As the delivery of universities' information services becomes increasingly virtual and time-honoured library practices are deemed to add less value, literature abounds with discussions about the future of the profession. Academic librarians are generally finding technical and technological expertise is a must and that they need to be aware of emerging learning and research practises to ensure their place and value remains. These new demands create new opportunities and require new skills to be acquired. In this complex and rapidly changing environment, managers need to remain on top of the requirement for new skill sets. The starting point is understanding the team's established skill set. Recent work at the University of Minnesota Libraries (Walter & Williams, 2011) and the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (My Professional Knowledge and Skills Base, 2014) offers a useful starting point for identifying and measuring skills. Griffith University (Australia) like many others face these very challenges. Library, e-research, information and communication technology services, systems and infrastructure are offered through a single integrated division, Information Services. Within the Division, the Library and Learning Services (LLS) is examining what must change for it to remain relevant to the University's strategic goals. This paper describes an initiative undertaken within LLS by the Manager, Arts, Education and Law (AEL), to create a skills assessment of his staff. The framework entitled 'Library Skills Capability' (LSC) is based on the above-mentioned tools combined with a range of internal workgroup discussions. Results are presented outlining current skills and knowledge gaps and a roadmap to address them. The paper concludes with a look to the future, expanding on the roles analysed and identifying ways to ensure that the framework becomes a living document and can ultimately aid measurement of the success of subsequent training and further professional development. Goals This paper charts the progress of the project to develop an online skills self-assessment that can be undertaken annually, centred upon the provision of Library and related information and technology services. The goals of the project are: 1) to understand the skill levels within the Library and Learning Service (LLS) staff at Griffith University; 2) identify existing skills gaps and appropriate training required to address them ; and 3) ultimately, measure the success of subsequent training;


This study investigated the marketing performance of smoked fish market in Ogun State, Nigeria.Eighty fish marketers were drawn using purposive and simple random sampling technique from Makun omi, Olomore, Itoku and Kuto markets. Data collected were on the socio-economic characteristics, cost and return and problem associated with smoked fish marketing in the study
area. Structured questionnaire were the instrument used for data collection. Analytical tools used were percentages, gross margin and marketing efficiency models. Percentage was used to describe
the socio-economic variables and problem associated with the smoked fish marketing. While gross and marketing efficiency models were used to determine the Profitability and market margin respectively. The result revealed that 75% of the marketers were female in their middle ages 41years and 50years (35%). The result also showed a gross margin of 29,558.8 and a marketing efficiency of 40.17% which could be attributed to the marketing performance. The study identified a decentralized distribution channel in the area. The study concluded that processed fish marketing
in the study area was profitable. It was recommended that government should provide credit facilities to finance storage facilities.


Development of economics represent an important matter especially developing to be this state
earn parallel with other state in Asia State which go forward its economics in the reality non
wide of state of its big region and amount of its big resident but State which is its resident is
and wide of its region do not be big so like south korea and of malaytiia. Later; Then how
developing countries with big resident and wide of big region also like India, Tndonesia, and
Republic people of Cina ( RRC).


Principal possibilities of passive remote sounding in millimeter wavelength region for determine of scattering characteristics and thermodynamic temperature of Earth's surface top layer and also identification of natural objects by using of spectral features of atmospheric incident radiation are considered.


This paper studies the cycles of nationalization and privatization in resource-rich economies as a prime instance of unstable institutional reform. The authors discuss the available evidence on the drivers and consequences of privatization and nationalization, review the existing literature, and present illustrative case studies. This leads to the main contribution of the paper: a static and dynamic model of the choice between private and national regimes for the ownership of natural resources. In the model, the basic tradeoff is given by equality (national ownership) versus efficiency (private ownership). The connection between resource ownership and the equality-efficiency tradeoff is given by the incentives for effort that each regime elicits from workers. The resolution of the tradeoff depends on external and domestic conditions that affect the value of social welfare under each regime. This leads to a discussion of how external conditions—such as the commodity price—and domestic conditions—such as the tax system-- affect the choice of private vs. national regimes. In particular, the analysis identifies the determinants of the observed cycles of privatization and nationalization.


Plasma jets generated in dc arc plasma torches are characterized by high level of flow instability and turbulence. One of the principle sources of jet turbulence, besides the hydrodynamic instability, is region of attachment of arc to the anode. In common arrangement of plasma torch the anode is created by exit nozzle and the surface of the electrode is parallel to the direction of plasma flow. Similar physical conditions exist in water stabilized torch where anode is created by rotating disc which is positioned downstream of the torch exit nozzle. The surface of part of anode with anode spot is parallel to the plasma flow and the distance of the surface from the jet axis is equal to radius of exit nozzle. The velocity of movement of anode surface with respect to plasma jet, which is given by the frequency of anode rotation, is substantially smaller than plasma flow velocity and does not influence processes in anode attachment region. The advantage of arrangement with external anode is possibility of direct observation of anode region. The processes induced by the passage of current from the arc column into the electrode represent strong source of jet instability. The effect of anode attachment movement and consequent variations of arc power has been described recently. The investigations presented in this paper are related to the other effect formation of anode jet and interaction of the anode jet with the flow in the main plasma jet. The anode region was photographed using fast shutter camera FlashCam with minimum exposure time 1 ms. System of mirrors was used to obtain two perpendicular views of anode region in one picture. The photographs prove principal effect of anode jet on the plasma jet stability. The plasma jet was on all photographs undisturbed in the positions upstream of the anode attachment, strong instability was produced in the point of interaction of the two jets. Plasma jet downstream of this point was highly unstable and turbulent. No undisturbed part of the jet was found on the photographs of the jet if nozzle anode was used with the same torch parameters and anode attachment was inside the nozzle. The radiation of plasma in various parts of the jet was investigated by the emission spectroscopy. Lines of nitrogen ion were found in the anode jet, no nitrogen lines were observed in the part of plasma jet upstream of the anode attachment. Thus, the entrainment of the air and its heating take place in the anode jet. The flow characteristics in anode jet were estimated assuming that the flow is induced by the Maecker effect. Momentum fluxes in the main jet and the anode jet were compared. At conditions typical for dc arc plasma torches the momentum flux in the anode jet can be even higher than in the main jet. Thus interaction of the two jets will result in strong disturbance of the flow field in the plasma jet. The presented results provide strong evidence of dominant role of anode jet in the process of development of plasma jet instability and turbulence. A UNIFIED MODEL OF ARC PLASMA – ELECTRODE LAYERS PHENOMENA Z. Kolacinski* and K. Cedzynska** *Electrical and Electronic Engineering Faculty **Food Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty Technical University of Lodz, 18/22 Stefanowskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland


Drip irrigation is an incredibly efficient watering method that slowly delivers water directly to a plants root system, through a network of small pipes. This minimizes conventional losses such as deep percolation, runoff and soil erosion. A few low cost automation systems were developed and evaluated their performance with drip irrigation on sweet corn. Compared to flood irrigation and paired row drip irrigation, single row drip irrigation produced better results. The results indicated that the number of kernel rows per cob, number of kernels per cob, length and diameter of the cob and individual fresh cob weight were observed to be more in single row as compared to flood irrigation and paired row drip irrigation systems. The yield response was also observed to be best in soil moisture sensor based irrigation with single row spacing.


This research was aimed at studying the effects of heating the paddy for insect killing and thereby improving subsequently milled rice quality. The experimental temperatures were in the range of 120-200°C, the paddy feeding rates were 60, 120, and 180 kg/h and the heights of the vibration screen were 5, 6, and 8 mm. The findings indicated that when the feeding rates increased between 120 and 180 kg/h, the insect death rate increased for nearly all temperature levels, whereas the feeding rate of 60 kg/h and the vibration screen height of 6 mm were found to give 100% insect killing efficiency. The resulting head rice yield increased by 0.3-0.7% for a screen height of 8 mm. The quantity of broken rice decreased whereas the total rice quantity did not vary significantly; the milled rice had a whiteness index slightly increased when compared to the reference rice.


The United Kingdom offers some of the finest designed parks and garden landscapes in the world and, whilst there is a wide range of skills and a wealth of literature on the subject, there is little evidence of official effort to systematically record historic sites. This, it is argued, is a factor in the continuing decline of many examples. This paper records an attempt at a comprehensive examination of one county — Cheshire — begun in 1970. The method is described and the results discussed in some detail. Some suggestions are put forward for improvements to official incentives for site owners.


The aim of this study was to develop immobilized systems for wastewater treatment by immobilizing microorganisms in mixed matrices. Two bioactive polysaccharides, sodium alginate(SA) and pullulan(Pu), were used to immobilize microorganisms for wastewater treatment. The optimum mechanical strength, elasticity, and diffusion rate of the immobilized beads were obtained upon addition of 1% Pu polysaccharides and 7% SA. Three base strains of bacteria(which produce amylase, protease, and cellulose) were immobilized in SA or Pu matrices for wastewater treatment. The seeding quantity for microbial immobilization was optimized. A seeding quantity of 200 m L during the preparation of immobilized beads helped achieve efficient wastewater treatment. The total nitrogen(TN) and chemical oxygen demand(COD) removal rates observed during the end of a seven-day treatment period were 65.94% and 77.88%, respectively. Three types of immobilized beads were compounded for wastewater treatment. The immobilized beads 11008, 11009, and 10004 were added at concentrations of 0.75%, 0.50%, and 0.50% of the total volume of wastewater, respectively, and wastewater was treated for seven days continuously; the TN and COD removal rates under these conditions were observed to be up to 90.55% and 91.45%, respectively.


Projects at Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) have pioneered some new systems of waterproofing underground space. This paper describes a waterproofing system based on the use of flexible membranes that achieve dry underground structures when three pillars are implemented in the building process, system compatibility, through planning and experienced installation and inspection.


Business-angels are considered as the main subjects of informal market of venture capital. The basic principles of business-angel financing are characterized in the article. The experience of development of business-angels abroad and in Russia is consided. Particular attention is paid to trends in the development of businessangels in the Baikal region.


This paper presents medium access control (MAC) protocols for a virtualized 802.11 network aiming to improve network performance and isolation among service providers (SPs). Taking into account the statistical properties of arrival traffic, a Markov decision process (MDP) is formulated to maximize the network throughput subject to SP reservations. By introducing the policy tree of the MDP, we present an optimal access policy. Each user can track this policy tree by carrier sensing and learn its transmission opportunity. As the computational complexity of the policy tree exponentially grows with the total number of users, an efficient heuristic algorithm is proposed based on the MDP formulation, where each user is assigned a deterministic backoff value. Numerical results show that the performance of the proposed heuristic algorithm closely matches that of the optimal policy. Moreover, both optimal and heuristic algorithms significantly improve time-division multiple access (TDMA) and carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) in terms of packet delivery ratio and isolation in unsaturated networks.


The research took place in the Gendol Hill complex, Magelang, Central Java. One of the peaks in the hills complex is Mount Wukir, where a Canggal Inscription was found. The Canggal Inscription mentions an area named Java, rich in agricultural products with many sacred buildings. The term Javanese refers to an area of Gendol Hill complex, which is part of the Kedu–Central Java region. This paper aims to 1) interpret the cultural landscape of the Gendol Hill complex, 2) reconstruct the spatial structure (layout), and its utilization as a settlement area for Javanese society in the 8th century.  This paper interprets the Canggal Inscription and collates information about the potential of both biotic and non-biotic resources. Data processing is conducted through inductive–explanatory analysis. The results suggest that the Cultural Landscape of Gunung Wukir Temple was in a place protecting it from disaster. The complex was protected by Gendol Hills, acting as a barrier against volcanic eruptions from  Mount Merapi. Gendol Hill complex was located in an environment that flourished with both biotic and non-biotic resources. The community cultivated its alluvial plains and established settlements in this area. The denuded structural hills were also perceived as sacred spaces to erect temples with natural resources close by such as andesite rocks available from rivers around the hills.


The observed orientations of a sunward structure (SS) in the dust tail of comet 19P/Borrelly, as it appears in 20 images taken under different projection conditions over a period of 142 days, are compared with the theoretical orientations computed on the basis of two different models: the Spin Model, in which the SS is assumed to be a linear dust jet from an active source close to the cometary pole, pointing about parallel to the nucleus spin axis preceding in the space around a precession axis throughout the relevant time; the Burst Model, in which the observed shapes and orientations of the SS are assumed to be the result of the keplerian motion of dust particles ejected from an active spot located somewhere on the sun-faced nucleus hemisphere during a burst occurred some time before the observations. The best fit of the position angles of the SS linear axis provides two alternative scenarios: the most data consistent Spin Model is characterized by a spin axis preceding from the starting obliquity Ii = 90 o and argument Φi = 110 o to the final If = 120 o andΦf = 80 o around the precession axis of Ip = 74 o and Φp = 62 o with a precession period of about 2.5 years; the most data consistent Burst Model is characterized by a burst from an active spot located at a cometographic latitude and longitude of −10 and 36, respectively, occurred about 150 days before perihelion (corresponding to a sun distance of 2.1 AU) with a dust ejection velocity of about 10 m s.


The image of the frivolous playboy clings to F. Scott Fitzgerald's reputation like a barnacle on a ship. He helped build the image himself, of course, but ita's a false one, or partially false at any rate. Most of the time Fitzgerald was a serious, committed artist. Yet people persist in thinking of him as an artist in spite of himself, a Pooh Bear of remarkable talent but lamentably little brain.


The Editors of Otology & Neurotology retract ''Generic Quality of Life in Persons With Hearing Loss: A Review of the Recent Literature,'' by Arjuna Brodie and Jaydip Ray, published October 1, 2018, from the literature due to evidence of plagiarism. The manuscript is nearly identical to a previously published manuscript by Nordvik et al, ''Generic quality of life in persons with hearing loss: A systematic literature review,'' BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord 2018 Jan 22: 18:1. The authors have been notified of this retraction and they have apologized for their misconduct. The Editors apologize to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.


The article examines the history of the development of the ideas of semiotics, from the works of St. Augustine to the present. The author shares the semiotic approach, which, judging by the literature, was formulated by Augustine, and semiotics as a scientific discipline, and in two versions, as an analogue of mathematics and natural science (we are talking about the "second nature", which is studied in the humanities and social sciences). The characteristic of the semiotic approach presented by Augustine in the scheme is given, which, the author shows, can be extended to various humanitarian objects (this is specifically demonstrated with respect to music). Based on the semiotic approach and classifications of signs, various variants of semiotics as a science were created in the XIX and XX centuries.   The difference of scientific semiotics is explained: semiotics solved different problems and tasks, semiotically comprehended different subject areas, proceeded from a different understanding of science. Nevertheless, in all variants of semiotics, relations between the components of the sign were established. The semiotics reform project proposed by G.P. Shchedrovitsky is considered, and what came of it (another semiotics, and not the organization of different scientific semiotics on a single basis of the theory of activity). Based on the analysis of two cases (the semiotic analysis of the metaphor in the work of Meir Shalev "Esav" and the sculpture of Aphrodite Praxiteles), the author outlines another version of semiotics, which he calls "expressionism". Although the methodology proposed by him allows analyzing and comprehending a fairly wide range of expressions and works of art, the author suggests not to consider it universal.


depressed the quality of the worsteds, and imposed a variety of social costs. The industry only managed to survive for as long as it did because it constituted a regional quasi-monopoly. The chief merits of Ogilvie's study are the solid empirical research and the sustained and rigorous argument that social institutions determined protoindustry's ability to transform traditional economic and demographic relations. But her claim that social corporatism was the decisive causal factor for the decline of the worsted-cloth industry in Wurttemberg goes too far. Although communities and occupational corporations hampered protoindustry's development in the Black Forest, so too did other factors. Wurttemberg's worsted-cloth industry marketed its products primarily in Austria and Italy, but population declines and recurrent warfare during the seventeenth century obviously depressed demand from these regions. Demand remained sluggish in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in large part because of the imposition of a series of mercantilist trade measures that closed valuable markets. In the 1720s, for example, Austria banned and Bavaria severely restricted the import of Wurttemberg worsteds. Up until then, these two markets had accounted for 10 percent of worsted sales. And after 1750 the dramatic rise in the popularity of cottons sharply depressed the demand for worsteds across all of central Europe. Ogilvie either slights or completely disregards these factors, all of which significantly and adversely affected the long-term prosperity of the Black Forest industry. In short, as Troeltsch's still reliable study makes clear, the inferior quality of Wiirttemberg worsteds, which Ogilvie attributes to social corporatism and which led to some loss of market share, did not in any way represent the principal cause of the industry's difficulties. Her explanation of these difficulties grossly oversimplifies the set of circumstances that constrained worsted production in the Black Forest.


Modern tractors and implements will be equipped with an increasingly large number of electronic control units (ECU) together with a field bus for exchange of information. Two field bus standards, DIN9684 (Germany) and ISO11783 (ISO), both based on Bosch CAN (Controller Area network), have been developed to provide open systems to allow on-board-tractor ECUs built by different manufacturers to communicate with each other. These standards detail the necessary communication interface requirements, such as message types, identifier assignments, network management, etc. to enable a plug-and-play capability for these ECUs. However, the standards did not specify how to implement this communication interface, leaving it to individual ECU manufacturer. Given limited processing power and memory resources for embedded ECUs, development of distributed real-time control software conforming to ISO11783 or DIN9684 standard is a challenging task for engineering design teams, especially for small implement manufacturers. In this paper, a structural, modular software approach to implement the communication interface based on CAN Kingdom protocol was presented. This approach is illustrated by developing a DIN9684- conforming weed-sensing and spray-control system. It is also expected to work with the ISO11783 standard.


THERE ARE A FEW REPORTS on the development of tolerance to anthelmintics by strongyles in the horse. Several authors have reported on resistance to phenothiazine (2, 5, 13), tolerance to thiabendazole (TBZ) (3) and cross tolerance with the benzimidazole compounds TBZ and mebendazole (MBZ) (4, 16). Recently, strongyles with resistance to another benzimidazole compound cambendazole (CBZ)1 were found on a well managed standardbred farm in Ontario. For about two years prior to this recognition of resistance to CBZ, the owner had administered to all horses bimonthly MBZ (Telmin®)2 except that in November of each year trichlorfon (AnthonQ)3 was used. Prior to that two year period TBZ (Equizole®)4 was used bimonthly instead of MBZ for about 12 years. This is a report on cross resistance by strongyles in several horses on one farm to benzimidazole compounds and their susceptibility to a variety of unrelated anthelmintics.


WT5"BZ]:The authors study the developing status and the trend of Chinese enterprises legislation,point out that traditional enterprises legislation,especially the state run enterprises,should emphasize the seperatation of ownership rights and management rights.The future enterprises legislation will lay stress on the new property rights and management system.At present,the enterprises legislation carries out an alternative policy.[WT5"HZ]


Teamwork is an essential component of the engineering design process. Engineers in today?s globalized economy must be able to work in multidisciplinary teams. As such, graduates of engineering programs must be able to apply their technical knowledge in team-based environments where flexibility, communication, and cooperation are needed to solve problems that do not necessarily have well-defined technical boundaries. The current study is part of an ongoing project addressing teamwork skills at the Petroleum Institute (PI), an engineering university in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Although a variety of soft skills, such as teamwork, communication, and project management are incorporated into the current curriculum at the PI, teamwork can be a particularly challenging soft skill to acquire and to teach. The quality of team experiences is dependent on team members? perceptions of their group dynamics and the contributions that individuals make to the team. As students at the PI are segregated by gender (a common practice in government universities within the Gulf Arab region), the socio-cultural context provides a unique environment for the study of team dynamics. A number of tools are being used to investigate teamwork at the PI, including peer evaluations, student interviews, surveys, and teacher observations. However, in order to ascertain whether student teams are actually functioning in an effective manner (as compared to students? perceptions of this phenomenon), it is important to specify the teamwork behaviors that are expected of effective teams. This is particularly relevant for student teams as the one of the goals should be to provide specific and measurable feedback to help students improve their performance. The present study provides insight into the development of an observational tool for identifying team behaviors among students at the PI. Although the project revolves around engineering students, the observation tool can be used to evaluate teamwork behaviors in any discipline. The tool adapts the competencies and behaviors of a computer-based peer feedback system known as Team Developer. The presentation will discuss the process involved in the development of the observational tool, its alignment to industry benchmarks, as well as the development of protocols and options for administering the behavioral instrument. The advantages and challenges of incorporating a behavioral assessment for teamwork will also be discussed.


: The pandemic situation in 2020 brought about a 'digitized new nor-mal' and created various issues within the current education systems. One of the issues is the monitoring of students during online examination situations. A system to determine the student's eye gazes during an examination can help to eradicate malpractices. In this work, we track the users' eye gazes by incorporating twelve facial landmarks around both eyes in conjunction with computer vision and the HAAR classifier. We aim to implement eye gaze detection by considering facial landmarks with two different Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, namely the AlexNet model and the VGG16 model. The proposed system outperforms the traditional eye gaze detection system which only uses computer vision and the HAAR classifier in several evaluation metric scores. The proposed system is accurate without the need for complex hardware. Therefore, it can be implemented in educational institutes for the fair conduct of examinations, as well as in other instances where eye gaze detection is required.


After the failed peace operations of the early 1990s, the UN initiated a shift in strategy. Henceforth, the protection of civilians was also to be facilitated by more robust interventions—embedded in the external promotion of democracy as a political strategy with which to maintain international peace sustainably. The determination of a revised approach to the promotion of democracy on the basis of the UN's political and operational guidelines is the main focus of the first part of this study. Based on these findings, an analysis of the UNOCI peace operation in the second part reveals a divergence between aspiration and reality: Democratic elections continue to be of particular importance.


It is hard to predict the demand of international tourism precisely by normal linear and statistical methods because of many influencing factors along with fewer sample and the slack of data. This paper tries to predict the demand of international tourism by grey model based on grey system theory.


Abstract Background This study investigated the association between facility-level rates of hospital-onset CDI (HO-CDI) and inpatient antibiotic use (AU) in a large group of U.S. acute care hospitals over a 7-year period. Methods We used adult discharge and antibiotic use data from 552 acute care hospitals participating in the Truven Health MarketScan Hospital Database from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2012 to determine facility-level CDI rates and AU. HO-CDI was defined as a discharge with a secondary ICD-9-CM diagnosis code for CDI (008.45) and inpatient treatment with metronidazole or oral vancomycin. The relationship between facility-level HO-CDI (HO-CDI per 10,000 patient-days (PD)) and AU (days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 PD) was examined through multivariate general estimating equation models that accounted for the correlation between annual HO-CDI rates within a hospital. The models controlled for hospital characteristics and a facility-level rate of community-onset CDI (CO-CDI), defined as a discharge with a primary ICD-9-CM code for CDI and inpatient treatment. Results During 2006 to 2012, the mean HO-CDI rate was 11 per 10,000 PD (interquartile range (IQR): 5.7–14.7) and mean AU was 811 DOT/1,000 PD (IQR: 710–932). After controlling for facility-level CO-CDI and other hospital characteristics, overall AU was significantly associated with facility-level HO-CDI rate; for every 50 DOT/1,000 PD increase in AU, there was a 4.4% increase in the HO-CDI rate. Similarly, the only antibiotic classes significantly associated with HO-CDI were third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins (P < 0.0001) and carbapenems (P = 0.0011) with respective increases of 2.1% and 2.4% of HO-CDI per 10 DOT/1,000 PD increase. Fluoroquinolones and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations were not significantly associated with HO-CDI. Conclusion In this ecologic analysis of over 500 hospitals, overall antibiotic use was associated with increased rates of HO-CDI. In contrast to recent patient-level analyses in the United States and national observations in England, only third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems were associated with HO-CDI. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


Before construction began on the Ontario Hydro generating station at Atikokan in Northwestern Ontario, a Community Impact Agreement between the Township and Ontario Hydro was signed. This agreement provides for: a) the prediction and monitoring of the effects of the construction program; b) the arbitration of disputes over the source and responsibility for undesirable community changes occurring; and, c) the advancing of services and provision of compensation for effects for which Ontario Hydro is responsible. An impact prediction, monitoring and mitigation program was required as part of the impact agreement to plan for and manage the social changes expected during construction. To date, this program has provided funds to assist crisis housing facilities, monitor alcohol and drug abuse, supplement library facilities and plan for changes in housing demand and municipal finance. In effect, this monitoring program facilitates preventive planning for communities hosting resource development projects.


Purpose— For intermediate and high risk prostate cancer, seminal vesicle (SV) is included in clinical target volume (CTV). The purposes of this study were to investigate interfraction motion characteristics of SV and to determine proper margins for online CT image guidance. Methods and Materials— Twenty-four patients each with 16 daily helical CTs were included in this study. Binary image mask were used for image registration to determine daily organ motion. Two online image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) strategies (prostate only and prostate+SV) were simulated in a hypo-fractionated scheme. Three margin designs were studied for both 3DCRT and IMRT. In prostate only guidance, Margin-A was uniformly applied to whole CTV, Margin-B was applied to SV with a fixed 3mm prostate margin. In prostate+SV guidance, Margin-C was uniformly applied to CTV. The minimum margins were sought to satisfy the criteria that minimum cumulative CTV dose to be more than those of PTV in the plan for > 95% patients. Results— Prostate and SV move significantly more in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior than right-left direction. The anterior-posterior motion of prostate and SV are correlated ( R 2 =0.7). The SV moves significantly more than prostate. The minimum margins found were 2.5mm for 3DCRT, and (4.5,4.5,3.0) mm for Margin-(A,B,C) for IMRT. Margins for IMRT were larger, but the irradiated volume and doses to critical structures were smaller. Minimum margins of 4.5mm to SV and 3mm to prostate are recommended for IMRT with prostate only guidance. Conclusions— SV moves independently from prostate gland and additional margins are necessary for IGRT.


The blurring and block effects of reconstruction image are induced by using the known block information with discontinuous edges to fill the damage area.So the image inpainting algorithm of connected contours based on topological gradient and multiple minimal paths fast marching methods is proposed.The edge contour in damage area is detected by introducing topological gradient,then the minimiing inpainting path is determined and multiple minimal paths fast marching method is designed by building the weighted distance function coupled the weighted operator and choosing the key points of damage area,and also the image inpainting feedback mechanism is contrasted based on structural similarity and distortion to optimize the inpainting image.Simulation results show that compared with other image inpainting algorithms,this algorithm can detect continuous edge profile of the damaged area,and has a better inpainting effect and efficiency.


Quercetin is a flavonoid with a great capability of crossing the blood-brain barrier. It is reported to exert numerous beneficial effects on both animal and human health. The study evaluates the effects of onion waste quercetin (OWQ) on the histology of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus of mice. Twenty mice were assigned into four groups (n=5). The groups were given distilled water, and OWQ at 95mg/kg, 190mg/kg, and 380mg/kg respectively for 28 days. The brain of each mouse was harvested afterward, weighed, and processed for light microscopy. The normal and degenerating cells in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus Cornu Ammonis (CA1 & CA3) were counted. The micrographs of the dentate gyrus showed normal molecular, granular, and polymorphic layers in the control mice, as well as the mice, treated with OWQ with few degenerating cells in the granular layer of OWQ-treated (190mg/kg) mice. The CA3 area of the hippocampus showed normal molecular and polymorphic layers in OWQ-treated mice. However, the granular layer of the mice that received OWQ at 190mg/kg showed numerous degenerating cells. OWQ especially at 95mg/kg was found to significantly increase the number of normal cells in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus (CA1 & CA3) of the brain compared to the control at P< .05. It also significantly decreased degenerating cells compared to the control (P< .05). In conclusion, onion waste quercetin, especially at 95mg/kg was found to maintain the pool of normal cells within the dentate gyrus and hippocampus of mice brain.


In the title complex, [Ni(C15H13N5)2](NO3)2, the NiII ion is located on a twofold axis and is chelated by two tridentate 2,6-bis(2-pyridylamino)pyridine ligands in an octahedral geometry.


Objective:To vertify mongolian medicine theory 'myrobalan can decrease the toxicity of aconitum',comparing the contents of aconitum alkaloids among decoctions of aconitum processed with myrobalan,crude aconitum and co-decoctions of aconitum and myrobalan.Method:The HPLC method was used for determination of the contents of aconitine,hypaconitine,mesaconitine,benzoyl aconine,benzoyl hypaconitine and benzoyl mesaconitine in decoctions of aconitum processed with myrobalan,crude aconitum and co-decoctions of aconitum and myrobalan.Result: The contents of diester-diterpene type aconitum alkaloids during processing in order were co-decoctions of aconitum and myrobalan,decoctions of aconitum processed with myrobalan,decoctions of crude aconitum.Conclusion: Diester-diterpene type aconitum alkaloids in aconitum could hydrolysis slowly under the action of myrobalan decoctions,and the toxicity of aconitum processed with myrobalan is lower than the compatibility of aconitum and myrobalan.


Among variant kinds of spectrum sensing strategies in cognitive radio (CR) broadly studied before, cooperative sensing is the most popular one to detect the primary user accurately. This paper proposes a new cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm in which double threshold energy detection will be employed at local decision and different fusion rules will be used at the fusion center. Theoretic analysis shows that the proposed cooperative sensing scheme has a good performance in either minimizing the total error probability or detection accuracy.


When Q fever was discovered in the metropolitan area of Los Angeles in 1947, extensive epidemiologic studies were undertaken to determine the source of human infection and disease. The studies were carried out by the National Institutes of Health in cooperation with the California State Departments of Public Health and Agriculture and the Los Angeles city and county health departments. More than 12,000 persons have been studied, and a detailed report will be published at a later date. The present report is a summary of the important epidemiologic findings which indicate that local dairy cows and their raw products, particularly milk, were the most frequent sources of human infection and that these infections have caused many persons to have an illness not heretofore recognized as Q fever. Q fever was first described by Derrick in 1937. The disease is now generally recognized as an acute illness caused by a rickettsia,


a detailed study of the 4.75 eV luminescence band of stishovite single crystal (SiO2 with rutile structure) is reported. Kinetics of luminescence intensity is studied at durable (tens of minutes) X-ray excitation. The observed behaviour of the band intensity is explained by creation and destruction of luminescence centres depending on temperature both being determined by radiation stimulated diffusion of atomic particles. The luminescence decay is observed to last for minutes after X-ray irradiation while only for ns and hundreds of µs under pulsed e-beam irradiation suggesting a complicated recombination of the created defects. The UV band of stishovite is compared with the 4.9 eV luminescence band in α-quartz, which could not be created by X-ray. the latter being associated with transient centres created by destructive electron-beam irradiation or with permanent centres at neutron or γ-irradiation, and with oxygen-deficient luminescence of silica glass. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Raman scattering and electrical measurements have been performed in order to characterize Al–GaAs structures with abrupt, graded (AlxGa1−xAs), and AlAs‐rich interfacial layers. Barrier heights to abrupt and compositionally graded interfaces were equal within experimental error with a value of 0.70 eV. No increase in the barrier height was observed as might have been anticipated for AlxGa1−xAs interposed between the substrate and the metal. Structures with AlAs‐rich interfaces showed an increase in barrier height to 0.80 eV, consistent with recent MBE data on Al–AlAs barriers. Reaction‐induced substrate doping was observed, but the resultant doping appears to have little effect on the barrier height for Al on (100) GaAs.


A novel structure of Schottky Barrier MOSFET is demonstrated. The devices are designed upon the concept utilizing quantum mechanical tunnelling through the Schottky barrier. An effective and state of art CMOS compatible process flow is used. 50nm N-type and P-type Schottky Barrier MOSFET with two conventional metal silicide are presented and excellent device performance is achieved in comparison with other Schottky Barrier devices.


The moment that inspired me to train as a nurse was an emotional one. I worked as a healthcare assistant before beginning training as a nurse. Several years ago I came across a patient who will always stick in my memory… even though we never spoke.


A radar scatterometer transmits a series of RF pulses and measures the total-power (energy) of the backscattered signal. Measurements of the backscattered energy from the ocean's surface can be used to infer the near-surface wind vector [7]. Accurate backscatter energy measurements are required to insure accurate wind estimates. Unfortunately, the signal measurement is noisy so a separate measurement of the noise-only total-power is subtracted from the signal measurement to estimate the echo signal energy. A common metric for evaluating the accuracy of the scatterometer energy measurement is the normalized signal variance, termed K . In designing a p scatterometer tradeoffs in design parameters are made to minimize K . p Spaceborne scatterometers have traditionally been based on fan-beam antennas and CW modulation for which expressions for K exist. Advanced pencil-beam p scatterometers, such as SeaWinds currently being developed by NASA use modulated Signals so that new K expressions are required. This paper outlines the derivation of p the generalized K expression. While very complicated in its exact form, with a p simplified geometry the K expression can be related to the radar ambiguity function. p The resulting analysis yields insights into the tradeoffs inherent in a scatterometer design and permits analytic tradeoffs in system performance.


Nanobody binding stabilizes the active state of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and modulates its affinity for bound ligands. However, the atomic level basis for this allosteric regulation remains elusive. Here, we investigate the conformational changes induced by the binding of a nanobody (Nb80) on the active-like β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) via enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations. Dimensionality reduction analysis shows that Nb80 stabilizes a highly active state of the β2AR with a ~14 Å outward movement of transmembrane helix 6 and close proximity of transmembrane (TM) helices 5 and 7. This is further supported by the residues located at hotspots located on TMs 5, 6 and 7, as shown by supervised machine learning methods. Besides, ligand-specific subtle differences in the conformations assumed by intercellular loop 2 and extracellular loop 2 are captured from the trajectories of various ligand-bound receptors in the presence of Nb80. Dynamic network analysis further reveals that Nb80 binding can enhance the communication between the binding sites of Nb80 and of the ligand. We identify unique allosteric signal transmission mechanisms between the Nb80-binding site and the extracellular domains in presence of full agonist and G-protein biased partial agonist, respectively. Altogether, our results provide insights into the effect of intracellular binding partners on the GPCR activation mechanism, which could be useful for structure-based drug discovery. TOC Graphical Table of Contents


Vortex solitons of the planar, gauged nonlinear Schroedinger equation are quantized semiclassically in the presence of an external magnetic field.


T X THE politics of environmental regulation everywhere turns on the debate over whether cleaner technologies cost jobs. In developing countries, growth is frequently seen as the major imperative facing governments that often point to industrialized countries' own polluting past as an argument against domestic environmental regulation. Over the past decade, India's annual economic growth rate has averaged around 6 percent, led by the industrial and the manufacturing sectors. Hundreds of thousands of newjobs have been created in these sectors, and the domestic marketplace now offers an array of goods that middle-class consumers would not have imagined only ten years ago. Such rapid economic gains, however, come at a cost: industrial pollution and its ramifications are features of that progress.' Workers must balance their growing incomes with often hazardous working conditions; owners must balance the cost of adhering to often stringent environmental regulations against the relatively low likelihood of being caught polluting; government administrators who oversee enforcement of regulations face two challenges: they do not have the resources required to monitor an industrial economy dominated by small firms, and their political superiors often give them contradictory directives. The inherent and explicit tensions between economic growth and quality of life issues especially when the lives whose quality is most affected tend to be predominantly among India's poor are complicated, to say the least. This article will analyze the political and economic constraints on


This study investigates the degree of adoption effects on e-procurement benefits across industries. A process based model was used to link 'degree of adoption' of e-procurement systems to the perceived benefits by managers of implementing companies. Various types of benefits were estimated based on responses by managers of implementing companies, such as financial benefits, technical benefits, relative performance of procurement system, perceived manufacturer and supplier benefits. Companies implementing e-procurement systems are thus expected to manage the internal implementation and adoption of the system as well as the external implementation and adoption of the e-procurement system by the suppliers, for the benefits of e-procurement system to be realised.


8 venous and 6 arterial thromboses seen in a vascular pathology clinic are presented concentrating on the characteristics of venous vs. arterial events. 10 of these cases were in users of combined pills with 50 mcg estrogen or less; 1 was in a progestagen-only pill user. venous complications were characterized by younger onset (25 vs. 38 years) shorter usage (13 vs. 52 months) and predisposing factors of surgery immobilization and varicose veins. Arterial accidents were more often associated with smoking hyperlipidemia premonitory signs. In this series there were 6 good prognoses 1 respiratory insufficiency 1 loss of vision 1 hemiplegia 2 leg amputations and 1 death during estrogen treatment to suppress lactation in a later pregnancy. The causative relationship between the pill and these thromboses is evident clinically because of their atypical location and circumstances; the statistical relationship has been shown in retrospective studies. The mechanism responsible may be hyperlipidemia hypercoagulation endothelial proliferation or immunity against the estrogen in the pill.


Conclusion (1) Magnesium hydroxide in colloidal suspension adsorbs diphtheria toxin which can be eluted without destruction of the toxin. (2) The adsorption is approximately 94% complete. (3) The nitrogen loss per M.L.D. sustained during the process is in excess of 90%. (4) The method has been used with success in the adsorption of tetanospasmin and staphylolysin but not with tetanolysin and indicates possibilities for the purification of other bacterial products.


This article presents a review of the book "Leadership & Spirit: Breathing New Vitality and Energy into Individuals and Organizations," by Russ S. Moxley.


This paper describes a real-time application programmed into Wi-FLIP, a wireless smart camera resulting from the integration of FLIP-Q, a prototype mixed-signal focal-plane array processor, and Imote2, a commercial WSN platform. The application consists in scanning the whole scene by sequentially analyzing small regions. Within each region, motion is detected by background subtraction. Subsequently, information related to that motion - intensity and location - is radio-propagated in order to remotely account for it. By aggregating this information along time, a motion map of the scene is built. This map permits to visualize the different activity patterns taking place. It also provides an elaborated representation of the scene for further remote analysis, preventing raw images from being transmitted. In particular, the scene inspected in this demo corresponds to vehicular traffic in a motorway. The remote representation progressively built enables the assessment of the traffic density.


The structure of the title organic–inorganic hybrid material, C8H12N+·NO3−, results mainly from electrostatic interactions and bifurcated N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Organic 2,6-xylidinium cations and inorganic nitrate anions interact to form a three-dimensional hydrogen-bond network.


This dissertation investigates how operational choices about the design of work systems in health care settings impact the way physicians deliver care. Across three studies, I examine the following potential drivers of physician productivity and performance: queuing systems, relative performance feedback, and cohort turnover. In Chapter 1 – coauthored with Anita L. Tucker and Karen L. Murrell – we analyze the impact of pooled versus dedicated queuing systems on wait times and processing times in an emergency department (ED) setting. We find that – in contrast to what traditional queuing theory would predict – patients' average wait times and lengths of stay (LOS) are shorter when physicians are assigned patients under a dedicated queuing system. Interviews and observations of physicians suggest that improved performance under a dedicated system stems from physicians' increased ownership over patients and resources, which enables them to more actively manage the flow of patients. In Chapter 2 – coauthored with Anita L. Tucker, Karen L. Murrell, and David R. Vinson – we examine whether and how publicly (as opposed to privately) disclosing relative performance feedback (RPF) affects the speed and quality with which physicians deliver care in the ED. We find that public disclosure of RPF enables the identification and diffusion of best practices around ED workflow, which


A new multistage interconnection network is presented in this paper. It is able to handle the communications between the connected devices correctly, even in the presence of fault(s) in the network. This goal is achieved by using redundant paths with a fast procedure able to dynamically reroute the message. It is also shown that the rerouting properties are still valid when broadcasting transmission is used.


The Baobab tree, indigenous to Africa and Australia, represents principle values of Participatory Design through its usage. In Africa, participative community meetings are held under the umbrella of this tree, as well as many interior and exterior decors of the tree emerged. Worldwide trees have been etched, leaving messages for others to come. In our project, we have merged the current African practice of participatory community meetings with a global practice of tree engraving. An African hand crafted, wired, baobab is placed at the conference site, while participants are provided with clay to contribute to an overall shared design space on the trunk of the tree. The joint effort results in a colourful, aesthetic, lasting masterpiece unique through the participants.


The immune response of mice to the synthetic polypeptides (T,G)‐A–L and (H,G)‐A–L is genetically controlled by the Ir‐1 locus. In an attempt to characterize the cell type(s) involved in this control, DNP‐conjugates of (T,G)‐A–L and (H,G)‐A–L were used to study the carrier function of these polypeptides. In adoptive cell transfer experiments carried out in C57BL and C3H mice it was found that in contrast to the respective high responder strain, low responder mice appear to be incapable of recognizing these polypeptides as carriers. This is compatible with the hypothesis that low responders are defective with respect to the specific stimulation of thymus‐dependent lymphocytes by (T,G)‐A–L or (H,G)‐A–L, or to the cooperation of these cells with the precursors of antibody‐producing cells.


Reliance on the methods of shahadah mubasharah (eye witness) and iqrar (admission) as means of proving has to date imposed a limit on the accuracy and efficiency in the process of proving crimes in Islam. Thus there is an urgent need for enhancement in other methods of conviction such as al-qarinah (circumstantial evidence). The objectives of this study are to analyse Islamic legal experts' opinion on al-qarinah as circumstantial evidence in homicide cases, to analyse contemporary al-qarinah according to Islamic Law, and to present guidelines for al-qarinah as proof in homicide crimes according to Islamic Law. The methodology of this study is of the qualitative type which involves documentative research and qualitative data analysis on the collected samples that is based on purposive sampling in order to achieve the research objectives. The findings of this study have provided guideline for the use of al-qarinah in homicide crimes according to Islamic rules. It covers classical and current discussion as well as scientific and multidisciplinary discussion. It is expected that the outcome of this study will be useful in providing value added assistance and guideline to relevant authorities and Islamic legal practitioners.


Infant HIV prophylaxis with broadly neutralizing anti‐HIV antibodies (bNAbs) could provide long‐acting protection against vertical transmission. We sought to estimate the potential clinical impact and cost‐effectiveness of hypothetical bNAb prophylaxis programmes for children known to be HIV exposed at birth in three sub‐Saharan African settings.


OBJECTIVE:
To better characterize continuous intracranial pressure (ICP) waveforms in critically ill neurovascular patients.
 BACKGROUND:
ICP waveform analysis offers the potential for early identification of patient decompensation. To date little has been reported about the ICP pulse waveform for very elevated ICPs except the "textbook" doctrine that mean ICP increase is accompanied by a progressive increase of ICP pulse amplitude paired with a transition from a three-peak configuration of ICP pulses to a one-peak morphology.
METHODS:
In this study, we leveraged prospectively captured high-resolution ICP data from 14 patients who expired from a neurovascular insult with external ventricular drains (EVD) within the 24 hours of EVD placement to study ICP pulse waveform in a period immediately preceding their expiration. We used a well-validated Morphological Clustering and Analysis of Intracranial Pressure (MOCAIP) algorithm to analyze ICP pulse waveform so that sub-peak configurations of ICP pulses could be readily visualized.
 RESULTS:
11 patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage, 2 had intracerebral hemorrhage, 1 had ischemic stroke. GCS upon EVD placement was GCS 3-6, mean opening EVD pressure was 34.5 mmHg (range 9-100 mmHg), and mean CSF output was 60mL (0-207mL). ICPs ranged from 0-140mmHg. We observed that 3 patients had a paradoxically small pulse amplitude that did not increase when their mean ICP was above 20mmHg and that 8 patients preserved three ICP sub-peaks when their mean ICP was above 50mmHg. Two patients could not be studied due to EVDs being in an open position for the clinical duration.
 CONCLUSIONS:
In this series patients with quick neurovascular mortality after EVD placement were found to have paradoxical ICP pulse patterns, contradicting the classic teachings of increased ICP waveforms. These patterns may indicate different etiologies of elevated ICP. These observations need to be studied prospectively to ascertain clinical utility in the management of neurovascular patients. Disclosure: Dr. Sampognaro has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Smith has received personal compensation for activities with Stryker Neurovascular and Covidien as a consultant. Dr. Hu has nothing to disclose.


The aim of the thesis is to design an efficient algorithm for data preparation in large spatial databases for the purpose of data mining. With respect to finding complex spatial patterns, the raw data needs to be in the form converted into a set of cliques. In our case the raw data was a 1% sample from the Sloane Digital Sky Survey database which contains 818 Gigabytes of astronomical information. The following steps are required to extract cliques from the raw data: (1) The three-dimensional spatial coordinate of each galaxy was computed using a combination of information given in the database and Hubble's law. The set of galaxies were represented as a graph where the nodes are the galaxies and edges represent the distance between them. (2) A new heuristic based on the divide and conquer strategy was designed to efficiently extract all the maximal cliques from the graph. The full general problem of extracting a maximal clique from a graph is known to be NP-Hard. The proposed algorithm (GridClique) was compared with a naïve brute force approach to benchmark its efficiency. We demonstrate that GridClique performs 80% more efficiently than the Naïve approach on the SDSS data.


The aim of the present study was to conduct research on presence of changes in skeletal structures' position of the cervical-cranial complex after treatment involving orthognatic surgery. 30 patient fi les were reviewed. Patients were affl icted with initial class I, II and III malocclusions which had been treated with orthognathic surgery. With the help of lateral skull X-rays, measurements were taken of pre- and post-surgical positions of vertebrae, hyoid bone, as well as skull rotation. It was found that patients subjected to combined surgery presented greater range of skull rotation changes in a posterior direction (p = 0.006). Female patients presented tendency to posterior skull rotation, and exhibited distance decrease from atlas to skull base (p = 0.23). In surgical patients, it is important to timely identify these skull rotation changes since they might elicit relapse of performed orthognathic surgery and/or occipital headache.


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Background: It is becoming a routine that people use the advance mobile phone (smartphone) to access instant information globally as well as access social networks to communicate with others rather than only use it for calling and texting at anywhere, including while they drive. However, using smartphone whilst driving would distract drivers� attention on the main driving task, which then might reduce the awareness to the surrounding and impair drivers� ability to control the vehicle. In fact, it is reported that driving distraction of mobile phone usage causing accident by 0,31% in the UK in 2011 (Department for Transport, 2012) and 1.67% of accident in Indonesia (Polda Metro Jaya as cited in Ministry of Information and Communication of Republic of Indonesia, 2012). Objectives: to investigate the prevalence use of smartphones whilst driving for social networking in Indonesia and UK, the characteristics of �social networking� driver, the drivers� perceived risk of social networking whilst driving, how personality trait and risky driving behaviour influence driver on their risk perception, and to investigate drivers� awareness of existing regulation of mobile phone use while driving in Indonesia and UK.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine statistical associations between two dichotomous variables (i.e. female vs. male) towards accessing social network sites whilst driving. Analysis employed data from 62 respondents in UK and 66 respondents in Indonesia that randomly collected using an online questionnaire spread thru emails and social media sites. The Chi Square will be used to test the significant difference between variables. The Odds Ratio will be used to describe the strength association between two dichotomous variables. The Breslow-Day statistic test is used to test the homogeneity of odds ratio and the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel is used to test the conditional independence between variables (Agresti, 2007).
Results: Smartphone use whilst driving for social networking is more prevalent in Indonesia than in UK, with Odds ratio 14.82 (95% CI: 6.185-35.528). Moreover, there were no statistical associations between gender, age, occupation, driving experience and sensation seeking trait towards accessing social networking whilst driving. Which means that any driver would have the same probability to access social network sites behind the wheel. However, this study found that aggressive driving behaviour does affect how driver perceive the risk of social networking whilst driving, which then influence the driver in accessing social network sites whilst driving. Suggestions to minimise the use of smartphones whilst driving were provided.


The present invention discloses a liquid crystal display device and manufacturing method. Pixel device includes data lines gate lines, the gate lines intersecting the liquid crystal display, a thin film transistor gate insulating layer between the data line and the gate line at the intersection of the gate lines and data lines formed, planarizing layer, a common electrode formed on the planarization layer, a pixel electrode formed above the common electrode, and an insulating layer between the common electrode and the pixel electrode. The common electrode is formed to have a groove extending along the region where the data line extends. No groove material of the common electrode to reduce capacitance between the common electrode and the data line.


Significant investments of capital on the international scene occurred after the industrial revolution, as a result of capital accumulation. Strong and complex development of American economy during 19th century is a result of foreign (European) investments of capital. In the second half of the twentieth century, the USA (together with other highly developed countries) was a country in which the largest amount of capital was invested through multinational companies. In this sense, they act as a generator of economic and social projection of the contemporary world. Growth rates of international financial transactions are higher than growth rates of foreign trade, and multinational corporations have become dominant power of the world's economy. Foreign investments are placed in the form of credits and through portfolio and direct investments. The most significant form of foreign investments, from the point of countries in transition which include our country as well, is transfer of capital which is performed in a way and form that enable foreign investor to get the right of ownership, control and managing of invested capital in order to earn profit or some economic interest.


Introduction: The Ministry of Health of Tanzania has been implementing activities to improve infection prevention and control (IPC) practices since 2004. Activities included development of guidelines and standards, procurement of equipment and supplies, training of health workers, and supportive supervision to enhance compliance to standards. Since 2010, a team of experienced National IPC Assessors have been visiting health facilities on the Tanzanian mainland to supervise and assess compliance to standards. This paper aimed to determine level of compliance to IPC standards using data from 2010 to 2017.

Methods: National assessors carried out audits using IPC Standards tools for Hospitals and Health Centres, through observation, simulations, records and documents review, and interviews. Data was entered into an Excel Sheet and analysed to get facility score in percentage as well as average score of all assessed facilities. Secondary data analysis from 2010 to 2017 has been done to determine compliance to the standards.

Results: The baseline IPC standards compliance in all assessed facilities was 23.44% in 2010, improved to 53% in 2014, and dropped to 33.73% in 2017.

Discussion: The increase in average scores between 2010 and 2014 was attributed to improved implementation of action plans coupled with IPC advocacy and follow-ups done by partners and the Ministry. Inadequate training in some of the assessed facilities contributed to the decrease in compliance in 2017.

Conclusion: Compliance to IPC standards in health facilities between 2010 and 2017 is below expected levels, and differ by levels of health care delivery. Continued training and follow-up are recommended.


A method for correcting an energy distribution curve measured by means of the probe technique in a gas plasma is developed by using Fourier transformation. Effects of the finite amplitude of the superposed signal, the scanning speed and the amplifier characteristics are considered in the calculation. The form of the transfer function that combines the measured signal and the true second derivative of the probe characteristics is demonstrated for arbitrary values of the above parameters. The method is also useful for a rapid measurement of the energy distribution function by a rocket-borne probe.


Ge films of thicknesses within the p-boundary layer thickness are precipitated under ultra high vacuum conditions, at 77°K. They are investigated either in the disordered state (before annealing at a higher temperature) or in the ordered state (after annealing). The electric resistance R and the photoelectric work function Φ are measured before and after the influence of known amounts of oxygen. R is plotted as a function of time and coverage n, Φ as a function of n. Small amounts of oxygen cause R to increase without changing Φ, large amounts result in a succeeding decrease of R and cause Φ to increase by 0.1 to 0.2 V. The results are discussed by means of a band model. At small coverages oxygen acts as an electron donator, at higher coverages as an electron acceptor.


Based on the documentation and investigation, the paper analyzes the main current problems of cultivating the social sports specialized persons, discusses the problems in cultivation goals, curriculum establishment and cultivation methods of the globalizing social sports specialized persons, which directly restrict the enhancement of social sports specialized persons. The cultivation models of the social sports specialized persons have to be reformed and new models must be constructed.


This article examines the tension between the medical profession 's control of medi? cal decisionmaking and the decentralization strategy of placing control of costs and de? cisions in consumers9 hands. The author argues that society cannot fight the battle for efficiency in medical care because the professional paradigm limits the ability of con? sumers to influence physicians 'practices. He explains the paradigm as the medical pro? fession fs belief that medical care is not a consumer good but is scientifically determined, and thus medical decisions are entrusted exclusively to physicians. The author analyzes the operation of the professional paradigm in the following areas: accreditation, hospi? tal organization, payment for medical care, malpractice law, and practice guidelines. The author maintains that decentralization is achievable in each of these areas and would be beneficial to society.


In order to reduce the producing cost,corncob can be used in the soy sauce production.This article introduces the process of raw materials,yeast production,discal starter proagation and ventilated starter proagation.The main points of low salt solid fermentation and high salt liquid fermentation are discussed in detail.Soy sauces made by these technologies are all qualified.


This study analyzes the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of municipalities of Piaui and Ceara that extract carnauba dust, comparing it in the years in which the rainfall was similar and evaluates the growth rates of the economic activity and municipal population. For this purpose, the NDVI/MODIS images were used on the Embrapa website, pluviometry data, from National Institute for Space Research, ande economic and demographic variables, from Demographic Census. The images revealed suppression of vegetation in some localities, and this is due to the increase of the urbanization or the productive scale. Thus, it is important to monitor these areas to establish adequate public policies for the conservation of native vegetation, considering the risk of carnauba removal.


A system for the automatic production of controlled index terms is presented using linguistically-motivated techniques. This includes a finite-state part of speech tagger, a derivational morphological processor for analysis and generation, and a unification-based shallow-level parser using transformational rules over syntactic patterns. The contribution of this research is the successful combination of parsing over a seed term list coupled with derivational morphology to achieve greater coverage of multi-word terms for indexing and retrieval. Final results are evaluated for precision and recall, and implications for indexing and retrieval are discussed.


According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of operation of the first electronic device, a wearable second determines the security environment of the first electronic device to operate to obtain the wear status of the electronic device and, based on the wearing state information an operation for may include. In the method of operation of the electronic device in the same or similar ranges of the present invention is not limited to the method described above it is possible that other embodiments.


Major automobile companies worldwide are undertaking vigorous research and development efforts aimed at developing fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs). Proton membrane exchange (PEM)-based FCVs require hydrogen (H{sub 2}) as the fuel-cell (FC) fuel. Because production and distribution infrastructure for H{sub 2} off board FCVs as a transportation fuel does not exist yet, researchers are developing FCVs that can use hydrocarbon fuels, such as methanol (MeOH) and gasoline, for onboard production of H{sub 2} via fuel processors. Direct H{sub 2} FCVs have no vehicular emissions, while FCVs powered by hydrocarbon fuels have near-zero emissions of criteria pollutants and some carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) emissions. However, production of H{sub 2} can generate a large amount of emissions and suffer significant energy losses. A complete evaluation of the energy and emission impacts of FCVs requires an analysis of energy use and emissions during all stages, from energy feedstock wells to vehicle wheels--a so-called ''well-to-wheels'' (WTW) analysis. This paper focuses on FCVs powered by several transportation fuels. Gasoline vehicles (GVs) equipped with internal combustion engines (ICEs) are the baseline technology to which FCVs are compared. Table 1 lists the 13 fuel pathways included in this study. Petroleum-to-gasoline (with 30-ppm sulfur [S] content) is the baseline fuelmore » pathway for GVs.« less


Laser etching of the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting thin films is studied using the second harmonic light of a Nd:YAG laser (530 nm, 40 mW, 2 kHz). With use of a laser beam of high energy density, the etching speed exceeds 10 mm/s, but a region of degradation exists around etching lines and precise control of etching depth is difficult. Under the low-energy and prolonged irradiation condition, there is some enhancement of laser etching by the addition of reactive gases. The result suggests the possibility of very fine etching in a layer-by-layer manner for high Tc superconducting films by the laser assist etching.


Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the problem of finite-time consensus tracking control without unwinding for formation flying spacecraft in the presence of external disturbances.

Design/methodology/approach

Two distributed finite-time controllers are developed using the backstepping sliding mode. The first robust controller can compensate for external disturbances with known bounds, and the second one can compensate for external disturbances with unknown bounds.

Findings

Because the controllers are designed on the basis of rotation matrix, which represents the set of attitudes both globally and uniquely, the system can overcome the drawback of unwinding, which results in extra fuel consumption. Through introducing a novel virtual angular velocity, exchange of control signals between neighboring spacecraft becomes unnecessary, and it is able to reduce the communication burden.

Practical implications

The two robust controllers can deal with unwinding that may result in fuel consumption by traveling a long distance before returning to a desired attitude when the closed-loop system is close to the desired attitude equilibrium.

Originality/value

Two finite-time controllers without unwinding are proposed for formation flying spacecraft by using backstepping sliding mode. Furthermore, exchange of control signals between neighboring spacecraft is unnecessary.


Abstract Extensive studies on lipase catalyzed polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone showed that porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) gave good conversions and molecular weights of the order of 11,000. Various attempts were also made to prepare higher molecular weight polycaprolactone esters and to increase the molecular weights of polycaprolactone esters by further polymerizing it in the presence of other potent bifunctional monomers. Blends of enzymatically prepared polycaprolactone ester with polystyrene and cellulose acetate yielded very good films, which were characterized in terms of tensile strength, elongation, and optical properties.


In 2018, the German economy's current account surplus decreased by 3⁄4 percentage point to 71⁄4% of nominal gross domestic product (GDP). This was due to a sharp decline in the goods trade surplus, whereas developments in the other subaccounts tended to push up the surplus. For instance, the slowdown in global trade growth hampered Germany's export performance, while goods imports rose sharply on the back of favourable domestic economic conditions. Furthermore, the steep rise in the price of internationally traded commodities diminished the goods trade surplus, as in the previous year. In terms of domestic saving and investment decisions, an increase in private investment against the backdrop of the fairly high aggregate capacity utilisation in 2018 was one of the main factors dampening Germany's current account surplus. Meanwhile, national saving as a percentage of GDP continued to increase during the reporting year.


While two-year and community college institutions are called by different names and may not all be structured the same around the world, their core mission remains consistently: to respond to the needs of their local community. This volume examines various two-year and community college institutions worldwide.


… The name "Wang Ruowang" was in fact his pen name, I discovered. His original name was Wang Shouhua. He was born in 1918. Being not very tall, nor very broad across the shoulders, his appearance fits the usual features of a native of Jiangnan (south of the Yangtze River). He had a whitish, sanguine complexion, and sharp and spirited eyes. Speaking like a southerner in a northern tongue, he discoursed eloquently and profusely and all the time kept up a lively beat. When I told him about my purpose for interviewing him, he immediately said that since the current leadership is right in the middle of promoting a policy of "letting a hundred flowers bloom and letting a hundred schools of thought contend, " he had no worries and was quite willing to answer all my questions to the fullest of his ability. …


Discriminate potential of VTIQ between malignant tumor and benign salivary gland tumor by propagation Virtual touch tissue imaging quantification (VTIQ) is an elastography technique that measures the tissue elasticity quantitatively as the propagation velocity (Vs) of shear waves and displays tissue elasticity images. We analyzed the histological relationship of 51 salivary gland tumors whose VTIQ was measured and pathologi-cally diagnosed from 2016 to 2019 at Fukushima Medical University Hospital. There were 11 malignant tumors, 21 benign tumors with pleomorphic adenoma, and 19 other benign tumors, and Vs and tissue elasticity images were compared among the three groups. Vs of 4.8m/s or higher was 45% overall, 91% for malignant tumors, 55% for pleomorphic adenomas, and 0% for other benign tumors. Vs for pleomorphic adenomas had a large range and was difficult to distinguish from that for malignant tumors. The tissue elasticity images of each tumor were classified into four types: 91% of malignant tumors and 10% of pleomorphic adenomas were the homogeneous type or geographic type, and 9% of malignant tumors and 67% of pleomorphic adenomas were the mottled type. Although it was difficult to discriminate by Vs, it may be possible to discriminate between malignant tumors and pleomorphic adenomas by tissue elasticity images.


We study the classical flat full causal bulk viscous Friedmann–Robertson–Walker cosmological model with variable gravitational and cosmological constants through the factorization method. The method allows us to find some new exact parametric solutions. The assumptions made lead us to study two approaches. We find, in the studied cases, that the Universe ends in an accelerating era except in the case of a particular solution where the Universe could be noninflationary for all times. In both approaches the cosmological constant is a decreasing function of time, while the gravitational constant behaves as a growing or decreasing time function depending on the sign of Λ. By taking into account recent observations that indicate that Λ must be positive, we conclude that G increases with time except in the first solution where both "constants" tend asymptotically in the large time limit to a constant value. We also present a new factorization scheme that allows us to generate new solutions to a kind of variable...


Suspensions prepared from cardiolipin, alone or mixed with cholesterol, did not give any precipitation with reacting syphilitic human and rabbit sera. Suspensions prepared from lecithin alone or mixed with cholesterol gave only slight degrees of precipitation with reacting and nonreacting sera.
 In tests with pooled reacting human sera diluted in 0.85-per cent sodium chloride solution, suspensions prepared from mixtures of lecithin and cardiolipin showed marked precipitating activity, maximal when the lecithin:cardiolipin ratios ranged from 10:1 to 25:1 and the concentration of the total lipids was from 0.24 to 0.39 per cent. The addition of cholesterol to the lecithin and cardiolipin in the same range increased the reactivity approximately 2-fold. The optimal cholesterol:lecithin ratio was sharply defined as 0.33:1 and the concentration of the total lipids was from 0.415 to 0.63. Within the range of 10:1 to 25:1 ratios of lecithin:cardiolipin, the reactivity was dependent upon the concentration of total lipids whether cholesterol was present or not. Antigen-suspensions of like concentration and of very similar precipitating activities could be prepared from stock alcoholic solutions of different total lipid concentrations if the final proportions of alcohol and sodium chloride solution were maintained constant. In all of the experiments, certain quantitative relations between serum and antigen were demonstrated.
 In tests with undiluted reacting sera the optimal proportion of lecithin and cardiolipin was more sharply defined. A ratio of 25:1 and a cholesterol:lecithin ratio of 0.33:1 and a total lipid concentration of 1.03 per cent appeared to be optimal. Such a mixture was less subject to the phenomena of serum prozone reactions and inhibition of precipitation than other mixtures that were tested.


This study aim s to examine the sense of community for build rural community. Data were collected from 205 local residents residing in Yeoncheon-gun...


Mythos and Logos always come into contact sharing a common opinion, which tends to be stronger than that which is supposed and admitted. Indeed, everything indicates that the perennial battle of antagony, that is Mythos ? Logos, is to establish and to impose the truth, and he who in the end is invincible is the common sense that remains immune to faith and reason; he who only shows himself to be vulnerable, thus succumbs to passion. In the same way, Mythos and Logos also begin to wilt and to give in, just as is proven by the unrestrained subjectivism of postmodernity and its hegemonic post-truth, in which one's own opinion has become sacred and the art of lying is based on words that 'feel' like the truth, but have no 'real' basis.


For two free base corroles with different architecture of peripheral substitution, the solvatochromic shifts of absorption bands in a series of solvents of different nature are herein determined, and the nature of the solvatochromic effects is analyzed by the Valentine method. It is found that the solvatochromism of the free bases of corroles originates due to universal nonspecific interactions, and the short-wavelength T2 tautomer experiences stronger solvation. It is shown that in polar aprotic solvents (acetone, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide,
and dimethylsulfoxide), specific acid-base interactions occur simultaneously, leading to the formation of the deprotonated form. It is found that both deprotonated and protonated forms of corroles also show nonspecific solvation, leading to solvatochromic shifts, the magnitude of which exceeds that for free base corroles. It is proposed that this feature is due to an excess (negative or positive) electronic charge of the macrocycle.


Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): British Heart Foundation Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre

 The Marathon Study Consortium

 Cardiovascular function depends on the inter-relation between heart and vasculature.  The contribution of aorta and peripheral vessels to the total systolic load of the left ventricle (LV) can be represented respectively by a "pulsatile" and a "resistive" component. We sought to understand their interrelation by exploring how LV remodelling occurred with altered load associated with an external stimulus (training). Methods: 237 untrained healthy male and female subjects volunteering for their first-time marathon were recruited. At baseline and after 6 months of unsupervised training, race completers underwent 1.5T cardiac magnetic resonance, brachial and non-invasive central blood pressure assessment. For analysis, runners were divided into 4 groups according to the variation (positive versus null or negative) in Total Arterial Compliance Index (TACi), representing the pulsatile component of the LV load, and in Systemic Vascular Resistance Index (SVRI), representing the resistive component of the LV load. Results: 138runners (age 21-69 years; F: 51%) completed the race. Data are reported for each variable as Δ mean [95% Confidence Interval]. In the whole cohort, training was associated with a small increase in LV mass index (+3g/m2, [0, 6 g/m2]), indexed LV end-diastolic volume (EDVi) (+3ml/m2, [-2, 5 3ml/m2]), in LV mass/LVEDV ratio (+0.02g/ml, [0.00, 0.04 g/ml]) and in TACi (+0.02ml/m2, [0.02, 0.38 ml/m2]). SVRi mildly fell (-43dyn·s/cm2[-103, 17dyn·s/cm2]). TACi increase was associated with LVEDVi increase and no change in LV mass/EDV (eccentric remodelling). On the other hand, both TACi reduction and SVRi increase were associated with increase in LV mass/EDV and no significant change in LVEDVi (concentric remodelling). A similar increase in LV mass was observed in all groups. See Table. Conclusion: Cardiac remodelling observed after mild, medium term, unsupervised training seems to be related to the modifications of aorta and peripheral vessels. In particular, a reduction in pulsatile load seems associated with eccentric LV remodelling, while an increase in both pulsatile and resistive with concentric LV remodelling. Further research is needed to understand the interaction between TACi and SVRi.
 Table 1 LV EDVi (ml/m2) LV mass index (g/m2) LV mass/EDV TACi increase (n = 75) +4 [0, 9] +3 [0, 7] 0 [-0.03, 0.03] TACi decrease (n = 62) -1 [-6, 4] +3 [0, 8] 0.04 [0.01, 0.07] SVRi increase (n = 63) 0 [-4,4] +3 [0, 7] +0.03 [0, 0.06] SVRi decrease (n = 73) +3 [-3, 7] +3 [-1, 6] +0.01 [-0.02, 0.04]


e17520 Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is the most common gynecological cancer in Kazakhstan (KZ). Standardized incidence rate of CC was 16.7 per 100, 000, while the mortality rate was 5, 9 per 100, 000, in 2020. The National Cervical Screening program in KZ uses cytology (Pap test) from 2008, which is free of charge for women aged 30 to 70 years of age with an interval of 4 years. In 2017 Experts from ImPact Mission and analyzed existing CC screening revealed a number of recommendations aimed at reducing the screening interval and increasing the coverage. The purpose of this study was to analyze results of CC screening in KZ and his impact on CC incidence and mortality. Methods: Coverage, the number of screened women, the level of pre-cancer detection and cervical cancer during screening have been obtained from specific reports (form № 025, № 08) for 2008-2020. Results: The total number of screened women for 2008 were 554 283 women. There is a decrease in screening coverage to 45.9% in 2017 due to a decrease in funding. in this regard, in 2017, a number of changes were made to the existing screening program. In 2020 after the CC screening improvement 786 690 women were examined during the screening program, coverage rate was 66, 2%, . Analysis of screening results showed a marked increase in the detection of precancerous lesion from 0, 136 in 2008 to 0, 87 with an increasing by 37%. The analysis of CC incidence revealed significant changes: after the introduction of screening, an increase in the incidence rate is noted from 15.5 in 2008 to 20.1 per 100, 000 female population in 2015. Since 2015, there has been a significant decrease to 16.7 per 100, 000 women. Conclusions: Despite the positive results of screening, an increse the screening coverage, improvement in the detection of the initial stage of CC, mortality rate from CC and a one-year mortality remain high, which makes it necessary to improve the screening of CC in KZ through the introduction of HPV-screening


The overall objective of the Working Group on Risk Assessment (WGRISK) of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI) is to advance the understanding of Probabilistic Safety Assessmen t (PSA) and to facilitate its utilization for enhancing the safety of nuclear installations. To a ccomplish this mission, WGRISK continuously performs a variety of activities to exchange inform ation on PSA between member countries. This paper presents a brief overview on the actually on- going WGRISK activities and perspectives. In addition to on-going tasks covering more traditi onal PSA challenges (e.g. tasks relating to human reliability analysis (HRA) and digital instrumentat ion and control (I&C)), new challenges for PSA have arisen from the recent nuclear power plant ope rating experiences and the insights from the post- Fukushima stress tests † . In response to these new challenges, WGRISK conducted an international workshop on "PSA of Natural External Hazards Including Earthquakes" in June 2013. This workshop revealed valuable insights on challenges associated with external events such as scope consideration for PSA, the need to consider combinations of exter nal hazards, and multi-unit impacts. Another ongoing WGRISK activity is the second follow-up workshop on "Fire PRA" to be held in April 2014. The Fire PRA workshop will address many of the technical challenges associated with including fire hazards, which typically provide a non-negligible c ontribution to the overall core or fuel damage frequency, in PSA. WGRISK recently initiated a task focused on obtaini ng insights from PSA related to the loss of electrical power sources. This task will collect ex amples of PSA insights related to a loss of electri cal power sources, including those insights identified as a result follow-up activities to the Fukushima Dai-ichi reactor accidents. It is expected that thi s task will also highlight the capabilities of PSA as a tool for providing insights related to the potentia l consequences of the loss of a safety function, su ch as core damage frequencies or frequencies of radioacti ve releases. The use of PSA in this manner may provide a measure of defense-in-depth in case of lo ss of a safety function, which will augment more traditional analysis approaches that emphasize iden tification of failures that can lead to loss of sys tem function.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the microstructural development of SnAgCu solder joints under different loading conditions (isothermal storage, thermal cycling and vibration).Design/methodology/approach – The observed microstructural changes have been studied with respect to grain growth and grain refinement, crack formation and crack growth. The growth kinetics of the intermetallic phases encountered as particles in the bulk as well as a reaction layer on the copper pad, were studied in the temperature range of 125‐175°C.Findings – Dynamic recrystallisation of the tin matrix leads to a change in the diffusion controlled growth mechanism, which causes an increase of the particle growth rate compared to isothermal storage. Thus, these grain boundaries are separated forcibly by crack growth during thermal cycling. This stress causes intergranular cracks while vibration stress induces transgranular cracks.Originality/value – The paper adds insight into microstructural changes of lead‐fr...


Objective To analyze the differences of sports constitution of adolescents with different body stature and body mass index (BMI), and to provide basis for making appropriate intervention measure. Methods The adolescents aged 7-18 were divided into nine groups according to their body stature and BMI: high stature and high BMI group, high stature and middle BMI group, high stature and low BMI group, middle stature and high BMI group, middle stature and middle BMI group, middle stature and low BMI group, low stature and high BMI group, low stature and middle BMI group, and low stature and low BMI group. The differences of motor constitution among nine groups were analyzed. Results In nine groups, the best motor constitution of adolescents was found in middle stature and middle BMI group, and in high BMI groups of all stature level, the motor constitution were lower. Conclusion Significant differences of motor constitution exist among the adolescents with different body stature and BMI. We should take appropriate intervention measures.


The companion article, Generalised Cross-Correlation Functions, Part I, introduced a generalization of cross-correlation in which the constant shift used in traditional cross-correlation is replaced by a function of time or space. This allows correlation to be applied globally to the whole domain of interest avoiding the need to compromise spatial resolution with statistical reliability. The development in Part I was entirely in terms of continuous variables. This article examines the issues that arise when Generalized Cross-Correlation is applied to discrete variable situations. Topics discussed include sampling rate requirements, noise rejection, and efficient approximate algorithms, with special attention being paid to the condition number for the system.


The.use.of.inferential.sensors.is.a.common.task.for.online.fault.detection.in.various.control.applications.. A.problem.arises.when.sensors.fail.when.the.system.is.designed.to.make.a.decision.based.on.the.data. from.those.sensors..Various.techniques.to.handle.missing.data.are.discussed.in.this.chapter..First,.a.novel. algorithm that classifies and regresses in the presence of missing data online is presented. The algorithm was tested for using both classification and regression problems and was compared to an off-line trained method.that.used.auto-associative.networks.as.well.as.a.Hybrid.Genetic.Algorithm.(HGA).method.and. a.Fast.Simulated.Annealing.(FSA).technique..The.results.showed.that.the.presented.methods.performed. well.for.online.missing.data.estimation..Second,.an.online.estimation.algorithm.that.uses.an.ensemble. of.multi-layer.perceptron.regressors,.HGA.and.FSA.and.genetic.programming.is.presented.for.missing. data.estimation.and.compared.with.a.similar.procedure.that.was.trained.off-line..


Previous papers (1, 2), which reported on the effect of several concentrations of tritium oxide on growth, division, average cell diameter, and viability of Chlorella, showed that there is a time-lag in the appearance of growth or cell division inhibition when cells are grown in the presence of tritium oxide. Then the inhibition increases, in terms of percent of surviving cells that cease to grow and divide, with each unit of time. Further, the effect continues in subculture in nonradioactive nutrient solution, and the length of time and magnitude of inhibition are a function of the dose of radiation the cells receive. The major effect of the irradiation is, of course, death of the cell. The fact that there is a time-lag in the appearance of growth inhibition or other effects of ionizing radiations suggested that if one could determine the quantity of various cellular compounds or fractions synthesized by irradiated and control cells it might be possible to show that irradiation affects one biosynthetic system more than another, or that the main effect of ionizing radiations is a general slowing of all reactions. Should one reaction system be affected more than others, then possibly one or more enzymes involved in that system would be damaged, or the ability to synthesize one or more enzymes of the system would be impaired or lost. Should all systems be damaged to the same extent then, possibly, damage would be to a process controlling the rate of increase of Chlorella. Such a process might be one or more of the reactions involved in cell respiration or division. Damage might also occur through random hits of ionizing particles within molecules of the cell. If so, a certain number of hits, the number dependent upon the molecules hit, would cause death of the cells; there would be no uniform change in the metabolism of the cells that were hit previous to the death of the cell. We therefore grew tritium-irradiated and unirradiated Chlorella for 24-30 hours in the presence of C14 bicarbonate and then fractionated the cells. C14 was used to increase the sensitivity of analysis since the quantity of cells available was below


Let G=(V,E) be a simple connected graph with vertex and edge sets V(G) and E(G), respectively. In chemical graph theory, the vertices of G correspond to the atoms and the edges of G correspond to the chemical bonds. In this paper, we focus on the structure of a type of Benzenoid Systems "jagged-rectangle Bm,n" (m,nℕ{1}) and compute two types of Randic and Sum-Connectivity indices of it. Indexing terms/Keywords Molecular graph; Benzenoid Systems, jagged-rectangle, Randic Connectivity Index; Sum-Connectivity Index.


Software defined networking (SDN) network hypervisors provide the functionalities needed for virtualizing software-defined networks. Hypervisors sit logically between the multiple virtual SDN networks (vSDNs), which reside on the underlying physical SDN network infrastructure, and the corresponding tenant (vSDN) controllers. Different SDN network hypervisor architectures have mainly been explored through proof-of-concept implementations. We fundamentally advance SDN network hypervisor research by conducting a model-based analysis of SDN hypervisor architectures. Specifically, we introduce mixed integer programming formulations for four different SDN network hypervisor architectures. Our model formulations can also optimize the placement of multi-controller switches in virtualized OpenFlow-enabled SDN networks. We employ our models to quantitatively examine the optimal placement of the hypervisor instances. We compare the control plane latencies of the different SDN hypervisor architectures and quantify the cost of virtualization, i.e., the latency overhead due to virtualizing SDN networks via hypervisors. For generalization, we quantify how the hypervisor architectures behave for different network topologies. Our model formulations and the insights drawn from our evaluations inform network operators about the trade-offs of the different hypervisor architectures and help choosing an architecture according to operator demands.