We consider the tail probabilities of a class of compound distributions. First, the relations between reliability distribution classes and heavy-tailed distributions are discussed. These relations reveal that many previous results on estimating the tail probabilities are not applicable to heavy-tailed distributions. Then, a generalized Wald's identity and identities for compound geometric distributions are presented in terms of renewal processes. Using these identities, lower and upper bounds for the tail probabilities are derived in a unified way for the class of compound distributions, both under the conditions of NBU and NWU tails, which include exponential tails, as well as under the condition of heavy-tailed distributions. Finally, simplified bounds are derived by the technique of stochastic ordering. This method removes some unnecessary technical assumptions and corrects errors in the proof of some previous results.


FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: bio-organic fertiliser consists of organic wastes of agriculture and of poultry dung processed by micro-biological fermentation with micro-elements including copper, cobalt and zinc. The fertiliser also contains macro-elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in a bound form. Components of the fertiliser are at the following ratio: total nitrogen -4.0…7.0; including ammonia nitrogen 2.5…4.0; phosphorus (P 2 O) - 7.0…12.0; and potassium (K 2 O) - 1.0…3.0. Micro-elements are at the following ratio: weight concentration of mg/l - copper 3.0; cobalt - 5.0; zinc - 23.0; water - 85…95. Also fertiliser contains phytohormones, humic acids and fulvic acids at the following ratio - auxins, mg/l (for indolyl-3-acetic acid) not less 3.0; gibberellins, mg/l (for gibberellin acid) not less 17.0; cytokinins, mg/l (for kinetine) not less 500.0; humic acids, mg/l not less 1000.0; fulvic acids, mg/l not less 1000.0. Recommended degree of preparation dilution for foot root fertilising is 20 times, for guaranteed influence on vegetation processes - 50…100 times, and for stimulating generative processes - 200 times. EFFECT: complete and safe utilisation of aggressive wastes of poultry factories and livestock complexes, and increased crop yield and quality of agricultural crops at reduced dozes of fertilisers. 2 cl, 2 dwg, 2 ex


A comparison of the amount of charge collected at the drains of GaAs MESFETs irradiated with pulsed laser light and ions and having different gate lengths shows orders of magnitude more charge collected for 0.1 mu m MESFETs than for 1.2 mu m MESFETs manufactured using different processes. Analyses of the dependence of the photocurrent pulses on gate and drain voltages, temperature, and light intensity suggest that the enhanced charge collection is primarily due to modulation of the channel width by positive charge trapped in the vicinity of the channel. Enhanced charge collection via channel modulation also occurs in pseudomorphic MODFETs. Pulses with characteristics similar to those produced by laser light, i.e. large amplitudes and long decay times, were obtained when 0.1 mu m MESFETs were irradiated with He and Si ions. These results reveal the important role played by traps in determining SEU sensitivity in GaAs MESFETs with short gate lengths. >


Spermatogenesis is a crucial, highly regulated, complex succession of events that includes mitotic and meiotic divisions and a phase of differentiation or spermiogenesis to form genetically unique spermatozoa. All of these processes require high levels of protein turnover. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is known to be important for protein degradation. While there is a broad body of evidence supporting the functions of the UPS in meiosis and spermiogenesis, its mitotic functions in germ cells remain largely unknown. Huwe1 is a ubiquitin ligase that was previously purified from the testis by our laboratory and found to be highly expressed in the nucleus of spermatogonia and spermatocytes. This expression pattern prompted us to hypothesize that Huwe1 is involved in early male germ cell development. To understand its role in the testis we inactivated Huwe1 specifically in the gonocytes, the differentiating spermatogonia and the leptotene spermatocytes. Inactivation of Huwe1 in the gonocytes led to exhaustion of all the germ cells in the adult testis, giving rise to a Sertoli cell-only phenotype and consequent infertility. Upon examination of the testis in the first wave, we found that this was caused by loss of both the undifferentiated and differentiating spermatogonial populations. This loss was attributed to a defect in mitotic re-entry of quiescent gonocytes and hence establishment of spermatogonia. In addition, we also found that Huwe1 was important for the maintenance of spermatogonia. Loss of Huwe1 in these cells led to up-regulated histone H2AX levels and a consequent hyperactivation of the DNA damage response pathway (DDR) that caused the cells to die through mitotic catastrophe, but not apoptosis or senescence. Preventing proliferation or returning H2AX to basal levels prevented the germ cell loss. Huwe1 inactivation in the differentiating spermatogonia resulted in a defect in spermatogonial differentiation and proliferation leading to fewer preleptotene spermatocytes and a defect in their entry into meiosis. Huwe1 deficiency also led to an activation of the DDR in the differentiating spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes and a degeneration of the same, but through apoptosis and not mitotic catastrophe. Inactivation of Huwe1 in the leptotene spermatocytes indicated that Huwe1 is not essential for meiosis. Taken together, results from these three inactivation models describe a previously undefined role of Huwe1 in modulating the DDR that is critical for mitotic events in germ cells of the testis. %%%%La spermatogenese est une succession d'evenements complexes et hautement regulee, incluant des divisions mitotiques et meiotiques ainsi que des phases de differenciations, aussi appelees spermiogenese, menant a la formation de spermatozoides genetiquement uniques. Tous ces processus requierent un renouvellement rapide et continuel en proteines. Le systeme ubiquitine-proteasome (SUP) est un mecanisme connu pour etre important dans la degradation des proteines. Plusieurs evidences suggerent un role du…


amendments used in putting green construction (Waddington, 1992). The benefits of peat include reduced A trend to replace peat with inorganic amendments such as calcined soil bulk density, improved rootzone aeration, increased clay (CC) and diatomaceous earth (DE) is occurring for athletic fields soil moisture retention, gradual release of plant-availand golf course putting greens. For laboratory experiments, washed rootzone sand was amended at 15% (v/v) with either Canadian sphag- able water, and improved turfgrass germination (Letey num peat (CSP), CC, or DE. Amendments reduced the bulk density et al., 1966; McCoy, 1992; Juncker and Madison, 1967; and increased the total porosity of all mixtures. The DE mixture had Bigelow et al., 1999). Because peat is an organic material the lowest Ksat (41.9 cm h 1 ), which was attributed to the 2% by weight and subject to natural decomposition, it may eventually of particles 0.05 mm in diameter. The inorganic mixtures retained lose its desirable characteristics (Huang and Petrovic, 0.021 to 0.084 cm 3 cm 3 less water than the CSP mixture at pressures 1995). Also, because peat is a naturally occurring reless than 2.5 kPa. The CSP mixture held significantly more water in source, the supply is limited. Therefore, the amendment the entire profile and in the upper 15 cm compared with the inorganic of putting green rootzones with a possible peat replacemixtures and straight sand. Approximately 75% of the total water ment material that will retain its physical properties for was lost within the first 15 min after drainage initiation for sand alone and the inorganic mixtures; only 65% was lost in the first 15 min for many years is desired. Inorganic soil amendments such the CSP mixture. After 24 h of free drainage, the CC mixture lost the as calcined clay (CC) and diatomaceous earth (DE) most water, while the DE mixture lost the least. Differences among have been identified as possible substitutes for peat in the rootzone mixtures were measured in the first 3 min of drainage, high sand content rootzones. with straight sand and the CC mixture having the greatest flow rate Positive characteristics of inorganic amendments incompared with DE and CSP mixtures. After 24 h of free drainage, clude resistance to degradation (4 and 9.5%, respecthe gravel layer remained saturated. For improved water retention tively, using impact/abrasion tests) and low bulk densiin the rootzone, CSP remains the preferable amendment to sand when ties (0.56–0.64 g cm 3 and 0.39–0.59 g cm 3 respectively) mixed at these ratios.


Administrative accountability is the hot issue concerned by theorists and practice field,which is very important in the course of building legal government and promoting political civilization.But some issues are controversial,we are lack of unified theory of perspective,standardized system of accountability,and we are also lack of concrete manipulability.Therefore,an accurate definition of the meaning of administrative accountability is the starting of deep research,and a clear basis of administrative accountability is the premise of legitimacy.


International institutions are increasingly engaged in the exercise of public power – traditionally exercised by states – that might adversely affect individuals. Consequently, calls have arisen for checks and balances in order to provide affected individuals with adequate avenues for recourse and redress. Developing the 'rule of law' concept at the international level is one way in which this issue has been addressed, although only to a limited extent. This article explores the potential of comparative law methodology as a means to further this conceptualisation. It is argued that 'vertical, bottom-up' comparative law methods (as expounded by this article) can assist lawyers inspired by certain concepts within national legal systems (such as the rule of law) to apply these concepts – or the ideas behind them – at the international level. Furthermore, it is argued that employing comparative law methodology in this manner is increasingly justifi ed by the emergence of a 'common zone of impact' – i.e., the area of overlap between national and international law, where individuals are adversely affected by the exercise of public power by states and international institutions alike. The authors propose a comparative law typology and discuss what risks might typically be involved in employing comparative law methods in general, as well as ways in which these risks could potentially be mitigated. Specifi cally, the article sets out a particular vertical, bottom-up comparative law method, as employed in the context of two separate doctoral research projects, both focusing on ways to enhance the accountability of international institutions: one in the context of international territorial administrations, and the other in the context of the World Bank and its Inspection Panel. 1 Conceptualising the International Rule of Law: The Potential of Vertical Comparative Law Methods ... the history of a system of law is largely a history of borrowings of legal materials from other legal systems and of assimilation of materials from outside the law. Calls for enhancing the accountability of international institutions – defi ned here as the need to 'account' for the exercise of 'public power' and incorporating the * Both authors are currently Ph.D. candidates in public international law at the Erasmus School of Law, Rotterdam. The authors wish to thank Prof. Erika de Wet for her inspiring comments. The usual disclaimer applies. 1 Roscoe Pound, quoted in J. B. Wiener, 'Something Borrowed for Something Blue: Legal Transplants and the Evolution of Global Environmental Law' (2001) 27 Ecology Law Quarterly at 1295-1296, and n. 1. 2 This defi nition largely corresponds to the International Law Association's (ILA) of 'accountability', which links accountability of international institutions to their 'authority and power', making 292 ALEKSANDAR MOMIROV AND ANDRIA NAUDÉ FOURIE dual requirement to provide affected individuals with adequate avenues for recourse and redress – have become a steady chorus over the past few decades. These demands for accountability fl ow from a situation in which international institutions are increasingly engaged in exercising 'public power', traditionally exercised only by states, thereby steadily gaining in power and infl uence. Public international law, however, has failed to keep up with this changing reality to a signifi cant degree. Of specifi c interest for this article, is the (oft-recurring) situation in which the exercise of public power by international institutions, such as the United Nations or the World Bank, adversely affects individuals and their environment. This scenario often coincides with the weakening position of the state as traditional intermediary. Indeed, it is suggested that international institutions are progressively exercising public power alongside states, which often results in blurred lines of responsibility and creates a so-called 'common zone of impact'. Under this scenario, the social functions fulfi lled by law in the organisation of society, such as the protection of the individual and the distribution of resources, are becoming increasingly similar in both national and international legal orders. Seen from a different perspective, the common zone of impact describes as a situation in which individuals – at the local level – have trouble discerning whether the adverse effects they are suffering result from the exercise of public power by states, international institutions, or both – making it almost impossible to determine who is to be held accountable (see Figure 1 below). This article suggests, as others have done, that it might be benefi cial to look to national legal systems for potential ways to enhance the accountability of international institutions. It specifi cally argues that, in this context, comparative law analysis of national systems is justifi ed by the emergence of a 'common zone of impact'. As the addressees of both legal domains continue to merge, the expectations of international law will also continue to rise. A strict separation between the two legal orders (including a separation of their respective comparative methodologies) will therefore increasingly be unwarranted. 'accountability' the 'duty to account for' the exercise of this power. See ILA, Accountability of International Organisations (2004) at 5. 3 See e.g. K. Wellens, Remedies against international organizations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2002). 4 For the purposes of this article, 'public power' is defi ned as power that 'constructs the public plane or space'. See P. Allot, Eunomia: New Order for a New World (Oxford University Press 1990) at 336337. 5 This is refl ected, for example, in the fact that non-state actors do not have standing before most international (quasi-)judicial tribunals and that international institutions cannot become signatories to most international human rights and environmental treaties. 6 See e.g. M.N. Shaw, International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2003) at 232-233. 7 See in general P. Allot, 'The Concept of International Law' (1999) 10 European Journal of International Law 31. 8 See e.g. the Global Administrative Law Project of the Institute for International Law and Justice, New York University School of Law, with a project overview in B. Kingsbury, N. Krisch and R.B. Stewart, 'The Emergence of Global Administrative Law' (2005) 68:3-4 Law & Contemporary Problems 15. Wiener remarks that international lawyers 'cannot examine "the same branch of the law in other legal systems" under different conditions, because we only have one international law on this planet – only one Earth. We have no database for a cross-sectional empiricism of international law. To follow Watson's teaching [on comparison and similarities], we would somehow need to look at other planets also facing [similar problems] and evaluate how their legal systems responded in comparison to our own.' See Wiener, above n. 1, at 1356. 9 This approach is decidedly non-positivistic and is based on the opinion that much of international law is constructed through the interaction of various actors and procedures within the international legal system. See in general J. Brunnée and S.J. Toope, 'International Law and Constructivism: Elements of an Interactional Theory of International Law' (2000/2001) 39 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 19; and see R. Higgins, 'Refl ections from the International Court' in M.D. Evans (ed.), International TOOLS FOR CONCEPTUALISING THE INTERNATIONAL RULE OF LAW 293 Figure 1: The 'Common Zone of Impact' A prominent mechanism for ensuring accountability (of state organs exercising public power) at the national level is, for instance, the 'rule of law'. The exact meaning of this legal concept at the national level is often contested, and the meaning of the concept at the international level (the 'international rule of law') is even more debatable. For the purposes of this discussion, the 'international rule of law' is roughly conceived as consisting of similar 'components' as outlined by (then) UN Secretary General Kofi Annan in 2004, namely: Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2003) 3 at 6: 'There are not clear answers. There is a process by which optimal answers can be arrived at, with leading guidance given by those decision-makers entrusted by the international community with that task. This is the contemporary challenge in international law...'. 10 Another potential manner through which public power is curbed in the state context is through mechanisms associated with democracy. These mechanisms are primarily political in nature and involve notions such as popular consent based on free and fair elections, referenda and the procedure of popular initiative. Clearly, international law is not 'democratic' in this sense, nor, arguably, should it be. 11 See e.g. B.Z. Tamanaha, On the Rule of Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004). 12 The meaning and potential of the rule of law concept at the international level has been analysed in various contexts and with varying success. See e.g. D. Dyzenhaus, 'The Rule of (Administrative) Law in International Law' (2005) Institute for International Law and Justice Working Paper 2005/1, available at: <http://www.iilj.org> (last accessed 1 May 2009); E. Cannizzaro, 'Machiavelli, the UN Security Council and the Rule of Law' (2005) Global Law Working Paper 11/05, available at: <http:// www.law.nyu.edu/global/index.htm> (last accessed 1 May 2009). See also e.g. UN General Assembly Report of the Sixth Committee, The rule of law at the national and international levels, UN Doc. A/61/456, 17 November 2006, as well as the related report of the UN Secretary-General, Uniting our strengths: Enhancing United Nations support for the rule of law, UN Doc. A/61/636 – S/2006/980, 14 December 2006. Finally, see also the Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law, High Level Expert Panel Report on The Rule of Law in


even verbal resemblances to support the vague analogy of incident. The evidence adduced by Hosius (Rh. Mus. XLVIII.) to trace the influence upon Lucan's style of Manilius, Aetna, the earlier books of Livy, and Quintus Curtius, is subjected to minute investigation. This problem has much interest in its bearing on works so dubious in date as the Astronomica, A etna and Historiae A lexandri; but Hosius' evidence unfortunately amounts to little, and M. Pichon is for the most part laudably cautious in admitting as proof phrases that are too ordinary, although even he inclines to allow overmuch weight to such a phrase as conscendere currus (p. 237). The similarities between Curtius and Lucan are not very impressive ; and the rejection of Hosius arguments will generally commend itself. Some of the likeness in words depends upon analogy of facts— deserts, for example, are much alike everywhere and will be usually described in similar terms; other resemblances are arguably due to community of source; and others still are no miracles at all, but part of the common stock of Latin literature.


Mobile phones can be functionalized in the process of learning using cellular devices and computing systems. The present study aims to (1) develop mobile learning applications and (2) find out student responses in the learning process using m-learning. This research used the 4D model (defining, designing, developing, and disseminating) written by Thiagarajan. Validation used a questionnaire to collect data, while effectiveness was revealed through student responses that took part in m-learning. The results showed 1) the application used in e-learning learning was very valid (> 85%), and 2) research subjects (two classes) provided very positive feedback (> 85%). It means that the mobile learning application developed is feasible to use because it has high validity and is able to increase students' positive responses. This study reveals that mobile learning applications can have a positive impact on student learning outcomes in the future.


Conventional lensless imaging modulates the image with a Fresnel zone aperture (FZA) as a mask and demodulates it with a four-step phase-shift and the virtual FZA. However, limited by the area size of the sensor, the actual diameter of the aperture used cannot be larger than the sensor, which reduces the resolution of the reconstructed image. To solve this problem, we propose a Fourier Ptychography-based lensless super-resolution imaging reconstruction method. By moving the position of the FZA in front of the sensor, the spectrum of the reconstructed image can be shifted in the frequency domain. Filling the extracted real spectrum at different positions in the frequency domain can realize lensless super-resolution imaging reconstruction. It is verified by simulation that our method can improve the resolution by three times compared with previous methods, which indicates that our method has broad application prospects in the field of lensless imaging.


Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for a substantial proportion of deaths after transplantation. Traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, and cigarette smoking predict risk of CV events in transplant patients (1– 4). Similarly, reduced kidney function is associated with increased CV risk in both the general population and in those with kidney transplants (5, 6). There are, however, a number of CV risk factors that are unique to the transplant population (2– 4) (Table 1). These are not insignificant, and some attribute transplant-associated risk factors, particularly those relating to kidney function, as potentially more potent predictors of CV risk than conventional ones (7). In this issue of Transplantation, Pilmore et al. (8) from the Auckland City Hospital report the findings from a retrospective analysis of data from the Patient Outcomes in Renal Transplantation (PORT) study on the use of CVD medications after renal transplantation and the relationship of medication use to coronary heart disease. The study collected medication data on 15,410 transplant patients from 10 centers. It demonstrated an increase in the use of CVD medications in the first 4 months posttransplantation, with a leveling off of medication use after this time. A total of 36.3% of patients were taking Ace inhibitors and 39.6% were taking statins at 5 years after transplantation. There was a 4-fold increase in the use of any CVD medication, with the exception of diuretics, and a 12-fold increase in the use of statins between 1990 and 1994 and 2000 and 2006. The observed increase in medication since 2000 has occurred in the absence of any trial evidence or evidence-based guidelines to support the use of CVD medication in renal transplant recipients. Indeed, what evidence is available is not encouraging. Data from large trials in hemodialysis patients have consistently failed to demonstrate CV or mortality benefits for quite rational treatment strategies, such as increasing hemoglobin levels, increasing dose of dialysis, and the use of statins to lower cholesterol (9 –12). This may reflect the different CV risk profile and disease pattern in the general and renal populations. In renal transplantation, specifically, there have been few high-quality trials that have addressed interventions to reduce the burden of CVD. Observational studies support the stopping of smoking (13, 14). Antiplatelet agent use has been associated with improved allograft survival in previous studies and with a reduction in adverse cardiac events in the current PORT study (8, 15). However, there have been no randomized control trials looking at blood pressure targets or specific antihypertensive agents after transplantation. The role of statin therapy is equally unclear. Although frequently misrepresented as a positive result, the one large randomized controlled trial of statin therapy in renal transplant recipients found no benefit in the prespecified cardiac endpoints (16). Despite the aforementioned paucity of evidence, the UK Renal Association has recently produced guidelines on the Postoperative Care of the Kidney Transplant Recipient (available in draft form), which suggest that individuals should stop smoking, that clinic blood pressure should be less than 130/80 mm Hg, and that those at increased primary or secondary CV risk should receive statin therapy (17). In addition, the guideline suggests that diabetics and individuals with prior CV events should be managed according to standard diabetic practice. In the United States, National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative have also issued a commentary on the care of the kidney transplant patient but has not issued guidelines, presumably due to a lack of high-quality evidence in this patient group (18). There is no substitution for appropriate trial evidence in the appropriate setting. At present, we do not have sufficient evidence to recommend specific therapies for CV risk reduction in renal transplant patients. Perhaps naturally, there is a regression to the recommendations made for the general population. This may or may not be appropriate: but where trial evidence does not support the use of drugs used in the nontransplant population, there is no logical rationale for their use. In practice, the relatively low use of ACEI/ARB, antiplatelet, and lipid-lowering agents found in the PORT study is notable, even in patients with diabetes. It is possible that this low rate of medication uptake reflects a tension, with the careful physician reluctant to extrapolate data from studies in different populations, balancing this judgment against the pressures from the pharmacologic industry, peers, and nonevidence-based guidelines. Pending the results of the study of heart and renal protection, expected shortly, cliniThe authors declare no conflict of interest. SW Thames Renal and Transplantation Unit, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, Surrey, United Kingdom. Address correspondence to: Peter A. Andrews, F.R.C.P., SW Thames Renal and Transplantation Unit, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 1AA, United Kingdom. E-mail: email@example.com Received 19 November 2010. Accepted 27 November 2010. Copyright © 2011 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISSN 0041-1337/11/9105-492 DOI: 10.1097/TP.0b013e318208c885


In order to eliminate the impact of the dangerous rock body of upper high slopes at entrances of caves,the paper undertakes the comparison of the construction blasting schemes from controlling the slungshots and rolling stones in the treatment process of the dangerous rocks,and mainly introduces the inclined deep-hole blasting technique and safety protection measures of the open-air stages,so as to ensure the slope after the treatment to meet the demands of the stability and safety during the railway operation period.


Infrared spectroscopy is used to distinguish between octahedral and tetrahedral substitutions in an interstratified illite-smectite clay. The Hofmann-Klemen (Li) test suggests that the AlMg□ and FeMg□ octahedral vacancies are preferentially occupied by Li after thermal treatment at 250°C. The ammonium (Chourabi-Fripiat) test reveals the beidellitic character by the formation of two OH stretching modes upon deammonation. The illitic layers are not affected since K is not exchangeable.


There are some multipath and frequency offset in wireless transmission environment, in order to determine the correct starting position of each OFDM symbol, CMMB system must achieve accurate symbol synchronization for send- ing and receiving data, making FFT data transform window position in receiver consistent with IFFT window position in sender. This paper combined the specific frame structure of CMMB standard protocol, analyzed some influences of sym- bol synchronization timing errors in system, discussed the traditional ML (Maximum Likelihood) algorithm, the non data aided algorithm and the reverse conjugate symmetry direct algorithm, and based on the characteristics of these algorithm, proposed a coarse symbol timing synchronization improved algorithm according to CMMB mobile TV, the feasibility of this algorithm is verified in AWGN and multipath channel. Simulation results show that the performance of improved al- gorithm is better, there is no multi-peak of ML algorithm, and don't worry about appearing "lat roof" phenomenon like no data aided algorithm, and it also eliminates adjacent peak interference of the reverse conjugate symmetry direct algorithm, this algorithm is not limited by SNR, even in bad multipath channel condition, the approximate starting position of sym- bol can be estimated.


Major South African gold-mining companies have recently turned to 3-D seismic surveys for mine planning in Witwatersrand Basin (e.g., Pretorius et al., 1997). We present examples showing that 3-D seismic data provide the gross structure and depth of the prospective stratiform ore horizons (the original objective of such surveys), and that careful analysis of 3-D seismic attributes—backed up with borehole control, direct geologic observations, and synthetic seismograms—can provide important information on small-scale faulting (throws of 10–20 m) and lithologic variations of the ore-zone conglomerates.


Currently the talent is the key word for any type of organization or institution. Supported by a change of mentality, which coincides with the entry of the century, the investigations begin to question the IQ (intelligence quotient) as the predominant factor in achieving social and professional success , going to defend the EQ (emotional quotient). Thus, we advocate processing in children and young people to equip them with differentiating competencies to develop talents. Outdoor Training, which places individuals in natural settings outside their comfort zone, has proved to be a methodology that enables better and faster learning than the traditional method. In this workshop we intend to demonstrate how socio-emotional skills can be worked in children and young people using this methodology. It will be developed four outdoor activities that allow participants to go through the experience and be able to assess the relevance and impact of this methodology. The workshop will be conduct with a maximum of 30 people, outdoor environment (off living classroom, on the grounds of the university). A team of researchers in the area of outdoor training and emotional intelligence will energized the workshop on the ground. The workshop will be evaluated through interviews and questionnaires of assessment.


Abstract In a four year period (2005-2009), a total of 161 individuals of different age group presenting clinicalprofile like genetically uncertain syndrome, multiple congenital anomalies, short stature, facial dysmorphism, abnormalbehaviour, unclassified mental retardation and Down syndrome were referred to the Human Genetic Research cumCounselling centre, Jammu.Chromosome study was carried out in all the referred cases, when the chromosomalabnormalities were detected in 91 (56.52%) individuals. Besides chromosome study, some non-cytogenetic factorslike maternal age, male: female ratio, birth order and consanguinity have also been studied to find out the possibleassociation of these factors with chromosomal aberrations in referred patients.


The problem examined in this study is the low student learning outcomes in the third semester of PGMI UIN North Sumatra. This study aims to determine the style of student learning outcomes can change the motion of an object in science courses by using the Contextual Teaching and Learning Learning Model (CTL) in the third semester of PGMI UIN North Sumatra students. The population in this study were all semester III students of PGMI UIN North Sumatra, amounting to 64 people who were divided into two classes. And the sample in this study were all members of the population or a total sample of 64 students. This type of research used in this research is a quasi experiment (quasi-experimental) using CTL model with a test data collection tool. Student learning outcomes using the CTL Model in natural science subjects have an average value of 81.83 while student learning outcomes using the Make A Match Learning Model in natural science subjects have an average value of 74.15. So it can be concluded that student learning outcomes in science subject matter Style Can Change the Motion of an Object using the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) Model better than using the Make A Match Learning Model in the third semester of PGMI UIN North Sumatra.


The change in the power balance, temporal dynamics, emission weighted size, temperature, mass, and areal density of inertially confined fusion plasmas have been quantified for experiments that reach target gains up to 0.72. It is observed that as the target gain rises, increased rates of self-heating initially overcome expansion power losses. This leads to reacting plasmas that reach peak fusion production at later times with increased size, temperature, mass and with lower emission weighted areal densities. Analytic models are consistent with the observations and inferences for how these quantities evolve as the rate of fusion self-heating, fusion yield, and target gain increase. At peak fusion production, it is found that as temperatures and target gains rise, the expansion power loss increases to a near constant ratio of the fusion self-heating power. This is consistent with models that indicate that the expansion losses dominate the dynamics in this regime.


This is a continuation of a series of papers [FL1, FL2, FL3], where we develop quaternionic analysis from the point of view of representation theory of the conformal Lie group and its Lie algebra. In this paper we continue to study the quaternionic analogues of Cauchy's formula for the second order pole. These quaternionic analogues are closely related to regularization of infinities of vacuum polarization diagrams in four-dimensional quantum field theory. In order to add some flexibility, especially when dealing with Cauchy's formula for the second order pole, we introduce a one-parameter deformation of quaternionic analysis. This deformation of quaternions preserves conformal invariance and has a geometric realization as anti de Sitter space sitting inside the five-dimensional Euclidean space. We show that many results of quaternionic analysis - including the Cauchy-Fueter formula - admit a simple and canonical deformation. We conclude this paper with a deformation of the quaternionic analogues of Cauchy's formula for the second order pole.


Purpose : Transforming growth factor (TGF)- reportedly increases neuronal survival by inhibiting the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in astrocytes and protecting neurons after excitotoxic injury. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of TGF- on hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in neonatal rats is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether TGF- has neuroprotective effects via a NO-mediated mechanism and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor modulation on perinatal HI brain injury. Methods : Cortical cells were cultured using 19-day-pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated with TGF- (1, 5, or 10 ng/mL) and incubated in a 1% O2 incubator for hypoxia. Seven-day-old SD rat pups were subjected to left carotid occlusion followed by 2 h of hypoxic exposure (7.5% O2). TGF- (0.5 ng/kg) was administered intracerebrally to the rats 30 min before HI brain injury. The expressions of NOS and NMDA receptors were measured. Results : In the in vitro model, the expressions of endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) increased in the hypoxic group and decreased in the 1 ng/mL TGF--treated group. In the in vivo model, the expression of inducible NOS (iNOS) decreased in the hypoxia group and increased in the TGF--treated group. The expressions of eNOS and nNOS were reversed compared with the expression of iNOS. The expressions of all NMDA receptor subunits decreased in hypoxia group and increased in the TGF--treated group except NR2C. Conclusion : The administration of TGF- could significantly protect against perinatal HI brain injury via some parts of the NO-mediated or excitotoxic mechanism.


Introduction: A great proportion of hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have cardiovascular comorbidities. Immunity status for COVID-19 can be determined using serological testing, where the rapid serological test kits as Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIAs) are the most practical instruments. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a cardiovascular population and compare it with the seropositivity of Stockholm's general population during the same period. Materials and Methods: Consecutive patients were screened with nasopharynx PCR and LFIAs for SARS-CoV-2 during the admission for their planned cardiovascular interventions or surgeries. Complementary data were extracted from medical journals. Results: A total of 175 consecutive patients with cardiovascular comorbidities were tested between May 25 and June 12, 2020. The median age was 64.0 years (interquartile range, 54.0-74.0; range 20-97 years) and 69.7% of the patients were male. Hypertension and electrophysiologic study/intervention were the most common comorbidity and planned intervention, respectively. A total of 12 patients had positive serology results, giving a seroprevalence of 6.9%. False positive IgM was found in 8 patients (4.6%). Conclusion: The lower COVID-19 specific seroprevalence of this cohort compared to that of the general population of Stockholm could be due to self-quarantine or an acquired cellular rather than humoral immune response.


The question about an etymological meaning of the word becomes the first of all, because in law practice there are many cases of «giving up claims about the compensation of moral harm by reason of this or that infringement of law, the lack of clear demarcation of the semantic meanings of the using word. The compensation of moral harm may be by reason of physical suffering physical pain and without them if a person only has mental harm. Moral harm must be considered in absolute connection with the process of psychological and physical breaking of victims' health which is followed by negative changes of mental health, frustration because of some infringement, so it is an encroachment on privacy.


REVIEW QUESTION
The primary question to be considered in this review is: what is the diagnostic accuracy of a computed tomography coronary angiography scan utilising recent advances in technology compared to invasive coronary angiography for adult patients with high heart rates in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease?A secondary question will also be considered: what is the diagnostic accuracy of a computed tomography coronary angiography scan utilising individual technologies compared with invasive coronary angiography for adult patients with high heart rates in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease?


The effects of (phenylethynyl)vinyldiethoxysilane (PVDES) as a crosslinker on heat-curable silicone rubber (HCSR) have been investigated. PVDES, which can, in certain specific amounts, improve the mechanical properties of vulcanizates, is a good crosslinker of silicone rubber. The tensile strength and the tear strength of some vulcanizates can reach 12.80 MPa and 56.4 kN m–1respectively, and the modulus of elasticity at 100% extension 4.10MPa. PVDES can also be used as a good hydrosilation curing retarder of silicone rubber. By adding 0.05 parts or more of PVDES to 100 parts of silicone gum the stocks could be stored at room temperature (20 ± 1 °C) for more than 50 days. The sol fractions and crosslinking density of the vulcanizates have been also measured.


We report the optical properties of polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) and the influence of PVP concentration on the photoluminescence spectra of the PVP (PL) coated ZnS :Ni nanocrystalline thin films synthesized by the wet chemical method and spin-coating. PL spectra of samples were clearly showed that the 520nm luminescence peak position of samples remains unchanged, but their peak intensity changes with PVP concentration. The PVP polymer is emissive with peak maximum at 394nm with the exciting wavelength of 325 nm. The photoluminescence exciting (PLE) spectrum of PVP recorded at 394nm emission shows peak maximum at 332 nm. This excitation band is attributed to the electronic transitions in PVP molecular orbitals. The absorption edges of the PVP-coated ZnS :Ni0.3% samples that were shifted towards shorter wavelength with increasing of PVP concentration can be explained by the absorption of PVP in range of 350nm to 400 nm. While the PVP coating does not affect the microstructure of ZnS :Ni nanomaterial, the analyzed results of the PL, PLE, and time-resolved PL spectra and luminescence decay curves of the PVP and PVP-coated ZnS :Ni samples allow to explain the energy transition process from surface PVP molecules to the Ni2+ centers that occurs via hot ZnS.


Based on core observation,thin section,scanning electron microscopy(Sem),X-ray diffraction,mercury injection curve data analysis,petrological characteristics,pore types,pore structure and physical characteristics and diagenesis are studied in taibei sag of tuha basin.The study found that rock type is mainly feldspathic lithic sandstone and lithic sandstone.Pore types are mainly five categories,residual original intergranular pore,intergranular dissolution pore,intragranular dissolution pore,intergranular pore and fracture.Giving priority to with flake and bay flake throat.The pore structure of Honglian area is better than Shengbei.The correlation of porosity and permeability develops pore type reservoir.Physical characteristics vary widely in different regions with a strong heterogeneity.Through the sandstone composition,diagenesis negative cement pitch point figure research,compaction,cementation,and clay mineral transformation and precipitation filling intergranular pore are the destructive diagenesis; Dissolution and development of cracks are main constructive diagenesis.


Microwave-assisted magnetic recording uses the transverse oscillating field at the level of Larmor frequency to record at substantially reduced write fields. However the ferromagnetic resonance frequency is proportional to media anisotropy and there is a limitation to generate such high frequency sinusoidal microwave fields. On the other hand, square microwave fields facilitate further reduction in write fields at much lower frequencies. As compared to sinusoidal microwave fields, the operating frequency regime of square microwave fields is broader in the presence of anisotropy distribution and less susceptible to variations in media parameters. These characteristics allow for the development of practical high anisotropic magnetic recording systems.


In the European Union, including Latvia, the development of the bioeconomy by exploiting the potential of research, innovation and knowledge transfer is considered to be the basis for economic growth. The research aims to assess the drivers of and barriers to bioeconomic development in Latvia and define actions facilitating the development of the national bioeconomy. The present research employed mostly SWOT analysis in combination with expert judgement. The research concluded that the overall trend in the following strengths of the bioeconomy: Research infrastructure and modern technical equipment for the development of the bioeconomic knowledge base (3S) and Vast regional coverage of and cooperation among leading research institutions in the field of bioeconomics (1S) was negative, as the total impact of the threats exceeded the total impact of the opportunities. However, the overall trend in the strength Extensive initial activities and the knowledge base for bioeconomic research (2S) was positive, as the total impact of the opportunities exceeded the total impact of the threats. The total impact of exogenous factors on the weaknesses in the development of the bioeconomy was positive; therefore, the total impact of exogenous factors tended to weaken the weaknesses. Since the largest positive impacts on endogenous factors were made by the following opportunities: Effective support for independent innovation projects implemented by large companies (3O) and Stimulation of innovation in the small and medium enterprise sector in active synergy with national research priorities and available funding (2IO), it is necessary to increase government and private sector funding for R&D in order to contribute to the development of the bioeconomy in Latvia. The availability of funding should be balanced and predictable in the long term to reduce the impact of the threat Public policies and insufficient and unpredictable funding for research and development hinder the development of bioeconomy industries and steady growth opportunities (2T). To encourage the business sector to invest in R&D, including in the bioeconomy industries, public support and various incentives for entrepreneurs are needed.


Aim: To study the improvement in the macular edema, visual acuity after a single dose of 2mg IVTA with various other factorsaffecting the outcome. Methods: This is a prospective hospital based interventional study carried on 50 eyes of the patients having diabetic macular edema.2mg/0.05ml IVTA injection was given and Follow up examination of each patient was done on 1 st day, after 1 week, after 1 month . Results:  Average macular thickness was 440.1 µm and 357.4 µm before and after IVTA respectively.Out of 33 patients of NPDR 26(78.8%) patients shows improvement and 7(21.2%) patients didn't while in case of PDR out of total 17 patients 7(41.1%) patients shows improvement and 10(58.9%) patients didn't shows improvement in the visual acuity/macular thickness. Average macular thickness changes after IVTA in NPDR patients was167 µm decrease and in PDR patients 43 µm decrease on 1 month follow up. Similarly 62 %( 31) of patients having uncontrolled diabetes61 µm decrease and 38 %( 19) patients having controlled diabetes130 µm decrease in macular thickness. Conclusions: Study shows improvement in the macular thickness and visual acuity after 1 month post IVTA in most cases.The improvement was more in patients with NPDR compared to PDR and in patients with controlled diabetescompared to uncontrolled diabetes irrespective of duration of diabetes.


A highly atom-economical enantioselective organocatalyzed Rauhut-Currier and [3+2] annulation sequence has been established by using a flow system. Suitable flow conditions were explored through reaction screening of multiple parameters using machine learning. Eventually, functionalized chiral spirooxindole analogues were obtained in high yield with good ee as a single diastereomer within one minute.


It is generally accepted that Alexandria ad Aegyptum was founded ex nihilo in 331 BC by Alexander the Great, rapidly growing into one of antiquity's most opulent economic and intellectual centers. However, ancient texts by Strabo (17.1.6) and Pliny (NH 5.11.62) suggest the existence of a pre‐Hellenistic settlement named Rhakotis. This literary evidence has fuelled contentious scholarly debate for decades. Here we present new geochemical data from Alexandria's ancient bay sediments, elucidating unequivocal proof for pollutant lead (Pb) input into the harbor during the Egyptian Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC). A second contamination peak is detected during the Iron Age (1000–800 BC), at the end of the prosperous Ramesses reigns. These findings evidence thriving pre‐Hellenistic settlements in Alexandria. During the Greek and Roman periods, we expound the largest Pb pollution ever encountered in ancient city sediments with Pb levels twice as high as those measured in contemporary industrialized estuaries.


This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact email@example.com. Recommended Citation Thinesen, Pamela Kay, "Seasonal trailing behavior and corticosterone levels in male red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis)" (1989). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3916.


A new method of tracing precipitation isoline is introduced in term of the character of rain spot and isoline.The method,firstly,grids the precipitation amount by conicoid,then judges and traces isoline and brings forward a way of how to avoid connection uncertainty of isoline.Lastly,jumping-off and end point of opening-curve,and close isoline were judged.The method improves the precision of the precipitation isoline and is important to count the surface precipitation of the drainage area.


Advanced high strength (AHS) steel sheets are increasingly used for the production of various automotive structural parts. The components of new lightweight vehicles have very complex Shapes, for which more precise forming procedures are required in order to achieve a desired geometry. Hereby, springback occurrences of such AHS parts are often the most critical concern. In this work, it aimed to investigate springback effects of the AHS steel grade 980 in a V-shape bending process. Experimental bending test and its corresponding FE simulations were conducted. The Hill'48 and Barlat89 yield criteria, and the Yoshida-Uemori (Y-U) kinematic hardening model were applied. The yield function parameters were obtained from the tensile tests of samples in various orientations. The Y-U model parameters were determined from a cyclic tension-compression test and were afterwards calibrated with the 1-element simulation. The resulted bend angles measured from the experiment and predicted by FE simulations using the different models were compared and evaluated. For the bending in this work, the Hill'48 and Barlat89 models showed the predictive errors of springback angle 1% and 2% higher than the Y-U model, respectively. The accuracy of springback prediction could be improved by the Y-U model using C1 and C2 parameters around 1%. In addition, effects of sheet thickness and punch radius on the springback were afterwards studied and discussed by using the Y-U model.


In modern Russian historiography, there are controversial opinions about some problems (for example, who initiated the interaction: power or society). The materials of the article can be helpful for historians, university professors, teachers, who deal with problems of history of Russian historical science and Russian history of early XX century.


Contemporary medicine is developing rapidly.Due to the rise of medical mechanics,the limit of cognition and medical development,some tendencies towards defectiveness in medicine appear such as Gammy Medicine,Schismatic Medicine,Passive Medicine,Palliative Medicine,Less Humanity Medicine and Unfair Medicine.Based on the analysis and comment on them,we will make a prediction of the trend of medical service reform.


Every fall, Northeastern America monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus ) undergo an extraordinary migration to their overwintering site in Central Mexico. During their long migration, monarch migrants use sun compass to navigate. To maintain a southward flying direction, monarch migrants compensate for the continuously changing position of the sun by providing timing information to the compass using their circadian clock. Animal circadian clocks depend primarily on a negative transcriptional feedback loop to track time. I started my work to re-construct the monarch butterfly circadian clock negative feedback loop in cell culture, focusing on homologs of Drosophila clock genes. It turned out that in addition to a Drosophila -like cryptochrome (cry1) gene, a second mammalian-like cry2 gene exists in monarch butterflies and many other insects, except in Drosophila . The two CRYs showed distinct functions in our initial assays in cultured Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells. CRY2 functions as a potent transcriptional repressor, while CRY1 is light sensitive but shows no obvious transcriptional activity. The existence of two cry genes in insects changed the Drosophila -centric view of insect circadian clock. During the course of my study, our lab obtained a monarch cell line called DpN1 cells. These cells possess a light-driven clock and contributed tremendously to the research on monarch circadian clock. Using this cell line, I provided strong evidence supporting monarch CRY2's role as a major circadian clock repressor and identified a protein-protein protective interaction cascade underlying the CRY1-mediated resetting of the molecular oscillator in DpN1 cells. I continued my work trying to understand how insect CRY2 inhibits transcription. I provided evidence suggesting the involvement of monarch PER in promoting CRY2 nuclear entry in both S2 cells and DpN1 cells. Finally, I mapped CRY2's transcriptional inhibitory activity onto its N-terminal domain. Collectively, my research helped to change our view of insect clocks from a Drosophila -centric standpoint to a much more diverse picture. My studies also advanced the understanding of monarch circadian clock mechanism, and provides a foundation for further studies.


In the era of big data, personal privacy leakage has become a hidden danger for social development. As an output privacy protection model, differential privacy can effectively quantify and limit personal privacy disclosure. Combining differential privacy with decision tree algorithm, a decision tree algorithm is proposed to meet differential privacy protection. The algorithm uses exponential mechanism to select split nodes and Laplace mechanism to add noise to leaf nodes. When allocating the privacy budget, the correlation and quantity of the data set are fully considered, which saves the privacy budget and realizes the dynamic change of the privacy budget with the change of the size of the data set. The experimental result on Adult data set display algorithm effectively improves the accuracy of classification result prediction under the premise of privacy protection.


Background. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the biggest challenge the whole modern world has faced. Physicians and scientists are trying to find a solution to this problem. That is why many guidelines for the management of patients with COVID-19 have been created recently and they are constantly updating because of new results of the latest studies. But it is noticeable that there is a lack of protocols for certain special groups of the population the management of which differs from the treatment of the general population. Such groups include children, pregnant and postpartum women, the elderly, and patients who need surgery. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the management of pregnant and postpartum women in the Municipal Non-Profit Enterprise "Lviv Clinical Emergency Care Hospital". Materials and methods. From September 2020, at the premises of the Municipal Non-Profit Enterprise "Lviv Clinical Emergency Care Hospital", treatment has been carried out for pregnant and postpartum women with COVID-19; three case reports are presented. Results. Unfortunately, the treatment does not always lead to positive outcomes, sometimes it can be fatal, as the course is often accompanied by bacterial complications on the background of immunosuppression. However, it was found that the best treatment regimen is still a combination of antibiotics, anticoagulants and hormones and excludes the widespread use of antiviral or antimalarial drugs. Continuous monitoring of vital functions and assessment of liver, kidney, and heart function is essential to prevent complications or detect them at an early stage. Conclusions. During treatment of pregnant women in the intensive care units, it is important to choose the right empirical therapy, think about delivery done in time and oxygen therapy, based on theoretical and practical principles of ventilation.


We show that a small and regular triangulation of the hyperbolic plane is rigid under the discrete conformal change, extending previous rigidity results on the Euclidean plane. Our result is a discrete analogue of the conformal rigidity of the hyperbolic plane.


Drying of unbleached kraft pulp in the laboratory revealed two main stages in its response to increasing temperature of drying. The first stage was characterized by significant decreases in water retention value, capacity to adsorb a cationic polymer, dry strength, and apparent density of handsheets formed after reslurrying the pulp with no additional treatment. These changes, which were independent of the drying temperature, were attributed to the action of capillary forces in the closure of micro-pores in the cell wall during the initial drying. The second stage was characterized by further significant decreases in all of the same parameters when drying temperatures became as high as 150 to 175 o C. In addition, high-temperature drying also resulted in a loss of molecular mass of the cellulose, as revealed by viscosity tests. Surprisingly, neither cellulose molecular mass nor water retention was affected to a significant extent by the value of pH prior to drying, within a range of 3 to 8. The results suggest that whereas some irreversible changes in fiber properties are unavoidable during conventional papermaking practices, further losses in the bonding ability of unbleached kraft fibers can be caused by over-drying.


Four suspended solutions with multi-walled carbon nanotube(NMWT) dispersion were processed by surfactant ultrasonic dispersion approach.Hereby,those correspondent solutions were incorporated into cement matrix,mix cast NMWT reinforced cement composite(NFRC),respectively.The ampere-volt characteristics with four-electrode testing technique and compressive strengths of four groups NFRCs were investigated,in contrast with those of the plain specimens.Results show that,due to the steric and electrostatic repulsion effect resulted from the hydrophilic and hydrophobic group characteristic,PAA has some improvement on the dispersivity of NMWT,yet only to a limited extent.The I-V characteristic and mechanical property of the correspondent NFRC could have some enhancement with the increment of NMWT loading:the resistivity(ρ) of NFRC has the trend of firstly falling down,hereafter climbing up,then falling down again;the compressive strength(σc) has the trend of being firstly improved,hereafter steadily weakened.


The dissociation mechanism suggested for lithium-based polymerization in many cases requires a relationships between the degree of association of the active centres and the kinetic data. This connection has recently been questioned (R. N. Young, L. J. Fetters, J. S. Huang & R. Krishnamoorti, Polymer International, 33 (1994) 217). It is the purpose of the present communication to show that this questioning is not soundly based.


Nowadays, the increasing of energy demand and its escalating cost has forced many companies and institutions looking solution for this problem. Electric customers have to pay a maximum demand charge in addition to the usual kWh consumption charge. The peak demand charge frequently stands a large portion of the total bill and it is based on only a period of 15 or 30 minutes registered during month/billing period. The increase of maximum demand due to the world economic development has created high concern from electric supply companies the need to supply that growth in the short period through the existing facilities. The aim of this research is to optimize maximum demand of electrical energy system using distributed generation technology. The selected case study is Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. In this research on-grid Distributed Generation system (DG) has been used to achieve optimum and minimum peak demand and power cost targets. The on-grid DG was based on Hybrid Power System (HPS) which combines power generated from renewable energy sources such as (PV arrays, wind turbine) and power purchased from grid utility. Micro power optimizer software (HOMER) has been used for the optimization and simulation processes. The results indicate that the maximum demand was reduced 16.5% while a potential cost savings of 14% has been achieved. A sensitivity analysis on resource availability and the system costs has been performed in order to explore how variations in average annual wind speed and solar radiation affect the current optimal system costs. Findings of this study will give a valuable contribution to UTM for analysis pertaining to the development of future optimization of peak demand of electrical energy system.


We review current observations of binary star populations with particular attention to what insight these populations can give us into the problem of how binary stars form. Significant progress has been made in the past few years, revealing variations as a function of site, primary star mass, and binary star separations. The variations in the binary star population with type of star formation site in comparison with the field, suggests that ""'30% of the field binaries formed in loose T associations and ,,-,70% formed in the dense progenitors of open clusters. Variations with mass and separation on the whole are well matched by the predictions of fragmentation followed by competitive accretion. However, there remains much work to be done on both the observational and theoretical end before a complete picture of binary star formation can be developed.


Introduction: Benjakul is a Thai Traditional medicine preparation in The National Essential Drug Lists of Thailand. It is used for improvement of general health and wellbeing. It is composed of five plants: Piper retrofractum fruit, Piper sarmentosum root, Piper ribessoides stem, Plumbago indica root, and Zingiber officinale rhizome. There is no report about the stability of the antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of Benjakul and determination of total phenolic content. Objective was to investigate the stability of the ethanolic extract of Benjakul by determination its antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. Method: Benjakul preparations were extracted with 95% ethanol. The extracts were stored under accelerated storage conditions at 45°C and 75% relative humidity (RH) for 4 months and keeping at days 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 respectively. At the end of the storage, the extracts were tested for antioxidant activities by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) cation radical scavenging assay and also determination of total phenolic content using Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent. Result: The results from DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that the EC 50 values of the extracts at days 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 were 17.24 ± 0.48 - 17.70 ± 0.67 μg/ml. The results from the ABTS assay showed the EC 50 of the samples as 28.71 ± 1.00 - 33.17 ± 0.26 μg/ml. The antioxidant activities from both assays showed no significant difference at different storage times (p > 0.05). In addition, the total phenolic content showed as 72.43 - 77.42 mgGAE/g extract and no significant difference at different storage times with day 0 (p > 0.05). Discussion and Conclusion:  The ethanolic extract of Benjakul was stable over 2 years, because of no significant difference of its antioxidant activities and total phenolic content at various time comparison with day 0 under the accelerated storage conditions. Key words: Stability, Benjakul, Antioxidant activities, Total phenolic compound


In this dissertation, we study the rectilinear shortest path problems among rectilinear obstacles. A weighted obstacle represents a region through which an extra cost will be incurred and the shortest path between two distinguished points in the presence of weighted obstacles is the one with minimum total cost. By using the plane sweep approach, we obtain an algorithm to solve the problem when the obstacles are weighted rectangles. The algorithm runs in $\Theta (n\ \log\ n)$ time and uses $\Theta (n)$ space where $n$ is the number of the vertices of obstacles. By using a graph-theoretical approach, the problem with weighted rectilinear obstacles can be solved in $O(n \log\sp2\ n)$ time and $O(n \log\ N)$ space. After adjusting the graph, an algorithm which runs in $O(n\ \log\sp{3/2}\ n)$ time and space is also presented. A useful scheme named weighted segment tree, which is believed to be helpful in other situations, plays an important role of reducing the time complexity in the above problems.


Introduction. The recent Nobel prizes in economics awarded to financial economists confirmed the transition that finance has undergone in the past thirty years, moving from being what one wag called a taxonomy of anecdotes to being one of the more tangential and "softer" areas of economics to occupy center stage. Finance has come of age as a science in large part through the application of the work of Wiener and the other pioneers of the theory of stochastic processes. Diffusion processes have become part of the vocabulary of modern finance. Accompanying this intellectual transformation has been a rare for the social sciences embracing of the practical significance—the engineering side—of finance. A recent article in Scientific American takes note of the hundreds of mathematicians and physicists who have moved to Wall Street, where they make use of quite advanced techniques in applied mathematics that lie at the heart of what has become a $50 trillion industry. If one were to look for the new applications of mathematics one would be hard pressed to find an area where the impact has been more certain or more significant. What I would like to do in this short paper is to give the reader a sense of what this is all about. What is happening on Wall Street and what are these mathematicians and physicists doing? What are the major research paradigms and what comes next?


The Nigerian State over the years, experienced continuous attacks from the Boko Haram insurgent group since the period of 2009 to date and that has affected the country's national security. These continuous attacks have claimed the lives of so many Nigerians and its spread to other countries such as Chad, Niger and Cameroon, and have thus, called for the attention of the international community. Tracing the root causes of the insurgency, similar approach reveals for the new call for Biafra's secession from Nigeria in 2015. This research paper seeks to investigate the role of zoning and rotation of presidency between the Nigeria's six geo-political zones as a panacea for resolving the conflict between the North and South, as well as ethno-religious conflicts that bedeviled the peaceful co-existence of the Nigerian State which has the largest population in Africa. The research paper made use of qualitative approach through the conduct of interviews, review from previous literature, online newspapers and other internet sources as means of data collection. The findings, thus, reveal that the Igbo ethnic nationality from the South-East geopolitical zone foresee no hope of occupying the seat of the President of Nigeria hence, the need for secession from Nigeria in order to achieve self-determination through the Republic of Biafra which was fought for in 1967-1970 during Nigeria's civil war. Keywords: Biafra Agitation, Nigeria, Peace and Conflict Resolution, Zoning of Presidency.


This study investigated the use of instrumented pavements to enhance the management of highway infrastructure. A novel sensor technology was explored to continuously monitor road structures to gain more insight and understanding of pavement performance and deterioration caused by heavy truck traffic. With the help of monitoring data, it was possible to assess the current analytical pavement analysis method, which is based on multi-layered elastic analysis, and, thus enhance the pavement design practice in use. Three instrumented pilot projects were constructed in 2006, which were located at Vt20 in Taivalkoski, Mt 2983 in Vesilahti, and Pt 11568 in Vantaa. The volume of traffic was 1,500, 400, and 3,250 vehicles per day, respectively. A total of 200 sensors and 600 m of fiber optic cables were installed. In addition, near Tampere, a relatively thick test section was constructed where only air and pavement temperatures were measured. Different sensors, installed at various depths in the pavement, were used to measure stresses, strains, and deflections caused by pavement bending under loading. In addition, vehicle locations in the traveled lane and vehicle speeds were recorded. Also, environmental effects, including the air and pavement temperatures, the moisture content, and the ground water table level, were monitored. The pavement responses were recorded with the help of an automated data acquisition and storage system and vehicles were also photographed to ease the data interpretation and analysis work.Structural deterioration of the pavement layers was also studied indirectly by measuring the pavement surface characteristics; 3D laser scanning was used to obtain 3D pictures of the pavement surface, and Stratotest profile measurements and surveying were used to study changes in the pavement layer thicknesses. The transverse lateral expansion of the road cross section caused by heavy truck traffic and frost heave was measured by surveying and pavement deflections were measured using the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). All of these measurements were obtained to monitor changes in pavement response with time. The most important findings were obtained from the test loading of the pavements, which were conducted by using trucks, with known weights, driven different paths at different speeds in the traveled way. Knowing the exact weight of the truck enabled calculation of the pavement response. Similarly, it was possible to back-calculate the pavement loading by knowing the measured pavement response. It was found that the stiffness of the unbound layers was minimally affected by the wheel load. However, the depth of the monitoring location had more effect on the obtained stiffness values. Based on the vertical strain measurements, it appears that the unbound aggregate structure was moving underneath the wheel load. The material was densifying underneath the wheel and dilating beside the wheel, which caused the material to lose its structure. The FWD measurements indicated that the shape of the deflection bowl was dependent on the thickness of the bound layers or asphalt layers. As all of the test sections had thin bound layers, the shape of the deflection bowl was sharp. Also, the pavement was bending faster than it recovered. This report may be found at http://www.tut.fi/units/rka/mpr/tutkimus/tieika/Loppuraportti/TIEIKA_Loppuraportti.pdf


Abstract In this paper, we study the cylindrical Schrödinger operator and construct a modified cylindrical Poisson–Schrödinger kernel, in analogy to the classical theory of the Laplacian in a strip. A new method expressing explicitly the modified cylindrical Poisson–Schrödinger kernels of any degree is obtained, and a formula expressing the modified cylindrical Poisson–Schrödinger integrals in terms of Nevanlinna–Schrödinger norms is deduced. Applications in the solutions of Dirichlet–Schrödinger problem are described. More specifically, the existence and uniqueness of explicit solutions to the problem mentioned above for the cylindrical Schrödinger equation are obtained. It is shown that our method yields more explicit results than do other methods. Much more challenging geometric configurations, such as a cylinder with a rough base bear new and interesting challenges arising from the lateral boundary conditions. These have-at least to our knowledge-not been addressed before.


This research focused on the journey of male Māori through secondary school and the effect on their identities in terms of sport, culture and academia. The two key areas of focus were how the culture of the school, including cultural stereotypes, impacts on male Māori learner self-concept, and whether the effect of creating an all Māori boys form class has resulted in an increased sense of belonging and engagement.
The research was conducted as a case study underpinned by an interpretive methodology, using a focus group interview. The group was made up of five boys, chosen from a newly formed all boys' Year 11 Māori form class. The boys were selected in conjunction with their form teacher and the schools Kaitiaki, in order to reflect a range of sporting, academic and cultural levels.
The research findings found that although the boys view of their experiences in school seemed positive overall, they described common incidences and reactions to racial discrimination. The exposure to embedded racial stereotypes and behaviours caused them to create their own solutions, often through threatening violence or aggressive reactions. It appears that when young male Māori are more closely connected to Māori culture, they are more likely they are to create these responses.
Teachers remain integral to the engagement and belonging of a young male Māori in secondary school. In support of the findings from Kia Eke Panuku (2013), this study found that male Māori require positive relationships with their teachers to engage in the subject and school in a general sense. Relationships based on ako and manaakitanga are key to these students viewing their experiences in school as successful.
Another finding showed the importance of sport and physical activity to young male Māori, though success in this area has been a limiting factor in contributing to overall success in secondary school. The placing of male Māori as a 'physical being' (Hokowhitu, 2003a; Hokowhitu, 2003b; Hokowhitu, 2004) creates spaces where Māori can be successful, such as practical based subjects like physical education. This success is perceived as acceptable yet often isolates them away from success in other areas (Erueti & Palmer, 2014), feeding into the stereotype itself.
The success of the all boys' Māori form class was scrutinised by this study, and found the intended outcomes had not necessarily been met. The overall impact was that the boys had been grouped with a Māori form teacher and the intentions of additional support had been overlooked due to time pressures and deficit thinking in terms of capabilities of the class members. For the Māori boys in this study, the challenges of overcome historical cultural stereotypes added to the challenge of succeeding at secondary school. The expectation that they walk successfully between the realms of Māori and pākehā to achieve in the current education system coupled with the feeling they needed to act 'pākehā' in order to achieve is particularly disturbing. The inequity for them in denying part of their…


The present invention relates to a kind of comprehensive treating device for wool washing waste water, it is suitable for the treatment of wool washing waste water of wool spinning trades including textile, felt-making and carpet industries. Said device is composed of two parts of waste water treatment, and fleece grease extraction and recovery. It realized wool washing periodic closed-circuit cir-culation and closed-circuit circulation. In addition, it also has the advantages of reason able design, low investment, easy operation and maintenace, saving water, steam, and detergent, high recovery rate of fleece grease and eliminating the environmental pollution due to wool washing waste water. It is a fairly good device at present for wool washing waste water treatment.


Politics - administration interface is the relationship between politicians and public servants which lies in the heart of public administration. Ethiopia has officially been branding herself as developmental state since the early 2000s. In the context of developmental state, organic and symbolic relationship between the politics and Public service is vital in achieving developmental goals.The aim of this research is examining the nature of interface between leaders in political office and the bureaucracy in the Ethiopian civil service. To this end, the research question is: "What is the nature of interface between leaders in political office and the bureaucracy in the Ethiopian civil service?"The research approach is basically qualitative case study. The actual data collection has covered three ministries. The instruments that have been used for collecting data are in-depth interview with key informants; focus group discussions; and document analysis.Given the findings of this research, one of the key challenges that are hindering the Ethiopian federal civil service from being developmental is the lack of development of a professional and politically neutral civil service. Hence, the Ethiopian bureaucracy lacks some attributes of bureaucracies in developmental states. Keywords : Ethiopian public service, politicization, bureaucracy


The invention discloses a light emitting diode assembly and a manufacturing method thereof. The light emitting diode assembly comprises a transparent substrate, a plurality of light emitting diode chips, a circuit, a transparent package and two electrode plates. The transparent substrate is provided with a first surface and a second surface which face opposite directions. The plurality of light emitting diode chips are fixed on the first surface. The circuit is electrically connected with the plurality of light emitting diode chips. The transparent package is equipped on the first surface and approximately packages the plurality of light emitting diode chips and the circuit. The plurality of electrode plates are arranged on the first surface or the second surface. The plurality of electrode plates are electrically connected with the plurality of light emitting diode chips through the circuit, and are used as two power input ends of the light emitting diode assembly.


HEART CLOTS OR THROMBOSIS. Practically this subject is in my line of genealogy, as my father, Dr. Benjamin Cutter, died of thrombosis; in my line of clinical morphology, as it includes the detection of the pre-thrombic or embolie state, and in the line of applied medicine, which teaches that thrombosis is caused by soured food and is curable by diet, mainly, an American idea practically proved. The subject has been studied much and well. I own a Latin essay on the polypi of the heart, published in 1729, at Jena, and read before a critical audience, including Dr. Hermann Frederick Teichermeyer, President of the Medical College, by Dr. John Christian de Winterbach, as his inaugural thesis for the doctorate of medicine. Not a bad custom for to-day! The essay is short, but deep and creditable now. It shows that fibrinous concretions in the heart and blood vessels have been observed


Highlight A functional analysis is conducted on two structurally related soybean WRKY proteins, GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76, and they are found to play a critical role in plant growth and flowering.


A fast public-key cryptosystem is proposed by which the new algorithm uses Chinese remainder theorem to hide the trapdoor information.The speed of the cryptographic system is high in that only several modular multiplications and a multiplication for low-dimensional matrix and vector are used during encryption and decryption,while the security of the new system is based on the intractability assumption of integer factorization.


To the Editors: T he potential effects of antipsychotic drugs (APD) on body temperature have been known since the discovery of chlorpromazine by Charpentier in 1950. The Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a very well-known side effect of APD in patients treated with typical as well as newer atypical antipsychotics and there has been a lot published about it. However, hypothermia (a core body temperature, <35°C) is a frequentlymissed side effect of APDs. In 1952, Chlorpromazine was the first APD used in anesthesia to induce a lowering of body temperature, causing a kind of so-called artificial hibernation. A systemic review by Zonnenberg et al concludedwith 57 published reports of hypothermia and in most cases; the common APD, which resulted in hypothermiawere haloperidone, risperidone, ziprasidone, olanzapine. However, there was only one published case of hypothermia due to oral paliperidone. But, there has not been any published case report of hypothermia due to injectable paliperidone which is marketed as Invega Sustenna and is a frequently used long active injectable APD for acute and maintenance therapy in patients with schizophrenia. Despite a benefit of improved medication compliance with long-acting injectable APDs, there is a risk of the irreversibility of adverse events when it happens in addition to other common side effects, such as soreness and pain at the injection site, postinjection delirium with olanzapine, and extrapyramidal movements. Therefore, here,we describe a patientwho developed hypothermia following paliperidone injection, which resulted in prolonged and complicated hospitalization.


A discrete model of bus stop location in which candidate stops are either selected or not has several practical advantages over classical continuum models. An evaluation method for stop sets that uses parcels as units of demand and the street network to model walking paths between transit stops and parcels has been proved effective and realistic. In this framework, the on–off counts at existing stops are used to allocate demand to the parcels in each stop's service area in proportion to the stops' trip-generating ability. The result is a demand distribution that matches existing counts and reflects variations in land use. However, with demand modeled on the street network, the placement of service boundaries midway between neighboring stops becomes invalid because of irregularities in the network of access streets and curves in the transit route. The dependence of a stop on more than its immediate neighbors for determination of its service area complicates the process of optimization of stop locations by use of dynamic programming. The proposed solution expands the state space so that a stop's service area is dependent on the two prior and the two succeeding stops. The resulting dynamic programming model was tested on two bus routes and found solutions that were better than the existing stop set and the stop sets proposed by consultants by use of simple yet state-of-the-art models. This paper describes a method for optimization of stop locations on an existing route that includes realistic and localized estimates of its impacts on walking and riding times and operating cost.


With the 2014 mid-term elections looming ever closer, it is only a matter of time before the calls for candidates to have greater dialogue on issues begins. But is this dialogue, or 'issue convergence' helpful for voters? New research by Keena Lipsitz into what happens when candidates address the same issues at the same time finds that individuals hear from both candidates, they are often easily confused, especially if their level of political interest is not high.


A light beam emitted from the coherent light source for linearly polarized light incident on the polarization phase plate, and generates a bimodal bubim on which the main beam and the center position and size of the main portion having a polarization component orthogonal to each other match. Bubim primary beam and is focused on the information storage surface of the optical disk, the polarization separation after reflection separately the first to be detected by a third photodetector. First to third output signals from the photodetectors is calculated and output by the differential operator.


The exact relationships between the real and imaginary parts of the susceptibility of nonlinear optical materials are reported. The implications of this result in the context of semiconductor lasers and to the study of nonlinear semiconductor optical waveguides are indicated.


One problem in the quantitative evaluation of holographic interferograms is to measure the absolute fringe order and not only the relative one. This relative fringe order can be measured with high accuracy by means of methods like heterodyning or phase shifting. To get the absolute value a method using two different wavelength to perform the interfero- grams. The mathematical treatment and an experimental application is reported. 1. INTROCUCTION Holographic Interferometry is a proven technology for nondestructive testing in certain areas of industrial use. An example for this application is the holographic tire tester. However, in any case the evaluation is done by a visual inspection of the interferometric fringe system; there is no example of a fully automated evaluation with the test result "yes" or "no" till today. One of the problems to reach this goal is an automated evalua tion of the absolut fringe order. Holographic Interferometry is a proven tool for quantitative deformation measurements in a laboratory environment. Examples for this application are the experimental stress ana lysis or the design optimization measurements. ' However, in all these applications the additional input of the absolute fringe order in at least one surface point in necessary to determine the correct deformation and by this the correct stress in a given point. The future of holographic interferometry will see more applications in measurement tech nologies additionally to the NOT. This application requires a fully automated evaluation of the fringe system with high accuracy, since the phase or the fringe order, respective ly, is related to the dislocation of a surface point by the simple multiplication with the sensitivity vector. Today,, several methods are developed to determine the phase relative to any point of the surface. ' ' However, the problem to determine the absolute value from the Rinterferogram is unsolved till today, although hints are given in former reports. /J° In this report a new method is discussed to measure the absolute phase by the use of two more different wavelengths: the interferograms are performed with different colors of a dye laser. The change of the wavelength can be measured and controlled very precisely. This change results a variation of the fringe ^order, which is proportional to the fringe order itself: The absolute order can be determined from the precise measurement of the phases in the different interferograms.


Objective To determine the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in relatives of patients with Crohn's disease. Methods Postal questionnaire supplemented by review of case notes (for all patients). Interviews (personal or telephone) were carried out to confirm a positive family history. Patients Complete information was obtained from 433 adult patients with Crohn's disease. Ages ranged from 17–85 years. More than 95% of patients were resident locally. Results In 78 families (18%), at least one first- or second-degree relative also had IBD; three relatives were affected in 14 families and four in two families. Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis occurred in these multiply-affected pedigrees. First-degree relatives were affected in 50 families (11.5%). Siblings were most affected (33 siblings in 29 families). Crohn's disease (20 siblings) was more common than ulcerative colitis (13 siblings); 19 parents and four offspring were affected. A spouse was affected in one family only. IBD was not present in families of adopted Crohn's disease patients. Assuming a population prevalence of 170/100 000 for IBD, the relative risks for IBD in siblings, parents and offspring of patients with Crohn's disease calculated from these data are, respectively, 24.7, 12.5 and 4.41. Conclusion These data confirm the increased prevalence of IBD in families of patients with Crohn's disease. Genetic susceptibility appears to be implicated in disease pathogenesis.


LOGO is a programming language developed at Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. specifically for use in teaching. It provides the student with a rich set of numerical and symbolic primitives as elements for gradually building extended, complex program structures. The building of these structures is greatly facilitated by a procedure-oriented programming heuristic and by recursive programming. Combined with these, to make LOGO easy to learn and use by students and teachers, are a syntax resulting in program forms which resemble ordinary English, and powerful tools for debugging and modifying programs. Students without special mathematical ability can use LOGO to do real work on problems previously inaccessible to them.


To explore the effect of quercetin on learning and memory in C57B /L mice fed high-fat diet and potential mechanism.45 female C57B /L mice were randomly divided into three groups: control group(normal diet),high-fat diet group(about 20% fat),quercetin group(high-fat diet supplemented with 0.01% quercetin).Morris water maze experiment was conducted at the 26thweek.After that,mice were sacrificed.Then oxidative stress indexes in cortex and hippocampus were tested and the expression of NF-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2),Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and Brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in hippocampus were evaluated by RT-PCR.Compared to the control group,there was a significant deficit in learning and memory in HFD group(p 0.05).The cortex and hippocampus of mice fed high-fat diet were exposed to significant oxidative damage(p 0.05).Furthermore,the expression of Nrf2,HO-1 and BDNF in hippocampus tissue decreased significantly(p 0.05) in HFD group.After treated with quercetin,oxidative damage of cortex and hippocampus was alleviated.Additionally,the expression of Nrf2,HO-1 and BDNF were up-regulated and learning and memory was improved significantly(p 0.05).Quercetin could improve high-fat diet induced memory and learning impairment,which might be attributed to upregulate the expression of Nrf2,HO-1 and BDNF.


In the guidance of energy saving and environment protection,the development trends of basic composition and solvent,which are used in the industrial metal cleaners were outlined.The technical data of a water-base metal cleaner and a solvent cleaner was pointed out.


A sealing device used on an output shaft of a reducer belongs to a technical field of gearing. The technical scheme includes that the sealing device used on an output shaft of a reducer comprises a ring-shaped bearing gland, a frame sealing ring and a ring-shaped oil sealing gland. The bearing gland is connected with the reducer body and covers the output shaft of the reducer. The frame sealing ring is arranged between an inner side of a cylinder of bearing gland and the output shaft of the reducer. The oil sealing gland is connected with the bearing gland and covers the output shaft of a reducer. A side of the bearing gland facing a side in the reducer body relies on the frame sealing ring. The sealing device used on the output shaft of the reducer is characterized in that the detachable oil sealing gland is arranged on the outer side of the bearing gland and the flange on the inner side of a cylinder of bearing gland is removed. Therefore, when the frame sealing ring is changed, the bearing gland needs not to be detached. The work efficiency is greatly improved. The sealing device used on the output shaft of the reducer has the advantages of good sealing effect, high reliability and convenient preservation.


The modern state of the theory of topological constraints in statistical physics of polymers is reviewed. Attention is paid mainly to the most general problems concerning the topological properties of polymers represented as Markov paths. The different approaches and methods used for solving the concrete topological problems are systematized. On the phenomenological level the role of topological constraints in kinetics of polymers is investigated.


The utility model discloses an integrated transmission box of an electric door. Two sets of one-way transmission devices in opposite directions are adopted; the quick opening and slow closing of the electric door can be realized through a simple structure; moreover, the integrated transmission box has the advantages of simple structure, low production cost, low failure rate and low maintenance cost. Meanwhile, as the device and a reduction gear device of a planetary gear are formed into a whole, and arranged in the same transmission box body, the problem of single function of a mechanical transmission device is solved, so that the outputting of different rotating speeds through the mechanical positive and negative rotation can be integrally completed in the whole transmission box.


The trial of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North in the spring of 1989 focused Congress' attention on an aspect of the Iran-Contra affair which had previously received scant attention: the Reagan administration's efforts to persuade foreign governments to assist the Nicaraguan Contras while United States aid to the Contras was barred. Attempts in Congress the following fall to enact legislation prohibiting such foreign fundraising have raised the question of whether Congress has the constitutional power to stop the executive from engaging in what has been termed "tin cup" diplomacy.1 This Note argues that whenever Congress bars aid to a foreign government or cause, it may broadly prohibit quid pro quo arrangements which reward third countries for providing assistance to that government or cause. This Note maintains, however, that Congress lacks the constitutional power to prevent solicitations, whereby the executive simply urges foreign governments to provide funds directly to the prohibited cause.' Congress could nevertheless exercise significant control over solicitations, and could attempt to bring all foreign fundraising issues into the normal budget process, by enacting a measure requiring the executive to report all fundraising activity to Congress. Section I describes the practice of foreign fundraising in the context of the Iran-Contra affair, and subsequent efforts to enact legislative controls. Section II argues that Congress has the power to prohibit quid pro quo arrangements. Section III argues that Congress could not enact an effec-


The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between school principals' agile leadership and innovation management competencies according to teacher perceptions. The research is in the scanning model, which is one of the descriptive research methods. The study group of the research consists of primary school teachers working in Şahinbey district of Gaziantep province. The sample of the study consists of 375 teachers who were determined by the "Simple Random Sampling" method from the population. Research data were collected with "Agile Leadership" and "Innovation Management" scales. In the study, correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the variables, and multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between agile leadership competancy on innovation management competency. When the research findings were examined, it was concluded that there was a positive and highly significant relationship between teachers' perceptions of school principals' agile leadership and their perceptions of innovation management competencies (r=.61; p=.000; p.05). According to the results of the regression analysis, teachers' agile leadership perceptions significantly predict their perceptions on innovation management competency (ΔR2change =.615, p.001). Based on the research data, it was concluded that the increase in teachers' agile leadership perception increased their perception of innovation management competence. In addition, school principals can create the organizational culture and structure necessary for agile leadership by increasing their ability to share responsibility and be effective, and thus increase teachers' perceptions of agile leadership and innovation management competencies.


Abstract The continuous deformation of any spherical isometric folding into the standard spherical folding fs, defined by fs(x, y, z) = (x, y, |z|), has been an open problem since 1989. Some relations between the deformation of spherical isometric foldings and the deformation of spherical f-tilings are analyzed, as they are closely related. The natural way to deform f-tilings is based on the Hausdorff metric on compact sets. However, this metric does not induce a continuous deformation on its associated isometric foldings. A new metric on spherical f-tilings will be introduced and a new contribution to the deformation of isometric foldings (via deformation of f-tilings) will be given.


Abstract The temperature dependence of the resistivity of gated Si-SiGe quantum-well structures has revealed a metal–insulator transition as a function of carrier density at zero magnetic field. Although early scaling theories have argued against the existence of a metal–insulator transition at zero temperature in infinite two-dimensional systems, it is now clear experimentally that such a transition can occur in systems with short-range scatterers. We have studied the magneto-transport properties of holes confined in strained p-type Si-Si0.87Ge0.13-Si quantum wells grown by ultra-high-vacuum chemical-vapor deposition. In the temperature range 25 mK–4.2 K, there is a transition from an insulating phase at low carrier densities to a metallic phase at high carrier densities with a transition boundary near 3.3×1011cm−2. Evidence for a Coulomb gap is presented in the insulating phase.