ABSTRACT This article discusses debates found on Chinese university discussion boards, and considers why narratives about 'modernisation' and Chinese 'deficiency' and 'backwardness' constitute such powerful discourses at the grassroots level in China. This is notable because these discourses adapt a hierarchy of modernity from colonial discourses and they refer to colonial experiences in order to prove that a backward China has to change urgently. The article argues that discourses about modernisation and Chinese deficiency can become immensely pervasive because they are reproduced by authors on the internet in their attempts to produce a counter-discourse against either Western or Chinese institutional discourses. These counter-discourses are, however, caught within a dual power structure: on the one hand, the dominance of Chinese state discourse within China itself, and, on the other hand, the global dominance of Western discourses, often set in opposition to the Chinese government. In order to articulate a critique of either of these discourses authors appropriate concepts from the oppositional institutional discourse. Yet both of these seemingly 'contradictory' institutional discourses reproduce a hierarchy of modernity in which China is portrayed as backwards and therefore inferior. Thus while apparent counter-discourses are trapped between seemingly alternative positions they nevertheless both reproduce the same discourse of modernity and backwardness.


The society has advanced in its own integrity, turning the technologic advances in something required for the daily life. Nevertheless, in many occasions the right owners and therefore the ones who generate the information in an unconscious way allow the access to different systems that rise, hold and leak their information. Generating the need to regulate the protection of personal data, since if it is handle in a wrong way the rights of intimacy and privacy of the subject may be affected. This protection may be found in our Constitution and other specific normative. There exists an ease of recollecting through electronic devices, nevertheless, these ones also produce georeferences of the subjects who use them. Geolocation is a conglomerate of technology that rises and generates georeferential data. Localization data, consolidates the geolocation, which performs as a useful tool, at the service of technology and science also not far from the law. Which is why in the XXI century, the jurists have to face great challenges, by analyzing the power of usage and the reach of it. Examining if there could exist any kind of infringement, cause for the very same. The mechanism to obtain localization data that has allowed to increase the obtainment of data are the electronic apps by installing in mobile devices. Generating data like real time location and connection between other apps. We must understand the relevance that the protection of data has even when they are produced inside media of geolocation.


This clinical report describes a 1-year-old Golden Retriever dog weighing 24 kg that developed gastroenteritis as a result of the unprescribed and random use of a syrup Hedera helix extract, which is for human use only. Diagnosis was made after ruling out other factors that could cause gastroenteritis. An improvement in clinical findings was observed as a result of supportive treatment. It is already widely recognized that triterpene saponins, biological active compounds of Hedera helix, cause gastroenteritis in dogs and it is considered that unprescribed and random use of syrup Hedera helix at high doses, may cause severe gastroenteritis symptoms that will endanger life. It is concluded that successful management of Hedera helix extract poisoning depends on a good anamnesis, physical exams, and laboratory tests, rapidly ruling out other causes of gastroenteritis, quitting the use of syrup immediately and a supportive treatment


This is the first of a two-part article in which we focus on the ultrasound (US) appearance of the normal ulnar nerve (UN) and its main branches. The detailed US anatomy of the UN course is presented with high-resolution US images obtained with the latest-generation US machines and transducers.


Background: Determining hepatitis C genotypes is important to detect the various aspects of this infection, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis and response to anti-viral treatments. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C genotypes in patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Clinic in Khorramabad. Methods: Out of all the patients admitted to the Infectious Disease Clinic in Khorramabad in a four-year period (April 2009 to March 2013), 120 patients who met the inclusion criteria of the study were evaluated. The PCR method was used to examine the serums of the patients with hepatitis C in terms of the type of genotype. Results: Out of 120 patients, 101 (84.2%) were male and 19 (15.8%) were female. The most prevalent genotypes were 3a (65%), 1a (24.2%), 1a/1b (5%), and 2 (1.7%), respectively. The genotypes of 5 patients (4.2%) could not be determined. No significant relationships were found between gender and genotype, and age group and genotype. Moreover, 18.3% of the patients were HIV-positive. Conclusion: In this study, genotype 3a, the most prevalent genotype, was not consistent with the prevalent genotypes in Arab, European, American, and African countries. Furthermore, genotype 1a was the second most prevalent genotype, while it has been reported as the most prevalent genotype by numerous studies conducted in Iran.


Background: Channeling bias may confound the interpretation of results of nonrandomized observational studies. We undertook this analysis to develop a methodology for examining potential channeling bias in the prescription of cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitors (COX-2 SIs) and to determine the effect of such bias on measured estimates of drug safety. Methods: The Protocare Sciences Propriety Research database, a managed care claims database that has integrated information on patient eligibility and claims, was used as the data source. Patients were identified based on dispensation of either COX-2 SIs (n 43,653) or nonspecific (ns) NSAIDs (n 492,831) between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2001. Odds ratios were calculated to determine the association of health status and gastrointestinal (GI) history with COX-2 SI and ns NSAID dispensation. Propensity scores were derived from multivariate logistic regression analyses to adjust for risk factors associated with COX-2 SI and ns NSAID dispensation. Poisson regression accounting for duration of exposure was used in conjunction with propensity scores to examine the incidence of NSAID-related and ulcer specific hospitalizations during therapy. Results: Among patients with a history of GI hospitalization, the crude incidence rates were approximately 4-fold higher in the ns NSAID compared with the COX-2 SI cohort (incidence rate/100 pt-years: 4.06, 95% CI 3.10–5.32 and 0.88, 95% CI 0.33–2.34, respectively). Disease state severity based on advancing age and history of GI healthcare resource utilization or NSAID intolerance were strongly associated with COX-2 SI dispensation. After adjusting for these predictors of COX-2 prescribing or factors associated with selective COX-2 prescribing (channeling bias), the relative risk (RR) of both NSAID-related and ulcer-specific GI hospitalizations was reduced among COX-2 SI users compared with ns NSAID users (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48–0.78 and 0.68, 95% CI 0.48–0.96, respectively). Similar results were obtained regardless of exposure to gastroprotective agents (H2RAs, PPIs, or misoprostol) (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.40–0.77 and 0.52, 95% CI 0.31–0.87 for NSAID-related and ulcer-specific hospitalizations, respectively). Conclusions: Managed care patients with a history of GI problems or ns NSAID intolerance are being channeled to COX-2 SIs. After adjusting for channeling bias, COX-2 SI therapy was associated with fewer GI events, even though these patients had a higher background risk of GI complications. 4 Flagellin Stimulates IL-8 Production in Native Human Colon and Enhances Ongoing Colonic Inflammation in Mice Sang Hoon Rhee, Martin Riegler, and Charalabos Pothoulakis


Web service technology establishes a common, vendor-neutral platform for integrating distributed computing applications, in intranets as well as on the Internet at large. Semantic Web Services (SWSs) promise to provide solutions to the challenges associated with automated discovery, dynamic composition, enactment, and other tasks associated with managing and using service-based systems. One of the barriers to a wider adoption of SWS technology is the lack of tools for creating SWS specifications. OWL-S[1] is one of the major SWS description languages. This paper presents an OWL-S Editor, whose objective is to allow easy, intuitive OWL-S service development and to provide a variety of special-purpose capabilities to facilitate SWS design. The editor is implemented as a plugin to the Protégé OWL ontology editor, and is being developed as open-source software. We introduce the main features of this tool, from the perspective of the Protégé user.


Abstract Introduction: The use of minimal invasive surgery (MIS) simulation models has been included into our residency program curricula and hands-on courses since 2013. We have previously present...


para, was delivered of a breech with legs extended, a leg having to be brought down. The child did very well, and the mother suffered no undue shock. In 3 cases persistent occipito-posterior positions have been manually rotated and delivery made with forceps, without undue hurry being experienced, and neither mother nor child appeared to suffer in any way. In 6 cases the bead was found to be unexpectedly "tight," and considerable traction was required to deliver the child. In 4 of these a perineal tear resulted, but this was repaired without any additional anaesthetic. Evipan has been given, in rather smaller dose, to 7 patients just before the birth of the head, when forceps N-ere not used. In one case trouble was experienced with the child after delivery-there being some delay in respiration. In the other 6 cases the children cried at once and there were no neonatal complications. In no case was there any excessive post-partum bleeding, and the placenta always appeared to separate quickly and easily.


This article discusses the theoretical analysis of the process of unloading a scraper with a semicircular bottom with forced unloading. The theoretical analysis allows calculating dependence of the soil mass change on the position of the back wall relative to the scraper bottom length and the efforts that are required for unloading.


As organizations evaluate different methods to improve data security, they have to shift to find the best alternative means to secure the servers. Zero Trust Network Architecture (ZTNA) has become the focus of many institutions to prevent data loss, especially from the employees working remotely due to the spread of Covid-19, requiring people to keep social distance minimize risks of an attack. Zero trust employs a multifactor authentication process that requires all users to verify their identity or the device they are using before using a network. This security procedure has been useful in eliminating the castle-and-moat concept's weaknesses that were initially used and could allow an individual to navigate freely through a network once they penetrated the firewall. The Zero trust does not allow the penetration and further segment of different materials; therefore, an individual cannot access all materials once in a network. This cybersecurity method will be advantageous post COVID-19 to deliver a simplified user experience enabling them to manage and find the contents with ease. For the customers, the architecture creates a uniform platform that can be used to amplify the security. The technology is a must for cost-benefit analysis for every organization considering its potential to help avoid potential security and financial losses


In situ measurements of internal tides are typically characterized by high temporal variability, with strong dependence on stratification, mesoscale eddies, and background currents commonly observed. Thus, it is surprising to find phase-locked internal tides detectable by satellite altimetry. An important question is how much tidal variability is missed by altimetry. We address this question in several ways. We subset the altimetry by season and find only very small changes -- an important exception being internal tides in the South China Sea where we observe strong seasonal dependence. A wavenumber-domain analysis confirms that throughout most of the global ocean there is little temporal variability in altimetric internal-tide signals, at least in the first baroclinic mode, which is the mode that dominates surface elevation. The analysis shows higher order modes to be significantly more variable. The results of this study have important practical implications for the anticipated SWOT wide-swath altimeter mission, for which removal of internal tide signals is critical for observing non-tidal submesoscale phenomena.


The temperature dependence of the electron spin g factor in GaAs is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Experimentally, the g factor was measured using time-resolved Faraday rotation due to Larmor precession of electron spins in the temperature range between 4.5 K and 190 K. The experiment shows an almost linear increase of the g value with the temperature. This result is in good agreement with other measurements based on photoluminescence quantum beats and timeresolved Kerr rotation up to room temperature. The experimental data are described theoretically taking into account a diminishing fundamental energy gap in GaAs due to lattice thermal dilatation and nonparabolicity of the conduction band calculated using a five-level k·p model. At higher temperatures electrons populate higher Landau levels and the average g factor is obtained from a summation over many levels. A very good description of the experimental data is obtained indicating that the observed increase of the spin g factor with the temperature is predominantly due to band's nonparabolicity.


failing dismally to attract towards their Medical Services a sufficient number of young doctors ; and it is inevitable that with competition so restricted a number of men who are properly ineligible must obtain admission. What the causes of this serious state of affairs may be, it should be the duty of the War Office and the India Office to ascertain without delay. When these causes, which now threaten to interfere gravely with the efficiency of the Services, have been discovered every possible means of removing them should be adopted. To judge by the trend of general opinion in Anglo-Indian circles, one of the root-causes most detrimental to the attractiveness of the Indian Medical Service is the policy in high quarters of encouraging the influx of native Indians into its commissioned


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of different dimensions of supply chain integration on performance, while considering both the interconnections between these supply chain integration dimensions and the effect of context. Specifically, the authors investigate the relationship between two enablers (communication infrastructure and cooperative behaviour) and two practices (planning information and joint improvement), and the moderating effect of supply complexity on their relationship with performance.Design/methodology/approach – A survey among 145 Dutch and Spanish manufacturers is used to gather data on the buyer‐supplier relationship. Both the sample and two subsamples – for high and low supply complexity – are analysed using SmartPLS.Findings – The paper finds that two dimensions – communication infrastructure and cooperative behaviour – enable the two collaborative practices: joint improvement and planning information. All mentioned supply chain integration dimensions, ...


A beam steerable square loop antenna is presented over a high impedance surface with RF‐absorber. For a test frequency of 5.0 GHz, the proposed antenna is 4.69‐mm thick and has an impedance bandwidth of 700 MHz and a gain of 7.93 dB. When compared with a recent published steerable square loop antenna over hybrid high impedance surface, the new antenna offers near equivalent performance but with a much simpler design and a cheaper fabrication process. The absorber's permittivity is found to control the antenna's beam tilt and sidelobe level. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:481–485, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25777


The pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process is employed for efficient separation of gas mixtures under pressure, and achieve different levels of purity. When used to produce biofuel, PSA parameters should be optimised to meet international standards of purity. PSA modeling relies on highly nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). The objective of this work is to propose a model that captures the dynamics of PSA represented by PDEs, using recurrent neural networks (RNN). The proposed RNN is composed of three layers to process the inputs and previous outputs of the real (or simulated) system. Results demonstrate that the proposed RNN presents a more stable approximation, reaching around 97% of purity, with a fit to the simulated purity curve of 84.51%, compared to the 75.84% obtained with Hammerstein-Wienner approach.


In this study, we apply the Panel Stationary test with both sharp and smooth breaks to test the validity of long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) for 20 African countries using quarterly data over the period 1971I–2012IV. Empirical results of Panel stationary tests with both sharp and smooth breaks indicate that PPP holds true for 10 out of these 20 African countries (i.e., Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania and Togo) studied.


Apache Kafka addresses the general problem of delivering extreme high volume event data to diverse consumers via a publish-subscribe messaging system. It uses partitions to scale a topic across many brokers for producers to write data in parallel, and also to facilitate parallel reading of consumers. Even though Apache Kafka provides some out of the box optimizations, it does not strictly define how each topic shall be efficiently distributed into partitions. The well-formulated fine-tuning that is needed in order to improve an Apache Kafka cluster performance is still an open research problem. In this paper, we first model the Apache Kafka topic partitioning process for a given topic. Then, given the set of brokers, constraints and application requirements on throughput, OS load, replication latency and unavailability, we formulate the optimization problem of finding how many partitions are needed and show that it is computationally intractable, being an integer program. Furthermore, we propose two simple, yet efficient heuristics to solve the problem: the first tries to minimize and the second to maximize the number of brokers used in the cluster. Finally, we evaluate its performance via largescale simulations, considering as benchmarks some Apache Kafka cluster configuration recommendations provided by Microsoft and Confluent. We demonstrate that, unlike the recommendations, the proposed heuristics respect the hard constraints on replication latency and perform better w.r.t. unavailability time and OS load, using the system resources in a more prudent way.


Composite membrane based on sulfonated polysulfone-natural zeolite-titanium dioxide has been performed. The composite membrane is carried out by mixing the sulfonated polysulfone with natural zeolite, with the mass ratio of sulfonated polysulfone: zeolite; 1: 0.5, 1: 1, and 1: 2. In each variation has been added titanium dioxide with of 10% (w/v) to the polymer solution. The next step is the casting on the glass plate by pouring the mixture. Subsequent evaporation of the solvent slowly to form a membrane. From FT-IR analysis obtained the small bands observed at about 1223 cmcorresponding to the asymmetry stretching the external vibrational bands of SiO4 or AlO4. On the other hand, bands around 792 cm and 600 cm are due to the symmetrical stretching of SiO4 or AlO4 and the vibrations of the double rings respectively. The small bands observed at about 600 cm represent a bending mode for Si-O-Si. The interaction between sulfonated polysulfone and TiO2 has shown from the widening band of O-H bond uptake. Ti-O bonds have shown in the absorption of wave numbers 539.58 516.32 cm. Optimum ion exchange analysis obtained 1.003 meq/g for PSf 0.5 zeolite 10% TiO2 membrane, the degree of swelling obtained the optimum on the membrane PSf 1.5 zeolite 10% TiO2 of 0.09%, and methanol permeability was obtained on the membrane PSf 1.0 zeolite 10% TiO2 of 6.9 x10 S/cm. The result of optimum proton conductivity for zeolite addition of 1.5 gram at temperature 70 °C equal to 1.185 x 10 S/cm.


We propose a simple cross-language parser adaptation strategy for discriminative parsers and apply it to easy-first transition-based dependency parsing (Goldberg and Elhadad, 2010). We evaluate our parsers on the Indo-European corpora in the CoNLL-X and CoNLL 2007 shared tasks. Using the remaining languages as source data we average under-fitted weights learned from each source language and apply the resulting linear classifier to the target language. Of course some source languages and some sentences in these languages are more relevant than others for the target language in question. We therefore explore improvements of our cross-language adaptation model involving source language and instance weighting, as well as unsupervised model selection. Overall our cross-language adaptation strategies provide better results than previous strategies for direct transfer, with near-linear time parsing and much faster training times than other approaches.


As the core sensor of inertial navigation system (INS), the random noise of fiber-optic gyro (FOG) will reduce the accuracy of INS. In order to process the random noise of FOG, an adaptive Kalman filtering (AKF) algorithm based on innovation sequence combined with the improved current statistical model (ICSM) is proposed. The introduction of ICSM algorithm avoids the complicated data processing of time series modeling. Integrate with the model, an AKF algorithm based on innovation sequence is proposed. Experimental results show that the random noise of FOG can be effectively reduced by ICSM and AKF based on innovation sequence.


Entertaining toddlers on their birthday fills some people with dread, while others thrive on the energy and excitement that an organised event provides. Dr Lin Day offers advice on hosting the perfect party.


Modern shipboard diesel engines are operated almost continually on heavy fuel oils, which means that they are constantly subjected to particles that promote abrasive wear and cold corrosion. These particles include catalytic fines, sand dust, iron oxides, coke, sulphur oxides, metal oxides, and soot. Unlike medium-speed diesels that have more intensive lubrication and better cleaning systems, low-speed diesels, because of their inherent design and slow speed, are more susceptible to these destructive particles. To study these problems, relevant measurements were taken from a two-stroke low- speed diesel engine. Data taken include fuel sample analyses, liner wear rates, cleaning system performance, and particle size distributions. An evaluation of these measurements is presented. Finally, preventive measures and improvements for reducing abrasive wear in the low-speed diesel engine are suggested.


In this paper we study the dynamics of global attractor of a semilinear parabolic equation involving Grushin operators. First we show that the global attractor is bounded in L(Ω) and D(A). Then we investigate the existence of a Lyapunov function, the injectivity on the global attractor and the squeezing property. Finally, we obtain estimates on upper bound and lower bound of the fractal dimension of the global attractor. AMS Subject Classification: 35J70, 35B05


the locrian maidens love and death in greek italy is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the the locrian maidens love and death in greek italy is universally compatible with any devices to read.


ABSTRACT Nanoscale manipulation of properties of drug delivery systems (DDSs) provides improved control over the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of encapsulated drugs relative to free drugs. This article summarizes the preparation and therapeutic applications of paclitaxel–gelatin nanoparticles (PGNs) (Type B, 75 Bloom) in the size range ∼150 to 200 nm as confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with ∼45% entrapment efficiency. Dose-dependent antineoplasticity in hepatocarcinoma, HepG2 cell line, was observed up to 72 h of incubation with PGN and the drug per se (<1 (g) showed 65% toxicity within 24 h). A pharmacokinetics and biodistribution study with endpoints at 2, 6, 24, and 48 h performed in normal and tumor-bearing, inbred Balb-c mice showed accumulation in liver and tumor with PGN. Enhanced paclitaxel accumulation in kidney was observed. In vivo antineoplastic studies showed an approximately threefold reduction of tumor with PGN.


Background:Helicobacter pylori related gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) is considered to be a precancerous lesion. Aims: To identify the effects of H pylori eradication on K-ras mutations, cell kinetics in IM and histological changes in patients with and without gastric cancers in a one-year prospective study. Methods: Patients included group A (n = 39), chronic gastritis, and group B (n = 53), intestinal-type early gastric cancer patients who had all undergone endoscopic mucosal resection (n = 25) or surgical resection (n = 28). K-ras codon 12 mutations in IM were examined, followed by DNA sequencing analysis. Proliferating and apoptotic cells were detected with anti-Ki-67 antibody and using the TUNEL method, respectively. Results: The incidence of K-ras mutations in the cancer was only 3.8%. The mutant K-ras in IM was observed more frequently in group A (46.2%) than in group B patients (1.9%) (p<0.005). After eradication, the K-ras mutations significantly declined to 12.8% in group A (p<0.005). The mutation pattern of K-ras codon 12 before eradication was that GGT was mainly changed to AGT (50%) in group A. AGT transformation was not affected by treatment. Apoptosis in IM showed an increase after H pylori eradication in both groups (p<0.05 in group A) although no histological improvement in IM was observed. The monocyte score was significantly higher in group A than in group B (p<0.05); the score improved significantly after eradication. Conclusions: K-ras mutations in IM do not always play a role in gastric carcinogenesis but cell kinetics, especially apoptosis, in IM may contribute to it. There are early events in K-ras mutations which are influenced by H pylori infection; some mutations may also be selected by eradication. These unstable K-ras mutations in IM may be related to lymphocyte infiltration caused by H pylori infection.


A new method is presented for determining the spectral line profile. By applying the theory of Hilbert and Schmidt for solving the integral equation between the interferogram of the Fabry-Perot interferometer and the spectral distribution of the profile, one can reconstruct the profile. This procedure is mathematically rigorous. The reconstructed spectrum shows good coincidence with the assumed one even in the presence of noise of the order of 10-3. An example is given with a resolution equal to 0.0075 cm-1, a number of calculated points equal to 65 and the reflectivity of the plates equal to 0.95.


This paper explores the formation of stable network structures in a model with public goods. The multiplicity of equilibria in the non-cooperative formulation of network formation games brings out further difficulties in analyzing stability of network structures. This contrasts with the cooperative game approach where payoffs for agents are predetermined and thereby the multiplicity of equilibrium issues are sidestepped. We took issue with the multiplicity of equilibrium effort levels exerted on a given network structure, and we suggested different stability definitions for such network structures under multiplicity of equilibria. We demonstrated how these stability notions work for the network structures with four agents where breaking and forming links is costless, and the cost of exerting effort level is linear.


Double white dwarf (DWD) systems are unique among gravitational-wave sources because their evolution is governed not just by general relativity, but also by mass transfer and tides. While the black hole and neutron star binaries observed with ground-based gravitational-wave detectors are driven to inspiral due to the emission of gravitational radiation—manifesting as a "chirp"-like gravitational-wave signal—the astrophysical processes at work in DWDs can cause the inspiral to stall and even reverse into an outspiral. The dynamics of the DWD outspiral thus encode information about tides, which tell us about the behaviour of electron-degenerate matter. We carry out a population study to determine the effect of the strength of tides on the distributions of the DWD binary parameters that the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will be able to constrain. We find that the strength of tidal coupling leaves a unique signature in the distribution of gravitational-wave frequencies and frequency derivatives for detectably mass transferring DWD systems. By measuring the population properties of DWDs, LISA will be able to probe the behavior of electron-degenerate matter.


It is our goal to make today's and future cities smart, sustainable and resilient. In order to achieve this, it is fundamental to understand how each city works, to formalize the knowledge gained and to apply it to a city model as the base for simulations that can generate future scenarios with a high level of probability. The nature of this model, which must cover design, qualitative and quantitative aspects, has changed over time. In this study, we focus on the role of the spatial dimension and of geometry in a city model. Emerging from being a dominating generative force in ancient cities, spatial modeling has developed into an underlying description language for present and future cities to define functions and properties of the city in space and time. The example of the stocks and flows model applied to the city depicts where and how spatial modeling influences the design, construction and performance of the future Smart City.


Since the 21 st century, the ability to innovate college graduate management discipline has become the common goal of Commerce and Industry to enhance the development of higher education around the world, countries forming a distinctive pattern of innovation capability. Our ability to innovate to enhance business management graduate students must learn from the successful experience in managing foreign universities graduate students ability to innovate industrial and commercial promotion. Strengthen business administration graduate students teaching methods, the ability to focus on innovation in business administration graduate students to enhance teacher education. On this basis, the paper proposed to in-depth college of business administration graduate students teaching methods, highlighting the focus on university business administration graduate students of science education reform, and so on. Ability to innovate in order to graduate college of business management disciplines to enhance the comprehensive reform has important implications for the role.


This paper is a study of invertibility of the difference of two idempotents of a unitary ring.Using properties of idempotents,we show several necessary and sufficient conditions for the invertibility of the difference of two idempotents, and exhibit some applications to matrix rings.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the oral shedding and viremia of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in HIV-positive patients and their relationship with oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL).

METHODOLOGY
A total of 94 HIV-positive patients were included in the study, in which blood and saliva samples were collected for EBV quantification. Data on gender, age, time of HIV seropositivity, combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), CD4+ T cell counts and HIV viral load were collected. OHL diagnosis was based on histopathological examination and EBV in situ hybridization.

RESULTS
The EBV load in the 94 HIV-positive patients was higher in saliva than in blood (2.4 and 1.6, respectively) and there was a positive correlation between EBV oral shedding and viremia (P=0.001). Twenty (21.27%) patients had OHL and also a higher EBV load in saliva (mean log10 = 3.11) compared to those who had no OHL (P = 0.045). Presence of OHL was only associated with age (P = 0.030).

CONCLUSION
In HIV-positive patients, the presence of OHL was associated with EBV oral shedding but not with viremia, regardless of the amount of circulating CD4+ T cells.


Summary This work presents the design and implementation of two applications to control a Lego NXT robot, one of them running on the robot itself and the other on a pocket PC. The application for the robot was developed in the NXC language, while the Pocket PC application was developed in Microsoft Visual Basic. The final part of this paper shows the results of the tests, which were implemented in both applications, demonstrating their speed and efficiency.


(56) References Cited U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 3,856,839 12/1974 Smith et al. ...................... 260/429.5 4,143,088 3/1979 Favre et al...... ... 260/825 4,687,829 8/1987 Chaffee et al. ........................ 528/17 4,711,928 12/1987 Lee et al. ............................ 524/860 Primary Examiner-Melvyn J. Marquis Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Edward C. Elliott 57 ABSTRACT A moisture curing silicone sealant which adheres to a variety of substrates is produced by a method which first mixes a trialkoxysilethylene endblocked polydior ganosiloxane, a trialkoxysilane crosslinker, and a beta dicarbonyl titanium catalyst, then adds a precipitated calcium carbonate filler having a fatty acid treated sur face.


In this study a HPLC method is described for the determination of Patulin residue in inspissated apple juice after it was extracted by the ethyl acetate.The extract was concentrated and then dissolved by wathenoe-water(1∶1,V/V) for HPLC determination with a UV-diode-array detector at 276 nm.The chromatographic column was MG-Ⅱ ODS C18,the mobile phase was a mixture of mathenol-water-acetate sodium(pH=4.6).The response for Patulin was linear in the range of 0.02~1.0 μg/mL,with the correlation coefficient over 0.9956.The limit of quantification was 50 μg/L.In the line of quality assurance,when fortified with Patulin at 0.05,0.1,0.5 μg/mL,the arerage recoveries were in the range of 69.82±1.64%~87.54±3.61%.


Objective:To investigate the influencing factors and their relationship with blood loss and facial swelling in orthognathic surgery. Methods:Eighty-seven patients scheduled for orthognathic surgery were randomly divided into two groups according to whether received prophylactic administration of Yunnan Baiyao (experimental group) or not (control group). Correlation and regression analysis were performed between the parameters (age,height,weight and surgical time) and the amount of blood loss and degree of facial swelling in the two groups. Results:There were significant differences in blood loss and facial swelling between the two groups. Significant positive correlation was found between the surgical time and the amount of blood loss (experimental group:R=0.280,P=0.035;Control group:R=0.515,P=0.001) in the two groups,and there was correlation between the body height and blood loss in control group (r=0.347,P=0.049). The postoperative facial swelling was correlated with blood loss(rs =0.251,P=0.019)and surgical time (rs =0.211,P=0.050). The Logistic equation of facial swelling was P=e0.004×amount of bleeding -1.258/1+e0.004×amount of bleeding -1.258. Conclusions:Under the same conditions of surgical and anesthesia procedures,the major factor influencing blood loss is surgical time,and the variables affecting facial swelling are surgical time and the amount of blood loss. Prophylactic administration of haemostatic and anti-inflammatory agents have important effects of reducing blood loss and facial swelling in orthognathic surgery.


Both linguists and native speakers of an endangered language have a vested interest in promoting language revitalization. Ultimately, primary responsibility for the future of the language rests in the hands of those who claim it as their heritage language. Still, linguists have an important role to play by lending various types of support to the primary stakeholders. By working together, native speakers and linguists can increase the chances that efforts at renewal and maintenance will succeed. Based on our experience with Chiwere Siouan, we offer a working model for language revitalization that recognizes the importance of collaboration between native-speaker curators of the language and outsider linguists. In this variant of the masterapprentice model (Hinton 1994), one or more speakers or semispeakers assume the role of curator, taking on the combined responsibilities of archivist, researcher, language learner, and teacher. In some cases, potential curators may be hampered in their efforts due to political, social, and/or financial factors. The linguist cannot remove these stumbling blocks but can offer moral support and positive feedback. In this collaborative relationship the linguist provides direction when it comes to technical matters related to documentation, analysis, and preparation of teaching materials. The curator takes the lead with respect to decisions regarding the selection, curation, and dissemination of language materials and also identifies culturally appropriate means of teaching the language to others. While this collaborative approach does not guarantee language revitalization, our ongoing experience with the model suggests that it holds promise.


Appendiceal mucocele formation can be induced by mechanical obstruction due to various reasons; In very rare cases, mucosal prolapse of the appendix can also cause mucocele. We first present the case of a 38-year-old woman who was diagnosed with appendiceal mucocele associated with appendiceal mucosal prolapse. The lesion was first found by colonoscopy and treated surgically. On examining the specimen, it revealed a dilated lumen containing mucinous fluid at the proximal portion, a polypoid mass at the mid portion, and a slightly dilated distal portion filled with mucoid material. But there was no histologic evidence of polyp. We report the first case of mucosal prolapse of the appendix resulting in mucocele with a review of the concepts of prolapse.


The cholesterol degradation of Lactobacillus plantarum M1-UVs29 in vitro under different conditions is studied.In MRS culture medium with different content of cholesterol,bile salt type and concentration,and pH value,the cholesterol is determined.The results show that Lactobacillus plantarum M1-UVs29 has the ability to lower cholesterol,and its way mainly for assimilation and sedimentation,especially the assimilation.Along with the increase of cholesterol,the reducing rate also increases,when cholesterol concentration of 400 μg/mL,4% inoculation quantity,cholesterol degradation rate of the maximum value is 42.55%;different bile salt species and concentration decreases the rate of the different also,when adding 0.4% bovine bile salts,cholesterol degradation rate reaches the maximum value(37.58%);degradation of cholesterol pH ratio first increases and then decreases,when the pH is 5.5,the max degradation rate of cholesterol is 34.92%.


Extracellular nucleotides are degraded by several ecto-enzymes present on the cell membrane, and also by soluble enzymes in the bloodstream. Previous work has already found elevated 5'-nucleotidase activity in the serum of patients with head and neck cancer, but very few reports are available on the involvement of the nucleotidases in brain tumor development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hydrolysis of adenine nucleotides in the blood serum of brain tumor patients. Blood samples were obtained from 15 patients between 17 and 76 years old with brain tumors, and from 25 healthy individuals (control). The pathological status of each tumor was confirmed by histology. Brain tumors included in this study were high-grade gliomas (glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma) and low-grade gliomas (low-grade astrocytoma and meningioma). For the estimation of nucleotidase activity we used ATP (1,5mM), ADP (1,5mM) and AMP (2,0mM) as substrates. The products of enzymatic analysis were measured by spectrophotometer, and the amount of inorganic phosphate (Pi) liberated was determined by the method of malachite green. The results showed that, in comparison with controls, AMPase activity was significantly increased (p<0.05) in high-grade intracranial neoplasms, while there were no significant differences in ATPase and ADPase activities. In conclusion, the enzymatic analyses of adenine nucleotides in patients with brain tumors can be an interesting tool for following the progression of the disease.


Chapter 1 1. Introductory Reflections: Of Criteria, Evaluations, and Judgements Chapter 2 2. The Nixon Era: A Turbulent Case Study Chapter 3 3. How They Get There: Appointing Supreme Court Justices Chapter 4 4. Why They Get There: Qualifications and Rationalizations Chapter 5 5. The First Forty Years: From George Washington to John Quincy Adams, 1789-1829 Chapter 6 6. The Next Forty Years: From Andrew Jackson to Andrew Johnson, 1829-1869 Chapter 7 7. The Balance of the Nineteenth Century: From Ulysses S. Grant to William McKinley, 1869-1901 Chapter 8 8. Into the Twentieth Century: From Theodore Roosevelt to Herbert Hoover, 1901-1933 Chapter 9 9. The Court Alters Course: FDR and Truman, 1933-1953 Chapter 10 10. The Warren Court: From Ike to LBJ, 1953-1969 Chapter 11 11. The Burger Court: From Nixon to Reagan, 1969-1986 Chapter 12 12. The Rehnquist Court: Reagan, Bush I, and Clinton, 1986-2005 Chapter 13 13. The Roberts Court: 2005- Chapter 14 14. Epilogue Chapter 15 Appendix A: Rating Supreme Court Justices Chapter 16 Appendix B: Rating Presidents Chapter 17 Appendix C: Statistical Data on Supreme Court Justices


Suppose that one receives the superposition of r signals and each of them passes through an unknown channel, can we correctly recover the signals and their corresponding channels simultaneously from only one received signal? This problem, which intertwines blind deconvolution with blind demixing, appears in many fields of science and engineering such as wireless communication, imaging sciences, audio signal processing, etc. We will present a robust, reliable and efficient approach to this challenging problem by solving a semi-definite program. The exact recoveries of both signals and channels are guaranteed under mild assumptions. We give an upper bound of how many measurements are required to accomplish this task. While our theory is suboptimal, numerical experiments demonstrate remarkable performance, even if the number of constraints is close to the degree of freedom.


Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 hollow spheres with micro- and nanostructures have been successfully synthesized based on the coprecipitation method followed by postheat treatment. A uniform and spherical precursor was obtained by controlling the reaction kinetics in the nucleation–crystallization process of forming nickel and manganese carbonates simply by employing NaHCO3 instead of Na2CO3 as precipitating agent. Single-shelled and double-shelled LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 hollow spheres were derived of the spherical carbonate precursors via tuning the calcination kinetics. The as-prepared LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 hollow spheres deliver a discharge capacity of 128.9 mAh g–1 at 0.1 C rate and maintain a capacity retention of 95% at 0.5 C after 100 cycles. Importantly, even at high rate of 30 C, it can still exhibit a discharge capacity of 100 mAh g–1. The excellent rate capability and cycling stability are mainly attributed to its hollow micro- and nanostructure, which could shorten Li+ ions' diffusion path and buffer the volume change...


The aim of this work was to optimize the process parameters through the statistical approach for the production of alpha amylase by Bacillus subtilis ZJF-1A5 in submerged fermentation (SMF). The process parameters influencing the enzyme production were identified by using response surface methodology. Among the variables screened, the temperature and time were most significant and showed a positive interaction. The optimum levels were: temperature 35.8 °C, pH 5.03 and time 54h and under these conditions α-amylase yield was up to 191.15 U/mL.


We prove that in the sense of Baire category, almost all BSDE with bounded continuous coefficients have a unique Solution. Introduction. It is well known that the backward stochastic differential equations (BSDE in short) with globally Lipschitz coefficient have unique Solutions, see e.g. [PP1, EKPQ]. When the coefficient is only continuous, this problem remains open in dimension greater than one. The technics used in dimension one to treat it are specific to R and do not work in R*, d > 1. For this subject see e.g. [PP2, LSM, DHO] and the references therein. Note also that a good lecture in BSDE with applications to control and finance is given in [EKPQ]. Our goal is to prove that most BSDE with boundned and continuous (in both variables y and z) coefficient have unique Solutions. That is in the set of continuous functions endowed with an appropriate metric, the subset of those coefficients, for which the corresponding BSDE has a unique solution, is of the second category of Baire (see [Ox] for the categories of sets). Recall that the subset of Lipschitz functions is of first category, see e.g [AB]. I. Notations. Let (Wt)Q<t<i be a r-dimensional Wiener process defined on a probability space (Ω, ,Τ, P). Let (Ft)Q<t<i denotes the natural filtration of (Wt), where FQ contains all P-null sets of T. Let ξ be an .^-mesurable if-dimensional square integrable random variable and / be a bounded measurable function process defined on 1R+ χ Ω χ JR χ IR with values in JR such that for all (y,z) € H x R, the map (t}u) —> /(£,u;,y,z) is Ji-progressively measurable. We are concerned with the BSDE of the following form Yt = ζ + / /(*, Y" Z3)ds t Z,dW8 (0 < t < 1) (E') Jt Jt 'Convention CNCPRST Maroc/CNRS France, projet Nf 831


On the basis of establishing programming model of geometric error's minimum regional evaluation, this paper applies modified simplex method to optimization evaluation of axial parts' roundness measurement in order to improve the accuracy and speed of roundness error evaluation. The result shows that roundness error evaluation based on modified simplex method is of the following advantages such as high evaluation accuracy, fast calculation speed and good repeatability and so on. Practical examples prove that this method is of universality and practicality.


Combined with the example of engineering design,the paper discusses the application of lime soil pipe to collapsible loess subgrade treatment,also proposes some suggestions and solutions.


Every year, standard crystalline silicon gets a bit cheaper or performs a bit better. In 2018 alone, we have been surprised by the rapid expansion of bifacial modules, which give you a bit more energy just by using glass on the back instead of an opaque sheet. We have also been surprised by the rise of floating solar, especially in Korea and Japan, which can overcome land constraints while reducing evaporation from reservoirs. The march of progress is far from done. Human civilization is still in the 'shallow decarbonisation' phase where solar is nowhere near fundamental limits of what it can supply, as most of the grid runs on fossil fuels. Deep decarbonisation, taking us to zero net emissions, is barely even on the technological radar, although Spain and California have targets to run on 100% clean energy by 2050 and 2045, respectively…


In this paper, we will discuss our recent approaches for the formation of mechanically stable artificial bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) by combining with silicon (Si) micro-fabrication techniques and their application to recording activities of biological channels. BLMs were prepared across microfabricated pores in thin Si 3 N 4 septa of Si chips. The edge of the pores was smoothly tapered in nanometer range, which was useful for stabilizing the BLMs suspended in the pores. The BLMs showed a membrane lifetime of > 40 h, tolerance to a high voltage of ± 1 V, and tolerance to repetitive solution exchanges. Application to a platform for recording biological channels has been examined by using the human ether - a - go - go -related gene (hERG) potassium channel as an illustrative example. Such stable BLMs with integrated biological channels have the potential for use in a variety of applications, including high-throughput drug screening for various ion-channel proteins.


As it turns out, at any given time, there are hundreds (if not thousands), of interconnected factors that can influence whether someone is more likely to be agreeable or disagreeable to your requests. Many of these factors are nebulous and/or outside of your control, which leads many people to conclude that "persuasion is an art." But persuasion is also a science, and researchers who study it for a living are slowly but surely uncovering new sets of tools and techniques for moving people in your direction.


Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/attapulgite (AT) nanocomposites were prepared via in-situ polymerization without pre-modification of AT. By this method, PBT chains were successfully grafted onto the surface of AT, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron microscope examination indicated the uniform dispersion of AT nanoparticles in PBT matrix. The crystallization behavior of PBT/AT nanocomposites was investigated by X-ray diffraction patterns, differential scanning calorimetry, and step-scan differential scanning calorimetry. The non-isothermal crystallization processes were analyzed with the Avrami, Ozawa, and Mo methods. Crystallization activation energies of the samples were also determined by the Kissinger method. The results indicated that AT could act as a heterogeneous nucleating agent in PBT crystallization and lead to an acceleration of crystallization, while AT also acted as a physical hindrance to retard the transport of polymer chains to the growing crystals.


'Between Herder and Luther: Carlyle's literary battles with the devil in his Jean Paul Richter essays (1827, 1827, 1830) and in Sartor Resartus (1833-34)' examines the position allocated to the representation of the devil in Carlyle's early religious thought. It reads the development of Carlyle's devilish imagery as stemming from his aspiration to give a new symbolic form to the Lutheran creed. The essays on Jean Paul Richter are exemplary here of Carlyle's imaginative depiction of Jean Paul between Herder's and Luther's thought thereby preparing the ground for the theological discussion in Sartor.

This thesis argues for a reading of Sartor which is rooted deeply within Carlyle's religious concerns. The central position of the devil in the text transforms it into a cleverly designed joke at the expense of the readers. The failure to recognise the devil's textual machinations in Sartor has often resulted in a misled emphasis upon the mystical and philosophical themes which in my reading are demonstrated to be no more than alluring 'clothes' or masks camouflaging the text's dramatic religious tensions. Chief among these is Sartor's rejection of God's grace and its substitution with Richter's concept of humour. Jeanpaulian humour functions as a masking device which obfuscates a deep disapproval and 'censure' of life in Carlyle's reformed Lutheran/Calvinist creed. This intensely negative perception of human life as irredeemably corrupted by devilish presence finds expression in the imagery of cutting, censoring, and castrating present in Richter's texts, and echoed in Carlyle's Sartor Resartus ('Tailor Retailored'). This thesis reads the 'German Canaan' to which Sartor directs its readers as the demonic empire of the main hero of Carlyle's text, Professor Teufelsdrockh, 'the Devil's Dung'.


THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF BIOENERGY PRODUCTION FROM MISCANTHUS FOR THE ONTARIO GREENHOUSE INDUSTRY Tasneem Virani University of Guelph Advisors: Dr. Richard Vyn and Dr. Bill Deen This thesis investigates the cost of producing miscanthus in Ontario as an energy crop for the Ontario greenhouse industry. To determine the breakeven price of growing miscanthus an enterprise budget was developed and applied to three different life cycle scenarios to determine the effect of stand life on the breakeven price. The base case breakeven price of producing miscanthus ranged from $74.74/t to $80.22/t. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the effect of assumptions (stand yield, rhizome cost, harvest method and discount rate) on the breakeven price. Price of energy from miscanthus ranged from $2.87/GJ to $8.63/GJ with an average price of $5.51/GJ. The Ontario greenhouse industry`s willingness to pay for bioenergy from miscanthus is based on the prices of fuels currently in use. Ontario farmer's willingness to produce miscanthus is based on its profitability compared to other crops and the time it takes to pay off the initial investment.


In this paper, we shall give a generalization of the Gruss type inequality and obtain some applications of the Gruss type inequality in terms of 2-inner product spaces.


Launch vehicles present an efficiently viable method for placing satellites into orbit. A typical launch vehicle consist of propulsion modules either solid and/or liquid stages connected by interstages and payload module.Dynamic analysis is used to find
out the response of the structure, mainly at the satellite interface due to various excitations encountered during flight. The basic objective of the work is to reduce the dynamic loads on the satellite by vibration isolation methods. In this work analysis is carried out by incorporating an isolation system at various locations and the results are compared to show the effectiveness of isolation system


The role of bacteria, as found in various foci of infection, is extremely important. Although bacteria rarely enter the blood stream under normal conditions, they do harbor and thrive in various crypts, pockets or secluded spots in which there is imperfect drainage and which are therefore called foci. Occasionally, when conditions are suitable, the bacteria acquire enough virulence to invade other regions and then cause disease. Most observers who consider adequately all the facts agree that the bacteria as found in the various foci at times influence other parts of the same body in which they live. This view was voiced by Rush,1in 1801, who said, "I have been made happy by discovering that I have only added to the observations of other physicians, in pointing out a connection between the extracting of decayed and diseased teeth and the cure of general disease." Billings2has given us


Computer software piracy is any form of reproduction or use of the softwarewithout a license or outside of what has been regulated by the Law on Copyright andlicensing agreements. The purpose of this study, first to determine the crime of piracylaw enforcement computer software, Second, to know the police barriers in lawenforcement criminal acts of piracy of computer software and, third, to know theeffort Police carried out to overcome obstacles in law enforcement criminal offenseof computer software piracy by Keplisian Resor Kota Pekanbaru.There are threemain issues that can be inferred. First, law enforcement against criminal acts ofpiracy of computer software for not running optimally the presence of obstacles,Second, obstacles encountered in law enforcement software piracy offenses is in theform of internal factors, Third, efforts to overcome this obstacle is to revise Law No.19 of 2002 on Copyright and increase the knowledge of the police in the field ofinformation and technolgi. Suggestions author, first, is expected to police in carryingout the crime of piracy law enforcement computer software should not merelyrepressive but also preventive socialiszation manner. Second, the police shouldimprove their knowledge in the field of information and technology and increasepersonnel investigators in solving the crime of piracy of computer software. Third, tothe whole society in order to begin to appreciate the creative works of others to buyan original computer program is not being pirated. Keywords: Law Enforcement-Crime-Piracy Computer Software


The 97Ag→97Pd β-decay was investigated by using a total absorption spectrometer and an array of 6 Euroball-Cluster Ge detectors. A total of 603 γ-rays de-exciting 151 levels in 97Pd have been assigned. The Gamow-Teller β-decay strength distributions from the experiment and a shell-model calculation are compared, revealing a dominant resonance around a 97Pd excitation energy of 4 MeV with a width of about 1.5 MeV. An experimental quenching factor of about 4.9(7) for the total Gamow-Teller strength was obtained, which is close to the predicted theoretical hindrance factor.


The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the influence on the fatigue behavior by the finishing of the bulge in a welded aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy AA7020. It was determined that total or partial elimination of the bulge has very little influence on its behavior, giving a very similar result on both cases, where one is better than the other by only 3%.


Introduction: The main goal of brain-computer interface (BCI) research is to provide communication capabilities for people with severe motor impairments who are unable to communicate conventionally. However, a major drawback for most BCIs is the fact that they make use of non-intuitive mental tasks such as motor imagery, mental arithmetic, or mental reaction to external stimuli to make a selection. These control schemes usually have no correlation with normal communication methods making them difficult to perform by the target population. The goal of the work presented is to investigate the reliability of electroencephalography (EEG) signals in detecting inner speech (also known as covert speech or silent vocalization) against an unconstrained "no-control" state. Previous EEG-based inner speech studies have been limited to the silent vocalization of vowels or syllables rather than complete words [1]. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of using EEG measurements to detect covert articulation of a complete meaningful English word. Also, this is the first EEG study of inner speech performed over multiple sessions for each participant.


Objective To construct a new staging scheme for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods A retrospective analysis of HCC cases from 1999 to 2003 was performed.The Cox model was used for multivariate analyses.The final model was derived from 10 randomly-chosen training samples and the prognostic validity of the new staging score was assessed on the corresponding testing samples.Results A simple scoring system was produced,assigning linear scores(0/1/2) to the covariates (TNM,α-fetoprotein,and Child-Pugh).Compared with Okuda stage and CLIP score,the new staging system,structured as a five-category tool,had a greater discriminant ability.Conclusion The new staging system,accounting for both liver function and tumor characteristics,can accurately identify patients with different prognoses,particularly in the advanced phases of HCC,thus representing a useful tool in the treatment of the disease.


We propose a method of modeling geospatial Web service composition based on MDA.This method first designs a meta-model of geospatial Web service composition using UML,and then transforms the meta-model into a service chain designer,constructs model of geospatial Web service composition by the designer.The method describes data flow and control flow effectively,and realizes dynamic modeling of service resources.


This study aims mainly to compare and differentiate the meanings of the lexemes included in the paradigmatic class of the names of actions or practices associated with good and evil. In the semic and contextual analysis, such lexemes as: ADULTERY, DEBAUCHERY, UNCLEANNESS, DISSOLUTENESS, ABSTENTION are discussed, all these terms being related to family life, and in a figurative sense they can refer to man's relationship with divinity. Thus, what is good and what is evil from a biblical point of view is highlighted, as well as the standard of the Scriptures in terms of morality. Starting from the lexicographical definitions, a semic analysis is made, while emphasizing at the same time the contextual compatibility of the lexemes in question.


Early detection of respiratory distress, marked by coughing associated with pandemics such as Covid, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and influenza, has become important for early public health preparedness. Recognizing respiratory distress from data pooled from accelerometers and other sensors common in phones/wearables can be a useful tool in tracking diseases in larger populations. However, detecting low-/medium-intensity coughs, which are a precursor to influenza/Covid, are harder to detect in the presence of human activity especially walking. In this letter, we study spectrum-spread features of triaxial accelerometer signals measured from the human torso during coughs. In particular, we analyze the vestigial sideband like spurs that cough-induced motion of the torso produces alongside walking signal between 0.2 and 2 Hz and propose the use of its spectral spread square metric in discerning coughs during walking action in test subjects of different sizes. Unlike prior works on time-domain measurements or spectral summation (units: g) in multiple bands, this work uses bandwidth, i.e., spectrum-spread features of acceleration signals (units: Hz2) to detect low to medium intensity coughs from a single accelerometer worn on the chest or shirt pocket or stomach. Acceleration signals measured at these points in five test subjects of varying heights, age, and weight show its median square spectral spread increase prominently along Y (up-down) and Z axes (front-back) from between 0.016–0.0167 Hz2 to between 0.023–0.026 Hz2 with a cough-detection threshold observed at 0.02 Hz2 for all axes. Using a machine learning (ML) classification model with these spectral spread features results in cough detection accuracy of 92.5, 92.2, and 91.5% with k-nearest neighbors (kNN), and 94.3, 96.1, and 93.6% using Support Vector Machine (SVM) ML models for all three torso points especially shirt pocket where phones are commonly worn.


Seasonal variation in the population and vertical distribution of natural nematode populations (Helicotylenchus abunaomai, Hemicriconemoides cocophilus, Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, Caloosia parlona and Xiphinema insigne) were monitored in the rhizosphere of Citrus limettoides trees. The population density of different nematode species differed in the pattern of vertical distribution in relation to the state of decline of citrus trees. Population peaks were generally observed in August-September and in March-April. Moderately declined trees supported maximum populations of H. abunaamai and X. insigne suggesting their involvement with decline. But population levels of H. cocophilus, H. seinhorsti and C. parlona were maximum in healthy trees, suggesting their non-involvement with decline. The highest population density prevailed in the upper 20 cm soil depth and gradually the numbers declined in lower depths (20–40 and 40-60cm). Rainfall pattern, air and soil temperatures, soil moisture and host root growth appeared to be more predominant in influencing the population of pathogenically significant nematode species.


We analyze the solution to the linear stochastic heat equation driven by a multiparameter Hermite process of order [Formula: see text]. This solution is an element of the [Formula: see text]th Wiener chaos. We discuss various properties of the solution, such as the necessary and sufficient condition for its existence, self-similarity, [Formula: see text]-variation and regularity of its sample paths. We will also focus on the probability distribution of the solution, which is non-Gaussian when [Formula: see text].


Classical work on the thermal decomposition of the 1-methylmethohydroxides of piperidine and C-methyl-piperidines has been confirmed, although the elimination products from 2- and 3-methylpiperidines contain small proportions of isomeric alkenes. The products of thermal decomposition of 3-oxa-6-azoniaspiro[5,5]undecane hydroxide show that β-elimination occurs several times faster in a morpholine ring than in a piperidine ring. The requirement for easy elimination in six-membered rings is the anti-coplanarity of the four centres Hβ, Cβ, Cα and N+. Strikingly, molecules which lack this requirement, such as the 1-methylmethohydroxide of cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholine gave no elimination whatever on thermal decomposition. On the other hand, thermal decomposition of the 1-methylmethohydroxide of trans-3,5-dimethylpiperidine gave ca. 50%β-elimination. Elimination of the β-hydrogens of an α-attached methyl group are strongly preferred to elimination of ring β-hydrogens, as in the degradation of cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidine, but a β-attached oxygen atom allows the corresponding morpholine compound to undergo 16% elimination of a ring hydrogen. The 1-methylmethohydroxides of substituted trans- and cis-decahydroquinolines (type 1) undergo elimination of a β-hydrogen in a 2-alkyl group, as expected from conformational considerations. However, a cis-molecule in which the type 2 conformation is dominant such as the 1-methylmethohydroxide of cis(4H,4aH), cis(4aH,8aH)-decahydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline, undergoes an appreciable proportion of elimination of the correctly oriented 8ax-H in the cyclohexane ring. In all cases reported, the direction of elimination is readily explained by reference to stereochemical considerations and to the steric and inductive effects of β-attached substituents.


Interactions between cells and polymers are mediated by proteins, which are either secreted by cells and immobilized on the biomaterial surface, or absorbed from the medium. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is widely used in tissue engineering as a scaffold material, however anchorage-dependent cells such as osteoblasts do not attach, grow, and differentiate well on a hydrophobic surface. In this study, a hydrophilic polymer-poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used to develop diblock polymers, Methoxy-terminated poly (ethylene glycol)-Poly (lactic acid) (MPEG-PLA) to investigate cell-biomaterial interactions. Osteoblasts were cultured on different composition of PEG-PLA films in serum free or serum condition. Lactate dehydrogense (LDH) assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the copolymers and cell attachment and proliferation on the polymer surfaces; furthermore cell morphology was visualized by Crystal Violet stain. The results showed that MPEG-PLA films induced early osteoblast attachment in serum free condition and the higher content of PEG in the MPEG-PLA films the more cell attachment was noticed. No significant difference of cell attachment was observed on MPEG-PLA films between serum free and 10% serum culture condition. Crystal Violet stain demonstrated the same trend in the cell-spreading characteristics on the polymer surface. In conclusion MPEG-PLA copolymer can enhance osteoblast attachment under serum-free condition, which implies a potential application in cell delivery therapy due to the restriction in animal products for human therapeutically goods.


Bioelectric reactions of individual neurons in specific and nonspecific thalamus nuclei were studied in acute experiments on cats. Auricular or body point electroacupuncture (EAP) was shown to affect the functions of spontaneously active neurons in the nuclei under study. Two types of spontaneously active neurons were identified: some were activated and some inhibited in response to EAP stimulation. The number of neurons activated in response to EAP was 50% greater in specific thalamus nuclei than in nonspecific ones, while inhibition was mostly observed in nonspecific thalamus cells.


ABSTRACT This paper explores the impact of entrepreneurship education on tourism students' entrepreneurial intention, and insights of the desirability and feasibility of starting a tourism-related business upon graduation. A structured questionnaire survey was used to collect data from 154 randomly selected tourism students in a comprehensive University in South Africa. Data analyses included descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses to address research objectives. The results indicate that entrepreneurship education influences tourism students' entrepreneurial intentions, including students' perceptions of the desirability and feasibility of starting tourism-related businesses. The findings further suggest that some respondent profile variables have influences on how tourism students perceive entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial behaviour. The study recommends that the university that is studied implement a variety of reform programmes aimed at increasing employability or self-employment among university tourism graduates. Among them is the addition of a new entrepreneurship track to the undergraduate curriculum. Students, as from their first year of study should be invited to apply for the entrepreneurship education track, which includes business training as well as individualised coaching sessions with industry mentors. This will aid in the formation of professional networks, increased entrepreneurship process knowledge base, and self-efficacy among tourism students who want to become tourism entrepreneurs.


Abstract The problem of differentiation of sex in newly-hatched chicks is one that has attracted considerable attention in the past. The economic value of such information to the poultryman and hatchery man is well known, and need not be mentioned here except in passing. Most methods evolved for the determination of sex have been based on gross morphological examination, and have met with varying degrees of success. Perhaps the best known of these are the Japanese or cloacal method for purebred chicks (Masui, 1930; Thompson and Black, 1935), and the sight-sexing of cross-bred and Barred Rock chicks according to pigmentation and feathering (Quinn and Knox, 1939a, 1939b; Canadian Department of Agriculture, 1941) The results of a previous morphological study (Romanoff, 1933) indicate that there are sex differences in the size of the body and of various organs. On the average, males are a little larger than females hatched from eggs of . . .


Group events showed a trend of multiple in recent years.To fundamentally eliminate the mass incidents,the ruling part should play a more important role in taking advantages of rich media resources.1.Take the first occupation of the commanding heights of public opinion;2.Take active coordination of the incident to a rational solution;3.Develop a long-term strategic policy.


This paper presents a wide signal bandwidth Cartesian loop transmitter (CLT) IC for off-chip PA linearization. The CLT can linearize a 10 MHz bandwidth signal by using a feedforward technique to avoid instability caused by a time delay of an RF path. The transmitter is fabricated in 0.13 m CMOS technology. ACLR is improved from 30.2 dB to 38.4 dB and EVM is improved from 5.9% to 1.6% by using the feedback loop when 10 MHz OFDM signal is applied. The fabricated IC also realizes automatic phase and amplitude calibration by using on-chip amplitude and phase difference detector and external controller and result storage. The controller and result storage are realized by the FPGA. The calibration can be finished in 14 sec.


In this paper, we present techniques for integrating constraint and direct manipulation approaches to geometric modeling. Direct manipulation positioning techniques are augmented to provide the option of making the relationships they establish persistent. Differential constraint techniques are used to maintain these relationships during subsequent editing. Issues in displaying and editing constraints are also addressed. By integrating constraints with direct manipulation, it is possible to build systems that provide the power of explicit representation of geometric relationships and the properties which make direct manipulation so attractive.


Lipid peroxidation products in burn alone and after TFX treatment were assessed. Obtained results showed that lipid peroxidation process began immediately after severe burn and was continued during the whole 48 h post burn period. Burn enhanced the lipid peroxidation products and the TFX treatment slightly diminished the malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and conjugate dienes (CD) plasma concentration. Our investigations suggest that TFX treatment enhanced the post burn lipid hydroperoxides (HPETE) generation. This effect may be the consequence of modulation of immune system, which causes the enhanced activity of lipoxygenase and simultaneously decrease in cyclooxygenase activity after TFX treatment. TFX treatment one hour after burn prevented the ongoing post burn peroxidation 24 and 48 h after burn. The observations suggest that it may be helpful to improve the peroxidation antioxidation imbalance which is the consequence of severe burn.


Whilst most research into the connections between fashion and the city focuses on "world cities" like Paris, Milan, and New York, much less is known about fashion processes in smaller cities. Yet small cities provide an opportunity to examine fashion's embeddedness in places, explore how places maintain their reputation as fashion centers, and understand the relationship between local fashion consumption processes and sustainable fashion industries. This chapter explores these issues thorugh an examination of the annual L'Oreal MelbourNe Fashion Festival (LMFF) in Australia's leading place of fashion, the city of Melbourne.


and it becomes clear that, for each k, x can assume n consecutive values, save when A: is 3 or 6 when it can assume n + 1 values. I think this result is intrinsically interesting. It also, to my mind, illustrates the difference between 'proving' something and 'understanding' it—for although I know it to be the case I continue to be surprised at the way in which the number 3 dominates this procedure. Small wonder it is considered a lucky number!


ness writing; (2) they can apply these elements to any business writing assignment; and (3) students and instructor have a &dquo;common denominator&dquo; to use for analysis and discussion of writing problems. But the most important part of the course lies in the actual writing (and rewriting) of the letters and reports that are needed to handle various business situations. Through their writing (and critiques of their writing) students can see how these elements are essential parts of the writing process. They also acquire an awareness of how good writing results from clear thinking.


An efficient banking structure can promote greater amount of investment which can help achieve a faster growth rate of the economy. World wise experience confirms that countries with well developed and market-oriented banking systems grow faster and more consistently than those with weaker and strictly regulated system.


A multi-layer distributed on-line monitoring system of substation is designed in this paper.The on-line monitoring IED(Intelligent Electronic Device) is placed in each bay to uninterruptedly monitor and control primary devices per bay.The IED is based on CAN filed-bus and ARM microcontroller.CAN filed-bus is introduced for internal communication and ethernet for external communication with substation computer.The presented device is excellent in the ability of real-timing,interoperability,anti-jamming and extensibility.


Recent advances in various display and virtual technologies, coupled with an explosion in available computing power, have given rise to a number of novel human-computer interaction (HCI) modalities, among which gesture recognition is undoubtedly the most grammatically structured and complex. However, despite the abundance of novel interaction devices, the naturalness and efficiency of HCI has remained low. This is due in particular to the lack of robust sensory data interpretation techniques. To address the task of gesture recognition, this dissertation establishes novel probabilistic approaches based on support vector machines (SVM). Of special concern in this dissertation are the shapes of contact images on a multi-touch input device for both 2D and 3D. Five main topics are covered in this work.
The first topic deals with the hand pose recognition problem. To perform classification of different gestures, a recognition system must attempt to leverage between class variations (semantically varying gestures), while accommodating potentially large within-class variations (different hand poses to perform certain gestures). For recognition of gestures, a sequence of hand shapes should be recognized. We present a novel shape recognition approach using Active Shape Model (ASM) based matching and SVM based classification. Firstly, a set of correspondences between the reference shape and query image are identified through ASM. Next, a dissimilarity measure is created to measure how well any correspondence in the set aligns the reference shape and candidate shape in the query image. Finally, SVM classification is employed to search through the set to find the best match from the kernel defined by the dissimilarity measure above. Results presented show better recognition results than conventional segmentation and template matching methods.
In the second topic, dynamic time alignment (DTA) based SVM gesture recognition is addressed. In particular, the proposed method combines DTA and SVM by establishing a new kernel. The gesture data is first projected into a common eigenspace formed by principal component analysis (PCA) and a distance measure is derived from the DTA. By incorporating DTA in the kernel function, general classification problems with variable-sized sequential data can be handled.
In the third topic, a C++ based gesture recognition application for the multi-touchpad is implemented. It uses the proposed gesture classification method along with a recursive neural networks approach to recognize definable gestures in real time, then runs an associated command. This application can further enable users with different disabilities or preferences to custom define gestures and enhance the functionality of the multi-touchpad.
Fourthly, an SVM-based classification method that uses the DTW to measure the similarity score is presented. The key contribution of this approach is the extension of trajectory based approaches to handle shape information, thereby enabling the expansion of the system's gesture vocabulary. It consists of two steps: converting a given set of frames into fixed-length vectors and training an SVM from the vectorized manifolds. Using shape information not only yields discrimination among various gestures, but also enables gestures that cannot be characterized solely based on their motion information to be classified, thus boosting overall recognition scores.
Finally, a computer vision based gesture command and communication system is developed. This system performs two major tasks: the first is to utilize the 3D traces of laser pointing devices as input to perform common keyboard and mouse control; the second is supplement free continuous gesture recognition, i.e., data gloves or other assistive devices are not necessary for 3D gestures recognition. As a result, the gesture can be used as a text entry system in wearable computers or mobile communication devices, though the recognition rate is lower thanthe approaches with the assistive tools. The purpose of this system is to develop new perceptual interfaces for human computer interaction based on visual input captured by computer vision systems, and to investigate how such interfaces can complement or replace traditional interfaces.
Original contributions of this work span the areas of SVMs and interpretation of computer sensory inputs, such as gestures for advanced HCI. In particular, we have addressed the following important issues: (1) ASM base kernels for shape recognition. (2) DTA based sequence kernels for gesture classification. (3) Recurrent neural networks (RNN). (4) Exploration of a customizable HCI. (5) Computer vision based 3D gesture recognition algorithms and system.


By observing the corrosive appearance of the disabled exchange-heater,analyzing the chemical component of corrosion product and water quality for the electric desalter,and investigating the technical conditions of the exchange-heater,the corrosion reason of the exchange-heater used for electric desalter in a delay cooking unit.The results show that the failure of the outer tube surface of exchange-heater is induced by the under-deposit corrosion resulting from gathering of calcium,barium and bedload in fresh water on the tube surface.The failure of the exchange-heater tube inner surface is caused by electrochemical corrosion in the desalting water having lower pH value.


The collection of rainwater from roofs and the transition of this to potable water could provide international benefits in the battle against water shortages. Jonathan Jackson updates the progress being made.


Many famous person such as Zhang Zhidong,Jin Yun'e,Wu Peifu,Zhang Xueliang and Mr.and Mrs.Chiang Kai-shek came to the Jigon Mountain for spending the summer or political reasonc.These activities enriched the humanities connotation and popularity of the Jigong Mountain.


To strengthen talent cultivation in characteristic specialty of mining electromechanical engineering and meet the urgent need for specialized personnel in design,manufacture,application and management of mining electromechanical equipment,elaboration was made of the development process of mining electromechanical engineering in Liaoning Technical University,the importance of the specialty construction of mining electromechanical engineering in the specialty of mechanical engineering and automation as well.Five points including specialty construction were put forward:teacher team construction, course construction,teaching material construction,laboratory construction and base construction. The target for specialty construction of mining electromechanical engineering is presented.Results offer reference for cultivating applied and creative talents of mining electromechanical engineering.


Twenty‐one workers with hard metal asthma, including eight atopics, diagnosed on the basis of peak flow diaries and positive reaction to cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and/or nickel sulphate (NiSO4) in skin and provocation tests were studied for sensitization by detection of specific antibodies to nickel‐conjugated human serum albumin (Ni‐HSA), and nickel‐conjugated exchange resin (Ni‐resin). Their results were compared with those of sera obtained from control sera from 60 asthmatic patients and pair‐matched asymptomatic control workers in the hard metal plant. In the RASTs (radioallergosorbent tests), sera from the same six subjects developed positive reactions both to Ni‐HSA (RAST index > 2.0, P < 0.01) and Ni‐resin (RAST index > 2.0, P < 0.01), while the counts measured for the others of the 15 subjects (RAST index < 1.52) were about the same as those for control groups (RAST index < 1.58). Subject HSA RAST and resin RAST results (378.52 c.p.m. in HSA RAST and 324.56 in the resin RAST) were about the same as those of the control sera (388.65 c.p.m. and 398.59 c.p.m., respectively). There was no difference in the prevalence of smoking habit and high IgE between Ni‐RAST positive and negative subjects. However, subjects with simultaneous sensitivity to nickel and/or cobalt still developed asthmatic attacks following medications, while those without sensitivity to these metals were almost symptom free. The positive sera had simultaneous sensitivity to both cobalt and nickel, suggesting the presence in them of specific IgE antibodies to nickel playing some role in the aetiology of hard metal asthma.


By setting the isolation system between the foundation of the house and the foundation ground, it makes it possible to scale back the influence of the earthquake. A sliding isolator, which is compact and has high isolation characteristics, had been developed. This isolation system of the house have found effective and had high performance. This system was applied to the vending machine. Although the sliding isolator has been shown to be effective, it required the wide space around the vending machine. By using the base isolation combined with the air damper, it allowed to use in the narrow space area. It is useful when the vending machine is set in front of the wall. A sliding isolator combined with air damper has high isolation characteristics.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


Despite an increased interest in animal/human bonding within the last decade, a review ( 3 ) of the many studies yielded only two (1, 2 ) which reported negative effects of pet ownership. Others demonstrated positive effects, e.g., ipcreased physical and mental well-being, on humans. When older people and children were given pets, self-esteem increased and adults with pers were better adjusted emotionally than those without pets. Most studies, however, measured self-esteem before and after pet acquisition or concerned owners already deeply involved with their pets, subjects often being selected by veterinarians or at pet shows. As most owners do not show their pets or even take them to veterinarians ( 5 ) , the present study investigated the more casual pet ownership of those who are less intensely involved or concerned with their animals than the subjects of previous studies. Based on the literature, adult animal-owners were expected to score higher in both self-esteem and feelings of well-being than non-owners. Ninety-nine subjects, ranging in age from 18 to 65 yr. ( 17 male, 18 female nonowners; 33 male, 31 female pet-owners), completed the Well-being and Self-acceptance Scales of the California Psychological Inventory which the examiners scored using the keys. Analysis of the data compared adult owners and non-owners, female owners with female non-owners, male owners with male non-owners, and cat-owners with dog-owners. No significant differences were found between any two groups on the Self-acceptance Scale. On the Well-being Scale, a significant difference was found between male owners and male non-owners, the latter scoring significantly higher ($40 = 2.25, p < .05). This result can probably be accounted for by the fact that half of the male non-owners and only one-fourth of the male pet-owners were members of a multipurpose service club characterized by close humao/human bonds. These members tended to score higher on the Well-being Scale than did non-members (t40 = 1.47, p < . l o ) . When club members were removed and the t test re-run, the difference between male owners and male non-owners disappeared ( tn = 1.07). Results neither support the hypothesis nor agree with any previous studies, possibly because types of subjects differed in the present and previous studies. Present subjects were adults engaged in productive work, the majority being professionally employed or business owners or managers. The animal/human bond fills the needs for companion, friend, servant, scapegoat, team-mate, confidant, defender ( 4 ) , and, in productively employed, upper middle-class adults, these needs may already be satisfied by human/human bonds. Pet ownership would be less beneficial than it is to other groups and, in some cases, a liability, subtracting time and energy from human interactions. But this study does point to difficulty in generalizing about the animal/human bond and to a need for research into the variables which alter the value of and need for pet ownership.


Table beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) root suitability for processing into cans and jars is dictated by quality and shoulder diameter (crown width). For shoulder diameter, roots are sorted into six classes and those in the small (19.1‐44.5 mm) and small/medium (44.6‐40.8 mm) classes are considered suitable. Smaller (≤19 mm) roots are usually lost in harvesting while larger (≥ 40.9 mm) roots are typically discarded. Exogenous (foliar‐applied) gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) may alter source‐sink carbohydrate partitioning with potential advantages for processing table beet producers. Small plot replicated trials were conducted in each of three years (2020, 2021, and 2022) to evaluate the effect and optimal timing of exogenous GA3 on table beet yield components in New York, USA. GA3 was applied as ProGibb at 30 ppm in all trials and as ProGibb at 30 ppm and FalGro® 2X LV at 67 ppm (label rates) in 2022. GA3 as ProGibb resulted in significant increases in foliar health attributes (leaf blade length and width, petiole diameter, normalized difference vegetative index, and dry weight of foliage). GA3 as ProGibb significantly reduced average root shoulder diameter and affected the percentage of roots in various size categories. The percentage of tiny roots (<19 mm) was significantly decreased while the percentage of small roots was increased. The percentage of small/medium roots were unaffected. In 2022, the percentage of small roots was significantly increased compared to nontreated plots but was not significantly different between GA3 as either ProGibb or FalGro applied at 42 or 62 Days After Planting (DAP). Exogenous GA3 had no consistent, significant effect on the severity of the foliar disease, Cercospora leaf spot. The significant increase in foliar health attributes from GA3 are beneficial for harvest that relies upon top pulling machinery. Increases in the percentage of small roots and reductions in tiny roots can reduce wasted crop input investments. The optimal number of GA3 applications was seasonally dependent, ranging from a single application at 40 or 62 DAP in two years, to two applications in 2021. GA3 applications late (>80 DAP) in the cropping season had no significant effect on foliar health attributes or root yield components. The implications of these results on the New York table beet processing industry are discussed.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


The percentage of pantropical and amphioceanic genera of ferns far exceeds similar percentages for angiosperms. Conversely, the number of "endemic" fern genera is much lower than the comparable figure for flowering plants. Comparison of the two groups of plants on islands points out even more strikingly the lower percentages of generic and specific endemism of ferns. These distributional differences cannot be accounted for by the longer geologic history of ferns, but can be attributed to their greater dispersibility. The wider distribution of ferns, together with the absence of many of the speciation barriers operative in angiosperms, has contributed to a relatively slower rate of speciation in the ferns, and probably also to a lower extinction rate. Delimitation of generic and suprageneric taxa is therefore more difficult in many cases. T1HE DISTRIBUTION OF extant ferns has generally been neglected as a source of biogeographical data. Christ (1910) was the first to deal comprehensively with fern distribution. Unfortunately, Christ's work is outdated in some respects, primarily because circumscription of genera has been greatly altered in the past several decades. In his introduction, Christ acknowledged that many ferns do indeed have wider distributions than flowering plants do, but that in general the distribution of pteridophytes parallels that of flowering plants. Subsequent authors dealing with general plant geography have dismissed the ferns with statements such as "phytogeographical conclusions concerning flowering plants can be extended to cryptogams" (Cain 1944, p. 284). A comparison of the distribution of the genera of flowering plants and ferns is presented in table 1. Figures for the flowering plants are extracted from Good ( 1964), while the data for the ferns are largely the result of my own compilations. In general, I have adopted a relatively restricted delimitation of many fern genera, largely following Copeland's "Genera Filicum" (1947); broader generic circumscriptions would point out more emphatically the differences in distribution of ferns and flowering plants. Copeland recognized a total of 309 fern genera. The slightly enlarged list used to compile the figures herein (351 genera) reflects, for the most part, a better understanding of certain neglected and taxonomically difficult groups. Where recent studies have shown Copeland's generic concepts to be too narrow, I have relied on the judgments of other pteridologists (e.g., Trismeria I include in Pityrogramma, Hemipteris in Pteris, Schizoloma and Isoloma in Lindsaea, and Egeinolfia in Bolbitis). For purposes of the comparisons below, I accept 19 fern genera described since the publication of "Genera Filicum." Copeland's classification within two groups of ferns, the Cyatheaceae and the thelypteroid ferns, is now so obsolete as to require treatment according to more recent monographic work: I have followed Tryon (1970b) in his circumscription of the Cyatheaceae and accepted most of the thelypteroid genera of Ching (1963). In compiling the figures for the Hymenophyllaceae, I have accepted most of Copeland's genera, but with the circumscription given them by Morton (1968). Not unexpectedly, difficulties arise in trying to place certain genera in one of the categories of table 1. For example, Adiantum is predominantly a genus of the tropics and subtropics, and I have placed it accordingly; nevertheless, there are a very few species native to temperate regions. On the other hand, Polystichum contains a larger proportion of species adapted to the exigencies of temperate climates, and I have placed it in the cosmopolitan-subcosmopolitan class. Following Good (1964, p. 132), I refer to "endemic genera" as "genera actually confined to one floristic region or having a distribution not greatly exceeding the average size of a floristic region." This definition, too, leaves one with problems, but they are largely unavoidable. CHOROLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Three values from table 1 encourage me to believe that fern systematists have circumscribed fern genera on the basis of criteria that are roughly similar in importance to the criteria used to define angiosperm 4 BIOTROPICA 4N1): 4-9 1972 This content downloaded from 18.104.22.168 on Tue, 23 Aug 2016 05:48:21 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TABLE 1. Compairison of distribution of generia in flowering plants and ferns. Flowering plants Ferns Total genera ca. 12,500 ca. 351 Total species ca. 225,000 ca. 9,000 Average genus size ca. 18 species/genus ca. 26 species/genus Genera with 100 or more species each ca. 470 [3.1%] 21 [6.0%I Monotypic genera ca. 4,200 [33%] 104 [30%] Cosmopolitan or subcosmopolitan genera ca. 130 [ca. 1%] 9 [2.6%) Circumboreal genera' 11 [3.1%] Pantropical genera ca. 250+ [2%] 60 [17.1%] Pantropical + cosmopolitan and subcosmopolitan genera ca. 380 [3%] ca. 69 [19.7%) Neotropical-Asian and Pacific Basin genera ca. 40 [0.32%] 11 [3.1%] Neotropical-African genera ca. 92 [0.74%] 9 [2.6%] African (Madagascar)-Indo-Australasian-wide genera ca. 445 [3.6%] 28 [8.0%] Asian-Pacific Basin widespread genera ca. 374 [3.0%) 64 [18.2%] Neotropical widespread genera ca. 350 [2.8%] 38 [10.8%] Narrow endemic genera-Asia, Pacific 73 [20.8%] Narrow endemic genera-Neotropics 42 [11.9%] Narrow endemic genera-Africa and adjacent islands 6 [1.7%) Total "endemic" genera ca. 10,000 [80%] 121 [34.5%] a Extending into high elevation tropics in a few instances. genera. On a percentage basis, average genus size, the number of genera with 100 or more species, and the number of monotypic genera are comparable in the two groups of plants. Meaningful differences emerge when the percentages of pantropical genera in the flowering plants (2 percent) and in the ferns (17 percent) are compared. About 69 genera (20 percent) of ferns are either cosmopolitan-subcosmopolitan or pantropical. These 69 genera contain nearly two-thirds of the total number of fern species, a figure likely to be far in excess of the percentage for flowering plants, unknown at the present. Similar differences in distribution emerge when one looks at the percentages of tropical-subtropical genera in flowering plants and ferns which occur in the Neotropics and Paleotropics (but are not pantropical). Widely distributed Neotropical genera in the ferns constitute nearly 11 percent of the total number of fern genera, while less than 3 percent of the flowering plant genera have such a distribution. Figures for Asian-Pacific Basin widespread genera reflect similar distribution frequencies. A corollary of these features of fern-flowering plant distribution is that the proportion of endemic genera in the flowering plants (ca. 80 percent) is much higher than in the ferns (35 percent). The greatest number of these fern endemic genera is known from the floristically rich Indo-Australasian region, and many are monotypes (45 of 73). Twentyseven of 39 endemic genera in the Neotropics are monotypic, while two of six African genera are monotypic. A rather high proportion of these monotypic genera could, without stretching generic limits too severely, be accommodated within other genera, or their origin from a larger and more widespread genus is evident. Relatively few monotypes are obviously relict: Loxsoma (New Zealand) and Thyrsopteris (Juan Fernandez) are two of the notable