Abstract The effect of test method on the transition from multiple to single peak dynamic recrystallization is reviewed. Data obtained from tension, compression, and torsion tests are used to evaluate the dependence of the peak and recrystallization strains on the peak stress. It is shown that the intersection stress at which the peak and recrystallization strains are equal depends on the type of test employed. Thus, it does not conform to the critical transition stress which distinguishes between grain refinement (and single peak flow) on the one hand, and grain coarsening (and multiple peak flow) on the other. The discrepancy arises because factors such as flow localization, stress gradients, friction, and the difficulty of determining the surface shear stress from torque data all affect the peak and recrystallization strains, thus modifying the intersection stress.


The main purpose of this research is to determine the possibility of substituting in‐place core density (% Gmm) for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Quality Assurance (QA) in Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) Specification with Intelligent Compaction (IC) measurements. A questionnaire survey and interviews were conducted to gather information on: (1) the usage of IC technology in other states, (2) the benefits of applying IC technology, and (3) the application of IC technology for Quality Control/ Quality Assurance (QC/QA). Also the data available from IC demonstration performed on US 52 in 2009 was analyzed to identify the relationship between in‐place density values (i.e., Non‐Nuclear Gauge, NNG) and the IC Measurement Values (ICMVs). According to survey responses from 26 agencies, there was no state DOT using IC for QA as of June 2014. Only two DOTs, including Alaska and Vermont have adopted IC in HMA compaction for QC. The reasons for not using IC technology in current QC/QA practices were: (1) satisfaction with existing QC/QA procedure, (2) difficulty of adjustment due to the lack of specifications in determining stiffness in HMA, and (3) lack of availability of IC equipment with contractors. However, it was responded that the most benefits of IC was night time paving and uniform compaction in QC. Analysis of the intelligent compaction measurement value (ICMV) data obtained from a demonstration project on US 52 indicated that a NNG correlation showed an R2 value of 0.67. This finding supports the IC implementation in the current INDOT HMA QC. It should be noted that a correlation between core‐density and ICMV could not be determined due to lack of reliable data. In conclusion, the research could not identify any possibility of adding IC into the INDOT specification for QA based on the survey, phone interviews and analysis of the data obtained from IC demonstration on US 52.


Abstract The feasibility of the pressure swing distillation in different batch column configurations is investigated. The method is based on the assumption of maximal separation. Besides studying the well known batch configurations (rectifier, stripper, middle vessel column) we also suggest two novel configurations such as double column batch rectifier and double column batch stripper. We also study the alternate application of a rectifier and a stripper.


DURING THE last few decades, 'state intervention', of a positive kind, in the ownership, operation and regulation oi indu~tries and services has become an essential part oi governmental activity. Among the developing countries, there is hardly a government that is not managing an expanding public cnterpsisc sector. In India, as a direct consequence oi the directive principles or state policy, the industrial policy resolution of 1956 and the government's owned declaration of establishing a socialistic pattern of society, the public sector has come to occupy a commanding position.


Commentary on : Vidal-Petiot E, Ford I, Greenlaw N, et al. Cardiovascular event rates and mortality according to achieved systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with stable coronary artery disease: an international cohort study. Lancet 2016;388:2142–52.[OpenUrl][1]

Very large observational studies have provided evidence against a 'J-shaped association' between systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).1 The log-linear relationship observed in these studies indicates that, within the normal physiological BP range, there is no threshold below which associations change qualitatively. In order to mitigate the risk of confounding and reverse causality, these studies appropriately excluded people with known CVD. However, this selection has contributed to continued controversy over possible thresholds, particularly among those with established coronary heart disease (CHD); over 20 …

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Objective:To investigate the efficacy of edaravone for treatment of acute cerebral infarction(ACI).Methods:One hundred and twenty patients with the onset of ACI less than 24 h,were randomly assigned to receive edaravone(n=60) or placebo(n=60).The clinical the rapeutic effects were evaluated at baseline and 30 d after treatment by use of the Chinese Stroke Scale (CSS) and Barthel Index (BI).Results:The total effective rate of edaravone goup were significantly higher than that of the control goup(93.3% vs 78.3%,P0.05).On 30 d after treatment,the CSS scores were significantly decreased and BI was significantly increased in edaravone goup as compared with control goup(P0.01).Conclusion:Edaravone injection is effective and safe in the treatment of acute cerepral infartion


OBJCTIVE To determine of tobramycin by MPLC. METHOD The Pre-column derivetization using 2,4- dinitrofluorobenzene(DNFB) Was Carried out. The separation was perfomed on a Agilent Hypersil ODS column. The mobile phase was 0.25% tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-acetonitrile 0.5mol·L-1 sulfuric acid (40∶59∶1). The flow rate was 1.2ml/min and detected at 365nm. RESUITS The linear responsed in the ranged of 10-100μg(r=0.9999).The average recovery was100.9%(RSD=1.5%). Conclusion:The method wis simple, accurate and highly reproductive, and can be used for the quality control of tobramycin.


An acoustic event detection system is presented, which was installed at all four Units of Paks Nuclear Power Plant in 2002, and since that it w as modified several times to follow technical developments. It monitors the whole reacto coolant system including its components. The original aim of the system was to monitor and detect loose parts. Fortunately loose part occurs rather rar ely, but several events have been registered since the beginning of its operation . Event detection is based on Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT), which is the f as est method in the sense it requires the minimum number of samples to f ind the event. It is demonstrated, that SPRT can detect events buried in the background n ise. Monitoring system is fully automated, collecting all abnormal occurrences, i.e. deviation from normal operation, deviation from usual background n oises, etc. We also demonstrate the typical spectra of the operation of different component s. During the 13 years of operation flow induced vibrations of motor o perated valves were monitored continuously, movement of the control rod driving mechanism were registered. System automatically records the start of the main coolant pumps detecting small size loose parts named debris. Sensitivity is demonstrated w ith automated registration of the water flowing from the control rod bank du ring outage of the reactor.


In recent years, live webcast classes have been increasingly used in China as an approach to alleviating educational poverty through equal access to high-quality education. Many schools in impoverished areas have managed to increase their proportions of students entering college by introducing the new model. While celebrating improved learning outcomes of a small percentage of students, educators should also be concerned about the overall academic wellbeing and sustainable development of less successful students. In the present study, academic wellbeing was conceptualized as a multidimensional construct covering seven dimensions, namely Empathy, Support, Responsiveness, Reliability, Tangibility, Self-efficacy and Buoyancy. Data were collected from 136 twelfth-grade students who had studied in live webcast classes. The results show that the overall academic wellbeing in live webcast classes was consistent among students of different academic performance levels, but the specific dimensions of academic wellbeing that they think mostly need improvement varied among different student groups. The findings of this study suggest that learner wellbeing and sustainability can be enhanced by closer collaboration between live webcast instructors and local teachers in instructional materials design, exercise and test questions' compilation, as well as students' self-study facilitation. The degree to which a local teacher should be involved in classroom teaching depends on the students' academic level and learning needs.


SPECTRUM, an event-driven, mixed-signal, circuit simulation program, is discussed. By integrating high-level behavioral modeling and dynamic partitioning techniques, SPECTRUM is able to simulate complex digital/analog circuits accurately while taking maximal advantage of circuit latency. The current version of SPECTRUM uses a simple fixed-step integration algorithm. Multirate integration techniques are being evaluated. SPECTRUM has been used successfully in a large number of designs ranging from delta-sigma data acquisition systems complete with digital filters to high-resolution algorithmic analog-to-digital converters. In all complex, mixed-signal designs encountered to date, the algorithmic flexibility and the powerful behavioral modeling capability have been used to simulate the entire design. All simulated designs have been found to be fully functional in first-time silicon.<<ETX>>


The motion of the boundary between dark and light domains in a crystal with increasing absorption-optical bistability (the so-called kink) is considered. In the low diffusion limit the kink moves undergoing effective viscous friction which essentially affects the output intensity. The crystal boundary influence on the kink is substantial if the diffusion is sufficiently high. No jumping kink motion resulting in a sawtooth structure of the output intensity can take place in a pure crystal unless a compound material consisting of isolated semiconductor crystals is used.

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Pakistani society is male dominant society and patriarchal values are rife there from her emergence. Sara Suleri's father is a man of words and makes himself clear in firm and clear tone. Sara Suleri has tried to portray this scenario through her memoir Boys will be Boys. Though Sara touches the topics of politics, history and culture of Pakistan but main focus is circumstances in which concept of male gaze seems to be overloaded here. Norms of traditions prevalent in Pakistan always favor male member of society. Male gaze concept is one of the off-shoot of feminist ideology; where patriarchy, dominance and upperhand are norms. Sara Suleri's father is perfect example of patriarchy. He always tried to force his point of view on female family members. Keywords— Patriarchal values, Suppression of Women, Feministic Ideology, Male gaze, dominance.


To define a resilient maintenance budget, facility managers need to possess a profound knowledge of legal requirements, technical standards as well as relevant economic influences involved in the maintenance of technical building facilities. The AMEV (German working group for machine and electrical technology in state and municipal organisations) therefore initiated a state funded quantitative research project based on the empirical data of 140 federal buildings to gain more knowledge about influences, interdependencies and economic figures on the maintenance of technical building equipment as well as recommendations on servicing and inspection intervals according to the German standards. The major goal was to complete a scientifically sound analysis and evaluation of the key influencing factors to improve the accuracy and reliability of future budget calculations over the long term. To do so it was possible to develop an empirical database volume of almost 10,000 datasets for maintenance as a basis of investigation. Based on the dataset numerous correlation and cluster analysis were conducted to identify relevant influencing factors, such as the "age of the facility", the "building height" or the "type of use". As a result, these influences will be incorporated in the future calculation procedure by weighted correcting factors.


With virtual instrument technology,a data acquisition system of photovoltaic power based on microprocessor was developed.The implement scheme of the whole system was introduced.The software system implement methods were emphasized,including ActiveX,notification,event-driven and ADO technology.By functions of data acquisition,real-time display,data storage and report generation,this system can monitor parameters of photovoltaic power and provide data for analyzing and studying the performance of photovoltaic power system.


Diabetes insipidus resistant to the injection of antidiuretic hormone (pitressin or A.D.H.) is a rare disease which during the past 10 years has been recognized to be different from classical diabetes insipidus. Warkany and Mitchell (1939) reviewed hereditary diabetes insipidus but made no clear distinction between hypothalamo-pituitary and renal cases. Some of the early cases were found to be pitressin-resistant, e.g., those of Bailey and Bremer (1921), but the separate nature of the conditions was not clearly shown until 1945, when Waring, Kajdi and Tappan described


As many French soldiers as ANZACs fought at Gallipoli. Their preconceptions had more to do with colonial campaigning than with the dominant French experience of the Great War — mass mobilisation to defend the nation on home territory. Moreover, a significant proportion of the troops at the Dardanelles were colonial. Yet the French soldiers discovered at Gallipoli a 'front' that was part of the mutual siege that ringed Europe and that bore more than a passing resemblance to the front in France. The article explores the experiences and perceptions of the French soldiers facing this paradox.


The present invention overlap the boundaries between shots occurring in the exposure operation to form the pattern on each layer, in order to decrease the stitch failure relates to a method and a method of manufacturing a substrate for a liquid crystal display device using the same, which form a pattern on the substrate dispersed without. Specifically, in order to form a pattern on a substrate by the present invention, first, after forming the first material layer, the first through the exposure operation for the two or more shot to the material layer carried with a boundary line between at least one shot claim 1 proceeds the photolithography process to form a first pattern. Then, the first and then forming a second material layer over the pattern, and the second, but twice or more shot to the material layer carried with a boundary line between at least one shot, shot to-boundary is between the shot generated by the first photolithography process proceeding to a second photolithography process with the exposure operation to leave the boundary line with a predetermined interval position to form a second pattern. Further, using such a pattern forming method to prepare a substrate for a liquid crystal display device. Stitch boundaries between shots, the exposure operation, the substrate for a liquid crystal display device


The library offers tools for authors, information on Open Access Publishing, and recommended Web resources Presenting some of the basics on journals and scholarly publishing


Objective To study the status of pain cognition for clinical nurses from primary hospitals by survey.Method Investigate 326 clinical nurses from 4 hospitals of Lin'an city by pain cognition questionnaire for clinical nurses from primary hospitals,which includes basic information of nurses,knowledge and attitude on pain management,cognition on possibility of narcotic analgesics addiction and demand on pain training.Result The average score of pain management knowledge and attitude for clinical nurses from primary hospitals is(44.8±3.0).The pass rate is 0.3%.Nurses have severe deviation on cognition of narcotic analgesics addiction and a great demand on pain knowledge training.Conclusion Cognition on pain for clinical nurses from primary hospitals should be improved.Pain management knowledge,systematic training and communication between doctors and nurses should be enhanced to improve quality of pain nursing.


The police's tactics at night are very special since they are changeable,concealed,complex,and dangerous as well.The police should try to win with intelligence and right tactics,but not with rashly fight,so as to avoid or reduce the injury and death to a maximum.The tactics at night deserve deep study.This paper analyses the form,requirements,cooperation and methods of such tactics as observing and monitoring at night,watching by instruments,carrying out arrest tactics,controlling of lights,etc..


During the Anti-Japanese War,poet Tianjian published many pointed ideas on poetry.They cover thoughts on the time,the mass,the author,and also on the praising and exposing function of poetry,the creation,the innovation and popularization of poems.His ideas greatly enriched modern Chinese poetics.


Attempts to develop artificial diets for the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), have had limited success (Hsiao 1972; Krzymanska and Zwolinska-Sniatalowa 1980). Consequently, all available rearing methods require the use of fresh potato foliage (e.g., de Wilde 1957) and large greenhouse space over an extended period of time. We needed a rearing method that could produce batches of beetles < 1 week old and with synchronized emergence (± 3 days) from a small laboratory colony of < 100 pairs of adults. One method might have been to induce adult diapause and break it whenever sufficient numbers had accumulated for testing. Unfortunately, this method requires mature adults that have fed for 1–2 weeks. not her procedure used in rearing a number of insect species uses a period of low temperature storage. For example, 2nd instar Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) can be stored at 1°C for 4–8 months (Grisdale 1970). Wegorek (1959) suggested that the hatching of eggs of L. decemlineata could similarly be delayed by placing them at relatively low temperatures. Wegorek observed that the incubation period of the eggs in Poland could take < 8 days in warm weather but last as long as 19 days in periods of cool weather when the temperature fell below 15°C. The feasibility of using this temperature dependence for incubation in our rearing program was investigated.


The author believes feminism is a paradox that calls on women to defend other women's rights to make choices with which they may not agree while maintaining their own ethical integrity. She describes her confusion after attending a panel discussion on feminism where the speakers' tried hard to agree with each other, regardless of their own views.


To perform long endurance military missions, small, unattended sensor packages must generate and harvest power from their surroundings. The experiments described extend our previous studies on the possibility of using piezoelectric polymers as power generation devices. Thin flexible piezoelectric membranes, or "eels," are mounted aft of a rectangular bluff body and are excited by vortex shedding in the wake of the body. This flapping motion generates strain energy in the material that can be converted to electric power and stored in a battery to power small sensors and an acoustic modem. Here we report new experiments on the behavior of multiple eels, stacked vertically behind a single bluff body. Experiments show a range of flow regimes, ranging from poorly coupled motions, where three-dimensionality in the vortex shedding is important, to an optimally coupled state, where the membranes oscillate at the natural frequency of the undisturbed wake. The effects of membrane length are also studied. Figure 1: Vortex shedding from a leading bluff body causes deformation in a flexible membrane. The motion of the membrane is "locked in" when it is flapping at the shedding frequency of the leading body.


The methods and parameters of the solutions of deep marine soft soil are often relatively simple,which always results in unsuitable foundation treatments,and waste of expenses and resources. In order to save the cost,the concept,classification and characteristics of multiple composite foundation were introduced by analyzing the advantages,disadvantages and applicability of several conventional simple processing methods. The multiple composite foundation,i. e. cement mixing pile and cement fly-ash gravel pile coupled treatment technology,was proposed to treat deep marine soft soil foundation in the municipal road projects in Pingtan,Fujian Province. According to the requirements of allowable settlement,the scheme comparison was carried out to optimize the arrangement of foundation,which saved about 9 percent cost of this project.


Opportunistic networks (OppNets) are a type of challenged network where there is no guaranteed of end-to-path between the nodes for data delivery because of intermittent connectivity, node mobility and frequent topology changes. In such an environment, the routing of data is a challenge since the battery power of the mobile nodes drains out quickly because of multi-routing activities such as scanning, transmitting, receiving, and computational processing, effecting the overall network performance. In this paper, a novel routing protocol for OppNets called Energy-Efficient Check-and-Spray Geocast Routing (EECSG) is proposed, which introduces an effective way of message distribution in the geocasting region to all residing nodes while saving the energy consumption by restricting the unnecessary packet transmission in that region. A Check-and-Spray technique is also introduced to eliminate the overhead of packets in the geocast region. The proposed EECSG is evaluated by simulations and compared against the Efficient and Flexible Geocasting for Opportunistic Networks (GSAF) and the Centrality- Based Geocasting for Opportunistic networks (CGOPP) routing protocols in terms of average latency, delivery ratio, number of messages forwarded, number of dead nodes, overhead ratio, and hop count, showing superior performance.


The purpose of this study is to identify multi-source dynamic loads acting on the practical engineering structure. In this study, we propose a new iterative Tikhonov regularization method (MITR) based on a new functional operator, and strictly prove its stability and definition from the mathematical theory. This inverse technology has been validated by numerical benchmarks and engineering example involving dynamic load identification. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed method reduces the number of iterations and also can obtain more efficient and numerically stable approximation of the true loads compared with the iterative Tikhonov regularization method (ITR), which verifies the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method.


Salinity is one of the major growth and yield limiting factor in crop production. Wheat being staple food loses its yield potential when grown in saline soils, however, this problem can be managed by identification and growing the salt tolerant genotypes. Seed is a primitive part which when exposed to salinity gets problem in germination. Current study was planned to investigate seed germination indicators for early selection of salinity tolerant wheat genotypes. Three salinity levels along with one control i.e., 0 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM and 150 mM were used to treat 125 genotypes sown in complete randomized design in replicates. All the genotypes were found significant for germination speed index (GSI), time required for germination of 50% seeds (T50), mean germination time (MGT), mean germination rate (MGR), variance of germination time (VGT), coefficient of variation of germination time (CVt), germination speed coefficient (CVG), and non-significant for final germination percentage (FGP), time required for germination of 90% (T90), germination synchrony (Sync) and uncertainty (Unc). Salinity treatments were found to be significant for all seed germination indicators except uncertainty (Unc). FGP had positive correlation with GSI, MGT, T50, T90, Sync and Unc, and negative correlation with CVG, MGR and CVt. By contrast, MGR showed negative correlation with all indicators except CVt. Moreover, MGT was found positive correlated with FGP, GSI, T50, T90, VGT and Uni, however, negative correlation was observed with CVG, MGR, CVt and Sync. Based on the salt tolerant index (STI), our results categorize wheat genotypes into tolerant (11 genotypes), moderate tolerant (38 genotypes), moderate sensitive (48 genotypes) and sensitive (28 genotypes). Overall, these findings reveal important parameters to select salinity tolerant plants at germination stage which could help in early identification of salt-tolerance genotypes In vitro .


Company Ramshacklicious came in residency at Atelier 231, as part of the ZEPA 2 project, to work on their new show Grime. During this month-long residency, video workshops have been organised in…


Abstract : Visual processing has predominantly been aimed at labeled, static images (e.g., caltech101), ignoring a) moving images, which constitute a vast amount of visual data (e.g., youtube, television, as well as all natural visual real-world experience); and b) unlabeled images; despite the fact that labeling is among the most time-intensive aspect of vision research. We studied 1) the development of tasks for visual processing of moving scenes, to provide the field with datasets and benchmarks, to begin to try to catch up to the very large number of static visual datasets; and 2) development and testing of algorithms for vision for time-varying images (VTV), including evaluation of existing algorithms and development of novel approaches. This grant was intended to be a relatively brief (18 month) initial proof-of-principle effort. It has arguably exceeded its initial aims: we have developed novel algorithms for object recognition and localization in both still images and in videos, and we have carried out initial evaluations comparing the new methods with previous approaches. The results, described herein, are promising, and ongoing work is aimed at extending the initial findings to include a suite of advanced approaches to VTV tasks.


With the emergence of computers and networks, the social needs for English competence have presented a diversified and professionalized trend. The current single teaching model can no longer satisfy students' needs. To cater to different demands of students and improve their level of satisfaction with personalized and automatically recommended teaching videos, an automatic recommendation sys-tem of college English teaching videos, which consists of interface layer, busi-ness logic layer, and data layer, was designed. The quality of recommended teaching videos was ensured through the strict management of English teaching videos within the system. The degree of interest in videos was calculated accord-ing to students' browsing history of teaching videos. The content of teaching vid-eos that meet students' personalized demands was established on the basis of the degree of interest. The Naïve Bayesian classification method was used to precise-ly, rapidly, and stably divide the teaching videos into two classes—interest and disinterest—according to the abovementioned information. Results show that the recall ratio and precision ratio of this system reach as high as 95.18% and 97.2%, respectively. The system recommendations averagely rank top, the recommenda-tion precision is high, and the recommended video contents are abundant, with an applause rate of 97.79%. This designed system can establish student-centered college English teaching methods, create a favorable language environment, and better promote the teaching of English among college students.


In this issue of the EPPM journal, we include five interesting papers reporting on the research undertaken within the contexts of five different countries: Italy, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Romania and Iran. These papers address various key issues in engineering and project management, including green building rating system, agile project management, construction delays, awarding process of public construction projects and Building Information Modelling (BIM). A good mixture of both quantitative and qualitative research methods is also worth noting in this issue.


The aim of the following study is to present the territorial distribution of the 20 ethnicities found in Maramures County, in urban as well as rural areas, and in the 76 administrative-territorial units that make up the county. Regarding the ethnic structure of the population, one must point out that solely 451 536 people declared their ethnicity (out of total of de 478 659 people), Romanians numbering 374 488 people (82.94%), Hungarians 32 618 people (7.22%), while the number of people who claimed the Ukrainian ethnicity was 30 786 (6.83%), followed by Gypsies - 12 211 people (2.70%), other 16 ethnic groups (German, Turkish, Russians-Lipovan, Tartar, Serbian, Slovak, Bulgarian, Croatian, Greek, Italian, Jews, Czechs, Polish, Chinese, Armenian and Csangos) with a total of 1 433 people (0.32%), and other ethnicities with 179 people (0.04%).


We review recent theoretical developments of microscopic lattice and continuum models of the kinetics of irreversible monolayer and multilayer surface adsorption. Such models have been used to describe adhesion and reaction processes of colloidal particles and proteins at solid surfaces. Theoretical results surveyed here include the void-filling rate equation approach, exact results for low dimensionalities, the mean-field theory, and large-time kinetics arguments. Numerical simulations serving to test and supplement the analytical theories, are reviewed as well. We also elucidate the crossover from the discrete to continuum behavior, analyzed via scaling arguments in the large-time limit of the deposition kinetics.


aay contribute considerably to the radiation froa induced radioactivity in accelerator environaents. In aost cases ·of thick radiating objects· (aagnets, shielding walls) the dose rate fro• ga1111a e•itters, including the 511 keV annihilation photons fro• positron eaitters, doainates the radiation field. Direct positron interaction in skin tissue and in the lens of the eye aay be an iaportant contribution to absorbed dose in cases of thin targets and beaa separating septa. Results of calculations and •easureaents show, however, that the dose to the lens of the eye is li•ited by liaitations placed on whole-body doses. Irradiation fro• positron eaitters gives rise to about the saae absorbed doses as those experienced in the case of an electron exposure. Presented at the Workshop Beta Particles X-rays


This paper presents the boundary element method (BEM) for analysis of plates containing multiple rigid-line reinforcements. The accuracy of the method is verified by comparing computed stresses in the neighbourhood of a rigid fibre in an infinite plate subjected to tension with analytical solutions. The proposed approach is applied for analysis of effective elastic properties of composites reinforced by multiple rigid fibres.


Context Does a 3- or a 10-item questionnaire (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification TestConsumption [AUDIT-C] or Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT]) better identify unhealthy alcohol use in adults? Contribution This meta-analysis found 14 studies that directly compared the accuracy of the AUDIT-C with that of the AUDIT. The studies, conducted mainly in primary care settings, used different reference standards and had heterogeneous findings. Some pooled analyses suggested that primary care patients with a positive AUDIT screening result were more likely than those with a positive AUDIT-C screening result to be engaging in risky drinking. Implication This body of evidence suggests, but does not prove, that the AUDIT may be better than the AUDIT-C in some settings for identifying unhealthy alcohol use in adults. The Editors Alcohol use disorders, such as abuse and dependence, have serious medical consequences. One in 12 persons in the United States is affected, with the 12-month prevalence of alcohol dependence at 3.8% and that of alcohol abuse at 4.7%. A history of alcohol dependence is present in 12.5% of the population, and the lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse is 17.8% (1). The prevalence of risky drinking (unhealthy alcohol use without an alcohol use disorder) in outpatients ranges from 7% to 29% for men and from 3% to 10% in women (2). In general medical inpatients and emergency departments, these rates are even higher, reaching up to 50% (37). The annual economic costs to society associated with unhealthy alcohol use are estimated to be approximately $150 billion (710). To increase recognition of patients with unhealthy alcohol use by health care professionals, leading health care organizations and experts propose the administration of screening questionnaires (7, 1115). One of the most frequently recommended instruments is the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) from the World Health Organization (16). The full AUDIT consists of 10 items and has been extensively researched in several settings and countries (17). The AUDIT has proved to be a psychometrically sound instrument for screening for all forms of unhealthy alcohol use (risky drinking, alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence) (17, 18). In 1998, a promising study was published (19) of an abbreviated version of the AUDIT questionnaire that consisted of the first 3 items only. Because these items are related to alcohol intake, the brief instrument is called the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification TestConsumption (AUDIT-C). Several studies concluded that this 3-item version is also appropriate to screen for unhealthy alcohol use (17). However, although some studies (1921) suggest statistically significant differences between the screening properties of the AUDIT-C and the AUDIT in certain settings, this difference has not undergone systematic examination. This topic is of special relevance because administration of the AUDIT-C instead of the AUDIT could save substantial health care resources. We therefore sought to examine whether the AUDIT-C is as accurate as the AUDIT for detecting unhealthy alcohol use in adults. Methods Findings are reported according to the QUOROM (Quality of Reporting of Meta-Analysis) statement (22). Data Sources and Searches We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and BIOSIS Previews databases by using the terms AUDIT-C and AUDIT-3 with no language restrictions from 1998 to July 2008. In addition, we retrieved all studies registered in Web of Science that cited the original publication on the AUDIT-C (19) until July 2008. We checked reference lists of the included studies and reviews on AUDIT (14, 17, 18, 23) for additional relevant publications. Study Selection Two reviewers screened the title and abstract of the retrieved references to identify possibly relevant publications. Subsequently, 3 independent reviewers checked the full text of all potentially eligible studies to decide about inclusion. The following inclusion criteria had to be fulfilled: diagnostic accuracy studies that administered both the AUDIT and the AUDIT-C, use of a valid reference standard of any unhealthy alcohol use, receipt of verification by using a reference standard by the whole sample or a random selection of it (avoidance of partial verification), receipt of the same reference standard regardless of the index test result (avoidance of differential verification), independence of index test and reference standard (avoidance of incorporation bias), and reporting of sufficient data to reproduce the diagnostic 22 contingency table (number of true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative cases) for both tests. We applied no restrictions on language, population, or setting. To provide an exact description of the reference standards, we used standardized terminology (7). We examined 4 possible reference standards that described a current or active condition (Table 1): risky drinking, any alcohol use disorder, alcohol dependence, and any unhealthy alcohol use. To date, no uniform terminology has been established for risky drinking. It is frequently termed as heavy, excessive, problem, or hazardous drinking, use, or consumption. We classified these alcohol consumption patterns as risky drinking if they corresponded to the definition given in Table 1. To be included in the systematic review, all reference standards had to have been obtained by using formal instruments that were either clearly described or referenced. Table 1. Definition of Target Conditions and Reference Standards Data Extraction and Quality Assessment We used only published data. Two reviewers extracted data on study characteristics and outcomes according to a structured form. A third reviewer double-checked extracted data. When results were reported for more than 1 cutoff point, we followed the recommendation of the primary investigators. In the case of multiple or missing recommendations, we chose the cutoff point with the highest value for the term sensitivity + specificity 1 (the Youden index) (24). To assess clinical heterogeneity, we summarized study characteristics by using descriptive statistical methods. One reviewer assessed methodological heterogeneity by using a methodological quality checklist derived from the QUADAS (Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy included in Systematic Reviews) tool (25). Of the 11 items in this tool, 4 had to have been fulfilled for inclusion in the review. The other items assessed whether the following criteria were met: representative spectrum of patients, acceptable delay between tests, reference standard results blinded, index test results blinded, relevant clinical information available when the test is used in practice, uninterpretable results reported, and withdrawals explained. Data Synthesis and Analysis We performed data synthesis according to guidelines on reviews of diagnostic accuracy (2630). We analyzed diagnostic accuracy independently for each of the 4 reference standards. In addition, we stratified summaries by study setting to reduce clinical heterogeneity. The recommendations regarding the best threshold score for the AUDIT and the AUDIT-C vary considerably among primary studies according to target condition, country, setting, patient characteristics, and tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity (1618). We needed to use adjusted statistical methods because the resulting threshold effects may have made straightforward pooling of sensitivities and specificities misleading (30). We used hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, which models accuracy, threshold effect, and dependence of accuracy on threshold (3133), and applied a random-effects model to account for both within-study and between-study variability. We performed further analyses to examine sex- and age-specific variability as possible effect-moderating factors in primary study results on the basis of empirical findings (17). In addition, to test for possible sample size effects that may indicate publication bias, we used effective sample size funnel plots and associated weighted regression tests for asymmetry (34). We performed statistical pooling (meta-analysis) and testing for small-study effects only when at least 4 primary studies were available. In addition, we summarized data qualitatively. We performed hierarchical summary ROC curve analyses with Stata, version 10 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas), using the metandi command (32, 35) and created the figures with Review Manager, version 5.0 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark), and SigmaPlot, version 8.02 (Systat Software, San Jose, California). Role of the Funding Source This study was supported in part by a research grant (01EB0111) from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The funding source had no influence on decisions regarding design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or preparation and submission of the manuscript for publication. Results Retrieval of Studies Electronic database searches and the cited reference search of the original AUDIT-C publication (19) yielded 194 references (Figure 1). After screening the titles and abstracts, we retrieved the full texts of 31 publications for detailed evaluation. We included 14 studies in the systematic review (1921, 3646). Reviewers disagreed about 5 (16.1%) of 31 studies, all of which we ultimately included. We excluded 1 study (47) because it seemed to have been performed in a subsample of another included study (40). Figure 1. Study flow diagram. AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; AUDIT-C = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification TestConsumption. Characteristics of Included Studies Appendix Table 1 describes the included studies. More than half (8 of 14) of the investigations were published in the last 3 years. Eight studies were done in Eu


In this paper, we investigate the generation of polychromatic quadripartite entanglement of continuous variables from a three-level {Lambda}-type atomic system inside an optical quadruply resonant cavity. The atoms are driven by external lasers and simultaneously coupled to four cavity modes by means of multiply concurrent four-wave mixing interactions. The general master equation of the cavity field is derived explicitly. By solving the Gaussian-type master equation and using the negative-partial-transpose criterion for bipartite entanglement, we show that the genuine quadripartite entanglement of the field can be generated over a wide range of parameters. The entanglement properties of the four-mode field are discussed in detail. We find that the optimal quadripartite entanglement can be obtained when the cavity modes are tuned to be resonant with the Rabi sidebands of the driven atoms.


−− − − − system. The films were topographically and chemically characterized by confocal scanning laser microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. Our studies proved that chemical composition was similar in the base material and deposited films. The latter were rather uniform and rough enough to favor enhanced biocompatibility


GPUs have been demonstrated to be highly effective at improving the performance of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). One of the major limitations of further performance improvements is in the memory bandwidth required to move agent data through the GPU's memory hierarchy. This paper presents a formal model for data aware simulation and an empirical study into the impact of minimising data movement on performance. This study proposes a method that can be applied to the simulation of complex systems on GPUs to extract required data from agent behaviour during simulation time and how this information can be used to reduce data movement. The FLAME GPU software has been extended to demonstrate this technique. Three benchmark experiments have been applied to evaluate the overall reduction in simulation execution time under specific criteria. The results of the comparison between the current and new system show that reducing data movement within a simulation improves overall performance with up to 4.8x speedup reported.


The contributions from two-body exchange current and wave function renormalization are shown to cancel each other in the soft-pion limit using generalized Ward-Takahashi relations. For conserved vector current, the cancellation is complete; for partially conserved axial-vector current, the cancellation is partial with the remainder related to the pion-bremsstrahlung process in nucleon-nucleon scattering. The implications of the results for the weak decay processes in finite nuclei are discussed.


The writing that inaugurates the modern concept of freedom of expression, the speech that the famous republican poet John Milton addressed the Parliament of England during the Puritan Revolution in defense of the freedom of English press with the unusual title of Areopagitica , reached significant influence to the another side of the Atlantic in the colonial and revolutionary American ideology, being a source of inspiration for the first writings that crossed the colonies against restrictive regulation of seditious libel in force in the common law, as reflected in newspaper articles from Benjamin Franklin, the writings of James Alexander and Andrew Hamilton's defense in the Zenger Case, as well as for the writings of those who illustrated the Revolution, specially for the sermons of protestant pastor Jonathan Mayew, and, more significantly, for the writings of the founding father of American independence, Thomas Jefferson, considerably influenced by the impact that were taking the principles of the Areopagitica in revolutionary France, thus reflecting the presence and influence of John Milton's Areopagitica in the two Atlantic Revolutions. Fecha de envio / Submission Date: 06/12/2011 Fecha de aceptacion / Acceptance Date: 17/02/2012


Data embedding techniques maintain high output image quality so that the difference between the original and the embedded images is unrevealed to the naked eye. Practically, this is not the case as the payload increase results in exposing that something is being hidden. In this paper, the objectives, namely, adaptive scalable quality degradation, high payload and maximum retrieval capacity are achieved using a unified data embedding-scrambling technique called UES. Pixels are predicted using Checkerboard based prediction (CBP) and the location of the predicted pixels are vacated based on the value of key to embed the secret image in the cover image after Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The prediction errors are stored as side information to reconstruct the cover and secret image. The results are analyzed based on the values of PSNR and SSIM. The results produced show that although the stego image becomes distorted for higher key values, the reconstruction process achieves retrieval of both cover and secret image.


Excerpt The only consistent cytogenetic abnormality heretofore described among the human leukemias has been the Ph′ chromosome of chronic granulocytic leukemia. Several previous reports have descri...


Acetazolamide was given to five of ten cats for 48 to 54 hours after extradural occlusion of a middle cerebral artery (MCA). At seven to eight days later, measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and estimates of the sizes of the ischemic and infarcted areas of the brains were made. Neurological deficits were more severe and the ischemic and infarcted regions were larger in the cats given acetazolamide. Cerebral edema (brain swelling) was present and reactive hyperemia was common in the treated cats, even one week after MCA occlusion. The hypercapnia and decreases of pH of nonischemic brain tissue that are caused by acetazolamide are harmful for ischemic brain tissue, presumably because of vasodilatation in nonischemic brain tissue with resultant increases of intracranial pressure and decreases of CBF of ischemic regions.


To study the maturation processes during puberty, the Task Force on Adolescent Reproductive Health of the World Health Organization implemented a multicenter study on the age of menarche. From seven centers in six countries, 3,073 girls between the ages of 11 and 15 years volunteered for a two-year study. The girls were questioned at entry as to whether they had menstruated; social background data were recorded, and height and weight were measured. The median age for menarche was calculated by a life-table technique. The median ages were: Hong Kong-12 years, 9 months; Geneva, Switzerland-13 years, 1 month; Zafed, Israel and Stockholm, Sweden-13 years, 3 months; urban Colombo, Sri Lanka-13 years, 6 months; Ile-Ife, Nigeria-13 years, 9 months; and rural Peradeniya, Sri Lanka-14 years, 5 months. Menarche of the rural Peradeniya girls was later than the urban girls from Colombo and other study centers. The mean heights, weights, and obesity indices (Quetelet's Index) were higher in postmenarcheal girls compared to premenarcheal girls for each age at all centers.


School culture leads the development of social development.The valueoriented school culture determines the school development.So the creativity of the school culture is key to healthy and sustainable development.


The aim of the article is to trigger the debate and set the theoretical basis for further research on a framework of Polish paradiplomacy. It is also an invitation to a discussion on desirable vision of local diplomacy, from the perspective of Polish foreign policy. The analysis focuses on the institutional dimension of Polish paradiplomacy, which was shaped into a local and civic dimension of Polish foreign policy (LCD), in 2012. Sources consist mainly of official documents and communications. The author preliminarily verifies a hypothesis stating that the withdrawal of the LCD mechanism after 2015 influences negatively the development of Polish paradiplomacy and the implementation of Polish foreign policy in general. Two aspects of Polish local diplomacy are elaborated: position in priorities of foreign policy and practice. In conclusion, the author shows a possible scenario of development and places Polish paradiplomacy within theoretical frameworks.


The zinc oxide films were deposited on glass substrates by three different SILAR processes, which is based on alternate dipping of substrate in the solution and deionized water. The precursor for ZnO film was diluted aqueous solution of Zinc sulfate and Zinc nitrate complex with ammonia. The film was investigated by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron Microscopy and spectrophotometer. XRD measurement showed that the film was polycrystalline in the wurtzite structure with preferred orientation (002). The result of influence of different parameters of SILAR method on phase structure, surface morphology and optical properties are studied and discussed. The Band gap is found to be in between 3.20 to 3.46 eV. Key Words—: Zinc Sulfate, Zinc Nitrate, ZnO, Thin film, XRD, SEM etc. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________


Fashion has become the status symbol from last few decades and influencing our lives. Every brand in the fashion industry helps us to attain our own choices. The fashion industry is known for its various brands and their outstanding approaches to fulfil the requirements of market. These available brands are continuously running to improve brand awareness, increase in sales, and expand their profits, for that purpose almost all the brands are implementing their best marketing strategies to capture the market. This marketing plan is providing an efficacious recommendation of marketing strategy for a L.K. Bennett to expand their wings in other countries. The proposal of this marketing plan is based on the analysis of a British affordable brand L.K. Bennett and its marketing environment. In this, marketing plan we are focusing on the brand 'LK BENNETT' London which sells women swear. This marketing plan will contribute to the identification of latest marketing trends and most adequate &impactful marketing tools for 'LK BENNETT' to achieve the desired results. This brand will execute the developed one-year marketing plan and will make sure the success of presented marketing plan, its strategic performance will be carefully managed and monitored.


The research aims to provide empirical evidence of the effects of POPs on organizational performance. The organizational performance has been analyzed with the variables job stress and job satisfaction. The population of the study is IOM, TUTH as a public service organization. The purposive sampling method was adopted in the primary survey analysis. One hundred ten questionnaires had been collected from administrators, academician, consultant, and professionals. The usable questionnaires were one hundred comprising of sixty percent male and forty percent female. The already tested questionnaires; nine items five point likert scale in measuring POPs, seven items five point likert scale in measuring job stress and six items five point likert scale in measuring job satisfaction have been used to collect the responses on research issue. The research is qualitative study based on descriptive statistics. The study has shown the negative POPs inside the organization. The misuse of authority and power on wrong decision making on promotional activities, leader selection and recruitment decisions had been found. The study had also shown that employees were pulling others to go up. The influential group was found active. It was found difficult to cross that group. The employees were found stressful on their job but satisfied with co-workers, current job and current salary. The prevailing situation of IOM, TUTH had made them stressed and the job performance was found decreasing. The performance evaluation system and supervisors activities were mostly affected by POPs. The study finally concluded that higher POPs would lead to higher job stress and lower the job satisfaction. Hence, the study revealed that POPs affected the organizational performance of IOM, TUTH.


This study aimed to compare the visual-motor integration's scores between 30 children who got diagnosed by psychiatrists as Learning Disability (LD), and 30 normal children who were comparable in ages, genders, and levels of education with LD group. Data was collected with three standardized tests, including (1) SPM-Parallel to measure IQ, (2) WRAT-Thai to evaluate academic achievement, and (3) Bender-Gestalt II to assess visual-motor integration. The scores of the Bender-Gestalt II in Copy phase and Recall phase, the amounts of time spent on the tests for both phases, the number of recall-figures, as well as the scores of Perception and Motor Tests will be considered. Results showed the profile of visual-motor integration in the LD children figures was little (M = 4.53), while the scores of Perception and Motor tests were high ( M = 11.23 and 9.07, respectively). When compared with the normal children, the LD children obtained significantly lower scores of Copy phase and Recall phase at the level of .01. They also spent less time in Copy phase at the level of .05. However, the time spent in Recall phase, the numbers of recall-figures, the scores of Perception and Motor tests were not significantly different between the LD and the normal children. This result benefits for psychologists to define criteria and profile of Bender-Gestalt II in LD children in order to employ them as inferential information later on.


Thesis Smoking has been utilized as a cultural practice all throughout the world by various groups of people since the beginning of time. However, its harmful effects have only recently been explored in today's modern world. A comprehensive literature review was performed, and found that e-cigarette use is the new "cool" or "hip" thing to do among today's youth. The idea that e-cigarettes are a healthier alternative to smoking cigarettes is nothing more but a misconception touted by those seeking to make profit. As nurses it is our responsibility to ensure that patients understand that there are better ways of dealing with stress and that smoking in general is a threat to their wellbeing. If we as healthcare providers neglect patient advocacy, keeping our patients in the dark about the harmful effects of smoking, be it e-cigarettes or not, then we are essentially failing to provide the holistic needs of the public. Although most patients may be reluctant to quit their bad habits, it is not our job to judge but to encourage them to take the necessary steps required for them to live their life in the healthiest manner. Further research is proposed to explore the various differences between e-cigarette use and tobacco use regarding withdrawal symptoms. Multifaceted aspects of nicotine addiction will also be analyzed such as race, ethnicity, gender, and age in order to find any correlations and differences between the latter. The overall objective is to bring to light the seriousness of ecigarettes to healthcare workers, current users, and the general public. Problem Statement As we enter the year 2020, e-cigarette use has only grown among both current smokers and non-smokers, namely young adults. Tobacco smoking is responsible for up to 30% of heart disease related cases and is the single most preventable risk factor related to the development of heart disease (Yanbaeve, 2007). Although in recent years there has been many drawbacks on E-CIGS OR E-QUIVS? 3 tobacco use, it has led to a rising trend in tobacco alternatives such as e-cigarettes which were acclaimed to be a healthier alternative. As a result, e-cigarettes rapidly became the most commonly utilized smoking product, especially among young adults, with a 9-fold increase in usage from 2011 to 2015 (Corey, 2015). E-cigarettes, also known as e-cigars, vape pens, or Juuls in layman's terms, are sophisticated devices responsible for delivering nicotine which create aerosol fumes that are comprised of different flavors and nicotine levels inhaled by various users. It's been made clear that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that e-cigarettes bear high levels of nicotine, volatile organic compounds, carbonyls, and particulate matter (Farsalinos, 2015). Therefore, e-cigarettes even pose major health risks to those that may be second hand or third hand smokers (Cheng, 2014). Many of the individuals mentioned in Mr. Cheng's study were of vulnerable populations such as infants, children, pregnant women, and anyone with a history of cardiovascular issues. As nurses it is our responsibility to be aware of these new trends and take action if we come across patients that may be unaware of the consequences of e-cigarettes. According to A Report of The Surgeon General, since the birth of e-cigarettes in 2007, there has been a growth of sales by 14-fold from 2008 to 2016. In a poll study, it was found that e-cigarette use among adults is mainly because they perceive them to be: (1) a better choice health-wise, and (2) less harmful to anyone around them while seniors smoked e-cigarettes simply to either use it as a cigarette deterrent or a means of escaping smoke-free policies (Brandon, 2015). According to the CDC article Youth and Tobacco Use, it was found that the main reason why young adults began using e-cigarettes had been linked to a curiosity of the flavors available. According to the same CDC article, 5.3% of e-cigarette users are middle schoolers while 16% are high schoolers which constitutes a 9and 10fold increase since 2015 (Brandon, 2015). E-CIGS OR E-QUIVS? 4 Although the topic of e-cigarettes is fairly new, it is certainly a topic worth discussing given our youth are the target of these large corporations seeking to extend their profit margins. As we enter the "roaring twenties" it is our responsibility as healthcare providers to be aware about the "roaring" effects of e-cigarettes, their properties, and most importantly their effects on our patients who may be using. The purpose of this paper is to explore the assertion that ecigarettes are just as harmful as cigarettes. Literature Review The research literature utilized in this paper were from a variety of multiple sources such as CINAHL Plus and UpToDate via the Dominican University of California library. Five research articles analyzing the various societal perceptions of e-cigarette use and its harm, the statistics surrounding tobacco vs. e-cigarette use among certain groups, and the corporate tactics used to increase profit were analyzed and implemented into this paper in order to create this literature review. A combination of key words that contributed to the finding of the research articles were: youth and e-cigarettes, young-adults, tobacco, corporate, global, men, women, stress, nurses, and teaching. I found a total of eight articles in which five were chosen based upon relevancy. All of the articles mentioned look at the generalized effects that e-cigarettes have had around the world, the health detriments it poses upon both smokers and non-smokers, and the marketing strategies of e-cigarettes by corporate America upon certain demographically challenged individuals. The literature review of this paper will be divided into three categories. First, articles discussing the prevalence and initiation of e-cigarettes/tobacco use among youth and adults. Second, articles examining the reason(s) for e-cigarette and factors contributing to continuous use. Third, articles looking at the marketing strategies of e-cigarette/tobacco companies. E-CIGS OR E-QUIVS? 5 Prevalence and Initiation Czoli, Reid, Rynard, and Hammond conducted a study, "Who is using e-cigarettes in Canada? Nationally representative data on the prevalence of e-cigarette use among Canadians" (2015), that "examined prevalence and correlates of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use in the Canadian population, using data from the nationally representative 2013 Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (n=14,565)." The researchers of this study utilized a logistical regression model that examined sociodemographic e-cigarette prevalence among Canadians while also heavily drawing conclusions based upon a statistical analysis framework. Through the use of the logistic regression model and statistical analysis, it had been found that an overall of 8.5% of Canadians that are 15 years old and older have tried an e-cigarette, while 1.8% have used an e-cigarette in the past 30 days since the conduction of the study. It had been found the prevalence of e-cigarette use among youth and current smokers were quite high and that prevalence did not differ dramatically between males and females. Smoking status had been found to be the strongest correlator of e-cigarette use given a whopping 37.3% of Canadians that currently smoke have tried an e-cigarette, 3% of non-smokers have tried an e-cigarette, while 5.1% of former smokers have also tried an e-cigarette. Furthermore, the study had found that e-cigarette use was heavily varied by age in that prevalence was highest among youth aged 15-19 years old (19.8%) and young adults aged 20-24 years old (20.1%). According to the same article, researchers concluded that the majority of youth e-cigarette users were individuals that had never smoked, while the majority of adult ecigarette users are current smokers. It was also found that dual use of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes was fairly common among current smokers. There weren't many limitations to this study given this study utilized a nationally representative survey via a E-CIGS OR E-QUIVS? 6 logistical regression model. The study could have examined, however, the rates of e-cigarette prevalence among certain racial groups which could have potentially strengthened the assertion that people that come from socioeconomically poorer backgrounds are at high risk for both tobacco and e-cigarette use. The study did a great job of examining e-cigarette prevalence among targeted populations such as youth and young adults while also comparing the rates of prevalence among both men and women. This data could be extremely useful to nurses who may very well come across youth that could be at risk for smoking or other harmful ways of coping with stress (Czoli, et al, 2015) Researching the age at initiation of e-cigarette use versus other tobacco products, EvansPolce, Veliz, Boyd, and McCabe (February 21st, 2020) had examined trends in the age of initiation of e-cigarettes across 5 cohorts and how those trends compared to those observed for other tobacco products in a large, nationally representative sample of young persons in the United States. A quantitative survey by The National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) was used to examine a cross-sectional national average sample of middle schoolers and high schoolers (6th12th grade) in both public schools and private schools. The primary age group focused on in this study were 16and 17-year old's given the study provided the possibility of their e-cigarette use beginning at 12 years of age (the emergence of e-cigarettes began when the first cohort of 16 and 17-year-old youths of 2014 in this study were around the age of 11-12 years old). A total of 26,662 youths between 16 and 17 years of age participated in the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) between 2014 and 2018 with an average response rate of 76.2%. All of the youth were asked at what age did they first initiate not only e-cigarettes but also cigarettes, ciga


The soybean protein isolate(SPI)is one of the few alternative plant proteins to animal proteins and has a wide range of applications in the food processing industry.The performance improvement of soybean protein isolate is a research hotspot in recent years.Here is a review of the selection of raw materials,technical parameters and the performance improvement of by-products for the extraction of soybean protein isolate with the alkalisolution and acid-isolation method.


WT5"BZ]The distributions of the wave induced radiation stress tensor over depth were investigated by using the linear wave theory, which were treated out separately for regions above the mean water level, between the wave trough level and the mean water level, and below the wave trough level. The computational expressions of the wave induced radiation stresses tensor at the arbitrary wave angle and their asymptotic forms for deep and shallow water were derived by employing of the Eulerian coordinate transformation. The vertical variations of the wave induced radiation stresses tensor were discussed. [WT5HZ]


This study considers the limit cycle control problem for multi-modal and 2-dimensional piecewise affine control systems with control input terms. The main purpose of the limit cycle control problem is to design gains of a state feedback controller such that a solution trajectory of the closed loop system generates a desired limit cycle. First, a synthesis method of a multi-modal and 2-dimensional reference piecewise affine system and some characteristics of the system are presented. Next, solving a matching condition such that a closed loop system coincides with a reference system, we derive analytic solutions and their existence conditions for three cases. Then, numerical simulations are performed in order to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Introduction. In the current climate of global climate change, the main task of the breeding of vegetable species is to create new varieties and hybrids of F 1 with increased potential for adaptability to stress factors of cultivation. Success in solving this task depends on the level of study of the source material, the breeding of parental pairs for hybridization, optimization of the method of breeding for adaptability by adhering to the principles of breeding of the original forms on the signs that are closely correlated with adaptability. Purpose of the investigation . To analyze the adaptive properties of leaf lettuce lines created by chemical mutagenesis for the stability of the manifestation of the "Yield" trait under different climatic conditions of cultivation in the agro-climatic zone of the Northern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field studies were conducted during 2017–2019 at the experimental station of the Mayak Research Station of the Institute of Vegetable and Melon Growing of the NAAS, located in the village of Baklanovo, Nizhyn district, Chernihiv region. Subject of research: mutant lines of leaf lettuce generation M 3 –M 5 created by chemical mutagenesis based on the domestic variety Zhnich. To obtain mutant plants of leaf lettuce were carried out pre-sowing treatment of seeds of biologically active substances of mutagenic action. Among the studied drugs of mutagenic action, the dimethyl sulfate (DMS) is the standard. The drugs D 3 MU, DMU-10A and DMU-9 are chemical analogues of DMS, which were created at the experimental base of the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of NAS of Ukraine. During 2017–2019, mutant samples of the M 3 –M 5 generation were studied in the field under the complex of quantitative and qualitative traits and phenology of plant growth and development. The following indicators were used to evaluate the adaptive potential of the lines: general and specific adaptive capacity of the genotype (GAC i and SAC i ); relative genotype stability (Sg i ); coefficient of environmental plasticity (b i ); breeding value of the genotype (BVG i ). The yield estimation of leaf lettuce was carried out in the first decade of June, during the phenological period, when the samples were in the vegetative phase of development. Results and Discussion. As a result of the statistical calculations, there were isolated 9 mutant lines that had an advantage over the variety-standard Shar malinovij (K-7431) in terms of yield. First, these lines significantly exceeded this variety in terms of the breeding value of the genotype (BVG i = 7.75… 11.88). Second, they either had a statistically significant excess of the level of manifestation of the trait, or the level of its manifestation was at the level of the variety- standard within the margin of experiment error (X med = 8.85… 15.79 t/ha). According to the yield index the lines of B-6 (K-266), B-38 (K-296), B-7 (K-267), B-8 (K-268), B-24 (K-283) and B-11 (K-271) statistically significantly exceeded by 41.9–94.2 % the variety-standard Shar malinovij  (K-7431) and by 34.1–86.4 % of the original form – the Zhnich (K-46) variety. The average yields for the B-2 (K-262), B-14 (K-274) and B-16 (K-275) lines were within the error range for the variety-standard and original form, but they tended to be an increase in its performance compared to similar indicators of the variety-standard and the original form. Among the linear material studied, there are 3 lines – B-6 (K-266), B-7 (K-267) and B-8 (K-268), which had the highest level of manifestation of the "Yield" sign (X med = 15, 20–15.79 t/ha) and the index of the breeding value of the genotype (BVG i = 10.89–11.88). According to the obtained results, the studied sample of 9 mutant leaf lettuce lines was divided into three groups, the first of which had a value of plasticity bi 1). These lines referred to the intensive type of cultivation as they showed high sensitivity to climatic conditions and dependence on agrophone cultivation, respectively. The third group included the line B7 (K-267) and the original form, the Zhnich (K-46) variety (K-46), in which the plasticity coefficient was less than minus one             (b i < -1), indicating that these leaf lettuce samples showed specific response to growing conditions. Namely, among the studied sample of genotypes, they tended to increase yields to a certain limit under worse growing conditions. Results and Discussion . According to the obtained results, the 6 mutant lines of leaf lettuce were defined with low response to growing conditions and influence of environmental factors (b i <± 1). The yield of leaf mass in this sample of mutant lines varied within 8.85–15.20 t/ha. Selected lines are a valuable starting material for creating eco-plastic varieties. In the course of the research the high efficiency of the drugs of mutagenic action of domestic production of D 3 MU and DMU-10A was confirmed, the use of which allowed to create 7 mutant lines (50% of the total number) with high adaptive properties and yields within 8,85–15,79 t/ha .


Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice. It is associated with an increased risk of stroke, chronic heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Our options of restoring and maintaining sinus rhythm have a very limited effect, both in the case of antiarrhythmic and catheter treatment. Catheter ablation has proven to be a more effective approach than antiarrhythmic therapy. The success rate of the procedure reaches 70%. However, radiofrequency ablation is associated with a risk of complications, with 4.5% of patients likely to develop major complications, including tamponade (1.31%), femoral pseudoaneurysm (0.71%), and death (0.15%). Given the generally recognized dominant role of the pulmonary veins in the induction of atrial fibrillation, their electrical isolation has become the recommended tactic of the catheter approach. In the case of patients with paroxysmal form of atrial fibrillation, the success rate of the procedure reaches 87%. Unfortunately, in the case of persistent forms of atrial fibrillation, the effectiveness of the primary procedure decreases to 28% and reaches 51% with repeated interventions. In addition to the anatomically oriented isolation of the pulmonary veins, a number of strategies have been proposed to reach the secondary zones of atrial fibrillation induction. The results of recent studies on the effectiveness of strategies for ablation of rotor regions and their role in the induction and maintenance of AF may lead to the further development of catheter ablation techniques and an individual radiofrequency ablation approach in a particular patient.


The theory and function of mathematical imaging simulation system based on underwater multi-targets were introduced in this paper. The accuracy and feasibility of the simulation system that had a good image display function and the dynamic simulation function with OpenGL graphics library were provided through specific examples and experiments. It would generate important value in engineering to provide theoretical analysis basis for echoes characteristics of the underwater targets.


Direct electrochemical behaviors of Hemoglobin (Hb) adsorbed on carbon paste electrode modified by carbon nano-tubes(CNTs) were investigated. Hb-CNT-modified electrode showed a pair of well-defined and nearly reversible cyclic voltammetric peaks for HbhemeFe (III)/Fe (II) redox couple in phosphate buffered saline solution(pH = 7.0). The formal potential (E-01) was -0.160 V (vs SCE), which was almost independent of the scan rate. The number of electron transferred (n) was 1.021, suggesting about an electron transfer between the heme group of Hb and the electrode. The average apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k(s)) obtained by fitting CV data for Hb on CNT-modified electrode was 0.0816 s(-1), greater than the value obtained from the same method for Hb with methylene blue as mediators. Hb-CNT-modified electrode showed a stable and significant catalytic activity for the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide, trichloroacetic acid and nitrobenzene.


Understanding early immunological events during HIV-1 infection that may set the course of disease progression is important for identifying correlates of viral control. This study explores the association of differentiation profiles of HIV-specific and total memory CD8+ T cells with viral set point. A cohort of 47 HIV-1-infected individuals, with differing viral set points at 12 mo, were recruited during acute infection. We identified that the magnitude of IFN-γ+ T cell responses at 6 mo postinfection did not associate with viral set point at 12 mo. A subset of 16 individuals was further studied to characterize CD8+ T cells for expression patterns of markers for memory differentiation, survival (CD127), senescence (CD57), and negative regulation (programmed death-1). We show that viral control and the predicted tempo of HIV disease progression in the first year of infection was associated with a synchronous differentiation of HIV-specific and total CD8+ memory subpopulations. At 6–9 mo postinfection, those with low viral set points had a significantly higher proportion of early differentiated HIV-specific and total memory CD8+ cells of a central memory (CD45RO+CD27+CCR7+) and intermediate memory (CD45RO−CD27+CCR7−) phenotype. Those with high viral set points possessed significantly larger frequencies of effector memory (CD45RO+CD27−CCR7−) cells. The proportions of memory subsets significantly correlated with CD38+CD8+ T cells. Thus, it is likely that a high Ag burden resulting in generalized immune activation may drive differentiation of HIV-specific and total memory CD8+ T cells.


The article analyses some of the problems of academic women in Poland. It begins with an historical survey of the status of educated and professional women in Poland beginning with the end of the eighteenth century and then focusses on the social and political determinants and the differences and similarities of the recruitment patterns and the course of the careers of women and men in the academic world. Women, the author recognizes, are underrepresented in academic and scientific careers in comparison with men; however, the problem stems as much from the perceived role of women in society at large as from blatant sexual discrimination. The situation is slowly improving, but women need to form organizations to further their collective interests.


The ultimate purpose of software Localization is to meet the demand of customers in different countries and regions so that international fine software can surmount the obstacles of language and culture an be shared by the people around the world.Software Bug testing is an important stage in the software is cycle and a key step to guarantee its quality.This article discusses typical errors arised in the process of software localization,their characteristics,causing reasons,testing principles,testing destination,correcting methods and so on.


This study evaluated the influence of Propranolol on outcomes of severely adult burn patients. A randomized controlled trial was on 124 patients who were divided into two groups: Control group (A) received conventional treatment, study group (B) was treated with Propranolol.The result indicated that, along the time, the heart rate of the study group steadily decreased and was significantly lower than that of the control group (90.24 ± 11.51 vs. 101.43 ± 13.69 bpm; p < 0,01 at 28th-day afterburn). From the 7th day onward afterburn, the body temperature of both groups decreased and the temperature was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). Hematological parameters, mean arterial pressure, complication rate and treatment time were not remarkably different between the two groups (p > 0.05). There was also no significant difference in mortality between groups (19.35% vs 17.74%; p > 0.05).


INTRODUCTION: Currently several techniques aimed biopsy of breast lesions are known widely. This study aimed to evaluate the results of biopsies performed by mammotomy in nonpalpable breast lesions and correlate with the presentations imagem. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 209 patients referred for mammotomy in 2010, who had no palpable mammary lesions, with biopsies by ultrasound and stereotactic.
RESULTS: in analysis of 209 mamotomias performed, Histopathologic examination was benign in 183 (87.5%), atypical in 8 (3. 82%), malignant in 26 (12. 4%). Malignant lesions, invasive carcinoma type prevaleu in 73% of the samples, 7. 7% in situ, lobular 11.53%, other findings were mucinous and papillary corresponding to 7. 6%. The BIRADS category 4 prevailed in the indication for biopsy, representing 132 patients (63%) of these 26 (19. 7%) were positive for breast carcinoma. A stereotactic biopsy was driven in 114 cases (54%) and by ultrasound in 95 cases (46%). Indications of mammotomy guided stereotactic the microcalcifications corresponded to 57% and 42% and the asymmetry in all cases was the classification BIRADS 4. of the lesions biopsied by ultrasound, the nodules represented 100% of cases, with average size of 84mm and only this type of lesion was found indication for biopsy in patients BIRADS 2 and 3 (17. 2%). There was no complication in paciente. Todas biopsies obtained fragments containing material representative and sufficient.
DISCUSSION: in this study the most common indication for mammotomy was BIRADS 4 lesions (75%) in this category and mammotomy avoided surgery in 63% of cases corresponding to the lesions with microcalcifications and asymmetry, but with histopathological diagnosis of benign lesion. Other methods such as biopsy and core-needle aspiration biopsy have difficulty due to insufficient material, risk of malignancy sclerosing lesions and discordance between imaging and histology.
CONCLUSION: Mammotomy directed was effective and safe in the diagnosis of nonpalpable breast lesion benign, atypical and malignant. The rate of positive diagnosis of carcinoma was 12. 4% and clarified the pathological type in 100% of cases. This technique has the potential to reduce costs and morbidity as compared to fine needle aspiration and core-biopsy.


It is well known that HIV-1 replication can be stimulated by exposing infected cells to various glucocorticoid agonists. Ayyavoo et al.s report that RU486 can counter the effects of hydrocortisone- dexamethasone- and Vpr-mediated T cell dysregulation in HIV-infected cells has fueled speculation as to whether drugs such as RU486 can serve as anti-HIV agents. HIV-infected women may choose to terminate pregnancies because of the risk of vertical transmission of infection and because of concerns about the effects of pregnancy upon the course of HIV disease. Findings are reported from a study of the effects of RU486 upon HIV replication. On the basis of reverse transcriptase (RT) and p24 ELISA assays which monitored levels of HIV released into culture fluids the authors found that RU486 caused a dose-dependent increase in HIV-1 replication in acutely infected H9 human T lymphoblastoid cells with a 7-fold induction after 17 days in culture. Peak levels of stimulation were seen at concentrations of 1 mM RU486 with the extent and kinetics of the enhancement similar to those previously reported for cortisol and dexamethasone. On the other hand RU486 caused a dose-dependent inhibition of RT activity in HTLV-I-transformed MT-4 human lymphoid cells at both 3 and 7 days after HIV infection. RU486 can therefore exert differential agonistic and antagonistic effects upon HIV-1 replication in different cell types. Some risks may be associated with the use of RU 486 in HIV infection.


In this paper, we investigate positive viscosity solutions of a third degree homogeneous parabolic equation \begin{document}$ u^{2}u_{t} = \Delta_{\infty}u $\end{document} . We prove a comparison principle, existence and uniqueness of continuous positive viscosity solutions.


The Maccovius affair forms an obscure episode in the history of the Synod of Dordrecht. To many of the foreign delegates, the Maccovius affair appeared to be an internal problem for the Dutch which ought not to be resolved at an international Synod like that of Dordt. In later Remonstrant historiography the Maccovius affair was explicitly used to disqualify the Contra-Remonstrant position on predestination. It was not until the first half of the nineteenth century that modern historiography offered more precise details of the Maccovius affair. The origins of the Maccovius affair must be situated in Friesland. It was Maccoviuss striving for the introduction of metaphysics to the Reformed academies that raised the protest of Sibrandus Lubbertus and others in the northern provinces who felt the need to counteract the influence Maccovius was gaining over the students at Franeker University. Keywords: Contra-Remonstrant; Dutch Republic; Maccovius affair; metaphysics; Sibrandus Lubbertus; Synod of Dordrecht


This short paper presents an overview of the potential of RF Waveform Measurement and Engineering to support the developments of transistors, circuits and systems that rely on strong non-linear affects. To date these concepts have mainly been focused towards aiding the development of RF Power Amplifiers (RFPAs). This is because the performance of RFPAs both exploits (efficiency) and is limited (linearity) by strongly non-linear affects. RFPAs are a critical component in many systems; e.g. mobile communications, satellite communications and radar systems.


In this paper, we are concerned with the regularity of weak solutions to three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics equations in critical spaces BMO−1 and B∞,∞−1. It is shown that weak solutions to this system are smooth if the velocity field belongs to C((0, T]; BMO−1) or the velocity field is in C((0,T];B∞,∞−1) and the magnetic field is bounded in L∞(0,T;B∞,∞−1). In addition, regularity criteria just via ∇u in homogeneous Besov spaces of negative regular indices are established. Our results improve previous corresponding criteria due to Chen, Miao, and Zhang [Commun. Math. Phys. 284, 919–930 (2008)]; He and Xin [J. Differ. Equations 213, 235–254 (2005)]; and Liu [Acta Math. Sci. 30, 335–343 (2010)].


n the 1930s, the architecture in Emilia Romagna made use of covering panels and finishing elements that imitated natural stone, such as artificial travertine, artificial gabbro, and artificial diorite among others; these are usually seen on flooring panels and tiles as well as other interior and exterior elements of public and private buildings. This study focuses on building materials and the principal deterioration problems related to artificial stone through the presentation of two public buildings: one in Bologna (Palazzo del Museo di Zoologia) and the other in Rocca San Casciano, Forli (Palazzo Comunale). One of the main sources of information for this research was interviews with people who worked with and lived through the production of these materials, which were usually manufactured in craft studios. In a step-by-step manner, the authors present the manufacturing process of artificial stone and tiles, from the preparation of the workspace to the finishing stages (photos of the tools and examples are presented).


The proliferation of location services and location determination in mobile devices had broaden the landscape for the development of heterogeneous Location-based Services (LBS). The correlation of LBS applications, mobile devices and facilitating technology is a complex issue due to its diversity, hence there are immense contextual definitions of LBS. This study, review the applications and services of LBS in order to provide a common classified LBS applications and services to date. The literature reviews of LBS definitions, standards and guidelines, LBS architecture, LBS components and the most common classification of LBS application and services were attained.


— Sustainable green building should be preferred more as it is ecofriendly, pollution free and cost effective. New techniques should be taken into considerations which will help in design of sustainable building. Such design methods conclude why we should prefer sustainable green building rather than ordinary building. So we have designed a sustainable green building using materials which are cost effective, pollution free and do not contribute to Green House Gases (GHG). And we have selected the location for construction of the sustainable green building taking into considerations all the parameters required for construction that is wind direction, wind speed, sunlight intensity etc. Thus we finally come to know why we should prefer a sustainable designed green building over ordinary building. Abstract: In this Research paper they study the best way of utilizing the stored water for future use. The performance of rooftop Rainwater Harvesting evaluated on the basis of three main components such at reliability, resilience as well as the vulnerability. This technique seems to cost effective and easier technique method for conserving the Rainwater water. They detailed study of potential of rooftop Rainwater Harvesting concepts of rooftop Rainwater Water Harvesting. This System modelling steps based on the steps with considering factors such as formulation, calibration/ verification and its applications. From this study they concluded that the policy recommendations related to applicability of Rainwater Water Harvesting schemes for meeting water crisis. 2) Abstract: This paper presents a study on behaviour and economical of rooftop trusses and purlins by comparison of limit state and working stress method. The design evaluated co-existing moments and shear forces of critical sections with same configuration. This study aims to provide economical method, high bending strength, high flexural strength, more load carrying capacity of the structure. By considering all parameters of the design of trusses from studying all parameters of design they concluded that working stress method is more economical than the limit state method of design. and the construction by effective


Regular exercise demonstrated the ability to provide enormous benefits to many diseases, atherosclerotic‐based, degenerative and neoplastic, but also to grant anti‐inflammatory actions, assessed by various authors in different populations. Despite of these clear benefits, many patients are unable to attain long‐term results through chronic physical activity for different causes. On this basis, the aim of our study was to assess the metabolic and anti‐inflammatory effects of a home‐based programme of fast walking in patients affected by metabolic syndrome (MS).


The improved process for the synthesis of (±)-tapentadol, the FDA-approved analgesic drug, is achieved from tetrahydrothiopyran-4-one as the five-carbon source.


The theoretical analysis of second-order magneto-optical effects is presented. A material anisotropy is introduced by relative permittivity tensor whose components are expressed using Voigt magneto-optical parameter Q and Lissberger's parameter f. The permeability corresponds to isotropic medium. Three principal configurations are studied according to the magnetization-transversal, polar and longitudinal. The governing wave equation for the field vector leads to four polarization states described by complex polarization vectors. Their components have been derived in closed form. The eignemode polarization states in planar structures with magnetic ordering for the classical materials applied for magneto-optical media are analyzed in detail.


This paper discusses the basic process of USB devices booting.It stresses on the two technical difficulties,one is the process of data transmit between PC and USB devices,the other is USB port software structure.The paper offers a specific realization method of USB devices display process at last.


Background: In Europe, BEV is approved as first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer in combination with either paclitaxel (PAC) or capecitabine (CAP). Methods: The ongoing multicenter non-interventional AVANTI study aims to determine the safety and efficacy of first-line BEV–PAC or BEV–CAP in the context of routine oncology practice in Germany and to assess selection criteria that influence therapy choice. Eligible patients (pts) have previously untreated aBC and no contraindications for BEV. Chemotherapy schedule, diagnostics, and frequency of follow-up visits are at the physician9s discretion. Data are collected for 1 year after the start of BEV, with 6-monthly follow-up for 1.5 years after the end of documented observation or BEV discontinuation, whichever occurs first. Results: Between Oct 2009 and Feb 2015, 2168 pts treated at 331 German centers received BEV–PAC (N=1774) or BEV–CAP (N=394). The most common reasons driving treatment choice were efficacy (66% BEV–PAC, 60% BEV–CAP), guidelines (55% BEV–PAC, 50% BEV–CAP), and tolerability (40% BEV–PAC, 45% BEV–CAP). Compared with pts receiving BEV–PAC, the BEV–CAP subgroup included relatively fewer pts with ≥3 metastatic sites, visceral metastases, and stage IV disease at diagnosis, and relatively more pts with triple-negative aBC (TNBC) and prior (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy. At the time of data cut-off for this interim analysis (Mar 1, 2015), median duration of observation was 10.8 months (range Conclusions: Interim results of this large non-interventional study indicate that first-line BEV-containing regimens represent an active and well-tolerated therapy option for aBC. Data collection in non-inferiority studies based on routine clinical practice typically differs from that in prospective clinical trials. Nevertheless, these results from AVANTI suggest that the efficacy and tolerability of BEV–PAC and BEV–CAP seen in the E2100, RIBBON-1, and TURANDOT trials can be replicated in routine oncology practice. Further analyses focusing on the incidence, management, and potential risk factors for elevation of blood pressure are ongoing. Citation Format: Muller V, Jakob A, Aktas B, Grafe A, Fett W, Marz W, Bruch H, Pott D, Klare P, Boller E, Kiewitz C, Schneeweiss A. Efficacy, safety, and treatment decision-making in the AVANTI German observational study of first-line bevacizumab (BEV)-containing therapy for locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic breast cancer (aBC). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-13-26.


Regression testing is the procedure of retesting the product and checking whether additional faults or errors have been created in the existing one. It is vital for keeping up programming quality. But it is a costly process. By., utilizing prioritization technique cost can be diminished. Prioritization increases productiveness of regression testing and its main criteria is to build the rate of error detection. Merging requirements information into current testing practice helps the engineers to recognize the source of faults easily. In this paper a research is done on whether the requirements-based grouping methodology can enhance the viability of prioritization techniques. So., here a grouping approach is performed on given requirements and prioritization techniques based on code scope metric.


Leachate water was collected from the fly ash disposal mound in one of the major UK coal-fired power station The ash mound has been tipped since mid 1970's and is well engineered and managed, theoretically with no leaking of leachate generated within the ash mound into the underlain aquifer. The chemistry of the leachate shows high concentrations Ca, Na and SO 4 , representing the chemical characteristics of fly ash. B, Li and As are the important trace elements recording the highest concentrations of 22. 3, 24.8 and 16.9 mg/l. Correlation of leachate water chemistry with the contents of the total dissolve solids implies most of the elements in the leachate, including Na, K, Ca, S, Pb, B and Li, are derived from the dissolution of fly ash with infiltrating porewater. The rate of infiltration of porewater in the ash mound was calculated based on the chemical data from the porewater and fly ash. The result showed value of percolation rate of about 40 cm/year. The analytical result of the leachate water was processed with geochemical modelling program, WATEQ4F, and several potential concentration limiting solid phases were identified. Concentrations of As, Cd, SO 4 , Cr, Pb and B exceed the discharging limit set by the EC landfill directive or the National River Authority and this implies the leachate should be treated before discharge into surface water. There are well-engineered sites built when the construction standard was not so stringent as is today, where potential groundwater pollution might take place by introducing leachate from the ash disposal mound.


Metaphor and Health Care: On The Power to Make Metaphor Into Law by George Lakoff & Elisabeth Wehling Perhaps as early as today, the conservative-dominated Roberts Court will choose a metaphor that will affect millions of people and perhaps change the history of our country very much for the worse. Back in 1978, linguists Michael Reddy and me (George Lakoff), working independently, demonstrated that metaphor is fundamentally a matter of thought, and that metaphorical language is secondary. Conceptual metaphors shape our understanding and can determine how we reason. Consequently, metaphor is central to law, as Citizens United showed by expanding the common legal metaphor Corporations Are Persons, with vast political consequences. This week's likely judgment was prefigured in the 2008 Republican presidential race when Rudolph Giuliani likened health care to a flat screen TV. If you want a flat screen TV, buy one; and if you don't have the money, go earn it. If you can't, too bad, you don't deserve it. The same with health care, he argued, imposing the metaphor that Health Care Is A Product. This was a sign that conservative strategists were looking for a way to impose this metaphor. Barack Obama helped them. He bought into that metaphor when he chose the Interstate Commerce clause as the constitutional basis of his health care act. He had an alternative -- Medicare for All -- since Congress has the duty to provide for the general welfare. But Obama accepted the Health Care as Product metaphor because he wanted to regulate the insurance industry, and Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce. In doing so he fell into a conservative trap. The Interstate Commerce clause rests on the metaphor that Health Care Is A Product. That led to Supreme Court justices arguing that the individual mandate is forcing people to buy a product, and that, they hinted, is unconstitutional -- at least 5-4 unconstitutional. The argument is that if the government can force you to buy one product, it can force you to buy any product -- even broccoli. There is another metaphor trying to get onstage -- that the individual mandate levies a health care tax on all citizens, with exemptions for those with health care. The