This paper explores the needs and definitions of metrics in the product development process. The relevance of the subject is easily justified by the ever increasing complexity of the products, and the investments required for its development as well as the need for shortening time-to-market. The objective of this work is to search metrics in the product development process of the aerospace industry. The Brazilian Aerospace Industry has been chosen as case study and reference. The paper reviews the main metrics available in the literature followed by an experimental investigation about the current metrics adopted by the Brazilian Aerospace Industry. This research has yielded a list of eighty-three metrics which were grouped into three main sets: Definitions, Development and Production. These sets were defined based upon the focus of the metrics associate with the functional investigated area. It has also been found that some areas were lacking metrics in spite of having some measuring procedure in place. Based upon these findings, the work supports the development of a method for selecting and defining metrics which are aligned with the strategic goals of the corporation.


A nationwide plan for provision of medical care is embodied in the Wagner-Murray Bill S. 1050, which has been presented to Congress for consideration. The American Public Health Association has formulated a policy, "A National Program for Medical Care," 1 and the Committee of 29 on Research in Medical Economics presented the "Principles of a Nationwide Health Program" 2 in December 1944. These plans are of such great personal interest to every individual and family in the nation that they deserve most careful thought. These plans have been under active consideration by sociologists, economists, labor organizations, public health workers and the medical profession for several years. The discussions have in many instances been acrimonious and often injudicious. For the most part the discussions have been conducted by groups who may be under suspicion of having a certain amount of bias. The majority of contributors have been the public health officials


We document and analyze the emergence of a substantial gender gap in mathematics in the early years of schooling using a large, recent, and nationally representative panel of children in the United States. There are no mean differences between boys and girls upon entry to school, but girls lose more than two-tenths of a standard deviation relative to boys over the first six years of school. The ground lost by girls relative to boys is roughly half as large as the black-white test score gap that appears over these same ages. We document the presence of this gender math gap across every strata of society. We explore a wide range of possible explanations in the U.S. data, including less investment by girls in math, low parental expectations, and biased tests, but find little support for any of these theories. Moving to cross-country comparisons, we find that earlier results linking the gender gap in math to measures of gender equality are sensitive to the inclusion of Muslim countries, where in spite of women's low status, there is little or no gender gap in math.


Heuristics are used to reduce mental effort in decision making, but they may lead to systematic biases or errors in judgment.


One of the recent challenges that face developing nations today is the commitment to meet many of the socio-economic expectations of their communities. Sustainable developed has emerged to offer better opportunities to reduce the gap between the "North" and the "South" and to attain a set of economic, social and cultural benefits to local communities while conserving the environment. This paper argues that for tourism in developing nations to be sustainable, the tourism planning mechanism has to be approached from a community-based tourism development perspective which necessitates meeting economic, socio-cultural and environmental goals to enhance the living circumstances of their communities. Such goals should be fully considered while setting the tourism policies, strategies and plans. This also entails developing tourism programs and instrumenting techniques that enable the tourism agency putting the community-led tourism development into practice. Arguably, a set of criteria has to be considered while incorporating the community-based development approach into the tourism planning process. The paper attempts to employ the value-chain model, which consists of key activities or guidelines that have to be taken into consideration while planning for tourism from a community-based perspective, to measure the tourism planning performance and orient its strategies and programs towards the community-led tourism development approach. The paper has chosen Egypt, which is a developing nation, to showcase the crucial importance of employing an instrument such as the value-chain model to evaluate the compliance of the tourism planning process with the community-based sustainable development principles. In the past five years Egypt has gone through remarkable political changes as two revolutions broke out by its community demanding more equitable socio-economic benefits. Such change has influenced the country's political agenda and has urged its government to move towards more community-based development schemes. The value chain model has been used to measure the fulfilment of the Egyptian tourism planning process against the community-led approach indicators and values within the context of sustainable development. The research method has enabled the researcher to reach reliable findings regarding the Egyptian case and to draw a number of implementation models on how the community-based tourism development approach can be integrated into the tourism planning scheme at its different levels and stages.


The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between selected components of corporate governance and financial performance of listed companies in Bursa Malaysia. In this study, the most critical components of corporate governance including board independence, board size, board expertise, audit committee size, audit committee independence, and audit committee expertise, have been examined as the independent variables that influence the financial performance of companies listed on Bursa Malaysia. This study used a sample of 150 non-financial listed companies in Malaysia. This study differs than previous studies that separately study the effect of either the board characteristics or the audit committee characteristics. This study concerns on the combined effect of both, board of directors and audit committee, about return on equity. The study is based on companies' data for the year 2014. Regression analysis is conducted using Statistical Package for Social Science Version 22 (SPSS 22), and the outcomes of this study show significant and positive relationships between all the independent variables and financial performance of companies listed on Bursa Malaysia. The study ended up with positive suggestions based on the limitations that have been faced while conducting this study.


Spring grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) seed fields with sheep (Ovis aries) is a common practice. The effects of grazing duration in early stages of stem elongation on seed yield and its components are not well known. We studied four durations of spring grazing annual ryegrass with sheep over a 2-yr period on an Argiaquic Xeric Argialboll soil. Grazing was begun before onset of stem elongation. Treatments were no grazing (G0) and grazing until one-third (G1), two-thirds (G2), or all (G3) primary tillers had their apical meristems removed. Leaf area was progressively reduced by grazing duration. The number of fertile tillers increased with grazing duration in the first year, but the effect was not significant in the second year. Grazing did not affect the number of spikelets per spike or florets per spikelet in the first year. In the second year, G2 and G3 reduced spikelets per spike and had no effect on the number of florets per spikelet, whereas G1 did not affect either character. Both G2 and G3 decreased seed weight in the first year, while G1 had no effect ; treatments did not affect seed weight in the second year. Grazing treatment did not affect total herbage dry matter at seed maturity, seed yield, or seed quality in either year. We conclude that, in western Oregon, grazing annual ryegrass in late winter and early spring up to the time when the apical meristem of all primary tillers are removed (G3) does not reduce seed yield. Grazing until about one-third of primary tillers lose their apical meristem (G1) may actually improve seed yield.


Molecular machines order and disorder polypeptides as they form and dissolve large intermolecular interfaces, but the biological significance of coupled ordering and binding has been established in few, if any, macromolecular systems. The ordering and binding of GroES co‐chaperonin mobile loops accompany an ATP‐dependent conformational change in the GroEL chaperonin that promotes client protein folding. Following ATP hydrolysis, disordering of the mobile loops accompanies co‐chaperonin dissociation, reversal of the GroEL conformational change, and release of the client protein. "High‐affinity" GroEL mutants were identified by their compatibility with "low‐affinity" co‐chaperonin mutants and incompatibility with high‐affinity co‐chaperonin mutants. Analysis of binding kinetics using the intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan‐containing co‐chaperonin variants revealed that excessive affinity causes the chaperonin to stall in a conformation that forms in the presence of ATP. Destabilizing the β‐hairpins formed by the mobile loops restores the normal rate of dissociation. Thus, the free energy of mobile‐loop ordering and disordering acts like the inertia of an engine's flywheel by modulating the speed of chaperonin conformational changes.


Recalcitrant pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are difficult to degrade and have been the focus for biodegradation. They form a class of pollutant on a global scale. In an attempt to contribute to the search for suitable microbial culture with potential to biodegrade low and high molecular weight PAHs, bacterial strains were isolated from engine-oil polluted sites in Lagos, Nigeria. These isolates were evaluated for possession of plasmid DNA and the role it played in PAH degradation. Out of sixteen strains isolated, two were Gram negative while the others were Gram positive isolates. They belonged to genera Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Kurthia sp., Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Corynebacterium. All the isolates grew on the PAHs (anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene) at varying rates utilizing them as sole source of carbon and energy. All the isolates also possessed plasmid DNA ranging from 17.8 to 38.9 kbp. Subjection of plasmid cured isolates to PAHs biodegradation suggest that PAHs degradation may be plasmid and/or chromosomally mediated depending on the bacterial isolate and PAHs being degraded. This study has revealed that different compounds induce varied genetic changes in bacterial isolates in response to the stimuli.


We analyze the affect that the waveguide-resonator coupling, κe, has on the transmission and sensitivity of an optical gyroscope consisting of N evanescently coupled mircroring resonators. Rotation sensitivities are maximized as both κe→0 and κe→1.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve a pneumatic brake actuator with a flow rate no-reaction two-way control valve.SOLUTION: A pneumatic brake actuator includes: a spring brake actuator with a spring chamber and a spring brake pressure chamber; and a service brake actuator with a service brake pressure chamber and a pushrod chamber. A control valve for regulating a fluid flow between the spring chamber and the service brake pressure chamber includes a seal that is moveable between an open position which is a position where fluid is permitted to flow between the spring chamber and the service brake pressure chamber and a closed position which is a position where the fluid is blocked to flow between the spring chamber and the service brake pressure chamber. A first surface of the seal is connected in fluid communication with the service brake pressure chamber. A second surface of the seal is connected in fluid communication with a valve chamber, that is not connected in fluid communication with the spring chamber or the service brake pressure chamber. The seal moves between the open position and the closed position on the basis of pressure in the service brake pressure chamber. This movement is not dependent on flow rate of fluid and pressure difference between the spring chamber and the service brake pressure chamber.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1


Perhaps the most important change in the understanding of the fundamental structure of Thomistic metaphysics in recent times is the recognition of the primacy of the decidedly Neoplatonic influence in the formation of that fundamental structure as opposed to the traditional view that Aristotelian influences were the most important. I refer, of course, to the Neoplatonic doctrine of participation. . .. This view of Thomism with participation as the center doctrine would make that system primarily radically revised Platonism expressed in Aristotelian notions of potency and act with an extension of the meaning of these latter notions which is not found in Aristotle hut is original with 8t. Thomas. In this light we ","ould consider the metaphysics of 8t. Thomas to he a highly original synthesis with Platonic influence superseding that of Aristotle in view of the central character of the doctrine of participation for 8t. Thomas. 1


I. INTRODUCTIONCircassians are an indigenous ethnic group that originates in the northwestern Caucasus Mountains.1 Throughout the nineteenth century, the Russian Empire enacted a policy to eradicate Circassians from their ancestral homelands, effectively pushing almost all surviving Circassians throughout the diaspora.2 Russia recently hosted the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the heart of Circassian ancestral lands.3 Many Circassians have expressed an interest in returning to Circassia, particularly Circassians fleeing the conflict in Syria.4Under article 12(4) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ("ICCPR"), Russia has an obligation to allow Circassians the right of return.5 Many Circassians, particularly refugees from Syria, wish to utilize Russia's Compatriot Law (a program to encourage Russians throughout the diaspora to return to Russia).6 However, a recent determination by Russian officials that Circassians are not considered compatriots under the law has prevented Circassian right of return.7 Russia should meet its obligations under the ICCPR's article 12(4) to allow Circassians the right of return by either amending the Compatriot Law or creating a new law to repatriate Circassians.Section II of this comment will provide a history of the Circassian people, including Russian policy to eradicate and expel Circassians from their ancestral homelands throughout the nineteenth century.8 It will then go over the Russian government's Compatriot Law and a recent decision by the Russian government that Circassians are not compatriots under the law.9 The comment will then discuss the right of return as a binding principle of international law that can continue through subsequent generations of an outcast people.10This comment argues that Russia is frustrating Circassian right of return in violation of articles 12(4) and 2(1) of the ICCPR. Section III will analyze the Circassian right of return under the ICCPR and legal barriers that could otherwise prevent Circassian right of return.11 It will then discuss how the Russian Compatriot Law fails to meet Russian obligations under article 12(4) of the ICCPR.12 In addition, Russia's subsequent amendments to the Compatriot Law to limit the scope of compatriot and decision to deny Circassian right of return constitutes a discriminatory practice prohibited by article 2(1) of the ICCPR. Finally, Section IV will recommend how Russia can fulfill its obligations by providing measures to allow Circassian return.13 For instance, Russia could amend the Compatriot Law to allow Circassian return, accept Circassians as Russian compatriots under the international law of succession, or create a new law that specifically targets Circassians for return to the ancestral homelands.II. BACKGROUNDThe background will describe Circassian history in the northwest Caucasus region and ultimate removal under Russian imperialism during the Caucasian War from 1817-1864. It will then explain the Russian Compatriot Law, Syrian Circassian refugee attempts to use the law for repatriation, and Russia's determination that Circassians are not compatriots under the law. Finally, it will present the history and current precedent for right of return under articles 12(4) and 2(1) of the ICCPR.A. CIRCASSIAN HISTORYThe term "Circassian" refers to members of an indigenous ethnic group from the northwestern region of the Caucasus Mountains, which borders Russia, Georgia, and the Black Sea.14 It is a distinct group with its own culture and language.15 Circassian mythology, known as the Nart Epics, predates the Bronze Age and provides thousands of years of Circassian history and culture originally passed down as oral tradition before being recorded in Circassian texts.16 For most of their history, Circassians enjoyed relative autonomy as tribal groups connected through custom and culture, which regularly interacted with neighbors through trade, noble marriages, and war. …


The aggression of some children decrease with age, while the aggression of others persists into childhood and adolescence and takes on increasingly serious forms in adulthood (Loeber & Farrington, 1998). Little is known about how the relationship between social interactions with teachers and peers differentially influence these patterns of aggressive behavior. Aggression is sensitive to social contingencies (Marcus, Vollmer, Swanson, Roane, & Ringdahl, 2001) and has been shown to be influenced by parenting style and peer groups (Dishion, Andrews, & Crosby, 1995). Naturally occurring aggressive behavior among 59 preschoolers was examined over time and in relation to teacher and peer responsiveness. Realtime direct observational data were collected biweekly across 9 months. Analysis of the frequencies of aggressive behavior was conducted using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). In addition, the temporal relation as indexed by the sequential dependencies between child's aggression and teacher and peer responses were examined. Overall results indicated that preschoolers' aggression was not a function of time or teacher responsivity, but rather of peer responsivity. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of social interactions on patterns of aggressive behavior.


In this paper we analyze the stellar populations present in M31 using nine sets of adjacent HST-NICMOS Camera 1 and 2 fields with galactocentric distances ranging from 2 ′ to 20 ′ . These infrared observations provide some of the highest spatial resolution measurements of M31 to date; our data place tight constraints on the maximum luminosities of stars in the bulge of M31. The tip of the red giant branch is clearly visible at M bol ∼ − 3 . 8, and the tip of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) extends to M bol ∼ − 5. This AGB peak luminosity is significantly fainter than previously claimed; through direct comparisons and simulations we show that previous measurements were affected by image blending. We do observe field-to-field variations in the luminosity functions, but simulations show that these differences can be produced by blending in the higher surface brightness fields. We conclude that the red giant branch of the bulge of M31 is not measurably different from that of the Milky Way's bulge. We also find an unusually high number of bright blueish stars (7.3 arcmin − 2 ) which appear to be Galactic foreground stars.


Priority to educational development is the basis of the sustained development of national economy. Education is a kind of public welfare and its investment period is long. These characteristics require the innovation of financial investment in order to improve the lack of educational funds. The advantage of educational debt market makes its choice in the innovation of educational investment necessary. And educational debt market will promote and ensure long - term healthy development of education.


Accretion of fresh gas at a rate of ∼ 1M☉ yr−1 is necessary in star-forming disc galaxies, such as the Milky Way, in order to sustain their star-formation rates. In this work we present the results of a new hydrodynamic simulation supporting the scenario in which the gas required for star formation is drawn from the hot corona that surrounds the star-forming disc. In particular, the cooling of this hot gas and its accretion on to the disc are caused by the passage of cold galactic fountain clouds through the corona.


This paper analyses the interaction between data needs and objective formulation in Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). This topic is discussed from the experiences that were gained by designing and applying a participative SEA pre-study process in the developing region of the Sonso Lagoon, Colombia. Data collection and issue identification are described, as are the different purposes and similarities with objective-led and baseline-led SEAs. It is argued that the participative framework used in Sonso can be applied in similar developing country contexts where there is a lack of environmental data and clear development goals. Finally, it is stressed that the participative SEA pre-study process can be implemented in situations where different sector objectives conflict or in circumstances where there is a need to formulate regional or municipal development objectives.


Multi-media classroom's characteristics fulfill the requirements for learning in a modern society .The researches on the student satisfaction with the multimedia classroom itself are few. Based on the previous research, the researcher of this thesis developed a comprehensive multi-media classroom satisfaction questionnaire. The purpose of this study is to investigate into student satisfaction with multimedia classroom environment. Introduction Given the massive utilization of the multi-media in higher education, student satisfaction within the context of the environment is clearly a factor of most importance in ensuring the validity of the education environment .Multi-media classroom's characteristics fulfill the requirements for learning in a modern society. [1]Previous studies have not studied the relationship between perceived student satisfaction and learning styles in a multimedia classroom environment. [2]Perceived learner satisfaction is defined as the degree of the learner satisfaction with learning environment as a whole. So this research synthesizes literature from learners' learning styles and multimedia classroom environment to investigate a model of learner satisfaction with multimedia classroom environment. [3] The model proposes the student satisfaction with the multimedia classroom environment is affected by the concrete environment in multimedia classroom as well as the preferred learning style of the students.


Book synopsis: The volume contains 36 contributions in German, French and English. The variety of topics ranging from the Jewish community in Lyon at the time of the Carolingians, poison writings of the late Middle Ages and digital publishing projects, medieval instruments of knights, generals and actor of the early modern period, the inclusion of the Huguenots in the empire and French nobility memoirs of the 17th Century to the contributions of a session on the history of the First World War.


High altitude and associated high altitude illnesses have always been an issue of concern especially in western Himalayan region and northern India. Ladakh has been stated to cause maximum number of cases of high altitude illness. This study was taken to assess the incidence of High altitude illness (HAI) among low landers adult males on rapid exposure to high altitude region and the association of altitude range and acclimatization schedule. An observational study was done prospectively in Ladakh region and all the reported cases of high altitude illness were assessed for two consecutive years. The overall incidence of high altitude illness were 7.6/1000 and 9.2/1000 in two consecutive years. Maximum number of acute mountain sickness (AMS) were reported between 0-2 days of acclimatization and 11500 to 13500 ft altitude range while the number of High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPO) cases reported between 3-5 days of acclimatization and at 11500 to 13500 ft altitude range. Rapid induction and gain in altitude of more than 13500 ft was found to have a direct association with high altitude illness.


This document describes the IETF architecture for a standard,
programmatic interface for state transfer in and out of the Internet
routing system. It describes the high-level architecture, the building
blocks of this high-level architecture, and their interfaces, with
particular focus on those to be standardized as part of the Interface
to the Routing System (I2RS).


Tools for automatically clustering streaming data are becoming increasingly important as data acquisition technology continues to advance. In this paper we present an extension of conventional kernel density clustering to a spatio-temporal setting, and also develop a novel algorithmic scheme for clustering data streams. Experimental results demonstrate both the high efficiency and other benefits of this new approach


* Preface * Acknowledgments * Introduction: Approaching the Indian in World Politics * Chapter 1. Maps of the Mind: Spanish Conquest and the Indian Soul * Chapter 2. Enlightenment Legacies: Colonial Reform, Independence, and the Invisible Indian of the Liberal State * Chapter 3. The Governmental State: Indian Labor, Liberal-Authoritarianism, and Revolt * Chapter 4. Institutionalizing the Indian: Corporatismo, Indigenismo, and the Creation of an Authoritarian Regime * Chapter 5. Neoliberal Governmentality: Social Change, Contested Identities, and Rebellion * Chapter 6. Visible Indians: Subcomandante Marcos and the "Indianization" of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation * Conclusion: Modernist Visions and the Invisible Indian * Notes * Bibliography and Interviews * Index


BERTOLI, Joao Gabriel da Costa. Proposed a Plan for Solid Waste Management (PGRS) for a gas station in the city of Paraguacu Paulista – SP. 2013. X f. Thesis (Bachelor of Environmental Engineering) – Federal Technology University Parana. Campo Mourao, 2013. The generation of solid waste added to mismanagement is bringing problems that should be minimized. The creation of the National Solid Waste Policy presented the Solid Waste Management, an environmental licensing tool aiming to reduce the impacts caused by potentially polluting establishments through its wastes' proper management. The gas stations make up this list of potentially polluting establishments, once they produce hazardous waste, as the lubricating oil, textile and plastic materials contaminated with oil and others. The present thesis proposes a Plan for Solid Waste Management for a gas station localized in the city of Paraguacu Paulista – SP. A quantitative survey and classification of all waste generated in a period of seven days in order to collect data for the elaboration of the management plan was conducted. It was noted that the establishment, hazardous waste were stored improperly and mixed with recyclables. To improve the management of waste from the place was set waste segregation through garbage properly signed, the adoption of reverse logistics and investment in training and environmental education for employees, as well as a monitoring plan. Such measures are aimed at adherence to the legislation of solid waste in the gas station.


Background: Ethnobotany investigates the traditional and local application of plants in different regions by locals and different cultures. It aims at describing the relationships between cultures and plants, focusing on their applications. Local people and the elderly in each region have a lot of information about the uses of plants. Objective: The purpose of this study was to introduce the most important medicinal plants species in Abhar County and their applications in traditional therapies. Methods: After stydying the area, interviews with native connoisseurs, the medicinal plants of Abhar County were collected during 2015 2016 and by their scientific identification, the names in Persian, Local as well as the organs used, their medicinal properties, and usage were determined. Results: The findings of this study revealed the presence of 71 medicinal plants species belonging to 29 families. The families of Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Lamiaceae with 11, 10, and 8 species, respectively, are the most important ones in the study area. The most important applications of them in Abhar County are for gastrointestinal disorders (54/93%). They are mostly used in brewed and boiled (76/06%), or extracted form (38/03%). Conclusion: Presence of 71 species of medicinal plants in Abhar County with their various uses by the local people in the treatment


PURPOSE
We compared GRE T1 3D FS sequence with other acquisition techniques available on medium field strength MR units (.5 T) in patellofemoral cartilage studies.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The imaging protocol scheduled Spin Echo (SE), Inversion Recovery (STIR), Gradient Echo (GRE), Turbo Spin Echo (TSE), Turbo-Inversion Recovery (Turbo-STIR), Gradient Spin Echo (GRASE) and Echo Planar (EPI) sequences, in some cases combined with Fat Suppression (FS) or Magnetization Transfer Contrast (MTC) sequences when suitable. In vitro studies were carried out for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) evaluation, and in vivo on 10 healthy volunteers for contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) evaluation between cartilage, bone marrow and fluid. The exams were carried out on MR equipment operating at .5 T, with 15 mT/m power gradients.

RESULTS
In both in vitro and in vivo studies, GRE T1 3D FS sequences yielded better results in SNR and CNR than other sequences. The GRE T1 3D FS technique combines the advantages of the increased resolution of 3D images with the increased dynamic range of fat suppressed images, for better CNR between cartilage, fluid and bone marrow.

CONCLUSION
GRE T1 3D FS sequences are the MR acquisition technique of choice in the assessment of the hyaline cartilage of the knee, even at medium field strength.


Formal governing equations are derived for the mean orientation vector, 〈n〉f, and the mean curvature, 〈∇ · n〉f, in turbulent premixed combustion. Balance is checked to evaluate all component terms and to understand their physical implications in DNS of two test flames. The terms involving ∇T(vn + Sd) and n″(vn + Sd)″ are dominant to determine 〈n〉f through a flame brush and at the leading edge. All listed terms are relevant to determine 〈∇·n〉f, while those involving Display Formula∇T2νn+SdΣ′f and (∇·n)″ (vn + Sd)″ become important at the edges. Different trends are observed on the dominant terms for thicker flamelets with the Karlovitz number greater than unity. Further investigation may be required to clarify relative importance of the component terms in different regimes of realistic flame conditions.Copyright © 2015 by KSME


Under the promotion of new technology, it has become an important trend of educational reform to strengthen the integration and innovation of smart technology and teaching, and promotes the reform of talent training mode and teaching methods. Aiming at the problems existing in the construction of smart teaching system, this paper analyzes the connotation of smart teaching environment and the requirements of smart teaching system, and puts forward the design objectives, physical structure, application architecture and technical scheme of smart teaching system. The micro service architecture improves the performance and scalability of the system, ensures the accurate and timely transmission of teaching information, and effectively supports smart teaching.


Abstract:Geometrical statistics, which still predominate in the field of plant ecology, are suited to metric data. However, probabilistic statistics are more convenient for ecological data collected from natural environments, because these data are intermittent orderings. The proposed calibration dissociates the two features of the distribution of a taxon, its presence and its abundance, before it recombines them together again. It defines the capacity indicator of a taxon, firstly as the concentration of presence, along the range of the factor and, secondly, as the regularity of abundance ordering. Similarly, it defines the taxonomic difference between the behaviours of two taxa in the range of a factor, as the disjunction of presences and the discordance of abundances, in proportion to their respective importances. This method is applied to the relations between temperature and pollen content in the atmosphere, along a European transect. It shows the indicator pollen taxa, the main thermal factors and a...


The modification of a glassy carbon electrode by coating it with poly(4-vinylpyridine), which is subsequently impregnated with IrCl64–,3–, yields an indicator electrode that permits the detection of 0.07 p.p.m. (mg l–1) of nitrite in 20 µl of solution in a flow injection experiment. The slope of the calibration graph in the range 1 × 10–5-1 × 10–3M nitrite is only half of that obtained for a bare glassy carbon electrode, but the anion-exchange polymer coating attenuates the interference of cations such as PbII, MnII and FeII. The coating also prevents the surface poisoning effect of thiocyanate, which has previously limited the use of bare glassy carbon and platinum electrodes for this determination.


We have studied a number of metal alloys in a search for improved ohmic contacts to SiC. A Cu–Ti eutectic alloy wets SiC at 880°C forming a shallow contact which is ohmic on p‐type SiC. An Al–Si eutectic wets SiC at 900° to 1000°C giving a contact which is ohmic on p‐type SiC; the penetration is 300 to 500 A.


IntroductionNumerous researchers have described the importance of conducting research on multilevel assessment of drug abuse and homeless etiologies (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012; Miller, Forcehimes, & Zweben, 2011; Straussner, 2013; van Wormer & Davis, 2013). Although Continuum of Care (C°C) and Housing First (HF) models have been effectively applied to help homeless persons experiencing substance abuse, each model has limitations. A multilevel strategy could allow human service practitioners to more effectively address drug abuse among persons who are homeless by allowing service providers to organize the problem within an ecological framework, recognizing multiple causes, associations, and consequences (Derezotes, 2000). This article will apply interview results from ethnographic research to Frieden's (2010) health impact pyramid framework, incorporating best practices for homeless persons experiencing substance abuse. This application could enhance both C°C and HF models.BackgroundHomelessness is defined as "lacking of customary and regular access to a conventional dwelling" (Hopper, 2003, p. 16). According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (2014) yearly point-in-time estimate of homelessness, approximately 578,000 people in America experience homelessness on any given evening. These estimates were reported from 414 C°C systems spanning the United States. Although homelessness appears to be decreasing nationwide, regions of the country continue to experience a rise in the amount and severity of homelessness (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2014; U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2013). Atlanta has one of the biggest problems meeting the needs of homeless persons in the country. It has the seventh largest homeless population (4,203) and the fifth largest chronic homeless population (1,322) on any given night (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2014).Persons who are homeless and diagnosed with a mental illness (such as schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder) are often unable to get needed medication. In addition, living on the streets entails significant physical pain. Consequently, individuals turn to crack cocaine, heroin, or alcohol to self-medicate (Bourgois & Schonberg, 2009; Hopper, 2003; Singer, 2006a, 2006b). Illicit drug use effectively manages pain and boredom encountered on the streets while simultaneously increasing the likelihood of experiencing trauma and long-term homelessness (Bender, Thompson, Ferguson, & Langenderfer, 2014; Wu, Schairer, Dellor, & Grella, 2010). Drug abuse is both a symptom and cause of homelessness that generally hinders homeless persons from making positive changes in their lives.Structural ViolenceThe term structural violence has been used to refer to the harmful impact of power disparities on health (Farmer, 1999). Structural violence indicates the "large-scale forces-ranging from gender inequality and racism to poverty- which structure unequal access to goods and services" (Farmer, Conners, & Simmons, 1996, p. 369). Drug use arises from the social and physical conditions created by these coercive forces (Singer, 2006a, p. 28). These coercive forces produce pain and suffering directly and also create the conditions for physical violence among marginalized groups such as those living in poverty or racial minorities. Even though pain is experienced individually, this experience of domination has been labeled social suffering because specific social groups, not individuals, are targeted through structural violence (Singer, 2006a, p.28).TheoryHabitusHabitus is a set of predispositions that are internalized unconsciously throughout one's life by interaction with the external world (Bourdieu, 1990, p. 53). During an individual's personal history, he or she encounters or engages in social interactions, symbolic representations, and routinized behavior, which depending on conceptions of self, become internalized to varying degrees. …


Introduction: Kidney transplantation is to relive patients of the burden of dialysis and to allow returning to productive life. However obtaining organs remains the major problem all over the world. This had led to development of new alternatives like; commercial transplantation in some countries, although it had been considered unethical, it has a high complications rate as well. Aim: To compare the long term course and outcome of patients with commercial transplantations and living related kidney transplantation in two different centres. Patients and Methods: A 368 kidney transplanted patients were examined retrospectively and classified into; Group I: 138 patients had living kidney transplantation at Uni-klinik Dusseldorf in Germany. Group II: 230 patients had commercial transplantation in some countries and followed up at Zahra kidney centre in Libya. Follow up data regarding medical, surgical complications, Patient and graft survivals at one, five and ten years were reported. Results: We compared between the two groups during the same period of time. The results showed; Acute rejection episode (14.8%) in (group II) and (7.2%) in (group I) (p group I (9.4%) (p=0.001) and post transplant diabetes, (0.7% and 2.9%) in group I and group II, respectively (P=0.001). There were more infectious complications like hepatitis C and B, CMV, herpes zoster and Tuberculosis in group II (25.9 % vs. 5%), Surgical complications like graft artery stenosis in living related donor transplantation (8.9 vs. 1%). Kaposi sarcoma in group II 1.7% vs. 0% in group I. Patient survival rates were different in the five and ten years (87.8 and 84%), respectively for the group II and (94.9% and 94.2%), respectively for group I (P =0.0001). The Ten year graft survival was (71.7 %) for group I and (63.9%) for group II. (P=0.002). In group I, death occur in 7 (6%) of the patients, the main causes of death were;cardiovascular complications in 2(28.5%) and graft failure 2(28.5%). While in group II; death occur in 37 patients (16%), the commonest causes of death were; infection in 12 (30%), cardiovascular in 9 (24%) and due to graft failure 9 in (24%). Conclusions: The Outcome of commercial transplantation are inferior to living related transplantation, because it carries a high rate of complications like; infections which are the major causes of morbidity and mortality and despite that the patient survival rate is comparable in the early post operative period, the graft as well as the patient survival is worse than conventional living related transplantations at the long term follow up.


Objective To research the botanical origins and sources of cinnabar.Methods Literature searching and field study.Results Cinnbar used for medicine is natural cinnabar.Lingsha and Yinzhu are artificial cinnabar which is different from natural cinnabar in properties and indication.Conclusion Ancient botanical origin of cinnbar is basically the same with present.Natural and artificial cinnabar should be distinguished in clinical application.


a variety of mechanisms. This study assessed the role of the superoxide anion, the hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide in vasoconstriction and mural thrombosis after coronary artery angioplasty in intact dogs. Methods and Results. Injury was induced by inflation of a balloon catheter 50±6% above baseline arterial diameter; dogs were followed for 2 hours before death. Epicardial coronary diameters at arteriography and extent of thrombus deposition at serial histological sections were analyzed in controls (n=20) and in dogs pretreated with superoxide dismutase (SOD, a superoxide radical scavenger, n=10); other dogs were pretreated with the hydrogen peroxide scavenger catalase (n=8), the iron chelator deferoxamine (n=6), or the hydroxyl radical scavenger 1,3-dimethyl-2-thiourea (n=9). Angioplasty-induced injury was similar among groups. After angioplasty, control dogs exhibited localized and persistent vessel constriction, which was maximal at the initial 5 minutes (28.9+6.3% diameter decrease versus baseline). Corresponding arterial diameters of SOD-treated dogs were 24-69% larger (95% confidence interval, p<0.001) than controls at 5 minutes and, on average, 32% larger than controls thereafter (p<0.01). Vasoconstriction was not prevented by the other treatments. The SOD dose used accounted for inhibition of zymosan-stimulated blood cytochrome c reduction versus baseline (7+3 versus 30±6 nmol/min/106 cells, respectively,p=0.003); such inhibition occurred in no other group. Prevalence of mural thrombosis was similar among all groups, but large thrombi (>15% of lumen area) were absent in SOD-treated dogs, contrary to control group (p=0.028); other groups were similar to control. In the absence of injury, SOD alone induced


This study aimed at exploring the Access to Covid-19 Health Information among the Deaf Community in Ghana. The study employed randomly selected 40 Junior High School respondents from the designated deaf schools in the Northern Region of Ghana. The study is an exploratory research with cross-sectional survey as its main design. The instruments for data collection was mainly questionnaire administered manually and through electronic medium (Google forms), interviews and focus group discussions were also conducted over a certain period of time. The data was analysed in SPSS and Pearson Moment Correlation. Access to information is vital during this pandemic, the study however revealed that there is adequate Covid-19 information available for the deaf, and the major bottleneck is dissemination since there is no universally recognized sign language for Covid-19 information. The affected group has to endure this difficulty which often resulted into infection and even death. Covid-19 management and aid with fair health care navigation approaches should be provided to the deaf community. The health-care system owes it to deaf patients to assist them in obtaining primary health-care services. To assist communicate health information online, public health professionals should ensure that public service announcements are accessible and widely distributed through deaf community trust agents. It is determined that greater efforts should be made to ameliorate the perceptions of the Covid-19 pandemic that is devouring the world through educational campaigns and information dissemination through various media to a larger deaf population.


Adoption of a negative radix for number representation results in a system that is totally indifferent to the sign of the number. Compared to the sign-magnitude representation, the approach considered here requires one extra digit.


Cylindrical films of Ni‐8%Fe alloy electrodeposited on a substrate wire, with circumferential easy axis of magnetization can be used as sensors of tension. The change of Hk is proportional to the strain produced in the film and can be observed as a change of the current in a measuring circuit. However, at a constant load (and strain), a considerable relaxation occurs, which can be represented by an exponential function of time, at least for periods shorter than 10 minutes. The rate relaxation is temperature dependent with an apparent activation energy of 0.3 eV. It is suggested that the observed phenomena are due to the migration of defects and their interaction.


Disclosed herein is a speaker system for mounting in a vehicle wherein a passive radiator is provided in the interior of the speaker system. The speaker system is mounted on the rear window tray or shelf of the vehicle so that the radiating surface of the passive radiator faces the rear glass window of the vehicle to thereby produce a horn effect. Due to the horn effect, the lower sound spectrum is fully reproduced.


We measured the temperature dependence of photoconductivity in bonded silicon on insulator (SOI). The decay of excess carrier concentration has a very slow component with a time constant larger than 1 ms at low temperatures. This slow component was not found in bulk Si. When the SOI samples were illuminated with steady light, the slow component was diminished. This indicates that the slow component is due to traps at or near SiO2/Si interfaces.


Traffic usage is increasing due to the continuous evolution of networks. As various applications for user convenience appear, various application traffic is also generated. Classifying application traffic is essential to manage high-capacity traffic according to various application traffic and usage. Until now, various studies have been conducted to classify application traffic, but most of them are studies that increase classification accuracy according to the development of deep learning. As environments with large amounts of traffic increase, research on the fast classification speed of application traffic is also needed in terms of efficient network management and network security. In this paper, we propose a system that applies thresholds and improves classification speed using two CNN algorithms. As a result of applying the proposed method, the accuracy increased by 0.06% and the processing speed increased by 0.11 seconds.


It seems like only yesterday that we were completing the paperwork to submit Issue 2 to the publisher, my first issue as editor. In short order, we are now ready to submit the next issue. Primarily, this is due to a considerable increase in manuscript submissions, and the quick turnaround by our reviewers. We believe the increase in submissions is the result of the efforts and groundwork laid by H.G. Parsa and Francis Kwansa, as well as the support from the editorial board and the publisher. An interesting feature about this issue, which has a strong practitioner focus, is two 2-part articles that examine important issues for the foodservice business. The first 2-part article, by Robert Wilson, looks at two important legal issues: liability of food servers to customers who are injured while consuming products sold or provided by a restaurant, and serving of food that causes an allergic reaction and subsequent injury to a customer. The next 2-part article examines the innovation process. The first part looks at the process itself, and then Robert Harrington walks us through the process with a case study of a particular product. Complimenting these pieces are two articles; one by Dodd and his colleagues, that examines restaurateurs' perceptions of wine supplier attributes, and another that addresses the influence of location of a media-reported beef safety problem on consumer perceptions of the safety of their local beef supplies by Schupp and his colleagues. In our non-refereed section, Monat presents a case study that looks at the problems the fast growing sector of coffee shops can face, and Fish presents a book review about tourism, consumer culture and identity. All of these articles not only speak to is-


In this work, we present a numerical investigation of blood flow in a portion of the human vascular system. More precisely, the present work analyzed the blood flow in the upper portion of the aorta. The aorta and its ramified blood vessels are surrounded by the cardiac muscle. The blood flow generates pressure on the internal surfaces of the artery and its ramifications, thereby causing deformation of the cardiac muscle. The numerical analysis used the Navier–Stokes equations as the governing equations of blood flow for the calculation of the velocity field and pressure distribution in the blood. The neo-Hookean hyperelastic model was used for the description of the behavior of the vessel walls. The velocity and pressure distributions were analyzed. The deformation of the vessel was also investigated. The numerical results could be used to better understand and predict the factors that trigger cardiovascular diseases and distortions of the aorta and as a diagnostic tool in clinical applications.


The composition of the gut microflora has been found to play important roles in human health and disease. Some plant components, particularly dietary fibers, which are slow or non-digestible by humans, are called prebiotics because they are selectively fermented by gut bacteria resulting in specific changes in the composition and/or activity of the intestinal microbiota, thus conferring benefit(s) upon the host's health.


To the Editor:

Brookes et al1 reported decreased left ventricular (LV) systolic performance during right ventricular (RV) ischemia in the pig and concluded that "The hemodynamic compromise seen in association with acute RV dilatation within an intact pericardium is partly attributable to impaired LV systolic performance and cannot be wholly ascribed to changes in either LV preload or compliance." They also stated that "… no studies to date have examined LV systolic performance in this context."

However, my colleagues and I reported LV systolic and diastolic performance during ischemic RV dysfunction in the dog.2 This study was unfortunately ignored by Brookes et al.1 We demonstrated that ischemic RV dysfunction induced by right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion resulted in a significant leftward …


The main idea behind this project is to provide a unified platform which will cover a complete process for embedded systems learning. A modular approach is considered for skills practice through supporting individualization in learning. This platform shall facilitate a novel development of universal approach in creative learning environment and knowledge management that encourage use of ICT. New learning model is challenging the education of engineers in embedded systems design through real-time experiments that stimulate curiosity with ultimate goal to support students to understand and construct their personal conceptual knowledge based on experiments. In addition to the technological approach, the use of cognitive theories on how people learn will help students to achieve a stronger and smarter adaptation of the subject. Applied methodology will be evaluated from the scientific point of view in parallel with the implementation in order to feedback results to the R&D.


Water absorption rates of four kinds of epoxy resins cured with phenol novolac (PH) were compared with the results of positron annihilation lifetime measurements (PAL). Three samples: cresol novolac (CR), tetra-methyl-biphenol (TMB) and bis-phenol A (BA), showed almost similar absorption rates, while tris-hydroxy-phenyl-methane (THPM) absorbed water twice as fast as others. Since THPM has a larger τ 3 value (hence larger intermolecular-space holes) than the other samples, the correlation between τ 3 and the absorption rate seems evident. For THPM, the lifetime distribution was shifted toward a shorter lifetime after absorbing water, which is interpreted in terms of the particular structure of three-dimensional holes


1,3,4-oxadiazoles are widely used in the agriculture and medical industry and materials because of their biological activities and optical activities. The 1,3,4-oxadiazoles moiety has been incorporated into many different types of chemical structures to generate a series of compounds with broad-spectrum bioactivities and electroluminescent material. So the synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazole has got considerable attention in recent years. The synthetic methods (classical synthesis, microwave -assisted, solid -phase) and the applications of 1,3,4 - oxadiazole are reviewed. The developing prospects of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles compounds have also been discussed.


This paper introduces the results of a series of empirical improvements performed on a basic algorithm addressing the Flow Shop Scheduling Problem in an industrial environment. Metaheuristic methods are followed to enhance the time and the quality of the initial solution produced by the scheduling engine of an industrial platform in order to obtain a rather acceptable initial schedule. Thereafter, several boosts have been achieved in order to accelerate the convergence towards an optimum solution besides the reduction of processing time and memory allocation. Further research work is required to improve resource assignation by making it more efficient and reasonable and to optimize memory allocation so that the current scheduling engine becomes more scalable and updatable.


The cost of healthcare is a burden in most developing countries, and this is exponentially increasing in the context of population growth, pandemics, and rapidly evolving medical necessities. A customized healthcare typology should rely on data collection and architectural requirements, before moving to aesthetically compelling designs, so hospitals in low-resource or developing countries will not mimic their Western counterparts. The greatest bearing that improves the patient's outcome and well-being would engage a productive interaction between the hospital designers and the medical practitioners, this will also allow for evidence-based hospital planning. As the author of this short report, I use the best of my experience as a physician and healthcare planner to translate a successful interaction with multinational designers building hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria.


In liquid metal blankets of magnetic confinement fusion reactor,the pressure drop and velocity distribution of the liquid metal How are influenced by magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) effects. In order to investigate the behavior of such a complex flow in manifolds in the liquid LiPb blanket under magnetic fields,a numerical model based on the consistent and conservative scheme has been constructed.The numerical results show that the velocity distribution is straightened along the magnetic field whichever direction it is.For the manifolds,the flow is evenly distributed among different pipes when the magnetic field is applied along the width,controversially,the magnetic field along the height will enable the flow uniformly distributed in the same pipe,while it has a negligible effect on flow distributions among different pipes.


The Glasgow Verses constitutes a formal anomaly in terms of genesis, appearance and meaning. Discovered only in 1995, the verses are part of a larger text, the so-called Hunter Codex, a manuscript MaruliÊ wrote and dedicated to his friend Dmine PapaliÊ. Closer investigation revealed that this collection of poems had been entirely overlooked by traditional scholarship, and that it was neither chronicled nor categorized within the authoritative compendia one uses in order to consult on such matters. It was thus established that the verses were a varied and separated compilation in their own right, completely new and unknown to critic and reader alike. Complicating the situation further was the erroneous ascription of these verses as epigrams. Marci Maruli eiusdem Epigrammata would seem to suggest that all 141 poems are somehow uniform in nature, and that they all abide by the conventional standards of a single rhetorical form. To the surprise and delight of the reader this is not entirely correct, for manifested within the verses is a playful satiric strain, which is not only subversive and individualistic, but also unprecedented within the known corpus of MaruliÊ's work. This discovery augments the novelty and significance of the text as a recent scholarly find truly worthy of further research and examination. Samuel Taylor Coleridge defined the epigram as fla dwarfish whole, its body brevity, and wit its sole.« It is immediately obvious that on a structural level some


Objective: Technology trend are one of the most important to use the bulky on-chip memories such as level-2 (L2) and level-3 (L3) cache. In this paper, Non-Uniform Cache access Architectures (NUCA) has been used in order to decrease the effects of the high access latencies. For the systems which operate at high frequency, the latencies of such caches are conquered by wire delays. Methods: In this architecture,   several banks are partitioned and which is connected to the controller through switches and links. This larger cache memory increases overall wire delays across the chip due to very bulky latencies. The majority of the access time will not absorb them self and that occupy in the routing to and from the several banks. The predictable lower-level caches have the best ever access time among the entire the sub arrays, although such uniform cache access don't make the use of differences in latencies of the entire sub arrays. Findings: Hence there is a necessitate for non-uniform cache architectures where the cache memories  is broken down into several banks that can be analyzed at dissimilar latencies and resulting in diminish of energy and power consumption. Applications/Improvements: An experimental result shows the comparison of NUCA and UCA using SRAM/MRAM in terms of power and energy.


In Gill v. Whitford, the Supreme Court ruled that living in a state in which electoral districts give one party an electoral advantage does not in and of itself give a citizen standing to challenge a districting map. To show harm and thus establish standing, plaintiffs must show that their own district has been packed or cracked. Yet traditional measures of gerrymandering are unable to measure the degree to which packing or cracking have occurred in individual districts. In this paper, we introduce a voter-level measure of packing and cracking: political dislocation. Political dislocation measures the difference between the partisan composition of a voter's geographic nearest neighbors and the partisan composition of her assigned district. Because gerrymandering entails carving up blocks of voters of a single party, or grabbing and pooling co-partisans, we show that gerrymandered districts consistent result in high political dislocation of voters. Our measure thus serves to identify potential gerrymandering plaintiffs according to the guidelines put forth in Gill v. Whitford.


Energetic ash-producing volcanic eruptions are driven by the diffusive and decompressive growth of bubbles (mostly water) during ascent in a magma conduit. The spatial distribution of bubble nuclea...


In this paper we explore qualitatively and quantitatively whether observed investment prices can account for the large cross-country income and productivity di¤erences observed in the data. We incorporate an extensive margin in an otherwise standard open economy neoclassical growth model by allowing for entry into the intermediate goods sector. Crucially, entry requires investment of capital. This extensive margin, when combined with a "returns to variety" e¤ect, provides an ampli…cation mechanism from relative investment prices to output. We quantify the model using cross-country data on relative investment prices data. The model can explain up to 5 to 6-fold income di¤erences between the richest and poorest countries in our sample. The model also reduces the exogenous cross-country TFP di¤erences required to explain the observed 33-fold income gaps in the data to between 2 and 4-fold. We view these results as suggestive of the greater importance of the intermediate goods channel and investment prices for explaining the world income distribution than is typically implied by the standard model.


St. Francis' views on religious life, as explained in a previous article in this journal, had its  foundations in a well-founded theology of compassionate ministry. This origin of all compassion according to St. Francis  is God himself. In this article St. Francis' significance for the church also in  South Africa is discussed in detail. It  is concluded that a well-balanced theology of service in many ways provide an answer.


The lakewide seasonal carbon cycle of Lake Michigan is poorly quantified and lacks the mechanistic links necessary to determine impacts upon it from eutrophication, invasive species, and climate change. A first step toward a full appreciation of Lake Michigan's carbon cycle is to quantify the dominant mechanisms of its internal carbon cycle. To achieve this, we use the MIT general circulation model configured to the bathymetry of Lake Michigan and coupled to an ecosystem model to simulate the seasonal cycle of productivity, temperature, circulation, and the partial pressure of CO2 in water (pCO2). This biogeochemistry is designed to be appropriate for the prequagga mussel state of the lake. The primary mechanism behind the seasonal cycle of primary productivity is lake physics. The offshore spring phytoplankton bloom begins following a reduction in deep vertical mixing and ends with the depletion of nutrients via thermal stratification. The exception is the western shoreline, where summer winds drive coastal upwelling, providing hypolimnetic nutrients and generating significant productivity. Surface pCO2 is controlled by the net effect from temperature on solubility, and is modulated by biological uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and isothermal mixing of DIC-rich water in winter. Temperature tends to have the greatest seasonal impact in nearshore regions, while local DIC has the greatest impact in offshore regions. Lakewide, the model suggests that carbon is absorbed from the atmosphere during the spring bloom and released to the atmosphere during winter mixing and when summer surface temperatures are at their maximum.


Group IIIA nitrides have been synthesized in aqueous solution under mild conditions for the first time. The reaction was carried out in an aqueous solution with NH4Cl as nitrogen source at 250 °C. X-Ray diffraction, transmission electronic microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electronic diffraction patterns, X-ray photoelectron spectra, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, infrared absorption spectra and ultraviolet and visible light (UV-vis) spectra were used to characterize the products. It was found that the bandgaps of group IIIA nitrides and their alloy nanocrystals can cover the region of 2.1–6.3 eV.


The utility model discloses a refrigerator having a door-in-door, which comprises a refrigerator body, an upper door, and a lower door. The utility model is characterized in that the upper door or the lower door is provided with a small door which can be arranged at any part of the upper door or the lower door; when an old person or a small child needs to take food from a refrigerator, only the small door needs opening, the labor can be saved, and the safety is high; the utility model overcomes the defect that the existing large refrigerator door can be provided with large force, and the old person and the small child can not use conveniently. The utility model has the advantages of novel structure and aesthetic feeling providing.


Nacrtak In Italy, short rotation forest has become very popular in recent years, with over 4,000 hectares already planted – almost exclusively with clone poplar. The study models the performance of modified forage harvesters on a range of short-rotation poplar plantations, identifies technical obstacles to the deployment of these machines and suggests solutions that may expand the capability of modified forage harvesters when treating short-rotation poplar. Data were collected from 16 operations, covering a total of 50 hectares and producing over 1000 green tonnes of wood chips. The average yield of the fields harvested during the trials was about 20 green tonnes/ha year, equivalent to 8 oven-dry tonnes/ha for a 60% average moisture content, measured in the laboratory. Gross machine productivity ranged from 9 to 44 green tonnes/scheduled machine hour (gt/SMH), with an average value of 25 gt/SMH. Of course, this result is affected by other factors than just forager performance, which is potentially much higher. A model was developed to predict harvesting performance and cost, showing that harvesting cost can be maintained below the 15 Euro/green tonne (2 Euro/GJ) ceiling only if field stocking exceeds 40 or 50 gt/ha when rows are long 300 and 100 m, respectively. The study also shows the need to optimize operations. Over a quarter of the total worksite time is occupied by unproductive delays, which may be reduced with improved planning and maintenance.


The strain monitoring capability of piezoelectric materials was experimentally studied. Patches and fibers were considered for this purpose. A piezoelectric stripe actuator was used to obtain the typical signal of patches. Two designs were considered for the piezoelectric fibers. The first one was a commercial energy harvesting device with long fibers. The ends of the fibers were loose. In contrast, we designed a small piezoelectric strain gage with short fibers. Fibers were attached to wires at two ends with conductive resin. The piezoelectric strip actuator, and commercial energy harvesting device were connected to digital oscilloscope directly. A charge amplifier was used to condition the signals of the small piezoelectric strain gage with short fibers. All the units were attached to a beam and excited at different frequencies to evaluate the characteristics of their signals.


The rapid growth in videogame popularity has sparked considerable public and scientific interest regarding the negative effects of increased exposure and prolonged gameplay. Informed primarily by basic operant conditioning principles this study tested the influence of ratio-based schedules of reinforcement on participant video-gaming duration. It was firstly hypothesised that in-game ratio-reinforcement would significantly contribute to longer gameplay duration when compared to a no reward control condition and, secondly, that rewards awarded on a variable-ratio schedule would be more effective at prolonging gameplay than those awarded on a fixed-ratio schedule. Fifty-one participants were assigned to one of the three reinforcement conditions. Each played a puzzle based video game and their gameplay statistics including playing duration, level restarts (indexing persistence following failure) and flow experience were measured. Ratio-reinforcement significantly extended video-gaming duration, and increased persistence following failure, compared to the control condition. Despite a non-significant difference, there was also evidence to suggest the increased effectiveness of variable- over fixed-ratio reinforcement in prolonging gameplay. The current research provides strong initial evidence for the ability of video-game reinforcement to significantly increase gaming duration, and represents an initial step in understanding prolonged and potentially problematic video-game play.


16 All animal behaviour must ultimately be governed by physical laws. As a basis for understanding the physics 17 of behaviour in a simple system, we here develop an effective theory for the motion of the larval form of 18 the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, and compare it against a quantitative analysis of the real animal's 19 behaviour. We first define a set of fields which quantify stretching, bending, and twisting along the larva's 20 anteroposterior axis, and then perform a search in the space of possible theories that could govern the long21 wavelength physics of these fields, using a simplified approach inspired by the renormalisation group. Guided 22 by symmetry considerations and stability requirements, we arrive at a unique, analytically tractable free-field 23 theory with a minimum of free parameters. Unexpectedly, we are able to explain a wide-spectrum of features 24 of Drosophila larval behaviour by applying equilibrium statistical mechanics: our theory closely predicts the 25 animals' postural modes (eigenmaggots), as well as distributions and trajectories in the postural mode 26 space across several behaviours, including peristaltic crawling, rolling, self-righting and unbiased substrate 27 exploration. We explain the low-dimensionality of postural dynamics via Boltzmann suppression of high 28 frequency modes, and also propose and experimentally test, novel predictions on the relationships between 29 different forms of body deformation and animal behaviour. We show that crawling and rolling are dominated 30 by similar symmetry properties, leading to identical dynamics/statistics in mode space, while rolling and 31 unbiased exploration have a common dominant timescale. Furthermore, we are able to demonstrate that 32 self-righting behaviour occurs continuously throughout substrate exploration, owing to the decoupling of 33 stretching, bending, and twisting at low energies. Together, our results demonstrate that relatively simple 34 effective physics can be used to explain and predict a wide range of animal behaviours. 35 1 . CC-BY 4.0 International license available under a (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.25.266163 doi: bioRxiv preprint


Toxascaris versterae sp.nov. from hyenas in South Africa is described. T. versterae is compared with Toxascaris leonina, the only other member of the genus. I thank Professor J. F. A. Sprent for his advice and criticism. This work was supported by grants from the Australian Research Grants Committee and from the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, No. AI-07023–03.


Since 1999, the average bulk milk somatic cell count has increased 1 to 2% per year in Flanders. Inspired by this trend, Milk Control Centre Flanders and M-teamUGent, together with the farmers' organizations and the Flemish Cattle Breeding Association, decided to design a two-year program to work on udder health and milk quality. This so-called 'demonstration project' is primarily subsidized by the Flemish government and the European Union and purely emphasizes the transfer of existing knowledge towards the Flemish dairy farmers and its implementation in the farmers' daily practices through communication and education. Communication to dairy farmers and their advisors was established by general means such as an informative website (www.uiergezondheid.be), a digital newsletter, and roadshows (4 farmers' meetings and one advisors' meeting full of inspiring lectures). Additionally, 20 groups of 10 to 12 dairy farmers were brought together on farm of one of the participants to discuss udder health and milk quality. This paper describes the background, aims and structure of the project as well as some experiences gained throughout the project.


Abstract To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the quantum defects of and highly-excited states of neutral mercury. The frequencies of 36 measured two-photon Rydberg–Rydberg transitions were fitted by Rydberg–Ritz formula to derive the quantum defect values. The transitions were driven from Rydberg singlet and triplet levels selectively populated via two-step laser excitation scheme. The observed transitions spanned the frequency range 49–81 GHz and the range of the principal quantum number The details of the experiment are presented.


Over the last decade, traffic engineering (TE) has always been a research hotspot in data center networks. For routing flows efficiently and practically, existing TE schemes explore experience-driven heuristics or machine learning (ML) techniques to predict/identify network flows' size information. However, these TE schemes have significant limitations: they either identify the flow size information too late or are unaware of the ML models' prediction errors. In this paper, we present DarkTE, a novel TE solution that can learn to predict flow size information timely for achieving better routing performance while being robust to the prediction errors. At its heart, DarkTE employs an ensemble learning technique (i.e., random forest) to classify flows into mice and elephant flows with high accuracy. It then leverages a confidence-based rate allocation and path selection scheme to mitigate the occasional classification errors. Large-scale simulations demonstrate that DarkTE classifies flows within hundreds of microseconds, and the classification accuracy is at least 86.4% over three different realistic workloads. Further, DarkTE completes flows 2.94 times faster on average and makes more links to experience over 90% bandwidth utilization than the Hedera solution.


A rectangular patch antenna resonating at the frequency of 73GHz is presented in this paper. The antenna is designed on RO4730G3 substrate which is newly introduced by Rogers Company for higher frequencies antenna. The experiment shows that antenna cover ultra-wide impedance bandwidth of 35.41GHz ranges from 50.86GHz to 86.27GHz for S11<-10dB, which cover majority portion of V-Band, E-Band and W-Band. The results also state that the antenna has a good peak gain of the 6.73dB and very small form factor of 0.8mm × 0.9mm.


Disturbances near the entry to a pipe are shown to effect significantly the development of the turbulent velocity profile. The attainment of a 'fully developed' profile at a Reynolds number of 4 x 10 to 5th power takes rather longer than is often assumed consequently, some care is required when designing test facilities with entry pipes (or channels) providing inlet conditions for internal flow component investigations.


Hyper-Rayleigh scattering has been used to characterize the nonlinear optical properties of polymeric materials. This new technique has been applied both on synthetic polymers with nonlinear optical chromophores covalently attached to a polymer backbone and on biopolymers with one single chromophore embedded in a protein matrix. We demonstrate the hyper-Rayleigh scattering can be used to determine the molecular hyperpolarizability of the pending side chain chromophore in synthetic polymers. No evidence of orientational correlation between the side chains was observed for chromophore loading levels up to 22%. Hyper-Rayleigh scattering was also used to determine the first hyperpolarizability of a charged protein.


Flow regeneration noise is a main reason effect on attenuation performance of mufflers, at present no sophisticated software or tool is found to predict effectively flow regeneration noises from mufflers. Prediction of flow regeneration noise from a muffler element of simple expansion chamber is realized using Bp neural network, and comparison of prediction with experiment is carried out. Results show that they agree well, forecasting precision is high, and that fuzzy normal establishment program work is avoided. Significant foundation is provided for researching on production mechanism of flow regeneration noise from mufflers and improving attenuation performance.


The goal of the research is to find out if plantogram formed by
putting colour on foot (a terrain method) is comparable with
plantogram formed on podoscope (a laboratory method). Five
chosen terrain methods Mayer´s mothod, Method segments, Method
index, Chippaux – Smiřak method, Clark angle (Vařeka, 2009),
The visual – range of Klement in Urban (2000) were used in
solution of diagnostics of a state of foot arch and visual
range created by Josef Klement. I had compared results of
individual terrain methods and visual range of plantogram
formed by putting colour on foot with results of individual
terrain methods and visual range of plantogram formed by
podoscope. More than 63% of similarity between these two
differently formed plantograms (a similarity in results of
terrain methods and visual range) as a result of measuring and
more than 73% of plantograms was identical in visual range (the
most important accordance is in shape of plantogram). The main
finding is that plantograms have the same shape in more than 70
% and also that plantograms formed by putting a color on a foot
partly don´t show or don't show high foot. Both types of
plantograms were tested on 30 children (of fifth grade). Five
terrain methods (Chippaux–Smiřak, Method of index, Method of
segments, Mayer´s method, Clark´s angle) and visual range of
Josef Klement were used to find a solution. The results of
terrain methods and visual range of plantogram formed by
podoscope were compared with the results of terrain methods and
visual range of plantogram formed by putting colour on foot.
Accordance between these two differently formed plantograms is
expressed in percentage.


SUMMARY This paper describes mobile backhaul optical access network designs for future cellular systems, in particular, for those systems that exploit coordinated multipoints (CoMP) transmission/reception techniques. Wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PON) are primarily considered and two proposals to enhance mobile backhaul capability of WDM-PONs for CoMP are presented. One is physical X2 links that support dedicated low latency and high capacity data exchange between base stations (BSs). The other is multicasting in WDM-PONs. It effectively reduces data/control transmission time from central node to multiple BSs joining CoMP. Evaluation results verify that the proposed X2 links and the multicasting enable more BSs to join CoMP by enhancing the mobile backhaul capability, which results in improved service quality for users. key words: mobile backhaul access networks, wavelength-division mul-tiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PON), coordinated multi-points (CoMP), X2 interface, multicasting


When we couldn't understand a passage or a poem, I either walkt over or wrote to him, and got his explanation of it. At first I didn't take the volume with me, and he amused me very much by saying: "'Pon my word I don't know what I did mean by the poem … But I'll borrow a copy to-morrow and look at it again."


Vehicles, which are driving through a road tunnel, emits exhaust fumes/1/. These exhaust fumes are dangerous for the people and therefore they must be diluted with fresh air. Three different ventilation systems are used in a road tunnel to dilute these fumes /2/ longitudinal ventilation with jet fans semi transverse ventilation transverse ventilation Each ventilation system has its advantages and disadvantages /3/.


A Lerch's theorem for analytic functionals with unbounded carrier is proved. As applications Carlson's theorem, Polya's theorem and a Phragmen-Lindelof type theorem are obtained for entire functions of exponential type in the left halfplane and of type 1 with respect to proximate order 1 + (log logr)/(logr) in the right half plane.


The technological method of terephthalic acid recei ving by depolymerization of polyethylene terephthal ate (PET) in the melt has been developed as the result of research. Mechanism of depolymerization is studi ed by mean of DSC analysis. It was established, that PET depolymerization in melt can be reached at atmosphe ric pressure, and temperature range 140-160°C during a short time with the yield of terephthalic acid clos e to 9598%. Sodium or potassium hydroxide is more suitable reagents for PET depolymerization regarding technological point of view. The best found amount of alkali to be added to the polymer is 120% from stoichiometrically necessary quantity. Electrolytic method is more prominent for terephthalic acid precipitation because at the time of terephthalic a cid receiving, sodium or potassium hydroxide can be regenerated by electrolysis and used in cycle. Poss ible use of catalyst – zinc acetate which is added into the melt to increase the degree of PET depolymerization is shown. The quantity of zinc acetate of 1% from polymer weight amount was found as optimum.


The present paper attempts to make a cursory comparison of understatement structures in English and Chinese. Then from the angle of the theory of pragmatic translation, six approaches to establishing equivalence in the translation of English understatement are mentioned: (1) paraphrase;(2) amplification;(3) extension;(4) reversion;(5) modification;(6) division.


Determinants of voter turnout have been extensively researched for years. However, there are few studies that explore the link between inequality and voter turnout in all dimensions. There has been sufficient empirical research reporting that income inequality affects negatively voter turnout. This study brings new insight by considering interaction and U-turn relation by the empirical evaluation of the link between income inequality and voter turnout. Modelling U-turn relation by the model reveals that there is threshold level where the relation between voter turnout and inequality flips from negative to positive. The model outcome reveals that the impact of inequality on voter turnout is high and positive in countries with high income inequality of above 0,32, and negative in countries with low income inequality of below 0,32. Moreover, adding interaction term with GDP growth rate reveals that if economic growth is positive and significant, the growing inequality tends to reduce voter turnout, which complies with the Schattschneider hypothesis, which is highly referred to in Electoral Politics.


Takayasu disease or arteritis (TA) is a chronic, idiopathic, inflammatory disease that that principally affects the aorta and its primary branches. The pathological changes depend on stage of the disease. The late "burned out" stage is marked by fibrous scarring, leading to intimal and advantitial thickening, which may contain dystrophic calcification. Similar histopathological findings are also seen in many other causes of aortitis. We here in report chronic "burned out" TA in 28-year-old woman with superimposed atherosclerosis and left sub obstructive coronary ostium. This patient in addition had Aortic stenosis and calcification of ascending aorta.


Sarcasm detection is a critical step to sentiment analysis, with the aim of understanding, and exploiting the available information from platforms such as social media. The accuracy of sarcasm detection depends on the nature of word embeddings. This research performs a comprehensive analysis of different word embedding techniques for effective sarcasm detection. A hybrid combination of optimizers including; the Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam), the Adaptive Gradient Algorithm (AdaGrad) and Adadelta functions and activation functions like Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) and Leaky ReLU have been experimented with.Different word embedding techniques including; Bag of Words (BoW), BoW with Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), Word2vec and Global Vectors for word representation (GloVe) are evaluated. The highest accuracy of 61.68% was achieved with theGloVeembeddings and an AdaGrad optimizer and a ReLU activation function, used in the deep learning model.


The present study focuses on the attenuation analysis of spherical shell structures that are made of complex materials. An analysis will be presented which calculates the electric and magnetic fields within spherically layered structures in the quasistatic limit, in other words the wavelength of the field has to be smaller than the diameter of the shell. Due to the magnetoelectric coupling which is inherent in chiral and other novel complex materials, the electric and magnetic field problems cannot be treated separately. The newly developed six-vector formalism is used in the analysis. Numerical results are shown for the shielding effectivity of a chiral shell.


Under five children routinely experience pain associated with commonly used invasive procedures. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the Effectiveness of ice application prior to immunization on pain response during intramuscular immunization among the under five children undergoing intramuscular immunization.
Modified widenbach's prescriptive theory was used. Quantitative approach with True experimental design - Post test only design was adopted for this study. With the use of simple random sampling technique 30 infants were assigned to experimental group, and 30 were in control group (n=60). Ice application prior to intramuscular immunization was given to the experimental group. In this technique ice pack covered with a lint piece was placed for 30 seconds prior to intramuscular immunization. The intramuscular immunization was given by the usual standard technique for the control group. Consequently, the pain level was measured by FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) pain scale. Result revealed the control group mean (7.97) is higher than the experimental group mean (3.03) of the under five children. The obtained 't' value is 15.59, significant at p<0.05 level. There was no significant association between pain level among experimental group and baseline variables. This concludes that the pain response of experimental group is less than the control group. Hence, the ice application prior to intramuscular immunization for under five children had effect on the pain response during intramuscular immunization.


In this paper, we present a new intelligent clustering protocol based on self –Organizing Map neural network in order to balance the energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks. The clustering would be done based on two important criteria, energy level and coordinates of sensor nodes. Energy based clustering can cause more balanced energy consumption compared to topologic clustering alone, through creating clusters with equal energy levels. As a result, this new clustering design can prevent from early death of the nodes and allow for random death of them. Moreover, a new cost function has been presented to decide about selecting an appropriate cluster head for each formed cluster based on multiple criteria in which the weights of these criteria are determined through an AHP method. Simulation results proved better performance of proposed clustering design and cluster head cost function in extending network lifetime compared to two previous protocols.


Novel multiphasic nanostructured inorganic : polymer composites of C60 have been prepared by sol-gel processing. These composites offer the prospect of introducing multifunctionality by optimizing each phase for a particular response. Since the phase separation is at a nanometer size scale, the composites are optically transparent. Results are presented form the studies of spectroscopic characterization, optical power limiter behavior, and third-order nonlinear optical response.


The duration of voice onset time (VOT) is a dominant and decisive phonetic correlate of the phonemic (voiced) contrast for stop consonants in a word-initial position. Thus, the difference in the duration of VOT in naturally produced plosive consonants in the initial position of words serves to distinguish voiced and voiceless tokens spoken by native talkers of eleven languages (Lisker & Abramson, 1964). However, it was also found that beside the VOT other acoustical cues contribute to the phonemic boundary expressed by the VOT. For example, a longer VOT is required to judge a phoneme as voiceless when first formant (F1) transition is longer or F1 frequency onset is lower (Summerfield & Haggard, 1977). Moreover, an analysis of speech production data demonstrated that voiced and voiceless stop-consonants vary also in the peak intensity and in the duration of the burst of frication noise. The frication noise is of a longer duration and of a higher intensity at the release of a voiceless plosive (Klatt, 1975). Thus, the perceptual categorization of bilabial stop-consonants in word-initial position, while mostly relying on a difference in the VOT, should also depend on an acoustical cue such as loudness of the noise burst. Therefore, the present study examined the influence of the intensity level (sound pressure level) of a stimulus presentation on the voiced/voiceless phonemic boundary between bilabial stop consonants in the initial position of words


Abstract
In order to study the effect of different amounts of nitrogen and plant density on growth, yield, the percentage of essential oil in leaf and essential oil yield of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), an experiment was conducted in 2008 at the Experimental Field of the Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University. The experiment was split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications over two cuts. The main plots included the amounts of 100, 150 and 200 kg nitrogen/ha in which half of fertilizer were used for the first cut and another half for the second. The sub-plots were consisted of plant densities as 8, 12 and 16 plants/m2. Morphophysiological characteristics including plant height, node and leaf number per plant, leaf area index, fresh and dry yield, essential oil percentage in leaf and essential oil yield over two cuts, and also the growth of dry matter, leaf area index and crop growth rate in the first cut were measured. The results showed that, nitrogen treatment significantly affected the properties measured, so that, their highest rates were obtained with the application of 100 and 200 kg nitrogen/ha from the first and the second cut, respectively. In addition, total dry matter, leaf area index and crop growth rate increased with increasing the amounts of nitrogen. Plant density also affected the plant height; node number, leaf number and leaf area index, essential oil percentage in leaf and essential oil yield in the first cut significantly, and in the second cut, plant density effect on leaf number and leaf area index was significant as well.

Keywords: Peppermint, Nitrogen, Plant density, Yield, Growth indices, Essential oil


1. Objectives There are many studies on the ordinary symptoms based on Sasang constitution. But there. are not quite satisfactory between the types of Sasang constitution. So This study is for learning the characteristics of ordinary symptoms depending on Soyangin Soeumin and Taeyangin Taeumin of the Sasang constitution. 2. Methods One thousand and two hundred twenty nine subjects were included in Bundang Oriental Hospital of Dongguk University. We classified them into the each type of Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM) by the well-trained SCM specialist, and assessed their ordinary features by the questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the influence of ordinary features to the diagnosis of SCM. 3. Results (1) Compared to Taeyangin Taeumin, Soyangin Soeumin do not sweat a lot. Even if Soyangin Soeumifl do sweat, one does not feel refreshed. Soyangin Soeumin do not sweat while sleeping at night nor eating meals, but discharges cold sweat if one does not feel well. (2) Compared to Taeyangin Taeumin, Soyangin Soeumin go to stool less frequently and have diarrhea when one does not feel well. Soyangin Soeumin do not feel irritated even though one is not able to go to stool for one day. (3) Compared to Taeyangin Taeumin, Soyangin Soeumin do not have foams in urine. (4) Compared to Taeyangin Taeumin, Soyangin Soeumin tend to eat slow, do not eat a lot normally, do not have a great appetite, have problems for digestion, and especially have difficulties in digestion when one is stressed. 4. Conclusions We found that Taeyangin Taeumin and Soyangin Soeumin have characteristics of ordinary symptoms, but partly there are not in accoradance with ones what Lee ]e-Ma said in his book. So in future we hope clinical studies are required steadily.


The pages that follow attempt to show some moments in which Adorno took care of the
kantian philosophy and to outline the paper that this one carried out in its thought; a
thought that tried to open new models with which to face the reality of his time


Phosphorous doped Poly-Si and Al etching characteristics in and outside a magnetron plasma have been investigated. Although the ion accelerating voltage is very low in a magnetron plasma, both materials with resist mask are etched anisotropically owing to the side wall Protection film which arises from resist sputtered by intense ion bombardments. Outside the plasma, though, some undercutting occurs due to poor protection film caused by an insufficient amount of ions, despite the higher ion energy. Thus, anisotropic etching of the whole wafer is achieved by scanning the magnetron plasma. Magnetic field dependencies for Al and n+ Poly-Si etch rates reveal that Al etch rate due to plasma scanning is not enhanced by the magnetic field, in contrast to the case for n+ Poly-Si.


The concept of planning and developing psychogeriatric services is discussed with emphasis on the type of data required for this and the individual components of a comprehensive service. Future avenues of research are also discussed.


We compare single user digital multi-carrier spread spectrum (MC-SS) modulation with direct sequence (DS) SS (with a modified implementation) in the presence of narrowband interference (NBI) and multipath fading. We derive closed-form expressions for the symbol error probability for both the linear MMSE receiver as well as the conventional matched-filter receiver under different scenarios: additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with NBI, multipath channel with or without NBI. We show that DS-SS can achieve the same performance as MC-SS if the spreading code is carefully designed to have perfect periodic autocorrelation function (PACF). On the other hand, MC-SS is more robust to narrowband interference and multipath fading than is DS-SS with the widely used spreading codes that do not possess perfect PACE. Our analysis reveals that the performance improvement of MC-SS is precisely due to the implicit construction of an equivalent spreading code having nonconstant amplitude but possessing perfect periodic autocorrelation.


In recent day, transport along with energy is the basic infrastructural requirement forindustrialization and accordingly, the developing countries have accorded transport an importantplace in their programmes of economic development. In India transport provides a vital linkbetween production centres, distribution areas and the ultimate consumers. Among various meansof transport systems railway has recorded a significant growth over the years both in spread ofnetwork and in output of the system. In India railway links up the various regions of the economyand increases the speed of occupational mobility of the people. Railway gives facilities for not onlycarrying passengers in huge amount in long distances, but also carries heavy goods and materialsfrom one place to another place within the country. Thus railway connects different regions of thecountry and plays a crucial role in economic development. Besides achieving various success,Indian railway still have many problems like rampant corruption, lack of number of trains, lowercapacity utilization of wagons, strikes on various pretexts, shortage of railway stations, lack ofrailway lines, incidence of online failure of equipment and ticket booking system etc. To removethese difficulties, Indian government has been taken many important measures for railwayinfrastructure development and improvement of railway transport system. Government has alsoincreased expenditure on rolling stock, track renewals and line capacity works, expansion ofrailway line, electrification of railway line etc. To this end, if we want to remove the difficulties ofIndian railway from grass root level, then there should imperative need of overall trying &participation of the government and also improvement of designs of making train body,manufacture & maintenance of railway


Training guidelines for young athletes stages of athletic development co-ordination and agility training flexibility training speed training strength and power training endurance training excelling in competitions proper eating for training long-term training schedules for sports.