This thesis probes the sharply rising income inequality in reform-era China under the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) authoritarian regime. Accepting the premise that economic transition inevitably leads to the income inequality, my special focus in this thesis is to demonstrate how political factors contribute to the worsening income inequality in China. This study shows that the skewed power structure generates the income inequality. I explore three factors pertaining to the political regime that lead to the widening income inequality in reform-era China, which are: first, the nature of Chinese political system, which includes: the CCP's dominant position in party-state China; the cadre system – an effective way for the CCP's control over Chinese society; the imbalanced power distribution among the legislative, executive, and judicial agencies. Second, the relationship between power abuse (including corruption) and income inequality, which includes: bureaucratic system, guanbenwei, guanxi, and their influences on power abuse; power abuse and corruption in the reform era. Third, the political causes of Chinese social stratification, which includes: Chinese social stratification evolution; lacking of workers' union and the unequal treatment between cadres and workers when facing the SOEs' reform; dual urban-rural system and the plight of the rural Chinese. In the part of conclusion, I make a comparative study of income inequality between China and the transitional societies, i.e., the post-Communist countries. This study shows that the old Communist regimes account for the dramatically rising income


The possibility of treason by a close associate has been a nightmare of most autocrats throughout history. More competent viziers are better able to discriminate among potential plotters, and this makes them more risky subordinates for the ruler. To avoid this, rulers, especially those which are weak and vulnerable, sacrifice the competence of their agents, hiring mediocre but loyal subordinates. Furthermore, any use of incentive schemes by a personalistic dictator is limited by the fact that all punishments are conditional on the dictator's own survival. We endogenize loyalty and competence in a principal-agent game between a dictator and his viziers in both static and dynamic settings. The dynamic model allows us to focus on the succession problem that insecure dictators face.


The first part of this review consists of an overview of different quality aspects of cassava as a food. Attention is paid to eating quality, which requires subjective assessment, as well as objectively determinable aspects. One of the major constraints upon cassava is its rapid perishability. Post-harvest physiological deterioration is still a recognized problem. Its is known that pruning the aerial part of the plant some weeks before harvest retards physiological deterioration. The second part of this study consists of a review of the published results on the effect of pruning treatment on different quality aspects


This paper studies the problem of H∞ control for a class of Markov jump systems with mode-dependent time-varying delays. Using the idea of partitioning the lower delay bound, a novel Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF) is constructed. Then a new delay-dependent criterion on the stochastic stability is derived in the form of linear matrix inequality (LMI). Based on this, state feedback controllers, which guarantees the stochastic stability of the closed-loop system with given disturbance attenuation, is proposed. An illustrative example is provided to show the reduced conservatism of the proposed result.


The errors in frequency response which arise due to finite 'common mode rejection ratio' of the operational amplifiers used in the active-RC filters are evaluated. Two examples of a class are given which imply that grounded-capacitor structures are superior at high frequencies.


ACCase inhibitor herbicides are widely used to control poaceae such as sourgrass (Digitaria insularis). However, these herbicides are selective for eudicots, which requires the use of broadleaf herbicides in areas with broadleaf and narrow leaf weeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the association ACCase inhibitors and 2,4-D for the control of sourgrass. Two experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions. The first experiment evaluated the effect of associating 2,4-D and graminicides to control of sourgrass, using dose-response curves for the herbicides clethodim, quizalofop-P-tefuril and clethodim + quizalofop-P-tefuril. In the second experiment, due to the results of the first one, the necessary period between the application of 2,4-D and the graminicides was evaluated in order to avoid antagonism in sourgrass. The results show that the herbicide clethodim, at the recommended dose, has its efficiency reduced in about 8% when applied in association with 2,4-D. As for the herbicide quizalofop-P-tefuril, this effect was higher, causing a reduction of 39% in control. However, the association of 2,4-D to the mixture of clethodim + quizalofop-P-tefuril did not result in antagonism. It takes nine and 12 days between the application of 2,4-D and the graminicides clethodim and quizalofop-P-tefuril, respectively, for there to be no antagonism.


【Objective】A better understanding of global warming impacts on grain production can reduce the uncertainties of future food security projection.Rice is one of the most important grain crops in the world.Northeast China is the main region of rice cropping and the greatest warming area in China.It is significant and necessary to learn the potential impacts of warming on rice production in Northeast China for ensuring the future food security.【Method】Based on historical data analysis and three-year field warming experiment(Free air temperature increase,FATI),the actual responses and adaptations of rice cropping system to warming were investigated in Northeast China.【Result】The results showed that there were similar increasing trends between air temperature during rice cropping season and rice yield over the past decades.Significant positive relationship was found between nighttime increment and rice yield enhancement,while no significant relationship was found between rice yield and precipitation.According to the relationship between climate anomaly and rice yield anomaly over the last thirty years,1℃ increment in daily minimum temperature during rice cropping season might increase rice yield by about 6.0%.Meanwhile,field experiments showed that further 1℃ warming at nighttime might enhance rice yield by about 10.0% in future.The entire growth period of new variety approved and released in different times has been prolonged by about 3.0 d?10a-1 during the past fifty years,which is confirmed by the actual prolonging of rice growth period by 5.0 day observed in field during the last twenty years.Rice sown area in Heilongjiang province increased about 24 times in 2010 than 1970,and the cropping centre moved northward about by 110 km during the past forty years.Similar spatial change was found in ≥10℃ accumulated temperature during rice cropping season over the same years in Northeast.【Conclusion】 The above evidences indicate that warming has contributed a great to the historical increment in rice yield,and further warming will still help rice yield increase in Northeast China.Rice cropping system can progressively adapt to global warming through variety breeding,cropping technique innovation and cropping region adjustment.More efforts should be paid on the great adaptation potential of rice cropping system to warming,so as to fully explore the positive effects of warming on rice production at high latitude area and reduce the risk of yield decrease due to the unstable climate.


Five types of macroporous resin were examined for their adsorbing and separating gallotannin to purify tannic acid.Two of them,D101 and AB-8,were selected.The concentration of adsorption tannin solution,adsorbing saturation of tannin and other technological conditions were also examined and confirmed.Then the laboratorial purification technology for tannic acid was applied in industrial scale.The industrial experimentation results showed the quality of product as follows:content of tannic acid ≥98.0%,gallic acid ≤1.0%,which accords with the specification of tannic acid(food grade) and can be used in brewing.


Abstract Nutrition applied to Motor ActivityNutrition applied to motor activity is divided in four areas of human movement, namely: sports, physical education, dance, recreation/leisure. This conceptual defi nition differentiates the target population of nutritional intervention. The human body has always presented the movement as part of their daily activity and selected organisms evolutionarily more economical. In return for the account of demands, social, fi nancial, among other modern life imposed inactivity as the motor pattern of human behavior that together with the genetic default of the economy resulted in the modern diseases such as obesity, diabetes etc. In this way society has institutionalized human movement creating distinct manifestations described above and their specifi c needs have to be of academic interest / scientifi c. Nutritionally, the studies focus on energy balance, the need for carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and micronutrients and other biologically active compounds. These studies defi ne these substances under the criteria of essentiality or ergogenic effect than the physiological. The fi rst determines changes in nutritional needs and the second substances deemed illegal. At present much of the scientifi c community dedicated to nutrition applied to motor activity, directs his calling in an attempt to discover the specifi c needs caused by the regular practice of motor activity allowing for regular exercise that triggers the same benefi ts in health maintenance so full in the four areas described above.U


Diversification of translation services, adequacy and quality expectations in an increasingly globalized translation industry has accentuated the significance of translation quality assessment.
Under present circumstances the goal of translation is considered to be the reference point for an interpreter or a translator. It is the goal of translation that enables the choice of the translation strategy that meets the requirements of the specific nature and the features of the communicative situation of translation. Adequacy proves to be the primary parameter of translation quality assessment necessitating the need of its evaluation as a precondition for translators' professional activity efficiency increase and development of didactic basics of translators' professional training.
Translation adequacy assessment, i.e. achievement of the goal of translation is carried out with regard whether replication or alteration of the features of the source text (ST) takes place. Consequently, the criterion "Degree of Relevant Resemblance of the ST and Target Text (TT)" is singled out, within which the following sub-criteria are considered: relevant information rendering, ST genre and stylistic features rendering, ST formal and structural features rendering, ST pragmatic adaptation. The strategy of the communicative translation foresees obligatory rendering the listed features, within the latest two strategies their rendering is optional.
Moreover, the following translation adequacy assessment criteria are singled out: the correctness of data arrangement and the adequacy of linguistic arrangement. These criteria are considered to be normative requirements when assessing translation adequacy within any strategy of translation and do not provide any options.


This paper reports a microfluidic platform for culturing neuronal networks and the study of axonal protein trafficking. The device consists of cultural microchambers connected by microchannel array. Molecular biological methods were used to express fluorescent proteins in neurons. Preliminary results show that the neurons can be polarized with their soma and axons being compartmentalized into different fluidically isolated microenvironments. When chemical stimulation was applied to axonal chamber, anterograde migration of expressed fluorescent proteins could be observed. The platform will be useful in neuroscience research for studying the response of individual neurons to extracellular stimulation.


Nowadays, Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are currently starting to grow significantly due to the simplicity of business licensing. These SMEs are the driver of the economy in Indonesia. the rapid development of the SMEs have a good impact on the Indonesian economy, so with proper and good management and entrepreneurship it will have good impact on their performance as well. Therefore, it will be better if they can face the various challenges they would encounter in the future, one of several steps that can be decided is the use of knowledge in the management which can be implemented in the decision-making process in the businesses. The purposes of this community service of Management Department, University of PGRI Yogyakarta are to improve the quality of the products produced by the Karanglo Village SMEs in Klaten Selatan District They can implement the knowledge, especially in management fields related to entrepreneurship thoroughly. As we can inform earlier that these business group will have the potential to make a positive contribution to the Indonesian economy.


This article studies the reactions of the population to the Secret Speech of Khrushchev, as formulated at meetings which were organized to discuss the results of the 20th Congress. It relied primarily on the archives of the Gorki regional committee of the Communist Party. The approach is that of a social historian, who tried to capture the people's voice on a political event. The documents show in detail the domination of the local officials of the Party-State in their relations with the people, especially in the countryside. As a result, the communist party appeared above all as a political soap box for the party leaders. In the region of Gorki, de-Stalinization remained mostly under the control of the authorities. The importance of the debates about the "€œcult of personality" should not be overestimated. When this theme was discussed, the local preoccupations dominated: the denunciation of the Stalin cult aimed at criticizing all those in power. Here again we find the old opposition between "€œthem" (the officials) and "€œus" (the people): thus, as before 1917, the Russian people asserted their right to dignity and protested against the outrages committed against them by those in power.


As China progressed to the centre of the world stage in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, China's diplomacy strategy has focused on global soft power projection.Its confidence elevated by its unique 'economic miracle', its steadily increasing wealth and its expanding global influence. It as a result has logically jettisoned its long held 'victim mentality' and adopted a 'great power mentality'. This paper discusses the following questions by using a content analysis approach: What harmonious image has China attempted to project of itself in the region? How successful has this image depiction been? In short, what has been the response of the regions' nations? What has been the perception of China regionally in recent decades? Has China's image reconstruction been successful?


This paper introduces an innovative solution for devising a robust blasting plan that will present consistently good fragmentation performance under highly uncertain environments. The analysis will be carried out using complexity analysis tools, a model-free approach to complex systems which is particularly well suited to the problem of finding non-deterministic dependencies between multiple variables. The study is backed-up by data from over 2,000 blast records from Brazilian mines and identifies what are the critical aspects of the system and how to manage the blasting plan to reduce their impact on its performance.


With aggressive moves and territorial claims, China contains itself and drives regional neighbors into partnerships with the US for balance


English is an international language in Indonesia. It is important for students to master English because of its very central role in every aspect of this country. SMA and SMK students in Palembang City should prepare more seriously for their English language skills to face a better future. The English they study will have a very significant effect when they continue their education to tertiary level or enter the world of work. In this activity, the Darussalam Polytechnic lecturers, especially the lecturers for the English course, provided very important information for students in Palembang City to be successful in mastering English. This activity was carried out through a Zoom meeting with 40 participants consisting of high school and vocational students in Palembang City. This activity was carried out for 1 day on September 4 2022


Objective investigate the risk factors of chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma (CPACG) and the relationship between the peripheral anterior synechiae and the visual field defects.Methods From Sept,2008 to Oct.2010,80 cases (101eyes) with chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma and 90 normal persons (101eyes) were studied.The examination for eyes included the intraocular pressure (IOP),the anterior chamber depth (ACD),the axial length (AL),peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) and the visual field.18 cases (21eyes) with CPACG treated with laser for peripherial iridectomy (LPI),The trabeculectomy performed in 24 cases (32eyes) with CPACG.Results PAS was commonly found in the eyes with CPACG,whose average IOP was 41.49± 11.996mmHg,the average ACDwas 2.02 ± 0.23mm;There was no PAS in normal eyes,whose average IOP was 15.06 ± 2.70mmHg,the average ACD was 2.64 ± 0.32mm.The difference between two groups was significant (P <0.01 ).The mean defect of visual field and the peripheral anterior synechiae in CPACG was positive correlation.The intraocular pressure gradually increased with the degree of peripheral anterior synechiae.After one week of treatement with laser,the average IOP was 16.57 ± 4.09mmHg,the averaage ACD was 2.13± 0.18mm,after one week of trabeculectomy,the average IOP was 13.91 ± 2.67mmHg,the average ACD was 2.14 ± 0.15mm.The peripheral anterior synechiae could partly improved.The results had statistically significant differences between treated and untreated group.Conclusions Compared with the normol eyes,the eyes with CPACG was shallow ACD.PAS occurred easy in those eyes.The intraocular pressure was positive correlation to PAS.With the expanding of the PAS,the IOP become higher,and the mean defect of the visual field become more serious.The trabeculectomy and LPI could all reduce the IOP and deepen the ACD.But the former is more effective when the PAS >180 degree.

Key words:
Anterior chamber;  Glaucoma;  Visual field defect;  Intraocular Pressure


This paper presents a multi task deep learning method for jointly recognizing Habesha fashion clothing and clas-sifying fabric types. This work represents a significant step for-ward in automating the identification of pure fabrics, particularly for potential use in e-commerce, in response to the increasing demand for Habesha fashion clothing during formal events. The proposed multitask model consists of two sub-networks that are trained to collaborate and work together to recognize fashion type within three Habesha clothing categories (kemis, T-shirt, and Trouser) and classify fabrics into five types (Abujede, Magg, Fasha, Mennen, and Shash). We conducted experiments using a dataset of 2,322 images from Habesha fashion cloth shops and designers in Bahir Dar, Gondar, and Addis Ababa to evaluate our models. In the jointly trained model, we achieved 92.4 % accuracy for fashion type recognition and 72.8 % for fabric type classification. However, when trained separately, the model's fabric type performance significantly dropped to 64.5 %, while fashion type recognition remained high at 94.6 %. These results show that the model performs well in distinguishing between different fashion types when trained separately. Joint learning substantially improves fabric type classification by approximately 8 %, though there is a slight 2 % decrease in fashion type recognition performance.


Thirty-six guinea pigs were exposed to an atmosphere containing gadolinium oxide dust for 6 hr per day, 5 days per week, for 40, 80 or 120 exposure days. An equal number of animals were exposed to an identical atmosphere without gadolinium oxide dust. After exposure, compliance measurements were made on the excised lungs and the results were plotted as elastance curves. Lung tissues were evaluated histologically. Analysis of variance of the slopes of the elastance curves showed a significant interaction between treatment and duration of exposure. A highly significant linear trend in the exposed groups indicated that the longer the exposure the less elastic were the lungs. Histologically, lesions became more severe as exposure time increased. These changes included alveolar cell hypertrophy, septal cell thickening, lymphoid hyperplasia and macrophage formation.


A tool for gathering, analysing, exporting and visualizing the structure of a website If the structure is a mess, then no navigation design can rescue it. Poor information architecture will always lead to poor usability. Abstract Usable web sites need to have consistent navigation schemes and build on clean underlying link structures. With the HyperSpider tool implemented for this dissertation an open Java application is available to populate, analyse, export and visualize the link structure of web sites. This link structure spans directed graphs, with pages being nodes and links edges between pages/nodes. The spider gathers the data of the link map by recursively following hyperlinks in a given site, eliminating duplicate nodes that may be encountered due to served default pages. Its database connectivity is one way to store and retrieve models, CSV (comma separated values) files another. Furthermore, the collected data can be exported to RDF (Resource Description Framework) and XML Topic Maps that annotate the examined resources and offer highest interoperability with other applications, e.g. for further analysis and visualization. A more direct visualization is implemented with the GraphViz/DOT support to render a graph of the link structure. Using a 'minimal click path'-strategy, a hierarchy/tree gets deducted from the mesh of web pages. Often, hierarchies are not only for developers more adoptable representations of large information architectures. Possible graph search methodologies get exemplified in Prolog to find shortest paths between pages. Offering the data in various formats, the link structure collected by HyperSpider can also be the basis to map individual user/visitor paths extracted from web access logs onto the whole structure of the site. Common log analysers lack this possibility. An overview of existing visualization approaches of large information architectures and an outlook on further going issues in web site analysis, such as Information Retrieval and Data Mining round up the piece of work. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr Stephen Sobol for kindly offering to be supervisor of this work and directing me towards important issues, Dr Katrin Voltmer for accepting the late change of topic in June.


Soda crackers were prepared with 0%~60% of the wheat flour substituted with whole wheat flour. The effect of increased levels of whole wheat flour on the sensorial, nutritional properties, and in vitro digestibility of soda crackers were investigated. Results showed that addition(up to 30%) did not change the sensorial properties of the samples to a great extent(p0.05), and the modified soda crackers possessed good flavor. It was found that addition of whole wheat flour(20%) significantly increased nutritional properties(i.e. protein, total dietary fibre, mineral and phytic acid content) as compared to control samples. Digestive evaluation revealed that the bioaccessibility of Ca and Fe in whole-wheat soda crackers(25% incorporation) were 40% and 20%, respectively, which were similar to the control sample. The study revealed that incorporation of 25% whole wheat flour gave desirable results in terms of nutritional, sensory and digestive attributes of fortified soda crackers.


DOI: 10.1111/iju.13494 In the present study, total colonoscopy was carried out in patients with prostate cancer who were scheduled for definitive radiotherapy to survey anorectocolonic disorders, such as polyps, malignancies, hemorrhoids and inflammatory disease, as these require intervention before irradiation. A total of 307 patients with prostate cancer who were scheduled for radiation therapy between April 2010 and December 2016 who had not undergone colonoscopy within the previous 2 years were included. All patients underwent total colonoscopy. The comorbidity rate of polyps, polyp site, and pathological diagnosis in patients undergoing polypectomy and the presence or absence of hemorrhoids were analyzed. Colonoscopy was carried out by gastrointestinal endoscopists 1–3 months before the date of radiation therapy. Polyps were excised by snare polypectomy (cold or hot) or EMR according to the physicians' discretion using a colonoscope (CF-HQ290; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was carried out to compare continuous variables between patients with and without colorectal polyps, whereas a v-test was carried out to compare categorical variables. A significance test was carried out with JMP version 10 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). A P-value of <0.05 was considered to show significance. Asymptomatic polyps were detected in the rectum or colon in 143 of the 307 patients (46.6%) who underwent colonoscopy (Table 1). No significant differences were observed between patients with and without polyps regarding age, PSA at the time of diagnosis, body mass index, diabetes mellitus or smoking history (Table 1). Among the 143 patients, polyps were detected in the rectum in 41 (28.7%), the sigmoid colon in 27 (18.9%), the descending colon in 10 (7.0%), the transverse colon in 20 (14.0%) and the ascending colon in 42 patients (29.4%; Table S1). Polypectomy was carried out in 118 of the 143 patients with colorectal polyps. Pathological examination of polypectomy specimens yielded diagnoses of adenoma in 79 patients, hyperplastic polyp in 28 and malignant tumor in eight patients (2.6%). The malignant tumors diagnosed in the eight patients were adenocarcinomas in seven patients and carcinoid tumors in one patient (Table 1). As for the treatment of the malignant tumors, one patient with rectal cancer underwent EMR followed by lower anterior resection, whereas two patients with sigmoid colon cancer underwent EMR followed by sigmoidectomy. In the other four patients, curative resection was achieved using EMR. After treatment of the colorectal malignant tumors, prostate cancer radiation therapy was administered to seven of the eight patients (Table S2). Hemorrhoids were detected in 80 of the 307 patients (26.0%). According to the Goligher classification, hemorrhoids were classified as grade 1 in 77 patients and as grade 2 in three patients. Grade 1 hemorrhoids received no treatment. The three patients with grade 2 hemorrhoids received a radical hemorrhoid operation before prostate cancer radiation therapy. Definitive radiotherapy for prostate cancer inevitably leads to substantial radiation exposure to the anorectum, especially the anterior rectal wall, which might cause radiation-induced proctitis, and aggravate hemorrhoid symptoms. After the development of microangiopathy, as well as ischemia or inflammation of tissue, irradiated tissue becomes fibrous, leading to localized hypoxia. Furthermore, the impact of low-dose radiation on colorectal polyps is unknown. Colonoscopy examinations are typically carried out in selected patients who present with symptoms suggestive of proctitis after radiotherapy. In this procedure, excision of polyps on the anterior rectal wall, rectal biopsy, argon beam coagulation, and radical hemorrhoid operation can lead to intractable ulcers and urethrorectal fistulae. Therefore, after prostate cancer radiation therapy, invasive procedures for the anterior rectal wall need to be avoided as much as possible. Although the importance of examining the conditions of the rectum and colon before prostate cancer radiation therapy is known, there are very few reports on total colonoscopy carried out before prostate cancer treatment. Ko et al. compared the prostate cancer UROLOGICAL NOTES


§1. Notation For x, y ∈ R, let x ·y = x1y1 + · · ·+xnyn denote the Euclidean inner product and write ‖x‖ = (x · x) for the norm. By Sn−1 = {x ∈ R : ‖x‖ = 1 } we denote the (n− 1)-dimensional unit sphere and by ω the surface measure on it. A spherical cap is the intersection of the unit sphere with a half-space. By B = {x ∈ R : ‖x‖ ≤ 1 } we denote the n-dimensional unit ball. A lattice Λ ⊆ R is a discrete subgroup of R, i.e., it is the set of all integer linear combinations of some vectors u1, . . . , un that form a basis of R. A nonzero vector x ∈ Λ is a minimal vector if it has minimum length among all nonzero vectors in Λ. The Hamming cube is the set Hn = Z2 of all n-bit words. The Hamming distance between two words is the number of bits in which they differ. The weight of a word x is the number of 1s in it and is denoted by |x|, so that the Hamming distance between x, y ∈ Hn is |x+ y| = |x− y|.


The (NZW × BXSB)F1 (W/BF1) mouse is known as an autoimmune‐prone strain which develops lupus nephritis, thrombocytopenia due to platelet‐specific autoantibodies, leukocytosis, and myocardial infarction. In this experiment, we investigated the age‐dependent abnormalities of the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoiesis in this mouse. White blood cell counts (especially Mac‐1‐ or Gr‐1‐positive cells) in the peripheral blood of 12‐week‐old W/BF1 mice increased in comparison with those of four‐week‐old W/BF1 or normal mice. To investigate whether the abnormal hematopoiesis can be attributed to the HSCs of W/BF1 mice, colony‐forming unit in spleen (CFU‐S) and colony‐forming unit in culture (CFU‐C) assays were performed. Day 12 CFU‐S counts of 12‐week‐old W/BF1 mice significantly increased in comparison with those of four‐week‐old W/BF1 mice or normal mice. In the CFU‐C assay, CFU‐GEMM and CFU‐GM counts in 12‐week‐old W/BF1 mice increased in comparison with those of four‐week‐old W/BF1 or control mice. The bone marrow cells (BMCs) from 12‐week‐old W/BF1 mice showed a high level of G‐CSF and a low level of GM‐CSF in mRNA expression. To examine the effect of HSCs from 12‐week‐old W/BF1 mice on the onset of autoimmune diseases and the abnormal hematopoiesis, T‐ and B‐cell‐depleted BMCs of four‐week‐old or 12‐week‐old W/BF1 mice were transplanted to C3H mice. Recipient C3H mice that had received the BMCs from 12‐week‐old W/BF1 mice showed an earlier onset of autoimmune diseases and a shorter survival rate than those that had received the BMCs from four‐week‐old W/BF1 mice. These data suggest that the HSCs from 12‐week‐old W/BF1 mice showing the symptoms of autoimmune diseases have the capacity to induce autoimmune diseases earlier than the HSCs from four‐week‐old W/BF1 mice.


Conditions were experimentally studied for reproducing sisomicin biosynthesis by up-to-down scaling. It was shown that respiration intensity as a parameter of antibiotic biosynthesis scaling-down had certain limitations connected with multistage oxygen mass transfer. The parameter could be used only when the limiting stages of oxygen mass transfer coincided. It was confirmed experimentally that it was possible to apply the previously proposed theoretical method to estimation of the limiting stage of oxygen mass transfer.


The investigator conducted a study to compare the Digitalization versus Live Demonstration on Normal Delivery Skill among B.Sc Nursing Students of Selected Nursing Colleges, Kolkata, West Bengal. Setting was in College of Nursing, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata. The conceptual framework used was Ludwig Von Bertalanffy System Model. Experimental study with two group Pre - test and Post - test design was adopted. The participants were 28 fourth year B.Sc Nursing Students who were selected by random sampling method. A valid reliable tool for structured interview schedule (inter-ratter r=1) and observation checklist (Chronback's alfa=0.72) was used for data collection. Mean difference, SD, SEMD & t value of Pre- test and Post-test practice score of digitalization group were (51.5, 56.6), 5.1, 4.2, 1.16, 4.25(t df(13)=2.16. p<0.05, significant) respectively. Mean difference, SD, SEMD & t value of Pre- test and Post- test practice score of live demonstration group were (54.3, 66.1), 11.8, 5.3, 1.47, 7.86(t df(13)=2.16. p<0.05, significant) respectively. The Live demonstration was effective in terms of gain in skill on normal delivery which was evident from 't' value, t=4.32 (t df(26)=2.06. p<0.05, significant). Live demonstration was more effective than digitalization teaching method on normal delivery skill. The study has implications in the field of nursing education and practice by continuing education towards skill birth attendant. In Nursing Administration, in service training among the staffs to create awareness and positive attitude toward skill of conduction of delivery as a result reduce the MMR and IMR. For generalizations of the result, the study could be repeated on a large sample and different interventions like self-instructional module etc to create more effectiveness among participants regarding normal delivery. Keywords: Digitalization, Normal Delivery Skill


In this report, we present the Baidu-UTS submission to the AICity Challenge in CVPR 2020. This is the winning solution to the vehicle re-identification (re-id) track. We focus on developing a robust vehicle re-id system for real-world scenarios. In particular, we aim to fully leverage the merits of the synthetic data while arming with real images to learn a robust representation for vehicles in different views and illumination conditions. By comprehensively investigating and evaluating various data augmentation approaches and popular strong baselines, we analyze the bottleneck restricting the vehicle re-id performance. Based on our analysis, we therefore design a vehicle re-id method with better data augmentation, training and post-processing strategies. Our proposed method has achieved the 1st place out of 41 teams, yielding 84.13% mAP on the private test set. We hope that our practice could shed light on using synthetic and real data effectively in training deep re-id networks and pave the way for real-world vehicle re-id systems.


A laboratory experiment was undertaken to analyze the effects of salinity on growth, body composition, oxygen consumption, and ammonia excretion of anadromous American shad (Alosa sapidissima) juveniles. Results showed the best survival rate occurred at 5‰ and 15‰. The relative weight gain and the specific growth rate declined as salinity increased. However, feed conversion rate increased with increasing salinity. Oxygen consumption rates showed a parabolic relationship in relation to salinity. From the quadratic relationship (y= -0.0004x+0.0166x+0.319; R=0.801; P<0.05), the highest oxygen consumption rate occurred at a salinity of 20.75‰. The ammonia excretion ratio decreased significantly as salinity increased from 10‰ to 15‰. No further differences were observed in salinities ranging from 15‰ to 40‰. There were no significant influences of salinity on whole body protein and moisture content. Lipid content declined as salinity increased. Results indicate that an appropriate increase in salinity was beneficial to the culture of American shad juveniles. The optimal salinity for American shad juveniles ranged from 15‰ to 20‰. Produced by the AquacultureHub non-profit Foundation the IJA is an open-access, scientific journal, published on http://www.aquaculturehub.org/group/israelijournalofaq uaculturebamidgehija To read papers free of charge, please register online at the above website. Sale of IJA papers is strictly forbidden.


Abstract For the investigation of fish from Karkheh River, sampling was performed in a six month period from August 2014 to January 2015. All sampled fish were measured for biometrical values (length and weight). General results of the sampling and identification of the fish showed the presence of 14 species from four fish families of Cyprinidae, Mugilidae, Siluridae and Macrostomidae, out of which the Cyprinidae family were the most frequent of the sampled fish. The most significant abundance belongs to Cyprinus carpio. The fish sampled in the present study were: Liza abu, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Barbel sp., Cyprinion macrostomum, Barbus sharpeyi, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Barbus esocinus, Barbus barbulus, Barbus luteus, Barbus grypus, Cyprinus carpio, Silurus triostegus, Mastacembelus circumcinctus and Capoeta trutta. Shannon Index results showed that the fish biodiversity in the studyed area followed a uniform path and additionally that the considered area at the studied period has good fish biodiversity.


Whereas efforts toward graphene commercialization are still in their early stages, lessons from the commercialization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) might be applicable, given the similarities between the two materials (specifically, a single-walled CNT can be thought of as a monolayer of graphene wrapped into a cylinder). This article reviews the commercialization of CNT materials (with a special emphasis on single-walled CNTs) in selected electronics applications, including specific examples of successes, failures, and promising opportunities. Two application areas are reviewed: (1) alternatives to silicon for fabricating transistors used in display backplanes, radio-frequency identification, and smart cards, for example, and (2) alternatives to indium tin oxide for transparent conductive films used in displays, electronic paper for e-readers, touch sensors, light-emitting diode lighting, photovoltaics, and electrochromic windows. Some important lessons learned from these commercialization experiences can potentially help accelerate the commercialization of other exciting nanomaterials such as graphene.


One kind can be optimized to enhance the driving forging manipulator, characterized in that the front and rear lift arms of the lift arm hinged cart frame, front suspension rod and the lift arm and the front left and right front linear drive joint, synchronized with the front lift arm link and after lifting the hinge arm, with the linear drive movements and carts frame synchronization link hinge, the front and rear linear drive carts and the front suspension rod articulated frame, the left and right front connecting member and a clamp rod of the linear drive is hinged front and rear connector and after approximately linear actuator and the jaw hinge rod, the pitch of the linear drive with the linear lift arm and the left and right rear drive joint, and the jaw clamp lever hinged carts carts chassis frame and the hinge. The present invention optimizes the lifting device, reducing energy loss during the lift, and all sub-connection using low, reducing manufacturing and maintenance costs.


The classical third virial coefficient and its first quantum correction are evaluated analytically for the exponential repulsive potential. The classical integral for the Morse potential is treated approximately. The results are compared with the classical second virial coefficients for these models.


Physiological and pathological stimuli produce clinically and molecularly distinct forms of cardiac growth. Physiological cardiac growth is a feature of normal postnatal development in which an increase in cardiac muscle cell diameter is observed as infants mature to adults.1 This nonpathological heart growth, sometimes referred to as physiological hypertrophy,2 is similar to the growth observed in the hearts of trained athletes in whom the adaptation to increased workload leads to increased vascularization of the myocardium and more forceful ejection.1,3 In contrast, pathological hypertrophy occurs in patients with hypertension or valvular heart disease. A number of molecular distinctions can be made between physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. For example, pathological cardiac hypertrophy is associated with interstitial fibrosis, activation of a fetal gene program, and myocyte apoptosis, whereas physiological cardiac growth does not display these features. Most studies have focused on elucidating mechanisms of pathological heart growth, whereas the molecular regulation of physiological cardiac growth is less understood. In this issue of Circulation, an article by DeBosch et al4 sheds light on the role of Akt1 signaling in the promotion of physiological growth and inhibition of pathological hypertrophy.


Recent geophysical studies have shed considerable light on the nature and extent of the southern Continental margin of North America which formed during the Late Precambrian/Cambrian. To the east between Arkansas and Alabama, the PASSCAL/Ouachita seismic experiment and older results in Mississippi indicate that this margin is largely preserved beneath allochthonous rocks emplaced during the Ouachita orogeny. Here the margin is fairly abrupt suggesting transtension was important in this origin. The Wiggins and Sabine blocks appear to be continental fragments which may have formed along this margin. In Texas, the margin extends around the Llano uplift in a sinuous fashion. In this area, Mesozoic extension clouds the picture considerably. However, structural complexities along this portion of he margin can be inferred form gravity data. In West Texas, the margin bends westward and then southward. A very deep oil exploration test which was recently drilled in this area provides valuable constraints for geophysical models of this portion of the margin. Recent results in Mexico allows the authors to trace this margin further south into the state of Chihuahua than previously possible.


Abstract The appropriate biomarkers for oxidative stress (OS) in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) are important in renal pathology. Patients (56) with ESRD were investigated (35 men and 21 women). Patients, with mean age of 45±17 years, defined education, specific HD duration and calculated body mass index (BMI), were exposed to a polysulphone type HD membrane for approximately 4 hours per HD session, 3 times per week. The control group was composed of 31 healthy volunteers. The total antioxidative capacity (TAC) and the antioxidative (AO) enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were assessed. Analyses included Randox Crumlin GB; lipid peroxidation (LP) using its end product, malonyldialdehyde (MDA) (fluorimetric); and a LDL-ox immunoassay (Biomedica gruppe, Vienna, Austria). The TAS was higher in ESRD patients before HD (1.63±0.1 mmol/L) compared to the control group (1.23±0.03 mmol/L).


The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission was originally conceived and designed as a climate measurements mission, with considerable latency between data acquisition and the release of the level 1 and level 2 data products. However, the unique nature of the CALIPSO lidar backscatter profiles quickly led to the qualitative use of CALIPSO?s near real time (i.e., ? expedited?) lidar data imagery in several different forecasting applications. To enable quantitative use of their near real time analyses, the CALIPSO project recently expanded their expedited data catalog to include all of the standard level 1 and level 2 lidar data products. Also included is a new cloud cleared level 1.5 profile product developed for use by operational forecast centers for verification of aerosol predictions. This paper describes the architecture and content of the CALIPSO expedited data products. The fidelity and accuracy of the expedited products are assessed via comparisons to the standard CALIPSO data products.


ABSTRACT Background Barriers related to comprehensive posttrauma care and health outcome monitoring exist. The insights and perspectives of health professionals on this issue may help integrate care experiences to provide continuous care to patients with traumatic injury. Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of health professionals with regard to comprehensive care to improve the outcomes of patients with traumatic injury. Methods Data were collected at two teaching hospitals in Taiwan. In total, 28 health professionals across various disciplines were interviewed in five focus groups. Results Six themes were delineated, including "wound care is a primary concern for patients," "ineffective health education during the hospital stay," "patients and families worry about postinjury conditions," "current continuity of care is not effective," "lack of standards for discharge planning," and "incorporation of interdisciplinary care to improve patient outcomes." Conclusions The experiences of health professionals are useful to the establishment of a foundation for trauma case management and interdisciplinary care for hospitals.


The COVID-19 pandemic impacted people across the globe but left particular risks and restrictions for incarcerated people. Lockdowns and the suspension of in-person visitation in U.S. facilities drastically changed everyday life for incarcerated people and their families. Families on the outside were left with less contact with their incarcerated loved ones. This study explores access to communication during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspectives of families with incarcerated loved ones in the United States. We conducted two rounds of interviews with family members across 20 states ( n = 59). Results of our thematic analysis reveal stressors encountered by families during the pandemic, including worry and frustration around uncertainty in communication, disconnected relationships due to visitation closure, and additional financial and emotional burdens. Interviewees noted the importance of social support in coping with these stressors. We discuss theoretical and policy implications followed by future directions.


The external nose is formed by a framework of bony and cartilaginous structures that is covered by the skin and soft tissue envelope. Nasal length, projection, and various angles formed by the nasal skeleton in relationship with the adjoining area of the face determine the distinct anatomic features of an individual's nose. Therefore, a good understanding of the anatomical features of the nose has practical importance when performing rhinoplasty. Of the multitude of anatomic and anthropometric features of the external nose, nasal length and its anatomic features are the least studied. The long axis of the external nose is composed of the bony nasal dorsum and the cartilaginous nasal dorsum. The lengths of the bony and cartilaginous nasal dorsa have practical importance in planning rhinoplasty. For example, osteotomy should be performed very carefully in patients who have short nasal bones. Accurate information regarding the length of the cartilaginous dorsal septum is important for preoperative estimation of the desired lengths of spreader grafts. The cartilaginous nasal dorsum commonly comprises the lower two-thirds or lower half of the nose. However, there is a lack of anatomic studies investigating the exact proportions of bone and cartilage constituting the nasal length, especially in Asians. The keystone area of the nasal septum comprises the nasal bones, cartilaginous septum, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and upper lateral cartilages. This area is critical for maintaining the structural integrity of the nasal dorsum. In septoplasty, disruption of the junction between the septal cartilage and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid is


Paul Freedman explores the seeming paradox that medieval peasants could be scorned yet perceived as being closer to God than their noble oppressors. Since peasants formed the majority of the population, performed the labor upon which the rest of society depended for its existence, and, above all, were Christians, rustics could not be marginalized in the same way as, say, Jews or lepers. Freedman employs a thematic rather than a chronological or geographic approach to study the multiple, often contradictory, images of peasants, not merely to catalog positive and negative representations, but to examine their interconnections. He is aware of the pitfalls of separating observations from their specific historical context or ignoring the different purposes and audiences of various genres, for example, fabliaux versus sermons; but he believes his approach has the value "of highlighting the frequency and longevity of certain themes and images" (p. 7). It should be stressed that there were also significant regional differences and changes over time. He focuses on the period from the eleventh to the sixteenth centuries, paying special attention to the Later Middle Ages, when the discourse sharpened. But Freedman also heeds the classical, patristic, and Carolingian origins of many ideas, for instance, Aristotle's belief in natural slavery, Augustine's linkage of servitude and human sinfulness, or the construct of the Three Orders of society, whose beginnings he places in the ninth rather than the early eleventh century. This is a book largely about the elite's views of peasants, and Freedman makes no claim to be able to reconstruct the peasants' own voices, except during the German Peasants' War. He insists, however, that the elite's discourse was not monolithic and that peasants were able to appropriate points of contestation, for example, the incompatibility of servitude with Christ's redemptive death, for their own advantage.


Based on surveying Shaanxi eco-tourism resource,the paper summarizes the situation of Shaanxi eco-tourism development mode,and puts out viewpoints on Shaanxi eco-tourism development.


Serverless computing is an emerging cloud computing paradigm, being adopted to develop a wide range of software applications. It allows developers to focus on the application logic in the granularity of function, thereby freeing developers from tedious and error-prone infrastructure management. Meanwhile, its unique characteristic poses new challenges to the development and deployment of serverless-based applications. To tackle these challenges, enormous research efforts have been devoted. This article provides a comprehensive literature review to characterize the current research state of serverless computing. Specifically, this article covers 164 articles on 17 research directions of serverless computing, including performance optimization, programming framework, application migration, multi-cloud development, testing and debugging, and so on. It also derives research trends, focus, and commonly-used platforms for serverless computing, as well as promising research opportunities.


Recent legislation requires that comprehensive national forest planning be accomplished by each National Forest organization. A response to these requirements, methods, and approaches was developed to integrate the transportation planning element into the forest planning process and linear programming as used by the U.S. Forest Service. The paper describes potential planning approaches, planning processes, and the application of linear planning techniques that relate transportation planning to forest resource output and scheduling. (Author)


In consideration of low power density of electric excitation claw-pole synchronous alternators and some difficulties in magnetic field regulation of permanent magnet claw-pole synchronous alternators,a novel hybrid excitation brushless claw pole alternator(HEBCA) is proposed in this paper.Its magnetic field is contributed by a permanent magnet and an excitation coil.The machine topology and operation principle are described.In addition,the no-load magnetic field distributions and the capability of flux control are obtained based on the three-dimensional finite element analysis(3-D FEA).A prototype alternator is designed and tested.The measured results agree well with finite element predictions.It shows that HEBCA has higher power density and air gap flux density than the claw-pole alternators with only electric excitation in the same structure parameter.And it also has the advantages of good low-speed characteristics and low excitation losses.


Euro-American Poplar is the main timber tree species in Henau Province.Volume tables need to be constructed in order to evaluate the volume of Euro-American poplar accurately.Date of 1763 sample trees are gotten by field study of sample plots,volume model are constructed and tests of adapt ability are made.The results show that this volume model is suit able to be used in Henau Province and its accuracy is very high.Accordingly,volume tables are constructed.


Aims: Drugs intelligence systems in Merseyside have identified a growing number of treatment-seeking clients who express a preference for injecting crack cocaine. We investigated the history of crack-cocaine injecting behaviours in individuals attending Merseyside drug-treatment agencies. Methods: Data were drawn from the regional National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS) database for all those individuals reported to have presented for structured treatment from 1 April 1999 to 31 March 2002 in Merseyside. This resulted in a sample size of 4055. Subjects were grouped according to whether they reported injection of crack cocaine. Details including demographics, current drug-use profile and behaviours surrounding drug use were derived from the NDTMS dataset. Prevalence ratios were calculated and significant variables were subsequently entered into a backwards stepwise logistic regression model to assess the relative strength of association between subject characteristics and incidences of crack-cocaine injection. Findings: Clients that had injected crack cocaine and those that had not were well matched on demographic details and drug use other than heroin. Controlling for area of residence, crack-cocaine injectors were more likely to report use of injected heroin (p<0.001), use of non-injected cocaine (p<0.01), and less likely to report use of non-injected heroin (p<0.001). Logistic regression showed that crack injection was significantly predicted by heroin injection (p<0.001) and being a Liverpool resident (p<0.05). Conclusions: This preliminary investigation suggested that heroin injection is also a strong indicator of crack-cocaine injection. Crack-cocaine injectors may represent a subset of heroin users rather than a distinct population. Patterns of crack-cocaine administration were locally determined and require a dynamic response from service providers at the local level. It is vital that intervention strategies adapt to varieties and changes in drug administration behaviours in order to remain effective.


Fernando Enriquez Afan de Ribera, third Duke of Alcala (1583-1637), was an important statesman and art collector and a member of a leading noble family of Andalusia. His artistic and literary interests are partially recorded in scattered references in Pacheco's Arte de la pintura. He is also known to have been a patron of Jusepe de Ribera. The discovery of an inventory of the contents of his palace in Seville, the famous Casa de Pilatos, now permits a fuller reconstruction of Alcala's collection of painting and sculpture. Compiled shortly after the duke's return from his tenure as viceroy of Naples (1629-31), the inventory not only lists the works but also furnishes some indication of when and where they were acquired. A second inventory made after the duke's death documents a further stage in the formation of a collection that contained pictures attributed to important Spanish and Italian painters, including Velazquez, Pantoja, Reni, Arpino, and Artemisia Gentileschi, among others.


Systematic study on myriapods is a relatively weak field in China. The present paper briefly reviews the relationships between the Chilopoda classes (Arthropoda: Myriapoda) and summarizes three different family-level systems in the order Scolopendromorpha (Myriapoda: Chilopoda).


Several draft standard guidelines exist for acute marine/estuarine sediment bioassays which measure lethality over a 4 to 14 day exposure period. Although these are very useful tools for certain applications, such tests may not be useful for discriminating between sediments with the low levels of contaminants most likely to be found in UK estuaries. For this application, chronic sediment bioassays are required which allow the measurement of both lethal and sublethal effects (growth, development and reproduction). Some chronic bioassays are currently being developed for estuarine sediments by workers in Europe, America and Canada. The objectives of the study presented here were to compare four bioassays, currently in development, in terms of their sensitivity to sediment-bound lindane and to differences in particle size. The test species selected for the study were Corophium volutator, Arenicola marina, Macoma Balthica and Neanthes arenaceodentata. Three sediment types were used: high, medium and low percentage of fine material, These were achieved using mixtures of silica sand and a fine, natural, estuarine sediment, and spiked with lindane using a spiking protocol developed at WRc. The results of the study will be presented.


Volatiles are critical in understanding the history of the solar system. We conducted two case studies intended to further this understanding. First, we analyzed the presence of CO2 on Iapetus. Second, we evaluated aqueous alteration in CM chondrites. We studied the distribution, stability and production of CO2 on Saturn's moon Iapetus. We determined that CO2 is concentrated exclusively on Iapetus' dark material with an effective thickness of 31 nm. The total CO2 on Iapetus' surface is 2.3x10 kg. However, CO2 should not be present because it has a limited residence time on the surface of Iapetus. Our thermal calculations and modeling show that CO2 in the form of frost will not remain on Iapetus' surface beyond a few hundred years. Thus, it must be complexed with dark material. However, photodissociation will destroy the observed inventory in ~1/2 an Earth year. The lack of thermal and radiolytic stability requires an active source. We conducted experiments showing UV radiation generates CO2 under Iapetus-like conditions. We created a simulated regolith by mixing crushed water ice with isotopically labeled carbon. We then irradiated it with UV light at low temperature and pressure, producing 1.1x10 parts m s. Extrapolating to Iapetus, photolysis could generate 8.4x10 kg y, which makes photolytic production a good candidate for the source of the CO2 detected on Iapetus. We also studied the aqueous alteration of metal-bearing assemblages in CM chondrites. We examined Murchison, Cold Bokkeveld, Nogoya, and Murray using


Frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar provides range measurement for accurate human positioning, and its phase variation provides information for physiological signal detection. The proposed method is designed to distinguish between human signals and environmental clutter, allowing for the accurate identification and localization of individuals. Moreover, we verify that the precise heart rate can be estimated from the signals of multiple nearby ranges of the target range bin.


This research emerged from the need to improve the Netherlands' contribution to international water and sanitation service delivery. Over the previous two decades these serviced were not found to be sufficient sustainable according to the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2013). This thesis researches how development aid organisations can contribute to sustainable WASH services by looking to the strategic planning process. In this research an adaptive planning approach is designed to contribute to long-term sustainable WASH services. It is a systematic step-wise pro-active approach where planners need to think beforehand of ways a plan might fail and design adaptation actions to guard against such failure. An adaptive planning approach has been adapted for sustainable WASH services and consist of three systematic steps:(1) defining the impact and critical assumptions of the WASH programme, (2) defining relevant uncertainties by using contextual scenarios, and (3) defining adaptation actions and the timing of the actions. The content and the applicability of the adaptive planning approach for long-term sustainable WASH has been examined during this research in the context of Bangladesh. To examine the approach a single case study is used. In this research multiple research methods have been applied to improve the reliability and validity of the findings, but also to capture different perspectives on this topic. First by means of an adaptive planning workshop in the Netherlands with WASH experts from the Dutch NGO Simavi and sequential by means of a field-research in Bangladesh, including interviews with local project stakeholders and field-trips. It can be concluded that WASH experts in the Netherlands and the project stakeholders in Bangladesh reacted differently on the three systematic steps of the adaptive planning approach for sustainable WASH. The indirectly involved project stakeholders - WASH experts - found it easy to question project assumptions and to identify critical assumptions for the project failure but could not propose specific adaptation actions. The directly involved project stakeholder - local project stakeholders in Bangladesh - found it more difficult to criticize and reassess project assumptions, but they defined feasible adaptation actions. It can be argued that 'misrepresentation' of critical assumptions of the project created hazard to all sequential steps of the adaptive planning approach for long-term sustainable WASH services. Purposely defining scenarios of success and gloss over the potential for failure, conflicts with the pro-active adaptive planning approach to define adaptation actions at the begin of the project. Therefore, it is questionable whether all systematic steps of the approach serve the interest of all project stakeholders. This makes that the adaptive planning approach, as it is designed now, does not contribute to long-term sustainable WASH services in environments where project incentives are on benefits and not on robustness. Based on the findings of this research, it can be recommended that different components of the adaptive planning approach for long-term sustainable WASH services should be practices by different involved parties.


1 This document is part of a series of technical review papers for the World Bank's Africa Gender Innovation Lab. The author is grateful to the World Bank Umbrella Fund for Gender Equality for funding the research. The author thanks Amy Copley, Bénédicte de la Brière, Daniel Kirkwood, Markus Goldstein, Menaal Ebrahim and Patricia Paskov for valuable contributions. 2 Africa Gender Innovation Lab/Gender Group, The World Bank (email: firstname.lastname@example.com). P ub lic D is cl os ur e A ut ho riz ed


Objective: To explore treatment effects of once-daily 28-mg extended-release memantine (MemER) over the entire course of a randomized placebo-controlled trial (RCT) in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) using an area under the curve (AUC) analysis.
Background: Efficacy and safety of MemER were demonstrated in a 24-week RCT (N=677) in patients with moderate-to-severe AD concurrently receiving cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) therapy. Protocol-specified analyses revealed significant MemER benefits on baseline-to-endpoint changes in cognition (SIB), global clinical status (CIBIC-Plus), behavior (NPI), and semantic processing (VFT), but not on a measure of daily function (ADCS-ADL19).
Methods: ANCOVA analysis was performed for each efficacy parameter and a composite Z-score of patient-level AUCs for changes from baseline across all study visits (n=540).
Results: Over the entire 24-week study, MemER-ChEI AUCs for SIB, CIBIC-Plus, and NPI showed mean improvements of 88% (P=0.014), 133% (P=0.019), and 109% (P<0.001), relative to placebo-ChEI. Mean VFT AUC cumulative worsening in the placebo-ChEI group was 139% greater than the AUC improvement in the Mem-ChEI group (P=0.014). Mean ADCS-ADL19 AUC improvement in the MemER-ChEI group was 117% greater than the AUC worsening in the placebo-ChEI group (P=0.528). Other time intervals yielded similar results. In composite Z-score analysis a significant cumulative improvement of 56% across all clinical domains for MemER-ChEI vs placebo-ChEI was observed in Weeks 0-12 (P=0.053), which increased to 198% over the entire 24-week study period (P<0.001).
Conclusions: In this post-hoc AUC analysis of an AD RCT, mean cumulative treatment benefits of 198% were observed across five clinical domains for memantine ER added to background ChEI therapy. This approach provides a more complete, ecologically valid, robust and dynamic representation of longitudinal efficacy than the usual baseline-to-endpoint change-score trial analyses. These results support that memantine ER add-on therapy yielded consistent, cumulative and meaningful therapeutic benefits across 24 weeks in patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Disclosure: Dr. Atri has received research support from Forest. Dr. Hendrix has received personal compensation for activities with Pentara Corp. as an employee. Dr. Pejovic has received personal compensation for activities with Forest Laboratories Inc. Dr. Graham has received personal compensation for activities with Forest Laboratories Inc., as an employee.


With the rapid development of new technology, particularly the appearance of integrated circuits, the problems of computer automatic design have been markedly modified; the space held by each gate and even cost have been so reduced that their optimization, although still necessary, has lost most of its importance. Other criteria that must also be considered are, for example: reliability, feasibility and ease of repair. With the ever increasing importance of printed circuits, we feel that it is in this direction that most attempts should be made. Several algorithms for design are well-known; each, however, yields differing results; the purpose of this paper is to obtain statistical comparisons between some of these methods, as regards results obtained, time necessary for computation and size of core-memory needed. From these results, it becomes easy to select the best method for each particular design case.


Solutions of the classical boundary layer equations with adverse pressure gradient often terminate in the form of a Goldstein singularity. In a number of interesting cases the strength of this singularity becomes arbitrarily small as a controlling parameter approaches a critical value. Then, a local interaction strategy can be applied successfully to describe short separation regions, i.e. marginally separated boundary layers. The corresponding wall shear distribution is described by a nonlinear integro-differential equation. In the present study, the effect of 3D surface mounted obstacles on the local flow field is investigated with special emphasis on the occurrence of nonunique solutions.


In a sheaf-theoretic framework, we describe the process of interpretation of a text written in some unspecified natural language, say in English. We consider only texts written for human understanding, those we call admissible. A meaning of a part of a text is accepted as the communicative content grasped in a reading process following the reader's interpretive initiative formalized by the term sense. For the meaningfulness correlative with an idealized reader's linguistic competence, the set of all meaningful parts of an admissible text is stable under arbitrary unions and finite intersections, and hence it defines a topology that we call phonocentric. We interpret syntactic notions in terms of topology and order; it is a kind of topological formal syntax. The connectedness and the T0-separability of such a phonocentric topology are linguistic universals. According to a particular sense of reading, we assign to each meaningful fragment of a given text the set of all its meanings those may be grasped in all possible readings in this sense. This way, to any sense of reading, we assign a sheaf of fragmentary meanings. All such sheaves constitute a category, in terms of which we develop a sheaf-theoretic formal semantics. It allows us to generalize Frege's compositionality and contextuality principles related with the Frege duality between the category of all sheaves of fragmentary meanings and the category of all bundles of contextual meanings. The acceptance of one of these principles implies the acceptance of the other. This Frege duality gives rise to a representation of fragmentary meanings by continuous functions. Finally, we develop a kind of dynamic semantics that describes how the interpretation proceeds as a stepwise extension of a meaning representation function from the initial meaningful fragment to the whole interpreted text.


This study links together two important aspects of knowledge- base view and addresses a relatively unex- amined question. Knowledge based view emphasizes that, first, knowledge integration requires the connection of different pieces of technological knowledge that must be combined to yield productive tasks. Second, in order to be a sustainable source of organizational performance, knowledge integration must be both efficient and flexible. In this paper, we explore how the relational properties of knowledge contribute to lrm productivity. To do so, we broaden the description of a knowledge base by proposing knowledge complementarity and substitutability as the key relational properties of knowledge and link them to the level and variability of lrm productivity. We show that both the exploitation of complementarities and the development of substitutable knowledge are important drivers that enhance filrm productivity. Knowledge substitutability reduces productivity variability suggesting that it provides fex...


Graphene superlattices formed by periodic strain are considered theoretically. It is shown that electron energy spectrum consists of minibands obtained by folding of the cone at the boundaries of the superlattice Brillouin zone with very narrow anticrossing regions. Light absorption under direct interminiband transitions is shown to be frequency dependent and dichroic. Giant dichroism of absorption is demonstrated for doped graphene superlattices. Asymmetrical graphene superlattices act as quantum ratchets allowing for generation of photocurrent at absorption of normally incident light. The helicity-dependent photocurrent spectrum is calculated for doped superlattices with various asymmetries.


Background: Gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC) is a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the tumour cells invade singly or in small groups. The incidence of SRC has been reported in china as 13.9% (662 patients of 4,759) [1]. It is reported to occur more frequent among women and young patients. A regimen of epirubicin, cisplatin, and infused fluorouracil (ECF) improves survival among patients with incurable locally advanced or metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. Case presentation: A 38-year-old female presented with a 3 weeks history of epigastralgia. Her medical history was unremarkable. The endoscopic findings of the stomach revealed an infiltrative lesion, which the guided biopsy yielded a positive pathologic diagnosis of signet ring cell carcinoma. Diagnostic imaging with an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a gastric thickening, with lymph nodes. Induction chemotherapy was recommended, based on 6 cycles of ECX (Epirubicin 50 mg/m2, Cisplatin 60 mg/m2, Capecitabine 625 mg/m2). The total gastrectomy specimen showed a pathological complete response. The patient, who is always followed in consultation, is in complete remission 19 months after the diagnosis Conclusion: SRC is a distinctive histological type of gastric cancer. The ECX or EOX (epirubicin, oxaliplatine, capecitabine) remains the standard treatment of advanced primary gastric signet-ring cell carcinoma. Our case illustrates a complete pathologic response to ECX, which confirmed the effectiveness of this protocol on this histology.


This atlas presents 432 colour illustrations of typical microscopic and gross appearances of a wide range of liver disorders, from necropsy specimens to standard histopathological techniques, and examples of immunohistology, electron microscopy, and autoradiography.


This article sets an agenda for the teaching of medical sociology by providing a pedagogical approach and set of tools that can be used in the classroom. Specifically, I argue that we need to push our students away from dualistic or relativistic thinking toward the ability to apply the sociological perspective in health, illness, and healing and to understand its limits as well as its promise. This type of teaching can be accomplished through a style that requires students to actively participate in the classroom. One way to do this, particularly in large classes where other strategies are not feasible, is to use feature films as "cases." The key advantage to this teaching strategy lies in its critical match with current students' high visual literacy. Ifocus on three substantive topics: mental illness, death-dying and the political economy of illness. I supply details on films and support materials. The appendix provides a short annotated list of otherfilms (and other resources) available on both these and a variety ofother medical topics.


Punishing Assault: The Transformation of Attitudes in the English Courts In early modern England, physical violence was regarded as an acceptable instrument of social policy and of individual and group interaction by almost all sectors of society. There were dissenting voices and differences of emphasis, but violence was accepted as the primary means by which the state punished offenders. It was also an intrinsic part of many popular recreations, and was usually seen as a legitimate way to resolve interpersonal disputes. This atmosphere of acceptance changed rapidly, if by no means uniformly, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, but research on this vital transition has been confined largely to the first two of these three dimensions.


Removal of single, binary and ternary divalent heavy metal ions, i.e., Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+, respectively, from their chloride or nitrate aqueous solutions was studied by the addition of hydroxyapatite in an agitated tank adsorber.The isotherms for each single component were of the rectangular type, i.e., the amounts removed from aqueous phase were constant irrespective of the concentration of solutions. For binary and ternary systems, equilibrium relations were expressed in terms of selectivity coefficient.Concentration decay curves were prepared from experimental data for comparison with theoretical calculations.Regarding mass transfer, it was found that Pb2+ was collected on the apatite structure very fast, while the two other ions showed some resistances other than film diffusion resistance.Furthermore, the apatite structure was studied by X-ray difractometry.


Normal 0 21 Neural Networks are an artificial intelligence method for modeling complex target functions. For certain types of problems, such as learning to interpret complex real-world sensor data, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are among the most effective learning methods currently know. During the last decade they have been widely applied to the domain of financial time series prediction and their importance in this field is growing. Also, it is the Artificial Intelligence Technique that deals best with uncertainly. The present work aims to analyze the neural networks for financial time series forecasting. Specifically the ability to predict future trends of North American, European and Brazilian Stock Markets. Accuracy is compared against a traditional forecasting method, generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH). Furthermore, it is examined the best choice of network design for each sample of data. It was concluded that ANNs do have the capability to forecast the stock markets studied and, if properly trained, can improve the robustness according to the network structure.


The CIFE began operating under the direction of Professor Marta Lucía Toro (1987-1989). In 1989, the CIFE Technical Committee (TC) evaluated the state of research in the Faculty and considered it a priority for its advancement the creation of groups to develop lines of research. One of the most important results by the Center, along these years, was when it held the Forum on Nursing Practices1 in 1990, which concluded with the proposal to stimulate the development of research to contribute in the elaboration of protocols for care, validation of nursing models, and which could help in the construction of standards to improve the quality of care at different levels.


Key Points Question Is the amount of physical and occupational therapy received by patients with pneumonia associated with 30-day hospital readmission or death? Findings In this cohort study of 30 746 patients with pneumonia or influenza-related conditions discharged from 12 acute care hospitals in western Pennsylvania, there was a significant inverse association between the amount of therapy received and the risk of 30-day hospital readmission or death. Meaning In this study, the amount of therapy received by patients with pneumonia or influenza-related conditions in the acute care setting was associated with decreases in the risk of 30-day hospital readmission or death.


We report on an approach for sulfur dioxide monitoring using broadband absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet spectral range. The method was applied in real-time measurements and has the advantage of straightforward data evaluation, limited susceptibility for interference from other gases, and low degree of complexity compared with other real-time optical detection techniques having the same precision. Concentration measurement is demonstrated at atmospheric pressure, which is of interest for pollution emission monitoring, yielding a detection limit of about 1ppm with 3s integration time. Comparison is made with low pressure measurements for validation of the accuracy of the method.


This thesis argues that urbanisation has become increasingly central to capital accumulation strategies, and that a politics of space - commensurate with a material conjuncture increasingly subsumed by rentier capitalism - is thus necessarily required. The central research question concerns whether urbanisation represents a general tendency that might provide an immanent dialectical basis for a new spatial politics. I deploy the concept of class composition to address this question. In Italian Autonomist Marxism (AM), class composition is understood as the conceptual and material relation between 'technical' and 'political' composition: 'technical composition' refers to organised capitalist production, capital's plans as it were; 'political composition' refers to the degree to which collective political organisation forms a basis for counter-power. The research question is developed through a review of historical and contemporary urban literature by way of a distinctive marriage of AM and urban geographical literature, with a specific focus on the city of Glasgow as an exemplary case study.

Given the widely-acknowledged housing crisis and the commodification of land and property markets more generally, the urgency of addressing the research question is self-evident. Yet tenants' and residents' movements are very fragmented in Glasgow, and the UK more generally, despite the obvious impact that the privatisation of space has on basic social reproductive needs. This thesis addresses this lacuna in a two-fold manner: firstly, by stressing the compositional significance of urbanisation as an increasingly hegemonic tendency in capital accumulation strategies; secondly, by arguing for an immanent politics of space based on contemporary urban conditions. Empirical research was conducted through three case studies in Glasgow. The first examines the historical socio-spatial development of the city itself, while the second and third focus more closely on large-scale regeneration projects in the north and east of the city. These studies affirm the prevalence of contemporary urban accumulation strategies in Glasgow, and the pressing need for a commensurate politics of space.


The aim of this study is to value the urban garden land ecological suitability to understand the city landscape ecology problems. In view of the Dong Liao of Jilin are being degraded ecological system, using the high accuracy of terrain data and environmental survey data and GIS technology support, taking vector data structure model, the evaluation factor layer stack formation evaluation unit and using the factor analysis method to determine evaluation factor weight. By applying ArcMap space analysis software of different factor given weight stack of urban landscape ecology suitability evaluation and different factor of urban landscape ecology environmental impact sensitivity analysis. Reasonable planning for urban garden land and effectively protect the city's ecological environment provide scientific basis.


The utility model discloses a high flow high pressure backwash valve, which comprises a valve body, a valve core and a valve core, wherein the inner portion of the valve body is provided with the valve core, the valve body on the outer end of the valve core is fixedly provided with the valve cover through screws, the middle portion of the valve core is provided with a hydraulic control mouth, and a sealing ring is arranged between the valve core and the inner wall of the valve body. The high flow high pressure backwash valve has the beneficial effects that the high flow high pressure backwash valve has the function of backwashing a filter core, is beneficial for achieving automatic control of backwash of emulsified liquid, does not need to artificially close to a high voltage device, reduces the hazard ratio, and connecting the control mouth through an oil pipe. The high flow high voltage backwash valve has simple structure and steady operation, can use bigger pressure grade, rapidly opens, and is suitable for high flow liquid to pass through the valve.


This paper presents a simple and low-cost array antenna configuration. The proposed antenna configuration was designed to operate at the center frequency of 2.4 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. The antenna consists of 2 couple conductor patches printed on the dielectric substrate placing in parallel and separate by the spacing between patch. The results have shown that the antenna processes the bi-directional with the gain of 7.6 dBi at the frequency of 2.4 GHz. The Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) in E-plane and H-plane are 43.5 degree and 74 degree, respectively.


Abstract : There is considerable ambiguity involved in hierarchical planning. We present a definition of the latter, and examine several of the reasons for this confusion. An explication of hierarchical-planning implementations entails two distinct notions: abstraction level and planning level. A problem in currently implemented planners that Is caused by mixing these two levels is presented and various remedies suggested. Two solutions that have been implemented in the current SIPE planning system are described.


In this research topic, we have gathered articles focusing on the psychomotor component of psychiatric disorders. Indeed, motor symptoms remain as an important dimension of psychopathology that can be assessed by objective means. Particularly, in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia, motor signs have been acknowledged from the very early descriptions (1–3). But, psychomotor abnormalities have also been demonstrated in other psychiatric disorders.

This research topic included nine original articles, four reviews, three opinion papers, and one mini-review. Catatonia has been subjected to two reviews (4, 5) and one investigation of its prevalence among acutely hospitalized patients (6). Neurological soft signs have been shown to occur in autism spectrum disorders (7), in Alzheimer's disease (8) and have been reviewed for their predictive validity in the course of schizophrenia (9). Fine motor tasks demonstrated that motor learning was preserved in schizophrenia despite cognitive and motor impairments (10, 11). In addition, psychomotor retardation was found in depressed elderly more than in elderly without depression (12). A neuroimaging study explored the cingulate motor area in motor retardation in major depression (13). The functional neuroanatomy of motor retardation in depression was also subjected to a mini-review (14). The topography of the cerebellum has been suggested as interesting focus of study to disentangle motor and cognitive functions in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (15). Two studies using actigraphy reported on gross motor activity in the course of schizophrenia (16, 17). Finally, Gawrilow and colleagues summarized the importance of motor activity in ADHD (18).

Currently, ambiguous terminology and definitions hamper research on psychomotor phenomena. In addition, some studies focus exclusively on single signs probably missing the complete picture. Therefore, we have tried to put forward a systematic approach to study psychomotor phenomena in psychotic disorders (19). In addition, van Harten and colleagues have proposed to consider movement disorders as non-mental signs of psychotic disorders just as psychiatric symptoms are classified as non-motor signs in idiopathic movement disorders (20).

One example of ongoing debate is the current discussion on the catatonia syndrome. Depending on the criteria applied, prevalence rates differ substantially (6, 21, 22), challenging the specificity of assessment methods. Despite the fact that the syndrome is quite remarkable, there is not much of a common ground in the literature as to what catatonia should be defined as. Clearly, this ambiguity of definitions has contributed to the scarcity of descriptive and interventional studies in the catatonia syndrome.

Another important field of research is the outcome of interventions in motor symptoms. Further research needs to clarify whether the motor dimension in psychiatric disorders is properly ameliorated by treating the underlying disorder or whether specific therapeutic options are required. The former would call for generalized therapies in depression, schizophrenia, or autism. The latter would instead require searching for new therapeutic targets, such as in movement disorders known in neurology. Clearly defined psychomotor disturbances may benefit from deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (23), pedunculopontine nucleus (24), or other targets such as the reward system (25). Likewise, non-invasive brain stimulation may become a treatment option in those psychomotor disturbances related to dysfunctions in cortical motor areas.

Taken together, clarified terminology, increased awareness, and improved assessment methods will help psychomotor symptoms to become an important objective dimension of psychopathology that is informative on underlying neuropathology and longitudinal course. These transitions in psychiatric assessment will also allow for more specialized interventions for psychomotor symptoms.


Foreword. Preface. Contributors. List of Abbreviations. List of International Cases and Judgments. List of Conventions, Treaties and other International Instruments. 1. The Law of the Sea Convention and Navigational Freedoms H. Djalal. 2. Freedom of Navigation in the Post-Cold War Era R.J. Grunawalt. 3. Navigational Rights and Freedoms in a European Regional Context E.J. Molenaar. 4. Maritime Security in the Asia Pacific in the Twenty-first Century R. Babbage. 5. Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea: The UNCLOS Regime and Asia Pacific State Practice D.R. Rothwell. 6. The Regime of Straits Transit Passage in the Asia Pacific: Political and Strategic Issues S. Bateman. 7. The Straits of Malacca: Current and Prospective Interests in the Prevention and Control of Marine Environmental Pollution S. Shaukat. 8. Regulation of Navigation in the Torres Strait: Law of the Sea Issues S.B. Kaye. 9. Management of Navigation through Vessel Traffic Services G. Mapplebeck. 10. The Law of the Sea and Navigation: The Indonesian Archipelagic State Perspective E.R. Agoes. 11. Navigational Rights in Archipelagic Waters: A Commentary from the Philippines R.P.M. Lotilla. 12. The Law of the Sea, Archipelagoes, and User States: Korea Kim Young Koo. 13. Implementing the Archipelagic Regime in the International Maritime Organization R. Warner. 14. Protection of the Marine Environment from Shipping Operations: Australian and International Responses P.M. McGrath, M. Julian. 15. Shipping and Marine Environmental Protection in Canada: Rocking the Boat and Riding a Restless Sea D. VanderZwaag. 16. Navigational Rights in Sensitive Marine Environments: The Great Barrier Reef M. White. 17. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and its Potential for Resolving Navigation Disputes I.A. Shearer. 18. The Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea M/V Saiga Cases before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea B. Kwiatkowska. 19. The Role of the International Maritime Organization in the Settlement of International Disputes R. Balkin. 20. Navigational Rights and Freedoms in the New Millennium: Dealing with 20th Century Controversies and 21st Century Challenges S. Bateman, D.R. Rothwell, D. VanderZwaag. Select Bibliography. Index.


This paper has two research objectives. Firstly, analyze the relationship between person-environment fit and employees' job satisfaction; secondly, analyze the relationship between person-environment fit and employees' organizational commitment. The target of this study was the employees of International Cooperation and Development Fund (ICDF) which is a Non-Profit organization (NPO's) in Taiwan. A quantitative research design was used. 92 questionnaires were handed out and 75 valid responses were received. The study shows three important findings. The first finding indicates person-organization fit and person-person fit have a influence on employees' job satisfaction and organizational commitment; the second finding shows person- vocation fit has a influence on employees' job satisfaction, however does not have a influence on employees' organizational commitment; person-job fit has a influence on employees' organizational commitment, however does not have a influence on employees' job satisfaction; the third finding indicates person-group fit have no influence on employees' job satisfaction and organizational commitment. This paper shows that it is important that not only International Cooperation Development Fund in Taiwan but also other Non-Profit organizations pay close attention to the person-environment fit which can directly affect the employees' job satisfaction and organizational commitment.


In order to improve the operational power consumption of logic function chips,this paper designs a logic function reconfigurable algorithm for low-power consumption. First,it splits the traditional logic function design and converts it to low-power consumption reconfigurable design. Then,it elaborates the design methods and principles in detail. From theoretical and experimental perspectives,it analyzes and testes the performance and cost of low-power reconfigurable algorithm,and presents the power saving degree,as well as the cost of logic resources design and operating speed.


Baudelaire's verse poetry is informed by a pervasive Creole Gothic resonance. Two separate but related topoi, the Undead and the Living Dead, lie at the heart of the collection's necrological imaginary of slave and zombie labour. It is this Gothic double-trope of death-in-life/life-in-death
 that activates the Gothic Creole strain running through Les Fleurs du mal. Ironically, those poems that seem to evoke most directly the Creole world that Baudelaire encountered in 1841, firstly in Mauritius and then in Réunion, avoid all evocation of plantation slavery. Conversely,
 the city poems associate modern metropolitan life with the idea of slavery, representing it as a living death and death as a merely temporary and reversible escape. The collection's representation of this 'living death' foreshadows the construction (by Orlando Patterson,
 most notably) of transatlantic chattel slavery as 'social death'. As for the poetic representation of the 'Undead', this centres on the figure of the zombie. The zombie is essentially a slave for whom death has proved no guarantee against an endless 'living death'
 of hard labour. If the Creole inflection of Baudelaire's imagery relates primarily to the realities of industrialized plantation labour and to the chattel slavery on which it was based, it is further reinforced by indices of tropical localisation and of racial difference, more specifically
 pigmentation. However subliminal its resonance, this Creole Gothic strain guarantees for Baudelaire's Fleurs du mal a vivid postcolonial afterlife.


A dialdehyde-diboronate-functionalized tetraphenylethene (TPE-DABF) was reported as a H2O2-specific AIE luminogen. TPE-DABF, bearing multiple reductive units (aldehyde, boronate and fructose) in one molecule, afforded an excellent H2O2 selectivity over other ROS in biological buffer, and can be used for sensitive detection of glucose under neutral conditions.


Suppose that $\omega_1,\ldots,\omega_N$ are positive real numbers and $x$ is a complex number with positive real part. The multiple Barnes-Euler zeta function $\zeta_{E,N}(s,x;\bar\omega)$ with parameter vector $\bar\omega=(\omega_1,\ldots,\omega_N)$ is defined as a deformation of the Barnes multiple zeta function as follows $$ \zeta_{E,N}(s,x;\omega_1,\ldots,\omega_N)=\sum_{t_1=0}^\infty\cdots\sum_{t_N=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{t_1+\cdots+t_N}}{(x+\omega_1t_1+\cdots+\omega_Nt_N)^s}. $$
In this paper, based on the fermionic $p$-adic integral, we define the $p$-adic analogue of multiple Barnes-Euler zeta function $\zeta_{E,N}(s,x;\bar\omega)$ which we denote by $\zeta_{p,E,N}(s,x;\bar\omega).$ We prove several properties of $\zeta_{p,E,N}(s,x; \bar\omega)$, including the convergent Laurent series expansion, the distribution formula, the difference equation, the reflection functional equation and the derivative formula. By computing the values of this kind of $p$-adic zeta function at nonpositive integers, we show that it interpolates the higher order Euler polynomials $E_{N,n}(x;\bar\omega)$ $p$-adically. Furthermore, we define the corresponding $p$-adic multiple log gamma function $G_{p,E,N}(x,\bar\omega)$ as the derivative of $\zeta_{p,E,N}(s,x; \bar\omega)$ at $s=0$. We also show that the $p$-adic log gamma function $G_{p,E, N}(x;\bar\omega)$ has an integral representation by the multiple fermionic $p$-adic integral, and it satisfies the distribution formula, the difference equation, the reflection functional equation, the derivative formula and also the Stirling's series expansions.


American appellate courts have long resisted calls that they play a more robust role in the sentencing process, insisting that they must defer to what they characterize as the superior sentencing competence of trial judges. This position is unfortunate insofar as rigorous appellate review might advance uniformity and other rule-of-law values that are threatened by broad trial court discretion. This Article thus provides the first systematic critique of the appellate courts' standard justifications for deferring to trial court sentencing decisions. For instance, these justifications are shown to be based on premises that are inconsistent with empirical research on cognition and decision making. Despite the shortcomings of the standard justifications, this Article suggests that there is a stronger argument for deference that is based on the trial judge's background knowledge regarding the particular circumstances of the local community and courthouse. Even the potential benefits of localization, though, do not clearly outweigh the rule-of-law costs of appellate deference. Thus, this Article concludes with a proposal for a sliding-scale approach to deference that strengthens the appellate role, but also accommodates localization values in the cases in which they are most salient. * Associate Dean for Research and Professor, Marquette University Law School. Editor, Federal Sentencing Reporter. B.A., J.D. Yale University. I am grateful for comments on an earlier draft from Jelani Jefferson Exum, Carissa Byrne Hessick, F. Andrew Hessick, Janie Kim, Susan Mandiberg, Dan Markel, Chad Oldfather, and John Pfaff, and for research assistance from Brian Borkowicz.


Abstract : Water treatment plants on military installations are required to meet Federal regulations covering sludge disposal. Like civilian plants, these installations had previously discharged the sludge into surface waters or wastewater streams. Compliance with the regulations has now demanded that plants minimize sludge production and consider alternatives to disposal, such as recycling. This report reviews the state of the art in treatment plant operation and maintenance to help installation Directorates of Engineering and Housing determine optimal practices for their individual plants. This review covers applicable regulations, a characterization of types of sludge produced, disposal options, economics, and possible modifications to existing plant design and O&M procedures.


The civil education is a systematic engineering, it needs sufficient environment support from various social subsystems. The cultivation of an equal and harmonious family atmosphere, free and open school culture, rational and democratic civil society, healthy and civilized network environment help to develop civil education and train the qualified socialist civics. To offer better civil education, we need to exert positive influence from the society, try to build up the needed social and cultural environment for civil education.


85 of 217 clients who reported retrospectively that their intake therapist seemed confident of being helpful also reported canceling and missing fewer follow-up sessions regardless of the length of treatment. Clients' reported confidence during the first session and clients' attendance at later sessions were also associated with three measures of satisfaction with individual therapy.