An extensive review of the intrusion detection system (IDS) is presented in this paper. Previous studies review the IDS based on the approaches (algorithms) used or based on the types of the intrusion itself. The presented paper reviews the IDS based on the goal of the IDS (accuracy and time), which become the main objective of this paper. Firstly, the IDS were classified into two types based on the goal they intend to achieve. These two types of IDS were later reviewed in detail, followed by a comparison of some of the studies that have earlier been carried out on IDS. The comparison is done based on the results shown in the studies compared. The comparison shows that the studies focusing on the detection time reduce the accuracy of the detection compared to other studies.


Sensor networks are wireless networks that are capable of obtaining and processing physical world information from scattered sensor devices. Its performance is largely constrained by limited power, slow processor, and less memory in each device. Recently, a data-centric scheme called directed diffusion has been proposed to provide efficient data transmission over sensor networks. In this paper, we enhance this scheme by a hierarchical aggregation technique. Experiments demonstrate that our enhanced scheme can save transmission energy to 50% over directed diffusion. Moreover, with the principle of parent selection embedded, our enhanced scheme can obtain higher reliability and provide more applicable data aggregation.


Teachers,as the main undertakers of the systematic school education,were ever praised and had different good titles.But now,teachers feel pressed and are faced with all kinds of confusion.Many reasons such as the pluralism of the value system,multiple meanings of education,doubt and anxiety of teaching behavior,will lead to the decline of the teaching courage of teachers.At the same time teachers still take courage and move on.


Parametric array for audio applications is analyzed by numerical modeling and analytical approximation. The nonlinear wave equations are used to provide design guidelines for the audio parametric array. A time domain finite difference code that accurately solves the KZK (Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov) nonlinear parabolic wave equation is used to predict the response of the parametric array. The time domain code relates the source size and the carrier frequency to the audible signal response including the output level and beamwidth to considering the implementation issues for audio applications of the parametric array, the emphasis is given to the frequency response and distortion. We use the time domain code to find out the optimal parameters that will help produce the parametric array with highest achievable output in terms of the average power within the demodulated signal. Parameters such as primary input frequency, audio source radius and the modulation method are given utmost importance. The output effect of those parameters are demonstrated through the numerical simulation.


Positioning patients during the perioperative period is a common event to anesthesiologists. A variety of complications may arise during this cumbrous moment. We describe a rare circumstance that we came across immediately after changing the posture of a pediatric patient at the end of thoracic spinal surgery. A total occlusion of the combined heat-moisture exchanger (HME) and bacterial/viral filter was responsible for breathing circuit obstruction. The use of the combined HME and bacterial/viral filter is not entirely riskless during general anesthesia.


In this paper the major causes of extravagant price competition in coal market are analyzed . The effect of evaluation of competition superiority of coal enterprises on regulating coal market and enhancing competition ability is also found. A set of evaluation targets is put forth to evaluate competition superiority of coal enterprises with regard to the characteristics of coal industry. A model based on fuzzy selection for multi-objective decision-making system is applied to evaluate competition superiority of 5 coal enterprises. The evaluation result can help find out the difference of competition superiority between coal enterprises and their practical competition situation. It can also indicate the stratagem for coal enterprises to adopt market and enhance their competition ability.


The treatment of tuberculous-joint disease has long been a disputed question, and the profession is not today agreed on a uniform plan of action. Many methods of treatment have been advanced and these methods have been supported and resupported by long series of statistics and by thoroughly credible reports of results. When the complete review has been made it seems to me that we must conclude that there is no one correct line of treatment for tuberculous-joint disease, but that the method selected must depend on the nature and stage of the lesion, the age and social position of the patient, facilities for treatment, the individual experience of the physician in charge, or that results must be accomplished by a combination of all available methods. Treatment by rest, diet and in favorable hygienic conditions, by Bier's congestion hyperemia, by iodoform injection, by vaccine therapy and by cutting operations must each


The effect of reducing beat of producting line of colour TV on incyeasing economic benefit and the key elements to affect the beat are discussed in this paper. The design way which could reduce the beat to 25s. is presented.


Although it is not clear that Deleuze and Guattari were simply and unambiguously Jungians, they extensively engaged with Jung's depth psychology in both affirmative and critical ways. It is striking that Deleuze expresses a strong affinity between his work and that of Jung in several texts; Jung's influence on Deleuze has not tended to be emphasised by scholars, though there is a rapidly growing 'Jungian turn' in Deleuze and Guattari studies. This article briefly extracts the influence of Jung on Deleuze and Guattari and, more extensively, explores profound resonances between Deleuze's Difference and Repetition and James Hillman's Re-Visioning Psychology.


Abstract After outlining the predominant approaches which currently inform student counselling a case is made for adopting a developmental systemic paradigm, locating individual difficulties within the context of a family dilemma. The view is taken that family systems thinking and individual approaches can be complementary and that systemic work need not be restricted to formal family therapy and the technology this implies.


The performance of an organism's feeding apparatus has obvious implications for its fitness and survival. However, the majority of studies that focus on chondricthyan feeding tend to address muscle function and the movement of cranial components, while the role of teeth has largely been ignored, despite the fact that they shark teeth vary greatly in morphology and are instrumental in prey procurement and processing. Studying the functional morphology of shark teeth not only elucidates the biological role that teeth play in feeding, but also provides insight specifically into the evolution of shark and vertebrate feeding. In this study, I investigate the performance of two general categories of extant teeth, tearing-type and cutting-type, as well as three fossil morphologies. The goals of this study are to: (1) Determine the forces necessary for individual teeth to penetrate a variety of fish and crustacean prey representative of shark diets; (2) Determine what differences in penetration force and efficiency occur among tooth types; (3) Compare performance between different cutting regimes for a given tooth morphology and (4) Determine which morphological aspects, if any, of tooth shape are predictive of tooth performance. To determine the loads experienced by shark teeth during puncture and unidirectional draw, teeth from ten extant shark species and three


In this revision we outline the group theoretical approach to formulate and solve the eigenvalue problem of the Dirac operator on the round 2-sphere conceived as the right coset S2 = SU(2)/U(1). Starting from general symmetry considerations we illustrate the formulation of the Dirac operator through left action or right action differential operators, whose properties on a right coset are quite different. The construction of the spinor space and the solution of the spectral problem using group theoretical methods is also presented.


Provided prop-2-en-1-one here - the novel compound (E) -1- (pyridin-4-yl) -3- (7- (trifluoromethyl) quinolin-2-yl) . (E) -1- (pyridin-4-yl) -3- (7- (trifluoromethyl) quinolin-2-yl) - prop-2-en-1-one was surprisingly superior in vitro and in vivo efficacy and possess pharmacological properties and are inhibitors of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase / fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3). Methods of using the compounds pharmaceutical comprising the composition and treatment of cancer and tumors in vivo, as well as the compound in inhibiting glycolytic flux and PFKFB3 enzymatic activity in a cell are also provided.


Based on the theory of electromagnetic field, the Marine heavy oil electromagnetic induction heater uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to realize the energy conversion and transfer, so as to heat the heavy oil to the inlet temperature to achieve the purpose of heating.By means of electromagnetic induction, eddy currents are generated on the tubing wall under the action of a magnetic field. The wall of the heated oil pipe conducts heat energy to the heavy oil in the pipe. In this heating mode, the coil is directly around the oil supply unit pipeline of the ship for heating, and the heating effect depends on the heating electromagnetic field.Therefore, to study the electromagnetic field and its influencing factors of heavy oil electromagnetic induction heating is the premise of designing heavy oil electromagnetic induction heater.In this paper, the magnetic induction intensity generated by the electromagnetic induction heater with different pitch is analyzed theoretically, and simulated and optimized by COMSOL Multiphysics software.


Quantitative MRI (qMRI) allows assessing cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) on a microstructural level, where cortical damage has been shown to prolong T1‐relaxation time and increase proton density (PD) compared to controls. However, the evolution of these changes in MS over time has not been investigated so far. In this pilot study we used an advanced method for the longitudinal assessment of cortical tissue change in MS patients with qMRI in comparison to cortical atrophy, as derived from conventional MRI.


The finite element analysis is used for general experimental mechanics of materials. By analyzing numerical value of finite element in ANSYS software platforms, the corresponding stress, strain data and deformation diagram will be obtained. This lays a foundation for academic research of experiment. This paper compares the conventional electric method with finite element analysis by the normal-stress distribution of pure bending beams experiment. The comparing shows that the experimental results of the two methods are uniformity. In this paper, the study provides an effective way to experimental mechanics of innovative research.


New experiments are described in which the gas phase hydrogen/ deuterium (H/D) exchange kinetics is studied for multiply-protonated cytochrome c ions with +10 to +17 charges. The experimental technique involves electrospray ionization (ESI) combined with a fast-flow method. Experimental results are presented including (1) average rate constants for H/D exchange, (2) overall decay kinetics of the reactant ion, and (3) sets of profiles for consecutive deuterium exchanges as a function of the flow rate of ND 3 as the deuterating agent. The maximum number of exchanged hydrogen atoms and the exchange rate are observed to increase with increasing charge. The +13 state demonstrates special reactivity with a reactant ion decay constant of 2.5 × 10 - 9 cc/molecule.s. Further insight into the H/D exchange mechanism is anticipated upon analysis of the data with a newly developed algorithm for extracting site-specific rate constants from profiles for H/D exchange in gas phase protonated amino acids, their clusters, and peptides. The algorithm minimizes the mutual entropy or the Kullback-Leibler information divergence between the observed concentrations and a chosen model.


This article is a commentary on the methodology used by Kestenbaum in detecting married couples in the US. First the authors considered Kestenbaums efforts in conducting parallel analyses on this subject using the data sets of the Social Security Administration and his ability to confirm the main points of the argument. Likewise the authors acknowledge Kestenbaums insight that the cross-reference file can be used to link classes of husbands and wives beyond the higher-earning spouse who predeceases the lower-earning spouse which the authors in their original article presented as prototypical. Finally Kestenbaum s projections of total efficacy in couple rate detection are emphasized. The authors pointed out that his estimates of overall detection efficacy are higher compared to their original estimates through 9 years of follow-up. Nevertheless they stand by their original contention that the methods discussed in Iwashyna et al. (1998) offer a powerful tool in obtaining very large samples of linked married couples.


Characterization of the small scale ice sheet topography of Antarctica and Greenland Benjamin E. Smith Chair of Supervisory Committee: Professor Charles F. Raymond Department of Earth and Space Sciences In this dissertation I analyze and model the characteristics of small-scale, dynamically supported topography. I develop a method for mapping spatial variations in the Fourier spectra of ice-sheet surfaces from elevation data measured along linear tracks. I find that there are characteristic patterns in these spectra, and that the shape of the spectra is largely determined by the local ice thickness, while the overall spectral amplitude is determined by the local surface slope and by bed roughness. I explain the broad features of the spectra and their variation with a model that describes the ice-sheet bed as isotropic red noise, and describes the ice flow dynamics with a perturbation analysis of flow of a viscous, Newtonian fluid. I further develop this model to take into account variations in the viscosity of the ice due to the nonlinear viscosity of flowing ice, and find that the patterns of surface topography are broadly consistent with expected variations in viscosity. Next, I analyze map-view variations in ice-sheet surface slopes, and find that there is a characteristic anisotropic pattern in surface slope variations that is common to Antarctica and Greenland. These variations are also consistent with a perturbation model of ice flow, which I use to show that the pattern of surface slopes may be useful in identifying areas where the ice is sliding rapidly at the bed. Finally, I analyze a two-year time-series of elevation measurements from the Ross Embayment in West Antarctica, detecting small but significant rates of elevation change throughout the region, with unexpectedly large rates of change in a few areas.


Three different thermo-mechanical strategies—annealing, strain recrystallization and strain annealing—were applied to a Nb-stabilized 304H austenitic stainless steel in order to study their effects on grain boundary character distribution (GBCD). An Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed specific combinations of cold reduction-temperature-time that favor annealing twinning. A uniform increase in microstructural size and special boundaries (particularly for Σ3, Σ9 and Σ27 boundaries) was achieved under strain annealing conditions (low cold reductions) and long times at high temperatures (≥ 990°C). These conditions provide a high fraction of special boundaries (about 80%), which replace the random grain boundary network and thus optimize the GBCD. The profuse presence of Σ3n boundaries is attributed to the geometric interaction of twin-related variants during grain boundary migration. In addition to all this, precipitation takes place at the temperature range where optimum GBCD is achieved. The significance of precipitation in the different strategies was also tackled.


Agriculture sector plays a remarkable role in the economy of Haryana as it is chiefly an agrarian economy. More than 50% of the number of residents of the state is straightforwardly or in a roundabout way relies upon this division for their livelihood. Ideal agro-climatic conditions give great chance to the advancement of horticultural crops in the state. The objective of the study is to examine the special problems in horticultural crops in Haryana. There is a need and potential for crop diversification by developing the horticulture sector in the state. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the status and constraints of protected cultivation and agro processing industries because to minimize the post-harvest losses, a comprehensive strategy which incorporates advancement of physical, functional and market infrastructure along with provision of single window system, tax rebate and export subsidy need to develop to boost agro processing in the state.


This paper discusses the so-called commercial approach to microfinance under economic and ethical aspects. It first shows how microfinance has developed from a purely welfare-oriented activity to a commercially relevant line of banking business. The background of this stunning success is the almost universal adoption of the commercial approach to microfinance in the course of the last decade. The author argues that this commercial approach is the only sound approach to adopt if microfinance is to have any social and developmental impact. Therefore, the wide-spread "moralistic" criticism of the commercial approach, which was expressed again and again in the 1990s, is ill-placed from an economic and an ethical perspective. However, some recent events in microfinance raise questions as to whether the commercial approach, in a number of cases, has gone too far. The evident example for such a development is Compartamos, the Mexican microfinance institution which recently undertook a financially extremely successful IPO. Therefore it seems that some microfinance institutions have become so radically commercial that the social and developmental considerations, which have traditionally motivated microfinance, may have lost their importance. Thus there is clearly a conflict between commercial and developmental aspirations. However, this conflict is not inevitable. The paper concludes by showing how a microfinance institution can try to use the strengths of the capital market while maintaining its developmental focus and importance.


Androgen suppression strategy has become the key treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Historically, testosterone level below 1.73 nmol/l (50 ng/dl) was regarded as the castrate level. The current data shows that in an attempt to improve the therapeutic outcome, the new target for chemical castration is testosterone level below 0.69 nmol/l (20 ng/dl). Testosterone surges and suboptimal castrate level due to LHRH analogue therapy result in a porrer control for prostate cancer. Obese men have higher levels of testosterone during treatment with LHRH analogues than patients with a normal body mass index. The study of androgen ablation consists in identifying those agents which would allow to achieve and maintain the lowest possible levels of testosterone.


The central concept of the Evolving Transformation System (ETS) model is structural object representation constructed by the process of inductive inference. The model was proposed in 1990 by Lev Goldfarb to be applied to any pattern learning or classification problem. A formal exposition of the model is presented in this thesis. It defines the concepts that encapsulate the idea of structural representation and includes lemmas and theorems that link these concepts together into a single model. The chosen form of definitions is related to several general postulates about structural representation.
The main feature of this formalization of the ETS model is the presence of an infinite hierarchy of representational levels. At each level, object representations are constructed from primitive constructive transformations (building blocks). Primitive transformations of the next level correspond to complex context-dependent additive transformations of the previous one. This hierarchy allows to reduce the complexity of representation of an object by constructing its higher-level representation through the process of inductive inference. It is argued that it is not possible to obtain this kind of hierarchy within the conventional symbolic approaches based on strings, trees, graphs and the corresponding formal grammars.
The restriction of transformations to context-dependent "additions" simplifies the problem of inductive inference in ETS, as compared to the problem of grammatical inference, in which the transformations include deletions and substitutions and which is known to be intractable. It is proved that the generative power of ETS transformations is sufficient for simulating any string-rewriting system without cyclic derivations.
A stochastic generating process and a typicality measure on representations are introduced, in order to conclude with a formulation of an optimization criterion for inductive inference. The criterion is compared with the minimum description length principle.


Coordination polymers (CPs) are a scientifically compelling and evolving class of highly crystalline materials. Owing to their controllable structures and morphologies, CPs can be used as a type of uniformly...


In recent years there is an increased preoccupation for sustainable landscapes and, not least, for, energy efficient landscapes. Even if these preoccupations have considerable international experience, in Romania there is minimal information, both theoretical and practical, on this kind of landscape. This paper aims to present energy efficient landscape features and factors to be taken into account when designing their presentation based on a foray into literature. In addition, are shown the stages to be pursued to ensure correct application of the principles of energy efficient design of a landscape.


The invention relates to an electrical cable with an inner conductor arrangement, comprising at least one longitudinally extending conductor, an outer sheath of the cable annularly enclosing the inner conductor arrangement as seen in cross section, and an electric shield of the cable extending between the inner conductor arrangement and the outer sheath of the cable, wherein a partial area of the electrical shield is turned inside out such that it is at a distance from the main area of the electrical shield running between the inner conductor arrangement and the outer sheath of the cable perpendicular to the direction in which the cable extends. According to the invention, it is provided that the turned out partial area (25) of the electrical shield (2) is incorporated into the sheath (3) of the cable.


The invention discloses a pharmaceutical composition containing tropisetron compound and a preparation method thereof. The pharmaceutical composition comprises the following ingredients in parts by weight: 1 part of tropisetron or pharmaceutical salt, 30-55 parts of mannitol, 8.2-13.1 parts of citric acid and 6.9-11.8 parts of sodium citrate. The pharmaceutical composition containing tropisetron compound provided by the invention is easy to form freeze-dried injections in preparation and has good stability and high safety after re-dissolution.


Engineering microscopic collectives of cells or microrobots is challenging due to the often-limited capabilities of the individual agents, our inability to program their motion and local interactions, and difficulties visualising their behaviours. Here, we present a low-cost, modular and open-source Dynamic Optical MicroEnvironment (DOME) and demonstrate its ability to augment microagent capabilities and control collective behaviours using light. The DOME offers an accessible means to study complex multicellular phenomena and implement de-novo microswarms with desired functionalities.


Si_3N_4-MgO-Y_2O_3ceramic materials were fabricated by pressureless sintering,which overcome the limitations of hot pressing.The amount of Y_2O_3 had a strong influence on the densification behavior and mechanical properties of the sintered materials.The pressureless sintered silicon nitride with 5%MgO+4%Y_2 O_3 achieved a relative density of 99%,a bending strength of 950 MPa and a fracture toughness of 7.5 MPa·m~(1/2).


The most important tasks of geography in the context of shaping the theoretical foundations of tourism include the need to substantiate the essence of an integral epistemological object (tourist system) and identify the mechanisms of its functioning. The presence of tourist processes is the main essence of the actual existence of the tourist system. The objectively inherent conditions for the implementation of any process are as follows: the presence of an object or phenomenon, that is, the actual substance that changes or is in the process; presence of time changes; the presence of spatial connections and their geospatial localization; the geospatial and temporal orientation of object changes. The tourist system is considered as a generalized object, that is, a substance that changes or is in the process, and in the context of geographic methodology it is conceptualised as a tourist-geographic system. The mechanism of the functioning of the tourist system should be understood, first of all, as connections and relations within the system that are formed under the influence of a set of factors and subordinate to the general goal of the system. In order to clarify the essence and peculiarities of the tourist process, we substantiate the hypothesis of isomorphism of transport, transport-geographic and tourist processes, the common defining feature of which is mutual relations. Connections mean material, energy and informational exchange between geographical objects. Primarily territorial connections, namely those connections that are carried out by overcoming space, are considered. The common features of the given definitions are: first, the presence of a transportation operation in the each of them, the essence of which is the spatial (territorial) movement of people; second, both transport and tourist processes are sub-processes of the general socio-geographical process, and therefore they cause changes both in the socio-geographical system in general and in the touristic-geographical system in particular. The definition of the tourist-geographical process is proposed as a set of actions and operations that make possible geospatial connections between the elements of the tourist-geographical system. The constituent parts of this process should be considered primarily the transportation and transfer of tourists from one type of transport to another, which have a clearly defined spatial and territorial character and constitute the essence of tourism (territorial movements, travel).


Choosing Alukerqin Qi as the research object,by use of land sifted data and the remote sensing data of various typical period since 1980,the changing process of forestland in recent twenty years have been analyzed using the time deliver sequential analysis and the comparison method,the LUCC index analysis method.The results show: from 1985 to 2008,the forestland in the research area has increased 11.295 thousand hm2,the forestland dynamic degree is 2.32,and the forestland has become an important land use type next to the grassland in Alukerqin Qi.The spatial difference of the forestland is remarkable,besides Tianshan Town,the area of forestland in other ten towns has increased to different degrees,which Tianshan Town and Tianshankou Town has bigger changes.The main driving mechanisms to cause the area change of forestland are social economic factors like returning farmland to forest,forestation greening,urbanization,economic interest and so on.


Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM), which has been a common method for studying electrical properties of nanometer-scale structures, is a dynamic-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique combined with a traditional Kelvin probe method used for measuring macroscopic contact potential differences. It allows us to map electron affinity or work function on a nanometer scale. In this article KFM using a frequency modulation detection method (FM-KFM) is first explained briefly. The frequency modulation method plays an essential role in high-sensitive interaction force detection. We also describe applications of FM-KFM to the nanometer-scale surface potential investigations of organic materials including phase-separated self-assembled monolayer films (PS-SAM films) and single polymer crystal surfaces. Furthermore, recent results on the local surface potential study of carbon nanotube field effect transistors using FM-KFM is presented.


In order to achieve the image resolution requirements for high-speed vehicle license plate recognition system,we proposed a collection system vehicle images based on linear CCD,and completed a the design of the drive circuit of linear CCD chip.The hardware completes the driver circuit and image acquisition.The software finishes speed compensation for images and USB2.0 firmware design.The experiment verified that this system is easy to operate,the images are highresolution,the design purpose is achieved.


A new kind of surfactant, [CnH2n+1 OCH2CH(OH)CH2N(CH3)3]Cl (n=12, 14, 16) was synthesized. The solubility of benzyl alcohol in micellar solutions was determined by 1H NMR method. The results indicate that the length of alkyl chains of surfactant affects the solubility of benzyl alcohol in 2.5 × 10−2 mol/L micellar solutions. The solubility of benzyl alcohol per liter of micellar solution is 0.095 mole for n=12, 0.115 mole for n=14, 0.165 mole for n=16. The transfer free energy of benzyl alcohol from aqueous phase to micellar phase is −24.29 kJ/mol for n=12, −24.37 kJ/mol for n=14, −24.49 kJ/mol for n=16.


This project is a descriptive study of the occupation of nude dancing. Data were obtained from interviews with 57 nude dancers or strippers. The respondents were employed at a variety of dancing establishments in Louisiana, Texas and Virginia. This study examines both organizational (typical income per day earned dancing, plans to continue dancing, hours per day dancing, number of clubs worked in, and years working as a dancer) and extra-organizational (career plans, previous occupation, educational plans, present level of education, and age) characteristics of dancers. Implications are discussed


Based on the practical experience in the Establishment of Assessing Model of Shrimp Crab Stock Biomass in the East China Sea its Graphics,the method was presented of the graphics of spatial and temporal distribution of marine stock biomass with computational GIS technology.In addition,suggestions and discussions on using the technology in the development of marine stock biomass assessment model were given.


It is necessary to take some research into the thermal analysis of polymer waveguide ,which is important to the interconnection among chips ,in order to guide the improvement of the technique of conventional integration and make it more advanced. In this paper, we are successful in making a polysiloxane rib waveguide which is 21 cm long like a line, and laser can propagate along the rib area directly. In order to take a research in the compatibility between this waveguide and the integration technique, we analyze the thermal characteristics of the waveguide applying the ansys software. We make the analysis model and meshing it. We also set the boundary conditions, and take some research in the thermal characteristics of the waveguide and its thermal distribution of its cross section according to the time. At last , we get that the instantaneous high temperature can not infect the core layer. We also get that the temperature as high as 400 °C can not lasting more than 0.035 seconds. Those all conclusions are useful to the integration technique.


Nonconventional energy source is one of the fast growing science in which the biodiesel is one of the method of utilizing nonconventional energy sources. Paper deals with the science of biodiesel technology. Process of biodiesel production is consists of several chemical mechanisms. And the process of transesterification for different experiments and their final conclusion is taken for review. During the review of papers, experimental parameters like Engine performance parameters namely brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions of CO, HC, NOx, and smoke density were analysed from studies carried out for different loading conditions and at constant engine speed of at different speeds. The test result indicates that there is an increase in brake thermal efficiency and slightly decrease in specific fuel consumption for all the blended fuels when compared to that of diesel fuel. KEYWORD: Biodiesel, Diesel, Transesterification, Experiments, Engine Performance Parameters, Emissions.


Automatic program repair helps developers reduce the cost of manual bug fixing. Approaches to test-suite based repair aim to generate code patches to pass the test suite as well as maintain the program execution. This paper reviews available literature on test-suite based repair and report the progress in two directions: Approaches to automatic repair and empirical foundations. First, existing approaches to automatic repair are described in three categories: Search based, exhaustion based, and constraint-solving based patch generation. Second, empirical foundations on repair are detailed, including the argumentation in the research field. Related techniques are then briefly introduced as the supplementation of program repair. Finally, opportunities and challenges are presented to summarize this


There is a severe challenge to the management of renewable resources and industrial development with the collapse of resource consumption intensity, the rapid decline of renewable resources prices, and the disappearance of the demographic dividend, as well as the demand of technological innovation under China's new economic normal. This paper analyzes the transitional characteristics of renewable resources in three dimensions, the basic attributes, the price and organizational structure. Four kinds of institution are proposed as follows: A unified regulatory system under the environmental protection department, a classified management system based on different characteristics of renewable resources, an extended producer responsibility system, and a leader system according to the advanced technology and environmental standards.


INTRODUCTION Astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) must manage the stressors of space flight, which can include working at a high level for long periods, experiencing altered sleep, and coping with a range of physical and psychological reactions to living in microgravity. Because exploration spaceflight will require missions even longer than the current 6-month stays on ISS, there is a need to identify whether the chronic effects of stressors across time in mission produce cumulative or escalating behavioral and biomedical risks for astronauts. Recent findings from the Mars 500 analog study of isolation and confinement for 17 months indicated that time in mission was associated with cumulative increases in adverse neurobehavioral responses [1] and stress in some individuals [2]. To inform the question of the whether time in mission in microgravity is associated with increasing stress, we analyzed astronauts' ratings of their stress levels, and other indications of negative neurobehavioral reactions, as a function of time in mission during 6-month stays on ISS.


The effect of out-tunneling leakage of carriers from quantum dots (QDs) on modulation bandwidth of semiconductor double tunneling-injection (DTI) QD lasers is studied. In this type of laser, as an alternative to conventional pumping, electrons and holes are injected into QDs by tunneling from two separate quantum wells (QWs) located on the opposite sides of the QD layer and separated from the latter by thin barrier layers. Fast tunneling-injection into QDs should be maintained to ensure the high modulation bandwidth. It may also seem that out-tunneling leakage from QDs (tunneling of electrons to the hole-injecting QW and holes to the electron-injecting QW), which is an undesirable process, should be kept as slow as possible (or even totally suppressed) to maximize the modulation bandwidth. However, it is shown in this paper that, due to zero-dimensional nature of QDs, the modulation bandwidth is practically unaffected by out-tunneling leakage from them—it depends only slightly on the out-tunneling time. Hence, concerning out-tunneling leakage, DTI QD lasers are robust—provided that tunneling-injection is fast, no significant effort should be necessary to suppress out-tunneling leakage in practical devices.


Abstract The Sichuan-Yunnan region is located in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. The pattern of its crustal motion and deformation plays an important role in understanding the continental tectonic deformation. In this paper, 249 high precision GPS velocities are used to estimate the crustal motion and deformation in the region by employing the rigid block motion model and the strain rate model, respectively. On the basis of the inversion results, we form statistic tests to identify the two crustal movement models. As a result, the strain-rate model is more suitable for describing the crustal movement model in the region. The Qiangtang block, the north-western Sichuan sub-block, the middle Yunnan sub-block, the Baoshan sub-block and the Jinggu sub-block show a clockwise rotation, and their velocities are from high to low. With respect to the Eurasia plate, the Qiantang block moves N114.6 ± 1.3 °E at a rate of 17.0 ± 0.6 mm/yr; the north-western Sichuan sub-block moves N134.2 ± 1.8 °E at a rate of 15.9 ± 0.7 mm/yr; the middle Yunnan sub-block moves N157.1 ± 1.7 °E at a rate of 13.1 ± 0.6 mm/ yr, the Baoshan sub-block moves N193.4 ± 5.1 °E at a rate of 9.0 ± 1.1 mm/yr and the Jinggu sub-block moves to N182.2 ± 3.7 °E at a rate of 7.7 ± 0.7 mm/ yr. The Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic sub-block in the region is of high shearing strain rate and surface dilatation rate, which are up to 25.5 ± 7.6 10-9/yr and 7.5 ± 7.6 10-9/yr in the north-western Sichuan sub-block and 37.1 ± 4.8 10-9/yr and 12.8 ± 4.8 10-9/yr in the middle Yunnan subblock, respectively. The main fault velocities in the Sichuan-Yunnan region are about 10 mm/yr. The characteristics of the Sichuan-Yunnan crustal motion and deformation do not support the hypothesis of "the continental deformation as discontinuous deformation".


The object of this thesis is the presence of school in the constitution of young people's identities. Meanings and feelings given by urban, poor, young people to the school experience are investigated. The research, based on a qualitative approach, is performed with a group of young students (with age between 17 e 26 years old) attending primary or secondary school and coming from the urban periphery of São Bernardo do Campo (in the region of S. Paulo city). Data were collected in two different phases, between 2005 and 2007, by means of openended, in depth, individual interviews, group interviews, and observation. A dialogue between the object and the theory is built upon the discussion of the notion of youth and a sociohistorical analysis of school. One of our findings is that school represents an effective presence in the constitution of juvenile identities. Young people behave as actors in their relation with school, even when they are outside the school. By means of the mediation with the school experience, they construct meanings for their actions, affirm their individualities, and enter into relationship with the world. Schooling represents to them as an horizon, a goal, a necessity or a desire. Young people's presence in school is characterized by strategies of appropriation of what school produces, strategies of integration in the space-time of school, and strategies of resistance to the mechanisms of acculturation diffused in their daily life. However, there is, in the school, a conjugation of mechanisms and practices that includes poor young people in a degraded way in the teaching system and that, at the same time, excludes them, and integrate them in the larger social dynamics. A silent production of failure is at work in the interior of the school system, together with the noisy entrance of this young boys and girls in the classrooms.


Gender parity is one of the sustainable development goals and women empowering a major way to achieve this goal. In addition, empirical evidence suggests empowering women contributes to economic development through e.g. increased human capital accumulation and improved intrahousehold bargaining positions (Duflo, 2000; Duflo and Udry, 2004; Ashraf et al., 2010; Duflo 2012). Likewise, economic development can facilitate empowerment: reducing (extreme) poverty and improving educational and employment opportunities may be conducive to changing gender norms and facilitate a stronger position of women in society (Cuberes and Teignier, 2014). However, in many parts of the world, especially the MENA region, significant parts of society are unsupportive of women empowerment, as the role of women in society is defined by religious norms and traditions with pervasive stereotypes towards women's ability to take decisions (Duflo 2012; Klasen and Lamanna, 2009). Tunisia is one such country where legal achievements to strengthen the position of women are not necessarily reflected in the public opinion. Specifically, while the country is one of the most advanced in the region in terms of women rights, there is also a deep social and political divide, on whether this is a desired evolution. For example in 2012 the constitution declared women equal to men, but in only reaction to violent mass demonstrations resulting from conservative parties' attempts to have a constitutional amendment that would render women 'complementary' to men. This is only one example of a polarized society caught between more progressive versus more conservative ideologies.


Modern electronics opens up new prospects in automotive engineering. The various demands placed on spark ignition engines-many of them conflicting, such as high power output, low fuel consumption and low pollutant emissions-can now be reconciled in an optimum way. These technological advances and the engineering effort spent on engine management systems result in mechatronic systems like BOSCH-MOTRONIC. They combine fuel management and ignition systems controlled by a single microcomputer in accordance with common optimization criteria. This paper shows the process of developing engine management functions, e.g. a throttle valve controlling algorithm. The process is based on the real time simulation tool ASCET.


This dissertation contributes to the literature by investigating the links between institutions and innovation from both a theoretical and an empirical standpoint. Specifically, this dissertation (i) develops a theoretical growth model that explicitly accounts for the influences of institutions on technical innovation and output production; (ii) specifies an empirical model suitable to examine the affect of institutions on technical innovation based on a theoretical model; and (iii) tests if different measures of institutions (i.e., Control of Corruption, Rule of Law, Regulatory Quality and Expropriation Risk) have differentiated impacts on innovation. A major prediction of the theoretical model is that better institutional arrangements boost innovation and thus economic growth. The lack of right institutions will retard or prevent the utilization of newly invented inputs in the productive process, leading to relatively lower levels of output. Therefore, controlling for all other determinants of income, countries or regions that experience institutional constraints preventing the adoption of newly invented technologies will be expected to lag behind in terms of growth and levels of output per capita. Additionally, the theoretical model shows that this gap does not vanish over time. The model also predicts that in the steady state the stock of human capital should not be associated with the growth rate of output, but rather that the growth rate of human capital should be associated with the growth rate of output. The empirical analysis uses cross-country data and instrumental variables in order to examine the influences of institutions on technical innovation. The results support the argument that institutions explain much of the variation on patent production across countries and this finding is consistent across countries that are both on and off the technological frontier. The empirical results also provide evidence that control of corruption, market-friendly policies, protection of private propriety and a more effective judiciary system have growth effects on income because institutional quality affects an economy's rate of innovation. Ultimately, innovation is the engine of economic growth. This study also finds evidence that geography, per se , does not explain innovation across countries. Geography affects innovation, but only through institutions.


Brugia pahangi is a major causative agent of animal lymphatic filariasis, one of the neclected tropical disease. Recent studies have also indicated that B. pahangi can cause clinical infection in human, with clinical appearances which are consistent with human lymphatic filariasis. Nowadays, the recognition of Wolbachia as new alternative drug choice for treatment and control of lymphatic filariasis is the most important in anti-filarial chemotherapy. Since, Wolbachia play important roles, including the development, viability, fertility and fecundity of filarial parasites. Depletion of Wolbachia results in sterilization, stunting and death of filarial worms. In this study, we investigated the effects of tetracycline and enrofloxacin on B. pahangi microfilarial motility and on Wolbachia depletion. Results showed that motility score of microfilaria treated with tetracycline were markedly reduced and high concentrations of enrofloxacin also can reduced worm motility. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the change of Wolbachia population in each treatment groups were decreased gradually. MEC of tetracycline was 128 and 32 ?g/ml at 24 and 48 hours, respectively, while MEC of enrofloxacin was 512 ?g/ml at 24 hours. Thus, tetracyclines should be considered as a drug of choice for treatment of animal lymphatic filariasis and suggest new antibiotic, enrofloxacin, as a substitute.


A conventional CPW fed tilted square microstrip patch antenna was designed to resonate from 3.68GHz to 8.96GHz with a bandwidth of 5.24GHz, but the maximum return loss was only -16dB making it not suitable for many applications. Proposed a metasurface to enhance the conventional CPW fed antenna parameters like return loss and bandwidth. When metasurface was placed at the bottom of antenna substrate, then return loss and bandwidth of antenna where enhanced near the resonant frequency band of metasurface. A square ring unit cell metasurface was designed, which was resonating at two bands one at 4.2GHz and other at 6.5GHz when this metasurface was placed along with CPW antenna, two bands were observed near the resonant frequencies of metasurface with improved reflection coefficient of -21dB at first band and -28.4db at other.


Background The treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been spectaculary changed since the 1950's. Introduction of the steroid compounds and their local application, the chemical and radionuclide synovectomy, surgical synovectomy, use of non steroid drugs, the basic treatment and the spread of biological therapy are the most important steps. Introduction of the biological therapy has changed the quality of life for these patients. Objectives During biological therapy sometimes 1 or 2 joints could be affected by inflammation. In this cases always the question is how to solve the problem. Change of the biological or basic therapy, use surgical synovectomy or radiosynovectomy (RSO)? Methods In our rheumatological department 2100 patients with RA and PA were treated with biological therapy between 2002 and 2015. In 100 patients we applied RSO because of the inflammation of the knee joint during biological therapy. We made a long term follow-up in 72 patients. All participants provided written informed consent. 62 participants inflammatory knee joint disease was diagnosed on the basis of the American College of Rheumatology. 55 of 62 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were seropositive, 7 seronegative. Steinbrocker functional stadium II was observed in 52, stadium III in 10. 10 patients were psoriatic arthritis. Mean age of 13 male and 61 female patients was 51.4 years (range 24-79) years. In 38 patients the right knee, in 34 the left knee was treated by radiosynovectomy. Mean duration of disease was 7.3 years (range 0.5-25), of synovitis (6.3month (range 3-8) Mean number of punctions of the treated joint prior to radiosynovectomy was 4,2 per patient and of steroid administrations prior to radiosynovectomy 3,0. In 12 patients a systemic steroid therapy has been performed. Results During the study period, inflammation decreased. In the first two years excellent and good results were recorded in 82,2%. Two years after radiosynoviorthesis 83.3% of patients did not need another punction. Before the knee inflammation patients were in complete remission which status has been achieved after RSO as well. DAS: 2,4+-0,4. Conclusion RSO is an effective method to treat the inflammation of the knees. The RSO performed during biological tehrapy is as effective as in the case of patients without biological therapy. In case of a succesful RSO there is no need for biological or basic therapy neither for surgical synovectomy. However an intraarticular injection has a low risk for infection it is recommended to avoid the biological therapy during the RSO. References [1] Szekanecz Z.: Célzott terápia a reumatológiában. Klinikum és Tudomány, MOTESZ Magazin; 2010;XVIII(2):31–44. [2] McInnes IB, Schett G. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007 Jun;7(6):429-42 [3] Klippel JH. Primer on the Rheumatic Disease. 12th ed. 2001. [4] Lipsky PE. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. 2005 [5] EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013 update [6] Fellinger K. and Schmid J.: Die lokale Behandlung der rheumatischen Erkrankungen. Z. Inn. Med. 33. 351. 1952. [7] Stucki G., Bozzone P., Treuer E., Wassmer P. and Felder M.: Efficacy and safety of radiation synovectomy with Yttrium-90: A retrospective long term analysis of 164 applications in 82 patients. British J. of Rheumatology 32. 5. 383-386. 1993. [8] Combe B., Krause E. and Sany J.: Treatment of chronic knee synovitis with arthroscopic synovectomy after failure of intra-articular injection of radionuclide. Arthritis Rheum. 32. 1. 10-14. 1989. [9] Feldmann M, Maini RN.:Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award. TNF defined as a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. Nat Med. 2003 Oct;9(10):1245-50. Disclosure of Interests None declared


Liaoning Province is a large energy-consumption province,whose economic growth depends largely on energy consumption.This article applies cointegration analysis,error correction model and granger causality test.The results find that there is a long-term dynamic relationship between energy consumption and economic growth;ECM pulls back the non-equilibrium state to the equilibrium state by(-0.052759) when two variable's short-term fluctuation deviates long-term's balance;there is a unidirectional granger causal relation from energy consumption to economic growth.The results indicate that the steady and fast economic growth in Liaoning depends on the adequate supply of energy resources.However,the contradiction between energy supply and economic growth in recent years has been increasingly prominent in recent years.In order to save energy,Liaoning Province,therefore,from the energy demand and energy supply,need to strengthen the awareness of energy conservation,adjust the energy structure,improve energy efficiency,and enhance scientific and technological research.


In the present investigation the fossil monocot leaf is reported from Deccan Intertrappean beds of Mohgaonkalan, M.P. India. The leaf blade is monocotyledoncus, aquatic with uniform thickness, flat, strap shaped and air cavities in single series. Vascular bundles are Conjoint and Collateral present in transverse septum of leaf.


Primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a cessation of tooth eruption before emergence, despite the presence of clear eruption pathway. It is a rare disease with a prevalence of 0.06%. However, Decker et al showed that the genetic mutation in PTH1R gene is associated with primary failure of eruption. This case report is about a nine years old female patient who reported to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, with primary failure of eruption of right mandibular 1 st permanent molar which was incidentally found on OPG, with a completely erupted left 1 st permanent molar. Treatment commenced after one year of patient's initial presentation with no progress in eruption. The affected tooth was marsupalized completely including the removal of the dental sac and coronal bone. After the follow up period of 4 months tooth eruption was evident. Further follow up of 8months revealed complete tooth eruption.


The main contribution of this review is to show some relevant relationships between three geometric structures on a connected Lie group G, generated by the same dynamics. Namely, Linear Control Systems, Almost Riemannian Structures, and Degenerate Dynamical Systems. These notions are generated by two ordinary differential equations on G: linear and invariant vector fields. A linear vector field on G is determined by its flow, a 1-parameter group of Aut(G), the Lie group of G-automorphisms. An invariant vector field is just an element of the Lie algebra g of G. The Jouan Equivalence Theorem and the Pontryagin Maximum Principal are instrumental in this setup, allowing the extension of results from Lie groups to arbitrary manifolds for the same kind of structures which satisfy the Lie algebra finitude condition. For each structure, we present the first given examples; these examples generate the systems in the plane. Next, we introduce a general definition for these geometric structures on Euclidean spaces and G. We describe recent results of the theory. As an additional contribution, we conclude by formulating a list of open problems and challenges on these geometric structures. Since the involved dynamic comes from algebraic structures on Lie groups, symmetries are present throughout the paper.


AbstractThis manuscript presents a detailed discussion of the challenges faced and lessons learned during the initial phase of operation of the Calgary Biocell. The Calgary Biocell is a full-scale pilot project that has been implemented to acquire data and demonstrate the applicability of the biocell concept under severe winter conditions. The biocell concept involves operating a waste cell in three phases: first as an anaerobic bioreactor to recover biogas and produce energy, second as an aerobic bioreactor or an in-ground composter, and finally mined to recover processed waste and land for reuse. The Calgary Biocell has been in operation in its first phase, as an anaerobic bioreactor, for over the past five years. The cell was equipped with sensors to gather performance data during anaerobic and aerobic bioreactor operation. The settlement, moisture content, pressure, and temperature sensors provided early data, but failed after several months of cell operation. Regular monitoring and repairs were perfo...


This account describes our studies on the synthesis of natural products that contain cyclic ethers in their structures. An overview of the main methodologies is presented and several total syntheses developed by the group are described. We also discuss new applications based on the use of Prins and Nicolas reactions as key steps in the preparation of oxygenated heterocyclic compounds. 1	Introduction 1.1	Natural Sources and Biogenesis 2	Carbon–Oxygen Bond-Formation Approach 2.1	Intramolecular Opening of Epoxy Alcohols and Related Bromo Cyclizations 2.2	Intramolecular Hetero-Michael Reaction of Alkoxy γ-Benzoyloxy α,β-Unsaturated Esters 2.3	Intramolecular Nicholas Reaction 3	Ring-Closing Metathesis of Unsaturated Linear Ethers 4	Prins Cyclization Promoted by Iron(III) salts 4.1	General Strategy 4.2	Cyclization Using Alkynols and the Formation of Vinyl Halides 4.3	The Use of Trimethylsilyl and Electron-Withdrawing Substituents in the Synthesis of 2,6-Disubstituted Tetrahydropyrans 4.4	Catalytic Prins Cyclization 4.5	Synthesis of Oxepanes 5	Summary


Achatina fulica, the terrestrial snail among the 100 worst invasive alien species listed by the World Conservation Union, is widely distributed around the world. In this paper, occurrence history, distribution, biological characteristics, damage status and control methods of A. fulica in China were reviewed and summarized, and some relevant research perspectives were also put forward. The results indicated that A. fulica which was introduced to China in the 1920 s and 1930 s, has already been scattered in the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Fujian, and in areas of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan in China, and caused a series of negative effects on agricultural production, diseases and pests dispersion and environment. At present, various control techniques including agricultural, physical, biological,chemical and quarantine control for preventing A. fulica are used, however, some effective integrated countermeasures on A. fulica are still required.


ABSTRACT Exonization of Alu elements creates primate-specific genomic diversity. Here we combine bioinformatic and experimental methodologies to reconstruct the molecular changes leading to exon selection. Our analyses revealed an intricate network involved in Alu exonization. A typical Alu element contains multiple sites with the potential to serve as 5′ splice sites (5′ss). First, we demonstrated the role of 5′ss strength in controlling exonization events. Second, we found that a cryptic 5′ss enhances the selection of a more upstream site and demonstrate that this is mediated by binding of U1 snRNA to the cryptic splice site, challenging the traditional role attributed to U1 snRNA of binding the 5′ss only. Third, we used a simple algorithm to identify specific sequences that determine splice site selection within specific Alu exons. Finally, by inserting identical exons within different sequences, we demonstrated the importance of flanking genomic sequences in determining whether an Alu exon will undergo exonization. Overall, our results demonstrate the complex interplay between at least four interacting layers that affect Alu exonization. These results shed light on the mechanism through which Alu elements enrich the primate transcriptome and allow a better understanding of the exonization process in general.


The exponential growth and sophistication of new information and computer technology (ICT) have greatly influenced human interactions and provided new metaphors for understanding the world. The acceptance and integration of ICT into social work field education are examined here using the technological acceptance model. This article also explores potential challenges regarding the adoption of ICT into social work field practica. The article concludes with implications for adopting and integrating ICTs in social work field education.


In this work, a steganography technique using histogram shifting for JPEG2000 compressed images is proposed. Histogram of the wavelet coefficients of each wavelet subband is calculated and shifted to embed secret image data. This embedding is performed on the peak wavelet coefficients during wavelet decomposition process of JPEG2000 encoder using Lifting scheme. Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP) is performed on stego images to enrich their visual quality. The results given in this work show that proposed technique provide large embedding capacity and better visual quality of stego images than existing steganography techniques for JPEG2000 compressed images. Extracted secret image using proposed technique is similar to its original secret image.


IN THIS BOOK, Izhak Englard aims "To retrace the long and complex history of the Aristotelian conceptual distinction between distributive and corrective justice from antiquity to the present day" (p.ix). The task that he undertakes is an important and a surprisingly neglected one. Aristotle's Ethics and Politics have fundamentally shaped western moral, political and legal thinking. The discussion of justice in Book 5 of the Ethics is one of the most intriguing parts of those two works, and the enigmatic distinction between distributive and corrective justice (forming part of that discussion) has long fascinated scholars in both law and philosophy. Indeed, the last thirty years has seen a remarkable increase in the prominence accorded to the distinction within legal scholarship and judicial reasoning, while the precise nature and significance of the distinction is more hotly contested than ever before. In spite of the importance of Aristotle's distinction, and the longevity of the debates that it has stimulated, there are few books that render the history of those debates accessible. The discussions of distributive and corrective justice that we find in Aquinas, Grotius and Hobbes are reasonably well known, but most of us know little of the wider tradition into which these discussions must be fitted if they are properly to be understood. If we feel inspired to embark on exploratory research we will quickly be deterred by the discovery that many of the relevant materials are available only in manuscripts or in very rare printed books. In this context, Englard performs a great service for which he deserves our thanks: visiting many European libraries he has sought out the books, studied them carefully, and told us (with considerable patience and with a disarming lack of pretension) what they have to say about the Aristotelian distinction. In addition to covering scholastic, post-scholastic and modern texts, Englard also offers us interesting chapters that discuss the theological problem of divine justice, the Jewish commentators on Aristotle, and the iconography of the Aristotelian distinction. His book therefore provides a valuable resource both for legal philosophers and for legal historians. Aristotle tells us that one type of justice is "found in distributions of honour or money or the other things that have to be shared among the members of the political community", while the other type "plays a rectificatory role in transactions", which may be voluntary (Aristotle gives as examples selling, lending, depositing and pledging) or involuntary (the examples given are various wrongs such as theft, murder, assault and slander). Distributive justice involves an equality of "geometrical proportion" between the shares received and the qualities of the recipient. Corrective justice, on the other hand, involves an "arithmetical proportion": if one party has committed an injustice against another, the law ignores the good or bad properties of the individuals and "looks only to the difference made by the injury". Beneath the surface of an apparently continuous tradition the debates concerning Aristotle's distinction have undergone some significant transformations. One metamorphosis occurred in the early modern period when writers such as Grotius and Hobbes began to move away from an Aristotelian Cambridge Law Journal, 68(3), November 2009, pp. 655–669


Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas that has significant effects on many physiologic processes in the body. This gas plays a role in inflammation, the immune response, and neurotransmission in the brain, as well as in the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Dysfunction in the NO pathway is associated with many diseases. Conditions such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes, hypertension, erectile dysfunction, and stroke are correlated with NO pathology. Current research suggests that manipulation of NO activity may have profound effects on overall health. Many pharmaceuticals as well as nutrients, supplements, and diet are being investigated and prescribed to modulate NO activity.


The paper concerns instruments used in the determination of how effeciently maintenance men perform the various tasks of their jobs. Currently, a great deal of reliance is placed on unvalidated job-knowledge tests, theory tests, school marks, supervisors' ratings for such determination. This paper presents a composite of the results of many research and development efforts concerning the empirical validity of such instruments. These results indicate that these measurement instruments have low empirical validity. The limitations of traditional systems effectiveness measures are also discussed. Although job task performance tests (JTPT) have much higher empirical validity, such tests have had very limited use because of their relatively high costs in time, personnel and equipment. As a result of the foregoing findings, the Air Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL) supported a series of efforts to develop better criterion referenced JTPT, and to attempt the development of paper and pencil symbolic substitute tests of high empirical validity. The paper describes the model battery of 48 criterion referenced JTPT, which has been developed to cover all key maintenance activities such as checkout, align/adjust, remove/replace, troubleshooting, test equipment and soldering. During this development many factors were considered including the identification and classification of tasks to be measured, the hierarchal relationship of maintenance tasks, the most effective order of their measurement and the ease of test administration. This battery was developed as a model of JTPT to be used on the job and in training. It was also intended as a battery of criterion tests for the validation of paper and pencil symbolic substitute tests. Batteries of graphic and video symbolic substitute tests were developed and given limited validations. The validation of graphic symbolic substitute tests indicated that the symbolics for all activities, with the exception of soldering, have promise. The paper discusses the requirements for additional refinement and validation for the various graphic tests. An unsuccessful effort to develop video symbolic substitute tests is also mentioned. Suggestions are made for the application of criterion referenced JTPT for the improvement of maintenance efficiency.


It offers a rare opportunity when one receives an invitation from an editor to present and emphasize one's own work, and thus the perspective and approach for that work, without detailed attention to work emanating from other laboratories. We have accepted this approach, recognizing that several other major laboratories that contribute in this area will have publications in the same issue and thus the field will be well represented. At the same time, we hope that we have adequately included reference to work that might not be otherwise discussed, and that deserves mention because of the importance of those publications from a historical perspective to the work that we have attempted to develop. Our own interest in, and emphasis upon, T-cell functional maturation' arose from studies using the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) test (Bain et al. 1964, Bach & Hirschhorn 1964) lo understand the genetic control of antigen mediating proliferation in MLC. Those studies led to the definition of the human major histocompatibility complex (HLA) (Bach & Amos 1967), and complemented work being performed using serological reagents (Dausset et al. 1966, van Rood et a!. 1966). Based on a number of different approaches, we were able to suggest that incompatability for HLA was the basis for reactivity in MLC. First, a collaborative study with


We theoretically study the randomly positioned two-dimensional system of interacting magnetic dipoles representing the monolayer arrays of single-domain particles. It is showed the onset of the dipolar in-plane superferromagnetic ordering of Ising spins at the surface concentrations of nanoparticles above 0.24. The critical concentration of particles with random easy axis arrangement at zero temperature is 0.65. It is demonstrated that the ensemble with Ising arrangement of spins is ordered at high temperatures close to a particle Curie point.


Covid-19, Emotional Mental Conditions, Quarantine, Memorizing the Qur'an. This research derives from academic problems such as. Firstly, body shaming is an actual phenomenon, and it is widely discussed. Secondly, the phenomenon of body shaming has occurred in the past until now, but it has different terms these days. Thirdly, the interpretations related to the verse on the term body shaming have not touched the maqasidi aspect and only discussed the prohibition. In this study, the author uses a type of library research and a descriptive method with the Tafsir Maqasidi approach. This approach serves to explore the interpretation of the verse along with the analysis. Maqasidi and its contextualization in the present. This study produced several findings, such as the value of benefit including the value of humanity (speaking human words), the value of justice (every disgraceful behavior will have consequences), and the value of moderation: (saying with respect for the feelings of others). The Maqasidi aspects contained in the prohibition of body shaming are in the form of hifz al-nafs, hifz al-din, and hifz al-'aql.


Background: Triphala is one of the most easily available and commonly used medicine which contains fine powder of three fruits viz. Terminalia chebula Retz . (Haritaki) , Terminalia bellerica Roxb . (Bibhitaki) and Embilica officinalis Gaertn . (Amalaki) and is indicated as one of the drugs for management of disorders of Kapha and Meda. Due to bitter and astringent taste of Triphala in the powder form is a major complaint of the patients. So, to discover that form of Triphala , which is easy to take, effective in low dose, has long shelf life and simple to dispense is the need. For assurance of quality of herbal compounds pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical analysis should be done.  Methods: Triphala Kajjali was subjected to microscopic evaluation for pharmacognostical, physiochemical analysis like hardness, weight variation, loss on drying, ash value, acid insoluble extract, pH value, water soluble extract, alcohol soluble extract and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Results: Pharmacognostical study showed the presence of certain identifying characters of all of the ingredients of Triphala Kajjali that is Haritaki , Bibhitaki and Amalaki. In pharmaceutical study, preliminary physiochemical analysis showed that hardness of the tablet was 2.05 kg/cm 2 , ash value 4.03%w/w, loss on drying 5.5%w/w, water soluble extract 5.89%w/w, alcohol soluble extract 25.96%w/w and HPTLC showed 7 spots in 254 nm and 7 spots in 366 nm. Conclusions: Pharmacognostical and physico-chemical observations revealed the specific characters of all active constituents of Triphala Kajjali and confirmed the purity and genuinity of the drug.


The present invention relates to an optical distortion measurement apparatus using glass fiber (1) with a Bragg grating (2). The glass fiber (1) is a particulate inorganic filler having a particle size 0.08Myuemu~12myuemu, polyether ether addition amount of the inorganic filler of at least 10 weight percent and up to 40% by weight was added is coated with a made of ketones coating (3). The outer diameter of the covering (3) is 0.2Mm~1.2Mm. The ratio D / d between the diameter d of the outer diameter D and the glass fiber (1) of the coating (3) is 2-6. The pressure of the coating (3) to the glass fiber (1) is of a degree that the relative movement between the glass fiber (1) and cover (3) can not substantially occur. .FIELD 1


Cloud is the need of the users which is used to grow the world.Cloud Computing is a technology which allow users to access the platform and infrastructure from any places in the world, where is the availability of the network. But the important part is to provide security over the cloud to the data used by the users, and also maintained the confidentiality of the data. In this paper specialized method and the various techniques are discussed which is useful for providing the security to the information and data in the cloud. The attractive point of this paper is to conFigure various techniques which provide security, confidentiality and solve the issues of the cloud and provides user authentication which is useful in maintaining security in the cloud and analysis the confidentiality of the data by using various techniques.


Clarke's book mentions in passing the possibility that human beings may not actually be the egoistic maximizers of economic theory. But it mainly follows customary usage in treating this question as not really open to discussion. Hence Clarke's treatment of difficulties for DR is focused on problems relating to the artificiality of the "full information" assumption, asssuming the egoistic assumption to be a good enough approximation of human motivation. However, it happens that DR provides an occasion on which it is especially simple to see that the customary assumptions about "economic man" are empirically indefensible. Clarke and other proponents of DR have pointed out that as the number of participants in a DR choice process increases, the incentive tax on a typical individual approaches zero. It turns out, for example, that for a DR choice in a country the size of the U.S. and a budget item on the order of $1 billion, the special-incentive tax on a typical voter would be on the order of 1/lOO.OOOth of a penny. This raises obvious practical problems: how would you collect such a tax, or reformulate DR in a way that the taxes would be small enough to be a plausible adjunct of the decision process, yet large enough to be meaningful to voters? It is concerns such as these that motivate Part 2 of Clarke's book and much else in the DR literature. But a more fundamental issue arises. Under DR, the effect of a vote depends on the size of the DR tax incurred. But DR proponents own calculations of plausible DR taxes for rational egoists are easily shown to imply that a voter willing to spend even a penny to increase the effect of his or her vote could increase that effect by a factor of 300. Then is it credible that a human being motivated to vote in the first place would not wish to spend even a penny to make that vote effective? The difficulty here turns out to lie not in the assumption of rationality (internal consistency), or in any merely practical problems, but squarely in the assumption of egoistic motivation. Further, it is easy to show that if in fact real voters would spend a penny to increase vastly the effect of their vote, the demand information that would be elicited by DR cannot be the summable demand required to define efficient social choice. Perhaps these results are not even very startling. The "economic man" model has never been able to provide a plausible account of the reason a person votes in the first place. Is it then any surprise that the same model of human choice also does not tell us much about how a person will vote, given that he or she votes?


Interest is growing in the potential for mental exercises and activities to maintain and improve cognitive function, especially for patients attending memory clinics. However, a recent six week study of online brain training1—using cognitive tasks designed to improve reasoning, memory, planning, visuospatial skills, and attention—found that although specific improvements occurred in each domain, these effects did not transfer to untrained tasks.

Psychological therapies targeting cognitive function in dementia have been in widespread use for several decades. These approaches may involve personalised interventions, such as cognitive rehabilitation (which focuses on coping with deficits and enhancing remaining cognitive skills)2 or cognitive training (which aims to enhance cognitive skills such as memory and attention through practice). More generic approaches include reminiscence, reality orientation, and cognitive stimulation therapy (box).3 Reality orientation, which involved re-teaching information related to orientation to everyday life (such as date, location, and current events), has now been superseded by cognitive stimulation, which uses more implicit methods, with activities including categorisation and word association. Group based cognitive stimulation therapy is now a well established, evidence based, and cost effective approach that can improve cognition and quality of life in people with dementia.3 4

#### Description of cognitive stimulation therapy


PART 1 PERSPECTIVES ON THE FAMILY Introduction 1. An anthropological perspective on children in social worlds (Jean La Fontaine) 2. Anxieties about the family and the relationships between parents, children and the state in twentieth-century England (Jane Lewis) 3. Judgements of Solomon: psychology and family law (Robert Dingwall and John Eekelaar) 4. Feminism and motherhood (Ann Oakley) PART 2 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEXT Introduction 5. Growing up in a family world: issues in the study of social development in young children (Judy Dunn) 6. Evidence from three birth cohort studies for long-term and cross-generational effects on the development of children (Michael Wadsworth) 7. Gender development (Chris Henshall and Jacqueline McGuire) PART 3 DEVELOPING MINDS: LEARNING AND COMMUNICATION Introduction 8. Context, conservation and conversation (Paul Light) 9. Aspects of teaching and learning (David Wood) 10. Children's understanding of the distinction between messages and meanings: emergence and implications (W. Peter Robinson) PART 4 SOME BROADER ISSUES Introduction 11. The impact of the nuclear threat on children's development (Barbara Tizard) 12. Developmental psychology and psychoanalysis: splitting the difference (Cathy Urwin) 13. The step to social constructionism (Rom Harre) 14. Development in social context (David Ingleby)


Starting from phenylacetylene and ferrocenylformaldehyde,and under the catalysis of t-BuOK,ferrocenyl styryl ketone was gained in high yield in a single step.The product structure was identified by 1HNMR and 13CNMR,and the possible reaction mechanism was discussed.


Background: The kidneys have an important role in eliminating the final products of metabolic activities, excreting the drugs and chemicals. A variety of frequently used drugs have been demonstrated to produce nephrotoxic effects.
Objective: This study was carried out to observe the effect of vitamin E on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by assessing serum urea level in Long Evans rats.
Materials and method: The experimental study was carried out on 40 healthy Long Evans rats of both sex with the weight ranges from 172-255 gm and the age ranges from 7 to 10 weeks. The rats were divided into four groups - Group A (normal control) received normal saline, group B, C and D received gentamicin for 6 days, rats of group C received vitamin E capsule for total 9 days with gentamicin whereas group D received vitamin E capsule for total 10 days with gentamicin. Serum urea level was measured at the end of the experiment.
Results: The (mean±SD) serum urea levels in group A, B, C and D were 4.79±0.32, 12.41±1.22, 7.56±1.11 and 7.15±1.09 mmol/L respectively. The differences between groups were highly significant (p<0.001) for group A & B, A & C, A & D, B & C, B & D whereas the difference between C & D (p>0.01) was not significant. Serum urea level of the normal saline control group (group A) was within the normal limit (4.79 mmol/L). Serum urea level in gentamicin treated rats (group B) was more in comparison to gentamicin and vitamin E treated rats (group C & D) and pretreatment with longer duration group (group D) showed lower serum urea value than shorter one (group C) though the groups showed no significant difference.
Conclusion: Vitamin E treatment showed some protective effect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. The results also indicated that effectiveness of vitamin E depends on duration of pretreatment that means the pretreatment duration must be increased to a suitable period for better protection against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Delta Med Col J. Jan 2019 7(1): 11-15


A Day of Launch flight loads assessment technique that determines running loads calculated from flexible body coupled loads was developed for the Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle. The technique was developed to quantify DOL flight loads in terms of structural load components rather than the typically used q-alpha metric to provide more insight into the DOL loads. In this technique, running loads in the primary structure are determined from the combination of quasi-static aerodynamic loads and dynamic loads. The aerodynamic loads are calculated as a function of time using trajectory parameters passed from the DOL trajectory simulation and are combined with precalculated dynamic loads using a load combination equation. The potential change in aerodynamic load due to wind variability during the countdown is included in the load combination. In the event of a load limit exceedance, the technique allows the identification of what load component is exceeded, a quantification of how much the load limit is exceeded, and where on the vehicle the exceedance occurs. This technique was used to clear the Ares I-X FTV for launch on October 28, 2009. This paper describes the use of coupled loads in the Ares I-X flight loads assessment and summarizes the Ares I-X load assessment results.


This paper introduces the property and application of hydrogen, and summarizes the main production methods of hydrogen at present. The widely used production methods of hydrogen contains:electrolyzed water, solar energy, biology energy, primary energy conversion, material decomposition and NaBH4 catalytic new technology. At last, the paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of each production method, and illustrates the production and development of hydrogen.


There is not exists the causal relationship between land rights in residential system reform and social security benefits.Firstly,the security of treatment of urban residents is more powerful than the security of land,it can not change:Secondly,the three land-related rights have been cured as a property rights,freely dispose by farmers;Thirdly,Social security system is the redistribution of national income,the treatment is not required to obtain a special price.


Let $M$ be any compact four-dimensional PL-manifold with or without boundary (e.g. the four-dimensional sphere or ball). Consider the space $T(M)$ of all simplicial isomorphism classes of triangulations of $M$ endowed with the metric defined as the minimal number of bistellar transformations required to transform one of two considered triangulations into the other. Our main result is the existence of an absolute constant $C>1$ such that for every $m$ and all sufficiently large $N$ there exist more than $C^N$ triangulations of $M$ with at most $N$ simplices such that pairwise distances between them are greater than $2^{2^{\ldots^{2^N}}}$ ($m$ times).
This result follows from a similar result for the space of all balanced presentations of the trivial group. ("Balanced" means that the number of generators equals to the number of relations). This space is endowed with the metric defined as the minimal number of Tietze transformations between finite presentations. We prove a similar exponential lower bound for the number of balanced presentations of length $\leq N$ with four generators that are pairwise $2^{2^{\ldots^{2^N}}}$-far from each other. If one does not fix the number of generators, then we establish a super-exponential lower bound $N^{const\ N}$ for the number of balanced presentations of length $\leq N$ that are $2^{2^{\ldots^{2^N}}}$-far from each other.


I N the October 1928 number of the Police Journal the reader was introduced to cryptograms of several types and varieties. If he had any previous acquaintance with these things he may have been a little surprised to find no mention of one well-known system, the so-called' Jules Verne Cipher,' that author having woven a novel, The Cryptogram, round a secret message of this kind. The system is sometimes called , Count Gronfeld's' cipher. The omission was intentional, such ciphers being of sufficient interest, variety, and importance to deserve a discussion all to themselves. Before proceeding, a brief description of this method of wrapping up a confidential document will not be out of place. Any simple message will suffice as an example. Say, then, we wish to put into code: , There are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in your philosophy.' Let a key number be chosen at random, of some half dozen figures or so, for example 1467283. The message is written out, broken, for convenience, into groups of an equal number of letters each, and the key number is repeated underneath, each figure under a letter thus :


A report is given of the first high-power InP-based tapered lasers. Continuous output powers of 0.5 W with nearly 80% of the power in the central lobe have been obtained. This is the highest reported brightness of a 1.3 /spl mu/m source.<<ETX>>


when it was clear that they had been ill-advised. By the latter part of the 1620s, his influence as the chief official of the Palatine government in exile was waning. Camerarius left the Netherlands in 1626, offering himself as a diplomat in service to the Swedes. Even then, he was sometimes observed treating the royals with whom he dealt in an abrupt, high-handed manner. In 1640, he left Swedish diplomatic service and returned to the Netherlands, living there for a little more than a decade. In the few months before his death, he was finally able to take up residence again in Heidelberg. Despite the addition to this volume of essays about Schubert's era, life, and work, this edition has tantalizingly little to say about Schubert's own political troubles in the wake of 1968. To 1960s radicals, Schubert seemed to advance ideas that were a bit too Western and prosaically liberal. In the years of the student revolt, he became embroiled in controversies with some members of Frankfurt's neo-Marxist student faction. Feeling increasingly under fire, Schubert sought positions at other universities, but when these failed to materialize, he took his own life on June 30, 1973. It is precisely this story that fascinates, and it is one about which this volume might have said more.


The depth of Daniel Chennevière's lifelong commitment to Orientalist mysticism is shown in his adoption, in his early twenties, of "Rudhyar," a name derived from "Rudra," a Sanskrit word for the Hindu god Shiva. Rudhyar may not have been the only composer to cultivate his own ego while seeking simultaneously to merge it into that of all humankind, but few other creative artists have chosen to assume the name of a deity as part of their search. Born in Paris in 1895, the future Dane Rudhyar suffered bouts of illness in his youth serious enough to exempt him from military service in World War I. He developed a profound interest in the work of Bergson, Nietzsche, and Scriabin. He also studied composition with Debussy; at age eighteen, he produced a biography of his teacher. He came to the United States in 1916, becoming a U.S. citizen a decade later. Some of his contemporaries may have perceived a certain arrogance in his philosophical approach, his self-presentation, or his music. Elliott Carter wrote to Ives of Rudhyar's Paeans after it appeared in a New Music Edition (vol. I, no. 2, Jan. 1928): "Paeans are good but they seem a little too majestic, too much of his own greatness taken for granted."1 Rudhyar, an eloquent advocate for his own vision of modernism, joined Varèse and Salzedo in breaking away from Copland and the League of Composers to form the International Composers Guild in 1923. He also carried on a fierce debate with Charles Seeger in the pages of the Aeolian Review during the 1920s. (The unflappable Henry Cowell refused to be drawn into these disputes and presently published several more of Rudhyar's scores in his New Music Edition.) His early confrontational style, involving flamboyant behavior at a concert in Montreal, is documented elsewhere.2 In 1919 and 1920 Rudhyar published three articles in the Musical Quarterly under the name Rudhyar D. Chennevière. In these three essays he set out his views about the increasing spiritual emptiness, brokenness, and general decay of Western music, using the music of Stravinsky and Schoenberg as Exhibit A. He saw the Western scale and Western musical instruments, particularly the piano, as


The Internet of Things, incorporating new device, sensor and smartphone technologies can provide amongst other things a means for more extensive and more real-time, public health data collection. It can enable a far more sophisticated understanding of public health and how it changes over time than previously possible, and furthermore provide a new mechanism for a learning health system. In this paper we describe how the Internet of Things supports such a learning health system, and also how such a system can help contribute to new techniques for the advancement of healthcare knowledge.


The authors discuss the numerical computation of H/sup infinity / optimal controllers for an unstable aircraft model with a time delay. It is shown that the optimal H/sup infinity / controller for this infinite-dimensional model can be computed from a finite determinantal formula. The properties of the optimal controller are examined. For a particular choice of weights, the authors illustrate with an example that the optimal controller is stable and continuous. They examine approximations of this controller, and illustrate suboptimality of the controllers obtained from these approximations.<<ETX>>


This paper is based on a research project that explored effective training models at the VET Certificate III level and above in two industry areas as case examples: process manufacturing occupations (based in Victoria) and child care occupations (based in Queensland). In the case study industries higher level vocational education and training qualifications were being pursued through an "apprenticeship" or formal contracted employment based training arrangement along side the traditional vocational course approach. Customised skills sets also featured as did fast tracking options. Thirty three individuals including employers, employees/ apprentices, training providers, industry representatives and Training Package developers were interviewed to explore current concerns around each model and suggest arrangements that reasonably withstand limitations and issues surrounding employment based training for higher level VET qualifications.

The data for this project informed the development of a set of five 'best-fit' training models for higher level vocational qualifications to suit the process manufacturing and child care industries. These five models are expected to also be adaptable to other industry areas. The models include options for existing workers who already have a lower qualification and seek an upward movement in their careers, as well as ones for new entrants to the workforce who are seeking to enter at an intermediate level. The proposed models are expected to increase employers' preferences for VET graduates particularly for a growing number of associate professional jobs.


Objective
Through the analysis and understanding of the constitution of the personnel of health emergency in Dong'e County, the existing problems in the composition of the professional personnel of health emergency are found and suggestions are provided to improve the capacity of the county health emergency team.

Method
Through questionnaire survey and interview, the establishment of health emergency office in Dong'e county-level Disease Control Center (infectious disease prevention and control team), county-level medical institutions (medical rescue team), township medical institutions (Health Hospital, community service center) and health emergency team personnel structure(gender, education, professional title, working time, professional training and participation).

Result
All units in the survey area have set up health emergency offices, but part-time staff are responsible for routine management. The county has 3 categories of 13 emergency support teams, a total of 170 people. There were 99 men(58.2%)and 71 women(41.8%), and there was no significant difference in gender distribution between the members of each unit of health emergency (χ2=0.152, P>0.05). The age composition of team members are analyzed, including aged under 30 years [30(17.64%)], aged from 30 to 39 years old [100(58.8%)], aged from 40 to 49 years of [31(18.2%)], above 50 years [9(4.7%)] . The educational level of the team members are mainly junior college [35(20.6%)]and undergraduate [105(61.8%)] and there are more middle and low education personnel in the health emergency team of township medical institutions. Among the county's health emergency responders, the personnel with the junior, middle and deputy senior professional titles are 98(56.5%), 70(42.4%) and 2(1.2%) , respectively. The proportion of junior titles in health emergency responders of township medical institutions (health emergency team) reached 76.0%(76 / 100). Most of the team members' working hours are 10 to 20 years [88(51.8%)], high-grade (>20 years) personnel was 33(19.4%), and working hours<10 years personnel was 49(28.82%). 36(21.2%) did not participate in the training, 65(38.2%) participated in only one training, 42(24.7%) participated in 2 trainings, and only 27(15.9%) trained in 3 times or more.

Conclusion
The health emergency management system and personnel team in Dong'e County have been basically completed, but there are still gaps in the composition of various professional teams at all levels, especially strength in township team is weak, and the number of training and the number of participants is fewer.

Key words:
health emergency; talent composition; Dong'e County


A series of UV-curable nanocomposites were prepared with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (MPS) modified nanosilica under the initiation of 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one. It was found that MPS-modified nanosilica together with free MPS could form transparent nanocomposite coats. As the particle size of nanosilica increased, the photopolymerization rate, final double bond conversion, and tack-free time of nanocomposites increased while the surface roughness, glass-transition temperature, and UV absorbance of nanocomposites decreased. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2274–2281, 2005


The present invention discloses a method and apparatus utilizing foam density determination Tyndall's effect foam beverage container. For this reason, the use of focused light beam emitted to the foam, where the foam beam is refracted and scattered light becomes visible in the surface of the foam. By measuring the profile of this spot, one can estimate the density of the foam. For this purpose, one or several may be incorporated into a laser connected to an existing filling level measuring device on the existing measuring devices.


This paper describes an experience of integrating a dynamic reservoir simulation model with a dynamic well simulation model, resulting in an integrated dynamic model from the reservoir to the surface that enhances reservoir and well surveillance capability for the Blacktip gas field. Multiphase transient flow simulation is used to support daily well and pipeline operations for the project. The limitation of the standalone well model using a multiphase transient simulation software was its inability to reproduce pressure build up response during shut-ins, and pressure drawdown during start-ups. The fluid inflow from the reservoir to the well bore is modelled using the Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) and accordingly the transient pressure behaviour near the well bore is not captured. This makes it difficult to estimate an accurate static reservoir pressure during shut-ins, as the predicted pressure instantaneously builds up to reservoir pressure specified in the IPR. The integrated dynamic model overcomes this limitation. The history matching of production intervals including shut-ins and start-ups using the integrated dynamic model along with high frequency data demonstrates that this integrated modelling approach can be used as a reliable surveillance tool to understand dynamic flow conditions from the reservoir to the surface, including liquid loading and unloading scenarios. The evolution of the history match and subsequent outcomes are discussed in the paper, along with the lessons learnt. Results of a liquid loading and unloading scenario for a gas well are also discussed in the paper.