161 Background: Information from BRCA1/2 mutation testing is used to guide cancer screening and risk reduction strategies. More recently, BRCA1/2 mutation status is being used to select patients for breast cancer (BC) clinical trials employing new targeted therapies, such as PARP inhibitors. There is concern that current testing practices do not produce results within the timeframe necessary for clinical trial eligibility assessment.

METHODS
We analyzed BRCA1/2 mutation testing patterns in the context of a prospective phase II neoadjuvant study of gemcitabine, carboplatin and BSI-201 (iniparib) for women with Stage I-IIIA triple-negative or BRCA1/2 mutation-associated BC. Specifically, we analyzed: 1) the proportion of participants who met BRCA1/2 mutation testing criteria per NCCN Guidelines v1.2011 and 2) the proportion who had the Myriad Genetics Single Site, Multisite 3 (Ashkenazi Panel), BRACAnalysis and Comprehensive Rearrangement tests performed and their results. For patients without a known BRCA1/2 mutation prior to BC diagnosis who met testing criteria, we assessed the length of time from BC diagnosis to receipt of test results.

RESULTS
Sixty-four patients between the ages of 26 and 73 were enrolled. Results are summarized below. For patients who had BRCA1/2 testing after BC diagnosis, the median number of days from BC diagnosis to receipt of results was 42.

CONCLUSIONS
The frequency of BRCA1/2 mutations in this cohort is high (20%), though nearly half of these mutations were found after patients provided trial consent. Current standard processes for testing women with newly diagnosed BC for BRCA1/2 mutations do not occur expeditiously enough for many to guide clinical trial selection. [Table: see text].


The Mathematical Gazette / Volume 99 / Issue 544 / March 2015, pp 21 32 DOI: 10.1017/mag.2014.3, Published online: 13 March 2015 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0025557215007615 How to cite this article: Ben Eggleston (2015). The number of preference orderings: a recursive approach. The Mathematical Gazette, 99, pp 21-32 doi:10.1017/mag.2014.3 Request Permissions : Click here


Single exposure EUV patterning for lower pitches (below 32 nm L/S) proves to be challenging and dependent on a series of factors including exposure tool related parameters such as illumination conditions but also material related parameters such as sensitivity to EUV photons and resist chemistry. While the industry is focused on developing a set of universal exposure conditions that can be applied to all resist systems, material suppliers must constantly enhance the exposure mechanism of the resists in order to support further advance in technology. The multi-trigger concept involves a reaction that will only occur when multiple elements of the resist are initiated concurrently and in close spatial proximity in order to enable the catalytic reactions. In high dose areas the resist behaves like a traditional CAR, whilst in low dose areas, such as line edges, the reaction is second-order increasing the chemical gradient. Effectively there is a dose dependent quenching-like behaviour built into the resist, enhancing chemical contrast and thus resolution, whilst eliminating the materials stochastics impact of a separate quencher reducing roughness. The multi-trigger resist (MTR) presented consists of a novel multi-trigger control molecule and a crosslinker, which represent the resist matrix, together with a photoacid generator (PAG). Here we present results from work focused on the enhancement of the high-opacity MTR resist. The absorptivity of the resist can be increased by replacing the standard crosslinker with a high-opacity crosslinker. The absorptivity of the crosslinking molecule can itself be changed by varying both the number of attached photo-absorption groups and by varying the specific choice of the high opacity group. Other modifications to the crosslinking molecule, which are presented, include reducing the steric hindrance of the molecule by changing the structure. The high-opacity crosslinker molecules have been synthesized and then formulated into the MTR resist. We report results obtained using the new MTR system containing this high-opacity cross-linker with a variation of process conditions, and with formulation variations. The lithographic performance of a formulation containing this crosslinker, at pitch 32nm patterned on an NXE3400 is presented. The sensitivity of the resist can be increased by 25% by varying the length of the crosslinker arm whilst keeping other factors such as the number of high opacity groups constant. Furthermore, we have also investigated increasing the activation energy of the self-quenching aspect of the MTR system. In the case presented, MTR8 has a higher activation energy than MTR2 and MTR4. Having a higher activation energy is predicted to allow the introduction of a post exposed bake (PEB) to increase crosslinking and reduce pattern collapse, whilst simultaneously preserving the self-quenching behaviour. We will present results which show using a higher activation energy molecule (MTR8) results in a minimisation of Z-factor and LWR, when increasing the PEB temperature by 10 degrees compared to MTR4. Pitch 32nm dense line spaces can be patterned at a dose of 49.5mJ/cm2, a line width of 15.5nm and an biased LWR of 3.69nm. Pitch 28nm dense patterns can be patterned at a dose of 59mJ/cm2, a line width of 12.5nm, and a biased LWR of 3.91nm. These resist formulations have also been used to pattern 25nm diameter pillars on a 40nm pitch with a dose of 50mJ/cm2, and a CDU of 2.98nm. High photospeed approaches, which have patterned p24 and p28 lines and p34 hex pillars at sub-30 mJ/cm2 doses are also introduced


Data Exchange layer X-Road successfully implemented in Estonia is a key enabler for secure data exchange and interoperability in public and private sector. Other countries are adopting the similar interoperability and data exchange framework as a part of e-governance solution. To ensure successful adoption of previously named framework it is important to identify crucial prerequisites influencing the process. In current paper, we analyse the practice of nine different countries. First, we define possible prerequisites in combination with relevant literature, data and documentation analysis. Second, we validate these prerequisites through qualitative expert interviews and identify additional prerequisites. The focus of this paper is on X-Road adoption critical prerequisites, in this context we analyse X-Road deployment wealth indicators, the impact of prerequisites in accelerating X-Road implementation, and procedures to assess countries readiness to adopt X-Road. Research results presented in this paper offer initial assessment framework to investigate the country's readiness to adopt systems similar to X-Road.


Recently, a strong evolution occurs in the feedback control using frequency domain approach. Computer Aided Design tools involving optimisation emerges as an alternative to traditional tuning based on frequency diagrams as Bode, Black and so one. Benefits are impressive: direct investigation of possible trade-offs, precise analysis of uncertainty effects and so one. This evolution does not happen by chance: it is the result of a rigorous formulation of classical concepts of automatic control. These results mainly focus on linear time invariant systems with the so called H ∞ approach: its extension to nonlinear systems is under progress with the incremental norm approach. This paper purpose is to illustrate different aspects of this evolution in a non formal way (the long version available in [SCO 02]).


The article first points out the fact that the ground soil in Panjin easily produces liquefaction phenomena on seismic force effect.To avoid disaster and protect lives and property,liquefaction differentiation and liquefaction zoning to the ground soil in Panjin are of great necessity.Three hundred exploration drill-hole data in Panjin was collected;liquefaction index and liquefaction judgement were calculated;liquefaction index and liquefaction zoning for Panjin were carried out.The result indicates that partly ground at 7 degree earthquake intensity in Panjin will undergo light and middling liquefaction zoning;a lot of area will undergo liquefaction zoning at 8 degree earthquake intensity.Therefore corresponding measures must be taken.


A study was carried out to identify, develop, and benchmark simulation techniques needed for optimum TPS material selection and sizing for reusable launch vehicles. Fully viscous, chemically reacting, Navier-Stokes flow solu- tions over the Langley wing-body single stage to orbit (SSTO) configuration were generated and coupled with an in-depth conduction code. Results from the study provide detailed thermal protection system (TPS) heat shield ma- terials selection and thickness sizing for the wing-body SSTO. These results are the first ever achieved through the use of a complete, trajectory based hypersonic, Navier-S tokes solution database. TPS designs were obtained for both laminar and turbulent entry trajectories using the Access-to-Space baseline materials such as tailorable advanced blanket insulation (TABI). The TPS design effects (material selection and thicknesses) of coupling ma- terial characteristics to the aerothermal enviroment are illustrated. Finally, a sample validation case using the shuttle flight data base is included.


Making full use of crustal deformation data obtained from GPS,regional leveling and cross-fault means,aided by the inversion of negative dislocation,and combined with seismic activities,the authors studied the influence of the Ms8.1 Kunlun Mountains Great Earthquake of November 14,2001 on the crustal movement and strain accumulation in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang block.The result shows that it was the adjustment action of disturbance stress field caused by this enormous seismic energy releasing inside Qinghai-Xizang block in the northeastward compressional background field that led to the variation of the crustal difference movement and the stress-strain state in the block boundary.To some extent and for a period of time,the action mainly found expression in the reduction of strain accumulation in the eastern segment of the Altyn Tagh fault and the western segment of the Qilian Mountain fracture zone,and in the promotion of strain accumulation in the middle-eastern segments of the Qilian Mountain fracture zone.Presently the regional stress field of the study area reflects the recovering state after the Kunlun Mountains,Yumen and Minle earthquakes.Moreover,based on limited data obtained from GPS,short-leveling and cross-fault means after the Wenchuan Earthquake of May 12,2008,the authors consider that the Wenchuan Earthquake promoted the strain accumulation in the eastern segment of the Gansu-Sichuan boundary as well as along the Gansu-Sichuan-Shaanxi boundary.


Environmental pollution is a worldwide problem and heavy metals belong to the most important of all pollutants. Nowadays it became an alarming issue. The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, and arsenic. These metals have extensive effects on human health which has reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO. Exposure to heavy metals is increasing in some parts of the world, specifically in less developed countries. In the present study, the assessment of selected heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, lead and copper will be carried out in water and food consumed by households. Detection and estimation of heavy metals will be performed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Here 96% of nitric acid has used to remove organic material by decomposing them into carbon dioxide and make the metals soluble. This research will investigate the exposure to heavy metals in the average diet as well as the level of contaminations in water and food in Bangladesh. This will provide information on the dietary study for taking necessary actions against potential sources of contamination. Research findings will provide the necessary evidence to mobilize support for implementing national policies that commit the Government to reduce heavy metal contamination of food and water.


This thesis explores how a phone app and an infrared remote control can be used at the same time in order to control air conditioners. It introduces the concept of a universal adapter able to recog ...


This paper evaluates the temperature influence on differential barometric altimetry, from data acquired by a prototype vertical direction measurement system. The system obtains atmospheric pressure data from two identical MEMS sensors so as to determine the absolute height difference in-between sensor devices. Matlab analysis determines indoor height accuracy in reference to calculations performed by a) the international barometric formula which is independent of temperature measurements and b) the hypsometric equation that depends on a constant temperature value in-between measurement devices; thereby, illustrating an isothermal atmosphere.


Characterization of nonlinear hysteretic responses plays a significant role in predicting soil behaviors. They are mostly described with either simple empirical functions or complex constitutive models. However, the input parameters lack both a physical basis and robustness, and the use of these models is limited to some typical soils. Therefore, there is a need for a simple but robust model that uses only a small number of physically meaningful parameters. This study proposes explicit formulas to capture different nonlinear hysteretic soil responses, including a constitutive model, backbone curve, tangent shear modulus, secant shear modulus, and damping ratio. In particular, the Davidenkov model, with two physically meaningful parameters, is adopted to assess the constitutive relationships of soils under steady-state cyclic loading. The proposed models are validated with resonant column test (RCT) data (shear modulus and damping ratio). This paper finds that the use of the linear characteristic equation to calculate the shear modulus from the resonance frequency in the RCT, which is clearly irrelevant and approximate, produces data interpretation errors.


Purpose. The article studies the history of the magazine "Zolotoe runo" ("Golden Fleece") that has been publishing in Moscow from 1906 till 1909. It was a project of the young art lover, millionaire N. P. Ryabushinsky, who decided to continue the mission of "miriskusniki" (members of the "World of Art" movement) and promote the aesthetic principles of symbolism, which he saw as the most promising style of art at the beginning of the 20th century.Results. Based on the analysis of the memoirs written by contemporaries, correspondence between the representatives of the Russian cultural elite, publications in the periodical press, as well as outcomes of modern research, the author argues that the magazine "Zolotoe runo", providing its pages to outstanding writers and publishing works of iconic artists and articles about their works, became one of the most influential periodicals about art in Russia.Conclusion. This research shows that, having said a new word in art and journalism, the magazine "Zolotoe runo" became a worthy reflection of the artistic life of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.


This paper provides a general overview of the capabilities provided by the JTV API. The JTV API defines an extension of Java and the Java Media Framework for TV-centric devices and services. This API enables programmers to develop and distribute interactive applications and applets that combine the power of Java with both enhanced broadcast and interactive television content. JTV provides an open Java- based platform for developers of set-top and TV software.


Ecosystem health was a newly proposed concept in the world with the environment becoming serious issue and on ecosystem health assessment. A method, trophic state-comprehensive index based on researches on the lake ecosystem health had been proposed to evaluate the ecosystem health of Lake West. Firstly, four indices including Chl.a, SD, TP and TN were choosed to calculate the TSI. Secondly, undimensionalizated indices such as physical, chemistry and biology was used to calculate comprehensive index to estimate the ecosystem health state. The results showed that the health state was better in January to March than in July to September, and the trend of ecosystem health is consistent with the level of trophic state. The result reflectted the actual situation of Lake West objectively, so it can provide scientific guidance for Lake West management.


Recently spin-orbit (SO) coupled superfluids in free space or harmonic traps have been extensively studied, motivated by the recent experimental realization of SO coupling for Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC). However, the rich physics of SO coupled BEC in optical lattices has been largely unexplored. In this paper, we show that in suitable parameter region the lowest Bloch state forms an isolated flat band in a one dimensional (1D) SO coupled optical lattice, which thus provides an experimentally feasible platform for exploring the recently celebrated topological flat band physics in lattice systems. We show that the flat band is preserved even with the mean field interaction in BEC. We investigate the superfluidity of the BEC in SO coupled lattices through dynamical and Landau stability analysis, and show that the BEC is stable on the whole flat band.


Mice were kept on Atractylodes macrocephala 15 g/(kg·d) and polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala 0.2 g/(kg·d) or 0.4 g/(kg·d) for 15 days. The mice's behavior of the distinctive learning and memory were observed, and the contents of MDA and LPF and the activities of SOD in brains and in livers were measured. Compared with the control group, after receiving Atractylodes macrocephala and polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala, both the ability of learning and memory and the activities of SOD in brains and in livers were increased significantly, while the contents of MDA in brains and in livers and the contents of LPF in brains decreased obviously. However, with the Atractylodes macrocephala group and polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala groups compared, the above indices didn't have obvious differences. It can be concluded that both Atractylodes macrocephala and polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala can improve the mice's abilities of memory and the antioxidation ; the Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala is a chief component of Atractylodes macrocephala on the antioxidation of mice.


The size of the antiretroviral capsules which children infected with HIV have to take is a major problem. It often requires an assessment of the feasibility of taking this medication through a specialist nursing consultation. It is above all through adopting a suitable technique as well as the motivation of the children that this objective can be achieved.


Purpose: Robotics-assisted tilt table technology with integrated leg drives for basic stepping functionality is clinically available for patients with neurological impairments. Initially introduced for early rehabilitation, it provides cyclical stepping movement and physiological loading in immobilized patients. This technology provides stability and support in patients with neurological disorders for whom weakness, balance and coordination problems would preclude cardiopulmonary performance testing using a treadmill or cycle ergometer. This type of device may facilitate the estimation of peak oxygen uptake and other important cardiopulmonary performance parameters in patients who have neurological deficits. The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility and safety of this device for peak cardiopulmonary performance testing in able-bodied subjects.

Methods: A robotics-assisted tilt table (Erigo, Hocoma AG, Switzerland) was augmented with force sensors in the thigh cuffs and a work rate estimation algorithm. A custom visual feedback system was employed to guide the subjects' work rate and to provide real time feedback of actual work rate. Each subject carried out an incremental exercise test to the limit of functional capacity with a work rate increment of 5 W/minute in female subjects and 8 W/minute in males. Outcome measures were peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak heart rate (HRpeak), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), peak work rate (WRpeak) and the Borg CR10 scale to measure exertion and leg fatigue.

Results: 11 able-bodied subjects were included (9 male, 2 female; age 29.6±7.1 years: mean ± SD). Resting VO2 was 4.6±0.7 ml/kg/min and VO2peak was 32.4±5.1 ml/kg/min. All participants reached at least 85% of their predicted HRmax value. RER at peak VO2 was 1.02±0.07. Eight participants (72.7%) reached their peak VO2 in 8-12 minutes, which is considered the optimal duration. The average WRpeak was 65.7 W for males and 41.5 W for females. All participants reported a Borg CR10 value for exertion and leg fatigue of 7 or more. There were no serious adverse events.

Conclusions: The robotics-assisted tilt table augmented with work rate estimation and a visual feedback system is a feasible and safe method for peak cardiopulmonary performance testing in able-bodied subjects. Future work will evaluate test-retest reliability and compare peak cardiorespiratory performance values with those obtained from a treadmill and a cycle ergometer. The approach will then be piloted in subjects with neurological impairments.


In the assembling process of the constructions of wide span and large space,hydraulic synchronizing integral lifting technology has been used more and more widely,and it is a vital subject to improve the reliability.In this paper,a successful application,that the integral lifting project of the national digital library's 10000-ton steel construction roof,is taken as a background.Against this background,large scale system theory is used in the designing,and Matlab is used in the simulation.


Optical absorption, luminescence, and EPR are applied to study the nature of complex aggregate colour centres which arise in nonstoichiometric lithium hydride single crystals. Electron-anionic disorder induced by the lack of hydrogen is found to create F-centres which interact with the lattice through electron-phonon coupling. Photostimulated transformation of F-centres into F3-centres is studied. The vibronic structure of the F-centres absorption spectra is due to the interaction of the electronic transition with acoustic phonons TA(X), TA(L), LA(X), LA(X) + TA(X) and to the excitement of a quasilocal mode; the structure of F3-centres spectra is due to the interaction of the electronic transition with acoustic TA(X), TA(L), LA(X), LA(X) + TA(W), and optical TO(L) phonons. The considerable deviation from the stoichiometry is shown to give rise to the formation of metallic lithium colloids.

[Russian Text Ignored].


Part 1 The foundation: the role of the nurse practitioner as prescriber review of basic principles of pharmacology rational drug selection legal and professional issues in prescribing adverse drug reactions factors that foster positive outcomes cultural and ethnic influences on pharmacotherapeutics nutrition and drug therapy pharmacology in complementary medicine information technology and pharmacology over-the-counter medications. Part 2 Pharmacotherapeutics with single drugs: drugs affecting the autonomic system drugs affecting the respiratory system drugs affecting the haematopoietic system drugs affecting the immune system drugs affecting the gastrointestinal system drugs affecting the endocrine system drugs affecting the reproductive system drugs affecting the integumentary system drugs used in treating infectious diseases drugs used in treating inflammatory processes drugs used in treating eye and ear disorders. Part 3 Pharmacotherapeutics with multiple drugs: anaemia chronic stable angina and low-risk unstable angina anxiety and depression asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease contraception dermatologic conditions diabetes mellitus gastroesophageal reflux and peptic ulcer disease headaches heart failure human immunodeficiency virus disease and acquired immunodeficiency disease hormone replacement therapy and osteoporosis hyperlipidaemia hypertension hyperthyroidism pneumonia smoking cessation sexually transmitted diseases and vaginitis tuberculosis upper respiratory infections - viral upper respitatory infection, sinusitis, otitis media and otitis externa urinary tract infections. Part 4 Special drug treatment considerations: women as patients paediatric patients geriatric patients chronically ill and long-term care.


The range image measured by the structured light projection has a merit in that the high-density three-dimensional data of the object can be obtained with a high speed, in a stable way and without ambiguity, independently of the smoothness of the object. In this study, a high-speed driven structured light projector is realized by applying a liquid crystal shutter to the projection system. By incorporating the technique with the Gray code pattern projection spatially coded three-dimensional measurement system, a highspeed range-imaging system (Liquid Crystal Range Finder) is constructed. For the liquid crystal range finder, several elaborations are presented, such as stabilization of the measurement and improvement of the accuracy. As to the stabilization, a projection pattern extraction method is developed which excludes the effect of the texture of the object surface or the effect of the environmental illumination, using two complementary projection patterns. As to the improvement of the accuracy, the following elaborations are made. A double-precision pattern is generated by shifting the liquid crystal shutter by a half-pitch, utilizing the feature of Gray code pattern. The projector coordinate is determined with a high accuracy by the interpolation of the spatial code and the interpolation of the projection pattern boundary based on the gray level of the pixel. The usefulness of those techniques is demonstrated by actual measurement.


The biogeographical pattern of woody plant communities after human disturbance cessation was studied at Grazalema Mountains. The sampling included 137 transects, with different communities of Mediterranean shrubland and a total of 74 species. Species richness and chorological composition –species number and relative cover of each chorological type– were analyzed at each transect considering the altitude range, soil pH –acid or basic– and human disturbance before the legal protection of the areas as natural reserve. Results show site differences on species richness and distribution spectra of communities in relation to altitude and pH. Beside these natural patterns, and superposed to them, human disturbance has played an important role in present biogeographical composition of Mediterranean shrubland communities in Grazalema mountains. To discuss human disturbance influence, we have considered the different regenerative strategies of species belonging to each chorological type.


The authors report on the off-state gate current (I/sub g/) characteristics of n-channel MOSFETs using thin nitrided oxide (NO) gate dielectrics prepared by rapid thermal nitridation at 1150 degrees C for 10-300 s. New phenomena observed in NO devices are a significant I/sub g/ at drain voltages as low as 4 V and an I/sub g/ injection efficiency reaching 0.8, as compared to 8.5 V and 10/sup -7/ in SiO/sub 2/ devices with gate dielectrics of the same thickness. Based on the drain bias and temperature dependence, it is proposed that I/sub g/ in MOSFETs with heavily nitrided oxide gate dielectrics arises from hot-hole injection, and the enhancement of gate current injection is due to the lowering of valence-band barrier height for hole emission at the NO/Si interface. The enhanced gate current injection may cause accelerated device degradation in MOSFETs. However, it also presents potential for device applications such as EPROM erasure.<<ETX>>


The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education has announced the results of ranking universities in Indonesia. Universitas Brawijaya has experienced ups and downs in ranking. During the period of 2015-2019, the best ranking of Universitas Brawijaya in the fifth recruitment in 2016. This study aims to formulate a series of optimization strategies for improving UB's rank. Research approach with qualitative methods and the literature review technique and focusing on several approaches to formulate strategy, which are Balanced Scorecard, SWOT, and SPACE. Retrieval of data with the method of observation and documentation. While data validation with Triangulation. The results of this study explained that the Balanced Scorecard, SWOT, and SPACE could be used to solve strategy formulation problems. There are eleven strategic steps to optimize and improve Universitas Brawijaya's ranking by following the indicators set by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education.


I am possessed of particulars relating to the untimely end of a very zealous traveller in Persia, a native of Hesse; who was murdered in Kurdistán, during the autumn of 1829. He has not lived to reap the fruit of his exertions, neither have his notes and observations yet met the public eye.


The concept of hormesis, or low-dose U-shaped responses, is now well established in toxicology and pharmacology, but requires development in medicine and therapeutics. In doing so, care must be taken to not confuse metaphorical and chemical uses of the term hormesis. Low dose, continuous adaptive responses are fundamentally different than conventional pharmacology, and they may improve the scientific underpinning for complementary medicine, nutrition and lifestyle therapies. CONCEPT ERRORS AND CLINICAL PROGRESS IN HORMESIS I first came across the BELLE Newsletter and the concept of hormesis about 12 years ago when I was Director of the Office of Alternative Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. At that time, we were looking for scientific frameworks under which we could conduct research on the areas called complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The conventional framework was that the effects reported from these practices were all due to placebo, psychological context, expectation and belief. While certainly the so-called placebo or meaning and context effects contributed to a number of the observations in these fields, such a framework was not adequate to explain many of the observations from these practices and provided a rather uni-dimensional approach to the CAM field. 1 The basic problem was that most CAM substances had little specific chemical effect. That is, treatments from many CAM approaches such as herbs, homeopathy and acupuncture were too low dose. The active ingredients in most herbal preparations for example, are quite low by the time they get digested, absorbed and distributed. Homeopathy is based on a tenet of giving low doses of substances. Acupuncture involves very small and subtle stimulations of the body as does massage and manipulation. Thus, when I came across the writings in the BELLE Newsletter about the biological effects of low-level exposures, it seemed an opportunity to explore a possible mechanism of some complementary and alternative medicine practices on a more solid scientific basis. Thus, I was pleased to be invited to the BELLE Advisory Board, which I did after my assignment at NIH was over. Since then I have continued to try to bring the clinical perspective to the discussion and debate around hormesis. Largely due to the heroic efforts of Dr. Ed Calabrese and his colleagues, as well as others in the scientific field, widespread, biological support for hormesis has been well established. Most of the initial work involved documentation and analysis of biological data from the perspective of low-dose effects. Such low-dose or U-shaped effects have now been shown to occur across a number of phyla and biological phenomena and influence many fundamental cellular and physiological mechanisms of relevance to medicine and health care. These include immuno-modulation, endochronological effects and cancer. 2-4 More recently a summary of these effects in neuroscience is being compiled by Dr. Calabrese and colleagues. Still, the direct relevance and application in the clinical field has remained elusive. This is partly due to the fact that the concept of hormesis and most of the data arises from toxicology and pharmacology and very little attention has been paid to their application within the clinical realm. At the same time, Dr. Calabrese and the BELLE groups have expanded to create the new peer-reviewed multidisciplinary journal Dose Response and the Hormesis Society in a way that brings in multiple disciplines from the bench to the bedside to the boardroom. This has stimulated a rich discussion and increasing adoption of these concepts. The recent publication of the consensus around hormesis terminology and its use across disciplines has helped further that discussion. 5 However, there are risks from too broad an application of the hormesis concept. Recently Calabrese published an article linking the concepts of hormesis, adaptive response, preconditioning and the YerkesDodson law. 6 These "converging concepts" risk muddying the water by mixing mechanistic phenomena (for example, adaptive response and pre-conditioning in toxicology and immunology respectively) and the more metaphorical concept in which the task and the psychological complexity of a task as an informational construct is equivocated to a physical chemical dose. As Dr. Calabrese points out the YerkesDodson law framework is "analogous to situations in pharmacology and toxicology in which U-shaped dose responses commonly occur." 6 The risk here is that metaphorical concepts such as this are viewed as equivalent to the chemical U-shaped curves found in toxicology and pharmacology. To lump them together as different variations of hormesis confuses rather than clarifies the picture. To argue, as Dr. Calabrese does that the "Yerkes-Dodson law is a special case of hormesis" would require that the more classical observations of hormesis in toxicology be explained in informational rather than chemical terms. To my knowledge that is not how this concept has or should be used. As we move forward into the next decade of hormesis and dose response research, let's make sure that the frameworks for describing and defining hormesis and dose response in terms of both symbolic and chemical concepts are clearly differentiated. Otherwise, confusion will reign. Another example of how a too widespread application of the concept of hormesis is confusing involves use of the term xenohormesis. In one case the xenohormesis hypothesis postulates that small amounts of chemicals induce stress resistance and therefore longevity when


This study examines the impact of gender and very early onset on the prognosis of a psychotic disorder. Methods: Eighty-seven youths under 18 years of age, 36 (41%) female and 51 (59%) male, hospitalized with first-episode psychosis were investigated in a multi-site, longitudinal, retrospective follow-up cohort design. An exploratory examination of the subjects was undertaken to assess the impact of very early transition to psychosis on prognosis. Data at Time 1 (time of discharge) were retrospectively collected using a standardized questionnaire from patients' hospital records, and follow-up data at Time 2 (a minimum interval of two years post discharge) were obtained using a mailout questionnaire. Subjects were followed for at least two years (3.9±1.3 years). Results: Females with very early onset (<13 years) were more likely to have a poorer prognostic course and experience relapse resulting in hospital readmission than older females (13-18 years). Conversely, older males were more likely than younger ...


Objective To create the standard Mesh norm from a Guangxi Chinese population and assess the craniofacial features.Methods The cephalometric radiographs of 150 normal occlusion students from Guangxi were measured using a self-established computerized Mesh analysis system.Results The craniofacial features were similar between sexs,and some regions showed the sexual differences The dental,dentoalveolar,mandibular and soft tissue profile still growed from early permanent dentition to permanent dentition.Conclusion The Mesh norm is different among different sexs and ages,so a corresponding Mesh norm should be selected in the clinical research according to the patient's age and sex.


Most of the bacterial diseases are sporadic rather than epidemic in equines as far as the affections of nervous system are concerned. Bacteria of genus Streptococcus often leads to meningitis or abscess in brain. In one of the study Staphylococcus spp. was found to be involved as a major cause of encephalitis [1] while some researchers investigated E. coli, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Listeria and Actinobacillus as major contributors for encephalitis and encephalomyelitis in horses [2]. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Gramnegative enteric bacteria are most frequently isolated causes of encephalitis in foals [3]. Most of the bacterial affections of brain in foals are because of lack of humoral immunity and increased permeability of BBB [4]. However, Streptococcus equi subspp equi, Zoopedemicus, Streptococcus suis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pasteurella caballi, Actinobacillus equuli, Actinomyces spp. and E.coli [5-7] are identified as major bacterial pathogens associated with encephalitis in adult horses. In many of the cases causes of meningitis are not clear [8]. The lesions in brain can be associated with some surgical interventions or external injuries as well. The meningitis and encephalitis may be found to occur by skull fracture, pituitary abscess (as fenestrated BBB) and extension of infection from adjacent organs like guttural pouch or retropharyngeal lymph nodes etc. [8]. Meningitis is mostly secondary to brain abscess [8, 9]. Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis can be made on the basis of clinical examination, where neutrophilia is most significant feature along with increase fibrinogen level in blood [10] and blood culture also indicate positive results if any infection is present [11]. Abstract The nervous system affections are one of the major reason for death in equines. These affections can involve a huge spectrum of etiologies namely viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal, algal, plant toxins, mycotoxins etc. Botulinum and tetanus are among most commonly known deadly conditions affecting nervous system in equines. Botulinum (BoNT) and Tetanospasmin are the most potent known neurotoxins respectively which are majorly involved in nervous system damage. However certain parasitic diseases like EPM and Toxoplasma are also involved in many encephalitic conditions. Cryptococcus is among one of the most important known fungus causing encephalitis in equids. Often certain plants like Pteridium aquilinum and Locoweed etc. ingested by equines lead to lesions in brain and the toxins present in these weeds are having different specificity for different parts of brain e.g. Cerebrocortical necrosis (3 rd , 5 th & 6 th layer of cerebrum) by Pteridium aquilinum and injury to Purkinje cells and cerebral cortex by Locoweed. In this article we are mainly focusing on certain bacterial, parasitic, fungal, algal and plant toxicity induced conditions causing encephalitis in equines as these conditions are often overlooked.


We have used combined vibrational overtone excitation and laser induced fluorescence detection to study dissociation dynamics of hydroxylamine (NH[sub 2]OH), have performed our first laser induced grating experiments on water, and have begun assembling a new apparatus for preparing vibrationally excited molecules with simulated Raman excitation. We study role of vibrational excitation in photodissociation dynamics by using a vibrational state preparation technique, such as vibrational overtone excitation or stimulated Raman excitation, to create molecules with particular nuclear motions and then to excite that molecule to a dissociative electronic state.


Knowledge of acoustic properties reveals the presence of molecular interactions between the component molecules in the multi-component liquid systems. This intermolecular interaction plays an important role in the development of molecular sciences. A large number of studies have been made on the molecular interaction in liquid systems by various physical methods like Dielectric constant1-3, Infrared, Raman effect, ultra violet and ultrasonic method4-10. In recent years ultrasonic technique has become a powerful tool in providing information regarding the molecular behaviour of liquids and solids owing to its ability of characterizing physiochemical behaviour of the medium. The present investigation deals with the study of molecular interaction in binary liquid mixtures. A survey of literature11-21 indicates that adiabatic compressibility, free length and molar volume and there excess values are useful in understanding the intermolecular interactions between the molecules in binary mixtures. II. EXPERIMENTAL


Each new communication medium provides different combinations and levels of way to facilitate and/or constrain social connections. These different patterns of connectivity in turn both represent and influence forms of social control. In particular, the Internet and mobile phones are fostering a sense of perpetual contact, the potential for pervasive, personal, and portable communication. This chapter considers how these aspects of perpetual contact moderate the influence of Internet and mobile phone usage on aspects of social connectivity (constructing identity, fostering and changing group and network relations, and displaying social relations—both membership and sharing) and in turn on aspects of social control (dependency, balancing self and group, managing coordination and multitasking, navigating family relations, blurring public and private space, and engaging privacy and surveillance). These issues are particularly fluid and salient to young users, so the chapter reviews relevant research from around the world on use of these new media by teenagers and young adults.


The study was conducted to investigate the effect of salt concentration level and season on chemical composition of wet-salted fermented product (local name; fassiekh) processed from new two fish species (Labeo spp, local name; Debs, Schilbe spp local name Shilbaya) compared with popular fassiekh fish species (Hydrocynus spp, local name: Kass), in reducing the over fishing and use of Alestes and Hydrocynus spp.in fassiekh production in the Sudan. A assorted of 12 Kgs of each of three fassiekh fish species group, consisted of Hydrocynus spp; (25 -30 cm in total length), Labeo spp (20 -25 cm in total length) and Schilbe sp. (17 -22 cm in total length) were collected from Jebel Aulia Dam landing. Fish species were transferred to Khartoum fishing company for processing of fassiekh product. The samples were divided into 3 batches with three replicates. Each batch was treated with different common salt concentration level (20%, 25%, 33% and 0% as a control). The findings of the study clearly revealed, the chemical composition of fresh salted- fermented product showed no significant differences between Labeo and Hydrocynus spp. while Schilbe sp. recorded significantly higher fat content. The salt concentration level on studied fish species resulted in an increase in crude protein and ash content than fresh fish. The highest salt level (33%) resulted in significantly lower moisture content, and produced well wet-salted fermented product with reasonably long storage shelf life. The effect of different season's production time on wet-salted fermented product showed no significant differences in final product of wet-slated fermented fish species chemically. But there were differences in the duration of processing time, depending on ambient temperature. The study concluded that, the best fish species for production of fassiekh product was the Labeo sp. in winter time with 25% slat concentration level treatment. The second and third were Hydrocyun sp. and Shelibe sp. respectively at the same slat concentration level of treatment and season time.


American politics is the gift that never seems to stop giving, especially in this election season.
Indeed, Donald Trump alone has managed to keep the entire American punditocracy busy all by himself. US Centre Director, Peter Trubowitz takes a close look at Trumpism and its appeal – what it is, and why it has defied the political odds makers in Washington.


We consider the dynamics of dust and gas during the clearing of protoplanetary discs. We work within the context of a photoevaporation/viscous model for the evolution of the gas disc, and use a two-fluid model to study the dynamics of dust grains as the gas disc is cleared. Small (10 μm) grains remain well coupled to the gas, but larger (∼1 mm) grains are subject to inward migration from large radii (∼50 au), suggesting that the time-scale for grain growth in the outer disc is ∼10 4 ‐10 5 yr. We describe in detail the observable appearance of discs during clearing, and find that pressure gradients in the gas disc result in a strong enhancement of the local dust-to-gas ratio in a ring near to the inner disc edge. Lastly, we consider a simple model of the disc‐planet interaction, and suggest that observations of disc masses and accretion rates provide a straightforward means of discriminating between different models of disc clearing.


This paper proposes a low cost, miniaturized, low phase noise, medium power, free running millimeter wave oscillator by embedding a high Q laminated waveguide (LWG) resonator in the same low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) package that houses the monolithic oscillator active circuit. This novel technique overcomes the drawbacks of the hybrid waveguideldielectric resonator oscillators and the fully monolithic integrated oscillators. A 29 GHz oscillator is designed using an active monolithic chip fabricated in GaAs p-HEMT technology and the high-Q LTCC rectangular resonator. The measured output power is 11 dBm at 28.9 GHz for a conversion efficiency of 6%. The free running phase noise is -101.5 dBcMz at 100 KHz offset, which is among the hest results ever reported for a free running ma-band oscillator. This represents the first reported instance of a low phase noise oscillator utilizing a high Q resonator embedded in the same LTCC package.


Polystyrene-anchored Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), MoO2(II), UO2(II), Fe(III) and Zr(IV), complexes of unsymmetrical dibasic tetradentate ONNO donor Schiff base derived from the condensation of chloromethylated polystyrene, 3-formylsalicylic acid, ethylenediamine and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (PS–LH2) have been synthesized. The polystyrene anchored complexes have the formulae: PS–LM (where M = Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, MoO2, UO2), PS–LFeClDMF, PS–LMn2DMF and PS–LZr(OH)2DMF. The polystyreneanchored coordination compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, reflectance, ESR and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The per cent reaction conversion of polystyrene anchored Schiff base to polystyrene supported coordination compounds lies between 24.0–77.9. The coordinated dimethylformamide is completely lost on heating the complexes. The shifts of the (C=N)(azomethine) and (C–O)(phenolic) stretches have been monitored in order to find out the donor sites of the ligands. The Cu(II) complex is paramagnetic with square planar structure; the Ni(II) complex is diamagnetic with square planar structure; the Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes are diamagnetic and have tetrahedral structure; the Mn(II) and Fe(III) complexes are paramagnetic and have octahedral structure; the MoO2(II) and UO2(II) complexes are diamagnetic and have octahedral structure and the Zr(IV) complex is diamagnetic and has pentagonal bipyramidal structure. © 2016 Elixir All rights reserved. ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received: 5 November 2012; Received in revised form: 23 February 2016; Accepted: 27 February 2016;


This study examined the relationship between green training and corporate sustainability of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Rivers State. The study was designed as a cross sectional survey with data generated through the administration of structured questionnaire to a sample of 102 participants from a population of 114 managers and supervisors from all (6) Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) registered food and beverage firms in Rivers State. The reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. The hypotheses were tested using the Spearman Rank Order Correlation with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The study findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between interactional justice and all the measures of employee attitude of Deposit Money Banks in Rivers State. It was therefore stated in conclusion that green training approaches contributes meaningfully towards outcomes such as environmental, social and economic sustainability. The study recommended therefore, training programs should focus on engaging workers in active sustainability activities. Programs should be designed to allow for actual awareness and the development of positive attitudes towards the environment, the social development of host communities and organizational operational context as well as the adoption of business practices that embrace healthy and sustainable pursuit of economic wellbeing of the organization. Keywords: Green Training, Organizational Sustainability, food and beverage manufacturing firms CITATION: Eke, G. O. (2020). Green training and corporate sustainability of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Rivers State. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 7(1), 483 – 494.


1. Kingston: A Creole Colonial Capital (1692-1962) 2. Urbanization in Kingston since Independence 3. Plural Stratification: Colour-Class and Culture 4. Colour-Class and Race Segregation 5. From Slums to Ghetto: Social Deprivation 6. Politics, Violence, and Drugs 7. Decolonization and the Politics of National Culture 8. Conclusion


Purpose To assess the relationship between the diagnostic accuracy of Choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and the trigger prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in patients with a biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods A meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize data across multiple studies. Results The pooled sensitivity and specificity of choline PET/CT were 82% (95% Confidence Interval (CI):80–84%) and 92% (95%CI: 90–93%), respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of 18F-choline PET/CT were 81% (95%CI: 78–84%) and 90% (95%CI: 85–93%), respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of 11C-choline PET/CT were 83% (95% CI: 80–86%) and 92% (95% CI: 90–94%), respectively. The pooled detection rate of 18F-choline PET/CT and 11C-choline PET/CT were 58% (95% CI: 48–68%) and 58% (95%CI: 49–68%), respectively. Conclusions Trigger PSA is an important risk factor for positive findings of Choline PET/CT and the detection rate of Choline PET/CT for recurrent prostate cancer increased in parallel with raises in PSA-values. Choline PET/CT got higher detection rate while the trigger PSA > 2ng/ml.


Modeling concurrent processes in digital signal processing is done by data ow graphs or Petri nets, so it is necessary for many people to deal with graph algorithms. The usual way to test newly developed algorithms is still either to use pencil and paper or to write dedicated software. In both cases the e ectiveness of methods and the reusability of software pieces are weak. In this paper we introduce an interactive X-window based software tool called GraphHopper assisting in numerous operations on data ow graphs ranging from graph algorithms and transformations over comfortable data entry and visualization to random graph generation. The GraphHopper tool is implemented in C++ using the LEDA 1 Class Library, which allows easy expansion and adaption of programs due to object oriented technologies.


A computer-implemented method and system for advertising that performs the steps of delivering an electronic advertisement (100) comprising one or more menu options and a reference to a network location for retrieving specified content associated with each menu option for inclusion in a first electronic document, receiving a selection of one or more menu options (120) from the electronic advertisement and delivering a subsequent accessible document including content from the referenced network location associated with the menu option selected, the subsequent accessible document including the electronic advertisement.


This research departs from the problem of lack of understanding of the importance of entrepreneurship in high school. The existence of entrepreneurship subjects is expected to develop students' skills in developing the business and foster the entrepreneurial spirit that is in the students themselves. The type of this research is qualitative descriptive located in SMA Negeri 2 Malang. Technique of collecting data is done through observation, test, interview and documentation. The results showed that students can understand entrepreneurial knowledge well with the thought to open a business and mengmebangkan effort. In addition each student has the characteristics of entrepreneurial spirit that is different in him. The entrepreneurial spirit within the students is committed to work, dare to take risks, look for opportunities and creativity and innovate. DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.17977/UM014v11i12018p0020


A tilted nose, long rather mysterious eyes, and a subtle mouth are the obvious characteristics of the little head which forms the subject of my first illustration. It is a small perfume-vase found in Rhodes and made about 550 b.c. We feel that we are in the presence of a lady of an inquiring turn of mind and a great appreciation of the joys of life. I hope that she is sufficiently interesting to justify an inquiry into her life and surroundings. Is this curiosity and enjoyment of life characteristic of Ionian art and literature in general?


Hyperfine structure constants are precisely calculated for the 1 s 2 2 s 2 S 1/2 and 1 s 2 2 p 2 P 1/2,3/2 states of the 7 Li atom and the 9 Be + ion. To describe accurately the core polarization, ...


This paper presents a balanced-to-balanced rat-race coupler with bandpass response. In the differential mode, good frequency selectivity is obtained with the integration of second-order Chebyshev bandpass filters. Common-mode signals are rejected within a wide frequency range. The proposed design has been supported by measurement and simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first balanced-to-balanced filtering rat-race coupler in literature.


NASA centers will identify regional partners and deliver structured support to meet the needs of local school districts, community and youth-serving organizations, and informal education institutions that provide out-of-school science, technology, engineering and mathematics education opportunities for elementary and secondary students.


A potentially disastrous fuel oil spill on the Pacific Coast was successfully averted. The decision making during the response to the grounding of a bulk freight ship, with nearly 400,000 gallons of fuel oil on board, illustrates many fundamental principles of sound risk management. This article uses this incident to illustrate how the risks and hazards of a situation can change, requiring flexibility and continual reassessment of the best options for action. It is a good demonstration of how the use of a structured decision making process can help make the best of a bad situation.


The very deep 1000‐500 hPa thickness cold pool which affected the UK and Ireland near the end of February 2018, advected the coldest air mass (in depth) into these islands since February 1991 (and the equal coldest since January 1987). This paper focuses on the first phase of the cold spell when snowfall was convective in origin. It was principally 'Lake Effect', i.e. associated with the inter‐action between deep, exceptionally cold air and relatively warm seas, enhanced and extended inland by coastal convergence and topography.The track of this cold pool was somewhat further north than in the record 1987 event with the heaviest snowfalls in 2018 occurring from around The Wash up to central Scotland.


A method for manufacturing contact plug of semiconductor device is provided to increase process margin of a contact plug and to prevent damage of a side wall of a select line by forming double protective film in a side wall of a select line. A plurality of select lines and a plurality of word lines are formed on a semiconductor substrate(102). Junction regions(114a, 114b) is formed on the semiconductor substrate exposed between the select lines and the word lines. A first protective film(120) is formed on the select lines and the word lines. An insulation layer is formed on the first protective film. A contact hole(A) is formed on the insulation layer between the select lines in order to expose the first protective film between the select lines. A second protective film is formed on the first protective film exposed in a side wall of the contact hole. The first protective film of a bottom of the contact hole is removed. A contact plug(126) connected to the junction region is formed by forming conductive material in the contact hole.


Abstract Recent pollution requirements and stringent operating conditions for gas turbine engines has prompted the need for real-time feedback control of combustion processes for power production and propulsion. NO and CO pollutants from gas turbine engines have been die focus of many researchers for some time. By accurately controlling the equivalence ratio (EQR), fluctuations to disturbances may be avoided so as to maintain desired levels of NO and CO. In this paper, we develop a feedback technique based on CH chemiluminescence for real-time control of EQR in combustion processes. We focus on a continuous combustor for experimental modeling and implementation. An in-depth presentation is given of model development and digital controller design. An experimental step response and pressure disturbance test is provided for experimental validation of the EQR controller. Equivalence ratio control produces over a 700% decrease in NO emissions for large pressure disturbances. A 1.18 second settling time with only 6.7% overshoot is achieved for EQR commands.


The most important concern in design of filament-wound composite pressure vessels reflects on the determination of the optimum shape and optimum laminate stacking sequence of composite vessels based on the matrix cracking pressure and burst pressure of composite laminates. In this study the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) is used to find the optimum laminate stacking sequence of composite vessels that the design considerations are stability and strength constraints. the matrix cracking pressure of filament-wound composite pressure vessels made of different number of helical layers and different layers of Circumferential layers was calculated by using orthotropic material formulae and then, the burst pressure of composite vessels was calculated by using netting analysis. The optimum laminate stacking sequence of filament winding composite was found to maximize the matrix cracking pressure and the burst pressure by using Imperialist Competitive algorithm.


The prime function of a Power System (e.g. a gas turbine) is to produce power. However, an important side effect of producing and operating such a system is an impact upon the environment. Noise has long been a significant factor, and has been made the subject of firm regulation in Civil Aerospace. More general environmental impact is increasingly becoming the subject of similar concern and regulation. This paper describes how Rolls‐Royce is translating environmental issues into understood and quantifiable requirements, and creating design systems to allow environmental attributes to be assessed. This approach is enabling Rolls‐Royce to organise itself (in terms of process, tools and understanding) to take proper account of environmental issues during the creation of Power Systems.


Genders play an important role to influence an individual's buying behavior activities all the time and it acts almost the same in any other region or cultures. This study has been conducted to identify whether there is any differences exist or not according to males' or females' decision making style. The questionnaire has been set by using Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) approaches (α =0.895) to collect data from 133 respondents of Chattogram city, Bangladesh. The CSI has been used to identify consumer decision making style with its eight factors and 37 items. By analyzing the data it has been found that there is no significant difference in between male and female regarding their decision making style. As this study is limited to Chattogram city only, so the study has a broader scope to do further research by accommodating with more cities or countries that are culturally diversified.


A demonstration of a field gateway design that can be configured through a web interface to collect data from multiple data sources using different protocols and stream to cloud based analytics platform


Genetic diversity of 31 isolates from effective nodules of soybean in different geographical regions of China was studied using 16S rDNA gene RELP patterns,16S rDNA gene sequencing,16S-23S rDNA IGS region RELP patterns and 16S-23S rDNA IGS sequencing assays.The isolates were clustered into one genospecies with Sinorhizobium fredii USDA205 on the basis of their 16S rDNA gene PCR-RFLP patterns.16S rDNA gene sequence of strains indicated that the isolates were very closely related(identities higher than 99.5%) to Sinorhizobium fredii USDA205.The analysis of the 16S-23S intergenic spacer(IGS) divided the isolates into 10 genotypes and four groups.The 16S-23S rDNA IGS sequencing assays divided the isolates into two groups.GroupⅠwas clustered with Sinorhizobium fredii USDA205.GroupⅡwas less similarity to Sinorhizobium fredii USDA205 than Sinorhizobium xinjiangense.The isolates from the subtropical regions of China had higher genetic similarity.


The article covers the issues of linguocultural competency of foreign students based on the phraseological material. Ethnocultural content of the Russian phraseological units has been reviewed, as well as their connection to Russian history and culture. A dictionary-type educational guidance is presented as a means of development of the linguocultural competency. The structure of the dictionary entry is shown, parametric zones of which correlate with the components of the linguocultural competency - language and cultural knowledge, receptive and productive speaking skills. Results of the methodical experiment are presented proving the effectiveness of the educational guidance developed by the authors.


A novel series of C(3)-substituted-piperdinylindoles were developed as nociceptin opioid receptor (NOP) partial agonists to explore a pharmacological hypothesis that NOP partial agonists would afford a dual pharmacological action of attenuating Parkinson's Disease (PD) motor symptoms and development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. SAR around the C-3 substituents investigated effects on NOP binding, intrinsic activity and selectivity and showed that, while the C(3)-substituted indoles are selective, high affinity NOP ligands, the steric, polar and cationic nature of the C-3 substituents affected intrinsic activity, to afford partial agonists with a range of efficacies. Compounds 4, 5, and 9 with agonist efficacies between 25-35% significantly attenuated motor deficits in the 6-OHDA-hemilesioned rat model of PD. Further, unlike NOP antagonists, which appear to worsen dyskinesia expression, these NOP partial agonists did not attenuate or worsen dyskinesia expression. The NOP partial agonists and their SAR reported here may be useful to develop nondopaminergic treatments for PD.


Wide replacement of oil lubrication for marine journal bearing to seawater lubricated is to protect marine aquatic from rapid oil leak and intentionally oil waste pollution. The cause of bearing liner and propeller shaft wear and eroded are the low viscosity of seawater, marine growth, seawater flow and start up friction that disrupt the hydrodynamics film of lubricant. 3D journal bearing model has been developed with 10, 15, 20 grooves liner structural modification and inclusive of dimple instead of plain journal bearing. The Fluid Structure Interaction simulation shows that 20 grooves liner with dimples has the least deformation with von mises stress 717.37 Pa due to lubrication by dimples lubricant. The more grooves and dimples shows that more cooling effect by seawater flowing through the bearing by reducing the friction wear and increase the hydrodynamic pressure.


After analyzing the FSES of the second generation, there was defi ned program «Psychological and pedagogical support of FSES in conditions of rural school». Working on the fi rst phase of the project there were highlighted the main problems arising in the implementation of the FSES of primary education as among teachers, as students and their parents. For the successful formation the «Image of student» based on the requirements of the FSES and occurred problems, there were offered some ways out of this situation. The main problems became: ignorance of teachers of psychological features of children with special educational needs, their unavailability to work with the new standards, insuffi cient material-technic, economic ensuring of introduction of new standards, the absence of the qualifi ed psychologists, logopedists, defectologists, and tutors (curators) in educational institutions, and also, unavailability of chiefs of educational institutions to work in the new standard conditions, forming of metasubject and personal results. Among other things, the standard assumes the accounting of age, psychological, physiological parameters of each pupil on the basis of which individual trajectories of development have to be developed.


Store Operated Ca2+ Entry is a ubiquitous signaling module with established roles in the immune system, secretion, and muscle development. Recent evidence supports a complex role for SOCE in the nervous system. In this review we present an update of the current knowledge on SOCE function in the brain with a focus on its role as a regulator of brain activity and excitability Abstract figure legend Store Operated Ca2+ Entry is a ubiquitous signaling module with established roles in the immune system, secretion, and muscle development. Recent evidence supports a complex role for SOCE in the nervous system. In this review we present an update of the current knowledge on SOCE function in the brain with a focus on its role as a regulator of brain activity and excitability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


In this paper we give a stipulative definition of the term "situation" (a reductionist representation of the world seen as being psychological (ψ) and physical (φ) drivable) and we apply it for defining the concepts of visiting-situations tracking system (VSTS) and visiting-situations aware system (VSAS). We use these concepts to treat the hypothetical case of a HERMES service (Heritage Enriching through the Rooting Management of Experience Services) and we conceive a simple solution for designing a VSTS capable to generate the essential data for identifying the objects of a visited site and, at the same time, the attention behavior of a user-visitor regarding the respective objects.


If you're looking for info about how to host your website for free, I have good news and better news. The good news is that there are plenty of high-quality hosting options out there which are absolutely free! Even better, I'm going to teach you everything you need to know about how to make your own website for free and then offer you some great recommendations on where to do it. Let's get started!


For much of the past quarter century, 2 broadly competing scientific views have dominated translational research concerning atherogenesis and atherothrombosis. On one side has been a predominantly lipid-centric view in which low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, a proven causal factor in


Time-dependent rotation of counterpropagating mutually incoherent self-trapped Gaussian beams in periodic optically induced fixed photonic lattices is numerically investigated. Rotation occurs for some values of control parameters. For parameters of such rotation, the solitonic solutions are found using modified Petviashvili's method. It is shown that they correspond to the lowest values of propagation constant in the power diagrams and relation between observed rotation and less confined discrete solitonic solutions are demonstrated.


Dentistry has an important role in the athlete's health and consequently on sport performance. Sports dentistry is the budding field of dentistry which involves the prevention and treatment of sports related orofacial injuries, as well as the collection and dissemination of information on dental athletic injuries. Many athletes are not aware of the health implications of a traumatic injury to the orofacial structures. The dentist can play an imperative role in increasing the awareness among athletes, coaches and sports administrators about the various aspects of sports accidents and also emphasize the use of orofacial protective devices in variety of sports events. This article will give an overview of sport injuries in orofacial region‐incidence, risk factors and their preventive modalities.


Spaceflight induces a number of cardiovascular physiological alterations. To study adaptations to microgravity on Earth, the tail-suspended, hindlimb-unloaded rat model has been used to simulate the effects of microgravity. Despite the extensive use of this model to infer physiological adaptations of many organs to microgravity, little information has been obtained on the effect of tail suspension(TS) on cardiac adaptations in the rat. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of simulated microgravity on the rat myocardium using the TS model. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups(1, 7 and 14 days of TS) and a control group. A microscopic examination was performed to assess histopathological changes in the myocardial morphology. The hearts from the control group, the 1 day-TS rats and the 7 day-TS rats revealed no evident abnormalities in cardiomyocyte size and morphology. At day 14 of TS, in contrast, the ventricular cardiomyocytes appeared more separated from each other and were slightly smaller in size compared with those of the control group. Also seen were scattered areas exhibiting focal disorganization of muscle fibers and some degenerating cardiomyocytes, of which the nuclei had become pyknotic or disappeared. In this study, we demonstrated that the ventricular cardiomyocytes underwent degeneration and atrophy at the microscopic level during exposure to simulated microgravity in TS rats.


Even though educators and researchers agree that school climate is important, questions exist in two major areas. First, what actually constitutes school climate, and, second, can research indicate in concrete, useful terms what impact school climate has on morale and productivity and, conversely, what effects leader behavior and other organizational factors have on school climate? The author describes Halpin and Croft's seminal research on organizational climate and the development of their Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire (OCDQ) and then reviews two other studies attempting to use the OCDQ as a measure of different aspects of school climate. The results were inconclusive, indicating that researchers have yet to develop a prescriptive measure of school climate. The author also reviews sample pragmatic, administrator-generated approaches to climate improvement, pointing out that these approaches also fail to do anything but describe climate. (Author) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by BIM are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** tle ERIC CLEARINGHOUSE bN EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT RESEARCH ACTION BRIEF U S WENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION ,P^,S DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO OUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATNG IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS T ATE() DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFF.c._ NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY Each Research Action Brief reports the findings of significant empire i al re,,par( h studies (01 a topic in educ atior rilimagement From these findings applications are (frown for the opera Lion of today s schools, this serving as a guide for enlightened itiv0 tI011 Number 4 February 1978 School Climate Practitioners and researchers alike agree that scnool climate is important Administrators and teachers acknowledge its importance when they speak of boosting morale, increasing involvement, and, in general, maximizing job satisfaction arid productivity Researcht have acknowledged its importance by conducting a multitude of studies intended to indicate the impact of school climate on job satisfaction and productivity and to delineate the relationship between leadership style and organizational climate Practitioners and researchers generally agree that some school climates are geld and some are had Some schonls provide teachers and administrators with feelings of accomplisher nt, both with the tasks they perform and with the interpersonal relations they experience In others, teachers and administrators are demoralized and apathetic Despite this cnnsensus, major questions exist in two primary areas First, what actually constitutes school climate? Second, can research indicate in concrete, usetul terms what impact school clime has on morale and productivity, and, conversely, what effects leader behavior and other organizational factors have on school climate? As we shall see, the difficulty researchers face in answering the second que...tion arises directly from the first The problem is basically a conceptual one School climate has been described in a variety of ways typologies and classification systems have been devised But descriptions of school climate cannot tell school administrators what to do or not do to improve climate. :n this examination of the research, we will review Halpin and Croft's seminal research on school climate and look briefly at other researchers' attempts to utilize Halpin and Croft's Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire (OCDQ) Finally, we will briefly examine some of the literature intended for use by practitioners, which is not necessarily based on research, but is intended to assist administrators in improving


We fabricated very high. speed PIN Photodiode module for the application of high speed optical receiver. OMVPE was used for the growth of InP layer on InGaAs absorption layer. The structure was the combination of mesa and planartype. Fabrication procedure was more complicated than simple mesa or simple planar type structure because we used semiinsulating InP substrate in order to reduce stray capacitance. The results at-5V were as follows : dark current was less than 1nA, capacitance was 0.55pF, and cutoff frequency was above 3GHz, and rise and fall time was about 100ps.


Step of the present invention, immobilized nucleic acid inter escalator comprising an aromatic compound on a solid support; It is brought into contact with the inter escalator a first buffer solution containing the sample nucleic acid immobilized to a purification step to cause the combination of inter escalator and nucleic acid; The step of washing the solid support with the nucleic acid and inter escalator are attached; And providing a second buffer solution was added to remove the nucleic acids using, inter escalator, comprising the step of eluting said nucleic acid method and means.


An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of heat stress and different cage densities on blood indices and Immune response. The hypothesis that, commercial layers, caged at lower densities, react less intensely, to heat stress, than would the hens caged at higher densities was also tested. A total of 936, Lohman Selected Leghorn (LSL) hens, fifty eight weeks old, were used in this experiment. These hens were originally housed, at eighteen weeks of age, as follows: 1- The first group (468 hens) was housed in a conventional open-sided house (Heat Stressed). 2The second group (468 hens) was housed in a conventional open-sided house with desert cooling systems (Control). Pullets were placed at 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 birds per cage in wire cages (60 cm wide by 50 cm deep and 40 cm height). At 58 weeks of age, the first group was exposed to high environmental temperatures, ranging from 4042 O C and 65-70% relative humidity (five hours daily for seven consecutive days). After each daily heat exposure, the hens were exposed to the normal ambient temperature of the season (20-26 O C and 60-65% relative humidity). The control group was exposed to the ambient temperatures of the season, ranging from 20-26 O C and 60-65% relative humidity. Data were collected during the period of heat stress exposure . Results indicated that rectal temperature and Heterophil: Lymphocyte ratios (H:L ratios) of heat-stressed birds, increased significantly as compared to the control group, at the first and last days of heat stress. However, red blood cell count, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, plasma total protein, globulin and serum potassium levels, of heat stressed birds, decreased significantly as compared to the control ones, when tested at both the first and last day of heat stress. Plasma albumin and serum calcium levels, of heat stressed birds, decreased significantly as compared to the control group, only at the first day of heat stress. Also, heat exposure reduced antibody titers against sheep red blood cell's (SRBC's) on 3, 5 and 7 days post immunization. No significant detrimental effects, due to heat stress, on serum calcium and potassium levels, were observed, when hens were housed at the lowest cage density (4 hens/cage), at the first day of heat stress. At the last day of heat stress, plasma proteins, serum calcium and potassium levels, and H:L ratio, were also not affected, when hens were housed at the lowest cage density. Antibody titers against SRBC's, were significantly reduced due to heat stress, when hens were housed at 9 per cage,


We derive the tilt equation governing the inclination of a thin self-gravitating gaseous disk subject to low-frequency global m = 1 bending perturbations. The disk orbits under the influence of a dominant central mass. However, self-gravity can be important enough that the disk approaches marginal stability to local axisymmetric perturbations (Q ~ 1). The vertical restoring forces due to self-gravity and pressure are evaluated correct to the first order in the aspect ratio H/r. Thus the effects of bending waves are included correct to lowest order in the wave-crossing rate (H/r)Ω, Ω being a characteristic disk rotation frequency. Both free and forced disturbances are considered. The disk response and precession frequency induced by the presence of a binary companion in an orbit with general inclination to the unperturbed disk plane are derived. When the degree of warping and the inclination are small, it is shown that identical results are obtained if, alternatively, perturbation of the disk out of an equilibrium plane coinciding with that of the companion is considered, the time-averaged potential due to the latter being incorporated into the equilibrium potential. The condition for the disk to precess approximately like a rigid body with a small degree of warping is found to be that the density-wave crossing time is significantly shorter than the precession period. We consider the effects of the presence of a viscosity that can be characterized with the standard α parameterization and find that, to the order we work, the precession frequency is unaffected, with any change to the inclination of the slightly warped disk occurring at a slower rate. For α ≪ H/r, effects due to both pressure and self-gravity are important in the response, while for α ≫ H/r, the response becomes dominated by self-gravity with pressure effects becoming negligible. As an application of these results, we explore the possibility that the recently observed warped disk in the active galaxy NGC 4258 is produced by a binary companion. Our results indicate that it may be produced by a companion with a mass comparable to or larger than that of the observed disk. If the only source of warping is such a companion, a small trailing twist is produced by viscosity for modest α ~ 0.1. The outer edge of the disk may also be tidally truncated by the companion.


The objective of this study was to extract of organosulfur compounds of garlic according to cultivating areas and processing methods by solvent extraction and analysis by GC‐MS. The crude fat and crude carbohydrate contents in Danyang garlic were significantly lower compared to Seosan and Uisung garlic. However, the calcium content in Danyang garlic was the highest among groups. The crude protein and the crude carbohydrate contents of freeze‐dried garlic powder were significantly higher than those of garlic cloves and garlic vines. The crude fat and the crude fiber contents of garlic cloves were significantly lower than those of garlic vines. Solvent extract of homogenates of fresh garlic cloves by cultivating area was subjected to GC‐MS analysis, which showed major volatile sulfur compounds such as diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), methyl allyl disulfide (MADS) and methyl allyl trisulfide (MATS). Major sulfur compounds from freeze‐dried garlic powder were identified to be allyl monosulfide (AMS), MADS, dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and DATS. The DADS and DMDS contents of Uisung garlic were significantly lower than the others. As for DAS content, Danyang garlic was significantly higher than the others. As for processing methods, the DADS, DAS and DMDS contents of garlic juice and garlic vines were higher compared to garlic sediment, freeze‐dried garlic and thermal‐dried garlic. Our results indicated that garlic vines and garlic juice as well as garlic cloves have considerable organosulfur compounds with bioactivities. Therefore, these data may be useful for recycling the garlic vines and controlling the quality and biological activities of garlic in various food industries.


Exposure of UV light can cause skin rashes and sunburn, stimulating the formation of melanin. Long term UV exposure also can cause skin cancer. One way that can reduce negative impact of UV exposure is by using sunscreen. The aims of this study were to obtained the best ratio of seaweed P. australis and E. cottonii slurry to produce sunscreen cream and as well as obtaining sunscreen formulation with good stability. Creams were formulated consist of cream with different ratio of seaweed P. autralis and E. cottonii slurry, i.e. A (control), B (1:1), C (2:1) and D (1:2). The commercial creams product also used as a comparator (KI and KII). The best ratio of P. australis and E. cottonii slurry was showed on cream B (1:1). Sunscreen creams have a good level stability, with no phase separation of dispersant and dispersed phase, and also no discoloration. Sunscreen creams have at least 1 year shelf life as there was no phase separation after centrifugal force at 3,800 rpm for 5 hours.


In this paper, a recursive formula of the mean-square error lower bound for the discrete-time nonlinear filtering problem when noises of dynamic systems are temporally correlated is derived based on the Van Trees (posterior) version of the Cramér-Rao inequality. The approximation formula is unified in the sense that it can be applicable to the multi-step correlated process noise, multi-step correlated measurement noise and multi-step cross-correlated process and measurement noise simultaneously. The lower bound is evaluated by two typical target tracking examples respectively. Both of them show that the new lower bound is significantly different from that of the method which ignores correlation of noises. Thus, when they are applied to sensor selection problems, number of selected sensors becomes very different to obtain a desired estimation performance.


The rat basophilic leukemia cell line (RBL) is an excellent model for the investigation of IgE-mediated signal transduction. Recently, we demonstrated that aggregation of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcєRI) results in rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a 72 kDa molecule (pp72). Here we investigated the relationship of pp72 phosphorylation to previously known signal transduction signals, in particular G protein activation and phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis by phospholipase C (PLC). Activation of G proteins by sodium fluoride or the non-hydrolysable GTP analog GTPrS induced both PI hydrolysis and histamine secretion without tyrosine phosphorylation of pp72. Similarly, in RBL cells transfected with the G protein coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, stimulation with the agonist carbachol activated phospholipase C and histamine secretion without pp72 phosphorylation. Therefore, pp72 phosphorylation was not induced by G protein activation, or as a consequence of PI hydrolysis. To investigate whether pp72 phosphorylation precedes the activation of phospholipase C, we studied the effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Preincubation of the cells with genistein decreased in parallel antigen-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of pp72 (IC50 = 3μg/ml) and secretion of histamine (IC50 =34μg/ml). In contrast, genistein in concentrations of up to 60 μg/ml did not inhibit PI hydrolysis nor did it change the amount of the calcium releasing secondary messenger inositol (1, 4, 5) trisphosphate. These results suggest that pp72 phosphorylation represents a novel, independent signal transduction pathway induced specifically by activation of FcєRl.


This research aims to see how the transformation economic structure occur and identify base sectors in Banyuwangi Regency by using analytical methods Shiftshare Classic,Shift share Esteban Marquillas, and Shiftshare Arcelus to see how the transformation economic structure and using Location Quotient methods, Growth Ratio Model and Analysis of Overlay to identify the base sectors in Banyuwangi Regency. The results of this research showed that there was transformation sectoral contribution to real PDRB Banyuwangi Regency where Plant Foodstuffs sector shifted to the trade sector, hotel and restaurant, but does not shift the Regions spesialization of Banyuwangi regency. The analysis also showed a base sector in Banyuwangi is a sector of Fisheries and


In this report a detailed overview is given of the present knowledge about downstream fining. The
influence of abrasion (chapter 2), selective transport (chapter 3), sediment addition, extraction and
redistribution (chapter 4) is described and discussed. Then some attention is attained to a very striking
downstream fining phenomenon, the rapid gravel-sand transition. Afterwards an overview is given of
available numerical downstream fining models (chapter 6). The most important conclusions are
summarized in chapter 7


The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of successive extraction (using solvents of increasing polarity, namely hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and water) of polyphenols from Cistus creticus L. The results were compared with the ones obtained from a single-solvent extraction (ethanol, water, and 50% ethanol: water). According to the results, each solvent used for extraction had a significant effect on the yield of extracted polyphenols and the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The highest extraction yield for successive extraction was achieved with ethanol (95.33 mg GAE/g), whereas a comparable amount could also be extracted with 50% ethanol: water mixture single-solvent extraction (96.51 mg GAE/g). The ethanolic and aqueous extracts had the highest antioxidant activity as indicated by their lowest IC50 values in the DPPH assay, specifically 350.99 μg/mL for ethanolic extract of successive extraction and 341.18 μg/mL for 50% ethanol: water mixture of single-solvent extraction, followed by the extract produced using acetone. However, the acetone extract contained more flavonoids than the other two extracts up to 28.03 mg QE/g. The results obtained were in line with those for the single-solvent extraction. It is concluded that using a range of solvents in succession is a more efficient way of extracting higher amounts of antioxidant compounds with varying antioxidant activity.


A pure steady-state dilation of a liquid interface, either liquid-air or water-oil, can be accomplished far from equilibrium by means of the overflowing cylinder technique. The resulting dynamic surface tension data correlate well with characteristic parameters of processes like foaming, emulsification, and the spreading of droplets and thin liquid layers. Fundamental knowledge of the physical mechanism of operation of the overflowing cylinder technique is obtained by analyzing the relation between interface dilation and underlying bulk flow. Upon the addition of a surfactant the interface velocity increases considerably, since the propulsion mechanism changes from driven by the bulk flow to surface tension gradient driven. The surface rheological behaviour of the expanding interface is studied for various surfactant solutions. Generally practical systems give rise to a major increase in surface tension during interface dilation. The results are discussed in terms of the transport of surfactant components. The present findings explain why the overflowing cylinder technique is such a useful too[ for studying many practical processes which imply interface dilation far from equilibrium. Meanwhile, however, they urge a reconsideration of the meaning of the surface dilational viscosity.


Abstract A complete set of low-temperature second-order elastic constants of corundum (-AlO) was studied by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. At ambient temperature, the obtained show excellent agreement with those reported by Gladden et al. Our exhibit monotonic elastic softening upon cooling, but stay positive over the entire temperature range considered. From a lattice-dynamics analysis, the softening can be attributed to an internal displacement that has two-dimensional symmetry. The acoustic Debye temperature and Grüneisen parameter are calculated to be K and , respectively. The Einstein temperatures, estimated from curves, are relatively small compared to indicating that low-frequency modes are dominant in the zone-centred mode lattice vibrations. Also is essentially temperature independent.


Description A pair of scholars confront the pernicious role played by racism in shaping our understanding of human difference A pair of scholars confront the pernicious role played by racism in shaping our understanding of human difference


The movement of basal plane dislocations (BPDs) in SiC enhances the formation of stacking faults (SFs), which are believed to be a major hindrance in realizing SiC based bipolar devices of high performance and reliability for high power device applications. In this work, we report for the first time on the evolution and stability of BPDs in highly p-type doped SiC compared with conventional highly n-type doped SiC for improved bipolar devices. Using sequentially doped p-type/n-type/p-type SiC single crystals (sequential doping was done in single growth runs) we investigated the occurrence of BPDs in n-type doped SiC versus p-type doped SiC to address their evolution and stability depending on doping type. We have found, that BPDs are absent or appear significantly less pronounced in p-type doped SiC as compared to n-type doped SiC, a phenomenon which is of great importance to the stacking fault problem in SiC and hence to the performance and reliability of SiC based bipolar devices. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Integration of inertial navigation system (INS) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is usually implemented in engineering applications by way of Kalman-like filtering. This form of INS/GNSS integration is prone to attitude initialization failure, especially when the host vehicle is moving freely. This paper proposes an online constrained-optimization method to simultaneously estimate the attitude and other related parameters including GNSS antenna's lever arm and inertial sensor biases. This new technique benefits from self-initialization in which no prior attitude or sensor measurement noise information is required. Numerical results are reported to validate its effectiveness and prospect in high accurate INS/GNSS applications.


As part of a four week fluid mechanics laboratory, students were challenged to design and manufacture the least restrictive flow nozzle for a standard test condition within several design constraints. The Nozzle Design Challenge (NDC) combined analysis, design, manufacturing, and experimentation. Each group of two students was given two acrylic rods of circular cross section from which individual flow nozzles were manufactured. Students were given preliminary nozzle design information contained in Fox and McDonald and encouraged to obtain information from additional sources. The NDC was also a topic of discussion during the first few minutes of the lecture. The group's final nozzle design was based on previous experience obtained from the literature and analysis, and through experimentation. The entire design process and experimental results were detailed in the final laboratory report following the report writing format contained in Beer and McMurrey. The positive student responses to the NDC were overwhelming. Formal evaluation of the results included the measured nozzle flow rates, amount of time spent in the laboratory, and the graded laboratory report. The highest flow rate nozzle allowed 210% more flow than the nozzle with a 1-inch diameter hole used for demonstration. Every group spent more time in the laboratory than was scheduled, indicating high levels of motivation for the project. However, the students did not perform as well on the laboratory reports, as indicated by low laboratory report grades. The authors suggest that there was not sufficient time provided to the students for the write-up, which contributed to the low report grades.