Toxoplasmosis and brucellosis are the most common zoonotic food borne diseases worldwide. The abortion caused by these agents is one of the major causes of socio-economic losses in human and livestock. We thus conducted a cross-sectional study during October 2012 to April 2014 to determine the seroprevalence and the co-existence of Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella abortus in dairy cattle and the co-herded camels, sheep and goats in the Khartoum State using different serological techniques. The study revealed over all seroprevalence of 94.9% at herd level and 63.2% at individual level. T. gondii and B. abortus seroprevalence were 46.2% and 22.7% respectively. Seroprevalence of these zoonosis showed highly statistically significant (p 0.05) associations were observed in the multivariate analysis of districts and animals species (odds=2.588, CI 95%) for cattle and (odds=2.200, CI 95%) for camels compared to goats as reference. Generally, the present results were the first comprehensive data explaining the serological co-existence of T. gondii and B. abortus as zoonotic organisms in Sudanese food animals. We came to conclude that, the exposure to these organisms as well as their co-infection may play a significant role in the economic losses in dairy farm industry in the country. Moreover, the great public health importance of T. gondii, B. abortus and their co-existence could not be neglected. Further studies to elucidate their socio-economic consequences in man and his livestock are recommended.


Review(s) of: The Psychology of Aboriginal Australians, by Kearney, G.E.,De Lacey, P.R. and Davidson, G.R. (Eds.), John Wiley and Sons A'sia. Pty. Ltd. 1973. (446 pp.)


Abstract Newly synthesized mRNAs are exported from the nucleus to cytoplasm with a 5′-cap structure bound by the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC). During or after export, the CBC should be properly replaced by cytoplasmic cap-binding protein eIF4E for efficient protein synthesis. Nonetheless, little is known about how the replacement takes place. Here, we show that double-stranded RNA-binding protein staufen1 (STAU1) promotes efficient replacement by facilitating an association between the CBC–importin α complex and importin β. Our transcriptome-wide analyses and artificial tethering experiments also reveal that the replacement occurs more efficiently when an mRNA associates with STAU1. This event is inhibited by a key nonsense-mediated mRNA decay factor, UPF1, which directly interacts with STAU1. Furthermore, we find that cellular apoptosis that is induced by ionizing radiation is accompanied by inhibition of the replacement via increased association between STAU1 and hyperphosphorylated UPF1. Altogether, our data highlight the functional importance of STAU1 and UPF1 in the course of the replacement of the CBC by eIF4E, adding a previously unappreciated layer of post-transcriptional gene regulation.


Short-term preference studies were carried out with growing calves based on diets of local grass forages found in Turiani division, Morogoro, Tanzania. Four intact crossbred male calves aged 7 - 8 months and weighing 82.75 kg were used. Four grass species were provided either singly [Panicum maximum (T1), Panicum trichocladum (T2), Pennisetum purpureum (T3) andRottboelia cochinchinensis (T4)] or in combinations of two forages in equal proportions [P.maximum  +  P. trichocladum (M1), P. maximum + R. cochinchinensis (M2), P.trichocladum  + R. cochinchinensis (M3) and P. purpureum + P. trichocladum (M4)]. The single grass species and mixtures were respectively fed for four days. Animals were simultaneously observed while each animal was feeding on one of the four treatments in sequential periods of 15 min each in random orders (1, 2, 3 and 4) every test-day. The amounts of herbage eaten were estimated by differences between offered and left feed. The intake rate of 15.72 gDM/min, bite rate of 5.31 bites/min and bite mass of 3.11 g/bite for T3 was significantly higher (P 0.05) between intake rate of T1 (9.78 g/min) and T2 (9.36 g/min). Total DM intake of M3 and M4 of 224.54 and 232.52 g/15 min respectively were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of M1 and M2. All grass mixtures had bite mass significantly different (P < 0.05) from each other although that of 3.34 gDM/bite M4 was the highest thus suggesting that whether singly or in mixture P. purpureum was the most preferred grass forage in the study area. It is concluded thatin order to optimize DM intake farmers should consider the type of grasses and their level of inclusion in grass mixture depending on their preference by cattle.

 Key words: Preference, calves, Panicum, Pennisetum, bite rate, intake.


Background and objectives: Thyroid hormone exercises vital role in the event of development of central nervous system in stage of fetal life, childhood, and maintains tropic action in adulthood and also in aging. Deficiency in thyroid hormones responsible for impairment of mental performance. Inadequate iodine intake was is the major health problem. Use of iodized salt is now in vogue globally including India to eradicate iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). This salt iodization should be at par to the iodine content of environment or water. Hilly areas have low iodine content whereas in coastal areas have higher iodine content in vegetables and water; however the people of both the areas are consuming uniform iodine containing salt. Therefore there is a chance of consuming excess iodine of the people in environmentally iodine sufficient areas. So far the effect of excess iodine specially in brain in relation to thyroid gland function yet have not been extensively investigated. Materials and method: For the study 36 number of rats weighing 120±10g of 90±5 days old, primarily divided into two groups on the basis of the duration of treatment viz. 30 days group and 60 days group respectively and on the exposure of the dose of iodine was divided in to two sub-group, excess iodine exposed group (100HI), was gavaged orally potassium iodide (KI) at the dose of 7 mg/Kg body weight and excessive iodine group (500HI) was gavaged orally KI at the dose of 35mg/Kg body weight. Results: Our overall result revel that those doses of excessive iodine causes a state of hypothyroidism as manifested by serum T3 serum T4 and TSH levels and thyroid morphology and also alters of cholinergic homeostasis in different areas of brain as revealed by acetylcholinesterase and Na-K ATPase activity. Conclusion: Excessive iodine with higher dose and duration causes hypothyroidism which is responsible for alteration of cholinergic homeostasis in different region of brain.


The diet of four shorebird species, the Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus), Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes), and Semipalmated Sandpiper (Calidris pusilla), was studied on an intertidal mudflat during their southward migration. Mollusks dominate the invertebrate fauna in the feeding area, representing 95% of the organisms in terms of number and biomass. The predatory shorebirds appeared to forage selectively on polychaetes and crustaceans, which represent only 5% of the benthic invertebrates in the feeding area. Lesser Yellowlegs eat nearly exclusively crustaceans. The other three predators feed mainly on Nereis virens and all three select groups of worms that differ significantly by their size, the larger predators consuming the biggest prey. Despite the simultaneous presence of the four predators on the feeding area, they seem to share the resources without overt interspecific competition.


Classification yards play an important role in railroad networks for operating single wagonload transportation. Here, inbound trains are disassembled, the rail cars are sorted and then assembled to form outbound trains. The efficient and resource-conserving operation of shunting yards has a profound impact on the quality and profitability of single wagonload rail freight services. Preparing production schedules for classification yards that ensure punctuality and efficiency is a challenging task that becomes even harder with the specification of customer-oriented, digital supported transportation plans for each wagon. Against this background we introduce a decision support approach that helps yard managers to find optimal schedules for the resource allocation in the yard. The main component is an optimization approach that involves time constraints and capacity restrictions as well as an objective function that represents goals depending on planning level. At the strategic level of planning, these goals are determined by the utilization of resources (e.g. engines, staff, tracks). However, during the operation, including ad-hoc disturbances, it is useful to minimize the loss of quality instead (e.g. tardiness, missing connections). Besides the mathematical formulation of the problem we discuss solution methods, introduce an optimization framework and outline computational results that show the economical potential. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities of real-time control and outline the path towards fully automated classification yards. With this work we support the transforming process of the railway freight transport system to meet the prospective challenges in the digital era.


To compare the difference subtraction and direct method for total organic carbon in water measurement results,subtraction and direct method of working curve were prepare,and total organic carbon content of different water bodies were measured by subtraction and direct method.Compares the measured results,found by subtraction and the direct method for determination of the results,cleaner water samples TOC had rarely error,TOC determination of wastewater samples had big error.


Antelope ground squirrels (Ammospermophilus leucurus, 80-100 g) consumed vegetation, seeds, arthropods, and vertebrate flesh throughout the year in the Mojave Desert near Barstow, California. Apparent energy assimilation efficiency (100 × [kJfood − kJfeces]/kJfood) on each type of food ranged from 55% on mature plant leaves to ~90% on vertebrate flesh and seeds. Apparent assimilation of nitrogen (N) ranged from 63% on plant fruiting parts to 87% on arthropods. For the foods studied here, antelope ground squirrels apparently assimilated as much of the energy and N in their food as do other rodents, even those that specialize on some of these food types. However, an important difference between omnivorous rodents, such as A. leucurus, and herbivorous rodents may be the ability of the latter to survive on diets with lower dry-matter digestibilities. The N requirements of free-living A. leucurus were estimated based on a feeding trial with captives fed a protein-free diet. The results suggested that even though free-living small mammals have rates of energy expenditure two to three times basal, their N requirements can be reliably predicted based on laboratory measurements made under more basal conditions. The assimilable N requirement of free-living, adult, nonreproductive A. leucurus is about 500 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹. These ground squirrels require plant food with at least 13-16 mg N (g dry mass)⁻¹ for N balance if they consume only leaves. However, the small quantities of arthropods and vertebrate flesh which they consume throughout the year ensure that they are in N balance if plant N contents fall below that level.


This study aims to find out how to provide counseling services with problem-solving methods in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of student learning. The research is a counseling action research conducted in class XII MIA MAN 2 Kota Bengkulu. The data were obtained by using several instruments and techniques of data gathering, namely: interview, questionnaire and observation. In Cycle I, the problem-solving approach through discussion of how to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of learning is still not well implemented. In the discussion the students still have not dared to express an opinion, still does not look good cooperation. In Cycle II, through the guidance of supervising teachers / BK, students carrying out problem solving discussions have done well, besides through the discussion of learning problem solving approach effectively, students can find effective and efficient ways of learning


New more economic approaches are required to continue the dramatic exponential rise in collider energies as represented by the well known Livingston plot. The old idea of low cost, low field iron dominated magnets in a small diameter pipe may become feasible in the next decade with dramatic recent advances in technology: (1) advanced tunneling technologies for small diameter, non human accessible tunnels, (2) accurate remote guidance systems for tunnel survey and boring machine steering, (3) high T{sub c} superconductors operating at liquid N{sub 2} or liquid H{sub 2} temperatures, (4) industrial applications of remote manipulation and robotics, (5) digitally multiplexed electronics to minimize cables, (6) achievement of high luminosities in p-p and p-{anti P} colliders. The goal of this paper is to stimulate continuing discussions on approaches to this new collider and to identify critical areas needing calculations, construction of models, proof of principle experiments, and full scale prototypes in order to determine feasibility and arrive at cost estimates.


The purpose of this paper is of highlighting the link between motivation and job satisfaction. The research was started from a number of assumptions to show that the individual's expectations are related to motivation, while real rewards obtained by acts carried out are related to satisfaction. To achieve this goal was achieved an investigation on 68 employees using questionnaire method. The empirical basis of this paper is the interpretation' results of all answers, obtained from the applied within the company questionnaire.


Green Planet Blues: Environmental Politics from Stockholm to Kyoto edited by Ken Conca and Geoffrey D. Dabelko. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998. Pp.x + 352; notes. £22 (paperback). ISBN 0 8133 6882 0 The Struggle for Nature: A Critique of Radical Ecology by Josef Keulartz. London: Routledge, 1998. Translated by Rob Kuitenbrouwer. Pp.181; index. £40 (hardback); £13.99 (paperback). ISBN 0 415 18093 7 and 18094 5


This research addresses a number of issues related to surplus distribution in takāful. The first section is devoted to revisiting the main financial concepts related to the surplus such as underwriting surplus and profit. Modes of distribution such as pro-rata and offsetting will also be discussed in the light of equity principle advocated by the Sharīʿah. The second section deals with the major juristic views and doctrines delineated against and in favour of surplus distribution. Legal doctrines such as ownership or otherwise surplus after donation will be meticulously discussed and reviewed in light of the current practices of takāful operators. The last section deals with a general outline of Sharīʿah parameters in relation to equitable surplus distribution, followed by scrutiny of surplus distribution practices of a number of takāful operators both in Malaysia and the Gulf States. This article argues that, while it is strongly recommended to redistribute the surplus to the participants only, there are exceptional reasons supported by Sharīʿah evidence allowing takāful operators to share in the surplus.


This paper study domestic bamboo and rattan product market by ways of sampling,then analyze how the external and internal factors affect consumer behavior (the factors include sex,age,education,income,the zone's economics case where consumer live and if the zone gas abound bamboo and rattan resource.).Finally,this paper give some suggestion about how bamboo and rattan product improve it's competitive power.


To the mycotic diseases belongs the peculiarity that the same affections are produced by different species of fungi, and that the lesions produced are seldom so characteristic as to permit a clinical diagnosis without the aid of the microscope. Moreover, the morphology of the fungi is such that the sttudy of the organisms in a normal saprophytic environment (a culture medium) is often necessary for their identification. The fungi are commonly saprophytes, but occasionally adapt themselves to a parasitic life, depending a great deal on the environment. Their lifehistory, therefore, is of great importance practically as well as scientifically, because, as in the case of many other infections, especially the parasitic, a proper medium is necessary for the growth and multiplication of the parasite. Trauma, ulcerations, lesions of tuberculous or syphilitic origin, or any constitutional disorder, such as diabetes, are predisposing factors for the development of mycotic lesions. The essential transmitters of the mycelium or spores of the fungi are food in disintegration, water and air, but, occasionally, they may be transmitted by mosquitoes, fleas, bedbugs, etc. Considering the life-history and the mechanism of transmission it is absurd to think that in this country mycotic diseases are a rarity. The sooner we realize this and teach the laboratory workers the importance of recognizing the fungi, the more cases we will find of this infection, and the proper treatment be given in time. These affections are easily cured by iodine, if treated early. SUMMARY Two cases of blastomycosis are added to the Canadian literature. A description of the organisms isolated, with their cultural characteristics and the result of animal inoculations, is given. Stress is laid on early recognition and treatment.


Accident prevention is the key facet of road safety. As the number of road accidents in Bangladesh is rising exponentially, precautionary steps are required to prevent this from happening. Many researchers are working on accident prediction models that are commonly used in road safety research. Artificial intelligence (AI) is particularly important in many real-world applications where data are not consistent and are affected by random changes. In this work, we propose an AI-based driver vigilance system for assisting drivers with accident prevention. The system detects drowsiness of the driver from dash camera using the Convolutional Neural Network algorithm; detects anomalies in the heartbeat using two-layer long short term memory algorithm and detects over-speed using GPS and front camera. The suggested model uses a Neuro-Fuzzy controller to integrate these inputs and generates alerts and controls brakes if necessary using drowsiness, heartbeat and speed variables.


Through comparison and illustration of Changsha modern building development situation,which was illustrated with specific example as research object,at last,it pointed out that every city had its self growing history,and it was unique,which had important meaning for human understanding city context,cultural inheritance.


In this paper, the flow field distribution of reservoir was calculated by commercial numerical simulation software, and the concept of streamline cluster was proposed. By extracting the spatial coordinates and attribute parameters of streamline particles, the vector flow field characterization parameters of streamline cluster potential, streamline cluster flow rate and oil content of streamline cluster are formed respectively. The Lorentz curve is introduced to evaluate the seepage velocity of the grid and to form a characterization method of reservoir flow heterogeneity. Based on the idea of balanced seepage field, the reconstruction methods of "building flow field", "planting flow field", "compensating flow field", "transferring flow field", "steadying flow field" and "controlling flow field" are established for different seepage field characteristic regions, and it is proved by an example. The results show that the property of streamline cluster between injection and production wells can effectively measure the horizontal and vertical development potential and displacement intensity of the reservoir, and the flow heterogeneity coefficient represents the fluid distribution difference in different development stages of the reservoir. The vector flow field characterization method is applied to a block in GD oilfield and its development status is evaluated. The vector reconstruction method established in this study is adopted to adjust the characteristics of different flow field regions. After the implementation of the adjustment scheme, the injection-production correspondence rate increased from 78.6% to 92.4%, the water drive control degree increased from 69.2% to 89.7%, and the EOR increased by 5.16%. The effect was obviously improved.


The aim of this study was to investigate the preference of a leaf beetle to different Salix clones, and to relate this preference to plant chemistry. The preference of Gonioctena linnaeana Schrank (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was tested in cafeteria experiments using its host Salix triandra L. (Salicaeae) from three Swedish isolated populations and one Russian population from the main distribution range of the host. The leaves from the different host clones were used to analyse the content of phenolic glucosides and the amount of condensed tannins. The larvae did not show any feeding preferences for host clones from the population they originated from, but all Swedish host populations were preferred over the Russian host population. This suggests a preference for regional hosts. We analyzed whether leaf chemistry parameters may explain host plant preferences. Chemical analysis of the leaves showed that the quantities, but not the quality, of the phenolic compounds differed between populations. A Principal Component Analysis of the chemical data also highlighted a difference between the Swedish and Russian host plant populations. The two most important compounds separating Russian from Swedish clones were gallocatechin and salidroside. However, the difference in preference could also be a result of, for example, nutritional quality, water content, or leaf texture. The relative importance of these different factors should be evaluated in future experiments.


Interaction Between Markets Interesting developments are taking place in the energy exchanges between Argentina and Chile, illustrating the different issues involved as well as how competition can link both the gas and electricity businesses. Two examples make the point. From 1994 to 1996 a "war" developed between two natural gas pipeline projects that were to transport natural gas from southern Argentina to central Chile. It was locally known as "the war of the gasducts." The main actors were two Chilean privately owned generating companies, Chilgener and Endesa. Chilgener developed the GasAndes project with NovaCorp, the Chilean Gasco and others, for a 465 km pipeline crossing the Andes directly to Santiago, with $1 billion to be spent in transport and distribution. Endesa developed the Gasoducto Transandino project with Tenneco, British Gas, the Argentinean YPF and others, for a 8 I O km pipeline crossing the Andes directly from the gas fields in southern Argentina. The pipeline would then travel from southern Chile to Santiago, with $1.7 billion to be spent in transport and distribution. Wide and bitter discussions developed, state intervention was requested, the house of representatives resolved to favor the Endesa alternative. It was always clear that both projects would provide overcapacity; therefore both were not economically feasible. It did not help that there was no available regulation for gas exchanges between countries. Finally, agreements were signed between Argentina and Chile, lifting all limitations for exchanges, in practical terms governments stayed aside the competition, favoring market decisions. At the end, only the GasAndes project was built, and it will be bringing natural gas to Santiago on August 1997. It ensured contracts with several new combined cycle gas turbine generating plants, the first one starting operation at the end of 1997. Soon after, a new war started, "the gasduct-electric war." The same actors were involved, but new ones arrived. The matter at hand: northern Chile flourishing with mining developments that are thirsty of electric energy, demand growing at a pace of I 2 to 15 percent a year. Opportunities arise with abundant natural gas in northern Argentina. Two projects are formulated initially, the first one by ElectroAndes, lead by Chilgener, to provide an international electric transmission line and a second one by GasAtacama, lead by Endesa, to provide an international gas pipeline. Again, both are not economically feasible given the overcapacity they would provide. A third project is formulated later, Norgas, lead by Electroandina and Edelnor, also to provide a gas pipeline between the two countries, increasing uncertainty in the energy sector. The main characteristics of the three projects, all projecting a start of operations by mid 1999, are summarized in 928 km gas pipeline from Jujuy, Generate electricity with three natural Argentina to Mejillones, Chile, 8 million Argentina, to Tocopilla, Chile, 7 million gas combined cycle plants in Salta, cubic meters daily. Three natural gas Argentina, transmit 625 MW through combined cycle plants in Chile with 408 km 220 kV transmission line to total capacity 720 MW northern interconnected Chilean system 400 million dollars for pipcline, 100 million for secondary pipelines, 308 160 million dollars for transmission million for generating plants line, 300 million for generating plants 880 km gas pipeline from Salta,


Climate change is recognized as a significant man-made global environmental challenge and it is also treated as threat. It may alter the distribution and quality of natural resources. Considering the vulnerabilities of forests and irreversible impacts of climate change on forests, long term planning for forest conservation and management is the urgent need of the hour to ensure and maintain the long-term mitigation potential of forests. In this study multi-disciplinary literature review, interviews with researchers in a variety of related fields, and consultation meetings with selected practitioners at the national, regional, and local levels were conducted. The findings of study highlighted the current status of knowledge, strengths, gaps and constraints in research pertaining to climate change adaptation and mitigation aspects of forests in India.


Language and Decision Making Technology and hospice are sometimes believed to be opposite ends of a spectrum: either one is a hospice patient, thus avoiding technology, or one is a patient receiving "aggressive care," using all the options of technology, thereby precluding hospice. Hospice is often understood (or perhaps misunderstood, as will be explored in this article) as "all natural," and optimally provided without technology. Some institutions and healthcare providers even use the order, "Allow Natural Death" (AND), understood by some as a way to ensure the absence of technological interventions. Although an AND order is often used synonymously with DNR (do not resuscitate) or DNAR (do not attempt resuscitation), the intent is clearly different. One must question whether the intent is truly to allow a natural death (no medicines? no medication delivery mechanism? no blood transfusion?), or whether the intent is to circumvent a disphy who has been on a ventilator for more than 2 years. Because of increased muscle wasting and repeated infections, he and his family have elected hospice care. The family is having trouble finding a hospice that will accept James as a patient. They have been told several times that ventilators have no place in hospice care. Mr. Taylor is a 74-year-old with lung cancer, a history of alcoholism, and a 52 pack year history. Mr. Taylor had a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube inserted because he became short of breath with oral feedings. Recently, Mr. Taylor, now a hospice patient, has become increasingly cantankerous. He wants to stop using the PEG tube. "If I can't drink and I'm not supposed to smoke, then I don't want the tube." His family says he has been an alcoholic for many years and is not qualified to make this decision. The nurse says, "It's his decision." The nurse explains to the family Technology in Hospice: Is it a Contradiction?


The article is devoted to the solvent extraction of iron (III) from chloride solutions of iron subgroup elements by octanol-2, octanol-1, and their mixture in the ratio of 1 : 1. The influence of the salting-out ability of metal cations on iron (III) extraction was compared. It has been established that at a chloride ion concentration of 6 mol / dm3 the salting-out effect increases in the series Fe2+ < Co2+ < Ni2+.


This chapter responds to the contribution of Professor Ted Sichelman in the same volume by reconsidering the UK courts' method of determining patent scope. Using my earlier work regarding the role of eligibility as a determinant of patent scope as the departure point for that reconsideration, I argue that the theory of "patent eligibility scope" proposed in Sichelman's chapter runs against the grain of UK patent jurisprudence by virtue of its uncertain and open-ended policy nature, and is therefore unlikely to be accepted by the UK courts. On the other hand, recent UK cases such as Schutz v. Werit can be read as going to the other extreme by eschewing regard to policy that might limit the protection of the patentee. Such cases invite reconsideration of the UK courts' method of determining patent scope. Hence the aim of this contribution, which is to undertake such a reconsideration drawing on jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and (UK and European) copyright.


Fig 1 Portrait of Andreas Vesalius reproduced from the First Volume of the Edition published in 1725 by Jonn du Vivie and Jonn Herm Verbeek. We wish to o€er the reader of these historical articles an overview of the main research and advances made by those from various European countries who took part in the development of what has become the surgical specialty devoted to the human hand. Subsequent articles will describe in detail the respective contributions from each country. Many of these were made at a time when the European Union was still far from having achieved its present structure, but nevertheless when scienti®c progress (which does not recognize restraints and frontiers) bestowed a particular aura on our Continent. Of course some hand surgery is as old as surgery itself. We will not go back to prehistoric times, or to Egyptian and Greek antiquity, although Hippocrates (460±356 BC) gave useful advice about reduction and stabilization of wrist, hand and ®nger fractures and dislocations. Galen (131±201 AD) described hand infections and prescribed an unguent made with wax and oil in the 2nd century. Let us recall the major Arabic/Spanish civilization during the 10th and 11th centuries, and the contributions of Rhazes (?±966) and Ibn Sinha, or Avicenna (980±1036), whose knowledge reached our continent through Albucasis, who described a splint for metacarpal fractures. However, there was still no true ``Surgery of the Hand''. In the 16th century knowledge became more widespread through the work of Andreas Vesalius (1513± 1564; Fig 1), who was of Flemish origin and who began the great anatomical discoveries, of which we are still the bene®ciaries. Anatomy became based on precise dissection of human corpses rather than animals, such as the pig, which the successors of Galen had to be content with for more than 13 centuries because of religious restrictions. From then on, most anatomists were also surgeons, and it is interesting to mention various speci®c discoveries which, during the following centuries, resulted in a body of worthwhile knowledge and experience. We think of Ambroise Pare (1509±1590), father of French surgery, who recommended washing wounds with the pure water from springs and rivers (happy, unpolluted times!), and then with wine and vinegar. He also described hand infections, cited several cases of death through gangrene, designed arti®cial hands and also ®nger-straightening splints to be used after dividing badly contracted scars. He introduced the procedure of ligating arteries rather than cauterizing them. In the same period, a skillful German armourer created the well-known ``iron hand'' for the knight Goetz von Berlichingen (1480±1562), which enabled this formidable warlord to handle his sword as mightily as before the ®ght in which his right hand had been amputated.


Results. In patients with HP-aGDP the doubly severe reduction of urea concentration was observed in significantly greater number of patients, while half of the patients in the controls had an increase of its level by 10.4 %. The bilirubin concentration decrease was more pronounced (37.1 % vs. 3.5 %) and significant (P < 0.05) in patients with HP-aGDP. Its rate depended on the dynamics of urea exactly in patients with HP-aGDP and it was more pronounced in case of urea reduction (P < 0.05). Thus, the revealed association of bilirubin and urea levels changes, namely their decrease owing to the treatment, was inherent only to patients with HP-aGDP unlike to the patients with CAD. We also determined the involvement of lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, electrolytes, composition of blood in the processes of local and systemic inflammation caused by HP and its relationship with adaptive reactions, which generally depended on other individual characteristics of patients in the study group (age, duration of disease, ulcer size, etc.).


Coronal loops on the east limb of the Sun were observed by SUMER on SOHO for several days. Small flare-like brightenings are detected very frequently in the hot flare line Fe~{\small XIX}. We find that the relatively intense events are in good coincidence with the transient brightenings seen by Yohkoh/SXT. A statistical analysis shows that these brightenings have durations of 5-84 min and extensions along the slit of 2-67 Mm. The integrated energy observed in Fe~{\small XIX} for each event is in the range of $3\times10^{18}-5\times10^{23}$ ergs, and the estimated thermal energy ranges from $10^{26}-10^{29}$ ergs. Application of the statistical method proposed by Parnell \& Jupp (2000) yields a value of 1.5 to 1.8 for the index of a power law relation between the frequency of the events and the radiated energy in Fe~{\small XIX}, and a value of 1.7 to 1.8 for the index of the frequency distribution of the thermal energy in the energy range $>10^{27}$ ergs. We examine the possibility that these small brightenings give a big contribution to heating of the active region corona.


The paper is concerned with the numerical solution of Schrodinger equations on an unbounded spatial domain. High-order absorbing boundary conditions for one-dimensional domain are derived, and the stability of the reduced initial boundary value problem in the computational interval is proved by energy estimate. Then a second order finite difference scheme is proposed, and the convergence of the scheme is established as well. Finally, numerical examples are reported to confirm our error estimates of the numerical methods.


By cooperative twisting of alternating molecules from the adjacent columns, the structure and reaction kinetics of the photochromic compound 3-methyl-2-(2',4'-dinitrobenzyl)pyridine can be reversibly gated in a single crystal over a hysteresis gap of 10−11 K close to ambient temperature.


Aimed at the inertia wheel pendulum system with unknown parameters, a design method of controller based on adaptive control theory is proposed. Firstly, through coordinate transformation, the dynamic model of inertia wheel pendulum is transformed into the cascade form. And then, aimed at the problem of uncertain parameters, an adaptive controller is designed through an iterative idea of controller design based on the existent feedback controller of the inertia wheel pendulum system. Through the Lyapunov stability theory, it is proved that the proposed controller can make the inertia wheel pendulum with uncertain parameters keep the stable vertical up state. Finally, referring to a real inertia wheel pendulum, some simulation is taken using its physical parameters. The convergence and the swing-up and stabilization time under different parameters are analyzed. Simulation results show that the inertia wheel pendulum can swing up from the vertical down state to the vertical up state and stabilize using the proposed adaptive controller.


Surgical Department A and Medical Department, University of Zurich. Since October 1962 over 200 patients were subjected to aortic valve replacement with unmounted fascia lata cusps. The cardiologists of the University Clinics have regularly followed all patients. The results of the follow-up of the first 100 consecutive patients with isolated aortic valve surgery were analysed in October 1970, with an average observation of 31/2 years.' At that time (2-8 years after surgery) 72 patients were alive. Infectious endocarditis was a serious problem, causing 7 late deaths and two reoperations. There was, however, only one case of infectious endocarditis between 1967 and 1970.


Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the fourth largest crop in the United States. Changing trends to multipurpose uses increases demand for alfalfa. However, the production of alfalfa is challenged by endemic and emerging diseases and adverse environmental factors. Identification of genes/loci controlling biotic and abiotic stress resistance will facilitate breeding for improving alfalfa production. In the present investigation, we applied an integrated framework of genomewide association with high-throughput genotyping by sequencing for identifying genes/loci associated with Verticillium wilt (VW) and drought tolerance in alfalfa populations. An integrated pipeline for genotyping by sequencing was used for analyzing allelic variation in autotetraploid alfalfa. Marker-trait association by linkage disequilibrium identified a group of SNP markers significantly associated with VW resistance and drought tolerance, respectively. Alignment of their sequence tags to the reference genome revealed multiple chromosomal locations. Markers associated with VW resistance were located on chromosomes1, 5, 6, 7 and 8 (Fig.1). BLAST search using the flanking sequences of the resistance loci against M. truncatula genome identified candidate genes with disease resistance such as TIR-NBS-LRR protein and MDR-ABC transporter. Markers associated with drought tolerance were located in different chromosomal regions. Major loci identified in this work overlap with the reported QTLs in alfalfa. Our results have been published in peer-reviewed journals. Validation of resistance loci in a broad range of alfalfa populations has been conducting using high throughput strategies. Functional markers closely linked to the resistance loci or derived from functional genes will be developed and used for genomics-assisted breeding for alfalfa with improved resistance to the disease and abiotic stress.


Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by autoimmunity-driven damage and vasculopathy leading to fibrosis of the skin and internal organs (1). The Janus kinase (Jak) - signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway has been evidenced markedly activated in SSc patients (2, 3), and its inhibition has been proved in preclinical and clinical trials (4), but no data on Jak selective inhibition are available.To explore the effect of selective inhibition of Jak/STAT pathway in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SSc patients.In vitro Jak inhibition of the subunit 3 of phosphorylated (p) than activated STAT was measured by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SSc patients naïve to any immunosuppressive and/or corticosteroids (n.5). pSTAT3 activity was also assessed after stimulation with recombinant human 0.1 ng/ml IL-6 (Peprotech – NJ, USA). The PBMC were overnight incubated with IC50 concentrations of selective Jak1-, Jak2-, Jak3- and Tyk2-inhibitors (Biovision Inc. – CA, USA). Percentages of pSTAT3 positive cells were compared in presence of different compounds stimulation.After overnight incubation, percentage of pSTAT3 positive cells was significantly higher in CD14pos compared to CD4pos (16.3%; 95CI 10-22 vs 10.7%; 95CI 4--18, – p=0.02). pSTAT3posCD14pos cells were halved only by selective Jak3-inhibitor, while pSTAT3posCD4pos cells were reduced by 36% by selective Jak1-inhibitor. Selective Jak2- or Tyk2-inhibitors did not interfere with STAT3 phosphorylation in PBMC from SSc patients. After IL-6 stimulation, we observed a 2- and a 1.5-fold increase in percentage of pSTAT3posCD4pos and pSTAT3posCD14pos cells, respectively. pSTAT3posCD14pos cells were reduced in the PBMC co-culture with IL-6 and Jak-selective inhibitors, in contrast no effects were found in CD4pos cells. Specifically, selective Jak1- and Jak3-inhibitors reduced pSTAT3posCD14pos cells by an average of 37% and 25%, respectively. No effects were observed after co-culture with IL-6 and selective Jak2- or Tyk2-inhibitors.Jak/STAT3 pathway of PBMC from SSc patients with active disease may be differently modulated by specific inhibitors. Selectivity of Jak1- and Jak3-inhibitors seems more relevant, especially in CD14pos monocytes after IL-6 stimulation. These preliminary findings highlight some evidence for effectiveness of selective Jak-inhibitors in SSc treatment.[1]Benfaremo D, et al. Systemic Sclerosis: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines. 2022;10(1):163.[2]Talotta R. The rationale for targeting the JAK/STAT pathway in scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease. Immunotherapy. 2021;13(3):241-256.[3]Cacciapaglia F, et al. Phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) is highly expressed in CD14+ circulating cells of scleroderma patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(6):1442-1444.[4]Karalilova RV, et al. Tofacitinib in the treatment of skin and musculoskeletal involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis, evaluated by ultrasound. Rheumatol Int. 2021;41(10):1743-1753.None declared


Acoustic condition monitoring (CM) has a number of significant merits such as remote measurement and rich information content. In recent years it has been gaining increasing attention because of the rapid development in sensing and processing methods for interference noise suppression and demands for accurate CM. In this paper, a new acoustic detection scheme is investigated based on array technology. The scheme uses only a small number of microphones (about 5), which is easy and realistic to implement in CM, compared with conventional array applications. The capabilities of different small array configurations are studied theoretically in terms of detection accuracy and potential diagnosis capabilities. Numerical simulations have shown that a 5-sensor tetrahedron array produces high accuracy for source identification and fault detection. Based on this array configuration, an acoustic CM system is developed and embedded with array technologies, advanced signal processing and pattern recognition. Experimental results show that this system has a great potential in detecting machine faults in an industrial environment.


In the field of crowd estimation, most non-visual approaches confine their objective to only crowd counting, whereas there are a number of vision-based researches which can estimate both the number and location of people. By observation, we figured out that the WiFi channel state information (CSI) also contains the potential characteristics for both estimations. In this paper, we propose a user-device-free simultaneous crowd estimation system that enables both crowd counting and localization simultaneously, by WiFi CSI and Machine Learning. The originality of this study is that we leverage the CSI bundles as the source for extracting features that contain characteristics depending on the dynamic state (counting) and static state (localization). By experiments during three different-time sessions, we confirm that we could achieve up to 94% counting accuracy and 95% localization accuracy by k-fold cross-validation.


Summary. The effect of pH of the growing medium on germination and initial development phases of seedlings of four plant species: Festuca pratensis Huds. and Dactylis glomerata L., Trifolium repens L. and Medicago sativa ssp. falcata × ssp. sativa L. in hydroponic cultures was investigated. Hoagland growing media with pH: 6.5; 6.0; 5.5; 5.0; 4.5; 4.0 were used. In this study we determined the germination energy and capacity of the seeds, the length of green part and fresh and dry matter of seedlings after one month of growth. The obtained results were analysed statistically, which involved making the one-direction analysis of variance and building regression equations. A negative effect of the growing medium acidity on studied features of seedlings was observed, whereas in the case of germination it referred mainly to pH = 4.0. Reduction in pH had the greatest effect on seedling dry matter, particularly in the case of Trifolium repens and Medicago sativa.


In this study, we designed core/shell nanostructures (CSNs) of silicon dioxide (SiO2)/titanium dioxide (TiO2), which were decorated with gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs), to activate the visible light-driven photocatalytic reaction that is not feasible with only the SiO2@TiO2 CSN because there is no absorption in the visible wavelengths. The CSNs were simply synthesized by hydrothermal method. In the core/shell structure, TiO2 covered the SiO2 core surface, which acts as a template. The attachment of additional Au NPs inside or outside the core/shell led to absorbance in visible wavelengths of light from the Sun, from which most radiation comes with a spectrum peak at yellow wavelength, owing to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak at approximately 550 nm. The SiO2@Au@TiO2@Au CSN (0.01 g) decomposed 1% of methyl orange (MO) solution in 15 mL deionized water in 1 h under the visible light. The visible light-driven photocatalytic reaction was ascribed to the LSPR around the Au NPs that were deposited inner or outer the mesoporous TiO2 shell.


The anatomy and developmental dynamics of the nerve ring in the hypostome of Hydra oligatis were examined immunocytochemically with an antiserum against a neuropeptide and with neuron‐specifie monoclonal antibodies. The nerve ring is unique in the mesh‐like nerve net of hydra. It is a distinct neuronal complex consisting of a thick nerve bundle running circumferentially at the border between the hypostome and tentacle zone. Immunostaining showed that the nerve ring was heterogeneous and contained at least four different subsets of neurons. During head regeneration and budding, the nerve ring appeared only after the nerve net of ganglion and sensory cells had formed. Every epithelial cell is continuously displaced with neurons toward either head or foot in an adult hydra. However, the ectoderm in the immediate vicinity of, and including, the nerve ring constitutes a stationary zone that is not displaced. Tissue immediately above this zone is displaced toward the tip of the hypostome, while tissue below is displaced along the tentacles. Correspondingly, the production of new neurons in the ring as measured by their differentation kinetics is much slower than in surrounding areas. Thus, the nerve ring is static and stable in contrast to the dynamic features of the nerve net of hydra. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Combining with concrete project,the author discusses the protection measures of surrounding construction stage,construction stage based on root pile and surrounding SMW construction method,and the excavation stage on the residence house,describes the protection technology and management measures of deep foundation pit excavation on surrounding residential house,so as to decrease the influence of the deep foundation pit excavation on surrounding residential house.


This Resource Is a Time Magazine article about DEA harrassment of Dr. Richard Nelson in Billings Montana, and about the Reign of Terror DEA is waging against pain management physicians and their patients justified by very questionable DEA statistics claiming to show an 'explosion of prescription drug abuse.'


This paper attempts to offer a critical examination of the notion of student support in higher education in the UK. It compares some of the key ways in which student support is understood across the sector and contrasts a humanistic view with understandings driven more by instrumental and therapeutic concerns. The possible risks and effects that could be associated with these differing understandings are also examined. Against this background, consideration is additionally afforded to international students studying at UK universities. Finally, the paper identifies a number of questions worthy of institutional consideration.


Background and Aim:  Recent investigations demonstrate that adult stem cells may be targets for malignant transformation and that the stem‐like cells in diseased livers possess the capacity of tumorigenicity in animal models. The aim of this study is to examine expression patterns of stem‐cell markers in hepatitis B virus–associated cirrhotic livers and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), and to investigate the stem‐like cell capacity of tumorigenicity in these tissues.


Abstract In the fall of 2010 global development was again front‐page news, as the UN held a high‐level summit on the Millennium Development Goals and the Obama administration issued a new global development strategy. Religion is relevant to the development agenda in complex ways. Any effort to understand and improve the religion‐development nexus will entail a "top‐down" dimension (focusing on government policy) and a "bottom‐up" dimension (focusing on the perspectives and behaviors of religious actors themselves). This issue (winter 2010) of The Review of Faith & International Affairs brings top‐down and bottom‐up together in a common forum, offering a wide range of analyses and commentary from leading experts on this nexus.


Objective To study the therapeutic effect of retrogradle femur nail on fracture of distal end of femur. Methods Twenty-five patients with fracture of distal end of femur were treated with DFN internal fixation. Result All patients were followed up 9-30 months,showing a satisfactory treatment effect. Conclusion Internal fixation with DFN is effective to treat the fracture of distal end of femur.


Modern ICT infrastructures are getting complicated to cope with the various demands to accommodate the emerging technology paradigms such as cloud, SDN, and IoT. In these ICT infrastructures, unified monitoring is essential to easily pinpoint server faults, network bottlenecks, and application performance issues for effective operation. Although many traditional monitoring solutions are now available, unified monitoring has not kept pace, creating a big gap when operating these modern infrastructures. To address this particular limitation, in this paper, a futuristic multilayer visibility framework, denoted as SmartX Multi‐View Visibility Framework (MVF), is proposed by unifying the visibility of physical and virtual resource, flow, and workload layers for timely detection and mitigation of various operational issues. Based on our experience of working with Future Internet testbeds, we first design SmartX MVF to enable visibility collection and validation from distributed MPs. Then, we link it with subsequent visibility integration capability empowered by DataLake‐based visibility storage for interactive visualization of collected visibility. Furthermore, a prototype implementation of SmartX MVF is developed and deployed in OF@TEIN (ie, SDN‐enabled multisite cloud playground), to verify the proposed multiview visibility of fine‐grained flow‐aware physical‐virtual resources.


Isolation and identification flavonoid compounds in beluntas leaf (Pluchea indica L.) have been conducted. Isolation was carried out by using 96% p.a ethanol solvent of maceration extraction for 7 days and partition using n-heksana solvent to obtain concentrated beluntas leaf extract. The extract was purified by thin layer chromatography using eluent n-butanol : asetic acid : water (BAA) (4:1:5). Isolate 3, result from thin layer chromatography contain flavonoid compound. Ultra Violet - Visible spectra showed that the flavonoid compound was flavonol, with characteristic wavelengths from 250 to 280 nm for band II and 350-385 nm for band I. Keywords: beluntas, flavonoid, Thin Layer Chromatography, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer


PurposeThis paper presents a structured literature review of studies on IT-enabled organizational transformation to determine the state of the art and to identify areas for future research.Design/methodology/approachWe collect 201 academic publications on IT-enabled organizational transformation and analyze them from three perspectives: a publication perspective, a research perspective and a conceptual perspective.FindingsFrom a publication perspective, we identify and synthesize the seminal works to provide a brief history of research on IT-enabled organizational transformation. From a research perspective, we show that studies in this area have seldom been grounded in theory and have predominantly used qualitative approaches, while only a few studies have drawn from quantitative data. From a conceptual perspective, we show that most research has studied higher levels of transformation, especially process redesign.Originality/valueThis review presents the landscape of the literature on IT-enabled organizational transformation, which provides a foundation for future research.


Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is proven to be an effective treatment for psoriasis yet it needs to be carefully controlled since it is a widely known carcinogen. Due to the time-consuming, expensive and hazardous nature of clinical tests on actual patients, the range of possible values for the optimal regimen set has not yet been thoroughly explored. An agent-based model was constructed in order to study the complex role of UVR in psoriasis phototherapy, including possible contribution to the formation of skin cancers. The treatment progression of the simulated psoriasis undergoing UVR phototherapy was monitored weekly and compared with the corresponding clinical data. For model calibration, a single-objective optimization via genetic algorithm was employed that aimed to minimize the discrepancy between the model output and the expected clinical result. After fitting and validation, the model was then subjected to multi-objective evolutionary optimization using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) in order to suggest sets of optimal UVR phototherapy regimen for psoriasis taking into account the safety, clearance time as well as aggressiveness of the therapy. Results show a good model fit against clinical data and gave some plausible sets of dosimetry for UVR phototherapy that maximize its therapeutic efficacy while minimizing the associated skin cancer risk.


The objective of study is to implement an automated microwave based index to detect and monitor extreme soil wetness and flooding conditions on global scale. The proposed index is based on the Polarization Ratio (PR) that is determined from brightness temperature measures from the AMSR-E sensor. The Robust Satellite Technique (RST) is then applied to the PR to determine a Polarization Ratio Variational Index (PRVI) which is sensitive to extreme hydrological conditions in term of wetness but also drought conditions. The PRVI was determined at different frequencies ranging from the 37 GHz to the 6.9 GHz. The index was tested during extreme flooding events in Asia and Europe as well as in Northern America. The index was implemented globally using observation from passive microwave instruments. The analysis of the results on global scale shows that the index was sensitive to extreme hydrological event and that false alarms were mostly issued over northern snow covered regions only. This implies that the proposed index can be used to assess and delineate flooding conditions.


The memories of treasured objects are essential in giving life meaning. In the process of development in later adulthood, most changes involve significant loss including loss of physical and mental ability, loss of family and friends, and loss of possessions. Objects and their associated memories are especially important in maintaining an internal working model of self. This study explores the roles and functions of object memories in the lives of elders in a residential home. An interview process is used to examine the functions and memories of objects for elderly men and women. These objects and memories became the means of communicating the substance, meaning, and justification of a life history. Good long-term care facilities are places where the elderly are respected and allowed and encouraged to have personal items.


Independent work of students – students' work is planned, performed on the instructions of and with guidance of the teacher, but without the direct involvement of independent work of students is aimed at the development of creative abilities of prospective assignments, but require non-standard solutions, new knowledge and skills. Independent work suggests a lack of ready-made patterns and ways of solving problems. Improving the quality of education is not possible without a competent organization of independent work of students. This requires a form to choose extracurricular work to prepare methodological support, create goals and tasks for each work, a list of literature. As the students' independent work is the final stage of all learning activities, the teacher from the need to control the execution of the work and organize the monitoring of the work performed student.


In Rasa Shastra Hartal has an important place. It is mentioned under group Uprasa by many Acharyas.1 Best Hartal is Gold like in appearance, reddish yellow colour and heavy weight. It is formed of many thin layers, which are one upon another2. Hartal is a poisonous substance in which Arsenic is present. Hartal is of two kind : A) that which is obtained in Mines. B) that which is prepared at laboratory by the combination of Arsenic and Sulphur. Chemically it is As2S3 and called Orpiment in Morden, which is very important indigenous source of Arsenic. Purified Hartal destroys effect of Vitiated Vata, kapha, Rakta and Visha. It is helpful in curing the skin abnormalities, infectious fever (Bhoot Jwara), Shwas, Kasa, Kushth, Vatarakta, Visarpa. Thus the Purified Hartal is considered as a Rasayana. The cessation of menstrual bleeding can be observed even by the use of Hartal as a single drug.2


This paper looks at a number of approaches to health informatics that support decision‐making relevant to the integrated development and management of information systems with clinical and managerial practices in healthcare. Its main aim is to explore three such approaches for integrated development, the soft information systems and technologies methodology, participative simulation modelling and stakeholder analysis. A description of the health informatics research and development environment in the UK is given as necessary background to the paper. Organisational and social aspects are examined through these approaches including information and clinical process development, telemedicine, ethical issues of drug use and management, health policies and information management and strategies, tele‐education and modelling structures. In the conclusion the synergies between the three approaches are discussed and some principles are extracted for future research and development in integrated approaches to health informatics research.


This work was supported by the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government
(MEST) (No. 2011-0017373).


Community mental health is often viewed as an alternative to the more segregative forms of treatment/control that prevailed before World War II. It has been regarded as a self-determinate system best characterized by the notions of community care, community treatment, and community control. This paper takes issue with the more traditional understanding of community mental health. Drawing on a historical and political-economic analysis of the wider processes of social reproduction and social control and on a general theory of capitalist regulation, it identifies three processes- expansion, neutralization, and privatization-that link the rise of community mental health during the post-war period to basic tendencies of U.S. capitalist formation.


Acute Rheumatic fever (ARF) is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in the developing world. It is an immunological reaction to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus Pyogenes. It occurs 2-4 weeks after group A streptococcal pharyngitis due to the development of antistreptococcal antibodies that cross-react with antigens in various tissues of the body, especially cardiac and basal ganglia neuronal antigens. Clinical features of acute rheumatic fever include fever, joint pain, myocarditis, nodules in subcutaneous tissue, Erythema Marginatum, and chorea. Patients with immunodeficiency like mucocutaneous candidiasis are especially prone to recurrent mucocutaneous infections (tonsillopharyngitis, thrush, skin abscess), which can predispose to acute rheumatic fever and subsequent development of rheumatic heart disease over the years. Keywords: Acute rheumatic fever, chronic mucocutaneous syndrome, skin rash,


Abstract : The objectives of this program are to characterize the interfacial region in a variety of whisker and coated fiber reinforced glass ceramic matrix composites, and to study how the structure, chemistry, and bonding characteristics of the interface influence composite properties such as strength, toughness, and environmental and thermal stability. During the past year, efforts in the whisker composite area were focused on the investigation of whisker coatings such as carbon and BN on LAS glass ceramic matrix composite properties, fabrication and characterization of calcium aluminosicicate (CAS) matrix/SiC whisker composites, high resolution TEM studies of a variety of techniques, and the evaluation of SiC platelets as an alternate reinforcement to whiskers. Efforts in the coated fiber area were focused on the evaluation of yttria and BN coated NICALON fibers from General Atomics. Results of these studies are presented. Keywords: Ceramic composite interfaces, Whisker reinforced glass ceramics, LAS matrix SiC whisker composites, Coated fiber, Glass ceramic composites.


Islamic Shariah is complete but only the knowledge of Shariah may not be successful in terms of managing the personal and social affairs of the Muslims without planned integrated knowledge and education. The goal of integrated knowledge and education in Islam is to acquire the knowledge to manage 'self' that is one's personal life as well as the knowledge to manage 'system' that is one's surroundings and environment. The integration means the Islamic epistemological integration with the body of conventional knowledge, which should be taught in the Islamic education institutions to empower and to equip the learners with knowledge to manage 'self', and 'system'. The 'self' includes the personal and spiritual aspects of life while the 'system' refers to the socio-cultural, and interpersonal aspects of the life. Indeed, the learners of integrated education are important to build a civilization, which the Muslims did before. In order to regain the past Islamic civilization this paper suggests not to focus only on the learning the knowledge of Shariah but also to improve the Islamic integrated education which depends on proper understanding of the Quran.


In this study, we explore unsupervised methods and models for identifying city events from Instagram data. We combine the use of event keywords with expansions based on word embeddings to identify semantically related terms and seed events, then retrieve event-relevant posts. We apply LDA topic modelling method to the set of relevant posts to a given class of event to discover clusters of targeted events. The system helps us to shed light on the presence or absence of certain type of city events on Instagram posts in the region.


This paper aims to examine the powerful role of the father in a Greek-Australian family. The segments are taken from a study of family storytelling among three generations of Greek-Australian women. The women were involved in an interview conversation where the father and husband opted to participate. This uninvited participation and the forms of father participation are evidence of asymmetrical relations in male-female relationships. The aims of the analysis focus on demonstrating the various ways the father inserts his talk into the interview conversation. My study contributes to the studies of family discourse and family talk as well as providing insight into the micro level working of family politics. An interesting study on the hierarchical aspects of family discourse was carried out by Ochs and Taylor (1992). Their results indicated the prominence of the father in storytelling sequences in dinnertime conversations. Specifically, Ochs and Taylor have identified the father as the primary recipient of the children's stories. They also discussed the role of the mothers in initiating the storytelling of the children as well as the unwillingness of the children to narrate stories. The father is also described as the family "panopticon", a control tower positioning which places everyone under surveillance. My study elaborates the aspect of hierarchy in families through an analytic presentation of the powerful conversational role of the father in the interview. This study contributes to gender studies in discourse as well as to research on ethnic and more specifically Greek gender roles. Dubisch (1986) and Herzfeld (1991) have conducted cultural and sociological studies on gender asymmetries in Greek families. They have discussed the patriarchal character of the families and the silent role of women. Moreover, in the conversation analytic framework, Makri-Tsilipakou (1994a, 1994b) has examined disagreement, agreement and topic movement in male and female interactions and found significant differences. She found that men use face-threatening acts in their interactions whereas women use politeness strategies even in disagreement. Moreover, men use topic movement as a means of introducing opposition in the conversation whereas women use it to bring hostilities to an end (1994, p. 392). The presentation of the husband's contribution to the interview in this study will provide novel insight into Greek gender roles, through the scope of the unplanned interview. Although this analysis is based on single interaction, it forms an incentive for further research on Greek gender roles in interaction.


At the time of the 4th Dynasty, the reconstructed branches of authority are: the royal palace, the temples and the huge central administration that was subdivided into different agencies: the executive and juridical branch, the branch of works and expeditions, the archives, the treasury, the granary and the provincial administration. Administration seems to have evolved around the royal household: at the end of Dynasty 0 hardly more than the name of the king is necessary to indicate institution and product, and the two recognizable departments always sign together with the royal name. The royal household had to support all its members, not only the royal family, as well the royal mortuary cult. By the end of the 3rd Dynasty, the administration adapted to changing demands, sometimes gradually, sometimes with major restructuring. Keywords:4th Dynasty; administration; Egypt; nascent state


Reversible redox reactions which are followed by irreversible steps give often polarographic waves with drop life dependent shapes. A mathematical model is proposed which is capable to describe the change of the polarographic waves of quinoxalines, even at short drop lives and slow reactions of the irreversible step.


A monolithically integrated dual wavelength semiconductor laser for optical heterodyning is presented. We present a novel laser design which employs surface etched DBR gratings in order to obtain lasing at very narrow line widths.


Porous alumina supported iron composites were prepared through impregnation-reduction process.The phase identification and structural analysis of the samples were examined by X-ray diffraction technique,while the magnetic properties of the nanocomposites were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM) and 57Fe Mssbauer spectrometry.It was found that iron elements exist in the form of iron nanoparticles and superparamagnetic α-Fe2O3( 20 nm).From the 57Fe Mssbauer spectra,we found that after calination under hydrogen atmosphere at 600 ℃ for 3 h,59.9% iron elements changed into iron.Porous magnetic composites with various compositons,microstructures and magnetic properties can be prepared through impregnation-reduction prodecure.


From the mode of operation and the thought of design of the developed background software of the network server,a universal service platform oriented toward the application is designed,which can be applied in several industries,such as bank,securities business and telecommunication.Being expanding the design characteristics of the platform,such as high performance,high reliability,strong expansibility,good integration capabilities and the ability of Cross-Platform,the development technology based on this platform is introduced.Through testing,the developed universal service platform has reached the expected the requirements of design.Eventually,the information of the application of the universal service platform in securities business is introduced.


In this study we test the possibility that the asymmetry in the profiles of the H α and Ca ii K lines in red giant stars is due to the presence of an active chromosphere rather than to mass loss. To this end, we compare line profiles computed using relevant model chromospheres to profiles of the H α and Ca ii K lines observed in five red giant stars of the globular cluster NGC 2808. The spectra were taken with FLAMES during the science verification, using the UVES mode at high resolution ($R=43$ 000) for the H α  line, and GIRAFFE in MEDUSA mode ($R=20\,000$) for the Ca ii K line. We find that the observed profiles are better described if a negative (outward) velocity field is included in the model chromospheres. This leads to mass loss rates of a few 10 -9  $M_{\odot}$ yr -1 , so very close to the requirements of the stellar evolution theory.


Friction stir welding unit is described, designed for experimental works on the welding technology of large-sized items. Structural diagrams of the main units of the installation are presented. Technical characteristics of unit make it possible to obtain prototypes of weld made of aluminum AMg5 type alloy with thickness of up to 20 mm, with weld length of 2000 mm in the longitudinal direction and 1500 mm in the transverse direction. The maximum trans verse dimensions of the welded structures is 1500 Ѕ800 mm. The parameters of the welding process in real time are displayed on the control panel and recorded in the report: the values of the vertical force on the tool, the power consumed by the electric drive of the spindle and the horizontal force on the welding table in the direction of welding.


The national administration of Goryeo was led by King and bureaucratic cabinet according to the system. This government system reflects the idea of Goryeo's ruling class about the role and status between King and bureaucrat. This idea can be considered as the combination of King's supremacy in status and authority and bureaucrat's obedient role in national administration. First of all, the King was thought as being given the divine right. The person who sat on the throne must be given it, and this right was given to Wang geon(王建) and his descendents. So Providence idea that only Wang geon's descendents could become King appeared and it could be confirmed by the idea that the next King succeeded to his ancestor's royal authority. This ban that any other family line could not become King protected Goryeo dynasty. These ideas made the King as a superior being separated form his bureaucrat. The bureaucrats and people thought that the royal authority did not belong to them. So rebellion against royal authority or assassination of royal family were considered high treason. Moreover, the ruling class thought that only King had the real right of governing the nation, not bureaucrat cabinet. Especially, the rights of reward and punishment and personal promotion were considered King's unique rights. Goryeo's ruling class recognized the royal authority as the actual power, not just the abstract concept. The King was not only the highest governor but also the strong leader who controlled the national administration. But they did not admit the dogmatic ruling of King. They were always cautious about King's dogmatic decisions and at the same time criticised that the powerful bureaucrats controlled the national government on their own. Goryeo's ruling class expected that King owned the actual leadership in the national administration but criticised that King and some bureaucrats lopsidedly managed on their way. They also thought that King could control in the nation administration but also govern with his bureaucrats. The King was asked to treat his bureaucrat cabinet with proper manner. Its political meaning was that the King need to accept the bureaucrats' requests and arguments. So the King who followed this manner was recognized as the gracious King. These ideas that Goryeo's ruling class had were well-shown in Jeong-gwan-jeong-yo(貞觀政要), a book widely read among them. This book contained that the ruler could control the government but manage the administration harmoniously with the bureaucratic cabinet. It emphasized the ruler's moral training and virtue that accepted bureaucrats' requests and arguments. This book accorded with Goryeo's ruling class so was wide spreaded among them. They also adapted '3 minister 6 department system' from Dang to make their idea come real. As result, the political system of Goryeo was lead by King but the King governed the national administration with agreement of the bureaucratic cabinet. This political system attributed to stabilize politics in the early Goryeo period.


AbstractEpisodes of extremely strong northerly winds (known as etesians) during boreal summer can cause hazardous conditions over the Aegean Archipelago (Greece) and represent a threat for the safe design, construction, and operation of wind energy turbines. Here, these extremes are characterized by employing a peak-over-threshold approach in the extended summer season (May–September) from 1989 to 2008. Twelve meteorological stations in the Aegean are used, and results are compared with 6-hourly wind speed data from five ERA-Interim–driven regional climate model (RCM) simulations from the European domain of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (EURO-CORDEX). The main findings show that, in the range of wind speeds for the maximum power output of the turbine, the most etesian-exposed stations could operate 90% at a hub height of 80 m. The central and northern Aegean are identified as areas prone to wind hazards, where medium- to high-wind (class II or I according to the International Ele...


Housing price-income ratio is a common index for the use of measuring capability of housing consumes and level of housing price.Intelligently defining the Housing Price-Income Ratio will be beneficial to its effective application.It is also necessary to understand this ratio's functions and characters,which will serve the research,,policy making and business running on real estate.


In this paper, a new approach based on hybrid particle swarm-based-simulated annealing optimization (PSO-B-SA) for solving thermal unit commitment (UC) problems is proposed. The PSO-B-SA presented in this paper solves the two sub-problems simultaneously and independently; unit-scheduled problem that determines on/off status of units and the economic dispatch problem for production amount of generating units. Problem formulation of UC is defined as minimization of total objective function while satisfying all the associated constraints such as minimum up and down time, production limits and the required demand and spinning reserve. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can outperform the other solutions.


We have observed the internal structure of human hair shafts with a transmission Zernike phase contrast hard X‐ray microscope. Due to the high spatial resolution and the high contrast of the microscope, we could image scales, macrofibrils, medulla and melanin without staining. The structure of a black hair shaft is compared with that of a white one.


Pneumonia has been one of the important diseases encountered at the base hospital since the opening of Camp Pike. Table 1 represents the results of bacteriologic examinations of the sputums obtained from sixty patients admitted to the hospital during the months of February and March. The sputum was collected from the patients in sterile Petri plates and sent to the laboratory at once and plated on the surface of human blood agar plates without addition of glucose. The table shows the predominant organisms that developed on the plates and most of the other organisms found after forty-eight hours' incubation, along with the clinical types of the disease with which the bacteria were associated. The importance of the bacteria predominating in these sputums was substantiated in a number of cases by bacteriologic examinations of the blood during life and of the lungs after death. From the table it will be seen


The rapid assessment of rale of wear of engine parts by radioactive methods is proving of great value in connection with the testing of lubricating oils. The two papers below were presented at the recent Summer Meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers at Atlantic City, New Jersey, and show the advantages of this method over the more conventional physical and chemical wear tests.


A video signal compression system divides the compressed video data between providing the compressed video data in the frame group, and (12) compressed and in accordance with a predetermined hierarchy of the video codeword types (15A) and that (15B) priority channels. Data rate to be applied to each channel is determined by the frame-to-frame principle in accordance with the actual channel capacity remaining, not by 18, each frame group is determined by the ratio of data to control the two channel capacity.


Mathematical discipline contributes to the development of logical and algorithmic thinking and provides the basics of a specialist in Technical Sciences, as every engineer considers technical and scientific representations in mathematical terms, with which reflects the quantitative and qualitative features of the phenomena studied . His goal is to make the engineer master the mathematical apparatus to do so able to model and analyze the technical, economic, productive and scientific processes using both, analytical methods and numerical. Interdisciplinarity is a current educational trend that puts in the center the comprehensive treatment of the complex processes of reality from the contribution of different disciplines and meet common objectives. It is necessary to address the issue of interdisciplinarity, from different points of view. Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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This paper presents a systematic approach to the optimum placement of direction finding (DF) antennas in a harsh platform environment. A circular array with omni-directional elements is considered for azimuthal direction of arrival (DOA) estimation based on the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm. The element positions are optimized by the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) in conjunction with the FEKO electromagnetic simulator. The proposed approach is first tested with a generic platform shape. It is then extended to a more realistic military aircraft model with a strong scattering object. The optimized results show a significant performance improvement over the uniform circular array in both platform environments.


The average fluorescence lifetime of GFP in solution is a function of the refractive index of its environment. Here, we demonstrate that this also appears to be the case for GFP-tagged proteins in cells. Using TCSPC-based FLIM with a scanning confocal microscope, we image GFP-tagged proteins in fixed cells in different media. We find that the average fluorescence lifetime of GFP in cells is shortened, as glycerol or sucrose are added to the medium. This is the case for GFP-tagged MHC proteins with the GFP located inside the cytoplasm, and also for GPI-anchored GFP which is located outside the cell membrane. We observe a linear relationship between the inverse average lifetime of GFP in fixed cells and the square of the refractive index of the medium. Implications of this phenomenon when using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy will also be discussed as a shortening of the lifetime is seen close to the glass prism used to produce the evanescent wave in TRIF.


Consumer interest has been moving progressively toward local regional clothing products in many countries. Hence, this study endeavours to examine consumer perception and purchase intention, and their interrelationship in the context of regional clothing products. A framework built on the basis of a C-A-B model and a questionnaire were used to collect data through online and offl ine sources. The proposed model was empirically evaluated based on 407 respondents. The results reveal that both consumer perception and the perceived value of regional clothing products have a positive infl uence on consumers' purchase intentions, while perceived value also plays a role in the purchase process. Nevertheless, word-of-mouth plays a predominant role among other infl uential factors of consumer perception, such as uniqueness and regionality.


In Ukraine, cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linneus) annually occupies about 20 % of the total area of all vegetable crops sown in the open ground or 52.6 thousand hectares. The main reason that significantly reduces the quantitative and qualitative indicators of this vegetable crop's main valuable economic traits is the high incidence of commercial crops with diseases, especially downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk & M.A. Curtis) Rostovtsev). Since 1985 in Ukraine, this cucumber disease in the open ground on nonresistant varieties has continuously had intense development, in some years the development – by the type of epiphytotic. Simultaneously, the shortage of commercial yield of this vegetable crop due to the defeat of this disease under the field conditions can reach the level of 50–80 % or more, seed loss – 25–70 %. One of the main reasons for significant losses of commercial yield and seeds of gherkin cucumber under the conditions of its cultivation in the open ground is recognized as the high susceptibility of samples to some diseases, particularly downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rostovtsev). Unfortunately, this problem has remained relevant for Ukraine over the past few decades. So, obtaining the initial material of a gherkin cucumber with a harmonious combination in the genotypes of a complex of various valuable economic characteristics (yield, quality, resistance to diseases, chemical substances content, suitability for various types of processing) and creating a modern competitive, innovative product (variety, hybrid) on its basis remains a relevant and priority task for domestic agricultural science at present. At the same time, scientists have proved that introducing complex (integrated) systems into production, which expect the biologization of protection with its transfer to an ecological and economic basis, is recognized as the most promising today. We suggested using resistant varieties (hybrids) in such integrated systems that provide the highest economic effect.


The present invention relates to a wound pad with an inorganic antimicrobial agents alone. This wound pad with an inorganic antimicrobial agents include antimicrobial single layer and a waterproof layer, and in contact with the drug layer, wherein the antibacterial layer provided with at least one inorganic antimicrobial material, the waterproof layer is provided on the lower surface of the pad alone, the drug exposure single-layer pad disposed on the upper surface of the inorganic antimicrobial material having bacteriostatic antiviral effect is most pronounced, low cost, choice of many good antibacterial effect which was prepared to coat the material, embedded or otherwise layer surface or inside or integral synthesis, this bedding mat having a single antibacterial effect of. The present invention has an extremely outstanding effect of antimicrobial resistance, to provide a safe, sterile environment for the contact surface of the patient's recovery, the ability to select the highlighted bactericidal antibacterial inorganic antibacterial composition as an antibacterial material, such products is extremely powerful antibacterial effect trauma need long-term bed rest for a variety of reasons use.


A method is developed to approximate the bearings-only orbit determination likelihood function using a Gaussian mixture to incorporate information about an admissible region. The resulting probability density function can provide the a priori information for a Gaussian mixture orbit determination filter. The new technique starts with a nonlinear batch least-squares solution. The solution enforces soft constraints on an admissible region defined in terms of minimum periapsis and maximum apoapsis. This admissible region information can compensate for poor observability from a short arc of bearings-only data. Although this softconstrained solution lies in or near the admissible region, it does not characterize that region well. It provides a starting point to develop a Gaussian mixture approximation of the batch least-squares likelihood function as modified through multiplication by a finite-support function that is zero outside the admissible region and equal to one in that region. This Gaussian mixture is optimized to fit the resulting probability density in the 2-dimensional subspace of position/velocity space that has the most uncertainty. This optimal fitting allows the Gaussian mixture to use a low number of mixands while fitting the finite-support probability density function well. By approximating the product of a finite-support function and the original likelihood function, the new method gains the capability to transition smoothly between regimes where the admissibility constraints dominate, i.e., high-altitude/short-measurement-arc cases, and those where they are irrelevant, i.e., low-altitude/long-measurement-arc cases.


This paper introduces string microfluidics (SM), which consists of stretchable strings trapping discrete microdroplets within a porous matrix, and the realization of elementary microfluidic operations such as droplet formation, transport, splitting, merging, and mixing by moving and stretching the strings. While performing these operations, SM was shown to be compatible with colorimetric biological assays. SM represents a new form of microfluidics that integrates the concepts of thread microfluidics and digital microfluidics, along with mobile or reconfigurable microfluidics where liquid transport is realized by manipulating the substrate.


The "in-close" and autocorrelation properties of signals with multiple linear FM segments are described by an approximate analysis that yields physical insight into the mechanisms determining the matched filter outputs for these types of signal functions.


Combining the classical "push-pull factors" and the "Lucas paradox" theoretical approaches, and taking into account the relationship between components of capital flows -through Three Stage Least Square (3SLS) estimations-, this paper shows that physical infrastructure and financial development positively affect Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and portfolio investment in developing countries. The analysis highlights the importance of non-linearity effects when assessing the role of financial development for portfolio investment inflows. Lax monetary policy and excessive credit provision could weaken the financial system and significantly reduce portfolio investment flows in long-run. The results also show that for Sub-Saharan African countries, better physical infrastructure tends to attract more FDI.


The biggest concern of a project manager is to identify the proper sequence of activities during project planning and execution so that he or she can appropriately arrange the necessary resources under limited resource availability. The purpose of this article is to develop an approach for identifying the most likely activity sequence in a resource-constrained stochastic network. The approach consists of two stages. The first is a procedure to construct a scenario tree. In the procedure, we integrate a large enough number of sets of feasible activity sequences into a scenario tree. Each set of feasible activity sequences is generated by resource-constrained, deterministic project-scheduling problems with a configuration of randomly generated activity durations. The second stage is a backward-pruning procedure subsequently adopted to eliminate the worse branches from the scenario tree according to a specific objective function. This procedure leads to a reduced scenario tree, on which basis the most likely activity sequence can be easily identified. For demonstration purposes, a simple network example is considered.


Why did some African smallholders adopt cash crops on a considerable scale, while most others were hesitant to do so? This study sets out to explore the importance of factor endowments in shaping the degrees to which cash crops were adopted in colonial tropical Africa. We conduct an in-depth case study of the 'cotton revolution' in colonial Uganda to put the factor endowments perspective to the test. Our empirical findings, based on an annual panel data analysis at the district-level from 1925 till 1960, underscore the importance of Uganda's equatorial bimodal rainfall distribution as an enabling factor for Uganda's 'cotton revolution'. We also provide evidence at a unique spatial micro-level, by capitalizing on detailed household surveys from the same period. We demonstrate that previous explanations associating variegated responses of African farmers to cash crops either to the role of colonial coercion, or to a distinction between 'forest/banana' and 'savannah/grain' zones cannot explain the widespread adoption of cotton in Uganda. We argue, instead, that the key to the cotton revolution were Uganda's two rainy seasons, which enabled farmers to grow cotton while simultaneously pursuing food security. Our study highlights the importance of food security and labour seasonality as important determinants of agricultural commercialization in colonial tropical Africa.


Part I. Mapping a Hybrid World: 1. Introduction 2. A world of legal conflicts Part II. Retreating from Hybridity: 3. The limits of sovereigntist territoriality 4. From universalism to cosmopolitanism Part III. Embracing Hybridity: 5. Towards a cosmopolitan pluralist jurisprudence 6. Procedural mechanisms, institutional designs, and discursive practices for managing pluralism Part IV. Conflict of Laws in a Hybrid World: 7. The changing terrain of jurisdiction 8. A cosmopolitan pluralist approach to choice of law 9. Recognition of judgments and the legal negotiation of difference 10. Conclusion.


Objective To study β-AR density relativity between porcine myocardial tissue and circulating lymphocytes and clinical significance .Methods 48 porcines(seven months old),were taken a few of myocardial tissue and peripheral blood.Assay β-AR density with radioactive isotope to study the relativity.Results Scatter plot of β-AR density circulating lymphocytes and myocardial tissue showed linear Correlation(r=0.845,P<0.001 Y=0.002527X+0.726).Conclusion There was obvious correlation on β-AR density in circulating lymphocytes and myocardial membrane of pigs.Determination of β-AR density in circulating lymphocytes can reflect alteration of that in myocardial tissue.Therefore,we can use it to monitor and investigate self-induced and drug-induced β-AR changes.


Ritual Dynamic of Tarekat Sammâniyah in Palembang. Study of ritual and teaching of tarekat Sammâniyah has been reraly observed by many scholarly people. To find its publication on scientific literatures is still hard;a different publication from other sufism sects such as Qadiriyah, Naqsabandiyah, and Syattâriyah that can be faund easily. Whereas, historically, the Sammâniyah sect had been a formal school of Sufism in various Islamic Nusantara Sultanates such as in Palembang (South Sumatera), Banjar (South Kalimantan), Goa (South Sulawesi),and Siak (Riau). The analysis used in this study is continuity and change approach as well as analysis of critical and phenomenological exegesis. It was concluded that Sammâniyah sect of Sufism in Palembang consisted of processof baiat, suluk, legalization, expression of gratitude to God, brideprice, zikir, and Ratib Sammâniyah


Source Citation The Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group. Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 22;325:525-32.


Fig. I-Methodology of pseudo polarography. (a) The potential application scheme for the DPASV runs [Dt = deposition time (I HO s). Et = equilibration time (20 s), scan rate = 5 mVIs, drop radius = 0.042 cm. deposition potential step 20 to 50 mY. (b) Stripping current profiles at various deposition potentials. (c) Pseudopolarographic wave obtained by plotting deposition potentials vs stripping currents


TECHNICAL FIELD: The reinforcing fiber sheet as a reinforcing material of the fiber-reinforced composite material is prepared by spreading the aggregate fiber. Technical problem: to provide a spreading device smoothly to spread the sheet from the set fibers of the reinforcing fiber. Solution: opening section (25), provided with a plurality of support members (254) arranged in a planar or arcuate shape at a predetermined distance along the moving direction of the single or aggregate fiber, support member (254) by opening by the front and fluid in the front, with improved open 繊効 rate. Main applications: aerospace, land transportation, marine, construction, civil engineering, industrial parts, such as sporting goods.


Background: Insomnia patients often report cognitive impairment.
 Diagnostic criteria for insomnia also imply the presence of neuropsychological deficits.
 Research, however, remains equivocal regarding this matter. The objective of this study was to
 investigate neuropsychological functioning in insomnia. Methods: Thirty-six participants
 diagnosed with insomnia were closely matched for gender, age, years of education, and ethnicity
 to a control group of 36 normally sleeping community contacts. All participants completed a
 valid, reliable and standardized insomnia questionnaire and a neuropsychological testing
 battery, which included measures of executive functioning (WCST, color-word and trails subtests
 of the DKEFS) and working memory (Letter Number Sequencing and Digit Span subtests of the
 WAIS-IV). Findings: Results pointed toward a mild executive functioning and working memory
 deficit in insomnia patients. Discussion: Results can be interpreted within the framework of
 "compensatory effort" and increased "mental load". Tasks of increased "mental load" may be more
 suitable for revealing cognitive difficulties in insomnia. Clinical implications include
 establishing more refined diagnostic criteria for insomnia and offering appropriate treatment
 for patients in high-risk occupations, where impairment may lead to accidents and lower work
 productivity.


The article is devoted to the study of the main works of the 19th century on the problem of relations between Russia and Kabarda in the 16th–19th centuries. In accordance with the ideological orientation of historiographic sources, the author conditionally identified two main directions in the pre-revolutionary study of this topic: conservative (officially protective) and liberal. Representatives of the conservative direction of pre-revolutionary Caucasian studies substantiated the thesis about the exclusive role of autocracy in public life and the need to conquer the North Caucasus to ensure the protection of Russia's state interests. This trend includes the works of N. M. Karamzin, P. P. Zubov, R. A. Fadeev, N. F. Dubrovin and other authors. In the studies of representatives of the liberal current of scientific thought of the 19th century, based on the social ideals of freedom and equality, attention was focused on the mutually beneficial and allied nature of the Kabardian-Russian historical ties, which required the search for peaceful, alternative to military, ways to join the peoples of the Caucasus. This direction is represented by the works of S. M. Soloviev, S. M. Bronevsky, N. F. Grabovsky, V. A. Potto, S. A. Belokurov, I. Atazhukin, Sh. Nogmov, Khan-Girey and others.