We examine empirically the effect of state capacity on economic development under two distinct economic systems. In 1978, China began its transition from a planned economy to a market economy. Focusing on the rural Sichuan province, we investigate if local communist party strength mattered to developmental out- comes in 1957-78 (Maoist period) and in 1978-85 (reform period). To tease out causal effects, we use the route of the Long March, a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army in 1934-35, as an instrument. We find that counties with more communist members recorded faster output growth and registered lower mortality rates during the reform period, but not before 1978. In fact, party membership numbers were positively associated with mortality rate during the Maoist period. Our findings suggest that state capacity could indeed accelerate development, but the effect is substantial and unambiguous only when the state seeks to complement the market instead of substituting it.


A novel dual-feed, integrated antenna for WiFi, Bluetooth and GPS applications in a portable device is described. The single antenna which has a compact size and high e-- ciency can be used for wireless handset applications instead of the three individual antennas in mobile handsets. The speciflc dual feed design allows the WiFi and Bluetooth antennas to work simultaneously. This design creates lower coupling which results in higher radiation e-ciency and MIMO antenna application. The trend towards smaller mobile devices with increased functions (i.e., multipurpose handsets with multiple mobile bands including GSM, UMTS, GPS, Bluetooth and WiFi data connectivity) continuously heightens the challenges for antenna designers. This integrated antenna design is a technique that utilizes a dual feed, single antenna to replace the three individual antennas in the mobile handset thus decreasing the occupied space. The need to reduce the coupling at the same frequency was resolved in this design. This paper discusses compact geometry design, same frequency lower coupling performance, higher e-ciency, and will also explore the GPS/WiFi/ Bluetooth applications in mobile devices. Furthermore, there has been much interest in designing dual-feed low-coupling technique, which requires integrating three antennas into one and may also be used for MIMO antenna applications. We focus on highly-e-cient single antenna design for multiple functions in small mobile devices. We proceed in three steps, the flrst one being an integration of three individual antennas, then we present dual feed design to be able to run WiFi and Bluetooth simultaneously, and we resolve the coupling issue at the same frequency band.


In this paper, we obtain a characterization of spaces QK in terms of fractional order derivatives of functions. We give a description of Morrey-type spaces similar to the well- known characterization of BMOA. A relationship between QK spaces and Morrey type spaces in terms of the fractional order derivatives is established.


Continuous ground-based observations of the dayside aurora provide important information, complementary to the in situ measurements from satellites, on plasma transport and electromagnetic coupling between the magnetosheath and the magnetosphere. In this study, observations of the polar cusp/dayside oval aurora from Svalbard and simultaneous observations of the nightside aurora from Poker Flat, Alaska, and the interplanetary magnetic field from satellites are used to identify the ionospheric signatures of plasma transfer from the solar wind to the magnetosphere. The characteristics of motion, spatial scale, time of duration, and repetition frequency of certain day side auroral forms which occur at the time of large-scale oval expansions (interplanetary magnetic field Bz < 0) are observed to be consistent with the expected optical signatures of plasma transfer through the dayside magnetopause boundary layer, associated with flux transfer events. Similarly, more large-scale (time and space) events are tentatively explained by the quasi steady state reconnection process.


The polar format algorithm (PFA) for spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is influenced by wavefront curvature error. The previous wavefront curvature compensation methods are all assumed that the height of the radar is constant, these compensation methods cannot be directly applied to the case of missile borne SAR where the platform always has large dive angle. In this paper, the precise expression of wavefront curvature phase error in the frequency domain of missile borne SAR is derived. Image domain post-processing steps, including space-variant filtering and geometric distortion correction, are employed to compensate the quadratic and linear phase error terms. This method further improves the precision of wavefront curvature compensation. Simulation results validate the theoretical analysis.


In recent years, network coding has emerged as an innovative method that helps wireless network approaches its maximum capacity, by combining multiple unicasts in one broadcast. However, the majority of research conducted in this area is yet to fully utilize the broadcasting nature of wireless networks, and still assumes fixed route between the source and destination that every packet should travel through. This assumption not only limits coding opportunities, but can also cause buffer overflow in some specific intermediate nodes. Although some studies considered scattering of the flows dynamically in the network, they still face some limitations. This paper explains pros and cons of some prominent research in network coding and proposes FlexONC (Flexible and Opportunistic Network Coding) as a solution to such issues. The performance results show that FlexONC outperforms previous methods especially in worse quality networks, by better utilizing redundant packets spread in the network.


Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn′s disease (CD). Recently, the incidence of IBD in China has been growing rapidly and caused a major public health burden. Although several traditional diagnostic methods can directly evaluate intestinal inflammation in patients with IBD, there are still limitations in these methods such as invasive or unreliable results because of clinical and pathologists′ clinical experience. Therefore, there is urgent need for non-invasive, objective and reliable tool for IBD diagnosis or monitoring.With the development of technology and understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD, much progress has been achieved to discover novel IBD biomarkers in genetic, microecological, metabolomics and gut barrier field. In this review, we will demonstrate current updates of IBD related biomarkers and showed future prospective of these biomarkers.(Chin J Lab Med, 2018, 41: 712-715)

Key words:
Inflammatory bowel diseases; Biomarkers


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a laser beam source device capable of obtaining pulse beam having the predetermined peak power when starting to emit in the configuration for switching the emission and emit-stopping of the pulse beam output from a seed beam source by an arbitrary repetition frequency and pulse width, and to provide a laser machining device comprising the laser beam source device. SOLUTION: The laser beam source 110 includes: an optical amplifier including an optical amplifying media (optical fiber 1); a semiconductor laser 2 as the seed beam source; and a semiconductor laser 3 as an excitation beam source. The semiconductor laser 2 emits the pulse beam as the seed beam during the preset main irradiation period, and emits the substantially continuous beam as the seed beam having the power smaller than the peak power of the pulse beam during the preliminary irradiation period. The semiconductor laser 3 emits the excitation beam so that the power of the excitation beam becomes smaller during the preliminary irradiation period comparing to during the main irradiation period. COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT


In this paper, a fast, intelligent model is proposed for the order determination of linear dynamical systems by using convolutional neural networks. This model estimates the dynamic order of the system with considerably lower excitation order of stimulation signal and without any prior knowledge in comparison to former works. To this end, only step response of the system is taken to estimate the dynamic order for both stable and unstable linear systems. Unlike the conventional methods, in this deep-based approach, the order determination is performed quickly, automatically, at a low cost, and without any iteration. In addition, it is demonstrated that the proposed approach has low sensitivity against delay and noise. Such an intelligent model can satisfy the demands for a fast identifier in online and plug-and-play controllers.


Purpose:To investigate the method and results of free inner prepuce or bladder mucosa in the treatment of hypospadias. Method:According to different kinds of hypospadias, Forty-two patients were treated with inner prepuce and forteen patients were treated with bladder mucosa graft urethroplasty. Result: The operation was successful in forty-nine patients ( 87.5%). Six patients developed urethral fistulae which were repaired after three months. One patient developed urethral fistulae which were healed byself subsequently. Conclusion:Free inner prepuce or bladder mucosa graft urethroplasty is a preferable method in the treatment of hypospadias.


This paper pretends the compilation and analysis of classical words about sectilia, both pavements and wall revetments. In this work, also, new hypothesis are suggested about the most polemical terms, like lithostroton or scutulatum.


A series of trials from 1981–85 investigating the amount of damage caused by larvae of the turnip root fly Delia floralis (Fallen) to cultivars of Swedish turnip Brassica Napus (L.) of varying percentages of dry matter indicated that those of high dry matter were damaged less than low dry matter cultivars. Pupal numbers of turnip root fly gave good correlations with damage but there was no relationship between damage and cabbage root fly pupae.


Five cultures of microalgae (Chlorella minutissima, Tetraselmis chui, Nannochloropsis sp., Arthrospira platensis and Isochrysis sp.) with no culturable bacteria were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of six Vibrio bacterial strains (V. parahaemolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. splendidus, V. scophthalmi, V. alginolyticus and V. lentus). The influence of light on the antibacterial activity of the microalgae was investigated. All microalgae cultures inhibited the growth of bacteria compared with the control treatments (P < 0.05), and their antibacterial activity was not influenced by the presence or absence of light. In the control groups, the numbers of bacteria increased exponentially during the experimental period in the absence of microalgae cells demonstrating that the bacterial cells were able to utilize the growth medium of microalgae cultures. The present results may explain the low levels or absence of Vibrio strains in microalgae cultures, and the positive effect of addition of microalgae in rearing of fish larvae, and implicate the production of antibacterial compounds by microalgae cells.


We describe an automated, colorimetric determi. nationof glucose in biological fluids that combines the specificityof glucose oxidase and of a new peroxide indicator reaction. In the presence of peroxidase, 3-methyl-2-benzothiazoli none hydrazone oxidativelycouples with N,N-dimethylaniline to form a stable,intensely colored, water-soluble indamine dye, the concentration of which is proportionalto that of the third reactant,hydrogen peroxide. This reaction, used earlier to determine uricacid [CL1N. CHEM. 17, 1154(1971)], is substantially less affected by negative interference of reducing substances than are previously described peroxide indicators. Results from use of AutoAnalyzers I and II and this method were compared with those from a manual spectrophotometric hexokinase/glucose.6-phosphate dehydrogenase procedure, and showed good correlation for specimens from patients. The automated methods are suitable for measuring glucose in serum, plasma from fluoride-or iodoacetate-preserved blood, urine (without ion-exchange pretreatment), or cerebrospinal fluid. They eliminate the problem of falsely high results caused by medication or reducing metabolites associated with uremia, in methods in which alkalineferricyanideor copper-neocuproine isused.


Finite regions of high conductivity were observed in both n- and p-channel organic thin film transistors based on polycrystalline organic semiconductor films and a solution-processed, solid polymer electrolyte gate dielectric. The transition from a highly conductive state to a more insulating state with increasing gate bias may be attributed to the realization of carrier densities greater than 1014 charges/cm2 in the semiconductor film.


The number of pecan weevil larvae per infested pecan is apparently independent of nut size and weight, kernel weight and the infestation level of the nuts in the tree. Consequently, yield losses sustained by the larger fruited improved cultivars exceed those in native groves exposed to the same level of weevil infestation.


(1.2) $u(x, O)=a(x)$ , $x\in\Omega$ , (1.3) $u(x, t)=b(x, t)$ $x\in\partial\Omega,$ $0\leqq t<T$ , (1.4) $u(x, t)arrow u_{\infty}$ as $|x|arrow\infty$ , $0\leqq t<T$ , where $a$ and $b$ are given smooth and bounded functions such that div $a=0$ and $a(x)=b(x, 0)$ for $x\in\partial\Omega$ , and $u_{\infty}$ is a prescribed constant vector. We are mainly concerned with the decay rate of $|u(x, t)-u_{\infty}|$ as $|x|arrow\infty$ ; for the existence of solutions, see [7], [11], [14], [15] and especially [9], [10], [17] and [18]. In the case that $b(x, t)$ is independent of $t$ , R. Finn [4, 5, 6] showed that if a stationary solution $u_{s}$ of (1.1), (1.3), and (1.4) has finite Dirichlet norm;


The advent of large volumes of Sargassum sp. on the Mexican Caribbean coast has become an emerging issue for the Mexican population. The most frequent action is harvesting, but a correct treatment or energy recovery strategy is still missing. This work aimed to evaluate the energy potential of Sargassum fluitans, through elemental calculations and direct measurements, considering the effect of its washing. The calorific value determined by the direct method was 9.24 ± 0.28 MJ/kg and 12.64 ± 0.18 MJ/kg for dirty and washed Sargassum, respectively. The washing effect increased the calorific values in Sargassum fluitans by 36.80%. The washing effect increased the calorific values determined by indirect methods, increasing 10.10% and 41.04%, each method, respectively. The content of toxic metals was lower in both materials than that established for non-woody biomass from energy use, concerning the ISO 17225:2014 standard. The unit energy cost of Sargassum fluitans is $0.007 and $0.011 per MJ for dirty and washed conditions, respectively. Finally, the results of this work indicate that the Sargassum wash provides better characteristics to be considered an alternative fuel option in combustion systems such as thermo-electric plants (based on carbon), sugar mills, and cement kilns with co-processing of solid waste. Attending from a bioenergetic approach, Sargassum's emerging seasonal problem affects the Mexican Caribbean coast.


A new inter-departmental information system using modern software technology is described which supports the laboratory documentation of assays and the documentation of clinical sample manufacture. For the provision and administration of the required materials, the department makes use of a material management system which is based on a database system. In vitro dissolution rates and short-term stability testings are performed by making use of specially developed programs for drug analysis. These programs were developed on the basis of a statistics package and assist the technicians in evaluating the dissolution behaviour of formulations and to gather information on their long-term stability


A presentation of the development of topographic mapping in Croatia is given in this paper. The introduction gives a short historical overview. The second chapter deal with the topographic survey and topographic mapping in Croatia. It encompasses the description of the Croatian Base Map, and all other topographic maps for the territory of Croatia between the two world wars, after the Second World War and especially in the independent Republic of Croatia. At the end there is a short presentation of the goals and expected results of the project carried out on the establishment of topographic database in Croatia.


After seven months sitting idle, a major services club in south west New South Wales has finally reopened its doors.


Yanqi basin is one of Jurassic petroliferous basins in Xinjiang region,western China.To find out traps related to faults is an important target for petroleum exploration in next few years.Applying fault daubing technique integrated with the history of faulting move-ment,this paper analyzed the sealing effects of a few major faults in Bohu depression of Yanqi basin,as well as their effects on petroleum mi-gration and accumulation.This provides valuable basis for study of hydrocarbon reservoir mechanism and evaluation of fault closure in Yanqi basin.


Abstract A linear image sensor combined with a microcomputer system was applied to the immunoassay for human immunoglobulin G (H-IgG) based on turbidimetry. Antibody bound latex beads (Ab-L) were reacted with H-IgG in a glass capillary (0.8mmΦ× 70mm). The light scattering intensity profilesalong the capillary were analyzed from the light intensities at each element of the image sensor. A good correlation was obtained between the normalized variation of light intensity at 15 min and the concentration of H-IgG in the range 5×10−8 5×10−10 g.ml−1.


In today's world, high speed comparators are used in analog to digital converters that measure and digitize the analogue signals. It is important to consider and optimize a variety of factors such as speed, delay, offset voltage and power consumption. To improve delay, area and power consumption a strong single-arm latch comparator is proposed here. It uses low threshold voltage transistors (LVT) for quick switching action, which reduces the delay. The conventional single tail comparator, existing strong arm latch comparator and proposed strong single-arm latch comparator are implemented using Cadence Virtuoso at 45 nm technology with supply voltage of 0.5 V. The rise and fall time of the proposed strong single-arm latch comparator are observed to be equal with the value of 15 ps, which makes it a symmetrical circuit. This is achieved using sizing of the MOSFETs. In the proposed strong single-arm latch comparator the i) overall speed is increased by 53.27% and 85.29% ii) delay is decreased by 30.75% and 45.96% iii) offset voltage is reduced by 58.11% and 23.6% practically and 11.11% and 8% theoretically iv) power consumption is decreased by 91.6% and 96.16% v) area is decreased by 97.37% and 94.15% in comparison with an existing strong arm latch comparator and conventional single tail comparator respectively.


The author tells about development of projects of monitors of «Hasan» and «Shilka» types, their building and further destiny of the ships. Performance characteristics and general layout drawings are given.


Some complex problems in the computational area are learning programming and algorithms. Authoring system is a subject that can be considered as complex as it integrates the use of scripting language like Action Script in Flash, Active Server Pages (ASP) and Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP). The normal problem that resides when it comes to programming is handling error as it is not an easy task and for those who are new, might find this very troublesome. Handling the error requires proper planning and skills in analyzing problem which students usually lack at. Reflection in learning is really helpful in helping students learn the Authoring System subject effectively as they are encourage to share ideas, experiences and perspective actively on the emerging issues of Action Script topic especially in discussing the concepts and errors. With the need for reflection in developing the required skills in learning Authoring System, how then do we ensure and measure the quality in student reflection journals and its contact in assessing the subject content and students' performance in learning? Quality is defined as "processes or outcomes" [1]. In the context of this research study, quality is determined by assessing the progression of reflective processes based on the interventions given.


Using an experimental research design, this study investigated the influence of customer perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on customer attitudes (loyalty, trust and commitment) and behavioral intentions (patronage intentions, switching intentions and word of mouth). Focusing in the hospitality industry, this study examined whether customer attitudes and behavioral intentions are affected only by the services provided to them by the service companies (service quality), or are also affected by the services provided by the service companies to its own employees, suppliers or to the society (CSR). The present study is based on the understanding that customers have already developed attitudes (favorable/unfavorable) towards service organizations based on past experiences of service quality (service quality-driven customer attitudes SQA). First, this study investigated if customer perceptions of favorable/unfavorable CSR activities alter/affect the existing SQA. Second, the study investigated the influence of customer perceptions of CSR on customer attitudes and behavioral intentions. Third, the moderating effect of customer perceptions of CSR on the relationship between SQA and customer attitudes and behavioral intentions was investigated. The results illustrated that customer perceptions of CSR has a positive and significant influence on customer attitudes and behavioral intentions. Additionally, results indicated that perceptions of CSR significantly affected existing SQA. A three-way interaction effect of CSR, SQA, and gender 1 Corresponding Author


How do young graduates view the role of immediate families in influencing/supporting them as they start their working lives and how do those reflections affect how they think of themselves as graduates? Social, political and economic changes have led to many young people being dependent on family for longer, but how does this play out in their reflections? This article addresses these questions by reporting upon findings from qualitative research with 14 young people from working-class backgrounds, who were part of a larger study of recent graduates. Figured Worlds theory illuminates data, with a consideration of the role that family plays in the 'space of authoring' and understanding of 'positionality'. Findings capture vivid stories of the enabling but also limiting role of family. In our analysis of data, we borrow the words 'salience' from Holland and her co-authors and 'distinction' from Bourdieu, which help capture different depictions of family. Both articulations of 'salience' and a search for 'distinction' emerge in how graduates' stories respond to family. We argue for a greater appreciation of the differing family resources of working-class graduates, and reject an emphasis on what they may lack, compared to their peers, which has tended to be the case in some media and policy commentary. There are implications for educators to foster student reflexivity about family sensitively, and to be aware of how family backgrounds may influence graduate career paths and students' awareness of wider inequalities.


In this paper,high-speed milling cutter in the elastic tong hold four specific speed performance and characteristics was researched to do the analysis and research based on ANSYS.Find out the variation between the radial expansion tensor and pre-tightening force,effectively clamping length and pre-tightening force,length and velocity,chuck radial displacement and contact length,gave the models of the maximum use of speed limits.Thus for the type of use of high-speed milling shank provides a reliable research method and basis.


The link between the E-type asteroids and the enstatite achondrites (aubrites) was first proposed for the original E-asteroid, 44 Nysa. The association was based on the high albedos and the featureless spectra shared by the E-asteroids and the aubrites. Among the plausible geologic and meteoritic materials, only enstatite (the magnesium end-member of the pyroxene solid solution series) is sufficiently abundant to comprise asteroid-sized bodies. However, the presence of a weak 0.89 m absorption feature in the spectrum of 44 Nysa indicates that its pyroxene contains a small amount of Fe(2+) but still substantially more than any aubrite present in the meteorite collection. The original E-class was defined based on its high albedo and flat to slightly reddish spectrum. In the absence of albedo data, the E-type was degenerate with the M- and P-types, and together these were designated as X-types. Recently, a taxonomy has been proposed to identify E-types in the absence of albedo data. In this newer classification system three subdivisions of the X-type have been proposed, including Xc, Xe and Xk. Of nine albedo-defined E-types [d], this newer non-albedo based taxonomy produced the following classifications: X-1 asteroid; Xc-2 asteroids; Xe-5 asteroids; and Xk-1 asteroid. Although the Xe subtype includes the largest number of albedo-defined E-types, most of the remaining 24 Xe-types can be excluded based on their low measured IRAS albedos, ranging from 0.116 to 0.329, which are below the lower albedo limit of the E-class (0.34) and substantially below that of the lowest albedo an actual E-type asteroid (0.41). The present discussion will be limited to unambiguous E-type asteroids determined on albedo criteria.


This research aims to identify the correlation between metacognition and emotion regulation among pre-service teachers. 238 pre-service teachers from an Institute of Teacher Education responded to Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Based on the result, there is a significant correlation (r=0.328) between metacognition and emotion regulation among pre-service teachers. Teacher education should focus on pre-service teachers' metacognitive development to improve emotion regulation.


Abstract : We have developed a scheme that couples the codes for aerodynamic and aeroelastic analyses so that the flowfield and the positions and velocities of points on the lifting surface are predicted simultaneously and interactively. The actual structural dynamic/ aerodynamic coupling is carried out by representing the deflection of the wing as an expansion in terms of a few low-frequency free-vibration modes, especially the ones involved in internal resonances. The time dependent coefficients in this expansion are then regarded as tho generalized coordinates. The aerodynamic loads are also expanded in terms of the linear modes. Integration over the spatial domain reduces the problem to one of several degrees rf freedom governed by ordinary differential equations with generalized forces. An integration scheme is developed and applied to this set of equations.


China should to set up its own petroleum futures as soon as possible because of the benefit loss caused by fluctuation of international petroleum price and the passive situation in the international petroleum price fixing. Generally,futures market is set up on the basis of developed market economy. China just begin to set up the market economy,so there are many problems in internal futures market such as serious lack of marketization,government control and trade monopoly,unreasonable pricing mechanism,and imperfect administration structure of state-owned petroleum corporation. The issue of petroleum futures is hindered by all these problems. However,according to present developing tendency,the process of marketization is developing quickly,and various kinds of non-market behaviors are normalized. Based on the interacting development of marketization and petroleum,the issue of petroleum futures in gradual way could be considered on the condition of deficient marketization,which may form a good interacting development of marketizaiton and petroleum.


The paper achieves an analysis of some issues concerning the changes in the Romanian public administration in the context of integration into the European Union. The most important processes approach Europeanization and its theoretical and practical mechanisms. Concerning the Romanian public administration, the analysis starts with the reform process, on local and national level. The paper reveals the main laws and rules as well as the principles expressed in the administrative change: actuality and continuity, openness and transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness. The paper also achieves a brief analysis of the reform strategies in view of complying with the European Administrative Space


In terms of exposing the patients to the "harm" of the systemic immune response syndrome (SIRS) and other alleged deleterious concomitants of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), no benefit can be claimed from portaccess systems which are used for CPB in association with MICS. These devices may in fact be more harmful in patients with aortic and major vascular disease. Open exposure of the heart and great vessels for cannulation and inspection of the coronary vessels in their entirety confers major safety benefits at the expense only of a larger sternal incision. This is of greater importance in the increasing group of older surgical patients. In addition, cannulation and exposure in the less sterile, less accessible groin poses certain theoretical disadvantages.


Objective To analyze the cesarean section indications,understand the main causes and explore counter measures to reduce cesarean section rate. Methods Cases of cesarean section in our hospital from January 2008 to December 2012 were analyzed. Results( 1) Cesarean section rate was increasing year by year. 2008-2012 saw the increasing cesarean section rate as 58. 31%( 793 /1360),60. 42%( 884 /1463),59. 64( 755 /1266),68. 61%( 953 /1389),and 66. 85( 1184 /1771), respectively. The difference between 2012 and 2008 was statistically significant( P 0. 05).( 2) Primary cesarean section indications: Social factors played a dominant role. The pregnancy complications and proportion of scar uterus made a rising trend of the period. Compared with 2008,the difference in 2012 was statistically significant( P 0. 05). Conclusion The reasons for high cesarean section rate have included both social and medical factors. Social efforts and involvement are sure guarantees to reduce cesarean section rate and ensure maternal and fetal health.


This contribution reports the preparation and thermally induced spin crossover (SCO) in the Hofmann-like Fe(3-hydroxypyridine)2[M(CN)4] series where M = Ni, Pd, Pt. These three 2D coordination polymers crystallize with a...


Background and Aims:  Although irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder in the West, information on the prevalence of IBS in university students is relatively scant, especially in Asia. The aims of the present study were to investigate the prevalence and pattern of symptoms of IBS and its relationship with psychological stress status in Chinese university students.


The liquid electrophotographic visual inspection for recovering a residual developer in the developing unit with the developer cartridge image forming apparatus and a developer recovery control method is disclosed. Wet type electrophotographic image forming apparatus according to the invention is installed between the developing unit for developing an image on the photosensitive member, the developer cartridge for supplying a developer to the developing unit, the developing unit and the developer cartridge of the developing unit residual developer to a control unit for controlling the developer cartridge which the developer is collected through the developer collecting unit so that overflow developer collection amount in during I developer collecting unit and the developer recovered by the developer cartridge recovery and it characterized in that. Wet type electrophotographic image forming apparatus, the developer collection amount, pump, PWM, the duty ratio


Hepatic vein, portal vein and arterial plasma glucose concentrations, plasma galactose and glucose radioactivity, and hepatic blood flow were measured in dogs following the infusion of galactose-C1...


The author first of all briefly examines the influence of the first menstruation and established blood on the body of a nervously healthy woman, noting that "the menstrual period of a healthy woman is not a disease, but it is not complete health." Menstruation in such cases, to a greater or lesser extent, upsets the balance of the nervous system in a woman. The influence of menstruation on the body of a woman with a nervous predisposition is more complex. In these cases, the influence of the appearance of the first menstruation is especially pronounced, when sometimes an insignificant moment is enough only for the girl to develop epilepsy, hysteria, atrial melancholy, etc. It also happens the other way around: the onset of menstruation improves the course of already existing nervous suffering, for example, chorea. The influence of each menstruation is less pronounced, when menstruation has already been established, while painful menstruation (amenorrhoea, menorrhagia) affect the nervous state of women more sharply


Mn 2 (μ-O) 2 (μ-OAc)(H 2 O) 2 (bipy) 2 ] (ClO 4 ) 3 .H 2 O crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2 1 /n (No.14) with Z=4 and a=13.619(1) A, b=16213(2) A, c=16.266(1) A, and β=113.08 (1) o . The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to conventional agreement indices R=0.021 and R w =0.024 with 5159 unique reflections for which I>3σ (I). The structure consists of binuclear [Mn IV 2 (μ-O) 2 (μ-OAc)(H 2 O) 2 (bipy) 2 ] 3+ cation separated by ClO 4 - anions and a molecule of water of crystallization


Aim of the present study was to examine the influence of in vitro supplementation of Nerve growth factor(NGF) on functional parameters of Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) spermatozoa from fresh semen, like, motility, plasmalemma integrity, acrosomal integrity, ATP concentration . Fresh semen samples (n=6) were washed in Tris buffer and divided into two equal parts (control and NGF groups). Only in the NGF group, NGF was added to a final concentration of 50 and 100 ng/ml. The samples were incubated at 37o C for different time intervals in TCM 199 medium supplemented with BSA and the effects were observed at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min of incubation. The experiment was performed in low (LF) and high fertile(HF) groups based on previous three years conception rate and taking cutoff value , below and above this value were categorized as LF and HF group. The mean concentration of the buffalo seminal plasma (n=12) NGF was 67.7±3.25ng/ml and 65.5± 2.76 in LF and HF groups respectively. The concentration of NGF in blood plasma was 83.5±7.82 and 68.6±3.82 in HF and LF groups respectively. The concentration of blood plasma NGF being higher (P


The UK has plunged into a new programme of contact tracing—three months after it abandoned its original test and trace strategy for covid-19. Chris Baraniuk explains what we know about current global efforts and why they are is crucial during a pandemic


Abstract : The database computer (DBC) is a specialized back-end computer which is capable of managing data of 10 to the 10th power bytes in size and supporting known data models such as relational, network, hierarchical and attributed-based models. It is also one of the first database machines to have a built-in security mechanism for access control and a clustering mechanism for performance enhancement. In this report, we demonstrate how the important and essential functions of access control and clustering are carried out in DBC. Since these functions are carried out mostly in the database command and control processor (DBCCP) and the security filter processor (SFP), the report will be devoted largely to these two components of DBC.


This paper develops efficient importance sampling schemes for a class of jump–diffusion processes that are commonly used for modeling stock prices. For such financial models, related option pricing problems are often difficult, especially when the option under study is out-of-the-money and there are multiple underlying assets. Even though analytical pricing formulas do exist in a few very simple cases, often analysts must resort to numerical methods or Monte Carlo simulation. We demonstrate that efficient and easy-to-implement importance sampling schemes can be constructed via the method of cross-entropy combined with the expectation–maximization algorithm, when the alternative sampling distributions are chosen from the family of exponentially tilted distributions or their mixtures. Theoretical justification is given by characterizing the limiting behavior of the cross-entropy algorithm under appropriate scaling. Numerical experiments on vanilla options, path-dependent options and rainbow options are also performed to illustrate the use of this technology.


A molecular beam study of the reaction of C2H4 with O2 on Ag(111) was attempted and supplemented with data obtained using an isotropic source (IS) configuration. In the beam configuration, the possible product signals at 18 amu (H2O) or 44 amu (C2H4O, CO2) could not be discerned. In the IS configuration, a product signal at 44 amu (CO2) was observed. An estimate of the collision reaction probability of 9×10−3, obtained from the IS data, confirmed that the product signal would not be readily observable in the beam configuration due to signal-to-noise considerations. From C2H4 beam scattering data, coupled with the experimental ion spectrum obtained from C2H4 by electron impact, it was possible to estimate that roughly about 15% of the incident C2H4 fragmented upon collision with the surface; 10% going to C2H3 and 5% to C2H2. From the surface temperature dependence in the IS configuration, an activation energy of ∼8 kcal/mole was obtained for the mass 44 product.


Protocols for wireless sensor network are based upon the application for which the network is deployed for. It is also the individual node characteristics which may lead to different network characteristics as well as protocols. Centrality measure defines the importance and role of a node within a network. It also helps in calculating its importance and relationship with its neighboring nodes. Hence centrality measures may help in resolving various inherent problems and developing efficient algorithms for wireless sensor networks. In this paper we present various graph centrality measures that are applicable to wireless sensor networks. The utility and importance of these graph centrality measures have also been discussed. Further we have proposed a new graph centrality measure named as cluster centrality for WSNs.


Reinhold Baer's contributions to and influence on the theory of abelian groups are surveyed, concentrating on his publications on the theory of p-groups, torsion-free and mixed groups, subgroup lattices, endomorphism rings, the group Ext, as well as injective modules. His papers on these subjects were instrumental in the development of this branch of group theory. About 20 years ago when I wrote a survey on Reinhold Baer's work on abelian groups (see [F2]), I did not explore his tremendous influence on this fast developing area. Today we have a better perspective to assess the impact of his contributions, although it seems nearly impossible to give a full account of his influence on abelian group theory and adjacent areas. Indeed, his ideas on abelian groups spread over several branches of mathematics, the methods he developed permeated into various fields, and the open problems he posed gave impetus to research to an enormous extent. In my survey, I intend to concentrate on abelian group theory proper, and I shall only briefly touch upon module-theoretic aspects. Reinhold Baer's influence on the theory of abelian groups has three major components: 1. his publications; 2. his doctoral students; and 3. his talks at various universities as well as individual discussions. I plan to restrict myself to his publications, but it seems appropriate to list his students who worked on discrete or topological abelian groups, with the dates of graduation: Ross Beaumont (1940) Wolfgang Liebert (1965) Peter Grosse (1966) Peter Plaumann (1966) Received September 10, 2002. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 01A70. Secondary 20K10, 20K20, 20K21, 20K30, 20K40. c ©2003 University of Illinois


Numerical predictions are compared with the experiments of turbulent swirling flow in a stationary pipe. Two kinds of turbulence models, the k-e two equation model and the stress equation model, are applied in the present calculations. The applicability of the turbulence models is tested. The characteristics of axial and tangential velocity profile in the presence of the swirl can be predicted by applying the stress equation turbulence model, whereas the k-e two equation model fails to predict this. The comprehensible interpretations of the phenomena, especially the retardation of the turbulent transport of momentum due to the swirl, are presented. The suppression of the transport of axial momentum in the radial direction is caused by the additional production term, including the tangential velocity component .The anisotropy of Reynolds normal stresses has the effect of transporting the tangential momentum towards the central axis.


The state of research on the ship wave load estimation is described briefly and the basis theory and calculation method of the Rationality-Based prediction on ship sea loads,together with slamming loads are presented in detail.The numerical examples used as two high-speed vessels are given and compared with the test results,which shows this prediction method is provided with extensive application prospect.


Background Notch signaling has been shown to mediate treatment resistance and support cancer stem cells (CSCs) in endocrine-resistant estrogen receptor positive (ER+) and triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs). The clinical development of GSIs, first generation Notch inhibitors, has been hindered by lack of Notch specificity and dose-limiting toxicity. Here we describe the safety and efficacy of a first-in-class, clinical stage, orally available small molecule pan-Notch inhibitor, CB-103. Due to its unique mode of action, CB-103 doesn't induce GI toxicities noted with GSIs. There is a critical need for effective, safe, targeted therapies for patients with endocrine-refractory metastatic breast cancer. Recently approved targeted therapies for TNBC are only effective for a subset of patients. Moreover, GSI-resistant, constitutively activating Notch1 or Notch2 mutations are observed in ∼10% of TNBC. Our study elucidating the synergy of CB-103 with fulvestrant and paclitaxel in preclinical models of both hormone-refractory ER+ BC and TNBC respectively provides a novel and unique opportunity to address major unmet therapeutic needs. Methods CB-103 was screened in combination with a panel of anti-neoplastic drugs. We evaluated the anti-tumor activity of CB-103 with fulvestrant in ESR1-mutant (Y537S), endocrine-resistant BC xenografts. In the same model, we examined anti-CSC activity in mammosphere formation assays for CB-103 alone or in combination with fulvestrant or palbociclib. We also evaluated the effect of CB-103 plus paclitaxel on primary tumors and CSC in GSI-resistant TNBC model HCC1187. Comparisons between groups were performed with two-sided unpaired Student's t-test. One-way or two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post analysis was performed to analyze in vivo efficacy study results. Results CB-103 showed synergism with fulvestrant in ER+ cells and with paclitaxel in TNBC cells. CB-103 combined with fulvestrant or paclitaxel potently inhibited mammosphere formation in both models. Combination of CB-103 and fulvestrant significantly reduced tumor volume in an ESR1-mutant, endocrine-resistant BC model. In a GSI-resistant TNBC model, CB-103 plus paclitaxel significantly delayed tumor growth compared to paclitaxel alone. Conclusions Our data indicate that CB-103 is an attractive candidate for clinical investigation in endocrine resistant, recurrent breast cancers with biomarker-confirmed Notch activity in combination with SERDs and/or CDKis and in TNBCs with biomarker-confirmed Notch activity in combination with taxane-containing chemotherapy regimens.


Objective To evaluate clinic features,mechanism,image characteristic and effect of endovascular treatment on cerebral brain watershed infarction(CBWI).Methods Clinic features,mechanism image characteristic and effect of endovascular treatment of nineteen patients were retrospectively analyzed.Results All the tenosis arteries recovered more than 80% after operation.There were 6.7% with reinfarction.Conclusion Cerebral brain watershed infarction has special characteristic in CT and MRI image.It is effective to treat cerebral brain watershed infarction with endovascular method.


Accessible online at: www.karger.com/journals/nef Dear Sir, We note with interest the response of Zachara and coworkers to our study which reported a reduction in plasma glutathione peroxidase (eGPX) activity in patients undergoing haemodialysis [1]. The present authors confirm our findings, reporting eGPX activity to be markedly decreased in uraemic patients, with no correlation noted between enzyme activity and selenium concentration. Previous studies, which observed a reduction in eGPX activity, attributed it to either a decrease in the amount of selenium present or a reduction in eGPX synthesis [2, 3]. In normal healthy subjects, selenium is significantly correlated with eGPX activity, and selenium supplementation increases eGPX activity [4, 5]. However, a number of other studies have also reported a lack of association between eGPX and selenium chronic renal failure [6, 7], and Zachara and coworkers report selenium supplementation to have no impact on eGPX activity. This confirms a previous report by Saint-Georges et al. [8] who found that normalizing selenium levels of haemodialysis patients returned erythrocyte GPX activity but not eGPX activity to that of controls. Therefore, it appears that the decrease in enzyme activity is not due to a reduction in the amount of selenium available for eGPX synthesis. The kidney is responsible for synthesizing 190% of eGPX found in vivo, and so the reduction in eGPX activity has been proposed to be a direct result of decreased enzyme synthesis [3]. However, we measured the eGPX mass and found no significant difference in eGPX concentrations between haemodialysis patients and controls and so concluded that synthesis of eGPX protein was not impaired [1]. eGPX contains a selenium atom at the active site in the form of selenocysteine [9] and exists as a tetramer of identical subunits [10]. Impaired selenium incorporation during enzyme synthesis may result in the generation of a non-functional eGPX protein. This could still be recognized by the antieGPX polyclonal antibody used to measure the eGPX concentration and would, therefore, account for the similar eGPX mass obtained in haemodialysis patients compared to controls [1]. The presence of this non-functional enzyme in renal failure would explain both the lack of correlation found between plasma selenium and eGPX activity and the poor response of eGPX activity to selenium supplementation. Contrary to the findings of Zachara and coworkers, we observed eGPX activity to increase after dialysis (from 106 B 2.7 to 146 B 3.8 U/l compared with the control activity of 281 B 3.6 U/l) and postulated that this may be due to the removal of a dialyzable uraemic inhibitor [1]. This was investigated by Avissar et al. [3] who found the addition of uraemic sera to control sera to have no effect on enzyme activity. However, it is still possible that post-translational inactivation of eGPX may occur by oxidation, glycation, or carbamylation. The role of these processes must be further clarified before the suitability of decreased eGPX activity as an index of renal function can be ascertained.


The embodiment of the invention provides an air side natural cooling method, device and system. On one hand, switch control is carried out on running modes of the air side natural cooling device according to detected outdoor environment parameters, and the running modes include the direct cooling mode and the indirect cooling mode. Accordingly, when the air side natural cooling device is in the direct cooling mode, introduced outdoor air is sent to a data machine room so as to cool a data cabinet in the data machine room. When the air side natural cooling device is in the indirect cooling mode, air exhausted out of the data machine room is cooled through the introduced outdoor air, and the cooled air is sent to the data machine room to cool the data cabinet in the data machine room. Thus, the problem that when a refrigerating unit is utilized for cooling a data cabinet in the prior art, more energy and water resources are wasted can be solved through the technical scheme.


Compound of formula (I): ** Formula ** in which R is hydrogen or alpha-hydroxyl; the hydroxyl group in position 7 is in the alpha or beta position; or a conjugate with amino acid, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.


[1] We examine the non-linear dynamics of charged particles in ''bifurcated'' (double-humped) current sheets. We show that, when the adiabaticity parameter k is of the order unity, particles experience a negligible change of magnetic moment. Such a behavior contrasts with the prominent magnetic moment scattering that is achieved in single-humped current sheets at such k values. It resembles the quasi-adiabatic (Speiser-type) behaviors that is obtained at k 1 as a result of resonance between the fast oscillation about the midplane and the slow gyromotion near this plane. We demonstrate that beams of k 1 particles may form downstream of bifurcated current sheets, which propagate along the magnetic field lines up to high latitudes. Quasiadiabaticity and associated beam formation thus occur at significantly larger k values in double-humped current sheets than in single-humped ones, or equivalently for lower particle energy and/or weaker field reversal. Citation: Delcourt, D. C., H. V. Malova, and L. M. Zelenyi (2006), Quasi-adiabaticity in bifurcated current sheets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06106, doi:10.1029/2005GL025463.


Cisco regularly publishes detailed growth projections of data on the Internet (CISCO 2011), providing information for different geographic regions and types of service. Averaged across regions and services, Cisco predicts compound annual growth rates on the order of 30-40%. These demand-driven growth rates continue to be exponential and are consistent with the historic data supply-side presented in my paper. There is no suggestion in the Cisco report that the rates of growth will slow significantly.


ultimatum of Separation; he states that Singapore withdrew from Malaysia "at the request" of the central government but later on, he writes that it was obviously at the "Malay insistence" that Singapore should do so. Secondly, his observation that with the departure of Macapagal, the Sabah Claim would be dropped into "merited obscurity" has been proved wrong, for in fact the issue has been resurrected by Marcos for the same reasons that moved Macapagal, for domesticelectoral consumption and the need for a regional identity.


Abstract : The sensing resources represent an important source of information on which the Command & Control (C2) process bases most of its reasoning. Therefore, a major prerequisite to the success of the whole C2 process is the effective use of these scarce and costly resources. This is the problem of sensor management that has to do with how best to manage, coordinate and organize the use of sensing resources in a manner that synergistically improves the process of data acquisition and ultimately those of perception and comprehension, i.e., the situation awareness of the decision maker. Conscious of the important role sensor management has to play in modem Command and Control systems, the Situation Analysis Support Systems (SASS) Group of the Decision Support Systems (DSS) Section at Defence Research & Development Canada (DRDC) - Valcartier is currently studying advanced sensor management concepts and applications, to increase the survivability of the current Halifax and Iroquois Class ships, as well as their possible future upgrades. The objective of the reported work is twofold i) to present, in detail, the different sensor management problems and the requirements for their solutiOn ii) to demonstrate, through the target tracking application, the benefits that can be gained by the adaptive management of the available sensors.


On the one hand, numerous Arab commentators, including some Gulf intellectuals, have sought to encapsulate the key demand of the Arab uprisings as 'a transition from being subjects to being citizens'. This captures a sense of a desired end to perceived passivity and a claim to becoming a different sort of political being, respected and with rights and dignity. On the other hand, Gulf governments have continued to define different de facto tiers of citizenship – determining who is entitled to which levels of economic benefits on the basis of ancestry, who is entitled to vote, whether women can pass citizenship on to their children, and in some cases, even stripping citizenship from dissidents perceived as being disloyal.


Discussion was made on fitted line parameter of a sensor by different ways,so as to understand the meanings of the linearity in hydraulic monitoring sensor and the effect of different linearity in measurement using sensor or calibration sensor.


We investigate the formation of polarization profiles induced by a magnetic field in the He I multiplet at 10830 Å. Our analysis considers the Zeeman splitting in the incomplete Paschen-Back regime. The effects turn out to be important and produce measurable signatures on the profiles, even for fields significantly weaker than the level-crossing field (~400 G). When compared to profiles calculated with the usual linear Zeeman effect, the incomplete Paschen-Back profiles exhibit the following conspicuous differences: (1) a non-Doppler blueshift of the Stokes V zero-crossing wavelength of the blue component; (2) area and peak asymmetries, even in the absence of velocity and magnetic gradients; and (3) a ~25% reduction in the amplitude of the red component. These features do not vanish in the weak-field limit. The spectral signatures that we analyze in this paper may be found in previous observations published in the literature.


Canagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is primarily used as an anti-diabetic medication, but recent evidence suggests its potential role in promoting weight loss in individuals without diabetes. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analysing relevant studies published between 2013-2021, focusing on the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin for weight loss in non-diabetic populations. Four relevant studies were identified, which consistently demonstrated that canagliflozin treatment in non-diabetic individuals resulted in significant weight loss compared to placebo or other comparators. The weight loss effect of canagliflozin appears to be mediated by increased urinary glucose excretion, caloric loss, and reduction in body fat mass. Canagliflozin also showed improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors, such as blood pressure and lipid profiles. This review, therefore, provides substantial evidence supporting the potential use of canagliflozin as an effective treatment for weight loss in non-diabetic individuals, suggesting it could be a valuable therapeutic option for addressing the rising prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities. However, further well-designed clinical trials are needed to elucidate the optimal dosing, long-term safety, and potential side effects of canagliflozin in this specific population.


This study compares the effectiveness of potential future shipping fuels in terms of cost and climate change impact and in particular the pros and cons of LNG compared to liquefied fuels. Today there are only a small number of LNG-fuelled ships and none that use FTdiesel, methanol or DME. This makes the comparison complicated. However, both LNG and methanol are traded in large quantities. In his choice of fuel the owner has to consider the individual vessels energy intensity and remaining years of operation as well as the space available for installing complementary equipment and the extent to which the ship is expected to move in seas with special sulphur and NOX restrictions. Currently HFO in combination with scrubbers, LNG and methanol all appear to be competitive to MGO provided that any investment can be written off over at least five years and that the ship operates mainly in SECAs. However, all fuels based on natural gas are extremely sensitive to the price difference between gas and HFO. The incremental investment is higher for LNG than for methanol, which might make the latter a better choice for a ship with few remaining years. In new ships, LNG has the advantage of being allowed a longer depreciation period, and a rising price of natural gas is less of a threat to LNG than to methanol and DME. The long-term choice of fuel may also be influenced by future regulations on CO2, methane, soot and other particles as well as by safety requirements. LNG is more sensitive to stringent requirements concerning methane and safety than the competing fuels.


Bagging is one of the older, simpler and better known ensemble methods. However, the bootstrap sampling strategy in bagging appears to lead to ensembles of low diversity and accuracy compared with other ensemble methods. In this paper, a new variant of bagging, named IGF-Bagging, is proposed. Firstly, this method obtains bootstrap instances. Then, it employs Information Gain (IG) based feature selection technique to identify and remove irrelevant or redundant features. Finally, base learners trained from the new sub data sets are combined via majority voting. Twelve datasets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository are selected to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method. Experimental results reveal that IGF-Bagging gets significant improvement of the classification accuracy compared with other six methods.


Summary The aim of this research was to study morphological variation in Bixa orellana which produces the pigment, annatto, in the aril portion of its seeds. Annatto dye is an important natural food colourant. B. orellana plants produce three different flower hues (e.g., pink, purple, and white) which, upon anthesis, develop into red, greenish-red, or greencoloured fruit, respectively. Measurements of fruit characteristics, together with their pigment profile data, were used to identify the superior variety with respect to its pigment yield in the field. Ovate red, conical greenish-red, and hemispherical green fruiting varieties were observed. Among those with conical fruit, significant morphological variations were observed and these could be segregated into seven types. In addition, there were differences in seed weight among the three different fruiting varieties. Ovate red-coloured fruit were found to be superior in all morphological characteristics, with an average length and width of 5.04 ± 0.11 cm and 3.34 ± 0.15 cm, respectively. Seed number was highest with an average of 46 seeds, in ovate red-coloured fruit which also produced the highest seed yields (1.5 – 2.0 kg of seeds per plant) with ≤ 2.13% (w/w) total annatto pigment content.


The Orphan Basin that formed during the Mesozoic rifting and Atlantic Ocean opening is one of the large under-explored basins along the eastern Canadian Margin. The basin has experienced an impressive history of extension and subsidence as indicated by its complex structural architecture and sequence stratigraphy. The sedimentary basin fill consists of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments that exceed ten kilometers in thickness in some places. The predominantly post-rift Paleogene-Neogene (Tertiary) interval is superbly imaged in more than 25,000 line kilometers of high-quality, 92-fold 2D seismic data that were recently (2000 2003) acquired by GSI and donated to Memorial University for research. These data provide an opportunity to separate the Tertiary interval into smaller subdivisions and identify regional sedimentation


In the paper,We effectively associate the varieties of urban in Wuhan are effectively associated with their economic development indexes by using the correspondence analysis,and are classified and evaluated according to the major economic development indexes.The theoretical and practical mean for the plans of urban economic development in Wuhan are provided.


AMONG the many causes held to be responsible for the development of male homosexuality, &dquo;mother fixation&dquo; is the most widely accepted both by psychiatrists and laymen. The concept is deeply rooted in psychoanalytic theory. Freud first suggested that male homosexuality results from improperly resolved Oedipus conflict whereby guilt from unconscious sexual desires for mother spills over into revulsion against sexual contact with any woman. As to this, the analytic authority Otto Fenichel (1945) states:


The invention relates to a method for desulfurizing a arranged in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine NO¶X¶ storage catalyst, the internal combustion engine for the desulfurization in a lean operating mode with lambda> 1 and a rich operating mode with lambda is operated alternately <. 1 DOLLAR A It is contemplated that the progress of desulfurization using a gradient of size intervals (I¶n¶) is monitored during the desulfurization process, the interval (I¶n¶) from a start of an n-th rich operating phase (T ¶f, ¶ ¶n¶) to (a falls below a predeterminable lambda threshold value S¶f¶) downstream of the NO¶X¶ storage catalytic converter (16) lasts. DOLLAR A It is further provided that the progress of the desulphurization with reference to a course of a lambda sensor voltage (U¶n¶) downstream of the NO¶X¶ storage catalytic converter (16) which (after a predeterminable interval after the start of an n-th rich operating phase T ¶f, ¶ ¶n¶) is determined, is monitored.


The Kashmir conflict has remained a triggering event for contention between India and Pakistan. The two despite being neighbors, and nuclear states have not solved this issue yet. From both sides of the border voices of an "Independent Kashmir" have been raised multiple times. While most present this as a viable option, its sustainability has not been explored or tested. This issue has remained a dividing point between the two states and has kept unrest in the region. Kashmir is sandwiched between two nuclear giants, lacks infrastructure, is prone to terrorism, has a landlocked geography, no economic sustenance, has multiple stake holders and is a hub of ethnic complexities. Due to these factors its sustainability as an independent state is not possible. India and Pakistan should decide and mediate this matter among themselves.


Schiff's base constitutes a significant class of compounds for new drug development. They are widely used for industrial purposes and also exhibit a broad range of biological activities. The search for Schiff's base containing compounds with more selective activity and lower side effects continues to be an active area of argument examination in medicinal chemistry. The biphenyl molecule consists of two connected phenyl rings. Biphenyl ring scaffolds are fairly non-reactive in nature. They enhance the log-P values; increase the tropical polar surface area (TPSA) of the molecule, act as hydrophobic carrier across biological membrane, thus, increasing the bioavailability of compounds. In the present work, a series of Schiff's bases of biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid have been synthesized. These derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and 1H NMR spectral data and have been explored for anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-tubercular activities. The synthesized compounds have shown excellent anti-fungal potential, making them good candidates for future studies in antifungal research.


Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) has been proven to be a powerful control strategy in power electronics with very high dynamic performance compared to carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM) approaches while avoiding unnecessarily high switching frequencies that would increase switching losses. However, the limited time resolution often leads to poor steady-state performance and can only be overcome by increasing the sampling rate, which would involve an infeasibly high computational demand. This paper presents a predictive pulse pattern control (PPPC) strategy for a synchronous multiphase buck converter (SMPB) that achieves both objectives yielding in high performance for transient and steady-state operating conditions with a feasible computational demand. At every time step, a pulse pattern with minimal switching effort is selected whose switching instants are obtained by minimizing an objective function yielding in high tracking accuracy. Simulation results demonstrate the potential of the proposed control strategy to outperform state-of-the art control approaches.


In this paper, a direct drive implementation scheme using a linear voice coil motor (VCM) is proposed and designed for LED die bonding application. Design specifications are obtained by real requirements. Finite element analysis of electromagnetic field is used to design the VCM. A prototype VCM was manufactured. The performance is evaluated experimentally and compared with that produced by simulation. To improve the design, a mathematical model of electromagnetic force in the voice coil motor is derived. An analytical optimization formulation is proposed to maximize the total force constants along a given stroke given constraints on motor size. This leads to a great improvement both in size and force performance.


Hydraulic grabs are used for removal of old facilities in Tokyo Bay of Japan. The grabs are capable of removing blocks of the facility without hitching by divers. However, the grab operators cannot observe the grab and the objects state in the water because of the muddiness. They require the divers' instruction whether the grab is placed in the correct position and the object is grasped in balanced condition or not. The operator must not operate the grab while divers confirm near the grab and must take enough evacuation time of the divers before operation. As a result, efficiency of the removing work by grabs is not so higher than that of conventional way. In order to improve efficiency of the grasping work by grabs, we have made a research on a remote controlled grasping system that is operated by one operator without divers. To accomplish this system, we have developed an experimental grasping system that composes a waterproof model of hydraulic grab, a control panel, and a VR (Virtual Reality) monitor. In this system, the posture of the grab is represented on VR monitor as a CGI (Computer Graphics Image). The position and the shape of the object is drawn by pre-measured data same as the conventional way. Dynamic motion of the grab is represented by combination with data of attitude sensor and numerical model of the grab. The model grab has contact sensors on each claw and slippage sensor mounted below the body. This paper describes the remotely controlled grab system that enables an operator to do grasping work in unclear environment, e.g., seawater is unclear, by providing visual information based on VR technology and sensors data


To study the effects of the reciprocal grafting on the photosynthesis of two genotypes tomato offspring under selenium stress, red ball cherry tomato cherry 5-5-1 and yellow ball cherry tomato yellow RTY-3-2 post-grafting generation (red scion, red rootstock, yellow scion and yellow rootstock) and seedlings (red CK and yellow CK) planted in 10 mg·kg-1 selenium soil, and the pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of the reciprocal grafting on the growth characteristics and the photosynthesis of tomato offspring under selenium stress. The results showed that grafting increased the fresh weight of the organs of the offspring, the ratio of root to shoot, and the functional activity of the roots of the plants, which was conducive to the growth of tomato offspring. Simultaneously, it could effectively improve the photosynthetic capacity of grafted offspring leaves at the seedling stage. The grafted offspring of rootstocks had the best effect on improving the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of tomato leaves, and decreased intercellular CO2 concentration. Among them, the best effect of yellow rootstock was to provide ideas and theoretical basis for the production of selenium-enriched tomatoes in the selenium-deficient areas in the future.


The effects of relaxation exercises on orthography performance in language arts education of fifth to seventh graders were experimentally tested. Participants were 399 basic secondary school students and their language arts teachers from the Hauptschule, a German type of secondary education covering grades five to nine that leads to a basic educational degree. Half of the students were trained in their classrooms in the basic autogenic training (AT) formulas (self‐suggestions of passive self‐attention, heaviness and warmth) and in the technique of reactivation after relaxation. After completing a regular dictation test students applied the relaxation exercise for four minutes on their own and were then given the opportunity to reread what they had written and to correct any mistakes they found on the test. In comparison to 200 students in the control group (who were not trained in the systematic relaxation exercises), who were also given the opportunity to revise their texts after a four‐minute break, the experimental group students made significantly fewer mistakes and received better grades on the test. In addition, the results show that there were significantly fewer correct revisions and significantly more incorrect revisions of the dictation tests made by the students in the control group, thus worsening their academic performance by the possibility of 'self‐correction'. Students and teachers evaluated AT exercises positively. Implications of the results for the application of AT in the classroom are discussed.


The political dynamics of South Korea's health care policy has changed in significant ways since the 1990s. In particular, various interest groups in South Korea, such as medical doctor and pharmacist groups, and hospital associations have succeeded in forcing their issues onto the agenda. How have those interest groups been able to achieve this increase of influence? To answer this question, this study utilizes studies of problem definition and agenda setting. In particular, adopting Schattschneider's notion about conflict expansion and issue definition, this paper examines how the use of argument shapes the debate over South Korea's health care reform issue. The results show several important aspects of the lobbying process and its impact on the health care reform policy. First, interest groups in Korea have become active in promoting certain arguments or issue definitions, and in producing, publicizing, or providing evidence that supports these arguments. This strategy may affect policy outcomes by refocusing legislator attention or by mobilizing symphathetically-disposed members to utilize their legislative agency's power in pursuit of the groups' policy goals. Second, interest group lobbying activity is a conflictual and dynamic process. Opponents of the Health Care Reform initiated their lobbying activities and expanded the scope of conflict by focusing on certain issue dimensions. Faced with interest groups politicizing a conflict, proponents of the new program must react. Thus, the lobbying process is a reactive and conflictual process by which interest groups compete for political influence through the issue definitions, arguments, and evidence they present in order to shape the policy-making process. In the case examined for this study, the KMA, an opponent of a given policy proposal, seemed to succeed in getting their issues onto the agenda by appealing to a large audience and expanding the scope of conflict. By so doing, they were able to shape the final policy process.


Mr. Tinckler, in reply, said that Mr. Innes Williams had noted that at times in the experimental animal urine appeared to pour down the ureter which became an open channel from the renal to the vesical end. He had encountered this himself when diuresis had been induced by injecting about 10 c.c. of fluid intravenously into a rabbit and suddenly raising the renal filtration rate. It was suggested, however, that the circumstances in which the ureter opened up completely to contain an unbroken column of urine from top to bottom were not physiological as under normal condition the animal imbibed water for slaking thirst and not to an extent that would produce a renal excretion rate that would be classified as a diuresis. Mr. Hanley had mentioned the apparent unresponsiveness of the ureter to drugs. This was understandable if peristalsis was regarded as the only attribute of ureteric activity. Perhaps one should look to a more cryptic function of the ureteral musculature as being susceptible to the administration of pharmacological agents such as acetylcholine. The humoral agents of the autonomic nervous system, adrenaline and acetylcholine, could consistently produce tonic contractions in an isolated preparation severed of all connexions but had no effect on peristaltic movement. Other drugs under the same experimental conditions had no action in stimulating tonic contraction. In other words the ureter appeared to be rather particular about the drugs to which it was prepared to respond. In answer to Mr. Murnaghan's enquiry as to the urinary output in the experimental animals, the figure of 44 litres in twenty-four hours, which Mr. Murnaghan had deduced from the records Mr. Tinckler had shown was incorrect, as the data disclosed pressure only in absolute units.


This paper deals with the problems of robust stabilization and robust passive control for uncertain discrete Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy time-delay systems. The parametric uncertainty is assumed to be norm bounded. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, a sufficient condition on the existence of delay-dependent robust passive controllers is derived firstly. Then, with the help of linear matrix inequality (LMI) method, delay-dependent robust passive controllers are designed such that for all admissible uncertainties and time delays, the closed-loop system is robustly stable and satisfies the given passive performance. A numerical example demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed design method.


Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) systems have to fulfil safety requirements and work reliably in order to be cost-effective and gain industry acceptance. Consumers want flexible AGV systems which require autonomous and distributed components to work, but this autonomy is often perceived as a disadvantage and a safety hazard. This work presents ongoing attempts and challenges to the distribution of knowledge and autonomy within AGV fleets while still ensuring safety and efficiency. Acceptance is gained by the integration of expert knowledge and a smoothly adjustable level of AGV autonomy which allows for a balance between centralized control and vehicle autonomy. Results are shown using a 3D physics simulation of a small production site. Keywords–AGV; Robotic; Industry; Safety; Planning; Autonomous; Navigation.


Green roofs in the Mediterranean region are often exposed to high levels of radiation, extreme temperatures, and an inconsistent water supply. To withstand these harsh conditions in shallow soils and poorly aerated growth media, plants must be armored with adaptations. Strategies that have evolved in desert plants can play significant roles in the use of plants for green covers. In the following, we will specifically focus on (1) heat and radiation, (2) drought, and (3) salinity. Further, we will discuss (4) interactions between neighboring plants. Finally, we will (5) propose a design for diverse green roofs that includes horticultural and medicinal products and provides diverse habitats. Many desert plants have developed morphological and anatomical features to avoid photo-inhibition, which can be advantageous for growth on green roofs. Plants exhibiting C4 photosynthesis or crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis have a protected hydraulic system that enables growth under dry conditions. Furt...


We present principles for guessing clubs in the generalized club filter on Pκλ. These principles are shown to be weaker than classical diamond principles but often serve as sufficient substitutes. One application is a new construction of a λ-Suslin-tree using assumptions different from previous constructions. The other application partly solves open problems regarding the cofinality of reflection points for stationary subsets of [λ]א0 .


As the USA develops its trade interaction with India, issues of management between the two countries are likely to surface. In this article, we examine one such issue - preferences for the involvement of employees in the management of organisations using a new scale we called Preferences for Involvement in Management (PIM). Our data show that PIM is equivalent across the USA and India. A comparison of the mean levels of PIM shows that it is higher in the USA than India. Implications of the results are discussed.


The aim of this work was to conduct an initial analysis of the chemical composition and biological activity of raw materials I. sibirica L. grade Cambridge spring and fall collection. Identification of key biologically active components of Siberian iris is made in accordance with the recommendation of Muzychkina R. A. with colleagues. To analyze antiviral activity in vitro used method for measuring absorption in vivo by cells of the dye neutral red (NC). As a result of successive extraction of raw materials I. sibirica different solvents established that the leaves and rhizomes contain a minimum fraction extractable with chloroform, and the dominant fraction was extracted with water, regardless of the timing of raw material collection (spring, fall). The maximum value of content of extractive substances extracted with hexane and chloroform were determined in leaves of spring flush within 4% for and.with.in. The content of extractives allocated 96% ethanol, the maximum was determined in the leaves of the spring collection – 7,51%, the minimum value detected in the rhizomes of the autumn collection – 1,91%. All the samples were found flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, phenolic acids, coumarins, xanthones, saponins, terpenes. Detected in leaves glucose and galactose, and in the rhizomes of arabinose, glucose, galactose. For the first time determined the biological activity of extracts of I. sibirica raw material against the herpes viruses. The selected samples are promising for further studies in animal experiments. Further studies of the chemical composition of raw materials I. sibirica L. with the aim of determining the quantitative composition of biologically active substances. To determine the biological activity of extracts against influenza viruses .


Pyramidal NiO nanostructures have been prepared via a solid-state thermal decomposition reaction. In the synthesis of NiO nanostructures, a [Ni(phen)2]2+ complex was employed as a novel precursor in solid-state thermal decomposition process at air at 500°C. The products were characterized by elementary analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Synthesized nickel oxide microstructures have a cubic phase with average size of 56 nm via nanoparticles that exists on the surface of the pyramidal microstructure. The present method is both simple and low-cost, which makes it feasible for scale-up production of NiO nanostructures.


The history of blood transfusion and medical research, Jean-Francois Picard, William H. Schneider. ; From the discovery of blood groups by Karl Landsteiner, a Viennese physician, to the "poisoned blood" affair linked to the AIDS virus, the history of blood transfusion follows the scientific, political and social changes of the 20th century in one of its major medical stakes. The progress of blood transfusion was linked to war periods, to institutional and political stakes, to the initiatives of a few individuals. It also led to the commercial deviation of the 1980s.


Athree-dimensional mathematical model has been developed to analyze the heat transfer and the fluid flow in the continuous casting mold with electromagnetic brake. For verification of the mathematical model, the comparison of the flow field between the experimentally measuredand computedresults has been done vnder the isothermal condition. The theoretical predictions of the temperature field and heat transfer phenomenare comparedand discussed with experimental results.


Objective: To investigate the formative evaluation in the hierarchical training application and effect,make nurse level training assessment more reasonable and effective,improve and implement training ultimate goal.Methods: From 2011 to 2012,nursing department of our hospital nurse level training to nurses,administrative offices,training teachers for the evaluation of the main,basic nursing operation formation evaluation.Results: Formative assessment is an objective,effective educational evaluation,and strive to achieve the objective evaluation,justice and science,to the hierarchical training has very good promotion and promotion.Conclusion: High maturity,strong applicability of the formative assessment system and application still remain at further research,perfect.


Englacial layering reflects ice dynamics within the ice bodies, which improves understanding of ice flow variation, past accumulation rates and vertical flows transferring between the surface and the underlying bedrock. The internal layers can be observed by using Radar Echo Sounding (RES), such as the Multi-channel Coherent Radar Depth Sounder (MCoRDS) used in NASA's Operation IceBridge (OIB) mission. Since the 1960s, the accumulation of the RES data has prompted the development of automated methods to extract the englacial layers. In this study, we propose a new automated method that combines peak detection methods, namely the CWT-based peak detection or the Automatic Phase Picker (APP), with a Hough Transform (HT) to trace boundaries of englacial layers. For CWT-based peak detection, we test it using two different wavelets. The proposed method is tested with twelve MCoRDS radio echograms, which are acquired south of the Northern Greenland Eemian (NEEM) ice drilling site, where the folding of ice layers was observed. The method is evaluated in comparison to the isochrones that were extracted in an independent study. In comparison, the proposed new automated method can restore more than 70% of the englacial layers. This new automated layer-tracing method is publicly available on github.


The electrohydraulic method of natural diatomite enrichment based on separation of the clay component under the influence of plasma energy arising at a short electric discharge is applied for the first time. Special computer technology is developed for the first time, using the portable navigator Montana series 600 by Garmin, Google Earth and Garmin Base Camp programs to make a contour and area of diatomaceous rocks on Zhalpak territory. Comprehensive study of enriched diatomite using spectral, microscopic, X-ray diffractometric, silicate (chemical), elemental and thermal methods of analysis were carried out. Independent methods of analysis show almost identical results for the degree of diatomite enrichment with silicon oxide (SiO2), being in the range of 78÷81.8%. Based on the results of spectral analysis it can be concluded that the electrohydraulic method is very effective in cleaning diatomite from calcium (CaO) and sulfur (SO3) oxides to the level of 0.21% and 0.18% respectively.


The need for an accurate, fast and reliable analysis of carbohydrate test is crucial for numerous biological processes. In that sense, anthronee sulfuric acid assay is one of the most efficient quantification techniques successfully applied to carbohydrate determination. In this paper, a sensitive and accurate anthroneesulfuric acid microplate assay was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of yeast carbohydrates in the production of hepatitis B virus surface antigen, and the main component of the recombinant vaccine HEBERBIOVAC HB. A response surface methodology was applied to design and optimize the assay in order to maximize the differences on the expected effect and to minimize the number of experiments. The proposed method was linear over the concentration range from 10 to 120 mg/mL for glucose, with values for the coefficient of determination >0.99. Intraand inter-assay variation coefficient ranged between 0.45e4.79% and 2.48e8.94%, respectively. The Student t-test used in the interference study, revealed good parallelism among curves (Tobs T0.05), which indicates the lack of interference in the working range. Yields obtained in accuracy test for two concentration levels varied between 90 and 105%, confirming the assay's reliability. In conclusion, the validated method, which has successfully been used for the process control monitoring of several samples generated from the production of hepatitis B vaccine, allows the quality and purity of the final product. 2007 The International Association for Biologicals. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


With the politics of borders, the socio-economic divide between the United States and Mexico is evident. The geographic proximity to the U.S. makes the Mexico–Guatemala border an extension of the U.S. border enforcement regime. This article argues that the politics surrounding the U.S.–Guatemala border have not necessarily changed, because, at the core, the main objective of these border governance practices is to stop the movement of undesirable bodies (Khosravi 2011). Further, the article argues that the practices of containment force migrants to resist through their movement and seek strategies of survival. By comparing the administrations of Peña Nieto and López Obrador (AMLO) and analyzing the survival strategy of migrant "caravans" through border policy analysis and fieldwork conducted in 2014, I show that this border is a site of struggle between the state's power and migrants' forms of resistance. I find that border tactics are influenced by U.S. border enforcement requirements of increased militarization and policing, but also aim to restrict and control certain populations. The result is the perpetual securitization of people and the militarization of pathways. Migrants, however, also employ forms of organizing such as travelling in mass groups to achieve safe passage, thus exercising their agency through movement. The bordering practices and the forms of resistance indicate that this border is a constant site of struggle that requires further examination.


This paper proposes a new hidden Makov model (HMM) which we call speaker-ensemble HMM (SE-HMM). An SE-HMM is a multi-path HMM in which each path is an HMM constructed from the training data of a different speaker. SE-HMM may be considered a form of template-based acoustic model where speaker-specific acoustic templates are compressed statistically into speaker-specific HMMs. However, one has the flexibility of building SE-HMM at various level of compression: SE-HMM may be built for a triphone state, a triphone, a whole utterance, or other convenient phonetic units. As a result, SE-HMM contains more details than conventional HMM, but is much smaller than common template-based acoustic models. Furthermore, the construction of SE-HMM is simple, and since it is still an HMM, its construction and computation is well supported by common HMM toolkits such as HTK. The proposed SE-HMM was evaluated on Resource Management and Wall Street Journal tasks, and it consistently gives better word recognition results than conventional HMM.


The paradox of violent democratization in Latin America is taken up in this fine interdisciplinary collection. The book at its core concerns 'violent pluralism', or the way that 'states, social elites, and subalterns employ violence in the quest to establish or contest regimes of citizenship, justice, rights, and a democratic social order' (p. 4). This process, it is argued, is not necessarily the result of institutional failures, but is deeply embedded in processes of both historical and contemporary state formation and political development, and has seen power become 'diffused from centralized political institutions' (p. 244). Chapters take up different country case studies – such as the Colombian armed conflict or urban gang violence in Brazil – to explore the idea that violence is 'built into' state formation processes rather that being a result of state failure and poor law enforcement. The impression conveyed is that violence can have both positive and negative functions, is used by both legitimate and illegitimate groups, and is itself both ordering and disordering. The editors' introductory chapter highlights this, arguing that violence is 'not merely concentrated in the state or in ''deviant'' groups and individuals who contravene otherwise accepted norms', and that 'instead of viewing violence as indicative of democratic failure . . . (it) is critical to the foundation of Latin American democracies, the maintenance of democratic states and the political behavior of democratic citizens' (p. 5). Presciently, they also observe that 'violence is a mechanism for keeping in place the very institutions and policies that neoliberal democracies have fashioned . . . as well as an instrument for coping with the myriad problems that neoliberal democracies have generated' (p. 5). In considering how politics and violence become and remain entwined, this is a well-researched and nuanced contribution. Kristian Hoelscher Bolognani, Marta & Stephen M Lyon, eds (2011) Pakistan and Its Diaspora: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. xiþ 263 pp. ISBN 9780230110939.


Background: The relationship between thyroid hormones and cardiovascular system has been extensively analyzed in experimental and clinical studies in overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunctions. Endothelium and vascular smoot-muscle cells are biological target of thyroid hormones action and their role have been investigated in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. On the contrary the potential pathophysiological role of thyrotropin (TSH) on the cardiovascular system has been poorly investigated. The studied conducted so far to assess the direct effects of TSH in the peripheral vascular endothelium in thyroidectomized patients produced conflicting results. Moreover the effect of TSH on coronary endothelial cells has never directly studied in humans before our study.

Aim of the study: The present study was designed to investigate the endothelial response of coronary flow to recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) without cardiovascular risk factors to assess the direct effects of TSH on coronary endothelium.

Methods: The study population consisted of 10 consecutive patients (mean age = 32.6±8 years) who were submitted to total thyroidectomy for DTC. All were receiving therapy with L-thyroxine to maintain TSH within the reference range. No patient enrolled presented obesity, hypertension or hyperglycemia.
Patients underwent standard echocardiography-Doppler examination with evaluation of the coronary flow reserve (CFR) of the distal left anterior descending artery obtained by cold pressure test (CPT) before and 24 h after the second rhTSH injection.

Results: Left ventricular morphology and systolic and diastolic function were normal in all patients. Thyroid hormones, thyroglobulin and antithyroglobulin antibodies levels did not differ before and after rhTSH. On the contrary TSH levels were higher after rhTSH administration. Blood pressure and heart rate were not affected by rhTSH. Coronary flow peak velocity at rest was similar at baseline and 24 hours post-rhTSH (22.3 ± 6 vs 23.2 ± 8.7; p = 0.66). On the contrary the post-CPT velocity (29.3 – 6.8 vs 34.4 – 10.9; p < 0.05) and the CFR were higher after rhTSH administration (1.32 – 0.2 vs. 1.53 – 0.2; p < 0.01) than at baseline in patients with DTC.

Conclusion: In the present study, we demonstrated that CPT improves CFR after rhTSH administration in DTC patients receiving replacement doses of LT4. The increase of coronary blood flow after rhTSH suggests that TSH may exert a protective effect on the coronary endothelium.


Rituals of the Kandyan State by H. L. Seneviratne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978). Each August, groups of foreign visitors flown in for the occasion may travel from their hotels in Colombo, seat of the popular government of Sri Lanka, to Kandy in the central highlands, last capital of the Sinhalese monarchy as it retreated before the coastal encroachments of the Portuguese, the Dutch and the English, until the latter extinguished it in 1815. There, from the balcony of the Queen's Hotel, they may view the Asala Parahara, a spectacular evening procession. They will see Kandyan aristocrats in brocade coats and cocked hats more seventeenth-century Portuguese than Sinhalese and richly caprisoned elephants illuminated with Christmas tree lights, the larger of them bearing the insignia of the presiding divinities of the royal capital, namely the (Buddhist) Tooth Relic, and the (Hindu) gods Natha, Visnu, Kataragama and Pattini. Each section of the procession will have its complement of attendants (whip crackers, drummers, dancers, torch-bearers), some still holding service tenures of the temple estates. The foreign visitor is likely to think that the spectacle he views is the fossilized expression of an ancient "feudal" social system now defunct, perpetuated beyond its time to bring in foreign exchange to amortize the Japanese-built air-conditioned railway coach which brings him from the modern to the medieval capital and back again. H. L. Seneviratne's book would show him that he greatly underestimates the contemporary significance of what he sees.


The Department of Health has been consulting on whether to relax the restrictions placed on healthcare workers living with HIV.


In its efforts to develop a more effective and coherent international profile, the European Union (EU) has accorded major importance to its incipient conflict resolution strategies for Africa. 1 This article charts how the EU has elaborated what it defines as a more political approach to conflict resolution, emphasising issues of democratisation and power-sharing. The analysis offers a critical assessment of the way in which this apparently new perspective has been pursued. This is done in general terms and through the study of policy in two specific cases, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). These cases allow consideration of how the new strategies have been designed in both a post-conflict context and a situation of persistent violent conflict. Crucially, the analysis pays close attention to bilateral French and British policies, to examine whether well-known national differences have indeed converged around a new common EU approach to conflict resolution.


Experiments suggest that the effect observed with Manchester's microwave Doppler-shift apparatus may be interpreted as a counting of interference fringes. This fringe-counting frequency is the same as that obtained from the Doppler-shift lower beat frequency, and does not invalidate the use of the apparatus for velocity measurements. In reflection from a moving mirror, and other Doppler-effect experiments where interference is possible, fringe counting may be regarded as an aspect of the Doppler effect; the connection between the fringe-counting frequency and the Doppler-frequency shift is provided by the fact that a linearly time-varying phase is equivalent to a constant-frequency shift.


A complete introduction to child and adolescent psychology. Includes detailed coverage of language and personality development, cognition, newborn and perceptual behavior, and all other aspects. Each chapter begins with an outline and ends with a summary, a list of key terms and concepts, and review questions.


This thesis presents a proof outline logic for a simple object-oriented programming language. The language has all object-oriented features of popular programming languages like Java and C#. In particular, it supports inheritance, field shadowing, aliasing, dynamic object creation, subtype polymorphism, and dynamic binding. The logic consists of techniques that validate proof outlines of programs written in this language. An important part of the logic is a novel adaptation rule for reasoning about method calls. The logic is both sound and (relatively) complete. A separate chapter in this thesis describes how the proof outline logic can be transformed into a modular logic that is suitable for open programs. This modular logic is based on behavioral subtyping. It uses a novel specification match to determine valid behavioral subtypes. Other contributions in this chapter are an object-oriented completeness notion for modular program logics and an analysis of several advanced specification constructs. Another chapter studies a class of invariants that are falsifiable by object creation. It introduces creation guards to obtain a modular methodology that protects these invariants. The last chapter of this thesis describes a tool that implements the proof outline logic. It automatically computes the remaining proof obligations by means of the validation techniques presented in this thesis. Moreover, it uses a theorem prover to check these proof obligations.