Measure contraction properties are generalizations of the notion of Ricci curvature lower bounds in Riemannian geome- try to more general metric measure spaces. In this paper, we give sucient conditions for a contact sub-Riemannian manifold with a one-parameter family of symmetries to satisfy these properties. Moreover, in the special case where the quotient of the contact sub- Riemannian manifold by the symmetries is Kahler, the sucient conditions are dened by a combination of the holomorphic sec- tional curvature and the Ricci curvature of the quotient manifold. This generalizes the earlier work in (2) for the three dimensional case and in (14) for the Heisenberg group. To obtain our results we use the intrinsic Jacobi equations along sub-Riemannian extremals, coming from the theory of canonical moving frames for curves in Lagrangian Grassmannians (17, 18). The crucial new tool here is a certain decoupling of the corresponding matrix Riccati equation. It is important to note that our measure contraction properties for the considered class of sub-Riemannian structures cannot be improved because the corresponding inequalities turn to be equal- ities for the corresponding homogeneous models. Using the same scheme, we also prove a version of Bonnet-Myer's Theorem in our setting.


Background: Studies have reported that the ED50 of intrathecal ropivacaine was increased when using prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension. However, ED95 is more meaningful to clinical practice than ED50. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the 95% effective dose (ED95) of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine for cesarean section in parturients receiving prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension. Methods: A hundred of healthy parturients undergoing elective cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSEA) were enrolled in this randomized, double-blinded, dose-ranging study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 7, 9, 11, 13 or 15 mg intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine respectively. The prophylactic phenylephrine infusion (50 &mgr;g/min) was initiated immediately at the same time of spinal injection. Successful spinal anesthesia was defined as a T5 sensory level achieved within 10 min after intrathecal drug administration and no epidural supplement was required during the surgery. The ED95 was calculated with Probit analysis. Results: The ED95 of intrathecal ropivacaine with 5 &mgr;g sufentanil for successful anesthesia was 15.2 mg (95%CI, 13.5–18.8 mg), when receiving prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine. Conclusion: Under the conditions of the present study, the ED95 of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine for successful spinal anesthesia for cesarean section in healthy parturient receiving prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine was 15.2 mg.


Abstract Despite the increasing pressure to measure social work practice skills and relate those activities to client outcomes and treatment costs, relatively little social work research has been devoted to the development of social work process instruments. The recent development of the Practice Skills Inventory has provided practitioners with a useful tool for measuring the frequency with which practitioners employ specific categories of common social work intervention skills. However, it is important to demonstrate that social workers employ these practice skills differentially depending on clients' presenting problems. The current study of 281 experienced MSW practitioners demonstrates that they, indeed, emphasize supportive, therapeutic, case management and insight facilitation skills differentially depending on the problems experienced by their clients. Implications for practice and evaluation research are addressed.


The invention discloses an atmospheric low-temperature plasma generating device and the application thereof. The device is structurally characterized in that multi-electrode discharging structure is wrapped by insulating materials. Plasmas can be generated at a slit of a reactor opening of a reaction device under atmospheric pressure by steps: adopting various reaction gases, feeding the reaction gases into a cavity of the reaction device from two through air holes, and increasing voltage through a power supply to ionization values of corresponding gases, the jet length of the plasmas is about 0.3-3cm, the gases are at normal temperature, and the plasmas are touchable and free of electric shock risks. Experiments show that tussah microsporidian disease control can be realized by utilizing the device to treat tussah egg surfaces, microsporidian and feeding leaves. The atmospheric low-temperature plasma generating device is evident in treating effect, simple in discharging mode, low in cost, low in energy consumption, touchable in generated plasmas, safe to operate, convenient and flexible to use, and the like.


The integration of Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and microservice architecture drives the implementation of the sustainable Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The microservice architecture enables the decomposition of a service into multiple independent, fine-grained microservices working independently. With MEC, microservices can be placed on Edge Service Providers (ESPs) dynamically, responding quickly and reducing service latency and resource consumption. However, the burgeoning of IoV leads to high computation and resource overheads, making service resource requirements an imminent issue. What's more, due to the limited computation power of ESPs, they can only host a few services. Therefore, ESPs should judiciously decide which services to host. In this paper, we propose a Microservice-oriented Service Placement (MOSP) mechanism for MEC-enabled IoV to shorten service latency, reduce high resource consumption levels and guarantee long-term sustainability. Specifically, we formulate the service placement as an integer linear programming program, where service placement decisions are collaboratively optimized among ESPs, aiming to address spatial demand coupling, service heterogeneity, and decentralized coordination in MEC systems. MOSP comprises an upper layer to map the service requests to ESPs and a lower layer to adjust the service placement of ESPs. Evaluation results show that the microservice-oriented service deployment mechanism offers dramatic improvements in terms of resource savings, latency reduction, and service speed.


Cyclic imines, generated in situ from their corresponding N-lithiated amines and a ketone hydride acceptor, undergo reactions with a range of organometallic nucleophiles to generate α-functionalized amines in a single operation. Activation of the transient imines by Lewis acids that are compatible with the presence of lithium alkoxides was found to be crucial to accommodate a broad range of nucleophiles including lithium acetylides, Grignard reagents, and aryllithiums with attenuated reactivities.


Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated nuclear hormone receptor expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, with high expression levels in the intestinal epithelium. Previously we have shown that FXR agonists with sustained activity decreased colitis in multiple chronic IBD models (i.e. Adoptive transfer colitis, Mdr1a-/- colitis, and SAMP1/YitFc ileitis). Because FXR agonists are dosed orally and do not have systemic immunosuppressive properties, they represent a novel and differentiated therapeutic approach for IBD. MET642 is an optimized, potent non-bile acid FXR agonist with sustained FXR activation. In this study, we examined the efficacy of MET642 in therapeutic treatment mode in adoptive T-cell transfer model.

 Colitis was induced by transplanting CD4+CD45RBhi T-cells to recipient C.B-17 SCID mice. Body weights were monitored throughout study duration. Staring 21 days after T-cell transfer, mice were treated with vehicle (n=10), MET642 (0.1, 0.3 or 1 mg/kg p.o., daily, n=10), or anti-IL-12p40 (neutralizing both IL-12 and IL-23, 0.5mg/mouse, i.p., weekly, n=5) for 4 weeks. Terminal endpoints included colon weight to length ratio (W/L), colon histopathology and gene expression. Histopathology scores were determined for inflammation, erosion, gland loss and hyperplasia, each with a score of 0–5, and cumulative sum score of 0–20.

 CD4+CD45RBhi T-cell transfer led to a significant reduction in body weight and increase in colon W/L ratio; both were reversed by MET642 and anti-IL-12p40. All dose levels of MET642 significantly improved the histopathology sum score relative to vehicle treatment, with maximal efficacy reached at 0.3mg/kg. Similar to anti-IL-12p40, MET642 showed improvements across all individual histopathology endpoints. Gene expression analysis suggests FXR activation increases anti-microbial activity, improves gut barrier and transporter function, and suppresses inflammation.

 MET642, an oral once daily FXR agonist, significantly improved colitis in the adoptive T-cell transfer model. Activation of FXR by MET642 potentially promotes pathways of gut anti-microbial function, barrier function, and suppression of inflammation. These findings support further development of MET642 as a novel oral therapeutic for treating IBD.


The German language is among the languges that have been studied most thoroughly, which, among other things, has resulted in a number of reference books about the German language. Generally these reference books are considered fairly reliable. This article discusses the realibility of Duden's "Der Duden in zehn Banden", and advises users to exercise caution when dealing with German reference books, as inconsistencies or errors will often occur. A subjective linguistic instinct among the individual authors often has a bearing on this subject.


Any development project involves elements that we don't know at the beginning and discover as we progress. In this paper, the author discusses the advantages of starting with the most difficult part of a software development process.


This article examines the possible relevance to Africa of the recent contribution to the history of industrialization in western Europe made by a group of historians of the family using statistical demographic techniques, especially 'family reconstitntion', developed by Peter Laslett at Cambridge. It is suggested that in particular the work of David Levine on eighteenth-century England yields a hypothesis about a link between 'proto-industrialization' and increased population growth which may be applicable, in a suitably modified form, to black Africa. The article focuses particularly on the mechanism of widened income opportunities for young people lowering the age of marriage. Levine concentrates especially on the lowering of the marriage age of women causing enhanced fertility per wife. The modified form of the hypothesis suggested for black Africa would focus more on the reduction of the age of marriage for men and on the transition from polygyny to monogamy, the latter especially producing increased fertility per individual wife.


Interspecific interactions are important structuring forces in ecological communities. Interactions can be disturbed when species are lost from a community. When interactions result in fitness gains for at least one participating organism, that organism may experience reduced fitness as a result of interaction disturbance. However, many species exhibit traits that enable individuals to persist and reproduce in spite of such disruptions, resulting in resilience to interaction disturbance. Such traits can result in interaction generalization, phenotypic and behavioral plasticity, and adaptive capacity. We discuss examples of these traits and use case studies to illustrate how restoration practitioners can use a trait‐based approach to examine species of concern, identify traits that are associated with interspecific interactions and are relevant to resilience, and target such traits in restoration. Restoration activities that bolster interaction resilience could include, for example, reintroducing or supporting specific functional groups or managing abiotic conditions to reduce interaction dependence by at‐risk species (e.g. providing structural complexity offering shelter and cover). Resilience may also be an important consideration in species selection for restoration. Establishment of resilient species, able to persist after interaction disturbance, may be essential to restoring to a functioning ecological community. Once such species are present, they could help support more specialized species that lack resilience traits, such as many species of concern. Understanding the conditions under which processes linked to resilience may enable species to persist and communities to reform following interaction disturbance is a key application of community ecology to ecological restoration.


We use the theory of biomimetic pattern recognition for the speaker-independent continuous speech recognition.In the process of constructing the speech model,the high-dimension space covering theory(HDSCT) is applied to the study process of the speaker-independent continuous speech recognition.The dynamic searching theory of high dimensional space vertex covering is used to search the rolling time axis of the continuous speech dynamically in order to avoid the wrong division and wrong recognition.We get a satisfied result through the experimentation.


Synthesis and fabrication of pollucite glass-ceramics was investigated. The mixture which was measured to be the stoichiometric ratio of pollucite was melted by using an arc melting technique to synthesize the material in glass state. Milled powder of the glass was mold pressed and CIPed to obtain green compacts. Dense pollucite glass-ceramics were obtained by heat-treating the compact at 1400°C for 4h in air. Enhanced densification of the present material was ascribed to the viscous deformation of the glass phase. Fracture strength and the Young's modulus of the resultant pollucite glass-ceramics were 102MPa and 100GPa at room temperature, respectively. Average fracture strength exhibited 128MPa for specimens measured at 1000°C. Thermal expansion coefficient of the sample was 2.7×10-6/°C between room temperature and 1000°C.


The extraction of features that defines the electric power signature of a load or an appliance is one of the most relevant stages for the Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) problem. In general, harmonic content, damping and transient switching features are normally used to classify different loads connected or disconnected in a consumer unit. In this sense, this work compares five different approaches of the Prony's method (Polynomial, Least Squares, Total Least Squares, Matrix Pencil, and IIR-based) with the aim of simplifying the order of the model and provide an analytic solution to the problem of estimating the harmonic content (frequency, phase, and amplitude) with the exponential damping factor for current signals. Using the components from Prony's method as steady-state and transient features, an Ensemble classifier is used to perform the classification of the different waveforms of two publicly available databases (COOLL and LIT). With that, we show that the proposed method achieves 98% for the COOLL dataset and 97% for the LIT database, using the Matrix Pencil approach.


This paper explores the possibility of constructing a field of investigation based in African American Studies and borrowing from queer theory and Black feminist analysis that is centered around the experiences of those who stand on the (out)side of state-sanctioned, normalized, White, middle- and upper-class, male heterosexuality. This would entail a paradigmatic shift in how scholars of Black politics and more broadly African American Studies think and write about those most vulnerable in Black communities—those thought to be morally wanting by both dominant society and other indigenous group members. Using a theoretical framework for studying Black politics that highlights the construction and malleability of categories as well as the work of processes of normalization found in queer theory in tandem with the detailed understanding of power, in particular as it is structured around and through axes such as race, gender, and class found in African American Studies, we might gain new insights into the everyday politics of those at the bottom in Black communities. Despite the feelings of some in Black communities that we have been shamed by the immoral behavior of a small subset of community members, those some would label the underclass, scholars must take up the charge to highlight and detail the agency of those on the outside, those who through their acts of nonconformity choose outsider status, at least temporarily. An intentional deviance given limited agency and constrained choices sits at the center for this field of research. These individuals are not fully or completely defining themselves as outsiders nor are they satisfied with their outsider status, but they are also not willing to adapt completely, or to conform. The cumulative impact of such choices might be the creation of spaces or counter publics, where not only oppositional ideas and discourse happen, but lived opposition, or at least autonomy, is chosen daily. Through the repetition of deviant practices by multiple individuals, new identities, communities, and politics might emerge where seemingly deviant, unconnected behavior can be transformed into conscious acts of resistance that serve as the basis for a mobilized politics of deviance.


The precise origins of the futures markets are obscure but arguably might be traced back to ancient Greece or medieval Europe or perhaps Japan. Modern futures markets as we know them today emerged from the North American grain trade as it evolved during the nineteenth century, driven in large part by the development of grain transportation patterns in the central and eastern United States. In more recent times since the early to mid-1970s, a variety of financial futures have been introduced in addition to the more traditional agricultural or physical commodity futures markets. These instruments now cover products as diverse as interest rate, equity, and foreign exchange markets but have been extended to include somewhat more esoteric items including real estate values, economic indicators, and even weather conditions. Whereas futures were once regarded as arcane trading vehicles largely used by speculators in search of outsized profits, they are now widely regarded and accepted by institutional and retail traders alike as a legitimate and even essential component of many investment and risk-management programs. The popularity of these instruments has in fact grown to achieve immense scale. The notional value of futures transacted frequently exceeds the values traded in the underlying markets to which these futures are tied. In the process, these instruments have focused attention and interest on Chicago as the epicenter of futures market developments and innovation. CME Group stands out as the leader in this regard, representing the amalgam of futures exchanges including Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), and Commodity Exchange (COMEX). It is beyond the scope of this chapter to discuss the many direct and less subtle uses of these versatile risk management and investment tools. Rather,


While making a geological examination last fall for the location of an irrigation dam on the North Fork of the Sun River, Montana, Professor W. O. Crosby made a careful collection of some fossils. The latter have been identified by the writers and they form the basis of these notes. The Sun River has its origin in the Livingston Range and flows eastward to Great Falls. The district in which the fossils were collected, lies in the southern half of the Saypo atlas sheet, about 65 miles west of Great Falls. Owing to the paucity of names in this region, the Sun River is divided into a North Fork and a South Fork. These forks are in turn subdivided into North and South Forks. As only the North Fork of the Sun River is shown on the Saypo sheet, references will be made directly to the Sun River, implying the North Fork of this stream. In the region near Milk River, about 70 miles northwest of the Sun River, Willis found one large overthrust of the Algonkian upon the Cretaceous.' It is probable that this overthrust divides into several smaller thrusts before reaching the Sun River. There are nine N-S. "reefs" or ridges from the junction of the Sun River with its South Fork east to the Cretaceous plains. The indications are that each of these parallel ridges represents an overthrust to the east. Besides the field evidence of this structure is the evidence furnished by the stratigraphic position of the fossils. These were collected at too few points to show the existence of more than five faults. The fossils indicate a fault both east and west of the Dam Site. There is evidence also of a fault to the east of Arsenic Reef and of another separating the two ridges of Arsenic


Due to the social and economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, we sought to gauge the attitudes of social network users, in this case, Twitter, towards the topic using a sentiment analysis approach. We collected 178,683 tweets using the Twitter API based on queries for the high-frequency hashtag #covid19. After the preprocessing step, we classified them in a binary way (positive and negative) and according to their intensity (valence) using the VADER model and then the NRCLex dictionary, which allows us to classify feelings according to their affective class. The results suggest that overall, the feelings detected through the tweets are positive. In addition, users seem to be interestedin the pandemic as a trend rather than as a topic related to other social or economic aspects.


Inventory transfer is frequently used in real-life logistics transport, where a positive strategy of inventory transfer is essential for cost saving. This research studies the inventory transfer in multiple depots vehicle routing and scheduling to minimize the total cost and improve the vehicle full load rate. The research focuses on the constructing of multiple objectives model, which considers inventory transfer strategy, carpooling strategy, multiple vehicle types, multiple warehouse and other various scheduling rules. The computational experiments show that the multiple depots vehicle routing and scheduling model works quite well. Specifically, compared with the actual logistics operation data, the results calculated by the model have lower cost and higher vehicle full load rate. Moreover, it can be concluded from the results that the more the vehicle types combinations are, the better the optimization results are, and the larger the carpooling distance range is, the better the optimization results are.


American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) currently faces geographical expansion in Brazil, in transmission patterns associated to anthropic environmental impacts. In this scenario, we highlight Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani, as the main vector of ACL, transmitting three dermotropic leishmanias: Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Leishmania (Viannia) shawi and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. The objective of this thesis is to characterize epidemiological scenarios, to define determinants of the ACL expansion process in Brazil, and to identify areas that are amenable to the outbreak of epidemic outbreaks associated with L. (N.) whitmani, in the face of climatic and environmental changes. The document is divided in six chapters. Of the 5570 Brazilian municipalities, L. (N.) whitmani is present in 808, occurs in twenty five federated units, with no information for the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. The states with the highest spatial aggregation by counties with vector occurrence are Acre, Amazonas, Rondonia, Para, Tocantins, Amapa, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Ceara, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Sao Paulo and Parana , which are also areas of high concentration of human cases of ACL and of important spatial circuits of disease production. Lutzomyia (N.) whitmani is widely distributed in Brazilian biomes. Its presence was recorded in the Amazon Forest, Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlântic Forest and Pantanal, occurring mainly in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. Observing its occurrence in different types of Brazilian vegetation, the vector occurs in municipalities with predominantly dense ombrophylous forest, mixed ombrophylous forest, open ombrophylous forest, deciduous and semidecidual forest, areas of ecological tension, savanna and steppe The species was not observed in municipalities predominantly covered by marshes and sandy accumulations. In the states that cover the Amazonia Legal, ACL as well as L. (N.) whitmani occur frequently, with an increase in the number of cases and vector density related to areas with environmental alterations due to deforestation, mining, road construction, population settlements, among others. The ecological niche models presented good predictive performance, projections in two climate change scenarios indicate areas of probable expansion of L. (N.) whitmani and ACL in 2050, towards the North and South regions for L. (N.) whitmani and northwestern Brazil for the ACL. The geographic distribution database of L. (N.) whitmani and the ACL in Brazil, were sent to the National Observatory of Climate and Health, whose mission is to gather and share information, technologies and knowledge aimed at the development of networks of researchers and studies that evaluate the impacts of environmental and climatic changes on the health of the Brazilian population. We conclude that ecological niche models, as well as geotechnologies are effective methods in predicting the occurrence of vectors and human cases of ACL, and may assist health managers in the surveillance and control of infectious diseases.


The laser irradiation apparatus includes a light source, a laser thermal transfer mask, and the stage. The light source is irradiated with a laser beam, to have a constant output energy. The laser thermal transfer mask is disposed under the light source. The stage is disposed at the lower portion of the laser induced thermal imaging using a mask, thereby seating the acceptor substrate with the pixel area. The laser thermal transfer mask includes transmissive portion and the shielding portion. The transmission portion is made up of a plurality of slits is provided with an opening which passes through the laser beam, and corresponds to the pixel region. The shield reflects or blocks the laser beam. And the laser irradiation apparatus controls the output energy of the laser beams of the laser induced thermal imaging using a mask with a square wave form.


Basic Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a method of water desalination based on electrical energy that uses porous electrodes (e.g. activated carbon) to store ions. The current solar-powered CDI systems depend on using batteries as a stage between the PV panels and the CDI modules to regulate the required voltage and current. Batteries have a limited and short lifetime and can reduce the overall efficiency of the solar system and as a consequence there will be over cost load. This research paper aims at developing a power efficient technique for directly driving CDI cells from the photovoltaic (PV) solar panels power without batteries. In addition, this paper develops a novel power efficient topology for energy recovery in discharging the CDI cell during the purge cycle.


Nigeria is the African country that implemented ethnic party bans most systematically. At different points in time, a total of at least 64 parties has been denied registration for failing to demonstrate 'national presence'. Nigeria is also the African country with the longest record in institutional engineering. Ethnic party bans are one instrument in a broader repertoire of incentives for the creation of national parties that transcend the manifold socio-cultural differences. This article provides an overview of the often highly innovative ways in which successive Nigerian leaders, especially military, have sought to control the political organization of ethnicity in the process of democratization.


Proponents of totalitarianism theory felt indicated by the fall of eastern European communism. Yet if these regimes were really so 'totalitarian', why did they collapse in 1989? Outside of Europe, by contrast, several communist regimes survived. This apparent paradox can be resolved by adding 'post-totalitarianism' to the analysis. It not only enables differences in the vulnerability of communist regimes to transitions to be better understood, but also clarifies the type of transition to which they are susceptible. The distinction between totalitarianism and post-totalitarianism - as well as the specification of sub-types - goes some way toward explaining transitions and non-transitions from communism.


Frothers are used in flotation to aid generation of small bubbles, but little is known about the mechanisms that take place in the flotation machine to produce such an effect. Coalescence prevention is the common explanation, although the exact mechanism is obscure and almost no attention has been paid to a frother effect on bubble break-up, the other possible mechanism. This thesis presents a technique to study the effect of frothers on bubble coalescence at the generation stage (at a capillary tube) and a technique to study the effect of frothers on bubble coalescence and break-up in a turbulent field. The first technique is based on the sound bubbles emit when they form and coalesce. The sound signal was linked to bubble formation and coalescence events using high-speed cinematography. The technique has a resolution capable of detecting coalescence events that occur within 1-2 ms. The second technique allows discriminating between coalescence and break-up and is based on the exposure of a mono-size distribution of bubbles to a turbulent field generated by a three-bladed axial flow impeller. Analysis of bubble size distributions after contact with the turbulent field gives the coalescence and break-up fraction. The results show frothers reduce coalescence and alter the bubble size distribution of bubbles generated by break-up.%%%%In the course of high-speed imaging an effect of frother on bubble shape and motion after formation was detected. Analysis of this forms the third major component of the work. A dependence of velocity on bubble aspect ratio is shown, which is in line with recent literature.


The presentation and paper will focus on methods used to assess impacts to various public services, including transportation, and gather public input in small communities that are undergoing rapid population changes. The paper follows the preparation of the Strategic Growth Plan for the rural town of Clayton, North Carolina (pop. 12,000) as an example of many such methods, including on-line survey instruments, language translation, community gatherings, and working with computer-generated buildout analysis. The paper and presentation will include a detailed description of the technology used for the buildout analysis (CommunityViz extension for ESRI ArcGIS). Additional outreach techniques and methods will also be presented, along with their situational costs, outputs, and limitations. These techniques will cumulatively present a set of tools that can be applied to assess community impacts during project scoping or the creation of a public involvement plan. The author would like to initiate a discussion of how an online collaboration tool (http://communityimpactassessmentoutreach.pbwiki.com) could be used to develop, enhance and maintain a resource for planners to get ideas for how to apply impact and outreach tools to their community's needs.


As a former communist state, Hungary encounters similar problems with culture management as the other countries of Central Europe, since they have become democratic countries at the same time. The issues of the state's role in shaping cultural life and of culture funding especially in the time of crisis are disputed, and the discussions do not lead to any consensus. The specificity of cultural management in Hungary, in addition to a number of typical problems of democracy, is closely linked to the history of the 20th century and the events which permanently affected the national identity and culture of the country. Since the end of World War I the matter of a cultural nation has caused Hungary many problems, but also created many possibilities by the Hungarian national minority living in the neighboring countries and the officially recognized nationalities living in Hungary. The current government led by Prime Minister Viktor Orban, being aware of these extra human and cultural resources, has been integrating them tightly with the Hungarian cultural system. However, culture seems to have a secondary position in the state structure, being represented only by a state secretariat within the enormous Ministry of Human Resources. For the purpose of giving some examples of the cultural institutions' operation, I describe the legal background of museum institutions, public libraries and general cultural education facilities, basically represented by culture houses and cultural centers.


Important statistical characteristics of traffic can be examined via the reconstruction of a so-called phase-space where each point in that space represents a state of traffic and vice versa. Statistical tools such as recurrence analysis can then be used to visualize the temporal evolution of traffic and to assess its non-stationarity structure as an indicator for irregular behaviour. In this paper we investigate, examine and analyze the short-term non-stationary features present in traffic flows based on the historical data available from stop-line detectors collected from a small number of intersections in the Melbourne CBD, Australia and demonstrate that recurrence analysis has considerable potential in identifying changes within the temporal behaviour of traffic.


The electrical resistance of semipermeable nylon membranes on hemoglobin microcapsules has been measured by means of microelectrode punctures.

The thickness of the nylon membranes has been shown to be constant and independent of microcapsule diameter. The specific resistivity of the membrane has been estimated to be 5.6 × 103 ohm-cm2.


The article tackles the issue of the meaning attached by organizations and their stakeholders to social reporting practices. Though social accountability may be thought of as a mainstream and institutional phenomenon in many sectors, a variety of organizations and their stakeholders are acknowledging some growing difficulties in defining the possible and effective uses of social reports: these difficulties may be related to the complexity of sense-making and sense-giving dimensions of social accountability processes. A theoretical reflection is proposed for identifying the factors which lead to these difficulties, that implies a reconfiguration of social reporting practices. Six elements emerge as critical points of social reporting activities: their controversial ethical and idelogical background; the unclear definition of institutional and normative requirements; some excessive expectations about the potentialities of social report for the improvement of the relationships between organizations and stakeholders; the difficult sustainability of reporting processes (especially in the perspective of stakeholder engagement); the risks of auto-communication embodied in communicative processes of disclosure; the technical and methodological complexity of reporting processes as outlined by reporting guidelines. Some suggestions to overcome these difficulties and developing alternative configurations (in methodological and semantic terms) are then proposed.


The recently released report Practices and Patterns in Research Information Management: Findings from a Global Survey, jointly produced by OCLC Research and euroCRIS, shines a light onto a relevant area of repository evolution, namely the ever increasing coupling of its workflows to those traditionally associated with Research Information Management (RIM, or CRIS) systems. Previous landscape analysis had already identified this trend a few years ago, and this comprehensive OCLC/euroCRIS exercise provides new evidence on repositories and RIM systems acting like a single integrated, interoperable system for the purpose of collecting and exposing the institutional research output. The proposed presentation examines this trend based on nearly 400 survey responses from 40 nations, and provides insights into the increasing overlap of practice, functionality, and workflows, such as the extent to which RIM systems may be playing the role of institutional (literature) repositories, data repositories, and repositories for electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). The global responses will be analysed together with their regional breakdown. Also relevant is the fact that the most popular protocol identified in the survey is OAI-PMH. Further iterations planned for this survey should help capturing the trends of the landscape evolution in this and other areas.


Objective: To characterize the multiprofessional health residency programs in Brazil. Method: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study. The data were collected on the internet through files provided by the Ministry of Education and from the residency program notices, from March to September 2019, using an instrument containing the variables: geographic region, Brazilian state, financing, number of vacancies, year of beginning of the program, concentration area, proposing institution, existing professions and practice scenarios. Results: Residency programs are concentrated in the southeastern region, with the state of Sao Paulo standing out. They are mostly financed by the Ministry of Health, and are concentrated in public institutions. The nursing profession is part of most programs. The axis of concentration in primary care / health is the most offered. Conclusion: Multiprofessional health residency programs in Brazil are offered in all regions of the country, most with grants from the Ministry of Health, in public institutions, in the area of concentration of primary care, with nursing being the profession that is inserted in most programs. The central characteristic of multiprofessional residences in health is to be teaching in service, which concretizes the interprofessional training.


Ecological consequences of depleted uranium (DU) released to the environment as a result of military use of DU munitions were appraised by reviewing pertinent literature. Estimates were based upon ecosystem responses to natural uranium, which is more soluble and more toxic than DU. It was concluded that the major ecological hazard from expended uranium munitions will be chemical toxicity rather than radiation. The alloy nature of the munitions will substantially decrease the mobility of DU and mitigate the problem. However, the ecological aspects of the chemical toxicity of DU in terrestrial ecosystems is expected to be a major consideration of expended munitions.


'To be shaved by a barber means good all round, for — so to speak — from the act of being shaved (karēnai) proceeds that of being gladdened (charēnai), just one letter being substituted for another. … 'By a barber' is stipulated, because, if one shaves oneself and is not a barber, then that signifies bereavement or a sudden disaster. … Cutting one's own nails signifies paying one's debts, if one is a debtor. … '


We present a new 0.3 5um BCD technology with a capability of 8 to 60V p-ch LDMOS. The proposed p-ch LDMOS employs the S-PWELL in the p-epi region to ensure high breakdown voltage and low on-resistance. The Rsp of the proposed 60V p-ch LDMOS is lower by 42% than conventional one. And we modified the 300Å gate oxide of the original p-ch LDMOS to 125Å so that the proposed p-ch LDMOS is efficient for applications which 5V is applied to Vgs. Those results can reduce chip size significantly. The process has no thermal budget modification but simply move implant step so that no extra mask is needed. Also it is compatible with the conventional BCDMOS and has competitive performance compared to 0.15-0.25um BCDMOS of other competitors.


The method of electronic paramagnetic resonance based on the phenomenon of resonance energy absorp-tion by the paramagnetic system was suggested in order to obtain the most complete information about properties of mud humic substances. The numbers of paramagnetic centers of humic substances were de-termined by this investigation.


1. What is Anthropology? 2. The Concept of Culture. 3. Applied Anthropology. 4. The Growth of Anthropological Theory. 5. Methods in Cultural Anthropology. 6. Language And Communication. 7. Making a Living. 8. Economics. 9. Marriage and the Family. 10. Kinship and Descent. 11. Sex and Gender. 12. Social Stratification. 13. Political Organization and Social Control. 14. Supernatural Beliefs. 15. Art. 16. Culture Change and Globalization. Summary. Key Terms. Suggested Readings.


When quantum inspired evolution algorithm(QEA)is used for the optimization of continuous functions with many local optima,it's easy to be trapped into the local deceptive optima.In this paper,a new hybrid quantum evolution algorithm is proposed to overcome the shortcoming of the QEA.The new hybrid QEA combines the merits of classic GA and QEA by using double coding mechanism(classic binary coding and quantum probabilistic coding),and combining the classical crossover and quantum probabilistic search.It not only has the global searching capacity of classic GA,but also improves the local searching capacity of algorithm by using quantum probabilistic search.Experiments on 23 test functions of diverse complexities are implemented and compared with QEA in this paper.The result indicates that the new hybrid QEA is better than QEA in both quality of final result and the convergence rate.


Three fatty acids, namely stearic acid (1), linoleic acid (2), linolenic acid (3) together with triacontan-1-ol (4), α-tocopherol (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Passiflora foetida L. Their structure was elucidated using the spectroscopic methods, viz FT–IR, ESI–MS, NMR and by comparing with the published data. Compounds 4 and 5 were found for the first time from Passiflora genus.


"Kamalapuram Hospital. The Opening Ceremony." Group portrait of mission staff, named on reverse: G.H. Macfarlane; Mrs Campbell & Freda; Mr and Mrs Loam; Cat. Cole; Dr. J.V.Campbell; Dr. Thomson; Mr Beadon; Jacob Cole; Dispenser, Joseph; Medical evangelist, Anandappa, S. Nicholson and Shantamma, nurse.; Harman worked briefly Jammalamadugu in the Telegu District of India between 1908 and 1913 when he contracted typhoid. He died in service at Kamalapuram, aged 31.


The Tibetan Plateau is the source area of many major rivers in Asia, including the Indus River, Ganges River, Brahmaputra River, Yangtze River and Yellow River. It plays a key role in both hydrologic cycle and climate in eastern and south-eastern Asia. Recent studies have shown that the majority of the plateau area has experienced significant warming since the mid-1950s. This paper investigates hydrological and climatic trends for six large river basins (Yalung Zangbo River, Salween River, Mekong River, Tongtianhe River, Yalongjiang River and Yellow River) in the Tibetan Plateau during 1956-2013, and determines whether the changes in streamflow in these basins are mainly driven by the variation of climatic elements (precipitation and temperature). Our results show that during the past multi-decades, the six river basins did not exhibit distinct trends in annual streamflow (p > 0.05). Yarlung Tsangpo River at Nuxia station and Yellow River at Tangnaihai station showed a slightly decreasing trend (-0.009 mm yr -2 , -0.19 mm yr -2 ) in annual streamflow while others showed a slightly increasing trend. Annual mean temperature and precipitation at all stations except for Luning showed noticeably increasing trends. The impact of global warming on streamflow is complicated. On the one hand, annual evaporation could increase under warmer and drier air conditions, which will result in decreasing streamflow. On the other hand, meltwater will increase under global warming, which will increase streamflow. Our results suggest that climate warming in the Tibetan Plateau has speeded up the water cycle, indicated by the slight increase in streamflow. Further hydrological modelling studies should be conducted to quantify future streamflow changes and their uncertainty across the Tibetan Plateau.


Temperature estimation is highly significant in the design stages and analysis of permanent magnet (PM) machines. In this paper, for permanent magnet couplers (PMCs), a semi-analytical model to estimate the temperature is developed, which is able to give consideration to efficiency and applied in more complicated structure. Also, the magnetic flux path, as well as the eddy currents, are depicted through a simplified geometric topology. Moreover, the eddy current loss, taken as the heat source loss, is effectively and quickly calculated by employing magnetic equivalent circuit and Kirchhoff's law. Compared with the experimental results, this model has a good agreement with the experimental results where the deviation is within 6.67%. Finally, some constructive suggestions have been given for prediction, optimization and monitoring of PMCs.


Background and Objectives: Colombia does not produce fabotherapic antivenoms, the aim of current study was comparison of the neutralization of Bothrops asper venom from Atlantic and Andean region with 2 experimental monovalent antivenoms. Materials and Methods: The protein of the venom and antivenoms was quantified by absorbance at 280 nm and characterized by SDS-PAGE. The protein profile venoms were performed by RT-HPLC. It was calculated LD50 for the venoms and ED50 for the antivenoms, using Prism-statMate. An immunization scheme of 3 months was conducted in equine using Andean venom. The complete IgG antivenom was produced with caprylic acid, while the fabotherapic F(ab')2 antivenom with pepsin. Both antivenoms were tested with Andean venom and Atlantic venom. Electrophoresis was conducted to verify the antivenoms by weight. Results: The protein was 11.5 mg/mL to Andean venom and 13.4 mg/mL to Atlantic venom. The SDS-PAGE showed bands of 15-20 kDa for both venoms. The LD50 to Andean venom was 2.8 and 2.3 mg/kg to Atlantic venom. The RT-HPLC showed similar protein fractions at first 40 min in both venoms. The protein for IgG was 9.8 mg/mL, while for F(ab')2 it was 11.2 mg/mL. The SDS-PAGE showed bands of 130-200 kDa for IgG whyle of 94-150 kDa for F(ab')2. The ED50 with Atlantic venom was 1.4 mg/mL using IgG and 1.75 mg/mL using F(ab')2. The ED50 with Andean venom was 1.6 mg/mL using IgG and 1.9 mg/mL using F(ab')2. Conclusion: Both antivenoms were efficient to neutralize the venom of Andean and Atlantic venom, without significant differences.


A cooling system for a vehicle engine includes a water jet (1), a radiator (6), a water pump (2), and a thermostat housing (12). A passage (8,8a) communicates an upper outlet of the water jacket with a lower inlet of the radiator. A second passage (11) communicates an upper outlet of the radiator with an inlet of the water pump, having the thermostat housing at the upstream of the pump. A bypass (15) is connected between the first passage and the thermostat housing. A thermostat (22) comprises a thermosensitive device with valves in the thermostat housing. The thermo-sensitive device is disposed in the bypass and the valves are operated by the operation of the thermo- sensitive device.


Fully electric vehicles are rapidly gaining user and market interest worldwide, due to their zero direct emissions, appealing driving experience and fashionable perception. Unfortunately, cost, range and reliability have not reached the desired targets yet. Since consumers are prone to spend money to have a more reliable system, Design-for-Reliability will be a useful tool for the Design of tomorrow's EVs, justifying part of the increased cost for these products. In this work, a vertical model-based approach to design-for-Reliability of power converters for EVs is presented, paying special attention to thermally-induced aging. The design starts from various driving cycles, properly assembled to describe the vehicle mission, then load profiles for the converters are found and the resulting thermal stress is quantified. The converter lifetime can be estimated, taking into account also parameter dispersion, and requirements for the active thermal control of the parts modeled achieved, thus giving practical information to the system designers.


Commercial activated carbon was modified by means of soaking in nickel nitrate and cobalt nitrate solution and pyrolysis.The BET method at 77 K was used to study the specific surface area and porosity of modified carbons.The performance of electric double-layer capacitors(EDLC) using resultant carbons as electrode materials was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge/discharge.The results show that NiO and CoO produced from Ni(NO3)2 and Co(NO3)2 decomposition have obvious pseudo-capacitance effect.The specific capacitance of NiO-AC and CoO-AC could be as high as 246.1 F/g,198.8 F/g;89.2 %,52.8 % higher than that of original carbon,respectively.


Photovoltaic (PV) systems are playing a more and more important role as a renewable energy supplier. However, their large-scale applications is still limited by low conversion efficiency and high land-use requirement, especially for those areas where land and solar energy resources are more important for agriculture. In this paper, we suggest a dish-type high-concentration photovoltaic system, with which the competition between sunlight for crops' growth and PV application is solved by beam-splitting techniques. A purposely-designed beam filter acts as a solar spectrum splitter, and the most effective bands of solar spectrum for plant growth are transmitted down to plants while the other parts are all directed to the solar cell receiver. The spectral and spatial distribution of radiant intensity is investigated by ray tracing method, and the quantitative evaluation of the beam splitting effect on crop growth and PV power generation is provided in detail. The results show that, on one hand, the proposed sy...


Maritime accident is a serious problem. Such problems are difficult to solve and traditionally regulations are enforced to solve these problems. The principal idea behind applying regulations is to control the human decisions/actions so that the marine systems are designed and operated within the safety limits. Despite all sorts of efforts and technological developments, significant accidents are occurring and investigations suggest that accident problems mostly trigger from human decisions/actions. Hence, the authors view accident problem as logic problem and thereby, applies logic programming technique in accident analysis and prediction. In this paper the authors discuss some elementary aspects of the development of logic predicates for reasoning based on crew actions and perceptions. Recent real world accident cases are studied in order to develop the predicates. The study suggests that logic programming technique can be utilized for maritime accident prediction and various root causes of accidents can be analysed. Recommendations on future developments have been proposed and discussed briefly.


This survey of corporate risk management practice in Hong Kong and Singapore examines the use of derivatives and the oversight of risk management programs in 131 firms. The survey format is the same as that used previously by the Wharton School in its survey of US non-financial corporations, to allow for cross-country comparisons. The analysis finds very little difference in risk management practice between Hong Kong and Singapore. When these two Asian centres are compared with the United States, the survey finds that a higher proportion of firms in Hong Kong and Singapore use derivatives and they do so with greater intensity. Firms in Hong Kong and Singapore are more likely than their US counterparts to use selective or active hedging strategies based on market views. Therefore it is worrying to note some significant gaps in the oversight of risk management in these firms, especially in relation to reporting and valuation of derivatives. The survey finds that only a minority of firms in Hong Kong and Singapore have implemented risk-adjusted performance measurement for treasury so it is unclear whether or not their activities add value for owners.


The utility model provides a wheel-type loader digger, which comprises a running mechanism, a delivery mechanism, a manipulator device, a hydraulic control device and a power system. The utility model has the characteristics of environmental protection, low dissipation of energy, high efficiency, being easy and simple to handle, operating agily and so on, and is integrated with four functions of running, digging, delivery and loading, which can be used for construction in tunnels and underground. The wheel-type loader digger can be electrically driven. When long-distance transportation is needed, a diesel engine can be used as power. The delivery device is arranged on a runner chassis frame. A scraper conveyor or a conveyer belt is arranged below an orifice on the front end of the delivery mechanism. A portal frame is arranged on a conveying chute and over a conveyer. The manipulator device is arranged on the portal frame. By adopting the wheel-type loader digger, the manipulator can complete digging, loading and unloading in the working space. By adopting the hydraulic units, 80 cubic meters can be mined per hour with the efficiency doubled compared with machines. In addition, energy of 72 percent can be saved, and the wheel-type loader digger can turn without moving.


The article analyzes the metal fibulae found in 2 burials: the first one in the burial No. 4 from the Kholmskoe cemetery and the second one in the burial No.7 from the kurgan No. 1 near to the Nikolskoe village. These burials appear in most of the generalizing works as the most ancient Sarmatian monuments of the North-Western Black Sea Region, although their exact date is still debatable. Furthermore, the researchers date the complex from the burial Kholmskoe to the different time periods such as: the beginning / first half / the end of the 1st century BC, or even later time.While the burial near to the Nikolskoe village is dated by various time intervals – from the second half of the 3rd century BC to the middle of the 2nd century BC. Acquaintance with the original fibula from the burial No. 4 of the Kholmskoe cemetery, stored in the Odessa Archaeological Museum of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, has allowed the author to identify this sample with the latest form of fibula of the Early La Tene scheme, which existed in the 2nd century BC, possibly in the second half of this century. Additionally, the fibula from the burial No.7 of the kurgan close to the Nikolskoye village should be dated within the 2nd century BC, since it belongs to the "dismembered" fibulae of the Middle La Tene scheme. It is important to highlight that both items, regardless of their narrow dating, are undoubtedly more ancient artifacts compared to the majority of fibulae of the Northern Black Sea region, marking the earliest Sarmatian monuments in the region. Sarmatian antiquities, which are synchronous to the mentioned particular artifacts are inherent only to the Volga-Don steppes and further to the east. In this regard, it is more relevant to correlate the studied complexes under consideration with the simultaneous and territorially close monuments of the Tiraspol group, reasonably associated with the Late Scythian culture.


To the Editor: An invasive hydatidiform mole is a type of hydatidiform mole in which molar villi invade the myometrium, cervical stroma, or uterine vasculature, which in rare cases can metastasize to extrauterine sites. The lung is themost frequent site of metastasis, although reports of the prevalence of pulmonary metastasis following complete hydatidiformmole range from 4% to 65% in the literature. However, intermediate trophoblastic differentiation of molar villi in ectopic sites has not been clearly described, as current treatments are determined based on FIGO staging and risk scores, and metastatic lesions are rarely biopsied or histologically confirmed. Recently, we encountered a case of multiple lung metastases in a 34-year-old woman with a history of complete hydatidiform mole, which revealed an association between the villous and extravillous trophoblast in an extrauterine environment. This patient had been diagnosed one year earlier with an intrauterine complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) at gestational week 11. During follow-up, her levels of serum β-hCG continually increased to ultimately reach 20,300 mIU/uL and she was found to have multiple lung nodules. Chest computed tomography revealed multiple well-defined 0.3 to 1 cm nodules in the left-upper, left-lower, and right-lower lobes. A total of four pulmonary nodules were biopsied. The pulmonary nodules were well demarcated from the surrounding normal lung parenchyma. All nodules exhibited a centrally located single hydropic molar villus that was surrounded by a thick amorphous eosinophilic fibrinoid layer and blood clots in the pulmonary stroma (Fig. 1a). In two of the nodules, cleft-like free spaces were observed around the villi, which resembled the lacunar space at the normal implantation site of the endometrium or intervillous space (Fig. 1b). There were also focal direct attachment sites to the surrounding fibrinoid layer (Fig. 1c). Themolar villi were lined by a single layer of inner cytotrophoblast and outer syncytiotrophoblast in those areas that faced the cleft-like free space (Fig. 1b), but at the site of attachment to the fibrinoid layer, no syncytiotrophoblastic layer was identified over the cytotrophoblast (Fig. 1c). Scattered individual trophoblasts were present within the fibrinoid layer (Fig. 1d), which had a single, round to ovoid nucleus, a conspicuous nucleolus, and abundant amphophilic cytoplasm, which is characteristic of implantation site intermediate trophoblasts (IT). The cytotrophoblast and villous stromal cells of the molar villi lacked immunoreactivity for p57 (1:250 dilution, Neomarker, Fremont, CA, USA), in contrast to that of cytotrophoblast and villous stromal cells of normal chorionic villi, which served as positive controls. These observations confirmed the diagnosis of CHM. The individually scattered IT in the surrounding amorphous fibrinoid layer showed immunoreactivity for CD146 on the cytoplasmic membrane (1:1000, Novocastra, Newcastle, UK) and for inhibin in the cytoplasm (1:100, Serotec, Oxford, UK). The proliferative activity of IT, as defined by Ki-67 immunoreactivity (1:200, DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) was close to zero. In the remaining two nodules, molar villi were found to be in direct contact with the overlying fibrinoid layer throughout the entire circumference. The overlying syncytiotrophoblast had not formed; instead, numerous individual IT were found to be randomly scattered within the fibrinoid layer around the villi (Fig. 1d, arrows). The IT were admixed with lymphocytes at the periphery of the nodule, and several IT infiltrated alveolar septa beyond the nodules. Some trophoblastic nuclei were pyknotic or contained intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions. No obvious mitotic figures were identified. The serum β-hCG level of the patient dramatically declined 2 months after wedge resection and thenwasmaintainedwithin a normal range. She was treated with seven courses of EMA/CO (etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine) chemotherapy. She showed no evidence of


Author(s): Lie-Spahn, Cecelia Brun | Advisor(s): Atanasoski, Neda; Amaya Schaeffer, Felicity | Abstract: This dissertation is about underground markets for misoprostol ("miso" or Cytotec), a drug originally created in the 1980s to treat stomach ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but which is frequently used off-label to treat postpartum hemorrhage, induce labor, and induce abortion. In the cross-hairs of some of the most polarizing debates in mainstream U.S. political discourse—immigration, abortion, and the War on Drugs—depictions of off-label miso-use vacillate from hyper-racialized images of flea markets and drug cartels to hope for a future of unconstrained reproductive health options, a vision in which miso symbolizes the cornerstone of medical, technological, and social progress. However, Pfizer—the mega pharmaceutical company that owns, manufactures, and distributes miso under the brand name "Cytotec"—is overtly absent from these discourses. To bring the pharmaceutical machinery that has so successfully eluded these discourses back into the picture, I resituate discourses about underground misoprostol within the neoliberal structures from which it emerged in the post-World War II period, bringing together two key conceptual frameworks: (1) the reproductive justice movement's long-held emphasis on women of color organizing and intersectional, radically inclusive, community-based, and comprehensive vision of reproductive freedom; and (2) Kaushik Sunder Rajan's concept of "pharmocracy," wherein pharmaceutical philanthropy acts as a modern form of extractive capitalism. I argue that the pharmocratic scripts of modernity and cultural backwardness reproduced in discourses about underground misoprostol reflect the dangerous proliferation of an updated version of bootstraps individualism I refer to as "reproductive neoliberalism": the idea that, in lieu of state-provided equitable and holistic reproductive care, women can still achieve reproductive autonomy through entrepreneurial, legal, and pharmaceutical prowess. The individualist language of reproductive neoliberalism in Pfizer's annual financial reports, mainstream liberal journalism, and family planning research about underground miso invisibly authorizes the uneven transfer of legal and medical liability away from pharmaceutical corporations, such that individuals are made to bear legal, medical, affective, and cultural liabilities—forms of conscripted labor inherent in the act of transgressing federal licensing and malpractice laws, as well as in the fear of accidental injury (bodily, emotional) to oneself or someone else in the process.


This paper takes a gas-electric Hybrid Electric Bus (HEB) equipped with compressed natural gas (CNG) engine as the research object. According to the measured operating conditions, the torque distribution of HEB is optimized using instantaneous equivalent fuel consumption algorithm. The torque command of the engine is built in the lookup table, and the logic threshold control strategy of torque distribution and command lookup table are combined to obtain the optimal torque distribution strategy. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can control the hybrid system working in the efficiency area effectively in the prerequisite of real-time performance, and can better maintain the balance of battery SOC and improve fuel economy of the HEB significantly.


The concept of strategic spatial planning has come to represent a particular concern to broaden the scope and enhance the governance capacity of spatial policy and practice in a European context. It is increasingly evident, however, that the concept represents a diversity of multifaceted and fragmented practices, confounding assumed narratives of Europeanization and policy convergence. This article seeks to move towards a context-sensitive, inductive understanding of spatial planning in a territorially diverse Europe. Emphasis is placed on the need for critical comparative studies to assess the capacity of spatial strategies in practice to respond to diverse territorial development challenges.


This work analyzes the effect of the time of impregnatingand previous state of the support in the distribution ofPd/ -Al O prepared by impregnation method varying 2 3time between 1 and 5 hours and considering twoprevious states (wet and dry). The characterization of thesupport and the catalysts and after using them in a PBRfor the partial oxidation of the Isopropanol to atemperature of 180°C and two time factors W/F (15 y 8 AOgcat/mol/h) was made by means of techniques like X-RayDiffraction (XRD), superficial area by BET method,Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), among others. Theproducts of the reaction were quantified by means of GasChromatography. Uniform and Egg shell distributionswere obtained, uniform catalysts activated by reductionand calcination were used.


Economic management is one of the basic functions of the government.the internal problems of government organization,the limited rationality of decision makers,the defects of strategic decision making systems,the obstacles in policy implement and the deviation of poliy aims and public interest are the causes of government defficency.So construct a modern government of limitecl functions,rule-guided,responsibility,transparency,honesty and service is the key to the defficency of government.


In this paper, we prove that if K is an o -symmetric cylinder and L is an o -symmetric convex body in R 3 , then the logarithmic Minkowski inequality holds, with equality if and only if K and L are relative cylinders.


In order to increase the scientific return and reduce the operational costs of long-duration robotic missions to Mars, more autonomous systems are being considered that employ several rovers working on cooperative and coordinated tasks. One of the most promising application is navigation on a planetary surface, which requires the rovers to simultaneously build a map and localize themselves on this map. By sharing information, the rovers can improve their respective estimations. Although the SLAM (Simultaneous Localization And Mapping) problem and to a lesser extent the Collaborative SLAM have been addressed in numerous recent publications in the field of terrestrial applications, a strongly constrained environment like that of a Mars mission justifies a specific study, with special attention given to the computational costs and communication links between the rovers. The objective of this research project carried out at ISAS was to assess the feasibility of a simple Cooperative SLAM strategy between two rovers under realistic operational constraints. A software model is proposed and the accuracy of the rovers' pose estimation is compared under several point-to-point navigation scenarios involving different landmark densities, rover characteristics and communication links. Finally, the applicability of the proposed C-SLAM technique to rover missions is


The ps laser probe is a 308nm diagnostic light source for laser plasma diagnosis. It coverts a pulse of lns 1 054nm into a pulse of 263nm by double times frequency conversion, then it compresses 1ns to 30ps(FWHM) and the wavelength is shifted to 308nm by stimulated Raman scattering, at last the output laser is a pulse of output energy over 1mJ and 30ps.The experimental result is that the ps laser probe is output pulse of over 1mJ energy and 30ps(FWHM), and it runs over 90% stable rate, it accords with anticipated aim.


In recent years, the development of geothermobarometer applying Raman spectroscopy has been actively examined. Several studies report the detection of new information of the metamorphic history that was difficult to obtain using conventional thermodynamic approaches. Especially, the "quartz Raman barometer" that can constrain the metamorphic condition using Raman peak shifts of quartz inclusions in garnet porphyroblasts show remarkable achievements in the Sambagawa belt. However, quartz trans-forms to coesite or β -quartz under the ultrahigh-pressure or high-temperature conditions, respectively, and applicable geological zone is limited. In the present study, we focused on aluminosilicate minerals, sillimanite and kyanite, in garnet porphyroblasts and examined whether the metamorphic condition can constrain using these Raman spectra as with quartz Raman barometer. First, we calculated the relation between the metamorphic P - T condition and residual pressure using the elastic moduli of sillimanite, kyanite, and garnet. As a result, the residual pressure of sillimanite in garnet is independent of pressure condition, and depends on only temperature condition. On the other hand, the residual pressure of kyanite in garnet depends on pressure condition rather than temperature condition. Next, we measured the natural samples of sillimanite and kyanite inclusions in garnet porphyroblasts. Ultrahigh-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic rocks were measured; Garnet-Sillimanite gneiss collected from Rundvagshetta, Lutzow-Holm Complex in eastern Antarctica, and Kyanite-Quartz eclogite collected from Besshi region, Sambagawa belt in central Shikoku. The Raman spectra of sillimanite inclusions in garnets of Garnet-Sillimanite gneiss show characteristic peaks at around 962 and 1182 cm − 1 , and these peaks shift to high wavenumber side of around 4 to 5 cm − 1 . The Raman spectra of kyanite inclusions in garnets of Kyanite-Quartz eclogite show characteristic peaks at around 325 and 486 cm − 1 , and these peaks shift to high wavenumber side of around 1 cm − 1 . The residual pressures were estimated to be 0.8 GPa for sillimanite and 0.3 GPa for kyanite using previously reported experimental data of aluminosilicate minerals. The residual pressure value of sillimanite inclusions in ultrahigh-temperature metamorphic rocks is converted to the metamorphic temperature of around 1000 ℃ , and this result is consistent with previous studies. On the other hand, the residual pressure of kyanite inclusions is calculated as negative value with increasing metamorphic pressure, but measured values in high-pressure metamorphic rocks of the Sambagawa belt are positive. The elastic modulus of kyanite selected in the present study seems to have some problems, but it's expected to be solved by improving the equation of state of kyanite. These results indicate that Raman spectra of aluminosilicate minerals are useful to estimate metamorphic condition for high- to ultrahigh-pressure and -temperature metamorphic rocks. Residual pressures are generated in metamorphic host minerals and sealed inclusions due to the difference of their physical properties. If the residual pressure recorded in a host mineral or inclusion could be quantitatively analyzed, it would provide useful data for the estimating the crystallization conditions of the host phase and the metamorphic pressure-temperature (P-T) history. Enami e t a l . (2007, AM, 1303-1315) proposed a method to estimate the residual pressure recorded in quartz inclusions in garnet using a frequency shift in the Raman spectrum of quartz (quartz-Raman barometry). Kouketsu e t a l . (2014, AM, 433-442) calculated the relationship between the residual pressure of quartz inclusions in garnet and the P-T conditions of the garnet crystallization stage under α -quartz stable conditions and proposed a novel method to constrain the metamorphic P-T conditions. As quartz-Raman barometry is independent of the thermodynamic model, this technique could be a powerful tool to determine the evolution of progressive metamorphism. However, the quartz-Raman barometry cannot be applied to ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks formed under coesite-stable conditions, at least in principal. That said, quartz inclusions trapped by garnet under quartz-stable conditions may preserve the information preserve the effects produced during the early stages of prograde metamorphism. In this study, we examine the metamorphic evolution of a UHP metamorphic rock can deduced from the residual pressure of quartz inclusions in garnet. The samples studied were collected from the Yangzhuang region of the Sulu UHP metamorphic belt, eastern China. Although coesite has not been reported from in Yangzhuang samples, quartz-pseudomorph after coesite has been reported, and coesite stability conditions of 2.7-3.5 GPa/660-830 ℃ are estimated for the peak metamorphic stage (Enami Nagasaki, 1999, These results suggest that the Yangzhuang samples might record the prograde P-T path from quartz to coesite stability. Garnet grains in the Yangzhuang samples were divided into inner (Alm 49 − 54 Prp 16 − 28 Grs 21 − 29 Sps , X Mg = 0.22-0.36) and outer (Alm 45 − 52 Prp 18 − 31 Grs 23 − 29 Sps 1 , X Mg = 0.29-0.41) segments, the boundary between the two defined by discontinuous changes in grossular content. In the inner segment, the SiO 2 phases are all α -quartz, and quartz-pseudomorphs after coesite and any radial cracks around the quartz inclusion are not observed. Residual pressures retained by the quartz inclusions systematically increased with decreasing grossular content from the crystal center to the margin in the inner segment and indicated a value of 0.9 GPa. Metamorphic pressure, estimated by an inverse calculation based on the measured residual pressure, implies that the quartz inclusions were trapped at pressure conditions just below the quartz/coesite transition. In the outer segment, quartz-pseudomorphs after coesite with radial cracks in the surrounding host garnet were observed. Coesite was identified for the first time in this region as an inclusion in a kyanite grain from the outer segment. The occurrence of coesite in the Yangzhuang sample supports the P-T conditions previously estimated by conventional geothermobarometry. These results suggest that (1) quartz inclusions in the inner segment were trapped by garnet under quartz-stable conditions, avoided phase transition to coesite at the peak metamorphic stage, and still preserved P-T information gained during the early stage of prograde metamorphism and (2) SiO 2 inclusions in the outer segment were included as coesite; and most of these translated into quartz and released their residual pressure during exhumation. These results suggest that the quartz-Raman barometry is a useful tool for determining P-T conditions at an early prograde stage even in the case of UHP metamorphism. A ductile extrusion model explains that metamorphic core of the Himalaya, called the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC), was originated by ductile channel flow of partially melted mid-crust from beneath the Tibetan plateau. No definite evidence of the model has yet been documented that shows the melted mid-crust extruded to form the HHC though many numerical models were proposed and their simulation was performed. We performed thermochronological study of the HHC nappe by means of zircon and apatite fission-track dating in order to examine the extrusion model on the basis of emplacement and cooling history of the HHC nappe, which extensively covers the Lesser Himalayan autochthon ranging in width of 80 to 120 km. As the results, we could have revealed the emplacement history of the nappe, which has strong constraints on the extrusion model: the HHC of more than 10 km thick extruded on the ground at 15-14 Ma, and advanced to the SSW with the rate of 3-4 cm/yr retaining hot condition more than 300 ℃ . The nappe finally terminated its movement at 11 Ma. Early Miocene foreland basin sediments on the top of the Lesser Himalayan autochthon have undergone weak metamorphism after covering of hot nappe at 11-10 Ma. Both metamorphic nappe and the underlying foreland basin sediments cooled down below 240 ℃ by 10 Ma and below 110 ℃ by 8 Ma. The metamorphic nappe laterally cooled down toward the NNE from its front at the rate of ca. 1cm/yr, and root zone area of the nappe reached 240 ℃ by 4 Ma and 110 ℃ by 1 Ma.One more constraint is that estimated P-T condition is consistent from the nappe front to the root zone: maximum temperature is around 750 ℃ and maximum pressure is 11-12kb. we examined the disposition of the HHC nappe before its extrusion, considering width of nappe as 80 km and inclination angle of metamorphic belt as 20 degree. After simple calculation of position of root zone of nappe under 12kb, it is concluded that root zone was located at 53 km to the north of the front of partially melted mid-crust of Tibet and seated 39 km in depth. It indicates that the HHC nappe must have been originated from partially melted mid-crust of Tibet. Eclogite facies rocks in the Sanbagawa belt can be classified into two types: 1) coarse-grained mafic-ultramafic complex such as the Iratsu body, and 2) surrounding fine-grained mafic, pelitic and siliceous schists. The former type has poly-phase metamorphic history with an early metamorphic stage in Early Cretaceous (c. 116 Ma), whereas the latter type has short-term history of a Late Cretaceous (c. 90 Ma) subduction-exhumation cycle (Wallis et al. 2009 JMG; Endo et al. 2012 Lithos; Aoya et al. 2013 Geology). However, there is another proposal that entire the high-grade Sanbagawa belt underwent peak metamorphism at Early Cretaceous (120-110 Ma) followed by pervasive retrograde recrystallization during Late Cretaceous (90-80 Ma)(Okamoto et al. 2004 Terra Nova; Aoki et al. 2009 Lithos; Itaya et al. 2011 JAES). To solve the controversial views in geochronology of the high-grade Sanbagawa belt


Introduction: Recent epidemiological and health impact assessment (HIA) studies suggest that a change from passive (car) to active transportation (cycling, walking) and public transport in daily li...


After two centuries of official abolitionism, the regulated prostitution came back during the reign of Isabella II and particularly from the Progresist period onwards (1854-1856). After recalling the origins of thuch regulations (1845-1847) and the rules applied in Madrid, which are worth noting because of their importance and influence, we are presenting the different decrees enforced in some regions of Spain (and particularly in the province of Cadix), in a chronological way which enables the reader to understand the formation, administrative and medical, of these regulations.
Instead of putting the prostitute in a house of correction or expelling her from the town as done before, these regulations would put her in a brothel, pretending that she would not move freely and Uiat she would regularly be controlled concerning sexually transmitted deseases. The tolerance of prostitution confirmed as well the space and role of brothels in the social life of the main Spanish towns.


Some modern writers on mental deficiency regard the feeble-minded as a class that has some one mental defect in common, varying in degree only. This simple conception is perhaps due to the tendency of late years to emphasise the quantitative aspect of mental deficiency and to neglect qualitative distinctions. But teachers, psychologists, and medical officers, who deal with the practical problems which the mentally defective present, are more impressed by the diversity than by the uniformity of mental types. When dealing with defectives individually it is, to say the least, as helpful to think in terms of Cental types as in terms of mental quotients. Whilst it is generally conceded that the quantitative investigations of the intelligence of children have done much to ensure better and more uniform standards in the certification of the mentally defective, at the same time it is well to avoid the extreme of being tyrannised by decimal points, when dealing with the mentality of children.


This paper discusses the error in the understanding and representation of the traditional reliability growth model where the failure rates of different failure modes are treated in the same manner. The total initial failure rate of an item, consisting of the constant and changing components, is modeled mathematically as changing, but during the test, the random failures (a part of the overall failure rate) are disregarded. This introduces inevitable overestimation of the reliability growth and the reliability improvement. Only a smaller portion of the total tested item (design errors' where the failure rate is only a fraction of the total item failure rate) can be improved Improving a much smaller rate to a desired reliability goal requires considerably and often cost prohibitive test time To perform correct calculations for realistic test results and with reasonable resources, accelerated testing based on the Physics of Failure is recommended to use. This method is capable of providing a reasonable test duration which would be technically correct and economically feasible. This tutorial presents the methodology for the design of the accelerated reliability growth tests and their data analysis.


One of the problems with notification appliances is that they can be distracting when providing information not of immediate interest to the user. In this paper, we present AuraOrb, an ambient notification appliance that deploys progressive turn taking techniques to minimize notification disruptions. AuraOrb uses eye contact sensing to detect user interest in an initially ambient light notification. Once detected, it displays a text message with a notification heading visible from 360 degrees. Touching the orb causes the associated message to be displayed on the user's computer screen.We performed an initial evaluation of AuraOrb's functionality using a set of heuristics tailored to ambient displays. Results of our evaluation suggest that progressive turn taking techniques allowed AuraOrb users to access notification headings with minimal impact on their focus task.


A panel of monoclonal anybodies directed against various lymphoid and non‐lymphoid cell subsets was used to study the lymph nodes of human fetuses of 16–40 weeks. B cells were of intermediate size and were present at all ages in primitive follicles and in the outer cortex. The fetal B‐cell immunophenotype is indicative of an intermediate stage of development, just preceding the differentiation to mature B cell. Forty to sixty percent Leu1+ B cells were observed in the follicles until the end of the second trimester. At all stages, T cells showed an immunophenotype similar to type III thymocytes, different from adult peripheral T cells, with a marked predominance of CD4+ T cells. Leu7+ NK cells were generally absent. OKIa+ interdigitating reticulum cells were present in T‐cell areas. Some axillary lymph nodes showed strongly CD1+ dendritic cells, probably Langerhans'cells. Macrophages and granulocytes were present in varying numbers Altogether, our results indicate that fetal lymph nodes are quite well differentiated at an early fetal age, although T and H cells do not (yet) show adult immunophenotypes. The expression of the CD38 antigen may be a main marker related to the immaturity of fetal T and B cells.


Noncentrosymmetric (NCS) materials have been intensively studied due to their important physical properties such as piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity, and nonlinear optical activity. For example, a ferroelectric perovskite oxide Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 (PZT), which possesses huge piezoelectric coefficients, is one of the most important materials used for piezoelectric actuators. In almost all of the ferroelectric perovskite oxides, second-order Jahn-Teller (SOJT) active cations such as Ti and Nb ions and lone-pair electrons as in Pb and Bi play a crucial role in inversion symmetry breaking in the materials. Recently, oxygen octahedral rotations (OORs) have been suggested as an alternative pathway to inversion symmetry breaking in layered perovskites. This idea facilitates the exploration of NCS materials because it does not require any chemically unique species. We have reported the OOR-induced noncentrosymmetry of A-site-ordered n=1 Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phase NaRTiO4 (R=rare earth), in which inversion symmetry is broken by OORs represented by abc/bac in Glazer notation. It has also been reported that a LiRTiO4 series shows the NCS structures with the same space group as that of the NaRTiO4 system. However, these series contain an SOJT active Ti ion. Here we demonstrate by first-principles calculations that noncentrosymmetry is brought about by the OORs in NaRSnO4, in which neither SOJT active nor lone-pair cations are included. The first-principles calculations were performed using the projector augmented wave (PAW) method and the PBEsol functional as implemented in the VASP code. Phonon band structures were calculated using force constants derived from the first-principles calculations by a frozen phonon method as implemented in the PHONOPY code. The PAW data sets with radial cutoffs of 1.2 Å for Na; 1.8 Å for Y; 1.5 Å for La; 1.6 Å for Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, and Ho; 1.6 Å for Sn; and 0.8 Å for O were used with a plane-wave cutoff energy of 550 eV. The following states were described as valence electrons: 2p, 3s for Na; 4s, 4p, 4d, 5s for Y; 5s, 5p, 5d, 6s for La, Nd, and Sm; 5p, 5d, 6s for Gd, Dy, and Ho; 4d, 5s, 5p for Sn; and 2s, 2p for O. The lattice constants and internal coordinates were optimized until the residual stress and force converged to less than 0.01 GPa and 1 meV/Å, respectively. Γ-centered k-point mesh sampling of 6×6×2 was used for the unit cells of P4/nmm structures with 14 atoms. For comparison of total energies for different OOR patterns, we used a cell size of √2×√2×1 supercells of the P4/nmm structures and 4×4×2 k-mesh sampling to minimize the error due to k-mesh sampling. We first have performed a ground-state structure search for NaLaSnO4 by


Arm at studying mechanism of tolerant to K+ deficiency on the photosynthesis characteristics of maize seedling of B. Two inbred lines of maize seed, A which sensitive to K+ deficiency and B which tolerant to K+ deficiency, were cultured in nutrient solutions of three different K+ concentration(5, 100, 1 000 μmol/L). After 4 weeks, the maize seedling that had been cultured was transplanted into culture barrel and continued to culture for 50 days. Photosynthetic rate and fluorescence efficiency, PEPase and ATPase of leaves were determined. Results showed that under low K+ concentration, photosynthetic rate, PEPase and ATPase of B are significantly higher than that of A while fluorescence efficiency has no significant difference each other. The results indicated that light energy transformation efficiency is not restricting factor to photosynthesis under low potassium stress, B improves its photosynthesis through increasing dark reaction so that it adapts low potassium stress.


With increasing real estate and apartment vacancy rates, the utilization rate of the water in water tanks is decreasing; this leads to an increase in the water age and deteriorates the water quality in water tanks. The general hydrostatic numerical model cannot simulate the flow field and water age of a water tank correctly because the horizontal scale of the water tank is equivalent to the vertical scale, and the vertical hydrostatic approximation assumption is no longer applicable. In this paper, the water age module is added to a three‐dimensional numerical model based on estuarine and coastal oceans, and a nonhydrostatic numerical model is developed to simulate and analyze the three‐dimensional flow field and the temporal and spatial variations in the water age of the water tank under different working conditions. The total water consumption and the effective volume of the water tank are the main factors affecting the water age, followed by the water level change range. The water age can be reduced to a lesser extent by setting the position of the inlet and outlet at a diagonal angle and adopting a larger inflow velocity. The distributions of the circulation and water age are mainly determined by the inlet in the influent process. There is no obvious dead water zone in the tank due to the strong disturbance, advection and diffusion in the secondary water supply process. The water age distribution in the water tank is mainly affected by advection, while diffusion plays a secondary role.


The introduction of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) in Poland established minimal building energy performance requirements for new and retrofitted buildings without changing the U-value requirement for the building envelope in the building code. This change in the Polish law has sometimes caused investors to draw the wrong conclusions about thermal standards for single-family residences. With this in mind, this paper seeks to optimise the thermal performance of buildings using both fuzzy sets and Zadeh probability with simple hourly 6R1C building energy simulation. An optimal design is important especially for victims of a recent flood who are constructing new housing and face multiple objective constraints.


Abstract Total suspended particles (TSP) and metal concentrations were determined in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil at two sites: a residential area and a residential‐commercial‐industrial neighborhood. The determined metals associated with atmospheric aerosols include Al, Ca, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mg, Mn, V, Zn and Na. Factor analysis was employed to identify the major atmospheric deposition sources. At one site the data were best represented by two sources: resuspended soil + marine aerosol and vehicular emissions, which represents 93% of the total system variance. In the second one the data were best represented by three sources: resuspended soil, metallurgy and building construction, which represents 79% of the total system variance.


An "add-on" study has been brought to the attention of the University's Institutional Review Board (IRB) which has approved Dr. A's study. As a member of the IRB, do you have any questions or concerns about the investigation?


With reducing feature sizes, there is a growing need for soft errors to be handled at the software level. This paper focuses on iterative scientific applications, particularly, solvers of PDEs. After empirically studying the impact of bit flips on convergence and correctness of these applications as well as analyzing the underlying numerical algorithm, we propose the following method for improving accuracy of these applications in the presence of silent data corruptions. We show that changes in value of the residue can serve as the signature that detect the soft errors that can have the most negative impact on the applications. Our analysis also shows that for iterative solvers, bit flips in the later part of the computation are a lot more likely to impact final results. For such cases, we propose partial replication to help improve accuracy without very large overheads. After applying our approach on five scientific applications, we find that our signature based method removes all infinite loops because of bit flips, reduces the error in the final results by up to 99%, and has less than 6% overhead (with an additional 24% overhead for checkpointing and restart). The reduction in error can be as high as 99.9% while using partial replication together with our signature analysis for two of the applications.


Societies are formed as collaborative structures to execute tasks that are not possible or are difficult for individuals alone. There are many types of biological societies formed by animals, but societies formed by machines or robots are still rare. This paper introduces the concept of an application oriented robot society formed by autonomous underwater robots. The Bacterium Robot Society is a generic concept with many potential applications. As an example of such application a scenario, where robot society serves as a mobile distributed sensor instrument inside a process plant, is presented.


In this brief communication, a recently proposed method for current drive in tokamak fusion reactors is analyzed. The method depends on Landau or transit‐time damping of fusion‐generated alpha particles. Assuming a narrow spectrum of parallel wave phase velocities, it is shown that the efficiency of this current drive scheme scales as I/P∼αT3/2/nRVph. Typical reactor parameters yield I/P≂0.2 A/W.


Low-level jets (LLJs) are a very common feature in the nocturnal stably stratified boundary layer. Many factors can intervene in their generation, linked basically to effects of baroclinity. A special kind of low-level jets is composed by the nocturnal katabatic and basin flows, generated over terrain slopes. A study of observed LLJs in the Duero Basin is shown here, combining observational data and modelling experiments. Normalized in respect to the maximum wind height, the dynamic characteristics of the jets are similar: a two-layer system, with a stably stratified layer below the jet maximum and a near neutral layer above, with a very stable layer separating them at the level of the wind maximum. There is vertical mixing above and below the jet, and the connection between these layers takes place occasionally in a very turbulent manner.


Have workers in the newly industrializing countries (NIC's) of Asia benefited from the rapid economic growth in their economies? In this important book, Frederic Deyo contends that "beneath the miracle" of economic growth is the "extreme political subordination and exclusion of workers" in the economic development of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. He sees the inability of East Asian workers to "influence the political and economic decisions that have shaped their lives" as the "dark underside" of Asian economic growth. The main body of the book is an examination of why this subordination has taken place. Deyo views the "typical" explanation for the political weakness of organized labor as having three components: the shared Confucianist heritage in these countries, the positive ffects of economic growth on standards of living, and official controls over attempts by political parties, trade unions, and the media to organize. He considers these three factors relevant but insufficient for a full explanation, and his central argument is that due account must be taken of the "economic and social structural context within which these variables operate." Deyo's structuralist position may be summed up as follows. Employment relations in East Asia are "patriarchal, paternalistic, and patrimonial." Reliance on female labor in exportoriented industries and the lack of community support have impeded the formation of strong independent unions, autonomous class politics, and opposition to the prevailing power structure; where the potential for opposition is greatest, so too is repression of labor dissent. Tight political controls on organized labor that were put into place prior to industrialization succeeded in preempting independent trade unions. The result was a system of "hyperproletarianized factory production" that "denied many Asian workers the capacity to organize politically." Deyo argues his thesis cogently and comprehensively, citing the findings of academic studies, newspaper reports, and case studies to bolster his points. For development economists and other readers who are already knowledgeable about Asian industrialization, Beneath the Miracle offers a rich presentation of labor issues. And for labor experts who are not specialists in Asian economic development (the majority of the ILR Review's readership), this book provides a concise, yet informative history of the region and an introduction to the great diversity within the four NIC's, which too often are seen as following identical development models. Apart from a few minor deficiencies in the book (for example, I found the sections on Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico distracting rather than helpful, and I never did learn what the "hyperproletariat" is despite a chapter devoted to it), I was left with a major unanswered question: what happened? Have workers, as Deyo argues, been excluded from decisions of central importance to their lives? Have they been undercut by the strategic decisions of those in power? How have they suffered, if at all, from "structural mobilization and preemptive developmental sequencing" Deyo's terms)? What are the facts? The undisputed historical record (some of which is cited by Deyo) paints a picture of extraordinary progress in the four NIC's: maintenance of unemployment rates of one to four percent, a manyfold increase in real wages, substantial improvement in the mix of jobs, low to moderate levels of inequality, and a rapid fall in absolute poverty. The Asian NIC's' record of progress in these respects is the envy of the rest of the developing world. It is being openly emulated by neighboring countries in the region, including Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. It may be at the core of the explanation of why organized labor movements in East Asia are weak: given continuing rapid improvements with "weak" labor movements, why disrupt things by seeking to be "strong"? It is reasonable to ask when it is that workers have the most control over their lives. Is it when they are encouraged to form independent unions, bargain collectively, and engage in whatever workplace and political actions may help achieve their ends? Or when they can participate in a labor market that offers strong competition for their labor, full employment, ever-increasing earnings, security against economic deprivation, and material standards of living unimaginably higher than those of a generation before? The answer is far from obvious. I wish Deyo had not assumed one. Nonetheless, this is a useful and informative book that I commend highly to scholars of international and comparative labor.


Vascular malformations arise as a result of abnormal embryonic development. These malformations are generally subdivided into slow-flow lesions (capillary malformation, lymphatic malformation and venous malformation) and fast-flow lesions (arterial malformations as aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation).

We report a young patient with a large venous malformation (VM) involving the tongue. She came to the outpatient department for routine cleaning of teeth, when we noticed a solitary, large reddish purple-coloured lesion involving the anterior portion of the tongue. …


To maximise spectrum efficiency and channel capacity, both unused (white) and underused (grey) spectral regions need to be exploited. The authors propose a distributed and localised algorithm for joint opportunistic routing and spectrum allocation for multi-hop cognitive radio networks, and design a synergy routing, a utility-based routing scheme that achieves synergistic cognitive radio benefits of overlay and underlay techniques and simultaneously maximises spectrum efficiency. The synergy routing opportunistically calculates the next hop according to the spectrum dynamics and residual energy of candidate relays and harvests the benefits from the cooperation of underlay and overlay spectrum. Simulation results indicate that our synergy prototype improves delay and throughput performance, while maintaining the autonomy and heterogeneity of individual underlay and overlay networks.