Facebook is a social networking website that is operated and privately owned by Faceboolc, Inc. The website has cttrrently more than 350 million active users with second position populrity worldwide ofier Google. More than 50?5 of Facebook users access their account daib. The website is free to users and it generates revenuefrom advertising, such as banner adt. Today, Facebook advertisernents become a reasonable optionfor mt ny cottp(mies on a smoll to giant scale as an ffictive media for publishing their promotion campaign. Facebook advertisernents hmte many different variables, ways, audierrces, and rnethods to mix their promotion campaigns thsn conventional prornotions do. A company, that wants to do online promotion oa Facebaok, needs to lonw which variables there are that influerrces Facebook user's attention before they do the promotion campaign This research is aimed a learning the effects of product, price, messoges, design, and layout on qdvertisement attention on the Facebook website. The sampling was takenfrom college students who had had Facebook accountfor, at leost, 3 months and accessed their occount minimum 3 times a week.  The research result showed that generally, as a whole when using collective methods, all variables (product, price, messages, design, and layout) influenced advertisement attention on the Facebook website. In partial method, however, the result demonstroted that indivi&tally, product, and layout variables influenced the attention of the advertisements but price and design variables did not intluence advertisenents attention on the Facebook website. Kqruords : product, price, messages, desisrr, layout, Facebaok


This article discusses the method and process to extract effective information and component form legacy CAD system.Combined with the new development domain of CAD,it proposes a new CAD system model based on software bus architecture and analyses the functions of each component composed the model.With better openess and integrity,the system enables designers at different places to work collaboratively.An example the architecture used in the DrCAD system is presented.


We propose a renormalization scheme that can be simply implemented on the lattice. It consists of the temporal moments of two-point and three-point functions calculated with finite valence quark mass. The scheme is confirmed to yield a consistent result with another renormalization scheme in the continuum limit for the bilinear operators. We apply a similar renormalization scheme for the non-perturbative renormalization of four-fermion operators appearing in the weak effective Hamiltonian.


1 Process and plant engineers tasked with improving the safety of hazardous oil/gas industry production, refining and distribution operations are today employing a variety of gas leak sensing technologies to protect people, equipment, and facilities. The consequences of failing to detect gas leaks can be disastrous, but at the same time there is a need to discriminate between actual dangerous gas leaks and nuisance false alarms. The primary technologies utilized today for combustible gas leak detection within the oil & gas and petrochemical industries are: catalytic bead, point IR, open path IR and ultrasonic. They are all well-known technologies with more than a decade of proven performance in the field. All of them have their unique advantages depending on the application environment. All of them are also susceptible to false alarms under the right conditions.


Network optimizing plays a great role in the construction of GSM system.First.the article classifies the interference of GSM network,then analyses some reason resulting in network interference and localization methods to interference;At last,introduces in detail how to implement optimizing GSM network exampling with project.


The repeal of the mandatory helmet law in a number of states in the USA has contributed to the substantial increase in deaths and injuries to motorcyclists over the past 20 years. It has been shown that the non-helmeted rider is twice as likely to suffer fatal injuries, and sustain more severe injuries than the helmeted rider. Fifty per cent of single vehicle and 80 per cent of multiple vehicle accidents result in serious injury or death. An adequately protective helmet should be rigid and have a strong and easily adjusted chin restraining strap. The helmet should have a good signal to noise ratio and not have accessories mounted on it. Most crashes occur within about a 40 degree forward angle. Vision is not restricted by a full face helmet with face shield reducing or preventing severe facial injury. Attempts to improve the protection of motor cyclists in crashes are not practicable because of the excess bulk involved. Strict licensing procedures on demonstrated performance has been found to decrease losses among young riders who should not only be taught how to handle the machine, but should also be shown in detail the type of crashes, the way injuries are produced and the frequency and severity of these injuries. (TRRL)


Abstract The late 1980s signal a qualitatively new stage in the development of socialist economies. Earlier reforms attempted to move away from a monolithic, centrally planned system, to find more effective mechanisms of economic management, in particular to reduce the role of planning and increase the role of the market within the statist economy. But during the last two or three years a significant change has occurred in the reform discourse. The debate over 'how much plan and how much market' has come to be replaced by a call for a reform of ownership (Bauer, 1988). A 'socialist mixed economy', with a statist sector complemented by a private sector seems to be in the making. This paper has two aims. In the first part I present the trend towards a socialist mixed economy. I will explain the forces pointing in this direction, the likely functioning of a socialist mixed economy, and finally, how different a socialist mixed economy might be from a capitalist one. In the second part I look at the housing ec...


Hasday ben Saprut was the most important European Jew of the tenth century. He lived in Leon, Spain, in 941 and in 956, and after that maintained his ties with King Sancho I as doctor and diplomat. The stable presence of Jews in Leon would develop only after Hasday's death, sometime around 975. Thus, we find that Leon's Jewish community was becoming established in the mid-tenth century, and it is documented continuously from 977 until 1492.


Carboxylated carbon nanotubes (C or cCNTs) were incorporated in polyethersulfone hollow fiber membranes (P HFMs) to improve the gas separation performance, i.e., pure gas permeability and ideal gas selectivity. The developed CP HFMs showed the remarkable improvement in thermal stability and mechanical strength as compared to that of the pristine P HFMs. The pure gas permeability of CO_2, CH_4, O_2, and N_2 gases for the HFMs were measured at 3 bar feed pressure and room temperature. It was observed that the presence of cCNTs in HFMs significantly improved the CO_2 and O_2 permeability for CP HFMs by 10.8-and 11.7- fold, respectively, as compared to that measured for P HFMs. Furthermore, the ideal gas selectivity for CO_2/CH_4, O_2/N_2, and CO_2/N_2 gas pairs for CP HFMs was also remarkably enhanced by almost 8.6-, 10.7-and 9.9-times, respectively, as compared to that measured for P HFMs. CP HFMs exhibited gas separation performance better than or comparable to that of the literature-reported CNTs-based membranes. Remarkably, the gas separation performance of CP HFMs crossed Robeson's 2008 upper bound curve for O_2/N_2 gas-pair and was almost closer to the upper bound curves drawn by Robeson in 2008 for CO_2/CH_4 and CO_2/N_2 gas pairs. The improved separation performance can be attributed to the presence of cCNTs in HFMs. Thus, the results obtained in this study clearly showed that the CP HFMs can potentially be used as a membrane material for the industrially relevant gas separations.


Recommender systems are software tools that have been widely used to recommend valuable items to users. They have the capacity to support and enhance the quality of decisions people make when nding and selecting items online. Such systems work based on which techniques are used to estimate users' preferences on potentially new items that might useful to them. Traditionally, the most common techniques used by many existing recommendation systems are collaborative ltering, content-based, knowledge-based and hybrid-based which combines two or more techniques in different ways. The multi-criteria recommendation technique is a new technique used to recommend items to users based on ratings given to multiple attributes of items. This technique has been used and proven by researchers in industries and academic institutions to provide more accurate predictions than traditional techniques. What is still not yet clear is the role of some machine learning algorithms such as the articial neural network to improve its prediction accuracy. This paper proposed using a feedforward neural network to model user preferences in multi-criteria recommender systems. The operational results of experiments for training and testing the network using two training algorithms and Yahoo!Movie dataset are also presented.


Altertoxin II (ATX II) is one of the several mycotoxins produced by Alternaria fungi. It has a perylene quinone structure and is highly mutagenic in Ames Salmonella typhimurium, but its mutagenicity in mammalian cells has not been studied before. Here we report that ATX II is a potent mutagen in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells, inducing a concentration-dependent increase of mutations at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene locus at concentrations similar to that of the established mutagen 4-quinoline-N-oxide. Thus, ATX II is at least 50-times more potent as a mutagen than the comeywords: ltertoxin II erylene quinone utagenicity NA strand breaks 79 cells lternariol mon Alternaria toxins alternariol (AOH) and alternariol methyl ether (AME). In contrast to AOH and AME, ATX II does not affect the cell cycle of V79 cells. ATX II also causes DNA strand breaks in V79 cells, with a potency again exceeding that of AOH and AME. The high mutagenic and DNA strand breaking activity of ATX II raises the question of whether this Alternaria toxin poses a risk for public health, and warrants studies on the occurrence of ATX II and other perylene quinone-type mycotoxins in food and feed. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.


A field study was conducted in the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture at K. R. C. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi during July 2010 to October 2010, to know the effect of foliar application of different plant growth regulators on growth, flowering andquality of daisy cv. Dwarf Pink. The experiment was laid out in a randomized completely block design,with three replications and 17 treatments, which comprised of four plant growth regulatorsviz., GA3, IBA, NAA each at concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 150 ppm; Cycocel at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm and control sprayed with water. All the growth regulators significantly influenced the growth, flowering and quality of spikes. Among the different growth regulators sprayed, GA3 at 150 ppm resulted in maximum plant height (30.75 cm), leaf length (14.77 cm), leaf width (2.54 cm), leaf area (1008.80 m2), early flowering i.e.,days to first flowering and days to 50 per cent flowering (56.30 days and 60.42 days, respectively), spike length (28.88 cm) and rachis length (26.53 cm).GA3 at 100 ppm recorded more flower size (3.37 cm). Whereas, highest plant spread (27.09 cm E-W and 26.42 cm N-S), dry matter production (14.42 g/plant), number of spikes per plant per season (8.10) andspike yield per plot season (560.88) were observed in the plants sprayed with Cycocel at 400 ppm. However, Cycocel at 200 ppm recorded more vase life (7.13 days).


An acousto-optic deflector has been used as a fine actuator to improve the ability to pull in a track. Combining this A/O system with split optics which make it possible to get high acceleration, we have achieved an access time without latency of 14 ms in a 12'' optical disk system.


Almost every person has to deal with transgressions committed by a romantic partner and faces their negative psychological outcomes, and coping strategies might be key to understanding post-transgression dynamics and forgiveness. We tested the construct validity of the Inventory of Strategies for Coping with a Partner's Transgression which include the emotion (E-FCS), problem (P-FCS), and meaning-focused coping strategies (M-FCS) scales. Results replicated the factor structure of each of the three scales through confirmatory factor analysis techniques, tested its reliability with the McDonald's omega coefficient, and then correlated the scales with forgiveness and resentment, strengthening its construct validity. In general, the validity and reliability of scales were confirmed. Emotion-focused strategies showed a negative correlation with forgiveness, while problem and meaning-focused strategies had a positive correlation. These findings were discussed in the context of theory and their practical implications.


Is there any continuing value in case reports? There is certainly a trend in the medical publishing world away from such articles and in favour of papers and studies that present higher level evidence. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology continues to publish case reports in the belief that there is still a place for the presentation of a clinically important and unique experience, especially if the report carries a clearly defined message to the reader. However, the criteria for successful submission need to be refined, as the need for novelty and rarity must be balanced against the paper's relevance to common practice. The problem is that the humble case report is often derided as being unscientific and of little value either to the reader or, indeed, to the author's reputation. However, rumours of its demise may be somewhat premature. Indeed, there is a long and honourable tradition of presenting case examples in medical teaching and of deriving general lessons from a particular and individual experience. Just as the legal system seeks precedents, a good case report may be a useful starting point in the hierarchy of evidence, and the current emphasis on higher level research may lead us to forget that clinical practice may sometimes be influenced by a single patient or index case in the community. Case reports have been categorised into four types. The first type is the momentous and historic paper. Such articles include Jenner's description of vaccination, Billroth's pioneering gastrectomy and Lister's account of antisepsis. Case reports of this kind are rare. The second type is the educational paper, which includes potential mishaps, risk management and the 'lesson of the week' format. The third type is the bizarre case, which is published for entertainment value. It would be a sad journal that could not occasionally find some space for an article entitled 'Temporal bone fracture following blunt trauma caused by a flying fish' – as in The Journal of Laryngology & Otology in 1998. The fourth type of case report, comprising the majority, communicates a single rare event or association presented in isolation rather than incorporated into a pattern of disease. Such case reports lack an analytic approach. Even if they do describe a unique phenomenon which has never before been encountered or reported in a century of medical literature, they may have little relevance, as there is small likelihood of the same sort of case being encountered in the reader's practice.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain the subject material useful for a plug cover, high in tracking resistance, improved in fluidity and excellent in fire resistance without damaging a thermoplastic plastic, containing disodium tetrabromophthalate. SOLUTION: This molding comprising (A) 25-97 pts.wt. of a polyalkylene terephthalate, (B) 3-20 pts.wt. of disodium tetrabromophthalate, (C) 0-10 pts.wt. of antimony trioxide or antimony pentoxide and (D) 0-45 pts.wt. of a rein forcing agent (e.g. glass fibers). The total of the component A to the component D is 100 pts.wt. The component A in a maximum of 25 pts.wt. may be substituted with an aromatic polycarbonate and/or a graft polymer. The molding may comprise (E) 1-10 pts.wt. (based on 100 pts.wt. of the total amount) of a polyolefin. The graft polymer preferably comprises at least two monomers selected from chloroprene, isoprene, etc. COPYRIGHT: (C)1997,JPO


Introduction. Air pollution with particulate matter (PM) is a serious global problem. In the Russian Federation, regular field measurements of PMs in the ambient air are carried out only in a few cities, and the data, as a rule, are not systematized. Aim of the study: long-term analysis of the data set on concentrations of fine particles in the ambient air of the city of Kazan. Material and methods. Long-term analysis of ambient air pollution by fine particles in the city of Kazan for the period from 2016 to 2020 has been carried out. To study the effect of separate factors (year, measurement time during the day, climatic conditions, the presence of other pollutants) on the levels of PM10 and PM2.5, regression analysis was applied based on the method of mixed models. To characterize the elemental composition of the PM2.5 fraction, sampling of atmospheric air on PVC filters was carried out by use of 100 NR impactor (TSI, USA). The step function and MPPD model were applied to calculate the number of particles and the mass of the deposited fraction of fine particulate matter in different regions of the human respiratory tract. Results. The PM10 concentrations remained stable over a 5-year period, while the PM2.5 concentrations decreased. At the same time, an increase in the maximum annual concentrations of both fractions was observed. The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 significantly depended on climatic conditions. The presence of nitrogen oxides and organic carbon in the ambient air was significantly associated with higher concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5. The elemental composition of PM2.5 fraction was represented mainly by carbon (C) (from 86.16% to 93.45%). Mathematical modeling has shown that PM10 is mainly deposited in the upper respiratory tract, and their presence in the tracheobronchial and alveolar zones is insignificant. PM2.5 particles reach the lower respiratory tract and alveolar area. Conclusion. A statistically significant upward long-term trend in the maximum annual ambient concentrations for both fractions of fine particles can increase health risks. Secondary pollutants (nitrogen oxides, organic carbon) are important factors for the formation of secondary particles in the ambient air. The results obtained indicate that when assessing the risks to public health, it is necessary not only to use the concentrations of fine particles in ambient air, but also to consider the degree of deposition of separate fractions in different parts of the human respiratory tract, considering the alleged pathogenesis and priority target cells characteristic of individual diseases.


This review examines the question of what determines arithmetic ability in primary school children. It has been suggested that arithmetic ability is mediated by many factors such as developmental factors, exposure to arithmetic facts, selection and utilisation of various strategies when solving arithmetic problems, and individual differences in working memory capacity. Some theories suggest that factors such as the complexity of a problem affect the selection of strategies when solving simple arithmetic problems such as addition, whereas other theories propose that individual differences in working memory capacity play a prominent role in arithmetic ability. Research is discussed that provides support for both theories. Further research is proposed that would reconcile these apparent contradictions. Student: Dijana Mirkovic Supervisor: Dr Craig Speelman 22, August, 2005 Arithmetic Acquisition 3 The Role of Strategy Choice and Working Memory Capacity in Arithmetic Acquisitio_n in Primary School Children Most people depend on mathematical skills in their everyday lives in order to be able to tell time and dates, deal with money, count objects, and to calculate distances between places. An inability to apply mathematical skills would result in many difficulties in a society that relies on the ability to utilise numeric skills. The importance of the ability to solve arithmetic problems and the impact on academic self concept in children has been implied in research conducted by Hay, Ashman, van Kraayenoord and Stewart (1999). The results of this study suggested low achievement in mathematics resulted in reduced self-concept, thus having an impact on other academic fields and academic self-concept. This research highlights the importance of understanding the skills required to improve mathematical achievement and the need to understand the underlying cognitive processes involvedln.arithmetic. \ An important question in the development of mathematical abilities is how people acquire the ability to solve arithmetic problems and how they transfer basic arithmetic skills such as addition to more complex problems such as multiplication. It is generally agreed that children use a mixture of memory retrieval and various algorithmic procedures when solving arithmetic problems (Butterworth, Zorzi, Girelli, & Jonckheere, 2001 ). This paper reviews research that has investigated arithmetic ability in primary school age children and the transfer of simple arithmetic skills such as addition to more complex arithmetic problems such as multiplication. It also examines the role of working memory capacity in arithmetic ability. The emphasis of the review will be to consider whether the development of specific skills and strategies in arithmetic skill acquisition for simple addition, or individual differences l l ! { l Arithmetic Acquisition 4 in working memory capacity, play a more prominent role in the ability to perform multiplication. Developmental Influences in Arithmetic Ability The psychological research areas of cognitive psychology and educational psychology investigate how people acquire arithmetic skills, how they acquire basic concepts of mathematics, and the cognitive processes that underlie these acquisitions (Pintrich, 1994). In contrast to some researchers (e.g., Butterworth, 2005; Gelman & Meek, 1983) who argue that all children have some innate arithmetic skills, most psychologists would support the idea that many environmental factors including social and economic factors can contribute to individual differences in the ability to understand arithmetic principles and can shape children's performance (BrowneMiller, 1994; Bryant & Nunes, 2002; Miller & Vernon, 1997; Rittle-Johnson, Siegler & Ali bali, 2001; Thornton, 1999; Siegler, 1996). Developmental factors also play an important ro~,n arithmetic ability. Kail and Hall (1999) implied that additive reasoning is more evident in children from five years old when they demonstrate utilisation of many various addition strategies and do not rely purely on counting, in contrast to chiJdren younger than five. Huttenlocher, Jordan and Levine (1994) suggested that children as young as five years of age can transfer the symbolic meaning of numbers onto physical objects and that children's understanding of numbers is highly analogous to the physical world. Anuola, Leskinen, Lerkkanen and Nurmi (2004) suggest that arithmetic ability consists of many cognitive components such as basic knowledge of numbers, memory for arithmetic facts, understanding of mathematical concepts and the ability to follow procedures. The development of these skills occurs in a hierarchical manner. That is basic knowledge of numbers precedes counting and counting precedes addition Arithmetic Acquisition 5 (Anuola et al., 2004). It has also been suggested that the development of arithmetic skills is a cumulative process that.is characterised by high stability and widening individual differences over time, with a positive association between initial performance and the rate of learning over time (Anuola et al., 2004). This widening of individual differences in performance indicates a need to identify factors that give rise to them, given the impact arithmetic skills have on self concept (Hay, Ashman, van Kraayenoord & Stewart, 1999). Butterworth (2005) also supports the idea of a cumulative process in arithmetic skill acquisition, which primarily requires the concept of numerosity or the number of things in a set, to be clearly established before simple addition, or the union of two or more sets, can be calculated. Butterworth (2005) also adds that children initially acquire simple arithmetic skills by putting sets of numbers or objects together and counting the members of their union. The reaction time for resolving the problem decreases with age indicating developmental influences and depends on the learning history of the individual. In addition, according to Bltterw~h, facts that are learned earlier and practiced more will show greater accessibility. According to Anuola et al. (2004) the lev~l of ability to resolve arithmetic problems is positively correlated with the levels of counting ability, metacognitive knowledge and listening comprehension children display at the beginning of the preschool year. Furthermore it has been suggested the higher the level of counting ability and visual attention that children display at the beginning of schooling, the faster the rate of growth in arithmetic performance (Anuola et al., 2004). In addition, Miller and Vernon (1997) propose the rate of processing speed and the ability to monitor errors in resolving arithmetic problems increase with age suggesting developmental influences in cognitive processes. Arithmetic Acquisition 6 A study conducted by White, Alexander and Daugherty (1998) indicated that analogical reasoning is another important factor in acquiring arithmetic ability in four and five year old children. Analogical reasoning in this study was described as the basic processes involved in perceiving similarities and differences among a range of objects, people or events. The results of the study indicated a significant association between cognitive processes involved in analogical reasoning and those of arithmetic learning in young children. The researchers also suggested that children who do not display automatic analogical reasoning can be trained to reason analogically. Analogical reasoning as a predictor of arithmetic skill acquisition has also been supported in a study conducted by Canobi, Reeve and Pattison (1998) which investigated the role of conceptual understanding in children's addition problem solving. The study involved consecutive addition problems, which were grouped with an aim to reflect association principles among problems. Results of the study indicated that children's understanding ofproblem·relationships based on the strength of association among the addition problems and the addiJve composition or thl structure ofthe problem, was related to the use of more advanced addition strategies such as retrieval and decomposition (Canobi et ~1., 1998). Children in this study used various strategies when adding and their levels of arithmetic proficiency were correlated with the type of strategy they used, with more proficient children utilising retrieval more often than less proficient children. The Role of Strategy Choice in the Arithmetic Ability of Addition The type of instruction and a teacher's ability to teach a skill to students can have a big impact on children's ability to solve arithmetic problems (Fuchs, Fuchs, Prentice, Burch, Hamlett, Owen, Hosp & Jancek, 2003; Fuchs, Fuchs, Prentice, Hamlett, Finelli & Courey, 2004; Wright, 2002). By understanding the various Arithmetic Acquisition 7 strategies used by children, teachers could monitor children's arithmetic ability and progress . In simple addition problems, research indicates children utilise multiple strategies (Geary & Burlingham-Dubree, 1989; Siegler, 1987; 1996; 1998; Svenson, 1975). For instance, experiments have indicated that when solving simple addition problems with addends ranging from 0 to 9, children choose whether to state answers they have remembered or generate an answer by counting (Janssen, De Boeck, Viaene, & Vallaeys, 1999; Siegler, 1998). Currently, the most common way of assessing children's utilisation of various strategies has been to ask the child how he/she arrived at the result of an addition problem. It has been suggested, however, that children are not always consciously aware of strategies they use and sometimes ' cannot explain which strategy they utilised when solving arithmetic problems (Siegler & Stern, 1998). This indicates a difficulty in accurate measurement of strategies children use when solving addition problems. One of the most utilised strategies when solving addition problems is a counting all strategy which is predominant in the early


The theory says that if stocks provide an effective hedge against inflation then the effect of expected inflation should be compensated in the form of nominal stock return. As Fisher Hypothesis (1930) concluded that nominal expected return on a security is a function of expected inflation rate as well as expected real interest rate. Bodie (1976) worked on Fisher Hypothesis and found that actual nominal return depends on expected and unexpected inflation rates and also it depends on expected and unexpected nominal returns. According to Geske and Roll (1983) a positive relationship exists between stock returns and inflation, based on the assumption that securities represent claims on real assets. When there is an increase in rate of inflation, it is expected that prices of real assets will also rise, thereby improving the value of securities representing a claim on such real assets. We found that various studies in this area reported against the hypothesis, showing a negative relationship between the two. However, certain other studies support the theory asserting that the relationship existing between stock returns and inflation is positive. While the negative relationship between inflation and stock return is against the theory, negative results have led to formation of hypothesis such as tax augmented hypothesis. The tax augmented hypothesis states that when we deduct tax from the stock returns, their relationship with inflation tends to get negative as the quantum and rate of taxes also rise along with inflation. This hypothesis also opines that initial researcher did not consider the tax impact when they were empirically testing the relationship between stock returns and inflation. The goal of this paper is to examine the relationship between stock returns and inflation in the SAARC countries and to examine whether or not Fisher Hypothesis holds in SAARC countries. Our motive for carrying out this study was the lack of consensus on the empirically relationship between stock returns and inflation in the literature. While there have been numerous studies in developed economies which tested the relationship between the stock return and inflation like USA and European countries and found negative relationship, some studies have also reported positive relationship. To the best of


The utility model discloses a glass slide clamping device, which comprises a clamping head and a hand shank, wherein a metal spring sheet is arranged in the clamping head; and the front end of the metal spring sheet is fixed on the clamping head, and the rear end of the metal spring sheet is a free end which is connected with a glass slide taking button. When required to be clamped, a glass slide can be directly inserted into the clamping head; the metal spring sheet in the clamping head can press the inserted glass slide, and an operator holds the hand shank of the clamping device with a hand; when the glass slide is required to be taken out, the glass slide taking button below the clamping head is pressed; and the metal spring sheet in the clamping head moves upwards, the clamping head automatically releases the glass slide, and the operator takes out the glass slide with the hand without any effort.


Nielsen, M.B., Matthiesen, S.B. & Einarsen, S. (2005). Leadership and interpersonal conflicts: Symptoms of posttraumatic stress among targets of bullying from supervisors. Nordisk Psykologi, 57, 391–415. The present study had two main objectives: First, to identify characteristic management behaviours of leaders who expose their subordinates to negative acts in the form of bullying; and, secondly, to explore possible relationships between perceived behaviours of destructive leadership and symptoms of posttraumatic stress among targets of bullying. The study was based on a survey with 221 respondents, of whom 199 (90%) had been the target of bullying from one or more of their superiors. The inventory 'Constructive and Destructive Leadership Behaviour' (Einarsen, Skogstad, Loseth, & Aasland, 2002) was utilized to identify leadership behaviour, while the 'Impact of Event Scale-Revised' (Weiss & Marmar, 1997) measured symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Actions associated with tyrannical- and laissez-faire leadership seem to be the most common behaviours among the reported bullies. The findings indicate that 84% of the respondents experienced symptoms of post-traumatic stress above the recommended cut-off values. Compared to other traumatized groups, the victims in this study have higher symptom scores. The results clearly demonstrate that destructive leadership in the form of bullying represents a serious problem for the victims. In particular, leaders characterized by behaviours compatible with the criteria for tyrannical leadership, constitute a severe stress factor, as this style was associated with all three symptom groups of posttraumatic stress. This association endured also after controlling for the effects of the bullying behaviours. Possible explanations for the reported symptoms are discussed with emphasis on the shattering of basic assumptions, sense of coherence, and attributional style. Building essentially on a correlational design, the present study does not permit conclusions of direct cause-effect relationships between destructive leadership and negative reactions in the victims.


This paper presents a new algorithm that arrives at a generalized solution for the generation of restricted weak compositions of n-parts. In particular, this generalized algorithm covers many commonly sought compositions such as bounded compositions, restricted compositions, weak compositions, and restricted part compositions. Introduced is an algorithm for generating generalized types of restricted weak compositions called first-order, and secondorder restricted weak compositions.


Many energy-efficient asynchronous duty-cycle media access control (MAC) protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been proposed in recent years. However, for burst traffic, most of them suffer from significant performance degradation due to randomly waking up to communicate with each other. In this paper, we propose a new asynchronous duty-cycle receiver-initiated MAC protocol called HKMAC. In proposed HKMAC, by adaptively adjusting beacon time of the receiver and scheduling the sender's listening time during scheduled period, it can achieve low end-to-end packet delivery latency and high energy efficiency under burst traffic. We have evaluated the performance of HKMAC through detailed ns-2 simulation. The simulation results show that HKMAC can always reduce end-to-end packet delivery latency and energy consumption under various data rates in different topologies compared with RI-MAC - a state-of-the-art MAC protocol in WSNs.


Objective To study the prevalence status of human immunodeficiency virus-1(HIV-1)subtypes in Shenzhen and study their source in order to predict the epidemic trend.Methods Samples were collected from 150 newly reported HIV-1 infected in Shenzhen in 2010.HIV-1 env gene and gag gene were amplified by nested-PCR from RNA.The C2-V3 region of HIV-1 env and P24 region were sequenced for analyses.Results Among 128 samples,there were 6 HIV-1 strains including CRF01_AE,CRF08-BC,CRF07-BC 3 circulating recombinant forms(CRFs)and B',C,A1 3 subtypes.Subtyping showed that 63.3%(81/128)were CRF01-AE,14.1%(18/128)were subtype B',13.3%(17/128)were CRF07_BC,7.0%(10/122)were CRF08_BC,0.8%(1/128)were subtype C,1.6%(2/128)were subtype A1.And CRF01_AE strain mainly from injecting drug users(IDUs)and heterosexuals and homosexuals.CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC strains mainly from heterosexual and homosexual.Subtype B' were mainly from heterosexuals and homosexuals,blood donors and mothers to children.And subtype A1 was first found in IDUs.Conclusion CRF01_AE、subtype B',CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC of HIV-1 strains were mainly epidemic subtypes in Shenzhen in 2010.Subtype C and A1 were also circulating in Shenzhen region.CRF01_AE recombinant was largely predominant among all transmitting population.And the proportion of CRF01_AE in various groups of population is higher than that in other regions of China.


Nectar from sapota cv. Kalipatti with varying juice levels (20, 25 and 30%), TSS (15 and 18°Brix) and acidity (0.3%) was prepared and evaluated for changes in chemical and sensory qualities at 0, 3 and 6 months of storage at room temperature. The increase in TSS, reducing sugars, total sugars and pH with decrease in titratable acidity were noticed during storage irrespective of treatments. As the juice content increased to 30 per cent in the nectar with 15 or 18°Brix TSS, the nectar showed higher values of reducing sugars. The nectar prepared with higher TSS and juice content exhibited higher level of total sugars than those with low TSS and juice level. The nectar prepared with 25 per cent juice and 18°Brix TSS had the highest overall acceptability and remained at par with the nectar having 20 per cent juice and 18°Brix TSS. A decline in acceptability of nectar in terms of colour, flavour, texture and taste was observed during entire period of storage.


1 Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus Univ ersity Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark 3 Department of Neutron Research, Institute for Nuclear Rese arch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia 4 Division of Acoustics and Ionising Radiation, National Phy sical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK 5 Centre for Molecular Imaging and Experimental Radiotherap y, Universit́e Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium


A package for an LED and its manufacturing method are provided to improve heat emission property by using a metal via, and to prevent electric short by using an oxidized metal layer. An LED device is installed on a ceramic package body(205). At least one metal via(215) is formed on the ceramic package body. An insulating layer(220) is formed on an upper plane of the metal via. A circuit pattern layer is formed on the insulating layer and connected to a solder ball of the LED. The insulating layer is metal-oxidized.


Clark Glymour is Alumni University Professor of Philosophy at Carnegie Mellon University, and Senior Research Scientist at the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition and John Pace Eminent Scholar at the University of West Florida. He is the author or coauthor of numerous articles and books, including "The Mind's Arrows" (2001), "Computation, Causation and Discovery" (1999), and "Thinking Things Through" (1995).


Since the last IAU Colloquium devoted to Ap stars, die continuous development of high signal to noise observations and of computerized analysis tools have greatly increased the effectiveness of abundance anomalies as a probe of hydrodynamical processes in stars. Until the 1980s, they seemed limited to ApBp and AmFm stars where the effects are largest. More recently the abundances of Li and He have been suggested to play important diagnostic roles for hydrodynamics in both the Sun (Proffitt and Michaud 1991b, Pinsonneault et al. 1989) and Halo stars (Proffitt and Michaud 1991a, Pinsonneault et al. 1992, Vauclair 1988, Charbonnel et al. 1992, Deliyannis and Demarque 1991). The observation of a Li abundance gap in F stars of clusters has raised the question of the link between these objects and the AmFm stars (Michaud 1986, Charbonneau and Michaud 1988, 1991) or alternately with solar type stars. The observed Li abundance on die subgiant branch sheds some light on this problem (Charbonneau et al. 1989; Charbonnel and Vauclair 1992). In solar type stars, the observed Li abundance constrains the superficial turbulence that may inhibit surface He gravitational settling (Proffitt and Michaud 1991b) whose effects can be detected using solar seismology (Guzik and Cox 1992, Dziembowski et al. 1992).


A superconducting oxide Y0.4Ba0.6CuO2.22 with Tc higher than 88 K was synthesized. The crystal structure was found to be a derivative of the perovskite structure with orthorhombic unit cell dimensions of a=3.818 (1) Å, b=3.888 (1) Å, c=11.667 (4) Å, and V=173.19 (8) Å3. Basic unit cell of the cubic perovskite structure was tripled along the c axis, probably due to the ordering of Y3+ and Ba2+ ions and/or of oxygen vacancy. Apparent short bond length for Cu-O may partly be explained by oxygen vacancy amounting to a quarter, but the observed high Tc suggests actual contraction of Cu-O bonds.


An optical amplifier scheme for ultrashort 1030-nm pulses is proposed based on an Yb : YAG crystal with axial pumping by a transverse single-mode laser at a wavelength of 920 nm. A small-signal gain up to 40 dB per pass with a high output beam quality is demonstrated. The maximum average power is 14 W with a slope efficiency exceeding 50 %.


The method presented by A.R. Calderbank and L.H. Ozarow (IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.36, p.726-40, July 1990) is extended to provide shape gains without resorting to high-dimensional constellations. The extended method accomplishes this by dividing the constellation into unequal sized constellations and then selecting these constellations on an equiprobable basis. This approach yields higher shaping gains than the method of Calderbank and Ozarow, with lower increase in peak-to-average power ratios. A design example which demonstrates the simplicity and power of the approach is provided. It is shown that, for very little complexity, shaping gains of 1 dB can be achieved.<<ETX>>


There is significant development of a digital culture in the field of research in education for searches, access, collection, organization, shares, collaboration, socialization and publication of digitized knowledge. This paper presents an ongoing research that investigates the context of the research in the Humanities, Education knowledge area, seeking to identify what and how researchers of Graduate Programs in Education (PPGE) use digital technology resources in their research activities. The research aims to know the approaches (quantitative and qualitative) that are ongoing, recognizing and mapping the technological resources used. It is hoped with this research to present important diagnostic for Graduate Programs in Education, especially especially for those who desire to invest in specific technological resources for research and expand their technological and educational possibilities.


Objectives: (1) to evaluate changes in knowledge and attitudes of participants in the "Safer Bars" training programme to reduce aggression in bars; (2) to assess the relationship of scores on knowledge/attitudes questionnaires with participant's role in bar, gender and years of experience, and geographic location of the bar; and (3) to assess consumer satisfaction and elicit subjective feedback regarding the programme. Methods: Five hundred and twenty‐two bar staff and managers from 23 bars completed knowledge/attitude tests before and after the 3‐h training and provided consumer satisfaction ratings. Results: Participants rated the training very highly and showed significant improvements in knowledge and attitudes related to preventing aggression and managing problem behaviour. In multivariate analyses, being male, having more years of experience, being a manager or bartender and being employed at a city‐centre bar were all independent predictors of higher pre‐test training scores; however, only being a manager and being employed at a city‐centre bar significantly predicted higher scores on post‐test knowledge and attitudes. Conclusions: The positive response to the "Safer Bars" training and the significant improvement in knowledge and attitudes indicate that programmes of this type have the potential to be an effective public health strategy for reducing bar‐related violence and injury.


IT IS IMPORTANT that the aircraft electric power system designer be provided with techniques for evaluating the effects of inverter loads on the stability of d-c systems. Inverter-induced instability has been a problem for a number of years. In the past, the problem has been resolved by arbitrarily changing the time response of some element of the system. Stability criteria have now been developed on the basis of measurable properties of the system.


Bacteria communicate with each other in an enclosed environment by the production of signaling molecules. This cell -cell communication is termed quorum sensing (QS) that relies on QS molecules for the regulation of the bacteria group behavior including the virulence factor genes expression. QS has been regarded as an important aspect in aquaculture. The high demand of tilapia fish by domestic and nationwide market has made Tilapia fish farming an important aquaculture industry in Malaysia. In 2009, a fish farm in Terengganu (Malaysia) was badly hit by an endemic disease outbreak which killed more than 50 % of the tilapia fish and the causative agent was suspected to be bacteria. In this study, five potential bacterial pathogens including Bacillus sp. W2.2, Klebsiella sp. W4.2, Pseudomonas sp. W3 and W3.1 and Serratia sp. W2.3 were isolated from the diseased tilapia fish. With the aid of high resolution quadruple liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we detected the presence of unusual long chain N-(3-oxohexadecanoyl)-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C16-HSL) from Pseudomonas sp. W3.1 and N-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone (C12-HSL) from Serratia sp. W2.3, respectively. This study is the first documentation that shows unusual long-chain AHLs production in Serratia sp. and Pseudomonas sp. isolated from diseased fish whereby production of such long chain AHLs in these bacteria has not been reported elsewhere. In addition to AHLs, Pseudomonas sp. W3.1 also produced a wide range of Pseudomonas quinolone signalling (PQS) molecules. Proteolytic and haemolytic activity assays have confirmed that Bacillus sp. W2.2, Pseudomonas sp. W3 and W3.1 possessed both activities while Serratia sp. W2.3 showed only proteolytic activity. In contrast to Pseudomonas sp. W3.1, Pseudomonas sp. W3 did not show any quorum sensing properties but possessed quorum quenching activity that inactivated a broad range of AHLs.


Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis (ASPPC) is a rare manifestation of syphilis. Most cases respond to systemic treatment of the underlying Treponema pallidum infection. The authors illustrate the natural progression of untreated ASPPC with multimodal retinal imaging.


The authors have optimised light emitting diodes (LED) of truncated-inverted-pyramid (TIP) geometry using the ray tracing technique together with electronics simulation. A unique feature of their ray tracing technique is the geometrical treatment combined with a wave optics approach, taking into account refraction, reflection, absorption and interference effects. Their model enables the computation of the angular distribution of the transmitted power of an LED of arbitrary geometry in two dimensions. They have analysed the light power transmitted into a selected angular sector. It is different from known TIP LED experimental results because a wide range of angles has been used in the simulation so that a more detailed picture could be analysed. For example, three major peaks of the light output power in an inclination angle dependency have been discovered. The variations of structural parameters of TIP LEDs allowed the authors to define some other optimal parameters for a variety of purposes.


The study assessed the efficacy of the association of L-AC and tiapride in the treatment of behavioural and psychiatric symptoms due to cerebral decay. The study included 60 subjects, aged 65-80, who were subdivided into treated and control groups. Inclusion criteria included no previous psychiatric history and no general illness. Results demonstrate the usefulness of the association of the two drugs studied.


The experiment result on Drought Tolerance of Forty Two(42) rice varieties certified for extension in Heilongjiang Province shows that drought tolerance varies between these variety and Kongyu 131, Kenjing 2, Longdao 5, and Suijing 3 perform of drought tolerance relatively well.


By Introducing the working principle of PCM,the atteneions during the inspection and most factors which would influence this method were analyzed too.Connecting the inspection worksite examples on buried pipelines,it proposes some useful suggestion to improve the efficiency and accuracy of inspection.Meanwhile,it points out some limit and problems existed in this technique.


Marcelline Block's Situating the Feminist Gaze and Spectatorship in Postwar Cinema breaks new ground in exploring feminist film theory. It is a wide-ranging collection (re)visiting important theoretical questions as well as offering close analyses of films produced in the United States, France, England, Belgium, and Russia. This anthology investigates exciting areas of research for critical inquiry into film and gender studies as well as feminist, queer, and postfeminist theories, and treats film texts from Marguerite Duras to 21st century horror films; from Agnes Varda's 2007 installation at the Pantheon to the post-Soviet Russian filmmakers Aleksei Balabanov and Valerii Todorovskii; from Quentin Tarantino's Death Proof to Sofia Coppola's postfeminist trilogy; from Chantal Akerman's "transhistorical, transgressive and transgendered gaze" to the "quantum gaze" in Steven Spielberg's Jurassic Park; from Hitchcock's "good-looking blondes" to the career-woman-in-peril thriller, among others. According to the semiotician Marshall Blonsky of the New School University in New York, "given the breadth of the editor's choices, this volume makes a splendid contribution to feminist and cinematic fields, as well as cultural and media studies, postmodernism, and postfeminism. It lends readers 'new eyes' to view canonical and other film texts." David Sterritt, chairman of the National Society of Film Critics, states that this anthology "should be required reading for students and scholars, among other readers interested in the interaction of cinema with contemporary culture." Situating the Feminist Gaze and Spectatorship is prefaced by Jean-Michel Rabate's brilliant essay, "Mulvey was the First..."


Ahmed Hashad 1 Emad Helal 2 Abstract Slums and non-engineering buildings are scattered in Egyptian cities. Here comes the challenge facing the state, including the engineering bodies, to determine the danger level to the residents' lives, and to develop solutions and priorities for facing risks including earthquakes. The large size of slums necessitates the development of a simplified way for classifying structures in terms of their seismic resistance. This research proposes a simplified method to estimate the earthquake loads to be used for estimating the ability of such buildings to withstand the main and seismic loads, allowing the determination of the initial degree of danger on its condition. The proposed guideline ignores the effect of participation of all columns in resisting earthquake loads, especially in the absence of lateral stiffness members, which is the general condition of slums and focuses on the external columns only that are the most exposed to the seismic load. Also, this method considers only the resulting seismic vertical reactions. The validity of the proposed method was tested experimentally and analytically, while its accuracy was verified through a field study by comparing the results of its application on two buildings in Sharika, Egypt. Numerical models for these buildings were built to determine their resistance under seismic loads. The study concluded how to predict the risks affecting such buildings using a simple process. This could be used to establish controls to replanning the buildings of existing slum cities to ensure the safety or at least reduce the risk of collapses against moderate earthquakes.


A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2015-2016 at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari to identify suitable cobalt application method and optimum level for enhancing chickpea yield. There were four cobalt application methods and three levels of cobalt each i.e. seed priming at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ppm, seed treatment at 1, 2 and 3 g kg-1 seed, soil application at 50, 100 and 150 g ha-1, foliar application at 0.01, 0.025 and 0.05% and one control with water priming and one without seed treatment were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications. In general least level of all methods has recorded highest growth and yield of chickpea. As cobalt levels increased, growth and yield of chickpea was decreased linearly in all methods. Soil application of 50 g CoCl2 ha-1 produced highest seed yield hence this treatment can be recommended for higher seed yield and can be useful for succeeding crop.


In recent years, large multidimensional databases, or data warehouses, have become common in a variety of commercial and scientific applications. It is not unusual for these data warehouses to contain billions of tuples, each categorized by tens or hundreds of dimensions. A major challenge with these databases is to extract meaning from the important data they contain: to discover structure, find patterns, and derive causal relationships. A promising technique for the analysis of these multidimensional databases is visualization. To make visualization effective in this context, we need to develop tools that tightly integrate visual presentation and database queries, support interactive refinement of the display, and can visually present a large number of tuples and dimensions.
This dissertation introduces a formal approach to building visualization systems that addresses these demands. The foundation of the dissertation is the Polaris formalism, a language for precisely describing a wide range of table-based graphical presentations of relational information. A key aspect of this formal language is the ability to compile visual specifications automatically into the precise queries and drawing commands necessary to generate the display. This ability enables us to design systems that closely integrate analysis and visualization. Using the Polaris formalism, we have built two interactive systems: the Polaris interface and a framework for multiscale visualization.
The Polaris interface for the exploration of multidimensional databases extends the popular Pivot Table interface to generate a rich, expressive set of graphic displays. The Polaris interface is simple and expressive because it is built upon the Polaxis formalism. Analysts can incrementally construct complex queries, receiving visual feedback as they assemble and alter the query. The Polaris interface is a generally applicable tool that tightly integrates analysis with visualization. This dissertation also demonstrates how to use the Polaris formalism and data cubes to specify and implement domain specific multiscale (pan-and-zoom) visualizations efficiently. The presented approach to multiscale visualization addresses several limitations in the current approaches by introducing multiple zoom paths into the data and providing general mechanisms


Arcade-style games like Tetris and Pacman are often difficult to adapt for educational purposes because their fast-paced intensity and keystroke-heavy nature leave little room for simultaneous practice of other skills. Incorporating spoken language technology could make it possible for players to learn as they play, keeping up with game speed through multimodal interaction. To date, however, it remains exceedingly difficult to augment fast-paced games with speech interaction because the frustrating effect of recognition errors highly compromises entertainment. In this paper, we design a modified version of Tetris with speech recognition to help students practice and remember word-picture mappings. Using utterances collected from learners interacting with the speechenabled Tetris game, we present and evaluate several techniques for leveraging contextual cues to increase recognition accuracy in fast-paced game environments.


— With the increase of the integrated luminosity recorded by LHC, the research of possible dark-matter candidates assumes more and more importance. In simplified dark-matter production models, dark matter is produced from the decay of a mediator, coupled both to standard model particles and dark matter. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators, the associate production of dark matter and two top quarks gives an excellent sensitivity on a wide range of model parameters, mainly thanks to the high top quark Yukawa coupling. In particular the analyses are focused on the top quark decays in zero, one and two leptons. In this contribution, updates concerning the most recent ATLAS results based on 13 fb−1 of 13 TeV LHC data are given.


The implementation of 2013 curriculum has come under spotlight in these recent years. The curriculum expands the competences into four aspects. They are spiritual attitudes, social attitudes, knowledge, and skills. The curriculum also promote the use of scientific approach, problem solving and problem based learning in the every teaching and learning process. Unfortunately, based on the initial interviews amongst teachers, it was founded that problem solving is rarely used in teaching mathematics. This is due to the difficulty in teaching and assessing problem solving in the same time. Therefore, students' ability to solve the problem is not trained well. This paper attempt to present the syntax of a new model of teaching as a part results of continuation research of the first year research. The model is designed to teach and to assess the problem solving skill in the same time through a modelling performance. Modelling performance is refers to modelling about how students problem solution (presented through exemplars problem) is assessed using authentic assessment by exemplars rubric. For this purpose, a developmental research based on Plomp (1997) was designed in order to get the mathematics model of teaching to develop students' ability in problem solving. The research conducted in four steps, i.e. preliminary investigation, design, realization, and test, evaluation and revision. The third first steps were conducted in first year research. By the first year research, it was gained the model (syntax) of teaching in theoretical form. The last step of plomps' is conducted in the second year research. The last step is conducted by expert validation, test the model in the real class and then revise it if needed. The designed model of teaching is called as Problem-Solving Performance Modelling. The model consists of eight phases. The phases begin by the orientation, individual problem solving (using exemplar problem), organizing the group discussion, group discussion, classical discussion, modelling of problem solving performance (using exemplar rubric), evaluating, and closing. Keyword: problem solving, performance modelling, model of teaching


Mechanisms of Population Regulation in Confined Colonies of Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) and the Response to Exploitation by Donna Corn Olsen, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 1973 Major Professor: Dr. Frederic H. Wagner Department: Wildlife Resources Wild-trapped and laboratory-reared Peromysc�s manicu latus (Wagner) were raised as confined colonies indoors with various stocking densities ranging from 0.026 to 0.100 mice per sq. ft. in pens of 40, 77, and 154 sq. ft. The animals were individually tagged and all pens were censused at weekly or semi-monthly intervals to record animals x present, body weights, food consumption, and overt reproductive condition. At the termination of each experiment, all mice were necropsied and organ weights of gonads and adrenals recorded. Histological sections were made of the testes and ovaries. Half the colonies were subjected to density-independent exploitation by removal of 50% of the mice in each litter before weaning. Colonies stocked with the wild-trapped P. m. rufinus failed to establish a regular pattern of successful breeding


It can produce good effects completely in the course of earring out tutorial system on the promise of standard reasonably.


Although several previous studies have investigated the success factors and implementations of data warehouses, only few of them have explored the end-users' perceptions of data warehouses. Moreover, none of these previous studies were conducted in a company outside North America. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the data warehousing system characteristics affecting end-users' usage and perceived impact of using data warehouses in Korean financial companies. A research model for end-users' usage and perceived impact of using data warehouses was developed based on the Technology Acceptance Model and the IS Success Model. Then, a survey questionnaire was design to collect data from the data warehousing users in four leading Korean financial companies. We analyzed these data to test the proposed hypotheses by using Structural Equation Modeling. Results of this study suggest that Data Quality and End-user Support and Training are significant system characteristics affecting end-users' usage of data warehouses and perceived impact of data warehouses.


In recent years the need for consolidating the information contained in heterogeneous data sources has been widely documented. In order to achieve this goal, an organization must resolve several types of heterogeneity problems.Statistical record linkage techniques could be used for resolving this problems. However these techniques for onlinerecord linkage could pose a tremendous communication bottleneck in a distributed environment. In order to resolve this issue, we develop a matching tree, similar to a decision tree, and use it to proposetechniques that reduce the communication overhead significantly. When databases are maintained by disparate organizations, the disclosure of such information can breach the privacy of the corresponding individuals. Our objective is to adapt a Bloom Filter encoding technique to mitigate such attacks and we achieved the tradeoff between security and accuracy.


This work discusses the imaging properties of EUVL systems on the basis of an aerial image study in resist. A process window analysis for the lithographic structures which are driving the ITRS roadmap is presented. Here we cover the 45 nm and 32 nm node. In a first step we focus on the contribution of wavefront aberrations and flare effects to the imaging performance. In a second step we investigate the process latitude for different generic pattern of the above mentioned nodes. It becomes clear that EUVL tools are a very good choice for the printing of contact holes. Dense and semi-dense lines can be easily printed too, using a conventional illumination setting. From our current perspective, isolated features on bright field reticles are the most challenging structures for EUV imaging due to the flare impact on contrast and process latitude. Related to flare we discuss our progress in mirror surface manufacturing to reduce the overall flare level.


Share pledging has become popular as a method of loan collateral among Chinese shareholders. Our research used a sample of Chinese listed firms between 2008–2018 and produced two main findings. Firstly, we found a negative association between stock price risk and firm profitability. Our second finding was that the interaction effect of share pledging and stock price risk is greater on firm profitability than the effect of stock price risk itself. We examined the role of share pledging by modeling pooled OLS and fixed effects using share pledging behavior, controlling shareholders' share pledging and the share pledging ratio to reinforce the robustness of our results. Furthermore, we investigated the Davis Double Play effect of share pledging to analyze how share pledging affects stock price risk. We found that higher EPS and investor expectations cannot mitigate the positive impact of share pledging on stock price risk. That is, the reduction of EPS and the deterioration of investor expectations caused by share pledging risk will not further aggravate the stock price risk, as shareholders may have taken some managerial actions to affect the transmission mechanism.


"In this paper I present a chapter of my research on the attitudes of teachers in Roma-majority classrooms and schools. These research findings are part of a broader study. The aim of my research is to typologize the attitudes of teachers based on interviews conducted with them, and to interpret these attitudes in the context of the social environment (educational policy, majority-minority relations) and the school as an organization. Based on interviews with the teachers involved in the research, I have distinguished three main patterns of attitudes: the childcentred, the rule-abiding and the conflicted. In the teachers' attitudes, certain dimensions of these types are blended by different factors. In the schools included in the research, most of the teachers interviewed belong to the "conflicted" category, who are essentially "floundering" in the narrow margins of the centralised education system, trying to take into account the different cultural and social situations of the pupils, while at the same time trying to comply with the curriculum, the regulations and the expectations of the examination system."


Ber (Ziziphus spp.) is the hardiest cultivated fruit tree grown in most of the hot drier parts of many countries for its fresh fruits. Its deep taproot system enables it to survive long periods without water, even when the surface soil completely dries out. Ber trees can grow under conditions of extreme stress from drought, salt and waterlogging and can therefore be grown on degraded or marginal lands. It produces a nutritious fruit, which is rich in the B group of vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin and niacin), vitamin C and β-carotene. Ber can provide sustained production irrespective of occurrence of drought. A number of products are produced for industry from the ber tree. There are different wild Ziziphus species and types distribute all over the southern parts of Iran, and they show a great adaptability to the dry climate conditions of the arid and semi-arid regions. The identification and evaluation of over 2500 ber trees in Khouzestan province was initiated in 2000. Twenty-nine trees have been identified as superior types. Wide variability in tree performance, yield, fruit fresh weight (2.4-19 g), fruit dry weight (0.85-4.7 g), fruit shape, fruit length (10-48 mm), fruit diameter (12-27.5 mm), fruit volume(2.2-20.2 cc), peel colour, presence or absence of seed and seed weight (0-1.3 g) were observed among the genotypes. The growth and maturity (early February-April) of fruits also showed variations among the genotypes.


The properties of fractionated polyacrylamide(PAAM, Mw 104-107) in dilute aqueous salt solutions were studied by light scattering and viscometric methods. The relationships among intrinsic viscosity, mean square redius of gyration R3)z, the second virial coefficient A2 and weight average molecular weight were observed respectively. Additional results PAAM in 0.2 mol/1 NaCl aqueous solution were also obtained from a excluded volume exponent v = 0.566 A2: The ratio of the mean square end to end distance to R32 equals 6.68 and the interaction parameter between macromolecules and solvents is 0.489.


Abstract In the column below, the author discusses the process of developing an evidence-based principle working document as a benchmarking technique to measure institutional effectives in an academic library setting. This preliminary study examines the process of developing a best practices procedure that supports academic involvement in institutional learning. The author presents data and commentary on the process of applying learning analytics practices to develop behavioral and academic interventions to improve library management and to impact student success. Library learning analytics projects and research have grown out of administrative pressure to demonstrate returns on investments and a desire to confirm which library practices and resources contribute to institutional priorities and impact student learning. The study outlines benchmarking techniques implemented to measure performance and demonstrate the library's contributions to the academic learning process. This study includes potential considerations for library leaders and library staff as a result of changing practices and environments. The author's conclusions discuss how academic library services, expertise and resources contribute to desired outcomes of faculty support and student success.


. We present our UBV R C I C CCD photometry of a new dwarf nova OT J213806.6+261957 in Pegasus, discovered during its superoutburst on May 6, 2010 and classified as a WZ Sge-type star. In the term May 15 – November 27, 2010, we obtained more than 10 000 CCD observations of the nova. Two-colour diagrams together with the superoutburst evolutionary tracks of the nova are presented. The analysis of our data revealed the presence of ordinary superhumps with the mean period of 0. d 055106 and late superhumps with the period of 0. d 05490. We calculated the orbital period of the dwarf nova Pegasi 2010 to be 0 . d 0542 ± 0 . 005 and estimated the mass of the red dwarf component in the binary as 0.09 ± 0.01 M ⊙ . The period change of superhumps of the dwarf nova Pegasi 2010 is in agreement with other WZ Sge-type stars. The evolution of superhumps profiles is discussed. The superoutburst of the dwarf nova Pegasi 2010 finished at the end of September 2010. In October and November 2010 night-to-night brightness variations as well as a flickering on a time scale of minutes were detected.


The relationship between inequality and growth is not a settled issue in economic theory. Some theories propose that growth affects inequality, while others argue that inequality shapes growth. There are theories in which the two variables are positively correlated, while in others this correlation is negative. This paper presents and compares some of these theories. The focus is on the effect of inequality on long-term growth in low and middle-income countries. Conventional wisdom considers that increases in inequality are correlated to higher growth, due to savings effect (the rich save more than the poor) and incentives effect (in the absence of redistributive policies, talented people can collect the fruits of their effort). However, there are many channels through which inequality may harm growth. In the political economy literature there are two main lines of reasoning: one which says that inequality may induce the political system to adopt redistributive policies and by doing so discourage investment; and another stating that rich people are able to bias property rights and laws in their favor. The literature on development economics emphasizes that inequality may lead to credit constraints which may result in poverty traps; and that consumer markets may not be large enough to make industrialization viable. The macroeconomic literature calls attention to the inability of unequal countries to allocate the costs of a macroeconomic adjustment program and to sustain growth for a time long enough to achieve high levels of income. Applied econometric studies have been unable to show a clear pattern of the causal relationship between inequality and growth. Many problems impose limitations to those studies: reversal causality, measurement error, sample bias and non-linearity are some of these barriers. Advances in theory and evidences in this field seem to be dependent on microdata and case studies. 1 Consultor Legislativo do Senado Federal. Doutor em Economia (IPE/USP).


Organic corrosion inhibitors have been used to control process-side corrosion in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants for many years. This review describes the type of corrosion problems which have lent themselves to inhibitor application, the probable mechanism of protection, and certain process limitations that should be considered. Also covered are various test methods for the evaluations of organic corrosion inhibitors.


Assigning standard medical codes (e.g., ICD-9-CM) representing diagnoses or procedures to electronic health record (EHR) is an important task in the medical domain. However, automatic coding is difficult since the clinical note is composed of multiple long and heterogeneous textual narratives (e.g., discharge diagnosis, pathology reports, surgical procedure notes). Furthermore, the code label space is large and the label distribution is extremely unbalanced. The state-of-the-art methods mainly regard EHR coding as a multi-label text classification task and use shallow convolution neural network with fixed window size, which is incapable of learning variable n-gram features and the ontology structure between codes. In this paper, we leverage a densely connected convolutional neural network which is able to produce variable n-gram features for clinical note feature learning. We also incorporate a multi-scale feature attention to adaptively select multi-scale features since the most informative n-grams in clinical notes for each word can vary in length according to the neighborhood. Furthermore, we leverage graph convolutional neural network to capture both the hierarchical relationships among medical codes and the semantics of each code. Finally, We validate our method on the public dataset, and the evaluation results indicate that our method can significantly outperform other state-of-the-art models.


Flexible devices are urgently required to meet the demands of next‐generation optoelectronic devices and metal halide perovskites are proven to be suitable materials for realizing flexible photovoltaic devices. However, the tolerance to moisture corrosion and repeated mechanical bending remains a critical challenge for flexible perovskite devices. Herein, a self‐healing formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) film is fabricated to cure mechanical damage by absorbing moisture from the surrounding environment. A poly(vinyl alcohol) microscaffold is designed not only to stabilize the black phase of the FAPbI3 film but also to endow it with self‐healing ability in a humid environment. The photodetector based on a self‐healing film exhibits a high responsivity of 11.3 A W−1 and recovers to over 90% of the initial responsivity after the self‐healing process. This work provides an effective self‐healing strategy to stabilize the operation of flexible perovskite devices under normal high‐humidity environmental conditions.


ABSTRACT This article analyzes the use of Internet tools and virtual co-creation initiatives of firms ranked among the top 100 in the Brazilian building industry. The research was based on observation of the companies' websites and of 200 posts written by participants in a collaborative building project. Websites were observed for the way online interaction tools were aligned to their declared goals. Posts were analyzed using discourse analysis and coded on the basis of the list of values. Results show that only three companies use online tools for the purpose of co-creation and that customer enjoyment is the primary driver of co-creation.


Diverse approaches exist for diagnosing and treating patients afflicted with acute and chronic low back pain syndromes (LBP), thereby necessitating a comprehensive evaluation of the pain syndrome and a meticulous analysis of the neuropathic component to enhance our scholarly comprehension of the distinct differences in pain progression among these individuals. A total of 125 individuals (56 females and 69 males) diagnosed with vertebral lumbar pain syndromes (LBP), aged between 20 and 68 years (42.8 ± 11.1 years), underwent comprehensive evaluation. Stratification into two distinct groups was based on the duration of the pain syndrome: an acute pain group (pain lasting up to 3 months) and a chronic pain group (pain persisting beyond 3 months). Pain assessment, administered upon hospitalization, involved utilizing of well-established tools such as the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), DN4 Questionnaire, and McGill Pain Questionnaire. The initial pain intensity, measured by VAS upon admission, was recorded as 7.15 ± 1.17 in the acute pain group and 6.08 ± 0.96 in the chronic pain group. Analysis of responses to the DN4 questionnaire revealed that patients with acute pain syndrome obtained an average score of 2.26 ± 1.01, whereas those in the chronic pain group scored 4.53 ± 1.02. The presence of a neuropathic component was identified in 38 % of patients with acute pain and 56 % of patients with chronic pain. Correlational analyses indicated a weak positive correlation (r = 0.12, p < 0.05) between VAS scores and the assessment of neuropathic pain using the DN4 questionnaire in the acute pain group. However, the chronic pain group observed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.41, p < 0.001). Patients experiencing chronic LBP expressed their pain sensations in a more emotionally descriptive manner. Notably, the chronic pain group exhibited a statistically significant elevation in the number of selected descriptors according to the Index of Chosen Descriptors (ICD) on the sensory scale, as well as an increased Pain Rank Index (PRI) on both sensory and affective scales, compared to the acute pain group. To summarize, individuals with chronic LBP exhibit a more prevalence of the neuropathic component. Moreover, patients in the chronic pain group demonstrated higher scores indicative of sensory and psychosocial aspects of pain.
Key words: acute pain, chronic pain, neuropathic component of pain, verbal descriptors, McGill Pain Questionnaire


Results of an experimental study of the transient phenomena occurring with the loss of plasma from a 24 cm long theta pinch discharge which trapped an initial reverse magnetic field are presented. The plasma was doubly-ionized helium with ion density Ni=2*1016 cm-3 and temperature Ti=15 eV at midcoil, and with Ni=0.5*1016 cm-3 and Ti=6 eV at a position 2.5 cm outside the theta coil. Local, high temporal resolution (0.1 mu s) diagnostics included: diamagnetic loops, plasma luminosity, magnetic field, electron density, electron temperature, and impact pressure of the flowing plasma. Rotation was observed to produce an m=2 instability after annihilation of the trapped reverse magnetic field. Plasma flow from the coil did not begin until after collapse of the plasma column. By combining impact pressure measurements with local density data, the velocity of the end-loss plasma is obtained. Axially directed electromagnetic force interactions are found to have had a minimal effect on the plasma loss; the primary driving mechanism for plasma loss is identified as the axial pressure gradient arising from axial gradients in both density and temperature. In the end region of the theta pinch, the expanding plasma is proceeded by an outward propagating front which forms; it is found to ionize and transfer momentum to the ambient background gas.


Background.— Many migraineurs report attack "triggers," but relatively few published data exist regarding the relative prevalences of individual triggers, variations related to gender, duration of migraine or migraine subtype, or the existence of any regional variations in the prevalences and distributions of triggers.


Abstract Widespread cultivation of pearl millet for grain production in parts of the United States has been limited due to its susceptibility to rust disease. Over the last 3 yr, grain from a recently developed rust-resistant hybrid of pearl millet was evaluated for its potential use in poultry broiler diets. The evaluated grain from each year had a comparable TMEn value (3,300 to 3,448 kcal/kg) and higher protein content (12 to 14%) than corn. In two battery studies (2 to 16 d of age) and two floor pen experiments (1 to 42 d of age) varying levels of pearl millet replaced yellow corn and a portion of soybean meal in isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. The performance and carcass yield of broilers fed diets containing up to 50% pearl millet were equivalent or better than those of broilers fed typical corn-soybean diets. The results clearly indicate that this new hybrid of pearl millet could be a successful alternative grain for poultry production. Because pearl millet can be successfully cultivated in regions where corn production is marginal, this grain may prove to be economically beneficial to the grain and poultry producers in such areas.


Radio frequency identification technology has been widely used in missing tag detection to reduce and avoid inventory shrinkage. In this application, promptly finding out the missing event is of paramount importance. However, the existing missing tag detection protocols cannot efficiently handle the presence of a large number of unexpected tags whose IDs are not known to the reader, which shackles the time efficiency. To deal with the problem of detecting missing tags in the presence of unexpected tags, this paper introduces a two-phase Bloom filter-based missing tag detection (BMTD) protocol. The proposed BMTD exploits Bloom filter in sequence to first deactivate the unexpected tags and then test the membership of the expected tags, thus dampening the interference from the unexpected tags and considerably reducing the detection time. Moreover, the theoretical analysis of the protocol parameters is performed to minimize the detection time of the proposed BMTD and achieve the required reliability simultaneously. In addition, we derive a critical threshold on the unexpected tag size for the execution of first phase in BMTD. Extensive experiments are then conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed BMTD. The results demonstrate that the proposed BMTD significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions.


In a patient with hyperalaninemia and hyperpyruvicemia previously reported, the levels of both pyruvate and lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid were found to be higher than those in the patient's blood, this suggesting that there may be a defective activity of pyruvate carboxylase in the brain tissue.


Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the application of vascular access technology in nephropathy patients treated with hemodialysis. Methods: A total of 537 patients with nephropathy were selected as study subjects for this retrospective analysis. Subjects were divided into an experimental group of 294 patients (patients using bundled nursing model) and a control group of 243 patients (patients using conventional nursing model). Vascular blocking rates, hospital stays, awareness of risks, nursing satisfaction, and adverse reactions were compared. Patients were also assessed for quality of life using Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results: Length of hospital stay in the experimental group was significantly less than the control group, P < 0.01. Rate of risk awareness in the experimental group was 82.73% ± 6.54, significantly higher than that of the control group 64.23% ± 8.08, P < 0.01. Vascular access blocking rate in the experimental group was 7.48%, significantly lower than the control group 17.28%, P < 0.01. Incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.01). Total average SF-36 score of the observation group was 84.50 ± 9.74 points, significantly better than that of the control group, P < 0.01. Conclusion: For patients with nephropathy treated with hemodialysis, the use of bundled nursing can effectively increase establishment of vascular access while reducing adverse reactions and vascular access blockages. Bundled nursing is worthy of promotion in clinical use.


Recurrent stenosis following successful PTCA remains the most serious barrier to wider application of this technique. Solution of the problem is in its infancy. A reliable means of preventing recurrence will probably also increase our under standing of the atherosclerotic process. If recurrent stenosis can be prevented, it may be possible to slow down the progression of atherosclerosis by the same in terventions.


The article analyzes the key competence of "learning to learn" from the cognitive and metacognitive perspective. "Learning to learn" is one of the competences identified by the European Commission as a key to successfully addressing the challenges of the 21st century. In this paper, we argue that the cognitive and metacognitive aspects of learning are most important to gain an understanding of this key competence and enable individuals to pursue an independent and successful learning at school and beyond. Research into these processes began in the early 1980s, especially in the fields of cognitive and educational psychology, and a lot of correlation was found between cognitive learning strategies and learning achievements. It is argued in the article, that learning to learn is a competence that needs to be developed through formal schooling and beyond. It affects changes in teaching approaches and organization of students' learning as a whole. Keywords: key competences, learning to learn, cognitive strategies, metacognition, self-regulated learning DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15823/p.2019.133.2


Abstract: Perovskite solar cells have become an attractive subject in the solar energy device area. During ten years of development, the energy conversion efficiency has been improved from 2.2% to more than 22%, and it still has a very good potential for further enhancement. In this paper, a numerical model of the perovskite solar cell with the structure of glass/ FTO/ TiO2/ H3NH3PbI3/ HTM/Au by using Silvaco Atlas software is presented. The effect of hole transport material characteristics, including hole mobility and band gap offset of organic and inorganic HTM layers such as Spiro-MOeTAD, CuO and Cu2O on the performance of PSCs are investigated. The simulation results reveal that with increase of hole mobility in hole transport layer, the cell efficiency is increases. Meanwhile, the solar cell exhibits a better performance by using inorganic materials like CuO and Cu2O as hole transport layer, than by using Spiro-MOeTAD, particularly the efficiency reaches 22.12% when Cu2O is used.


The logic structure of higher vocational and technical curriculum is a double helix structure,which is com posed of the logic of vocational work and professional education.The tension between the culture and technology of the two logics made the curriculum logic structure become complementarily,dialogism,self-organization,stability and inheri tance.The rationality and necessity of curriculum logic of higher vocational education can be seen from the 4R principle of post-modern perspective on curriculum.


Objective
To compare the short- and long-term clinical effects of laparoscopic radical resection and open radical resection on rectal cancer.

Methods
A total of 150 patients with rectal cancer hospitalized in Linfen People's Hospital from June 2016 to June 2018 were selected and divided into two groups by surgery protocols. Seventy-five patients in observation group were treated by laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer, and 75 patients in control group were treated by open radical resection of rectal cancer. The operation indexes, intraoperative and postoperative incidence of complications were compared between the two groups. The pathological data, recurrence rate and metastasis rate of the two groups were analyzed and compared.

Results
The operative time of observation group was longer than that of control group, the bleeding volume in observation group was less than that in control group, while the time of exhaust gas recovery, drainage extubation and the postoperative hospital stay in observation group was shorter than those in control group (P 0.05).

Conclusions
Laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer is a feasible method, which can obtain good short-and long-term curative effect similar to open surgery.

Key words:
Laparoscopy; Laparotomy; Rectal cancer; Clinical efficacy


The numerous historical and cultural remains of the Three Kingdoms in Kuizhou,such as "Liu Bei Tuo Gu",have a far-reaching significance and influence.Du Fu,one of the greatest poets in Tang Dynasty,examines the Three Kingdoms' figures and events with the spirit of patriotism and loyalty to emperors.He explores the value of the Thee Kingdoms culture as a realist poet and expresses it with poems,and becomes the first person in Kuizhou promoting Three Kingdoms culture.


The chapters in this volume analyze some of the most important issues in contemporary U.S.Japan relations. Fully half the chapters, those by Robert Bullock, Jennifer Dwyer, Kato Junko, and Kojo Yoshiko, focus on economic matters, which is indicative of the central position occupied by issues related to government deregulation and fiscal and monetary policy in the research agendas of political scientists today, and in the policy agendas of those responsible for managing foreign policy. The chapters by Tadokoro Masayuki and Robert Uriu focus less on specific policies and more on the dominant ideas and assumptions of policymakers, and on the ways those ideas and assumptions are transmitted by the mass media and influence policymakers' choice of strategies. The chapters by Michael Green and Tanaka Akihiko discuss the security dimension of the U.S.-Japan relationship and the way security relations have been adapted to, and continue to be challenged by, momentous changes in the regional and global international system. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of U.S. policy toward Japan and a kind of backdrop for the following chapters. I do so by focusing my attention on two issues that have been matters of perennial concern in postwar U.S.-Japan relations, that have been sources of tension in the relationship across many administrations, that in many ways illustrate important general features of U.S. policy toward Japan, and that raise important questions about the future. The two issues are U.S.-Japan trade relations and the impact of China policy on the U.S.-Japan bilateral relationship. In considering the implications of this history for the future of U.S.-Japan relations, I am cognizant of the dangers involved in making forecasts that are based upon projecting our knowledge of the past into the future. Few people in the years following the end of World War II, when the United States and Japan took the first steps to forge a new political, economic, and security relationship, imagined just how successful that effort would prove to be. Nor did American leaders in those days anticipate how quickly a prostrate Japan would rise from the ashes of defeat to resume at an accelerated pace its goal to catch up with the West economically. It is at least as difficult today to predict the impact on the United States


Implementing electronic medical records the purpose originally scattered medical records stored in the various hospitals to build a unified national switching center (EEC) provides indexing centralized query. But people mostly choose convenient hospital trust, per patient list of a lot of medical records. Physician electronic * 林國中(Kuo-Chung Lin) 新北市立聯合醫院、大同大學資訊工程研究所 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com TEL: (02)2982-9111#3261 葉慶隆(Ching-Long Yeh) e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 黃世瑩(Shih-Ying Huang) e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 2 以知識工程方法論與語意網架構解決大量電子病歷互通推薦調閱之研究 medical records to find outside the hospital through an insurance card, often many patients with history of medical records list, they have to spend a lot of time in the access to information, and thus reduce the willingness to outpatient physician EEC platform. This study attempts to solve issues of access to electronic medical records the EEC platform system. First, using the CommonKADS knowledge engineering methodology to find a physician to look at the attending areas of knowledge, and thus designed a proprietary set of interrogation knowledge as the basis of the development of electronic medical records management system interface design. Second, access to electronic medical records management system design recommendations useful platform queries required to carry a large number of electronic medical records. Again, the development has recommended access to the rules of the SPARQL language widely used EEC platform electronic medical records XML file exists, and to improve the exchange efficiency of the signature of electronic medical records among hospitals. Finally, the use of RDF technology to host the SPARQL query language, and thus enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the query access to the EEC platform, saving physician time it takes to use the platform.


Pulmonary emphysema means inflation of the lungs. The terms is generally used to describe a chronic disease which, in its fully evolved state, is readily recognized as a characteristic clinical entity. It has been called hypertrophic or vesicular emphysema to draw attention to the progressive distention and rupture of the alveoli, and chronic obstructive emphysema to emphasize the importance of bronchial constriction as a major cause of the clinical symptomatology. Other forms of pulmonary emphysema have been described, such as acute physiologic emphysema in which hyperinflation of the lungs takes place as a result of severe physical exercise, or acute vesicular emphysema in which there is temporary overdistention of the alveoli as a result of bronchial obstruction, either localized (as from foreign bodies and tumors) or generalized (as in protracted bronchial asthma). Senile emphysema is not characterized by over-inflation of the alveoli. Landis states, "In the strict sense of the word this is not a true emphysema at all.... It is but one of the atrophic changes commonly met with in the aged." In Laennec's classic description of emphysema, the senile type was not included. The hypertrophic obstructive entity with which this presentation is concerned is characterized by increased lung volume, impairment of elastic recoil, bronchial obstruction and inefficient alveolar ventilation, in contrast to the tendency to decreased lung volume, comparatively slight reduction in elastic recoil and unobstructed bronchi in atrophic, so-called senile emphysema. Although senile emphysema is more fully discussed by Bickerman, I wish to emphasize that the cause of shortness of breath is not simply related to the loss of vital capacity, the moderate impairment of elasticity of the lungs, the decrease of the alveolar breathing surface, or impair-


Aristotle's conception of causality and the ones Modern philosophers have bequeathed us (Locke, Leibniz and Hume in particular) have been exhaustively discussed, although the contrast between them has not, in my opinion, been sufficiently highlighted. This paper proposes to fill this gap. I start with Aristotelian causality and his theses that causal explanation requires knowledge of causal laws and that the necessity associated with these laws presupposes the existence of causal powers. I discuss next Locke's and Leibniz's attempts to modernize Aristotle's theses on causality. The third part of the paper presents two paradoxes Hume identified, on the one hand, between Locke's and Leibniz's theses about our knowledge of causal laws and, on the other hand, between the Aristotelian thesis that there must be causal powers and the scientific practice of Modernity. Hume's proposal to eliminate these paradoxes is also discussed. I finish with some critical remarks on the humean model about our knowledge of causal laws as compared with his contribution to the analysis of the concept of causality.


Abstract In this study, we statistically analysed biometric-fingerprint images for personal identification. For each of the original images, a 129×129 region of interest was extracted and transformed into a co-occurrence matrix. Four different types of relative position distances were used to generate these matrices. The results were then analysed twice: first by the Program for Rate Estimation and Statistical Summaries (PRESS) and then by the Pattern Recognition and Image Processing Laboratory (FVC2002) testing protocol. The efficiency of the proposed method was demonstrated by the experimental results. In addition, it was found that greater relative-position distances produced lower error equal rates.


The utility model relates to a controlled mechanism type heavy-duty loader with high carrying capacity. The controlled mechanism type heavy-duty loader with the high carrying capacity comprises a double-arm mechanism, an arm ascending and descending branched chain, a bucket overturning branched chain, a bucket, a travelling device and a rack. The rack is installed on the travelling device, and the double-arm mechanism is hinged on the rack, and is connected with the bucket at the other end. The arm ascending and descending branched chain controls an arm to ascend and descend, and the bucket overturning branched chain controls the bucket to overturn. The arm ascending and descending branched chain and the bucket overturning branched chain are driven respectively by a servo motor installed on the rack to accomplish loading and unloading operation of the loader through mutual match of the arm ascending and descending branched chain and the bucket overturning branched chain. The controlled mechanism type heavy-duty loader with the high carrying capacity not only avoids the defects that in the current hydraulic loader, the maintenance cost of hydraulic components are high maintenance cost and complex to maintain, and the like, but also has the advantages of compact structure, fewer used rods, large bearing capability, high reliability and strong impact resistance capability compared with other controlled mechanism type heavy-duty loaders, and is very suitable for manufacturing large heavy-duty loaders.