Background: Pre-term birth and low birth weight are the leading perinatal problems worldwide and have evident public health. There is convincing evidence to suggest that infections affecting the mother during pregnancy could result in pre-term birth and low birth weight. The aim of this study was to determine the association between periodontal inflammation and the incidence of preterm birth and low birth weight. Materials and methods: Seven hundred and seventy patients were enrolled. Periodontal data, pregnancy outcome variables and information on other factors that may influence adverse pregnancy outcomes were collected. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results: The age of mother (p value= 0.148), literacy (p value = 0.375), Hb% (p value =0.952), obstetric history (p value = 1.000) habits (p value = 0.347) showed no significance with low birth weight (LBW). Gestational age revealed statistical significance with low birth weight (p= 0.00) and gestational age and periodontal status of mother (p=0.033) showed significance. Conclusion: The oral health parameters were no different in women who experienced preterm birth compared to full term. But the risk of LBW was associated with gestational age. The risk of low birth weight reduced with healthy periodontal status compared to severity of periodontal disease.


To solve the problem that the neural network structure used in the current text sentiment analysis task cannot extract the important features of the text, a model of feature fusion of Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM) is proposed. The CNN is used to extract the local features of the text vector, and the BiLSTM is used to extract the global features related to the text context. The problem that the single CNN model ignores the semantic and grammatical information of words in the context is solved, and the problem of gradient disappearance or gradient diffusion in traditional Recurrent Neural Network(RNN) is effectively avoided. After preprocessing the corpus, the text is expressed as a two-dimensional word vector matrix, and then the local information features are extracted by using the CNN. Then, it is used as the input of BiLSTM to learn the sequence relationship between words and sentences. Then attention mechanism is introduced to highlight important information. The influence on text emotion. Experimental results show that the proposed feature fusion model effectively improves the accuracy of text classification.


Abstract We analyse occupation number fluctuations of an ideal Bose gas in a trap which is isolated from the environment with respect to particle exchange (canonical ensemble). We show that in contrast to the predictions of the grandcanonical ensemble, the counting statistics of particles in the trap ground state changes from monotonously decreasing above the condensation temperature to single-peaked below that temperature. For the exactly solvable case of a harmonic oscillator trapping potential in one spatial dimension we extract a Landau–Ginzburg functional which–despite the non-interacting nature of the system–displays the characteristic behaviour of a weakly interacting Bose gas. We also compare our findings with the usual treatment which is based on the grand-canonical ensemble. We show that for an ideal Bose gas neither the grand-canonical and canonical ensemble thermodynamically equivalent, nor the grand-canonical ensemble can be viewed as a small system in diffusive contact with a particle reservoir.


The reaction of methylhydrazine with dimethylchlorophosphine in the presence of triethylamine affords the new triphosphine (Me2P)2N–N(Me)(PMe2)1 in near quantitative yields, which represents a bridge between phosphinoamine [>P–N(R)–P P–N(R)–N(R)–P<]backbones; reaction of 1 with cis-[W(CO)4(NHC5H10)2] proceeds via two coordination modes to give M–P–N–P and M–P–N–N–P metallacyclic frameworks; the structure of the phosphinoamine coordinated part of 1 has been demonstrated by X-ray crystallographic investigation of 2.


In the present study the plant based coagulants namely, the seeds of Strychnos potatorum, pads of Cactus opuntia and mucilage extracted from the fruits of Coccinia indica in powder forms were applied to a water treatment sequence comprising coagulation-flocculation-sedimentationsand filtration. The study was conducted on synthetic turbid water created by kaolin. Emphasis was given to the filtration aspect of the treatment using synthetic turbid water. The performance of filter was defined by the quality of water and the head loss development across the filter bed. The optimum dose obtained from Batch coagulation-sedimentation test conducted for S. potatorum, Cactus and Coccinia indica were 1.5 mg/l, 30 mg/l, 0.5 mg/l were applied for filtration test and turbid waters with the supernatant turbidities obtained from batch coagulationsedimentation test (14 NTU in the case of S. potatorum, 17 NTU in the case of Cactus and 13 NTU in the case of Coccinia indica) were fed as an influent to the filter. The filtrate turbidities obtained after filtration were 0 NTU, 1NTU and 0 NTU which are lesser than 5 NTU (the guideline value recommended by WHO).Thus the use of natural coagulants improved the filtrate quality.


Background: With the demand for good budget management, the role of the Cilegon City KPU (General Election Commission) budget manager requires competence in managing it, and requires an understanding of the duties, functions, and position of each budget manager official called as payment instrument official.
Aim: This research aims to examine the implementation of budget management principles at the Cilegon City KPU, the constraints and the efforts to overcome the constraints.
Methods: This research employed a descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected through interviews, observations and document reviews.
Findings: The information on budget management was still limited and in the form of a written report. The budget implementation was not efficient because the realization of some activities was not in accordance with their objectives and did not state any priority to be accomplished. The budget setting procedures were still top-down and determined directly by the National Election Commission. Some changes in the budget and activities were not revised in the final report on election activities and the budget did not fully accommodate the needs of all polling stations (TPS). Some procurement of goods and services and other facilities did not have clear evidence of transactions and some of them were unrealistic and did not correspond to the market price. Not all stakeholders (Local Representatives, DPPKD, PPK, PPS and community leaders) were involved in the preparation, implementation and discussion on the electoral budget accountability report.


Automated detection of cervical cancer cells or cell clumps has the potential to significantly reduce error and increase productivity in cervical cancer screening. However, most traditional methods rely on the success of accurate cell segmentation and discriminative hand-crafted features extraction. Recently there are emerging deep learning-based methods which train convolutional neural networks (CNN) to classify image patches, but they are computationally expensive. In this paper we propose to exploit contemporary object detection methods for cervical cancer detection. To deal with the limited size of training samples, we develop the comparison classifier into the state-of-the-art two-stage object detection method based on the comparison with the reference images of each category. In addition, we propose to learn the reference images of the background from the data instead of manually choosing them by some heuristic rules. This architecture, called the Comparison detector, shows significant improvement for small size dataset, achieving a mean Average Precision (mAP) 26.3% and an Average Recall (AR) 35.7%, both improving about 20 points compared to baseline model. Moreover, Comparison detector achieves same mAP performance as the current state-of-the-art model when training on the medium size dataset, and improves AR by 4 points. Our method is promising for the development of automation-assisted cervical cancer screening systems.


A variable capacitor (300), comprising means (200, 400) coupled to the RF electrode having a (202, 402) bonding pads (30) of. Each cell includes a capacitor by means of which a plurality of MEMS devices (100) movable to change the electrode. The MEMS device placed in a sealed chamber unit and adjacent to each other along the length of the RF electrode means. RF electrode can be adjusted to obtain an RF unit of each line (402) and the further ground electrode (404) and changing the RF MEMS capacitor cells without affecting the mechanical properties of the unit. Each control unit has the same regardless of the RF capacitance capacitor. This allows each unit may be the same, the RF isolation resistance required for operation, and thus each cell has the same parasitic capacitance. This allows the CMOS control circuitry can be optimized and the dynamic performance of the unit can be matched.


This study aimed to determine whether incidence density (ID) calculations of caries incidence rates would provide a more sensitive means of detecting caries–preventive effects than would traditional techniques. A secondary analysis was conducted using data from a 1981 study in which three dentifrices were compared in a double–blind randomized clinical trial. Subjects were examined at baseline and 1, 2 and 3 years after baseline. Three–year DMFS increments were calculated for 1,754 subjects attending the baseline and 3–year examinations. Caries ID rates then were calculated for 2,661 subjects who had at least two examinations, using each surface's net increment (–1, 0 or +1) as the numerator and the surface's time at risk as the denominator. Despite theoretical advantages, the ID method did not alter the conclusions drawn using DMFS increments, apparently because (a) subjects lost to follow–up were similar to those completing the study, and (b) loss to follow–up was similar among treatment groups.


We define demagogues as anti-establishment politicians who provide simplistic explanations and solutions for the people's problems. We identify two key forms of these simplistic solutions: those that ignore resource constraints and those that blame particular ethnic or cultural groups for resource shortfalls.

There are two main results:

(1) demagogues arise on the national stage in the form of presidential contenders in the aftermath of an economic crisis, or during the slow recovery that follows.

(2) Established parties often adjust their positions toward demagogues to fend them off (e.g., FDR in the mid 1930s); and when they refuse (e.g., John Quincy Adams), demagogues win and implement far worse policies that destroy physical and social capital.

We highlight how concerns for demagogues dominated the thinking of Americans in the Revolutionary Era and the Early Republic, and were a main factor behind the Constitutional Movement.


Techniques for dynamically loading route and dependency information in a single-page application (SPA) that executes on a client device are provided. In one technique, a SPA includes a route handler that receives a requested route. The route handler determines whether the requested route matches any route in a list of routes. The only route that the request route may "match" is a wildcard route, which is associated with a function, when called with the requested route as input, causes a server request to be generated and transmitted from the client device to a server. The server responds with the requested route, dependency information for the requested route, and, optionally, one or more other routes, which may be "child" routes of the requested route. A module instance is generated based on the dependency information and loaded into the SPA.


Two years ago, at the graduating exercises of this college, our worthy President, Dr. Byford, made an address in which he entered a strong and convincing plea for the fitness and capacity of women as practitioners of medicine. He also pointed out how the changing conditions of our social fabric are constantly increasing the number of women who may and ought, for their own sakes to enter the medical profession. These considerations were made from what we may call the subjective standpoint—having reference largely to the interests and qualifications of individuals as candidates, or as possible candidates, for the honors and responsibilities of medical practitioners. But there is an objective side to the question of the medical education of women—having reference to the objects and aims of medical science and its place and power as one of the factors of civilized society. Accepting it, then, as proved by argument and


In this article a method is presented that Excel VBA and HONG are used to program so as to make use of teaching archive cards to make teaching assignment texts. IT can greatly improve the efficiency of teaching administration and lay the application of Excel in the teaching administration at anchor as well.


A fundamental challenge in the study of jovian atmospheres is the structure of the deep atmosphere, where the dynamics strongly influence the upper-troposphere. The clouds aloft obscure the deeper layers, making them difficult to observe without an atmospheric probe like Galileo. Nevertheless, the effect of the deep atmosphere is evident in the changes to the upper level clouds, either in short timescales, through the formation of convective plumes, or over long timescales in the case of planetary scale disturbances, which cause darkening/brightening of entire cloud bands (Fig 1). In the Pioneer and Voyager era, plumes of volatiles were observed to erupt from the deep atmosphere regularly, prompting the question of the strength of the internal heat flux within Jupiter's atmosphere, and the role of moist convection in Gas Giant atmospheres.


The present paper applies MVBV condition to generalize certain classical results for asymptotic relation for a certain trigonometric series, and for an important trigonometric inequality. The new results contain all previous corresponding results. By citing a theorem in [7], we also show that MVBV condition is the ultimate generalization for the trigonometric inequality. Mathematics subject classification (2000): 42A20 42A32. Keywordsandphrases: monotonicity,meanvalue, boundedvariation, asymptotic relation, trigonometric inequality.


global tran-scriptomic profiling of normal human HSC/hematopoietic progenitor CD34 1 38 2 , as compared with proliferating CD34 1 Hoechst 1 Pyronin Y 1 and CD34 1 38 1 stem/progenitor cells. This suggested that chemokines might play an important role in the homeostasis of HSCs. In human CD34 1 hematopoietic cells, knockdown of CXCL4 or pharmacologic inhibition of the chemokine receptor CXCR2, significantly decreased cell viabilityandcolonyformingcell(CFC)potential.Studieson Cxcr2 2 / 2 micedemonstrated enhanced BM and spleen cellularity, with significantly increased numbers of HSCs, hematopoietic progenitor cell-1 (HPC-1), HPC-2, and Lin 2 Sca-1 1 c-Kit 1 subpopulations. Cxcr2 2 / 2 stem/progenitor cells showed reduced self-renewal capacity as measured in serial transplantation assays. Parallel studies on Cxcl4 demonstrated reduced numbers ofCFCinprimaryand secondaryassaysfollowingknockdown inmurinec-Kit 1 cells,and Cxcl4 2 / 2 miceshowedadecreaseinHSCandreducedself-renewalcapacityaftersecondarytransplantation.Thesedatademonstrate that the CXCR2 network and CXCL4 play a role in the maintenance of normal HSC/HPC cell fates, including survival and self-renewal.


We study the $G_2$ reflection equation for the three particles in $1+1$ dimension that undergo a special scattering/reflections described by the Pappus theorem. It is a sixth order equation and serves as a natural $G_2$ analogue of the Yang-Baxter and the reflection equations corresponding to the cubic and the quartic Coxeter relations of type $A$ and $BC$, respectively. We construct matrix product solutions to the $G_2$ reflection equation by exploiting a connection to the representation theory of the quantized coordinate ring $A_q(G_2)$.


A description of the hitherto unknown larva of Drusus chrysotus (Rambur, 1842) is presented. The most important diagnostic features are illustrated and some taxonomic, zoogeographical and ecological notes of this Central European species are given.


: - The Micro, Small & Medium enterprises (MSMEs) is one of the most vital sectors of any economy in general and India in particular in ensuring equitable, inclusive & employment friendly economic growth. This sector also plays very important role in socio–economic development of Indian economy on account of their inherent advantages like low capital requirement, high employment generation, decentralisation of industrial activity, utilization of locally available resources and widening of entrepreneurial base. MSMEs has performed exceedingly well and enabled the country to achieve a wide measure of industrial growth and diversification over five decades. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the performance of the MSME sector and will touch upon, in brief, some of the various measures in recent times undertaken by Government of India and SIDBI to advance this vibrant and booming sector. The paper also discusses the present status of MSME sector and its performance. The study highlights the major challenges faced by MSMEs sector in Indian economy along with its policy implication. Different methodologies have been used to satisfy the various objectives of the study. Secondary data has been analyzed to study the MSMEs sector and its performance in India. A number of literatures have reviewed to understand the major advantages and the challenges of MSMEs sector in Indian economy so far. as whole is the of for India The study reveals that there is an pattern in the number of units, employment, market value of assets. there exist high degree of relationship between the total factory unit and employment. study analysis that MSMEs has exhibited a good performance in recent years. However at the same time its challenges are also not ignored. The role of MSMEs sector is growing rapidly and they have become a thrust for future growth for rural and urban development and its economic upliftments have a lot of policy implication.


Two novel copolymer PTBDTffDC8TBT and PTBDTffDC8TBT-FB based on alkylthienyl benzodithiophene (TBDT) and fluorinated benzothiadiazole (ffDTBT) blocks were synthesized, and the effects of n-octyl side chains (C8) on thiophene bridge and pentafluorobenzene (FB) end group on properties of the copolymers has been investigated. With the similar properties of good thermal stability, wide spectral absorption (band gap of 1.68 eV), the molecular energy levels, and the arrangement of the polymer chains, the best pristine power conversion efficiency of PTBDTffDC8TBT-FB:PC61BM (1:1) was higher than that of PTBDTffDC8TBT, 3.6% versus 2.1%. A more optimal microphase separation morphology of PTBDTffDC8TBT-FB:PC61BM was one of the driving force to enhance the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor (FF), consequently resulting in the improved performance. Comparison of the five analogous polymers was implemented from both experiment measurement and density functional theory simulation in detail. It was demon...


The invention provides a method for extracting mustard oil and mustard essential oil from mustard seeds. The method provided by the invention comprises the following steps of: coldly pressing mustard seeds at 40-45 DEG C to produce a mustard seed dreg cake and mustard oil; adding water which is 4-10 times as much as the weight of the mustard seed dreg cake into the mustard seed dreg cake; agitating the mixture of the mustard seed dreg cake and the water and heating the mixture to about 40-70 DEG C; distilling the mixture of the mustard seed dreg cake and the water by utilizing steam to produce an oil-water mixture and residues; separating mustard essential oil and water in the distilled oil-water mixture; drying the residues by a belt-type filter press and a heat pump and then pressing or extracting by an organic solvent to produce the mustard oil and final residues, wherein the final residues can be used as raw materials of animal feed. According to the method provided by the invention, the mustard essential oil can be extracted from the mustard seeds in a large batch; as the technical flow is improved, the output and the output efficiency of the mustard oil and the mustard essential oil are improved in a large scale and the mustard seeds are completely utilized.


We examine a novel mathematical approach which posits that the decay of similarity in community composition with increasing distance (aka distance decay) can be modeled as the sum of individual species joint-probability vs distance relationships. Our model, supported by analyses of these curves from three datasets (North American breeding birds, North American taiga plants, and tropical forest trees), suggest that when sampling grain is large enough to avoid absences due to stochastic sampling effects, and/or sampling extent is large enough to generate species turnover through the deterministic crossing of environmental and/or geographical range limits, species joint-probability over increasing distance will generally exhibit exponential decay. However, at small scales where occurrence is driven more by stochastic sampling effects, species joint-probability curves exhibit a power-law decay form. Lacking a theoretical prediction of how individual species joint-probability relationships combine to generate community distance decay, we also performed a meta-analysis of 26 ecological and 4 human-system datasets, using non-linear regression to mean and quantile non-linear regression at tau = 0.95 for linear, exponential, and power-law decay forms. These analyses demonstrate that the functional form of community distance decay – as shown by comparison of AIC ranks – is largely determined by observational scale, with power law decay prevailing within domains where the species pool remains constant, while exponential decay prevails at larger scales over which the species pool varies, paralleling the patterns predicted in our mathematical approach.


The bridges built in these areas generally have the features with high pier and long span,the wind load on the main beams and piers will be great.Therefore,the wind load and its inner forces gradually become a major factor in controlling such bridge design,and is important to determine the design wind speed and the wind load.This paper analyzes and compares the differences of the transverse wind load calculation about long span continuous rigid frame bridges with tall piers in the General Code for Design of Highway Bridges and Culverts and the Wind-Resistent Design Specification for Highway Bridges and are compared by a numeric example.It provides a theoretical basis for the calculation and analysis of the wind stability design of the bridges in the mountainous area.On this basis,considering the existing studies,we analyz and determinie the design wind speed of the bridge by a numerical example.In the end,this paper proposes a method for calculating the design wind speed of the bridge according to the existing studies according to Culverts and the Wind-Resistent Design Specification for Highway Bridges.


Electron beam gun for producing a particular intended for welding the electron beam, with an indirectly heated cathode (1) facing the electron beam gun can be centered with respect to the main axis (15), coaxial with the central axis of the cathode (1) a cathode (1) enclosing coil inductor (2 ;, 18) which heats the cathode (1) inductive, and an electrical waveguide (17) with low electrical resistance, which a cooling medium flows through, forming the turns of the coil inductor (2).


Dr. DAN MCKENZIE said he doubted the diagnosis altogether. When he examined the patient the cedema was most marked over the right cheek, whereas the pus was found in the left antrum. One had heard of similar cases, in which there was no focus of trouble found in the antrum. Was it not possible that the chronic lymphatic cedema in the face and the suppuration in the antrum might be due to one common cause? He would require more proof before accepting the view that the face oedema was secondary to antrum suppuration.


Image segmentation is a key process from image processing to image analysis, which is also a basic technique in Computer Vision. In this paper the authors first introduce the theory of the active contour. The active contour is something different from the common segmentation method. During the processing, the active contour finds the optimal value for every pixel in a small domain but also considers the relationship between different pixels as well. And as a result, the active contour can give out a smooth and continuous contour of the aim object. The basic idea of the active contour is to make the contour move to the destination with the internal and external energy. When the contour moves to the target point the total energy of the contour becomes minimum. Traditionally the external force of the active contour is given by the gradient potential energy, which has some insurmountable shortcomings, thus it cannot direct the contour to move to the destination correctly. Due to the character of the edge, the diffuse method is applied to the gradient of the edge i.e. the gradient vector flow (GVF). The GVF field maintains the merit of the gradient in the range nearby the edge but also diffuses the energy field to the slowly changed range as well, where the traditional gradient energy is very little. The GVF not only expands the effective range of the energy field but also enhances the ability to deal with the concave surface as well. The experimental results show the effectivity of the method.


Three-dimensional echocardiography is a recent and advanced technique analyzing the structures of the heart starting from bidimensional images obtained in three different planes (sagittal, frontal and transversal). Images are then processed by special software to reproduce the real three-dimensional structures of the heart. This technique, by its two methods (transthoracic and transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiography) allows an accurate view of the cardiac structures (valvular aspect, size and shape of interatrial defect, intracardiac masses and prosthetic valves) and helps to identify the most favorable type and timing of surgical treatment. Furthermore, transvalvular jets can be assessed more accurately not only by their velocity measurement by standard 2D echocardiography. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricle really brings more data about its contractility, mechanical activity and systolic function.


In this paper, we design and implement an information browsing system by using a Java-based cellular phone in the remote display environment that we have proposed. In this system, an application on a remote display displays various information for users, and a Java application on a cellular phone displays operational pages for users to operate the application on the remote display. Users can browse information on the remote display by operating the corresponding operational pages on the cellular phone. Both applications run according to their schedules that specify the behaviors and their execution times. In addition, the Java application personalizes operational pages based on the user's personal information. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(10): 1–12, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20562


The utility model discloses a filtering slow cooker, which comprises a cooker body, a cooker cover, handles and a supply hub, wherein the upper opening of the cooker body is in a hollow structure; the opening of the cooker is movably connected with the cooker cover; the side wall of the cooker body is symmetrically and fixedly connected with handles; the side surface of the cooker body is provided with a vertical elongated opening; the opening is provided with an elastic cushion body; two sides of the cushion body are spliced in slots on two sides of the opening; the middle of the cushion body is connected with a control rod by a sealing cushion; one end of the control rod extends into the cooker body and is connected with an annular support frame; the other end of the control rod is positioned in the cooker body; and the surface of the annular support frame is provided with a filter screen. The filtering slow cooker can conveniently filter moisture in food in the filtering cooker, can conveniently control the condensed degree of soup or porridge, is easy to operate and has wide applicable range.


This paper is a timely one since recent years have shown an increasing interest in pediatric urology. The authors emphasize practical approaches to the diagnostic problems in the presence of hematuria as well as the differential diagnosis.


Objective To obtain high liter pseudotyped retroviruses containing GFP gene coatedwith vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein, which could be effectively concentrated by ultracen trifugation. Methods PT67 packaging cells were transfected with the plasmid pGFP-RV followed by selection with G418. The viral-containing super-natants of PT67 cells and the plasmid containing VSV-G gene were co-transfected into GP2-293 packaging cells that were transiently selected by G418. To determine virus liter, NIH 3T3 cells were infected with the pseudotyped retro-viruses, and colonies were scored after selection. By ultracentrifugation, the pseudotyped retroviruses were further concentrated to increase the efficiency of gene transfer. Results Expression of GFP in PT67 cells transfected with pGFP-RV alone declined during long term culture. GP2-293 cells could produce high liter pseudotyped retroviruses containing GFP gene coated with vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein [ (7.5±1.4)×105cfu/mL) ]. The pseudotyped relroviruses concentrated by ultracentrifugation mediated stable and efficient gene transfer. Conclusion Generation of recombinant retroviruses containing GFP gene pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein may have important value in tissue engineering as a molecular reporter with high efficiency.


The electrical resistivity of NbSe 3 doped with Zr was measured. While pure NbSe 3 remained normal above 1.2 K, a two-stage decrease of the resistivity was observed in doped crystals below 3 K attributable to the onset of superconductivity. We conclude that CDW suppresses superconductivity in the pure limit by some unknown mechanism.


Aim: The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the outcome of scarfe osteotomy for hallux valgus. Method: 26 patients were reviewed but only the results of 24 patients (33 osteotomies) were available for analysis. The assessment involved the American Academy Foot and Ankle Society Score, pedobarographic & radiographic examination. There were 3 male and 21 female patients with a mean age of 46 years. The mean follow up was 17 months. Statistical analysis was carried out. Results: The AAFAS score improved from a mean preoperative value of 52 to 89 postoperatively. The mean improvement was 34 (range 12–46). The inter-metatarsal and hallux valgus angles improved from a mean preoperative value of 15 and 31 degrees respectively to a mean postoperative value of 8 and 14 degrees. 22 patients (91.6%) were satisþed with the outcome of surgery. The pedobarographic results will be illustrated. In one patient a fracture occurred intra-operatively and two patients had wound infection which settled with antibiotics. Conclusion: The early results of the scarfe osteotomy for hallux valgus in our hands are encouraging.


Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks have been shown to be a promising approach to provide large-scale Video on Demand (VoD) services over Internet for its potential high scalability. However, for a normal peer, how to efficiently schedule media data to multiple asynchronous peers for VoD services in such networks remains a major challenge. Hereby we propose a hybrid scheduling scheme for data dissemination in P2P VoD system in this paper, called OCTOPUS, which is combined with adaptive scheduling scheme at normal time and special scheduling strategy emergently. Usually each peer is given a value, meaning scheduling bandwidth to represent service capacity, which is an integrated evaluation for peer's bandwidth and services ability, also including statistical characteristics about historical data transferring. According to the value, one peer can adjust the expectation of each neighbor's abilities and send scheduling request of media data to all partners. In case of failure scheduling, emergent scheduling scheme will be called and limited data requests will be sent to media servers. OCTOPUS scheme helps to make sufficient utilization of end-peers' resource, alleviate the load of source server and improve their scalability. Experimental result from a P2P VoD system, GridCast, based on OCTOPUS schemes, shows that OCTOPUS achieves obvious effect.


Consideration for optimization of technical aspects in automobile is very important and necessary as there are large numbers of vehicles running on road today, so that part or product will be durable, safe and affordable to the users. The brakes are very important aspects of a vehicle as it fulfils all the stopping functions and requirements. As brakes have to undergo through continuous use, many issues surround their heating characteristics when it comes to their development, including contact region properties, material choice, development of hot spots, associated physical geometry, and deformations. The main purpose of this study is to analysis the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the brake disc during the braking phase. The coupled thermal-structural analysis is used to determine the deformation and the Von Mises stress established in the disc to enhance performance of the rotor disc. A comparison between analytical and results obtained from FEA is done and all the values obtained from the analysis are less than their allowable values. Hence best suitable design, will be suggested based on the performance, strength and rigidity criteria.


The irony of the education system is that the concept of management taught as a part of the curriculum of professional education is not yet able to find its existence for its implementation there. The need for this paper arises from the problem of employability of professional students, who are not competent enough to meet the requirement of the employer. The education system has its grassroots in India from the beginning of our civilization, but with the change of time the system was not able to evolve itself to be in synchronization with the requirements of the present. Gurukul Parampara is very much based on the Guru (mentor)and Shishya (disciple) relationship where the Shishya has to stay with his Guru at a place known as Gurukul/Ashram to learn the basic values and beliefs to broaden his competency domain so that he can improve his day to day decision making power and successfully fulfil/achieve his self actualization need. Evolution from Gurukul to professional education involved a long time span which has lead to a drastic change in values, beliefs and attitudes of the students and teachers. This creates a need to re-think whether the education system we believe to be very proficient is actually so. And if not, what are the necessary measures we can take to meet the present requirements and increase the employability of professional students. The objective here is to develop a proper channel of need identification, module design and lesson planning for the teachers.


The aim of this study was to investigate whether incretins, at physiological levels, affect hepatic and/or extrahepatic insulin clearance. Hepatic and extrahepatic insulin clearance was studied in 31 double incretin receptor knockout (DIRKO) and 45 wild-type (WT) mice, which underwent an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). A novel methodology based on mathematical modeling was designed to provide two sets of values (FEL-P1, CLP-P1; FEL-P2, CLP-P2) accounting for hepatic and extrahepatic clearance in the IVGTT first and second phases, respectively, plus the respective total clearances, CLT-P1 and CLT-P2. A statistically significant difference between DIRKO and WT was found in CLT-P1 (0.61 [0.48–0.82] vs. 0.51 [0.46–0.65] (median [interquartile range]); p = 0.02), which was reflected in the peripheral component, CLP-P1 (0.18 [0.13–0.27] vs. 0.15 [0.11–0.22]; p = 0.04), but not in the hepatic component, FEL-P1 (29.7 [26.7–34.9] vs. 28.9 [25.7–32.0]; p = 0.18). No difference was detected between DIRKO and WT in CLT-P2 (1.38 [1.13–1.75] vs. 1.69 [1.48–1.87]; p = 0.10), neither in CLP-P2 (0.72 [0.64–0.81] vs. 0.79 [0.69–0.87]; p = 0.27) nor in FEL-P2 (37.8 [35.1–43.1] vs. 39.8 [35.8–44.2]; p = 0.46). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the higher insulin clearance observed in DIRKO compared with WT during the IVGTT first phase may be due to its extrahepatic component.


The QR decomposition based recursive least-squares (RLS) adaptive filtering algorithm (QRD-RLS) has a processing speed limitation. Fine-grain pipelining of the recursive loops within the cells using look-ahead techniques requires large hardware increase. A new scaled tangent rotation (STAR) is used instead of the usual Givens rotations. The scaled tangent rotation (STAR) RLS algorithm (STAR-RLS) is designed such that fine-grain pipelining can be accomplished very easily. The scaled tangent rotation are not exactly orthogonal transformations but tend to become orthogonal asymptotically. Simulation results show that the algorithm performance is similar to that of the QRD-RLS algorithm. The STAR-RLS algorithm can be mapped onto a systolic array. The computational complexity and inter cell communications are considerably lower than the QRD-RLS algorithm and the square-root free techniques.<<ETX>>


In previous treatments of metal‐semiconductor contact barrier height measurements by the differential capacitance method it has been generally assumed that there exists an Ohmic reference contact to the semiconductor. In this paper, the method is extended to those cases where an Ohmic contact to the semiconductor is not available. It is shown that under certain conditions, barrier heights may be determined using only barrier reference contacts. It is also shown that although only two contacts are necessary, a third contact may be advantageously employed to simplify the measurement technique. If four contacts are available, a further simplification may be achieved.Experimental results on Au–CdS contacts are used to verify the theory for the case of two symmetrical barrier contacts.


The updated clinical guidelines for telepathology released in August 2014 by the American Telemedicine Association (ATA) define telepathology as a form of communication between medical professionals that includes the transmission of pathology images and associated clinical information for various clinical applications including, but not limited to, primary diagnoses, rapid cytology interpretation, intraoperative and second opinion consultations, ancillary study review, archiving, and quality activities.[1] The modalities that can be used in telepathology include static imaging, static-dynamic robotic microscopy, video microscopy, whole slide imaging (WSI), and combinations of the above, all of which represent forms of digital pathology. Well-known barriers to the adoption of telepathology have included the cost of implementing and operating the technology, information technology-related challenges, pathologist perception of inferior performance relative to light microscopy, insufficient speed of these systems for high-volume clinical environments, as well as regulatory and licensure issues.[2] Another major challenge to the widespread adoption of telepathology has been a lack of standards and best practice guidelines from governing bodies of pathology. However, these barriers are being steadily addressed.

During the last 2 years, we have witnessed the release of clinical guidelines from several sources including the College of American Pathologists (CAP) on the validation of WSI systems for diagnostic purposes,[3] Guidance on telepathology from the Royal College of Pathologists in the United Kingdom,[4] Guidelines from the Canadian Association of Pathologists on establishing telepathology services in anatomic pathology,[5] and most recently, the revised clinical guidelines for telepathology from the ATA.[1] In 2005, guidelines were established for practical telepathology in Japan.[6] While the Food and Drug Administration in the United States has not yet approved WSI systems for primary diagnosis, Health Canada has granted Class II Medical Device Licensure to two WSI vendors for creating, managing, storing, annotating, measuring, and viewing digital images for routine pathology use including primary diagnosis.[7] The appearance of guidelines based on published evidence and current experience, the emergence of regulatory approval, and a growing body of literature showing that WSI is not inferior to light microscopy[8,9,10,11] represent major steps forward with respect to enhancing the adoption of telepathology for patient care.

The development of initial guidelines on any new technology necessarily draws heavily on the experience of early adopters. While such guidelines are not "standards of care" and are by no means all-encompassing, they nonetheless provide new and prospective users with a helpful list of issues, duties, and responsibilities to consider when implementing and using the technology of interest in their own practice. It also follows that such guidelines will need to be revised over time to accommodate advances in technology and the experience of an increased number of adopters. The 2014 clinical guidelines for telepathology released by the ATA are an update to guidelines originally developed in 1999. A committee comprised primarily of pathologists with extensive experience in various aspects of telepathology/digital pathology was assembled by the ATA in 2012. The committee also included a vendor representative with experience implementing clinical telepathology systems and senior ATA personnel to ensure proper guideline development protocols were followed. Several ATA committee members were also involved in the development of other telepathology guideline documents.[3,5]

The process began with a review of the 1999 ATA document to define the scope of the 2014 update, specific elements to be covered and terms for a literature search for relevant publications. A guideline consensus workshop was held on October 5, 2013 in Washington DC-where individual committee members developed guideline statements for accepted outline elements. These were discussed, revised, and voted upon by the group. To enhance the efficiency of the workshop, the meeting was led by professional facilitators who employed ThinkTank software (Group Systems, Denver, CO) and a local computer network allowing the committee to build the guideline as the workshop proceeded. This 1-day workshop resulted in the production of an advanced first draft that was shaped into a final guideline with supporting telepathology literature by E-mail and follow-up teleconferences. The final draft was subject to open public review and commentary, endorsed by several other organizations (CAP, Association for Pathology Informatics, Digital Pathology Association), and subsequently approved by the ATA Board of Directors prior to its official release in August 2014. Compared to the 1999 ATA Telepathology Guideline, the 2014 version standardizes terms that have been used interchangeably in telepathology and includes newer technology such as WSI that was not commercially available in 1999. The 2014 update also provides detailed advice on many different clinical applications of telepathology, highlights the need for user training and system validation, identifies facility responsibilities for sending and receiving sites, discusses regulatory, legal and patient confidentiality issues as well as the use of mobile viewing devices such as smartphones and tablets.

Table 1 compares the elements covered in the 2014 ATA, 2013 Royal College of Pathologists in the United Kingdom and 2013 Canadian Association of Pathologists Guidelines on telepathology. While the same core elements are covered in each of these documents, there are notable differences. The ATA and Royal College of Pathologists Guidelines both represent revised versions while the Canadian Guideline is the first such document developed in Canada. The Canadian Guideline focuses only on WSI, as the committee members felt that WSI was the most promising modality for certain telepathology applications.[5] The ATA guideline is unique for its inclusion of a comprehensive glossary of terms. It also provides important advice on technical specifications and the use of mobile viewing devices, as well as addressing the use of telepathology for rapid assessment of cytologic samples such as fine-needle aspiration specimens. The ATA and Canadian Guidelines were developed by committees, whereas the Royal College of Pathologists' document has a single author supported by input from a Royal College committee and general members during a 1-month online consultation period. The ATA and Canadian Guidelines emphasize the importance of system validation before using telepathology in live patient-care situations. The Royal College Guideline discusses the need for double reporting of representative proportions of cases by conventional microscopy and telepathology. Unlike the ATA Guideline, the Royal College of Pathologists and Canadian guidelines provide more extensive discussion on the benefits of telepathology, recognized problem areas, and the communication responsibilities for all stakeholders in telepathology encounters. All guidelines cover legal liability issues specific mainly to practicing in the countries where they were developed.

Table 1

Comparison of the ATA, UK and Canadian telepathology guidelines

There will certainly be more topics to address in revised versions of these telepathology guidelines. It is likely that there will be a need for specific guidance concerning the retention of images used clinically in telepathology. Specifically, should all images be retained or only those deemed to be diagnostically relevant by the consultant pathologist? For how long should these images be retained? No guideline to date offers advice on the use of third party commercially-operated cloud solutions to share protected health information, such as scanned slides and clinical notes with patient names and/or barcodes, between pathologists. Widely publicized "hacking" episodes in recent years illustrate the potential vulnerability of these solutions and underscore the importance of security in our current "upload-it-to-the-cloud" culture.

The venues where telepathology activities are carried out, particularly when mobile viewing devices are involved, represents another potential topic for refining of guidelines. Hopefully, common sense dictates that activities involving protected health information like telepathology should be carried out in venues with some semblance of privacy as opposed to open public areas such as the food court at a shopping mall or an airport departure lounge. Guidelines from other clinical specialties such as radiology and psychiatry have already started dealing with these issues both from the technological and security/privacy perspectives so revisions to the telepathology guidelines will have other documents to refer to. Finally, there will likely be situations when a pathologist would feel more confident if he/she could review the glass slides along with telepathology images. A dilemma is created if the institution or country requesting the telepathology diagnosis has policies prohibiting the release of the original glass slides. As these and other issues surface, pathologists will certainly look to future iterations of telepathology guidelines for advice in these situations.

The three guideline documents discussed above provide an excellent resource for those considering the use of telepathology in their practice. The development and revision of these guidelines are an obligation for early adopters whose collective experience (good and bad) is crucial for the safe evolution of telepathology. This is especially true in an era where medical practice is becoming increasingly anchored to evidence-based guidelines.[12]


Thermal print heads are finding widespread application in equipment as diverse as pocket calculators, chart
recorders, and computer page printers. The use of thick film resistors to mark paper is one of the more common
techniques and the design problems and performance available from such heads are the subject of this paper. Future
developments of the technology are also discussed.


s from the patent literature are used to explain what spin finishes are, the properties they must possess, the constituents of which they are composed, how they are applied, how the amount applied is determined, and how they can be used, with additional constituents, to modify fiber properties.


Nanoparticles of Sb2−x BixS3 (x = 0.0, 0.002, 0.006, 0.01) are synthesized by chemical precipitation technique at room temperature and characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX), room temperature and low temperature Raman spectroscopy. The Rietveld refinement profiles of powder XRD patterns reveals that the prepared nanoparticles are crystallized in stibnite orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group and do not contain any other impurity phase. TEM images show nearly spherical shape of Sb2−xBixS3 (x = 0.0, 0.002, 0.006, 0.01) nanoparticles whereas selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns indicate polycrystalline nature. EDAX analysis confirmed the purity of the prepared nanoparticles. The different vibration modes in Sb2−xBixS3 (x = 0.0, 0.002, 0.006, 0.01) nanoparticles is studied by room temperature and low temperature (up to 80 K) Raman spectroscopy.


This project consisted of organizing and executing a one-day symposium on "Wildfire Regime Shifts in Temperate Forest Ecosystems" in conjunction with the triennial meeting of the Southern Connection Congress. The VIIth Southern Connection Congress drew together more than 350 environmental scientists and resource managers for its triennial meeting in Dunedin, New Zealand from January 25 to 30, 2013. The Southern Connection Congress (SCC) is a meeting of interdisciplinary researchers and natural resource managers who are interested in the biota and ecosystems of the temperate latitudes of the southern hemisphere. Attendees are from a wide range of research and professional disciplines including ecology, systematic biology, biogeography, earth sciences, paleobiology, conservation biology, and forest sciences. It is attended by scientists and resource managers from all over the world who share an interest in terrestrial temperate-latitude ecosystems of the southern hemisphere. It is the most prominent venue for presentation of research in environmental sciences conducted in southern hemisphere temperate zone ecosystems. For the January 2013 SCC we organized an all-day symposium on fire ecology, climate and human impacts on fire regimes, and management challenges related to the effects of humans and climate change on fire. Funding was provided by the Joint Fire Science Program (JFSP) to offset travel costs of four invited speakers and organizers and of one graduate student. We included east-west southern hemisphere perspectives (e.g. South America, South Africa, and Australia/New Zealand) as well as north-south cross Pacific perspectives (e.g. including western North America). We invited early-career fire researchers working in the southern and northern hemispheres to promote long-term collaborations that will foster new ideas in fire science research. The symposium entitled "Wildfire Regime Shifts in Temperate Forest Ecosystems" consisted of 16 invited and 2 contributed presentations, each of 20 minutes. This was the largest of the more than 20 symposia at the SCC, and it was one of the best attended drawing audiences of approximately 150 people for each of the four sessions. The "Wildfire Regime Shift" symposium identified parallel lines of research from different subdisciplines and different geographical regions, ranging from mainland Australia, Tasmania, Chile, Argentina, South Africa, New Zealand, and the U.S.A. JFSP support helped many of the speakers participate in a one-day international workshop entitled Wildfire PIRE (funded by the Partnerships in Research and Education Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation) held in Dunedin the day prior to the initiation of the SCC. Wildfire PIRE includes a strong emphasis on paleo-fire research derived from sedimentary records as well as linkages to modern fire ecology and fire-climate modeling. Thus, there was an excellent opportunity to develop collaborations and experience cross-fertilizations from a diverse range of research approaches to wildfire. Many of these outcomes are being summarized in a synthesis paper on fire, climate, and people incorporating experiences from the western U.S., Tasmania, New Zealand and Patagonia which is currently being prepared for a peer-reviewed journal. Final Report for JFSP Project 12-5-01-2 3 I. Background and Purpose This project consisted of organizing and executing a one-day symposium on "Wildfire Regime Shifts in Temperate Forest Ecosystems" in conjunction with the triennial meeting of the Southern Connection Congress. The Southern Connection is a grass-roots organization created in 1991 by a group of 25 researchers with interests in terrestrial ecology and biogeography who met in Hawaii with financial support from the Mellon Foundation. The first meeting was held in Hobart, Australia in 1993, and subsequent Southern Connection Congresses have been held in Valdivia (Chile), Christchurch (New Zealand), Cape Town (South Africa), Adelaide (Australia), and Bariloche (Argentina). Attendees of the Southern Connection Congress (SCC) are from a wide range of research and professional disciplines including ecology, systematic biology, biogeography, earth sciences, paleobiology, conservation biology, and forest sciences. It is attended by scientists and resource managers from all over the world who share an interest in terrestrial temperate-latitude ecosystems of the southern hemisphere. The continued success of SCCs reflects the realization among attendees of the great benefits from comparing research and resource management perspectives along both an east-west southern hemisphere axis as well as the more common northern-southern hemisphere axis. The triennial SCCs have become the premier venue for presentation of research on southern hemisphere biota and ecosystem change across a range of time scales represented by modern ecological studies as well as paleoecology and paleobiology. In previous SCCs, land and fire managers and researchers have interchanged experiences from a myriad of topics across the world, including fire suppression, historical range of variability, fire restoration, and fire mitigation in the wildland-urban interface (WUI). These issues fit the mission of the JFSP and are of societal and global relevance. For example, issues related to climate change and catastrophic fires in the WUI, such as those in the suburbs of Melbourne during black Saturday in Australia, in 2009, are relevant to the Southern Connections Congress and to the clientele of the JFSP. After a decade of drought, extreme weather conditions promoted massive fires that caused around 170 casualties, 7,562 people displaced, 450,000 ha (1,100,000 acres) burnt, and over 3,500 structures destroyed. Black Saturday resulted in a paradigm shift in fire research and management in Australia, particularly in terms of fire responses and fire behavior which are analogous to and highly relevant to experiences and perspectives of fire researchers and managers in western North America. Thus the SCC is an ideal venue for a symposium on "Wildfire Regime Shifts in Temperate Forest Ecosystems." We invited leading international fire researchers to address one or more of the following three themes in our symposium: 1) Fire-climate relationships: past behavior and future forecasting. What are the effects of climate variability on fire activity, emphasizing teleconnections to large-scale climate drivers such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, and the Antarctic Oscillation? Teleconnections of regional weather to these major climate drivers are the basis for much current research predicting fire risk. How these climate influences differentially affect different fuel types is a question of intense interest among researchers and fire managers. We invited presentations on this theme based on a broad assortment of techniques, including documentary fire records, tree-ring fire reconstructions, and remote sensing, to assess the impact of climate change on fire Final Report for JFSP Project 12-5-01-2 4 activity and improve our understanding of how major climate drivers can be incorporated into forecasting tools. 2) Human impacts on fire regimes through land-use practices In many parts of the world fire regimes are being modified due to human activities such as the use of fire in land clearance for agriculture and livestock raising, increased accidental or intentional burning due to easier access to formerly remote regions, vegetation and fuel changes due to invasive exotic plant species, and land cover changes in the WUI. We invited presentations that focus on how land-use changes (including fuel treatments) potentially alter fire regimes and include a variety of research approaches from retrospective tree-ring reconstructions to long-term field monitoring, spatial modeling and remote sensing applications. The goal was to share insights and experience on understanding and mitigating the impacts on fire related to land-use changes and growth of the WUI in fire-prone ecosystems in the Southern hemisphere and elsewhere. 3) Post-fire vegetation dynamics and feedbacks on subsequent fire: an inter-hemispheric comparison The rate of burning of many forests and shrublands around the world is predicted to increase under a warming climate. However, in many regions these climate-driven increases in frequency and extent may be exacerbated by properties of post-fire vegetation that produce a positive feedback, making recently burned areas increasingly prone to subsequent fire. This increased susceptibility can result from changes in vegetation stature, fuel loading and continuity, and effects of vegetation on microclimate/fuel moisture compared to conditions in the pre-burned community. We brought together researchers evaluating postfire vegetation dynamics in the northern and southern hemispheres in order to compare the feedbacks of post-fire vegetation on susceptibility to subsequent fire and determine (1) what factors drive the strength of the positive feedbacks, (2) in what types of environments are these positive feedbacks most likely to lead to abrupt, nearly irreversible changes from the historical vegetation, and (3) the management options available to reduce the probability of permanent changes in vegetation driven by increasing flammability of the post-fire vegetation. II. Conference Format The SCC Program including the Wildfire Regime Symposium agenda on Thursday January 24 is appended to this report. The Symposium consisted of 16 invited and 2 contributed presentations, each of 20 minutes. This was the largest of the more than 20 symposia at the SCC, and it was one of the best attended drawing audiences of approximately 150 people for each of the four sessions. The symposium occupied one full day of the SCC. The abstracts of the presentation can be downloaded from the website of the VIIth Southern Connection Congress: http


The most significant event to mark the LNG trade in 2011 has been the catastrophe that hit Japan in March, in view of both its short-term effect on shifting flows and its long-term demand prospects of LNG as a source for gas-fired power generation. The role of LNG as a flexible and secure energy source as well as the prompt response to provide back-up through additional supplies and cargo diversions to compensate for the sudden loss of nuclear capacity in Japan - with sellers exercising due price restraint in view of the human tragedy - has been a credit to the industry. The increase in production capacity in 2009 and 2010, in particular from Qatar, had permitted the necessary buffer to cope much better with the demand surge than during past disruptions (such as the aftermath of the Chuetsu earthquake in late 2007). Undoubtedly, the marked shift over the last decade in the industry's prevailing business model towards global trade, destination flexibility and portfolio play has also facilitated the rapid response. As the total volume of LNG trade is very much determined by the availability of supply, 2011 has seen a growth of 9.4% over 2010, mainly as a result of the full availability of the six Qatar mega-trains over the past year. On the demand side the two traditional basins have shown a very contrasting trend: 15% higher LNG off-take in Asia (the five major markets all increasing between 37.4% and 8.9%), versus a 1.7% decrease in the Atlantic Basin. Cargo diversions and an increasing number of reloads have boosted the exports from the Atlantic Basin to Asia in 2011 to more than 14 million tons (equivalent to more than 200 large size cargoes). Remarkable is also the fast growth in new markets in Latin America and in the Middle East - albeit from a small base - with counter-seasonal but varying demand, offering attractive arbitrage opportunities to portfolio play. Not surprising then that 2011 has seen another hike in spot and short-term trade, not just in absolute terms but also as a percentage of total trade (50% over 2010 ). The outlook for LNG is strong and its global demand prospects further enhanced in the wake of the nuclear issues, the emergence of new buyers and the decline of indigenous reserves of gas exporters. This has underpinned a growing investment confidence which in turn resulted in 5 FIDs (Final Investment Decisions) in 2011 for a total liquefaction capacity of 27 million tons p.a. An event of great commercial significance in this regard would undoubtedly be one, or more FID's in North America in the near future.


Permanent magnets (PM) with rear-earth (RE) elements, such as dysprosium (Dy) and neodymium (Nd), have been widely used in motors and generators for hybrid electronic vehicles and wind turbines.[1] Concern over supply and price of the RE alloys has stimulated the search for alternative PMs.[1,2] One of the attractive non-RE PMs is alnico, a family of magnetic alloys composed primarily of Al, Ni, Co and Fe, with excellent magnetic stability at high temperature. The magnetic properties of alnico alloys are closely related to the control of the spinodal decomposition (SD) into an FeCo-rich (α1 phase) hard magnetic phase and a non-magnetic NiAlrich phase (α2 phase). Improving alnico will require subtle changes in chemistry and processing to reduce the diameter of the magnetic phase while maintaining its volume fraction. Alnico 9 is the current available commercial alnico alloy with the highest energy product (BH)max, which is both grain aligned and spinodally decomposed with an applied magnetic field.[1] Needed improvements can only be achieved through a better understanding of nanostructuring during SD. This study focuses on structural characterization of alnico 9 alloy from Arnold Magnetic Technologies. Atom-probe tomography (APT) and a combination of TEM techniques, including diffraction contrast TEM, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM), high-angle annular-dark-field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Lorentz microscopy, were used.


The Geothermal Trend Report, an annual publication by the International Energy Agency - Geothermal Implementing Agreement (IEA-GIA), provides an overview of geothermal energy data in GIA member countries. The work for this report is accomplished within Annex X "Data Collection and Information". The main objective of this annex is to collect data on geothermal energy uses, trends and developments in GIA member countries in a standardized way, and to publish these data in a brief report on a yearly basis. All GIA member countries are required to support the work on the Trend Report by providing information. Additional data from sources such as the publications associated with the World Geothermal Congress and the GIA Annual Reports have been compiled and analyzed to show trends in geothermal energy uses in GIA countries from the year 2000 on. Based on the results of the first data collection and publication reviews, the Report "Trends in Geothermal Applications - Survey report on geothermal utilization and power development in IEA-GIA member countries in 2010 with trends in geothermal power generation and heat uses", in short the Geothermal Trend Report, was published in 2012 followed by the second and third issue in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The Geothermal Trend Report provides a brief overview of data such as installed capacities and produced electricity and heat, as well as relevant political and economic information. The 14 GIA countries contribute a significant amount to the geothermal energy produced worldwide: They account for nearly half of the geothermal direct uses and contribute about 60 % to the geothermal power generation worldwide. The Trend Report also provides CO2 and fossil fuel savings which are calculated on the basis of the GIA conversion (Mongillo 2005) and efficiency factors given in Lund et al. (2005). Data on costs, investments, and employees proved not to be representative. A policy chapter describes the role of geothermal in national policies and support mechanisms for geothermal. Furthermore, a short overview about geothermal highlights and project developments is given. Overall, the GIA Trend Report adds substantial information on geothermal energy use on an international scale and helps to point out trends and market developments. It is intended to continue with the data collection and to combine the work of GIA Annex X with international efforts to collect information on a regular basis by collaboration with other organizations and institutions.


We demonstrate the production of spoken output with contextually appropriate intonation in the information-state based dialogue system GoDiS. We exploit the context representation in the information state to determine the information structure of system utterances, which we use to control the intonation of synthesized spoken output.


This paper presents the application characteristics of 3- D engineering and detailed analyze 3D- engineering application with locomotive structure design factor by instance,which has greatly improved the speed and efficiency of locomotive structure design.


Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) is proposed to be a promising technique for identifying dangerous materials. This paper focuses on the development of the EDXRD system. A high-energy-resolution system using a room temperature detector was established. The diffraction angle of the system was adjustable depending on the detected samples and some experiments were carried out to study the suitable diffraction angle for different samples. At a nominal diffraction angle of 5°, the energy resolution of the system was approximately 6-9%. The system could effectively inspect the concealed samples and obtain the distinguishable profiles through the packaging. These experimental results demonstrated that the EDXRD system could satisfy the requirement of security inspection.


Thank you very much for downloading myth creativity psychoanalysis essays in honor of harry slochower. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite novels like this myth creativity psychoanalysis essays in honor of harry slochower, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious virus inside their laptop.


This article discusses the concept of development. This is done assuming that life is a permanent negotiation between obligation of living according to demands and cohertions from the present local-spatial, and different kinds of antecedent rules instituted from a distance of these local adherences. In this sense, it is proposed an ethical and epistemological posture that creates a new regime of knowledge production taking into consideration the knowledge and values developed by the local social authors. Key words: developement, ergology, knowledge, work.


Hypnum Hedw. is a moss genus of family Hypnaceae which mostly occurs in temperate and sub tropical regions having ample moisture regime. The present study explicates the distribution and diversity of eight taxa of Hypnum viz. H. aduncoides (Brid.) Mull. Hal., H. cupressiforme Hedw., H. cupressiforme ssp. imponens, H. macrogynum Besch., H. sikkimense Ando, H. subimponens Lesq., H. subimponens ssp. ulophyllum (Mull. Hal.) Ando and H submolluscum Besch. occurring in Darjeeling hill region of eastern Himalaya. The distribution of all the eight species of genus Hypnum in eastern Himalaya at Darjeeling hills along the altitudinal gradient and at five different habitats has been provided.


THE development of a realistic, action-orientated strategy for 'Health For All' in the City and Hackney Health Authority is described. The need to set achievable interim objectives that relate to the pro cess as well as the long-term outcomes is stressed. The advantages and disadvantages of using the World Health Organisation's European strategy and the approach adopted in the United Kingdom by the authors of 'The Nation's Health - A Strategy for the 1990's as a basis for local planning are discussed. The value of using the annual public health report and its epidemiologically determined priorities is empha sised, together with the need to agree a common agenda between participating health agencies. The global WHO approach has been translated into six local priorities, with agreed targets to be achieved for the first four. Progress towards achieving these short- term targets is assessed, and the limitations of local target-setting discussed.


Abstract : Research problems investigated during the funding period included enabling mathematics and computational research in integrated optical systems design as well as spectral data mining and analysis. Particular applications of this research to enhance image restoration of integrated optical-digital systems and space object identification were addressed. A novel minimization-maximization approach was proposed and successfully employed to optimize the design of integrated imaging systems that maximize the information strength in an incoming image signal before it is discretized and sampled in a CCD array. Five research papers were published on this work. Novel constrained nonnegative matrix factorization (CNMF) algorithms were developed and successfully used to extract material features and material composition from spectral traces of man-made space objects, such as geosynchronous satellites. A total of four papers were published as a result of this work. Technology transfer included collaboration with researchers from Oceanit Labs and Boeing Inc. (2 research papers) and transition of our CNMF algorithms for text mining and document clustering applications (2 research papers). Research results were presented at the 2004 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, at the Annual SPIE meeting and at the AMOS Technical Conference in both 2003 and 2004.


In this research, we offer a face de-identification process that is reversible and alters both the face's geometry and its texture. There are fourteen parameters that are employed for the change of the geometry. The usage of a fixed face texture template is required for texture change. We have explored how the capacity of people and robots to identify faces is affected when different geometrical and surface adjustments are made to components of the face such as the eyes, eyebrows, nose, and lips. The studies using crowdsourcing and machine face recognition were carried out on photographs of well-known persons that were obtained from the internet. The findings collected from both kinds of research indicated that alterations to a person's facial geometry (form) are less influential on the amount of privacy protection than changes to that person's face texture.


Subject. Pulp tissue diseases are characterized by a wide prevalence, which makes it possible to consider the quality of endodontic dental treatment one of the most urgent problems of modern dentistry. High-quality treatment of complicated forms of caries is the prevention of odontogenic inflammatory processes, which include periodontitis, periostitis, osteomyelitis, abscess and phlegmon. Therefore, new tools and methods of treatment of complicated forms of caries are proposed, aimed at long-term preservation of teeth as a functional unit of the dental system.
Objective: to analyze modern laser technologies in the treatment of complicated forms of caries.
Materials and methods. The study was based on the search and study of original articles on the endodontic treatment of complicated forms of caries using laser radiation in the databases: Russian state library, eLibrary, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar. The main selection of materials was carried out by keywords.
Results. The literature review describes the positive properties of laser radiation, its mechanism of action, the basics of its use in endodontic treatment, and its application in various branches of dentistry.
Conclusions. Analyzing the literature data, we can conclude that the use of laser technologies in the treatment of complicated forms of caries is promising. It is possible to achieve high-quality cleaning of the root canal system and the best long-term results. However, the literature does not sufficiently cover the use of Er, Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2780 nm in the treatment of purulent pulpitis and pulp necrosis. In addition, taking into account the possibility of using lasers at a therapeutic appointment, it is possible to significantly improve the professional level of a dentist, improving the quality of dental care, reducing the number of complications and preventing various dental diseases.


Simple Summary This study shows the insignificant effect of the duration of androgen-deprivation therapy on the incidence of dementia in patients with prostate cancer from population-based data. We found that, despite an overall lower incidence of dementia in the androgen-deprivation-therapy group compared to the non-therapy group, there were no significant correlations between androgen-deprivation therapy and the prevalence of individual dementia subtypes in patients with prostate cancer. This demonstrates that patients with old age, obesity, regional SEER stage, a history of cerebrovascular disease, and a high Charlson Comorbidity Index were at increased risk for dementia. Abstract This study aims to evaluate the effect of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) on the incidence of dementia, after considering the time-dependent survival in patients with prostate cancer (PC) using a Korean population-based cancer registry database. After excluding patients with cerebrovascular disease and dementia before or within the 3-month-ADT and those with surgical castration, 9880 (19.3%) patients were matched into ADT and non-ADT groups using propensity-score matching (PSM) among 51,206 patients registered between 2006 and 2013. To define the significant relationship between ADT duration and the incidence of dementia, the extension Cox proportional hazard model was used with p-values < 0.05 regarded as statistically significant. The mean age and survival time were 67.3 years and 4.33 (standard deviation [SD] 2.16) years, respectively. A total of 2945 (9.3%) patients developed dementia during the study period, including Parkinson's (11.0%), Alzheimer's (42.6%), vascular (18.2%), and other types of dementia (28.2%). Despite PSM, the PC-treatment subtypes, survival rate, and incidence of dementia significantly differed between the ADT and non-ADT groups (p < 0.05), whereas the rate of each dementia subtype did not significantly differ (p = 0.069). A multivariate analysis for dementia incidence showed no significance of ADT type or use duration among patients with PC (p > 0.05), whereas old age, obesity, regional SEER stage, a history of cerebrovascular disease, and a high Charlson Comorbidity Index were significant factors for dementia (p < 0.05). Insignificant correlation was observed between ADT and the incidence of dementia based on the extension survival model with PSM among patients with PC.


On the basis of the statistical study of published data and the recommendations of the investigators, a particle velocity is usually used to evaluate the blasting vibration effect on the structures. However, the characteristic and operation conditions of hydraulic structures are different from those of industrial structures. the consequence is more serious than the latter once it meets with failure by misadventure. From the author's view, the current blasting safety regulation for mining operation and civil engineering is unsuitable to the hydraulic structures as an integral part of the whole. Therefore, we should make a study of the oscillating load on the structures and their failure mechanism resulting from various types of blasting at first, then a blasting safety rule for the hydraulic structures might be enacted. This paper focuses on the dynamical effects of dams and tunnel. The safety criteria relative to the hydraulic structures have been discussed as well.


FIELD: physics, computer engineering. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to means of displaying activities of friends. The method includes generating activity information from the activities of friends according to a friend relationship chain; classifying the activity information according to a preset classification rule to obtain a corresponding classified sample; obtaining user input containing a filtering condition corresponding to the classified sample, wherein the filtering differs from the preset classification rule; extracting the filtered activity information from the corresponding classified sample by filtering the activity information in the corresponding classified sample based on the filtering condition; extracting an attribute associated with the classification rule from the activity information according to the preset classification rule; classifying the activity information according to attributes to form a classified sample; displaying the extracted filtered activity information. EFFECT: shorter time for obtaining the required information on activities of friends. 12 cl, 6 dwg


Catalan numbers, like Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, appear in a variety of situ ations, including the enumeration of triangulations of convex polygons, well-formed sequences of parentheses, binary trees, and the ballot problem [l]-[5]. Like the other families, Catalan numbers are a great source of pleasure, and are excellent candidates for exploration, experimentation, and conjecturing. They are named after the Belgian mathematician Eugene Catalan (1814-1894), who discovered them in his study of well-formed sequences of parentheses. However, Leon hard Euler (1707-1783) had found them fifty years earlier while counting the number of triangulations of convex polygons [3]. But the credit for the earliest known discov ery goes to the Chinese mathematician Antu Ming (ca. 1692-1763), who was aware of them as early as 1730 [6]. In 1759 the German mathematician and physicist Johann Andreas von Segner (1707-1777), a contemporary of Euler, found that the number Cn of triangulations of a convex polygon satisfies the recursive formula


The electroluminescence and photoluminescence light‐emitting devices based on poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV), with emitting layers of different thicknesses, were examined. It was shown that microcavity effects occur in thin PPV single‐layer sandwich structures (ITO/PPV/Al, Au/PPV/Al) in both electroluminescent and photoluminescent emission. Microcavity effects were demonstrated for a range of different PPV layer thicknesses down to 40 nm. We have successfully prepared resonant‐cavity single‐layer light‐emitting diodes with enhanced external quantum efficiencies of up to 0.1% photons/electron, with aluminum as the electron injecting and gold as the hole injecting electrode. Less pronounced microcavity effects were observed on devices with ITO as the hole injecting contact, due to the low reflectivity of the ITO‐glass interface. These findings were confirmed by theoretical simulations based on an optical transfer matrix formalism.


The utility model discloses a simple bearing press mounting device which comprises a circular casing, wherein, the front end of the casing is provided with a circular groove corresponding to a bearing; the center of the groove is provided with a through hole extending in axial direction; the inside of the through hole is provided with a pressure axis; the front end of the pressure axis is a cylinder corresponding to the groove; the front end face of the cylinder is provided with a circular convex ring corresponding to a bearing torus; the tail end of the pressure axis is provided with a cap body; a spring is arranged between the cap body and the end face of the tail end of the casing which is provided with a caulking groove corresponding to the spring; in addition, the circular casing is of a step type structure with a big front part and a small back part. With a simple structure and low manufacture cost, the utility model can conveniently press a bearing into a bearing mounting groove and is suitable for pressing mounting of common small-size bearing used in repairing and manufacturing.


A transaction authentication system comprises a storage means for storing a plurality of authentication information. The storage means is registerable with a common telecommunications system. An authentication process is carried out that uses the information on the storage means to authenticate a transaction with a data processing apparatus. As part of the authentication process security data is generated. The data processing apparatus then generates a transaction message using the security data. In an embodiment for transmitting the message a first key is used to encrypt the message and a second key is used to electronically sign the message. Preferably the keys are used only for encrypting the message relating to the transaction and not used for other transactions. The message may be transmitted via the Internet and may comprise an XML web service request. The first key may be a cipher key and the second key an integrity key. The signing step may use a digest algorithm to append a digest to a message.


As one of the most important lines of defense for elevators to protect user safety, the safety and reliability of layer doors and car doors are particularly important. In actual use, cases such as injuries and deaths of passengers due to elevator door lock failure and other reasons occur from time to time. If the door lock is short-circuited, the door will be opened and the ladder will be opened, which may most likely lead to the injury of the passengers, resulting in serious consequences [1]. This paper describes a method of door lock detection under the double door opening method of elevator, and monitors the status of the door lock in real time through the combination of software and hardware.


The aim of the present work is to investigate the remodeling phenomenon of a cell‐seeded tissue. In experiments, a cell seeded condensed collagen gel is mechanically stimulated in a bioreactor for four weeks, after which the specimen is tested in compression to measure its change of stiffness. The change, regarded as remodeling, is assumed to be the result of newly synthesized collagen type II; a constitutive equation is proposed for the remodeling effect. (© 2012 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


In a recent paper, Chandramohan and Balasubramanian (1983) provide a novel and interesting method for the solution of some second order linear differential equations of physics. Their discussion of the static screening of impurity ions in a metal is particularly useful. They suggest that their method is superior to the ones usually found in textbooks which they characterise as making use of 'intuitive guesses'. One would hesitate to ,disagree with them; it is obviously pleasant to have available a method for solution of such problems which moves steadily from known to unknown. Following Polya (1957, p 69) we call this type of method 'euclidean'. Yet from another point of view, it is suggested that an insistence in teaching on use of euclidean methods may be harmful in two distinct ways. First, the student may end up less proficient at actually obtaining solutions; secondly, it may discourage the development of genuine problemsolving ability. Let us consider, for example, linear differential equations with constant coefficients. Most textbooks use the so-called D method for producing complementary functions and particular integrals alike in the solution of such equations. The method is largely unjustified. (Of course the procedures it uses may be rationalised by appeal to more advanced techniques, but these are not communicated to the student.) One is left with a jumble of not very meaningful tricks, which one naturally jettisons at the first possible opportunity (Whitaker 1976). This is the direction in which one is sent by a slavish attention to the euclidean approach. (The achievement of Chandramohan and Balasubramanian (1983) is to suggest that one need not travel quite as far along the path.) In contrast, the method which Chandramohan and Balasubramanian (1983) term intuitive seems clear and elegant. Only a small amount of intuition is needed, in fact, to guess the form of the solution required, followed by a little straightforward calculation to produce constants and so on. The student who is familiar with the approach at one particular time should be able to work with it without prior notice years later; there is no miasma of tricks to be remembered as with the D method. The main point of this letter, though, is not just that such intuitive techniques are useful. It is that they are not to be looked on as mildly regrettable, to be avoided if at all possible. Rather, study of such procedures is the best possible training one can give to a student for developing ability in mathematical problemsolving, as well, incidentally, as a feel for mathematics as an area of knowledge rather than an amorphous collection of techniques?.


The article examines the genetic and typological connections between the syllabic poem of the writer of Peter's time Petr Buslaev «Spiritual Vision...» and the medieval genre of vision. The main object of the study is the topoi of the genre and its eschatological and thanatological motif complex. The purpose of the work is to analyze the «transitional» poetics of the writing arising at the junction of two genre systems — the Middle Ages and early Modern Times. The phenomenon of visionary Buslaev transforms from the existential into the artistic: through the principle-process of poetization, the quality of authenticity in the medieval vision is replaced in the Baroque poem by fiction and convention; canonical topoi — allegorical imagery and rhetorical techniques, etc. The first visionary metaphysical poem in our poetry is being born — a genre in which the Russian writers will try to see with «spiritual eyes» the «afterlife» and those invisible Forces that inhabit it.


In their recent paper, Hata and Yano (2021 Stoch. Dyn. 2350006) first gave an example of random iterations of two piecewise linear interval maps without (deterministic) indifferent periodic points for which the arcsine law—a characterization of intermittent dynamics in infinite ergodic theory—holds. The key in the proof of the result is the existence of a Markov partition preserved by each interval maps. In the present paper, we give a class of random iterations of two interval maps without indifferent periodic points but satisfying the arcsine law, by introducing a concept of core random dynamics. As applications, we show that the generalized arcsine law holds for generalized Hata–Yano maps and piecewise linear versions of Gharaei–Homburg maps, both of which do not have a Markov partition in general.


A systematic study on the effects of arbitrary parasitic charge profiles, such as trapped or fixed charge, on the 2-D potential distribution in the drain extension of reverse-biased field-plate-assisted reduced surface field (RESURF) devices is presented. Using TCAD device simulations and analytical means, the significance of the so-called characteristic or natural length λ is highlighted with respect to the potential distribution and related phenomena in both ideal (virgin) and nonideal (degraded) extensions. Subsequently, a novel and easy-to-use charge-response method is introduced that enables calculation of the potential distribution for an arbitrary parasitic charge profile once the peak potential and lateral fall-off (∝λ) caused by a single unit charge has been determined. This can be used for optimizing and predicting the performance, also after hot carrier injection, of RESURF power devices.


Jennifer Corbett and Lea Myers offer us the results of their research into special needs provision in further education. There is a discussion of four models of provision and this is followed by an examination of teachers' responses to questions raised about future developments, about which there appear to be broad levels of agreement. Finally, the authors voice their support for 'the right to be different' and warn against the market-led forces which threaten to undermine provision.


The present study analyzes the impulse vibration transmission through the deep groove ball bearing systems caused by a localized surface defect on the bearing raceways. The analysis is performed to understand the use of vibration signal in rotating machines for condition monitoring and diagnostics. A new dynamic model of a deep groove ball bearing system that accounts for the contact stiffness between the outer race and housing, and includes the effect of a localized defect on raceways is formulated in this study. This model is applied to examine the effect of housing materials on the contact stiffness between the outer race and housing, and the vibration transmission characteristics through the ball bearing systems. A series of parametric studies is also performed to understand the relationships between the material properties, the outer race–housing contact stiffness, and ball bearing vibration response, and as well as the vibration transmission characteristics of the impulse caused by the defects with different sizes. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed model provides a way for simulating vibration transmissibility characteristics through the ball bearing systems, which was previously not possible. An experimental investigation is also presented to validate the proposed model.


................................................................................................................................ IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ V LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 2 1.2 THESIS OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 SPACECRAFT PLATFORM OVERVIEW......................................................................................... 3 1.4 SYSTEM ID EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2: HARDWARE ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1 PLATFORM SUMMARIZED OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 8 2.2 ALUMINUM STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................... 8 2.3 AIR BEARING ......................................................................................................................... 10 2.4 REACTION WHEELS ............................................................................................................... 11 2.5 ELECTRONICS ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.6 GYROSCOPES AND ACCELEROMETERS .................................................................................... 14 2.7 POWER ................................................................................................................................. 16 2.8 COARSE MASSES .................................................................................................................... 16 2.9 FINE BALANCING MASSES ...................................................................................................... 18


Zinc tert-butyl peroxide-based catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of enones using tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant have been developed. A comparative study of chiral monoanioninc N,N′-bidentate ligands, C2-symmetric bisoxazolinates and C1-symmetric enaminooxazolinates, revealed excellent performance of C1-symmetric auxiliary ligands on catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of enones (up to 96% yield, 91% ee).


Digitalization is changing how research is carried out in all areas of science. Humanities is no exception - materials that used to be hand-written or printed on paper are increasingly available in digital form. This development is changing how scholars are interacting with their material. We are addressing the problem of interactive text visualization in the context of sociolinguistic language study. When a scholar is reading and analyzing text from a computer screen instead of a paper, we can support this by providing a dashboard for reading, and by creating visualizations of the text structure, variation, and change. We have designed and developed a software tool called Text Variation Explorer (TVE) for sociolinguistic language study. It is based on interactive visualization with a direct manipulation user interface, and aimed for exploratory corpus linguistics. The TVE software tool has proven to be useful in supporting the study of language variation and change in its social contexts, or sociolinguistics. It is, to a certain degree, language-independent, and generic enough to be useful in other linguistic contexts as well. We are now in the process of designing and implementing the next iteration of TVE. We present the lessons learned from the first version, discuss the old and the new design, and welcome feedback from the communities involved.


The models of UNIFAC, UNIFAC FV and group contribution equation of state(GC Flory EOS) have been used to calculate vapor liquid equibria (solvent activities and infinite dilute weight fraction activity coefficients) in a few concentrated polymer solutions such as PS, LDPE, PDMS, PP, PIB, PBD, PMA, PnBMA, PVAC, etc with various solvents. The results indicated that the different models should be used for the different polymer solutions in order to decrease the model estimation errors.


Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD) with high dynamic range and high robustness is a more powerful method to achieve the integration of optical components fabrication and testing, which would avoid the secondary positioning error caused by the removal of optical components in off-line status. However, for surface shape measurement of transparent element, the captured fringe patterns are superposition of the patterns reflected from the front and rear surfaces, leading to the failure of the traditional phase-shifting algorithm to extract the true phase distribution. In order to separate the superposed fringe patterns, the limitations of the existing methods such as UV deflectometry and polarized light deflectometry, which require special light source and polarizer filter, are expensive instrument and complex processes. Moreover, only the front surface shape can be reconstructed at a time, which lowers the efficiency of the measurement. To achieve in-situ measurement of the front and rear surface shapes of the transparent element simultaneously, the combination of PMD and power spectrum estimation is used to separate parasitic fringe patterns. And the front and rear surface shapes are reconstructed using ray tracing and non-linear optimization. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by numerical simulation. In the experiment, the transparent element with a thickness of about 10 mm is detected and the front and rear surface shapes are reconstructed. The front and rear surface shapes differences of the transparent element with a diameter of 77.8 mm are 173 nm in RMS and 212 nm in RMS, respectively.