin, PT and INR, etc.). 0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference between postoperative biliary complications (biliary leakage) and the median time of postoperative drainage tube (P<0.05). Conclusion: For hepatic bubble hydatid invasion and biliary tract without jaundice, the first stage of ERCP+ENBD, two-stage lesion radical resection can significantly reduce the occurrence of postoperative biliary complications (biliary leakage), and ERCP+ENBD has the advantages of minimally invasive, simple, safe surgical technique in liver resection patients


Proviral integration near the Pim‐1 gene is frequently observed in murine leukemia virus induced T‐cell lymphomas in mice. Integration in the Pim‐1 domain is associated with the presence of enhanced levels of a Pim‐1 mRNA, which is normally expressed as a predominant 2.8 kb species at low levels in lymphoid tissues. The majority of integrations occurred in the 3′ region of the Pim‐1 transcription unit. This resulted in transcripts ranging in size from 2.0 to 2.6 kb, which were terminated in the 5′ proviral LTR. Dependent on the site of integration up to 1300 bases of Pim‐1 specific sequences were missing from the modified Pim‐1 mRNA in these lymphomas.


Background: Studying the deleterious effects of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on cognition is gaining a lot of attention. Cognition is measured by the P300 component of event-related potentials (ERPs). Hence, we studied P300 in T2DM.

Aims and Objectives: This study was done with the objective to evaluate cognition of T2DM and also to evaluate factors associated with impaired cognition.

Materials and Methods: Thirty T2DM and 30 controls matched for their age and gender were selected considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cognitive assessment was done using mini-mental state examination, and subjects with scores higher than 25 (maximum score = 30) were included in the study. After ruling out hearing loss by pure tone audiometry, P300 recording was done on them using RMS EMG EP MARK II machine. The resulting data were statistically analyzed.

Results: P300 latencies (P < 0.001**) were longer in T2DM when compared with nondiabetics. P300 latencies showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.390*; P = 0.033) with T2DM duration. A significant difference was found in P300 latency between diabetic hypertensives (P = 0.003) and diabetic nonhypertensive, among diabetics with dyslipidemia (P = 0.047) and diabetics without dyslipidemia and between diabetic smokers (P < 0.001) and diabetic non-smokers.

Conclusion: Cognitive function of T2DM subjects should be examined on a regular basis using ERPs because there could be an association between T2DM duration and cognitive deterioration. T2DM, along with dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking, further aggravates the possibility of cognitive dysfunction. We conclude that dementia can be diagnosed by ERP P300 in the initial phase.


Introduction The purpose of this paper is not to unreasonably exaggerate Joy Hester's value as an artist, but rather to rescue her from the undeserved obscurity that the patriarchal ideology inherent in the discourse of traditional art history tends to place women artists.1 Traditional art history achieves this by manipulating the 'symptoms of the antagonisms of a sexually divided society' in order to omit women artists.2 This omission is justified by reference to alleged objective criteria. By canvassing certain aspects of Hester's life and analysing her art, both written and visual, this article will indicate the nature of such criteria and the exclusionary manner in which they are applied; in so doing it will disclose the hurdles and consequent subjugation Hester faced as a woman artist. The subjugation Hester suffered is revealed by signs of what Germaine Greer lists as 'self-censorship, hypocritical modesty, insecurity, girlishness, self-deception ... emotional and sexual dependency upon men, timidity, poverty and ignorance'.3 All of these aspects, Greer states, are traits of the oppressed personality and are to be expected under the embedded patriarchal system. It is only in the combined analysis of the female artist, such as Hester, and the system in which she created that we can reveal a holistic analysis of the female subject.


This Paper expounds the necessity and feasibility of strengthening study for modern Librarian,and proposes several suggestions on how to study and to be good at study.


Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation (ABMS) have been used to study a wide range of complex systems and several emergent behaviors across a variety of disciplines. However, very limited works have adopted these paradigms to provide insights to organizational psychology in general and to researches dealing with emotions at work in particular. The current research uses ABMS to study the emotions experienced in the organizational context; it focuses specifically on their impact on the quality of decisions made as a key factor of organizations success. In this paper, the emphasis is set on the emotion generation process. The proposed work introduces an agent-based model of the emotional experiences of employees within organizations. It adopts a cross-disciplinary approach and it brings another theoretical perspective to agent-based modeling of emotions at work. In fact, this model is based on the OCC appraisal theory to generate artificial emotions, but it also takes advantage of theoretical foundations from organization behavior and organization psychology. Simulation results can bring new insights to organizational researches. Moreover, the simulated system can serve as a human resources development tool used by employees at work to enhance their emotional awareness.


Incidental by-catch and associated discarding are difficult to estimate on the basis of logbook information because they are poorly reported by fishing masters and their importance varies with several interrelated factors. The purpose of this paper is to inform the commonly discarded fishes of the Indonesian tuna longline fishery in the Indian Ocean. The study was carried out during 2010 – 2011 following six commercial tuna longline vessels based in Port of Benoa. Discards composition was dominated by longnose lancetfish and pelagic stingrays which composed almost half of total discards. Almost half of total catch are discards and half of discards are disposed dead or dying.


This conceptual paper seeks to add some critical tone
and shades of light and darkness to the considerations
associated with 'hacking-back' by liberal democratic
states. As with counter-insurgency and related perations, the challenges are that whilst state and non-state
adversaries may not play by our rules, we will stick to ours.
What space does that leave, then, in an era of unrestricted warfare, for aggressive cyber counter-strike and pre-emptive activities? In summary, the need for creativity and
innovation should allow the development of tools, tactics
and strategy that deliver strategic competitive advantage,
cognizant of legal and other controls, constrains and
frameworks. As part of a developing pipeline of research
conducted at Northampton Business School, UK, the author
draws on consultancy and support to elite military units in
the UK, those who develop doctrine, concepts and force for
the British Army and relevant security organizations in the
UK and beyond.


Two procedures have been developed for the large-scale purification from Escherichia coli B of a ribosomal-bound aminopeptidase in a stable form: one involving the digestion of the ribosome with pancreatic RNase and the other the selective removal of the aminopeptidase from the ribosomal surface with NH4Cl. The enzyme, as isolated from the ribosome, is a polymeric protein composed of monomeric units with a molecular weight of approximately 60 000 Daltons. The purified enzyme is activated by β-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol, although at high concentrations dithiothreitol inhibits peptidase activity. Propylene glycol also inhibits the enzyme. The enzyme is stable at 70° in the presence of free SH groups.


Leaf spot, leaf blight, and leaf scorch are foliar diseases of strawberry found commonly in perennial plantings throughout North America. The effect of these diseases on strawberry production is suspected to range from reduced yields to shortened production life. A three-year study was implemented to determine to what extent these diseases impact yield and the production life of a planting, and to define when it is economically feasible to manage these diseases. The second year of the study focused on: 1) Gathering return yield, crown count, biomass, pre- and post-renovation foliar disease data in an established 'Jewel' plot in Ithaca, NY; 2) Gathering baseline yield data, crown count, biomass, pre- and post-renovation foliar disease data in new 'Kent' and 'Jewel' plots in Geneva, NY; and 3) Continuing to refine experimental procedures to look at the effects of disease under experimental conditions. The harvest from the 'Jewel' planting in Ithaca was the first in which return yield could be measured (this will occur next year for the Geneva plantings). In short, there were no differences among treatment plots with respect to yield, crown or biomass data. This is partially attributed to the difficulties in generating a disease gradient across treatment plots as well as limiting natural infection to only one pathogen. This is proving to be a much more difficult task than we anticipated. Moreover, in addition to the foliar diseases under study, powdery mildew and angular leaf spot are appearing regularly in these plantings. To circumvent future problems, we will modify our field trials to look at the cumulative effect of foliar disease, rather than focusing on any particular pathogen or set of pathogens, and we will generate 3, rather than 7, levels of foliar disease, which we believe we can accomplish by altering our fungicide regimes. We will also add a set of mechanically damaged treatment plots to simulate the effect of leaf spotting. Our greenhouse studies on scorch, spot and blight and their effect on photosynthesis are progressing. New information in regards to measuring photosynthesis has come to light, and our research plan is being adjusted accordingly. Although we were disappointed in the progress we made in generating data, we feel that our experimental procedures have been greatly improved we anticipate making great strides this year in answering the questions posed.


Urbanization can only grow because of population growth and ongoing population movements. Expressing interest in urban microclimate on the thermal conditions outside is very important in this period of warming climate began. The presence of trees leads to cooler areas in the urban environment. The parks contribute significantly to the reduction of air temperature. Three specific effects of vegetation shade, evapotranspiration and the effect of natural ventilation. In contrast to mineral surfaces, green spaces only store little heat and humidify the atmosphere through evaporation important, thus greatly reducing the air temperature. Evapotranspiration is defined by the loss of water to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration. The urban development projects can significantly change the image of a neighbourhood or town. In the city, the microclimatic component can unite several actors (architect, planner, landscape, political, developer, engineering firm,) advocating an interest in energy savings for the adjustment of thermal conditions of the urban space and the improvement of life. These components have largely been put forward when we discussed the relationships between vegetation and the city. Nevertheless, as we shall try to demonstrate this aspect in the plant site (garden 5 July - checker colonial) leads us to illustrate clearly the benefits of vegetation in urban areas. The trees act as a mask to sun and wind and as a source of control the air temperature and the temperature of the surrounding surfaces. The effectiveness of these spaces depends on their density, shape, size and position. Mitigation of air temperature in the presence of tree can be explained by the decrease in surface temperature that induces a lower air temperature [1]. on air temperature, thermal modeling work was necessary, was carried out on the street of the republic located in the checker colonial, flanked on one side by the garden 5 July, and another side by buildings, located in the center city of Biskra (Algeria) and spread over a typical summer day with a three dimensional numerical model called "ENVI-met".


This paper presents a methodology developed by the authors for the study of quality power, in particular voltage dips in industrial and commercial users. The methodology consists of several steps and is applied to Mosquera Substation in Bogotá D.C. From the application of the methodology gives a method of extracting information of power quality meters, it applies a methodology to classify the different industrial and commercial users, then it applies the Bollen methodology to obtain the amount, duration, magnitude and types of voltage dips, then it uses an alternative methodology based on wavelet transformed and it compares the results of both methods. Finally, it develops contour curves and it evaluates some immunity cases from customer equipment in the substation under study.


The aim of the study was to analyse, antifungal activity of Aloe vera extract and aloin on candida albicans. 4 different solvents were used for the extraction of Aloe vera which were extracted in petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and 70% methanolic extract. Antifungal activity was tested by well diffusion assay. To determine minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC), agar dilution and broth dilution methods were performed. Each extract was taken in 4 varying concentrations (100mg/ml, 150mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 250mg/ml) to analyse the MIC by agar dilution method, which were further tested by broth dilution method. Among extracts, 70% methanolic extract shows maximum inhibitory action and extracts were compared with aloin which has shown more potent antifungal activity than all the extracts, it is active ingredient of Aloe vera. To compare the results fluconazole was taken as standard.


The objective of this study is to investigate the use of LSSVM (Least Square Support Vector Machine) trained with Chaotic PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) for distinguishing different levels of Dementia from brain MRI. The availability of an effective method that is more objective than human readers can potentially lead to more reliable and reproducible dementia diagnostic procedures. The proposed scheme consists of several steps including feature extraction, feature selection and classification. This research paper proposes an intelligent classification technique to identify normal and demented patients using LSSVM. The manual interpretation of large volumes of brain MRI may lead to incomplete diagnosis. Hence the LSSVM approach is trained with multiple biomarkers to facilitate effective, accurate classification which is a requirement of the hour. SVM-PSO, LS-SVM-PSO classifiers are compared with LS-SVM trained by Chaotic PSO. LS-SVM-Chaotic PSO yields 100% accurate results and outperforms other classifiers in terms of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in this analysis.


The two spaces office module is usually considered as a representative case-study to analyse the energetic improvement in office buildings. In this kind of buildings, the use of a model predictive control (MPC) scheme for the climate system control provides energy savings over 15% in comparison to classic control policies. This paper focuses on the influence of solar radiation on the climate control of the office module under Belgian weather conditions. Considering MPC as main climate control, it proposes a novel distributed enhanced control for the blind system (BS) that takes into account part of the predictive information of the MPC. In addition to the savings that are usually achieved by MPC, it adds a potential 15% improvement in global energy use with respect to the usually proposed BS hysteresis control. Moreover, from the simulation results it can be concluded that the thermal comfort is also improved. The proposed BS scheme increases the energy use ratio between the thermally activated building system (TABS) and air-handling unit (AHU); therefore increasing the use of TABS and allowing economic savings, due to the use of more cost-effective thermal equipment.


Results of 240 time determinations pertaining to investigation of surface cracking initiation on flat samples of moulding mass (80% of the Lukoml clay + 20% of granite screenings) of various thickness (1 ...4 cm) while being heated with intensive heat flow (~ 1 W/cm 2 ) are given and analyzed in the paper. It has been shown that under such heating conditions thickness of a sample practically does not make any effect on cracking intensity. At the same time determination of time indices concerning cracking initiation prior to clay mass treatment in the vacuum-press in accordance with K.Pirson's criterion does not correspond to the normal law of distribution of random indices and corresponds to this law after processing in vacuum-press and moulding of air-dried bricks that makes it possible to predict with great reliability an output of qualitative products.


Cognitive radio is a promising technology to relieve the pressure of spectrum crisis with the sharp increasement of wireless services. In this paper, the game model for spectrum leasing in cognitive radio network is considered, where the Primary Transmitter(PT) will choose some Secondary Transmitter(ST) as relay to resist multi-path fading and enhance the transmission efficiency. As a reward, the PT leases the authorized spectrum bands to the ST, which will use the authorized spectrum bands to communicate with the Secondary Receiver(SR). The PT attempts to get more help from STs, meanwhile, in order to enhance transmission capacity, each ST wants to get more access time for authorized spectrum bands. Therefore, game theory is employed to balance the profit between PT and ST. Different from previous works, we focus on the dynamic leasing time of the authorized spectrum, which is the key factor that affects the transmission efficiency both of PT and ST. By employing game theory, we derive the Nash bargaining solution: the optimal spectrum leasing time and allocated power of ST. Compared with traditional case that PT directly transmits data to Primary base(PB), the transmission efficiency of the PT in proposed model is improved significantly. Besides, the ST gets more transmission opportunities. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme is feasible and efficient.


This paper examines the link between firm performance, board structure and top executive pay. We use a panel of firms from the Portuguese Stock Market, where the institutional context differs markedly from the U.K. and U.S., but is very similar to most other European countries. The standard organizational structure is a single-tier board, which includes the CEO as well as executive and non-executive members. The results confirm a large effect of firm size on top executive compensation. However there is no relationship between the board remuneration and company performance. We examine whether the governance structure of companies is relevant in influencing top executive pay. Specifically, we consider the role of non-executive board members as mediators of the management and shareholders relationship. Our results suggest that firms with more non-executive board members pay higher wages to their executives. Furthermore, we find that firms with zero non-executive board members actually have less agency problems, and have a better alignment of shareholders' and managers' interests. These results cast some doubts on the effectiveness of independent board members incentive systems, and on their stated monitoring role.


Simple Summary Piglets that experience a long labour are more likely to die during birth or immediately following birth, or to grow slowly during life. This is because the longer the piglet experiences contractions during labour, blood supply and oxygen delivery to the brain will be impaired. Even before the first piglet in the litter is born, sows that will have a delayed labour can be identified. This means that the key to saving piglets that are at risk of death because of long labours lies in managing the sow before she gives birth. Abstract The transition from an intra- to extrauterine existence is extremely challenging for the pig. This is evidenced by the fact that conservative estimates place intrapartum piglet death at between 5% and 10%. The main cause of this loss is the parturition process itself, with a long farrowing duration resulting in reduced oxygenation to the piglet via uterine contractions stretching, and in some cases, causing rupture of the umbilical cord. Sows that experience a long expulsive stage of parturition are likely compromised before the birth of the first piglet, and so any strategy to reduce stillbirth should be applied before this. Even in piglets born alive, 15% to 20% will have suffered asphyxiation because of a long cumulative farrowing duration. These individuals are significantly disadvantaged with regards to behavioural progression, colostrum intake, growth and survival extending past the lactation phase, and so require more labour and resources than littermates in order to make them viable. Given these immediate and longer-term impacts, identifying ways to correctly manage the sow before parturition leading to a reduction in farrowing duration should be a priority in order to maximise piglet performance.


ABSTRACT This article makes novel use of the Deleuzo-Guattarian concepts of becoming and agencement to frame qualitative research on how youth from second language immigrant families conceptualize citizenship. Even though our work here is primarily conceptual, we refer to aspects of a previously published study to concretely illustrate these concepts for the reader. The study in question found that the participants exhibited a mixture of conceptualizations of citizenship, some of which aligned with dominant trends in citizenship education. Other conceptualizations presented dimensions of citizenship that were unexpected and intensive. In our discussion, we use two Deleuzo-Guattarian concepts to deepen our understanding of the complex relationships between competing discourses on citizenship in the context of second language education. We argue, in short, that becoming and agencement help "disturb" the once axiomatic linkage between citizenship education and the nation-state and challenge clichéd notions of "global citizenship."


[Abstract] As trade with China continues to grow, various legal disputes between the two countries are also increasing. It is necessary, for the reconcilement of the conflicting interests between the two countries, to establish an effective legal and institutional system. In general, the dispute resolution system is a very important factor in providing a multilateral or regional trade system with a safety and predictability. Since a trade dispute may be extended to a trade war between countries, which may have negative effect on international trade, effective dispute resolution measures depending on the type and stage of the dispute should be employed. When an international commercial dispute with Chinese company occurs, the filing a lawsuit in a Chinese court is not only a huge burden for Korean companies, but it can also lead to various such as loss caused by When a dispute a problem generally considered, risk that relationship with disconnected parties in the resolution The commercial mediation system, the other hand, is effective for friendly resolution of dispute without compromising the relationship between parties, resulting in satisfactory results. It is necessary, therefore, to create a dispute resolution environment where Korean exporters to China solve international commercial disputes in at lower costs. The study of China's commercial mediation system, a country with a long historical and cultural tradition, is also of great significance for securing the trade competitiveness at company and national levels. In this new Korea-China FTA era, continuous studies on commercial mediation system and related fields are required to maximize its function through the effective use of the system, which is beneficial for maintaining favorable trade relations such as trade contracts and joint ventures.


Under the situation of opening,international trade and international investment is of great significance for the upgrading of industrial structure.With the development of finance,a country can upgrade its international trade in terms of capital,technology,scaled economy and the like to stimulate the upgrading of its industrial structure on the one hand,and on the other hand,it can improve its own environment for investment and strengthen the spillover of foreign direct investment to enhance the upgrading of its industrial structure.


A putative novel Ras effector, TJ1, was identified through reverse genetics and characterized through chemotaxis, developmental and biochemical assays to determine its role in Dictyostelium discoideum. Additionally, the Ras association (RA) domains within TJ1 were deleted and subsequent cell lines were characterized to determine their function in TJ1. TJ1 is required for proper chemotaxis. Compared to wild-type cells, tj1- null cells were not polarized, did not chemotax, and as a result displayed a delay in initial stages of development. Additionally, findings indicate that a fully functional TJ1 protein requires at least one of the two RA domains therein. Disruption of either of the two individual RA domains in TJ1 does not result in strong defects in chemotaxis, development or localization, whereas the deletion of both RA domains leads to a reduced ability to chemotax and therefore a subsequent delay in the stages of early development. Initial experiments suggest that there is no interaction between TJ1 and Ras proteins, however more experiments need to be conducted to further explore the role of TJ1 as a novel Ras effector in Dictyostelium. the complete mechanisms of the Ras signaling pathway is largely unknown. Characterizing TJ1 and the RA domains therein should shed light on how TJ1 is involved in Ras signaling in Dictyostelium discoideum and presumably how Ras signaling operates in other organisms based on the conservation of pathways across species


The purpose of this research was to duplicate the animosity model of consumer purchase behaviour, to extend the model by examining the roles of affinity and animosity in affecting attitudes towards foreign goods and to determine the relations of animosity and affinity with selected demographic variables. While many of the hypotheses tested were derived from previous literature, the hypotheses pertaining to the role of affinity had to be empirically generated- thus necessitating a multi-stage study. The research began with qualitative research, which was followed by an exploratory study, a pilot study and a final study. In the final study, hypotheses were tested with the help of ANOV A and structural equation modeling. Four models featuring two carefully chosen countries viz, Pakistan and Japan were tested. This study did not support the animosity model of consumer purchase behaviour. Results showed affinity to be a stronger concept than animosity. Most results did not show soda-demographic variables to be related to animosity or affinity. Animosity was not found to be a serious impediment to globalisation efforts.


Admitting a call into a network requires confidence that the interaction between that calls traffic and existing traffic is benign. In making service level agreements this principle is given a monetary value. In this paper we describe the application of a probabilistic approach to call management. This model can be used to derive very conservative performance bounds where this is required, or to evaluate the dynamic probabilities of meeting particular service levels. This is an updated version of paper first published in Third IFIP Workshop on the Management and Design of ATM networks, April 1999


From assessing inequality in the Byzantine Empire to musing over where people fall on the global distribution of income, Branko Milanovic has made a name for himself as an innovative thinker in this field. Even before Thomas Piketty made it cool, he was using Jane Austen vignettes to explore historical patterns of inequality. Milanovic's new book does not disappoint. He starts by identifying the winners from "high globalization"—the middle classes in emerging Asia and the global super-rich. The big loser is the middle class in the developed world. He notes that as inequality rises within countries, it is falling between countries— showing no real evidence of rising global inequality. Some have used this point to dismiss inequality concerns. Milanovic does not. He acknowledges that future trends are unclear. If convergence does continue, within-country inequality may well dominate once again, much as it did in the 19th century, making class more important than location. Milanovic is also well aware that the nation state remains the locus of political deliberation. The book's longest chapter is, therefore, devoted to within-country inequality. He seeks to partially rehabilitate Simon Kuznets from Piketty's critique by proposing a "grand theory" of inequality—what he calls "Kuznets waves" of alternating increases and decreases in inequality. He traces the first Kuznets wave over the century and a half ending in the 1980s, when the second wave began, jump-started by many of the same factors as the first—technology, globalization, and pro-rich economic policies. But this explanation might be a little too tidy. For a start, it is not clear that reducing technical change to two technological revolutions is accurate. Others, for example, have emphasized four to six technological waves since the late 18th century. And although he gives an extensive account of the benign and malign forces that reduce inequality, Milanovic is a bit murky on the wave's turning point. He argues that inequality becomes unsustainable, but doesn't fall on its own—it leads first to wars, social strife, and revolutions. This is the story he tells about World War I—he actually endorses Lenin's theory that it was driven endogenously by imperialist expansion. But what does this portend for our own times? Milanovic takes us to the precipice, but then pulls back. And strangely enough, he barely even mentions one of the greatest malign economic forces of the 21st century, climate change, which could spell catastrophe for income distribution both within and between countries. Milanovic is on stronger ground when he reflects on the current zeitgeist. Especially in the United States, he sees little scope for reversing the "perfect storm of inequality" in an era when capital is highly mobile and the rich dominate the political system. His policy prescription for our predicament—focused on equalizing endowments, especially in terms of ownership of capital and education— warrants serious consideration. But what else? Milanovic is a bit too sanguine about the financial sector, which contributes massively to inequality while adding little social value. Curbing the power and scale of this sector would help with both inequality and financial stability. And perhaps the time has come for a Piketty-style tax on global capital, which would of course require significant global coordination.


Asean Economic Community 2015 representing policy or decision with South East Asia nations, to race the growth of political economy clump. The policy of to be come challenge for every member state of Asean to can to compete in moving forward society economics, so that nations in South East Asia can be parallel with the nations go fo rward the European continent and American. This Condition become the challenge to Indonesian nation in mengahdapi Asean Economic Community 2015. Public policy compiled and executed during the time, not yet can give the better room in improving society econ omics. This condition [is] diperparah again with the existence of bureaucracy behavior which longer progressively menghawatirkan to their performance. Member state [of] Asean in general have made various policy in face of Asean Economic Community 2015, by improving human resource ability, industrialize and give the easy service in have invesment. Indonesia still many constraint in inculcating invesment so that affect to economic growth, which is on finally Indonesia ability in competing progressively weaken and progressively terpuruk in face of globalization current, specially Asean Economic Community 2015. Keyword: Public Policy and Develop; Build the Area Economics.


This paper focuses on the need for good target recognition in order to provide effective tracking and on good tracking to provide effective recognition in the application of radar to drone surveillance. The joint function, merging drone tracking and recognition, referred to as Simultaneous Tracking and Recognition (STaR) of drones is discussed and the benefits are presented through examples. This includes real measurements from Aveillant's Gamekeeper Radar.


II. A HISTORY OF NETWORK UNBUNDLING ......................................... 426 A. From Divestiture to the 1996 Legislation ............................... 426 B. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 ..................................... 429 1. Bell Company Provision of Long-Distance Services ..... 430 2. Competition in Local Telephony .................................... 432 C. The FCC's Interpretation of the Act's "Necessary" and "Impair" Requirements .......................................................... 434


Generative programming and aspect-oriented software development have been proposed over the last years aiming at increasing maintainability and reusability of software systems. While several research works have focused on the investigation of the individual use of each of these software engineering approaches, less attention has been paid to the integration of these two techniques. The integration of generative and aspectoriented technologies can bring several benefits to the modeling and code generation of crosscutting features since early design stages. In this paper, we present some lessons learned from the development of an aspect-oriented generative approach for the domain of multi-agent systems. Based on this experience, we also present a preliminary version of a method to develop aspect-oriented generative approaches.


Movement toward integrated power packaging has been occurring for well over a decade. In the past few years in particular, with growing interest in value added and the attention being paid to true system cost, integrated power packaging is broadening in appeal in all major market segments. This approach competes with the traditional discrete component solutions. This paper reviews trends that are contributing to this growing interest and forces pushing for implementation. Also, obstacles inhibiting realization are explored.


This paper focuses on reasons why so few females hold head of department positions in physical education in government secondary schools in Western Australia. Despite the almost equitable proportion of females and males teaching the subject, and the absence of Ministry of Education policy constraints on female promotion since 1972, women held only 5 (7%) of the 70 substantive head of department appointments in 1991. In-depth interviews were conducted with 27 female physical education teachers to document their career experiences and aspirations. Analysis revealed that constraints on the promotion of females were based primarily on stereotypic attitudes and expectations regarding gender roles, and comprised systemic, attitudinal, and internalized barriers. It is proposed that social settings from studentship, through teacher education, to the teaching environment could play a crucial role in shaping and nurturing the career decisions and aspirations of female teachers.


Introduction: It has been estimated that approximately 1% of boys and 3% of girls will experience a symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI) before their 11th year of life. Infants and young children with UTI are of particular concern because the risk for renal damage is greatest in this age group and because the diagnosis is frequently challenging: the clinical presentation tends to be non-specific and valid urine specimens cannot be obtained without invasive methods - suprapubic aspiration (SPA) and transurethral catheterisation. Renal scarring, hypertension, and even renal failure can develop after recurrent pyelonephritis which is the most-common preventable cause of end-stage renal disease. Objective: Our aim is to identify proper investigation methods and antibiotic regimens for UTI in children from the Timis County, by comparing two studies on UTI, recurrent and non-recurrent, with the results available in the international literature. Material: We compared the result of two studies on patients admitted in the IIIrd Pediatric Clinic Timisoara with UTI between 2004-2005 and 2006-2007 (the first six months) and the data available in the international literature. The first group included 36 patients admitted in the IIIrd Pediatric Clinic UMF Timisoara in 2004 and 2005. The second study included a number of 81 patients admitted in the IIIrd Pediatric Clinic UMF Timisoara in 2006 and the first six months of 2007. Results of our studies: Our patients continued to present recurrence under treatment in comparison with literature data. Only 15,12% of the E. Coli strains were sensible to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole. Male patients were most frequently affected (65,85%) in the age group of 0- 3 years; female patients were most frequently affected (75%) in patients above 6 years. The strains responsible for the community acquired infections were initially sensible to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, gentamicin, and colistin, but most of the strains developed resistance to these antibiotics; thus the % of successful empiric treatment with these antibiotics is reduced (<30%). Conclusions: In case of infections due to more than one micro organism, it is essential to use multi-drug therapy, because the organisms are usually high-resistant and they have a selective sensibility. Long term therapy must have high sensibility to pathogens and interfere as little as possible with non pathogenic flora, and reconsideration of fluoroquinolones group interdiction is mandatory. The study proved that organisms developed resistance, even to the late generation antibiotics, probably due to the irrational use of antibiotics. The antibiotics should be used in Romania according to our guidelines, on the basis of the sensibility/resistance and frequency of the organisms in our territory.


In her paper, "Variations on the Brazilian Orpheus Theme," Marília Scaff Rocha Ribeiro discusses Vinícius de Moraes's play Orfeu da Conceição (1956) together with two of its filmic adaptations, namely Marcel Camus's Black Orpheus (1959) and Carlos Diegues's Orfeu (1999). Ribeiro's analysis is located in the context of the race debates of the second half of the twentieth century in Brazil. Ribeiro argues that the periodic resurfacing of a musician from the favelas as a special being who is able to chant and enchant speaks to the appeal both of popular music and of the thematic of race, issues that continue to be central to Brazilian culture today. The gap between the inception and the reception of these works illustrate the paradoxes and complexities of attempting to conciliate the classical myth of Orpheus and a more socially grounded representation of life in Brazilian favelas. Instead of going down to a mythical hell, the task of this Brazilian Orpheus would be to go up the hills, where the hell of contemporary life is -transfigured from his Greek unified origins into a mestizo fragmentation -a re-presentation of the spirit of tragedy in a contemporary context. Marília Scaff Rocha Ribeiro, "Variations on the Brazilian Orpheus Theme" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 11.3 (2009): <http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol11/iss3/7> Thematic Issue, Politics and Identity in Lusophone Literature and Film. Ed. Patrícia I. Vieira Marília Scaff Rocha RIBEIRO Variations on the Brazilian Orpheus Theme The comparison of the play Orfeu da Conceição (1956) by the Brazilian poet-songwriter-diplomat Vinícius de Moraes and its two adaptations to film, Marcel Camus's Black Orpheus (1959) and Carlos Diegues's Orfeu (1999), has generated considerable critical attention. Following the international success of Black Orpheus, much has been written about the film in conjunction with the play, both in newspaper reviews and in more in-depth filmic and cultural analyses. Orfeu, while less successful commercially, revived yet again the topos of the Greek myth set against the hillside slums of Rio de Janeiro. There are many reasons for the popularity of the comparison of the play with the films. Not only does Black Orpheus continue to be an international reference for the representation of Brazil abroad, but the juxtaposition of the myth in an Afro-Brazilian setting also highlights issues of race that have been crucial in Brazil from the 1950s to today. Each new revival of the myth in the Brazilian context replays the debate about race relations and social disparities in a new light. My analysis presupposes that this seemingly over-done comparison can still be relevant for the discussion of contemporary cinema in Brazil because it foregrounds the shifting representations about race and also about the role of music in Brazilian culture. The figure of a black Orpheus has become a myth in and of itself in the context of Brazilian cinema, one that departs from the specificities of the Greek myth and sketches a Brazil-specific topos whose relevance has only grown as urban violence and social tensions have intensified in the last decades and changed the landscape of the hillside slums, or favelas. The favelas have once again become a product for export, yet no longer as a tropical paradise in which the people are poor but happy, like in Black Orpheus, but as a contemporary no man's land that serves as setting -sometimes exotic, sometimes painfully realistic -for movies that substitute action and violence for mythical concerns. Hence the international success, for instance, of a production such as Cidade de Deus in 2002. More recently, Favela Rising (2005) and Antônia (2006) have showcased Afro-Brazilian musicians from the favelas as part of an intricate social network. These protagonists have important roles as advocates for the community through their ability to, like Orpheus, transform life through music. Favela Rising is a documentary directed by Jeff Zimbalist and Matt Mochary, distributed widely on the North American market. The film tells the story of Anderson Sá, from his life in Vigário Geral to the creation of the group Afro-reggae. The film emphasizes the ability of musicians to descend into "hell" -in this case, the drug wars that have plagued many of Rio's favelas in recent history -and resurface with a socially viable alternative for youth integration in their communities. Although the theme of Black Orpheus is not mentioned (Sá self-identifies with another deity, Shiva), the documentary presents the singer with attributes that liken him to the gifted Greek musician. Interestingly, the latest DVD release from Afro-reggae includes a documentary entitled Nenhum Motivo Explica a Guerra (2006) by Carlos Diegues who has experimented with the Orphic theme. Further, Antônia, a feature film directed by Tata Amaral, recounts the dreams and misadventures of a female rap group from the outskirts of São Paulo. At a moment in the film when many turns of events lead to the dissipation of the group, the main character, Preta, and her small daughter have a conversation that evokes the Greek myth: the daughter wakes up from a nightmare in which her little body has been dismembered and cut up by a monster, prompting the mother to tell a story to soothe the child and put her back to sleep. Preta tells the story of a girl who liked to sing and who believed in the transformative powers of music. Not only does the name Preta ("black" in Portuguese) suggest the racial focus apparent in the title of Camus's film, but the theme of dismemberment also alludes to Orpheus's death at the hands of the Bacchants, who, according to one version of the myth, rip him into pieces. In Antônia, the girl's dream alludes to the need for the young women to stick together; maintaining the unity of their band provides them with a way to change their personal lives. Whether or not the Greek myth or the film adaptations of it are an explicit reference for these recent filmmakers, the periodic resurfacing of a musician from the hills as a special being who is able to chant and enchant speaks to the appeal both of popular music and of the thematic of race in Brazilian cinema. The multiple reincarnations of a hillside Orpheus compose a historical narrative of the percepMarília Scaff Rocha Ribeiro, "Variations on the Brazilian Orpheus Theme" page 3 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 11.3 (2009): <http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol11/iss3/7> Thematic Issue, Politics and Identity in Lusophone Literature and Film. Ed. Patrícia I. Vieira tion of race relations in the country. Whereas the Carnival of the 1950s depicted in Camus's film is shaped by the nationalist guidelines set by the Vargas regime, the 1990s version by Diegues shows signs of a transformation that becomes more visible in recent productions such as Favela Rising and Antônia. The shift between a culturalist approach to race to a more political one reflects a radical change in perspective. Edward Telles describes the decade following the redemocratization of the 1980s as a transition period between racial democracy and the rebirth of the Black Movement in its more vocal phase: "Occurring mostly in the 1990s, this transition consisted of an acknowledgement of racism by the Brazilian government and society generally, the consolidation of black movement organizations, their limited incorporation into the democratic process, and, finally, the implementation of race-based affirmative action in many Brazilian institutions" (47). The difference between the two distinct moments in the history of Afro-Brazilians -as they coincide with the two filmic adaptations of Orfeu da Conceição -is perhaps most vividly illustrated in the reaction of Abdias do Nascimento, founder of the Experimental Black Theater (TEN) and one of the main militants of the Afro-Brazilian cause, towards Moraes's play. While TEN participated actively in the staging of Orfeu da Conceição, Abdias do Nascimento later criticized the theme of the play, perhaps because of the success of the film and the racial implications it entailed: "Blackfaced white actors, Black Christ, Black Orpheus: in the last analysis they all conspire in the historical rape of my people. African religious culture is rich and alive in our religious communities all over Brazil. We have no need to invoke Greece or the Bible in order to raise it to the status of mythology. On the other hand, Greece and Europe owe to Africa a great deal of what they call 'Western Civilization'" (46). Nascimento is a central figure in both historical moments: he was involved in the staging of the play in 1956, but later developed his own critique of its very inception. His own intellectual trajectory reflects the historical arch that comprises the different perceptions of race that informed the adaptations of Orfeu da Conceição into film. During the 50s, the view of a harmonic coexistence of races was the predominant perspective in the national imagination as it was represented in films (although movies such as Rio 40 Graus and Rio Zona Norte had already contested such beliefs). In the 1990s, when Orfeu was filmed, the emphasis started to shift from racial democracy to the conflict and racial tension in representations of Brazilian reality, often with a more strictly political awareness of racial relations. However, Diegues's film can still be seen in many ways as a celebration of miscegenation. In this sense, it differs from more recent productions such as Favela Rising or Antônia, in that they incorporate more organically a perspective derived at least in part by the Black movement. These two positions, represented, on one side, by the culturalism inspired by Gilberto Freyre and others -Michael Hanchard notes that "Afro-Brazilian social movements after the 1940s sprang from the academy, as opposed to the suburbia or the favela" (100) -and on the other, by the tenets of the


Postcard photographic copy of black and white portrait of unidentified male. Note with postcard reads, These pictures are a part of the Sailaway Collection of Charles F. Brush, Sr., now the property of Dorothy Hamilton Brush, Mrs. Charles F. Brush, Jr. Mrs. William H. Weir was asked by Miss Margaret Richardson if she knew who these people were. She said that she did not. Interview May 1st, 1952.


Sir, We wish to comment on the article by Amyes et al., in which we are referenced as stating that 'the concept that ertapenem is unlikely to increase resistance in non-fermenters is flawed'. We in fact did not state this and, on the contrary, we agree with the conclusions of Livermore et al. that selection (of carbapenemresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in particular) is unlikely under physiologically relevant ertapenem concentrations. In this regard, the following points are critical. First, the BSAC/EUCAST ertapenem breakpoint for susceptibility is 0.5 mg/L and for resistance is .2 mg/L. The former value is far below the MICs for most P. aeruginosa strains, which range between 2 and 32 mg/L with MIC50 and MIC90 values of 4–8 and 16 mg/L, respectively. Secondly, the free ertapenem plasma concentration is less than the MIC50 by 4 h post-dose. 3 In critically ill patients, the protein-unbound plasma concentration after a single intravenous administration of 1 g has been documented to be 0.87 + 0.76 mg/L 12 h after infusion and 0.24 + 0.43 mg/L 24 h after infusion. In other words, relevant ertapenem concentrations are below those likely to be active against a Pseudomonas (let alone Acinetobacter), implying that selection pressure for specific resistance is minimal. Thirdly, the OASIS (Optimizing Abdominal Surgery with Invanz Study) studies indicated no significant colonization by P. aeruginosa, either with imipenem-resistant or imipenem-susceptible strains, during ertapenem therapy. We acknowledge that under laboratory conditions with high drug concentrations, it is possible to select for imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa with ertapenem, but the clinical relevance seems doubtful, because in the clinical scenario adequate concentrations are not maintained for a sufficiently long duration. It seems relevant to ask whether, using similar logic, the authors of this article would restrict the use of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in that they might undermine ceftazidime against P. aeruginosa, or similarly levofloxacin with regard to ciprofloxacin? We would still recommend that ertapenem be used as the preferred therapy for infections due to extended-spectrum b-lactamase producers and, in certain specific settings as outlined in our article, for intra-abdominal sepsis, pneumonia and skin and soft tissue (including diabetic foot) infections.


Introduction: Preserving the natural tooth by endodontic treatment or tooth extraction and implantation is an important dilemma that requires careful evaluation of the factors that affect the final treatment and patients' quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life related to oral health after single tooth implant treatment in comparison with endodontic treatment.Materials & Methods: This study is a cross-sectional analytical study to evaluate the quality of life of 80 patients referred to Isfahan Azad Dental School in 1399-1400 in two groups (endo and implant) whose anterior teeth have been endodontically treated and had also a history of anterior single tooth implant with functional crown in a recent year, with using Oral health-related quality of life questionnaire (OHIP-12). The collected data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test and independent T-test with an error level of 0.05% (p value < 0.05).Results: Mean patient's oral health-related quality of life after single tooth implant and after endodontic treatment was respectively 16.95 and 16.83 and all the studied parameters were shown to be above average. There was no significant difference between the type of treatment and patient's oral health-related quality of life (p value = 0.885). There was a significant difference between patient's gender and oral health-related quality of life in implant treatment (p value = 0.036).Conclusion: The oral health-related quality of life after single tooth implant treatment was comparable to endodontic treatment in patients and it was higher than average in both treatments.


Currently the problem of preventing cerebrovascular disorders, in which antiplatelet therapy takes one of the leading places, remains relevant. The efficiency of the therapy depends on a large number of modifiable and non-modifiable factors. There are many methods to assess the severity of the response to antiplatelet therapy, but there is no common approach to the assessment of the results and their prognostic significance. Further studies of this issue are essential with the aim of individualization of antiplatelet therapy thereby increasing its efficiency and safety.


The iodine-stabilized He-Ne lasers are the wavelength standard for metrology of lengths in mechanical engineering and microelectronics today. The high accuracy of the frequency of this standard predetermines this laser to be the fundamental etalon for laser interferometry. In the contribution, a novel approach to design of a control He-Ne-I2 electronics controlled by a PC computer is presented. During tuning the iodine spectrum can be monitored and frequency locking to the hyperfine lines is automatized. A general diagnostic via the computer is also available. The main aim of the design of a new electronic control unit was the attainment of a better noise suppression, higher reliability and better user comfort during operation. The design exploits the experience of using the first electronic system designed at the Institute of Scientific Instruments by B. Popela and his co-workers. The new stabilizing system is computer controlled, all functions are accessible only via the computer. The computer graphics of the PC gives an excellent opportunity of a highly comfortable operation. A simplified schematic is shown in figure 1. The control part consists of an interface, communication circuitry and data conversion, and switch controller. All the logic is of low consumption HC type and is galvanically isolated from the analog part. Data communication between the controller and digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters is executed through high-speed optocouplers.


Abstract The optimal nonlinear inversion or one-dimensional variational (1DVAR) method was used to retrieve the cloud-top height and effective cloud amount from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) sounder longwave spectral-band cloudy radiance measurements. The cloud-top pressure and effective cloud amount derived from the carbon dioxide (CO2)–slicing technique served as the background or first guess in the 1DVAR retrieval process. The atmospheric temperature profile, moisture profile, and surface skin temperature from the forecast analysis were used for the radiative transfer calculation in both the CO2-slicing method and the 1DVAR retrieval processing. Simulation studies were made to investigate the accuracy (the retrievals were compared with truth) of the cloud-top pressures and the effective cloud amounts derived from both the CO2-slicing and 1DVAR algorithms. Significant improvement of 1DVAR over CO2-slicing cloud properties was found in the simulation studies; an improvement of ...


In humor detection task, taking a context and its title as input, the model outputs the prediction of the humor type. Some datasets contain several classes with different amounts of examples, and in some cases, this difference can be very large. Due to the imbalance of the data classification labels, the model's training progress is significantly influenced by this difference. Under the misleading of the majority classes, the model always treats most of the examples as a few majority labels, and other minority classes cannot be learned. In our work, we propose a neural model with over-sampling and focal loss to solve this imbalanced data problem. The over-sampling method is used for the aspect of data, and the focal loss method is used for the aspect of model training. We conduct experiments on the Wocka joke dataset, and experimental results demonstrate that our model outperforms the baseline model in terms of accuracy.


NeuroIS uses tools such as electroencephalogram (EEG) that can be used to measure high brainwave frequencies that can be linked to human anxiety. Past research showed that computer anxiety influences how users perceive ease of use of a learning management system (LMS). Although computer anxiety has been used successfully to evaluate the usability of LMS, the main data collection mechanisms proposed for its evaluation have been questionnaires. Questionnaires suffer from possible problems such as being inadequate to understand some forms of information such as emotions and honesty in the responses. Quantum-based approaches to consciousness have been very popular in the last years including the quantum model reduction in microtubules of Penrose and Hameroff (1995). The objective of the chapter is to propose an architecture based on a NeuroIS that collects data by using EEG from users and then use the collected data to perform analytics by using a quantum consciousness model proposed for computer anxiety measurements for the usability testing of a LMS.


Abstract : An equation was derived for the mutual radiation impedance between two circular pistons in an infinite rigid baffle. This memorandum presents computer results for mutual impedance coefficients for various ka's, and discusses the difficulties involved in obtaining accurate results.


The main scaling causes of the steam turbine in the Sulfuric Acid Plant of the Three Circle Company are discussed,which result from the power of steam turbine with low quality of superheated steam caused by poor quality of desalting water,nonstandard boiler operation.Finally,the scaling of steam turbine is basically eliminated in the three sets of sulfuric acid plants from element sulfur raw material,through technological improvement that the Na+ and SiO2 contents in superheated steam are lowered from 2 412 ~ 4 350μg / L to 135 ~ 260μg / L,1 636 ~ 1 990μg / L to 16 ~ 80μg / L respectively.


Local governments, or municipalities, play a key role in water governance around the world owing to the many administrative competencies they hold, ranging from water service delivery to urban plan ...


Designing antennas in the presence of electrically large and complex structures such as cars or aircrafts has become an important issue for next generation communication systems. Based on the principle of equivalence, the hybridization approach which integrates the high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) techniques is adopted to perform the design task. In this paper, the convergence analysis of electric and magnetic current sampling is performed. Impact of the different sampling profiles on the overall accuracy and computation effort is also investigated through numerical examples.


Complex fuzzy set, as an extension of classical fuzzy sets, could describe the fuzzy characters of things more detail and comprehensively and is very useful in dealing with vagueness and uncertainty of problems that include the periodic or recurring phenomena. Note that a complex fuzzy set is different from the fuzzy complex set introduced and discussed by many scholars, since the membership degree of a complex fuzzy set is a complex number with length less than or equal to 1 while a fuzzy complex set is a real number with membership degree less than or equal to 1, and the universe is the complex plane. As the mathematical theoretical basis of fuzzy mathematics, fuzzy set and its mapping, corresponding fuzzy complex set and its mapping have been investigated in depth because they integrate and cross the methods and results of classical real analysis and complex analysis. However, there is no comprehensive investigation on complex fuzzy set and its corresponding mathematical theory, even include decomposition theorems, extension principles and the basic operations of the complex fuzzy set. As is well known, the cut set of fuzzy sets is the bridge between fuzzy sets and classical sets, which plays a significant role in fuzzy sets and fuzzy systems. In this paper, the concept of (r, θ)-cut sets of complex fuzzy sets is proposed and their properties are discussed. Meanwhile, the decomposition theorems and the extension principles of complex fuzzy set based on (r, θ)-cut sets are deduced and corresponding properties are investigated. All these conclusions not only deeply enrich the fundamental theory of complex fuzzy set, but also provide a powerful tool to investigate complex fuzzy set. Finally, an example application of signal detection demonstrates the utility of the (r, θ)-cut sets of complex fuzzy sets in practice.


This paper presents a high-efficiency stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) lighting system which can provide functional illumination based on high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp. HPS lamp in the system works at very high efficiency with specially designed ballast and ignitor. In order to provide a steady-state operating environment for HPS lamp, a DC-DC converter and a DC-AC inverter are also implemented. A high frequency also remarkably reduces the size and the operating noise of the ballast. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is also implemented in this system. Experimental results will show the performances of the photovoltaic lighting system.


The high demand of high strength high performance concrete (HSHPC) in concrete industries attracts researchers to be more focused on improving the performance characteristics of HSHPC: workability, mechanical properties and durability. Applying high strength concrete, one of the performance characteristics, is beneficial for high rise buildings to increase the space of occupation and save the cost of maintenance in the long term. There is a need to study on HSHPC incorporating rice husk ash (RHA) due to limited information on utilizing RHA in HSHPC with low w/b. The binder and w/b adopted in this study were 550 kg/m and 0.25, respectively. The results reported included fresh, hardened and durability properties of high performance 100 MPa concrete incorporating 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% RHA as well as 10% condensed silica fume (CSF). The results revealed that the compressive, flexure and tensile strengths, and modulus of elasticity of concrete incorporating 10 % RHA are better than that of 10% CSF and plain concrete. The initial surface absorption (ISA) value of RHA is also better than that of OPC and CSF concrete at 28 days. RHA is proven as the alternative to silica fume in producing high performance concrete through achievable workability, strength, durability and strength efficiency of cement. The outcomes show the potential of using RHA to produce HPC. RHA has the prospective for contributing to the sustainable development and economic prosperity of the construction and agricultural industries especially to the rice growing nation worldwide. Keywords-component: high performance concrete; rice husk ash; workability; mechanical properties


Hurricane Michael made landfall in the Florida panhandle 27 days before the 2018 elections. In the aftermath the governor issued Executive Order 18-283, allowing election officials in eight affected counties to loosen a variety of voting laws and consolidate polling places but providing no emergency funding to maintain the planned number of polling places. We test the efficacy of the order, using a novel research design that separates the weather effects of the hurricane on turnout from the administrative effects of how the election was run. We find little evidence that the hurricane itself (as proxied by historically relative rainfall) reduced turnout but that the executive order likely had large, negative turnout effects thanks to widespread polling place consolidation. Natural disasters need not spell turnout disasters if state and local election officials can avoid reducing the number of polling places.


Fault diagnosis is becoming extremely important for safety and high reliability of complex systems. But the fault diagnosis for complex system is the decision with uncertainty under small sample. The characteristics of complex system fault diagnosis require utilizing all kinds of information adequately. BN provides a flexible means of representing and reasoning with probabilistic information. Uncertainty and dependences are easily incorporated in the analysis. In the article, the application of Bayesian networks (BN) for monitoring and diagnosis of complex system is described. Furthermore, we propose leaky noisy-OR model to reduce the data requirements in BN inference. The advantages of BN model for complex system fault diagnosis are demonstrated through example.


Black hole solution of the Einstein equations containing supertranslation field is studied in the context of the Israel theorem. Axial-symmetric solution diffeomorphic to the Schwarzschild solution is discussed. The solution apparently violates the Israel theorem. The solution is transformed to a form with the horizon located at the sphere $r=2M$, where $M$ is the mass of black hole. Violation of the theorem is shown to be due to singular behavior of solution at the horizon. Violation of the assumption of finiteness of the square of the Riemann tensor, crucial for validity of the theorem, results in changes in the Israel inequalities. We examine step by step the resulting changes in the proof of the theorem, and show how the changes allow for existence of a vacuum solution not reducible to the Schwarzschild space-time.


A two-terminal memristor can be used for information memory and logic operation as well as serving as an artificial synapse for neuromorphic computing. Selective memory with some enjoyable information to be remembered and other to be screened out can be emulated by an artificial synapse. In this work, a memristor based on a single WO3 nanowire can be constructed, which demonstrates the co-existence of bipolar nonvolatile and volatile resistive switching (RS) behaviors that can be tuned by the amplitude of the operation voltage. For small operation voltages (2 V), the device demonstrates nonvolatile analog RS, which can be utilized as an artificial synapse with long- and short-term plasticity. The learning–forgetting experience of human can be emulated based on the artificial synapse. Moreover, the artificial synapse can be used for image recognition with the recognition accuracy up to 94% for small hand-written image. On the other hand, volatile RS can be observed with large operation voltages (6 V). Furthermore, based on the diverse nonvolatile and volatile RS behaviors, selective memory can be emulated. Our fabricated memristor can be used as an artificial synapse to achieve image recognition and to emulate selective memory, which paves a way to construct smart neuromorphic systems facing complex information.


In this paper,Malthus model,Logistic model and A linear regression model were fitted by the population statistics of Ya'an City from 1985 to 2009 year,through the comparison between the predicted values and the actual value from 2006 to 2009 year,Malthus model and Logistic model which had the high precision were selected to predict the total population of Ya'an City from 2010 to 2020 year.Prediction results showed that the total population of Ya'an City in 2010 year will reach 1.562 1 million,and in 2020 year the total population will reach 1.628 1 million.At the same time,the influence factors of population development of Ya'an City were investigated on the basis of the prediction.In order to provide reference for making the national economy and social development strategy,realizing population resourcing and environment sustainable development.


Development of Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua was studied on 27 host plants at 27′2°C. Larval period was minimum (12.2 days) on Beta valgaris and maximum (16.2 days) on Solanum melongena. Maximum larvae (68.3%) completed development on Ricinus communis and minimum larvae (20.0%) when fed on S. melongena. Pupal weight, fecundity and total survival was also lowest on this host indicating its least suitability for the development of this pest.


Dual-band compact artificial magnetic conductors AMC have been presented for Wi-Fi frequency bands. The periodicity of both the structure is less than 0,13λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength of the lower resonant frequency, making it very compact. The structures act as AMC for 2.5 and 5.5 GHz WLAN bands providing good frequency stability for both TE and TM polarizations when the angle of incidence is varied from 0 to 60°. A comparison between the two designs i.e. one with via and other without via has been presented and these are compared with a third AMC given in literature. The proposed AMCs have increased bandwidth performance, better frequency stability at oblique incidence and are ultra compact for practical communication application.


In order to make students not only master the basic knowledge of mathematics education, meanwhile design and implement effective teaching and learning activities for the children of 3-6 years old, and evaluate teaching effectiveness, some exploratory reforms are carried out, including the integration of teaching contents, teaching methods, assessment, implementation of teaching reform and teaching reflection.


Discernibility matrix based on methods for synthetical evaluation are slow in index reduction and weight assignment,for repeated comparisons of instances exist.Here,an improved method based on generalized information table was presented. This method is a transmutation of discernibility matrix,but it can accomplish index reduction and weight assignment more quickly,and its application in government efficiency evaluation was given to demonstrate its validity and feasibility.


Is this a likely diagnosis ?' If so, the interest lies in the sex of the child. The ordinary form is a sex-linked recessive, but in a girl it cannot be inherited in this way. And if the same condition is inherited in two different ways, is it the same condition ? Probably not. Have neurologists noted clinical differences in cases in girls, from the ordinary type of case in families in which only boys are affected, and the condition is transmitted by the females ?


The effect of no-tillage with rice-seedling throwing on profile morphology was investigated by comparison of conventional tillage and no-tillage lasted two and seven years.The results showed that conventional tillage with rice-seedling throwing did not significantly affect morphology,but no-tillage with rice-seedling throwing formed new morphology of sub-plough-layer.The upper layers in no-tillage treatments became looser,more acidic and blacker compared with conventional tillage.The rice roots were concentrated in the surface layer and the location of fissures was raised in the plough layers in the no-tillage treatments.The plough layer solum constitutions of no-tillage without rice straw returning to paddy soils was Aa1-Aa2-Aa3,while that of no-tillage with rice straw returning to paddy soils was O-Aa1-Aa2-Aa3.The no-tillage with rice straw returning to paddy soil reduced soil density and had more iron-humus mottling,blacker and looser plough layers,but the no-tillage without rice straw returning to paddy soils tended to have solid sub-layer and thinner upper layer.Thus the profile formed by no-tillage with rice straw returning to paddy soils is the best to coordinate soil fertility.


A high-performance bifunctional Co–P foam catalyst was successfully synthesized by facile one-step electrodeposition at a high cathodic current density. The synthetic approach includes fast generation of hydrogen bubbles as well as fast deposition of Co–P, which played a key role in forming a porous Co–P foam structure. The Co–P foam exhibits remarkable electrocatalytic activity and stability in both acidic and alkaline solution. Its HER activity was recorded with an overpotential of 50 mV in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 131 mV in 1 M KOH at 10 mA cm , which is comparable to that of commercial Pt/C (h@10 mA cm 0.5 M H2SO4: 33 mV, h10 mA, 1 M KOH: 80 mV). The Co–P foam (h@10 mA cm : 300 mV) exhibits better OER activities than Ir/C (h@10 mA cm : 345 mV) and RuO2 (h@10 mA cm : 359 mV) in 1 M KOH solution. The excellent performance of the Co–P foam as an HER and OER catalyst can be attributed to the charge separation between Co and P in Co–P foam as well as the porous foam structure providing a large electrochemically active surface area (ECSA). The ECSA of the Co–P foam was calculated to be 118 cm, which was 2.4 times higher than that of a Co–P film (49 cm).


Diversification across timerepresent to be diversified by lengthening time ownership of portofolio had to give opportunity to sekuritas owning ugly return will close over with return or next ownership times.


Fish is a food that is very susceptible to degradation. One way to maintain the freshness of the fish is by using packaging edible coating with natural ingredients. This study used that chitosan and chienese lemon extract (Citrus mitis) as the natural agent in edible coating production. The purpose of this study was to examine the application of edible coating made from chitosan and citrus mitis on tuna fillets and to test the application of edible coating at each concentration, to get the best concentration based on pH and Total Bacterial Count (TBC). Tuna fillet with a size of 3 x 5 cm with a thickness of 1 cm was made edible coating by immersion system. Furthermore, edible coating made from chitosan in the concentrations of 1–4% was made by acetic acid solvent of 1% at a temperature of 50°C for 60 min, followed by the addition of 0.5% glycerol. On the other hand, edible coating made from citrus mitis in the concentration of 10-40% was made by jelly solution of 1% at 50°C for 60 min, followed by adding 0.5% of glycerol. Based on this study, it was understood that the best concentration for edible coating made from chitosan and citrus mitis was respectively 1% (pH 5.67; TBC 4.93) and 40% (pH 5.32; TBC 6.23). Furthermore it was known that the higher acid concentration, the better edible coating was obtained.


In recent years, the rapid growth of commerce has led the upgrade of retail, real estate development mode. In the process, the trend of synergy development among retail, real estate and finance has been more and more obvious. In this paper, we analyzed the causes of the synergy development from three aspects, retail, real estate and finance industry. And through the compare of operation mode, we derived that multi-agent collaborative mode was more suitable for Chinas retail industry.


To investigate the application of contrast‐enhanced sonography compared with conventional sonography and contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) for diagnosis of space‐occupying lesions in the extrahepatic bile duct.


The objectives of this research were to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanolic onion extract from 3 varieties ( Allium cepa Linn., Allium ascalonicum Linn. and Murraya koenigii ) and application in mixed fruit and vegetable juice. Determination of chemical properties of onion extract included total phenolic compound, flavonoid, antioxidant activity by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH) assays. Antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus , Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis was performed by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibacterial index (AI). Results showed that Allium ascalonicum Linn. (RO) extract contained the highest amount of total phenolic compound, flavonoid and antioxidant activity by FRAP and DPPH assays (17.22±2.24 µmol GAE/g DW, 3.10± 0.23 µmol QT/g DW, 5.65±0.44 µmol trolox/g DW and 6.27±0.21 mg vit C/g DW, respectively). All onion extracts were able to inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria except Salmonella Enteritidis with MIC between 0.125-1.75 g/mL and AI between 14.09-24.81. All onion extracts significantly (p£0.05) increased total phenolic compound and flavonoid contents in mixed fruit and vegetable juice. All onion extracts were able to inhibit the growth of B. cereus , S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7 approximately 2, 2 and 1.5 log CFU/mL in mixed fruit and vegetable juice, respectively, during the storage at 4 °C for 14 days.


Prof. Dr. Tara Prasad Upadhyaya, Prabin Acharya AbstractThe significance of Remittances has been considerable in economic growth via changed in consumption and investment pattern. In such scenario of growing role of Remittance in Nepalese economy the objective of this study is to identify the long run relationship as well as cause and effect relationship between Remittance and GDP in Nepal. Johansen Cointegration test and Granger Causality test have been used to study annual time series data from 1974/75 to 2015/16. The Johansen Cointegration suggests that there is no long run equilibrium relationship between GDP and Remittance. Engle Granger causality test finds that there is uni-directional causality running from Remittance to GDP.


Background: Human activities (e.g., logging and grazing) have perturbed the few beech forests that persist in the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. However, basic information about ecological relationship in beech forests are scarce. Questions: How are the relationship among structural components in a forest with high dominance of Fagus grandiflora subsp. mexicana? Species study: Fagus grandiflora subsp. mexicana an endangered tree species. Study site and dates: During 2015-2016 in a beech forest of Fagus grandiflora subsp. mexicana in San Bartolo Tutotepec, Hidalgo, Mexico. Methods: In four circular plots (11.28 m diameter), all tree species were recorded. For seed bank sampling five circular subplots were established in each plot. Two soil samples (50 × 50 cm, 5 cm deep) were collected and seedlings were recorded in five subplots (two meters in diameter) in each plot. All species of seeds, seedlings and trees were identified. Results: Seed bank was composed of 32 species while 17 and 9 species were registered for seedlings and trees, respectively. F. grandifolia subsp. mexicana and Quercus delgadoana were abundant both in seedling bank and tree canopy. Species compositions among the three beech forest structural components were significantly different. Conclusions: The relationship among structural components were low. Quercus delgadoana in a future scenario would replace F. grandiflora subsp. mexicana as the dominant species in the forest.


A novel approach to realize DFB gratings on GaN based laser diodes is presented and single longitudinal mode operation is achieved. For lasers with plasma-etched surface gratings, single mode operation was maintained until 900 mA and the spectral width FWHM was less than 5 pm with a SMSR of more than 29 dB. Moreover, several issues limiting the performance of semipolar III-Nitride DFB laser diodes with the etched grating are also addressed in this work. Besides these first order gratings that were formed by electron beam lithography and shallow plasma etching, an improved grating design based on dielectric teeth imbedded into ITO is described, along with the design's impact on power and spectral performance. Particularly, by utilizing the HSQ resist, we focus on reducing the high operating voltage by imbedding the grating inside the transparent conductive oxide layer without dry etching. This new design with a non-etched imbedded grating successfully reduces the threshold voltage and achieves an output power of more than 200 mW under pulsed operation from an anti-reflection coated facet.


Based on the analysis of the dynamic changes of grain production in Northeast Region,applying the methods such as grey interrelated analysis and CD's production function.The main driving forces of grain production in the region were analyzed.The results indicate: chemical fertilizer input had the greatest contribution to grain,which had increasing trend,then the irrigation assuming weakening trend,the contribution of gross agricultural machinery was not notable;correlation order was put in the order of chemical fertilizer input,gross agricultural machinery and irrigation area.Lastly the author analyzed major problems that grain production in Northeast Region was faced with,development trend and strategy selection of sustainability and high efficiency of grain development,and put forward the corresponding countermeasures and measures.


On the basis of the heat exchange equation,the differences of the temperature and thermal stress of the laser medium between thermal compensation and uncompensation are analyzed.The analysis results are verified by using the finite element method and experiment.The experimental results agree with theoretical analysis.


The longevity of landscapes on cratons has set them apart from those in other tectonic settings. This is exemplified over much of the North Australian Craton where landscapes that have for over half a century been argued to be largely the product of cycles of erosion throughout the Cainozoic are in fact composed mainly of ranges, valleys, and plains which pre-date the Cretaceous; valleys incised into upland plateaus, and graded to lowland plains, are in numerous places filled with Cretaceous sediments. Many of the lowland plains are exhumed Proterozoic and pre-Late Jurassic features, and appear to be older than neighboring areas of upland plateaus, which were likely graded to the Cretaceous sea. The antiquity of these landscapes and the disparity in age between higher and lower elevation planation surfaces highlights the inadequacy of global applications of existing models of long-term landscape evolution and theories concerned with the preservation of paleoforms in cratonic settings.