Polybag raised seedlings have many disadvantages viz., root coiling and distortion, scanty lateral root development and frequent shifting operations. To deal with the problem, Mounted Angle Iron (MAI) beds have been designed. Polybags with perforations at the bottom are placed on these beds. The tap root is expected to get exposed through the perforations and air-pruned leading to development of fibrous root system. A trial was carried out to compare the performance of polybag seedlings of Albizia procera S 1 , Acacia nilotica S 2 , Sesbania grandiflora S 3 . And Sesbania sesban S 4 ., raised on MAI beds with those raised on nursery beds. The observations suggest that the seedlings raised on MAI beds recorded higher fibrous root biomass i.e.I.08g, 0.79g, O.94g and 0.82g per plant as compared to 0.49g, 0.30g, 0.36g and 0.30g of control (nursery bed seedlings) for S 1 , S 2 , S 3 . and S 4 . respectively; and number of nodules i.e. 75.3, 20.6, 55.2 and 52.9 as compared to 24.5, 9.3, 25.4 and 11.5 in control for S 1 , S 2 , S 3 . And S 4 respectively. In case of root length, leaf biomass and primary root biomass, the nursery bed raised seedlings recorded higher values for all the four species. No difference was observed in case of seedling height, collar diameter, stem, biomass and total biomass. The improved polybagseedlings production system has enhanced the quality parameters of seedlings i.e. fibrosity and nodulation.


This paper continues recent research of the authors, considering the use of speech recognition in air traffic control. It proposes the use of a voice control interface for Eurocontrol's LINK2000+ system, offering an alternative means to improve air transport safety and efficiency.


Abstract Consumption of aquatic products in China continues to grow and encourages the expansion of aquaculture farms. The examination of factors influencing expenditures on all aquatic products, freshwater fish, squid/octopus, and shellfish uses survey data collected from residents of Shanghai, China. The use of the Tobit modeling approach identified socio-demographic variables such as income, aquatic product safety perceptions, and preferences for quality as significant determinants of expenditures on aquatic product categories. Expenditures tend to increase with age, but the effect of education varies with regard to specific categories, suggesting distinct choices of educated consumers. Wives tend to spend substantially less on aquatic products than husbands. Knowledge of past sickness due to ingestion of aquatic products causes expenditures to drop in all categories, while quality certification, certified organic origin, and certified aquaculture products increase expenditure in selected categories. Monitoring consumer socio-demographic profiles and establishing transparent quality certification systems will benefit aquaculture farms and aquatic product marketers.


Introduction: In this retrospective study, it was aimed to examine the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue treatment on final height in girls diagnosed with early puberty (EP) between the ages of 8 and 10. Materials and Methods: In the study, 87 girls who were diagnosed with EP and reached the final height were included. Two groups, those who received GnRH analogue treatment and those who did not, were formed. The average age, bone age, average height, height standard deviation score (SDS), body mass index SDS, target height, predicted adult height of the groups at the time of admission were calculated. The final height they reached and their menarche ages were noted. Results: No difference was found between the groups in terms of average age, average height, height SDS, bone age, body mass index SDS at the time of admission. The target height, predicted adult height, final height and the SDS of these were similar in both groups. All cases in both groups reached the target height. Conclusion: It was determined that the GnRH analogue treatment did not make a positive contribution to the final height in the EP group,


This report provides results obtained for the third year of a three-year, comprehensive, cost-shared, applied research program designed to improve oil recovery through carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding. The program was composed of three areas: Task 1/endash/Phase Behavior and Fluid Property Measurements, Task 2/endash/Mixing of CO2 and Oil During Flow in Reservoir Rocks, and Task 3/endash/Mobility Control in CO2 Floods. In Task 1, the continuous phase equilibrium apparatus was used to measure simultaneously the viscosity, density, and composition of CO2-hydrocarbon systems at high pressure. In Task 2, the performances of secondary and tertiary displacements of crude oil by CO2 in cores were measured and compared to predictions made with a multi-component, one-dimensional simulator. In Task 3, procedures and equipment were developed to measure the steady-state mobility of foam-like dispersions of dense CO2 in surfactant solutions. 72 refs., 116 figs., 31 tabs.


Role Based Access Control (RBAC) is the most widely used advanced access control model deployed in a variety of organizations. To deploy an RBAC system, one needs to first identify a complete set of roles, including permission role assignments and role user assignments. This process, known as role engineering, has been identified as one of the costliest tasks in migrating to RBAC. Since many organizations already have some form of user permission assignments defined, it makes sense to identify roles from this existing information. This process, known as role mining, has gained significant interest in recent years and numerous role mining techniques have been developed that take into account the characteristics of the core RBAC model, as well as its various extended features and each is based on a specific optimization metric. In this paper, we propose a generic approach which transforms the role mining problem into a constraint satisfaction problem. The transformation allows us to discover the optimal RBAC state based on customized optimization metrics. We also extend the RBAC model to include more context-aware and application specific constraints. These extensions broaden the applicability of the model beyond the classic role mining to include features such as permission usage, hierarchical role mining, hybrid role engineering approaches, and temporal RBAC models. We also perform experiments to show applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach.


In Nokia's blizzard 2010 entry, we built the system with Nokia multilingual text to speech front end system and two high performance HTS backends. This MLTTS front end system describes the design and implementation designed for universal language coverage and a single code execution for them all based on the assumption that there are more features uniting world languages than differentiating them. Index Terms: speech synthesis, multilingual TTS system, HMM based speech synthesis system.


A 61 year old man was referred to our outpatient department because of breathlessness. He was able to walk only 50 metres before having to stop to catch his breath. He denied any chest pain or cough. In the 1980s he had fallen down a lift shaft, which had caused substantial trauma. He had needed mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit, with tracheostomy formation and prolonged respiratory wean. He had never smoked. Examination of his chest was normal. Oxygen saturations on room air were 96%. His chest radiograph was normal. Figure 1⇓ shows the results of another test that was performed.

### 1 What test has been performed?

#### Short answer

Spirometry was performed, and maximal expiratory and inspiratory flow volume loops and a flow volume curve were produced. The expected expiratory curve is shown in black and the patient's observed expiratory and inspiratory curves are shown in blue.

#### Long answer

A variety of pulmonary functions tests are available, including spirometry, flow volume curves, measurement of diffusion capacity, and lung volumes. These tests are effort dependent and require patient cooperation. Predicted values depend on age, height, sex, and race and are determined by published studies of large …


The production and clear system of free radical and reactive oxygen species(ROS),and their damage to plants were summarized.The biological function of SOD and its distribution inside the cell were analyzed.The relationships between the environment stress and SOD expression,SOD transgenic plant and stress resistant,SOD and environmental stresses(water stress or salt stress),SOD and plant senility were reviewed.


Thank you for reading the lake district a landscape history. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their chosen novels like this the lake district a landscape history, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious virus inside their laptop. the lake district a landscape history is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the the lake district a landscape history is universally compatible with any devices to read.


different performing artists are known because they have their own artistic styles. Style is the characteristic of an artist, representing the artistic expression of an artist. But only after grasping the artistic style well can they further show the unique charm of art to the audience. Based on the study of the artistic style of the North and South School of Erhu, this paper takes the method of mastering artistic style as the research object, hoping to put forward feasible suggestions for the reform of Erhu education mode.


This Bachelor thesis deals with problems of shared parenting (also known as "alternating care" or "joint custody") and it is divided in two parts: theoretical and practical. In my theoretical part is thesis focused on the main topic which is raising kids after divorce in shared parenting. Attention is paid to communication, co-operation between parents and development stages - I describe which access is best for children in a certain age. In practical part I search what people think about shared parenting.


A number of vision problems have been shown to become simpler when one models projection from 3-D to 2-D as a nonrigid linear transformation. These results have been largely restricted to models and scenes that consist only of 3-D points. It is shown that, with this projection model, several vision tasks become fundamentally more complex in the somewhat more complicated domain of oriented points. More space is required for indexing models in a database, more images are required to derive structure from motion, and new views of an object cannot be synthesized linearly from old views.<<ETX>>


I find that data for the reaction {sup 10}Be(p,{gamma}) can be reasonably well described with a 1/2{sup +} resonance whose width is 640 keV, rather than the accepted 210 keV.


Abstract For unbounded operators A1, …, Ad, Gevrey spaces Sλ1, …, λd (A1, …, Ad) of order (λ1, …, λd) are introduced, where the orders λ1, …, λd need not be equal. These extend the notion of Gevrey space defined by Goodman and Wallach where λ1 = … = λd. Several mild conditions on the operators A1, … Ad and the orders λ1, …, λd are presented such that the equality is valid. Examples are included.


High quality SiO2 with atomic flat interface was grown on SiC rapidly at room temperature with growth rate of over 3 nm/min using high pressure (~6 kPa) microwave plasma oxidation method. Thermodynamic calculation reveals that high pressure atomic oxygen is helpful to remove the residual carbon and suppress the SiO (g) desorption and oxygen vacancy formation, and thus maintain a fast growth rate and high quality. Atomically flat interface with very low Dit (< 5 xl010 cm-2eV−1) comparable to SiO2/Si interface is demonstrated.


Plant litter provides a fresh source of energy and nutrients to fuel microbial activity in soil, and in northern peatlands this can be leaf litter from mosses, graminoids, shrubs, and / or trees. Because Sphagnum and other mosses decompose slowly, vascular plant litter assumes a principal role, but its role in microbial methane production is unclear. Therefore, we examined decomposition of leaf litter from nine species, including trees, shrubs, and graminoids, using litterbags positioned for up to 2.5 years in two raised bogs and in two rich fens. Across species leaf litter quality varied for concentrations of nitrogen, soluble organic matter, and cell wall composition. After 2.5 years of decay the amount of leaf litter mass remaining ranged from 43 to 63% in the bogs versus 17 to 71% in the rich fens. Thus, site conditions interacted with litter quality to determine decay rates but with idiosyncratic patterns. Leaf mass remaining after 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 years of decay was incubated in vitro, without soil, to assess its ability to support methane production and concomitant anaerobic carbon dioxide respiration. Residue from all nine species supported methane production, with the greatest rates (up to 5000 nmol g-1 day-1) in tissue with high concentrations of pectin. Rates were 2- to 700-times greater for the leaf material that decomposed in the rich fens than in the bogs. Production rates were more variable for methane than for anaerobic respiration. As seen for mass loss, differences in litter quality predicted variation in gas production rates but differently in the bogs than in the rich fens. The results underscore the importance of vascular plant litter in the biogeochemistry of carbon and methane in peatlands and why vegetation, plant species composition, and peatland type must be described to put peatland ecosystems into global budgets of carbon and methane.


In the intense competitive management situation in the future,human resource management will be one of key elements related to the success or failure of an enterprise and a sound salary system will become a powerful way to attract, spur and retain talent.It is difficult for an enterprise to establish a scientific reasonable salary system.Total compensation management system will combine economic compensation with non- economic compensation to meet the staff's various need. The paper illuminates a total compensation management system of some power plant.The system is based on theory analysis and connected with the features of the line and the company itself.Through the system,the company efficiently spurs the short-term,mid-term and long-term staff,satisfies their various demands,combines economic compensation with non-economic compensation and takes into account of the interests of both sides.In practical work,the useful system increases the company's economic benefit and contributes to the company's development.


Abstract Government spending on human capital continues to increase over the years. However, knowledge of the efficiency of such spending is limited. Using data from World Bank's World Development Indicator and World Governance Indicator from 2006 to 2017 and Data Envelopment Analysis and DEA Bootstrapping models, the study examined the relative technical efficiencies of public spending on human capital and their correlates in Africa. The study found public spending on health and education in Africa to be inefficient. Efficiency was much higher in health spending than in educational spending. Factors such as institutional quality, economic growth, government expenditure, foreign direct investment, and trade openness were found to influence the efficiency of public spending on human capital. Government should put in place measures to stimulate trade, ensure institutional quality and growth of urbanization to help improve efficiency in public spending.


We examine two histories in this paper. First, we briefly look at a North American history, in which we look at the relationship of free software with the founding principles of democracy. Second, we examine recent Brazilian history, especially the most policy decision to adopt free software, affirming technological autonomy. Democratic ideals, defended by the free software movement, are transformed in Brazilian politics, leading both to further free software development and a stronger democracy.


This research explores the effects of frequent quizzing versus no quizzing in a high school Physical Science class. The study population included two freshman level Physical Science Honors classes. The content in this study included Classifying Matter, States of Matter, Atomic Bonding, Motion and Forces and Motion. For each chapter covered one class served as a control group, getting no quizzes, and the other class served as an experimental group, getting frequent quizzes.


Introduction: Children have shown a lower prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, as well as a mild course of the disease. The symptoms they present are a reflection of its effect on the respiratory, digestive, neurological and systemic levels. Recognizing them makes it easier to approach a patient with suspected COVID-19. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study, which included 51 children with confirmed infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus treated in the Pediatric Emergency Department of the Hospital General del Sur de Quito during the months of April to June, with ages between 1 month and 17 years 11 months and 29 days. The data was obtained from the AS400 system. The analysis was carried out with the SPSS statistical program, percentages were determined in the nominal variables, whilst measures of central tendency and dispersion were determined in the numerical ones. Results: 51 children were included, most of them adolescents from 10 to 14 years old (29.4%). More than half were male (56,9%). 82,4% reported respiratory clinical manifestations. The most prevalent symptoms were fever and cough (68,6%). Most of the patients had a mild course of the disease (60,8%), but those under one year of age had severe disease more most frequently. Conclusions: There is a predominance of the male sex. Most patients have come with respiratory symptoms and present mild illness. The most common clinical manifestations are fever and cough.


Based on the analysis on the basis of two commonly used automatic algorithms,combined with the typical exam structure based on historical clues and score expectation,an automatic algorithm was proposed.The algorithm can control the difficulty of test papers and balance the score distribution to avoid the blind selection and aggregation of questions,thereby improving the quality and efficiency of the test paper.


Japan's nuclear disaster prevention system entered review regarding the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident and the Nuclear Emergency Response Guideline was revised in 2015. One important task for enhancing the nuclear disaster prevention system is to improve residential evacuations. Evacuating residents during nuclear disasters has unique problems, such as radiation contamination by substances released into the atmosphere, in addition to the problems of natural disasters, such as transportation disruptions. The Nuclear Emergency Response Guideline released by the Nuclear Regulatory


A simple and economical one-pot method to synthesize high-quality water soluble CdTe QDs is reported. An 83% quantum yield (QY) was reached using TGA as the ligand in aqueous solution without protection of nitrogen gas when using K2TeO3 as a stable Te source and NaBH4 as reducing agent. The size of the CdTe NCs could be tuned by the duration of reflux and easily monitored by absorption and PL spectra. At the optimum conditions (pH = 10.5, the concentration of Cd2+ was 1.0 mmol l−1 and the ratio of Cd2+ : Te2− : TGA : NaBH4 was 1 : 0.2 : 1 : 10), the maximal QY reached 83%, which was much higher than that of samples prepared by the traditional refluxing aqueous solution method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that CdS was formed in the preparation process of CdTe NCs. This CdS shell could effectively passivate the surface trap states, and enhance the PL QY and stability of the CdTe QDs. The temporal evolution of the absorption spectrum of thioglycolic acid indicated that TGA was decomposed and released S2− during the preparation of CdTe QDs. The S2− reacted with Cd2+ to form CdS, this is consistent with the XRD results. 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) was also used as a ligand in this system and the results indicate that high quality multi colour CdTe NCs could also be obtained using MPA as the ligand. By this simple method, there is no need of N2 protection, buffering solution, special ligands, large quantity of N2H4 or particular treatment (such as microwave, or ultrasonication).


The embodiment of the invention provides a method, a device and a system of providing a taxi calling service. The method comprises the following steps of pushing a taxi calling service order carrying voice taxi calling request information to a vehicle-mounted terminal on at least one driver side which conforms to setting conditions, wherein the voice taxi calling request information comprises departure place information and destination information of a passenger; receiving voice response information returned from the vehicle-mounted terminal on the driver side; when a content of the voice response information is identified to affirm to receive the order, returning taxi calling service order success information to a passenger client. By adopting a method of receiving the voice order through the vehicle-mounted terminal on the driver side, the problems of potential traffic danger and inconvenience for a taxi driver, which are caused by conventional taxi calling software in a using process, can be solved.


The present invention relates to: an antibacterial composition for Klebsiella pneumoniae , containing sialyllactose as an active ingredient; and the like.


Gadus morhua L. in captivity of ten develop unilateral or bilateral exophthalmia, characterized by the accumulation of gas bubbles in the eye.Rete mirabile-like organization of capillaries in the choroid "gland" in association with the glandular pseudobranch, which is a rich source of carbonic anhydrase in fishes, are involved in gas secretion in the eye of cod. Intraperitoneal injections of Diamox and pseudobranchectomy prevented exopthalmia in the fish.Presence of glycogen and carbonic anhydrase in the choroid gland in relation to gas secretion in the eye suggests a parallel with the process of gas secretion in the teleostean swimbladder.Gas secretion in the eye of cod resulting in exopthalmia would seem to be a malfunctioning of the choroid gland-pseudobranch complex in the fish triggered by unknown stimuli.


EEGs recorded during a vigilant task in a simualted nuclear power control station room were studied by a maximum entropy power spectral analysis. Results shown by color topograms as well as power spectrum array suggest a close relationship between cortical activities and individually different ways of the vigilant task.


The cellulose nitrate containing secondary amine group(ACN) was prepared by one-pot method in two steps: etherification and amination. Its structure was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 13C NMR, and XPS. ACN has a good adsorption property for creatinine. The equilibrium adsorption ratio of ACN for creatinine was 68% at 37 ℃, 0.5 g ACN, respectively, at pH=7 and creatinine concentration of 60 mg/L. The equilibrium time was 2 h.


The increasing speed of technological progress has resulted in complex and dynamic business environments. As organisations need to adapt to new trading conditions and respond to competitive pressures, various change management approaches such as business process reengineering (BPR) are being adopted. This management concept relates to the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of an entire business system to achieve significant improvements in business performance. Business process reengineering has become one of the most popular topics in organisational management creating new ways of doing business.


Ellagic acid (EA) renoprotective effect against cisplatin (CIS)‐induced nephrotoxicity remains elusive. Therefore, male Sprague–Dawley rats received CIS alone or EA (10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) for 5 days before and after CIS injection. CIS increased serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, γ‐glutamyl transferase, and reduced those of albumin and total protein. It also raised serum endothelin‐1, as well as serum and renal nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1. CIS enhanced the renal caspase‐3, hemeoxygenase (HO)‐1, nuclear factor‐κB, and inducible nitric oxide. EA hampered CIS‐induced nephrotoxicity manifested by an enhancement of the glomerular filtration rate which was associated by the reduction of inflammatory mediators and the apoptotic marker in the serum and/or kidney. The present study discloses that EA suppresses HO‐1 and, its renoprotection is also linked to its anti‐inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties, as well as the reduction of nitric oxide and endothelin‐1.


Objective: To compare the quality of life before and after artificial mechanical heart valve replacement. Methods: From February to June 1998, 115 patients (56 males, 59 females) underwent mechanical valve replacement. The investigation table was filled in one week before the operation and three months postoperatively. Results: There was a notable improvement in patient's physical strength, activity ability, emotion aspect and society home life after operation (P=0.000). In patients with valve-related complications, 64% complained inconvenience in purchasing anticoagulant medicines in the locality, while in patients without valve-related complications, only 39% have such experience. There was significant difference between two groups (P=0.034). 86% of patients with complications worry about the possibility bleeding, while in those with no complications only 55% (P=0.006). Conclusion: Mechanical prosthetic valve replacement significantly improves patient's physical strength, activity ability, emotion and society-home life.


In 2013, the late David Carr, a breathtakingly immodest chief drug confessor and solipsist from the New York Times who also acted as its principal technology booster, wrote an advice to young anglo-parlante journalists: Right now, being a reporter is a golden age. There may be a lack of business models to back it up, but having All Known Thought One Click Away—on the author desktop, tablet or phone makes it an immensely deeper, richer exercise than it used to be. Thinking about life on the other side of news, Tom Englehardt, a well-meaning critic of US imperialism says we are living in a golden age of journalism because of what he dubs 'the rise of the reader'. Englehardt is writing about technological relations and their impact on texts and societies. In addition to this new era of readers' hegemony over digital journalism, there is great excitement over such new technologies as 'drone journalism' and 'immersive journalism'.


It is often assumed that Sir Robert Walpole's career in politics ended with his ceasing to be chief minister in 1742. During his remaining years, however, he continued to exert political influence by bolstering and advising the government, especially in 1743–4. Even without political office, he was still seen as the fount of patronage. He was also able to pursue his other interests in this time and enjoyed favour with both King George II and his former political colleagues. Yet his health, never good, deteriorated rapidly towards the end of 1744 and he died bravely in the spring of the following year.


A space merging approach to study the queuing models with finite buffers and jump priorities is proposed. It is assumed that upon arriving a call with low priority one call of such kind might be transfer to the end of queue of high priority calls. Transfer probabilities are depending on state of the queue of heterogeneous calls. The algorithms to calculate the quality of service metrics of such queuing models are developed.


A pot culture experiment was undertaken during January 2021, in the greenhouse of Institute of Agriculture Science (IAS), SOA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha to study the interactive effects of salinity and potassium levels on biomass yield, accumulation and uptake of K and Na by maize. The experiment was conducted in 2-factorial CRD with three replications and twelve treatments consisting of two levels of irrigation water (SW0- normal water EC-0.5 dS m-1,SW1-saline water @ 8 dS m-1), two sources of K fertilizers (KCl and K2SO4), and three doses of K (K1-0,K2-60and K3-120 kg ha-1). The results showed that continuous application of saline water (8 dS m-1) increased the soil ECe ( Electrical Conductivity of a saturated soil Extract) by 182-360 % over normal water treatments. Application of  K (120 kg ha-1) significantly decreased ECe by 29%, significantly increased the biomass yield (24%), K accumulation (14%),  K uptake (41%) and decreased Na content ( 17% ) over K control. The K+/Na+ ratio in maize in saline treatments decreased by 64% over normal water. Application of  K @120 kg ha-1 significantly increased the K+/Na+ ratio by 27% over K control. In saline stress environment, K+/Na+ ratio in plant fairly correlated with biomass yield (R2=0.73), K content (R2=0.79), and Na content (R2=0.89) in the plant.  K+/Na+ ratio in soil failed to correlate well with biomass yield. K+/Na+ ratio in the plant can be considered as the best indicator in evaluating crop performance in saline soil.


Plutarch's excerpt of Ctesias' version of the death of Cyrus makes fascinating reading. Although Ctesias has an unenviable reputation among scholars from antiquity onwards for fabrication and self-promotion, his description of the effects of trauma to the temple match well the clinical signs listed in a modern study of such injuries. Since he was a doctor from a family of doctors, this is not surprising, but it does suggest that his account here can be relied upon.


It seems to me that the real meaning of shamanism has been confused by even some sholars as wellas most people in Korea. They use it as a definition applicable to primitive religion in general, but this doesn't give any full and complete definition of it- some of them confuse it with priests or magicians or sorcerers. In introducing a view of a foreign scholar on the subject of " A Definition of Korean Shamanism" at a seminar held under the auspices of the Korean Association of Cultural Anthropology, I argued to confine its concetp to shamanistic ecstasy. Though the German scholar beuhelt observed at the Royal Asiatic Society that there was no shamanism in Korea, it seems to me that shamanism has a nationwide distribution in Korea. He seems to draw such a conclusion only after he made inquiry of Sim-bang, a priest, found in the district of Cheju in Korea and his indication that some other patterns of religion could be found here-exepting shamanism has been much appreciated. Some other scholars wonder if Sim-bang in Cheju might have lost the shamanistic ecstasy in the light of the historical facts, but I believe that it is another form of shamanism quite different in system from shamanism because the core essence of the shaman is not supposed to be easily changeable. Its historic transitions through the Yi Dynasty were viewed in this paper, and it was proved that shmanism in itself has not changed fundamentally. We found that there were two attitudes toward it in the Yi Dynasty- one is that of the Kings and the other that of the Queens. Many kings of the Yi Dynasty placed hard restrictions on shamans, while Great Queens, Queeens and other women made them flourisn. Thus shamanism has undergone vicissitudes and its ecstasy infiltrated into dancing and oracles speically in the rituals performed in the district of Seoul so that the shape of ecstasy has been formalized and used as a recreation. Shamanistic ecstasy examined in detail is shown to be similar to the shamanism of Siberia as a whole. The patterns of shamanism in Korea can be divided into two-one that indicates only fortune-telling or shaman-medicine whose shaman ritual contents weren't disclosed until after initiation, and the other one that developed the contents of shaman ritual as well as the function of fortune-telling and it involved the functions of fortune-telling, shaman ritual, shaman, medicine, and recreation together. The former may be called incomplete dance and the latter the complete one. In short, in the first place, Korean shamanism resembles that of Siberia with the same system. And its ecstacy is also regarded as the core essence. In the second place, shamanistic ecstacy has never been changed even though hard restrictions have been placed upon it. Thirdly, there are other patterns of primitive religion, priests and fortune-tellers except for shamanism in Korea. But, the research on Korean shamanism hasn't developed fully enough, and many aspects remain to discovered.


Spin-orbit torque magnetic random access memory (SOT-MRAM) is considered as one of the most promising technologies to replace or co-exist with the current leaky CMOS charge based memories such as SRAM and DRAM, thanks to SOT-MRAM's non-volatility, high energy efficiency, endurance and reliability. However, conventional SOT-MRAM bit-cell [1] requires two access transistors to fully separate the selected bit from the non-selected bits, which limits the density of SOT-MRAM. Hence, in this work, we propose a diode based multilevel cell (MLC) SOT-MRAM with only one access transistor per 2-bits, which will at least double the density compared to various designs in the literature. Our proposed cell, shown in Fig. 1(a), employs a shared diode between two in-parallel MTJs to eliminate the need for a read transistor. The diode is oxide based, thus, it can be 3D stacked over the MTJs and does not consume any additional silicon area. The employed diode is unidirectional, where it conducts current only under forward bias. In SOT programming, the read transistor only needs to supply a relatively small unidirectional read current (10's of $\mu \mathrm {A})$ during the read operation. Hence, the proposed shared diode can satisfy the requirements to replace the read transistor in conventional SOT-MRAM. The two MTJs are connected in-parallel and have different low $( \mathrm {R}_{P})$ and high $( \mathrm {R}_{AP})$ electrical resistances. Four different states could thus result based on their equivalent resistance. The four resistance states can thus be mapped into four different 2-bit configurations, i.e., '00', '01', '10' and '11'. The two MTJs are placed in-contact to a common heavy metal (HM) electrode that allows accessing the two MTJs (i.e., 2 bits) using only single transistor. The bias conditions for the different signals during read/write operations in our proposed cell are shown in Fig. 1(b). During the write operation, all the RWL signals are pulled low to ensure that the diodes in all cells are reverse biased and no leakage current would flow across the cells. In addition, the WWL of the row comprising the targeted cell is set high to activate the cell's write access transistor. To write a '0' ('1') on either of the MTJs, the BL and SL of the column comprising the targeted cell are asserted high (low) and low (high), respectively. This permits the write current $( \mathrm {I}_{write})$ to flow through the HM electrode in the essential direction, as indicated in Fig. 1(a). It should be pointed out that to permit writing the two MTJs per cell with different data, the two SOT-MTJs are designed to have different critical currents Ic. Hence, they require different switching time for the same supplied $\mathrm {I}_{write}$. Writing the two MTJs with identical data ('00'or '11') is done simultaneously by passing $\mathrm {I}_{write}$ with one longer pulse width that follows the SOT-MTJ with longer switching time requirement, under spin charge conservation assumption. To program the $2 ^{nd}$ bit differently, i.e., '01'or'10', $\mathrm {I}_{write}$ with shorter pulse width is sent subsequently. Due to the larger Ic of $1 ^{st}$ bit, the $2 ^{nd}$ write pulse would not vary the bit-content of $1 ^{st}$ bit. SOT-MTJs with distinct Ic can be realized by either employing MTJs with different free layer thicknesses $( \mathrm {t}_{fl})$ or using different widths of the HM $( \mathrm {W}_{HM})$ below each MTJ, as both $\mathrm {t}_{fl}$ and $\mathrm {W}_{HM}$ have a direct impact on the SOT-MTJ'$mathrm{sI}_{c}$. During the read operation, the WWL signals are pulled low to deactivate all the write transistors, allowing the read current to flow through the targeted MTJs by activating its corresponding RWL. Thereafter, the SL of the column comprising the targeted cell is set to ground, while its row RWL is connected to the sense amplifier to forward-bias the diode. Depending on combined resistance states of the two MTJs, four different currents level could be sensed by the amplifier, which can then be mapped into the corresponding 2-bit stored data. The proposed cell operation is validated in $\mathrm {a}2 \times 2$ array as shown in Fig. 1(c). The simulations are performed using a Verilog-A model of a SOT-MTJ and a diode with a 32-nm CMOS technology library. As demonstrated in Table I, our proposed cell offers at least 50% smaller 1-bit effective area compared to other designs with nearly similar energy consumption. Furthermore, the in-parallel combination of the two MTJs results in lower overall equivalent resistance, which permits reducing the read voltage compared to design in [2] that uses a diode with single MTJ stack. In addition, an improvement of at least 30% in a figure-of-merit defined as energy area product is obtained compared to various designs.


The article deals with the simulation behavior in the expert situation of subjects who have committed serious criminal offenses. Differentiation of simulative behavior and simulative behavior is made against the background of pathological terrain. Questions are raised regarding the importance of expert opinion in the hypothesis of simulative behavior. The authors vision of the importance of the expert psychological evaluation of the simulation in the expert situation in the case of criminals is supported by case studies from the Department of Forensic Psychiatry of the Center for Mental Health with a Hospital Rousse, Bulgaria. The article proposes the idea of creating and using a clinical methodology a set of questionnaires, specific expert behaviors and other clinical strategies to accurately establish simulation in an expert situation in subjects who have committed serious criminal offenses against personality / rape, fornication, attempted murder, murder. The emphasis is on the importance of a standardized methodology for capturing and validating a simulation to assist the pre-trial and judicial investigation.


Acknowledgements 1 How this book came to be, and what is it trying to achieve 2 Feminism, post-structuralism and the modern subject 3 The human subject in other radical political traditions 4 Subjectivity, pedagogy and research 5 Discourses and relations in the present: the context and strategy of feminist knowledge 6 Emotional and psycho-dynamic dimensions of feminism, learning and changes 7 Radical personal development education 8 Politics, subjectivity and adult education 9 Notes References


LEOCADIO, Marcelo Augusto, M.Sc., Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Julho, 2012. MDS codes with the poset metric. Adviser: Allan Oliveira Moura. Co-adviser: Marinês Guerreiro. Co-adviser: Ab́ılio Lemos Cardoso Junior. A poset metric is the generalization of the Hamming metric. In this work we make a detailed study of poset spaces, hierarchy of IP -weights and IP -distribution of weights, emphasizing the non-degenerate poset codes. We verify the duality relation between the hierarchy weights of poset code and its dual. In the sequel two new parameters are defined to a class of poset codes non-degenerate with dual code is too non-degenerate in the environment. As a result enunciated in the Minimality Theorem, the Variance Theorem and the Minimality Identity in the poset spaces.


Recent studies have identified an increased incidence of the normally rare imprinting disorders, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS; NIM130650) and Angelman syndrome (AS; NIM105830), in ART babyes (DeBaun et al., 2003; Gosden et al., 2003; Maher, 2005). The identification of epigenetic changes at imprinted loci in ART babyes has led to the suggestion that the technique itself may predispose embryos to acquire imprinting errors. Both in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are associated with the increased risk of imprinting disorders and it is not clear at what point these imprinting errors arise (Bowdin et al., 2007; Doornbos et al., 2007).


In the last decade a special attention has been paid to study of variability of atmospheric electricity parameters. The reason is that the atmospheric electricity can be considered as a connecting link between solar activity variations and climatic characteristics of the troposphere. On the one hand, the atmospheric electricity parameters are affected by heliophysical and meteorological parameters such as intensity of galactic cosmic rays, atmospheric circulation, pressure and temperature, as well as underlying surface conditions. On the other hand, they can influence the atmosphere distribution of charged aerosols and condensation nuclei that act upon water phase state, cloudiness, and thereby, the atmosphere radiation balance. The data of measurement of atmospheric electricity parameters at high-mountain stations are of special interest and significance because these stations are situated above the mixing layer, so this make it possible to obtain a reliable information about the global electric circuit. The results are presented of the measurements and study of the atmospheric electricity parameters such as electric field intensity E and conductivity λ at high-mountain stations (Khulugaisha, 3000 m above S.L., Chasovye Sopki, 2000 m above S.L.), as well as the global and local components of the diurnal variation and their seasonal variations.


The current and forthcoming observations of large samples of high-redshift galaxies selected according to various photometric and spectroscopic criteria can be interpreted in the context of galaxy formation, by means of models of evolving spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We hereafter present STARDUST which gives synthetic SEDs from the far UV to the submm wavelength range. These SEDs are designed to be implemented into semi-analytic models of galaxy formation.


The stochastic optimal state observation problem is considered for a general linear, continuous, time-invariant system with unmeasurable stationary inputs and measurement outputs that may be, at least in part, perfect. A general solution to the problem is obtained by processing the perfect measurements through a specific differentiation-transformation scheme in order to extract the maximum accurate information on the system states. Using this information the original system is transformed to a new reduced-order model whose measurements are corrupted by a white noise of non-singular intensity matrix. A minimum-order full-state estimator to the original system is then constructed by combining the outputs of any full-order observer to the reduced-order model and the perfect combinations of the system states that were derived by the differentiation-transformation scheme. A solution to the general singular Kalman filtering problem is then obtained by minimizing the variance of the estimation error of the obser...


Sc3+-, Y3+ -and La3+ violurate complexes were prepared. The isolated complexes are freely soluble in water, dilute mineral acids, MeOH, Me2CO, DMF, DMS, partially soluble in AcOH and insoluble in EtOH, CHCl3 and CCl4. Molecular compositions of the complexes were formulated on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductivity and infrared spectra. The IR spectra of violuric acid and its metal complexes reveal that bonding takes place through coordination bond between the central metal ion and the oxygen atom of the oxygen atom of the oximino (CN = O) group and convalenet bond between the central metal ion and oxygen atom of the phenolic (ketonic, COH) group in the case of 1:2 and 1:3 complexes, and through coordination bond between the central metal ion and COH and NH groups in the case of 2:3 complexes. All the isomorphous complexes detected by the X-ray powder patterns [the (2:3) Sc3+-VA and (2:3) Y3+-VA complexes, (1:2) Sc3+-VA, (1:2) Y3+-VA and (1:2) La3+-VA complexes, and the (1:3) Y3+-VA and (1:3) La3+-VA complexes] have similar X-ray, eletronic and IR spetrograms and chemical formulae. The electronic spectra in DMF and in nujol mulls characterise the octahedral stereochemistry for the investigated complexes.


The liquidus position for the system Ab-Or-F with water in excess has been investigated experimentally at P = 1 kbar. Compared to previous studies on this system without fluorine (Tuttle and Bowen 1958), the liquidus temperature decreases by 50-70C in the system studied here. Introduction. Most highly evolved mineralized granites are characterized by development of layered textures common for the apical parts of granitoid intrusions. Such rocks are considered to be the late differentiates of baren two-mica granite magma evolution. An example for orebearing granites are the Orlovka and Etyka Ta deposits, Eastern Transbaikalia. These Li-F granites are famous due to their rhythmically layered textures consisting of albiteamazonite-layers. These so-called "line rocks" occur preferentially in F-enriched granite cupolas showing high concentrations of Ta, Nb, Pb, Sn and other rare metals. Formation of such granitic textures is still under question. The knowledge of melting relations of coexisting albite (Ab) and orthoclase (Or) under certain fluid regimes is a prerequisite to understanding the formation of the mineralized line rocks. Therefore, the major goal of this study is to determine the liquidus and solidus curves in the F-bearing binary system albite-K-feldspar (NaAlSi3O8KAlSi3O8) under water-saturated conditions at 1 kbar. Temperatures range between 500°C and 900°C. Current knowledge. The haplogranite system and the binary system Ab-Or have been studied at water pressures from 0.5 to 4 kbar (Tuttle and Bowen 1958). The minimum crystallization temperature is T=857C at PH2O=1 kbar, T=950C at PH2O=0.5 kbar and T=1070C under "dry" conditions. Manning (1981) describes the influence of fluorine on the liquidus phase relationships in the haplogranite system with excess water at 1 kbar. The addition of fluorine shifts the system composition in the Qtz-Ab-Or system during crystallization of a granitic melt toward the albite apex and strongly decreases the liquidus and solidus temperature. The eutectic composition Qtz37Ab34Or29 at 730C for the fluorine free system strongly differs from that (Qtz15Ab58Or27 at 630C) for the system with 4 wt % F added . Many other experimental studies on granitic systems have concentrated on a better understanding of granite melting relations. Luth et al. (1964) experimentally investigated the granite system at pressures ranging between 4 and 10 kbar. In this study liquidus phase relationships, thermal minima and minimum melt compositions were defined. On the other hand, the system Ab-Or-H2O was studied in detail at low temperatures (700-550C) in order to constrain the position of the feldspar-solvus (Orville 1963; Luth and Tuttle 1966; Seck 1972; Smith and Parsons 1974; Parsons 1978). At H2Osaturated conditions the temperature at the peak of the solvus slightly increases with increasing pressure, whereas the solidus temperature strongly decreases. Consequently, at pressures of about 4 kbar solidus and solvus curves intersect and phase relationships change from minimum at lower pressures to eutectic type at higher pressures (Luth et al. 1964; Morse 1970; Tuttle and Bowen 1958). At H2Osaturated conditions the eutectic composition does not significantly vary as a function of pressure (Or30 at 1, 2, 5, 10 kbar; Tuttle and Bowen 1958; Luth et al. 1964; Morse 1970). Holtz et al. (1992) studied experimentally the influence of water on the haplogranitic system at 2 and 5 kbar. At both pressures a decreasing H2O-content of the melt results in an increasing liquidus temperature and a progressive shift of minimum and eutectic compositions towards the Qtz-Or join. This effect is much stronger for albite than for orthoclase-rich melt compositions, because water is more soluble in Ab-rich than in Or-rich melt. Melting relationships in the more complicated granite model system Qtz-Or-Ab-An-H2O (An=anorthite; CaAl2Si2O8) have been studied by Johannes (1984) to derive the P-T diagram (T=500-750C, P=1-10 kbar). Minimum melting temperatures are positively correlated with An-content. Up to 40 mol% An-component (Ab60An4O) in plagioclase, the increase of solidus temperatures relative to the system Ab-Or-Qtz-H2O is rather small (≈10°C), whereas the solidus temperatures differ by about 40°C in this system between Ab60An4O and An100. These differences are quite small in comparison to shifts in solidus temperatures of several hundred degrees due to the addition of other volatile components such as B or F to granitic melts Experimental and analytical methods. The temperature interval investigated was 700-900°C at P=1 kbar. In a few runs the run temperature was overstepped by either 150°C or 200°C for 3 days (Table 1). Duration was 7-10 days. Synthetic feldspar gels prepared by the Hamilton method (1968)were used as starting powders. Fluorine was added as 0.1 m HF solution. The calculated approximate value of fluorine content in the starting mixture was 0.2 wt%. Four different feldspar compositions were prepared as starting materials: Ab90Or10, Ab30Or70, Ab75Or25, Ab65Or35. In addition, in a few experiments homogeneous glasses composed of Ab89Or11 and Ab44Or56 were used as starting materials (Table 1). Table 1. Compositions of starting mixtures (1-4 columns – synthetic, 5-6 – natural). Ab90Or10 Ab75Or25 Ab65Or35 Ab30Or70 AbOr1(n) AbOr2(n ) P2O5 0.08 0.27 SiO2 68.32 67.70 67.30 65.91 72.15 65.71 Al2O3 19.32 19.15 19.03 18.64 21.02 18.83 FeO 0.09 0.07 CaO 0.11 0.05 Na2O 10.57 8.73 7.52 3.40 7.98 4.74 K2O 1.79 4.42 6.15 12.05 1.42 9.29 Rb2O 0.12 0.43 Total 100 100 100 100 102.98 99.39 Ab 90 75 65 30 89.0 43.6 Or 10 25 35 70 10.4 56.2 Selected papers of the year report of IEM


Seeds of two mungbean varieties viz., WGG-42 and LGG-460 were treated with various dose/concentrations of gamma radiation (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 Gy) and ethyl methane sulphonate (0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.6%) and sodium azide (1 mM, 2 mM and 3 mM) for studying the effect of the mutagens on seedling emergence (%), seedling survival (%), seedling height (cm), pollen fertility (%) and seed fertility (%) in M1 generation. The increasing dose/concentration of mutagens, decreased seedling emergence (%), seedling survival (%), seedling height (cm) and pollen fertility (%) in both the varieties of mungbean. The reductions in all these traits were observed to be more prominent in SA treatments followed by EMS and gamma rays treatments. The variety WGG-42 was found highly sensitive to various mutagens when compared with LGG-460.


Introduction For centuries, authors have struggled to portray the shocking violence of war. The unique experience of warfare makes its depiction in literature particularly challenging; authors must describe unthinkable brutality between rational human beings. Explaining such tragic scenes of death and the complex emotions associated with them can be daunting and some might say impossible. But through numerous wars, authors have found a way to represent the tragedy of war and the experiences of the fighting soldiers. In order to convey the appalling bloodshed of battle, some authors choose to focus on the five senses to describe the horrible scenes. The senses are universal to all people and are the most basic tools with which humans understand their environment. Therefore using sensory language is a logical technique by which authors can describe war in a way that all audiences can readily understand. This paper focuses on the works De Bello Civili by Lucan, Im Westen nichts Neues by Erich Maria Remarque and Generation Kill by Evan Wright, because these three authors utilize the senses—especially the sense of sight— as a way to depict the gore and horror of war. In De Bello Civili, an epic poem from the 1


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the beginning of the controversy over subliminal advertising in late 1957, as news of a supposedly successful commercial test of subliminal advertising became widely disseminated. The paper investigates the test and the reactions to it.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews many contemporary accounts of the events described, and pieces together a coherent description and interpretation of what happened. This is of course standard historical methodology.Findings – The primary finding is that many reactions to subliminal advertising were fearful and wildly overblown – and have continued to be so down to the present despite no proof that subliminal advertising is effective. The deep roots of the fear are best explained by the paranoid and fearful intellectual climate in the USA.Originality/value – The originality of the paper lies in its thorough review of original sources, and in its explanation of why the fear of subliminal advertising became so in...


Previous investigations (1) have shown that antibodies for Bryan Rous sarcoma virus (Br-RSV), a member of the group-A sarcoma-leukosis viruses, are common among chickens and a variety of wild fowl in Kenya, whereas antibodies for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were found in chicken flocks but were uncommon among the wild fowl (2). Since it would be of importance to know whether other viruses inducing avian malignant disease are common in nature under the various ecological conditions found in Kenya, these sera were studied, using serological tests recently developed (3,4), for antibodies against Marek's disease (MD), a herpes-virus-induced lymphoproliferative disease, common in domestic chickens throughout the world.


The objective of metric learning is to search a suitable metric for measuring distance or similarity between samples. Usually, it aims to minimize the distance between samples of same class and maximizes the distance between samples of different classes. However, most metric learning methods do not consider the sizes of classes, which may cause negative impact on the performance in classification since the size of a cluster is usually ignored in the distance comparison. In this work, we propose a triplet loss with variance constraint. Our method focuses not only on the distances between samples but also on the sizes of classes. The size difference between classes is also minimized in our objective function. The experimental results confirm that our method outperforms the one without the class size variance.


Taking preventive measures of asphaltene precipitation is of great significance in petroleum production and development. Therefore, a new chemical remediation was developed in the current study. The major objective of this experimental study is investigation of the effects of chemically extracted henna on the behaviour of asphaltene in the Bangestan crude oil during pressure decline due to asphaltene precipitation in the coreflood experiments. The application of henna leaf-derived inhibitor and their influences on the asphaltene precipitation in the oil wells have not yet been addressed in the literature. Coreflood test results illustrate that subjection of the crude oil to chemically extracted henna decreases the asphaltene precipitation which was obtained by IP143 method. Also, it was concluded that permeability reduction with Bangestan crude oil during coreflooding with henna extract in n-hexane is less than when it was flooded with pure n-hexane. The consequence of this investigation is the first break-in application of chemically extracted henna in oil industry. To this end, the results of the present work can assist us in the subsequent researches about the usage of chemically derived natural compounds for the aims of asphaltene precipitation prevention in underground hydrocarbon reservoirs. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Grid problems that exhibit non-uniformity or irregularity are common in science and engineering. Methods for partitioning these problems across traditional parallel machines with homogeneous processors have been examined by a number of researchers. In this paper we extend some typical decomposition schemes for uniform 2-D grid problems to accommodate non-uniformity in the problem space as well as heterogeneity of the processors. A new block decomposition method, Fair Binary Recursive Decomposition (FBRD), is proposed and an extension of this method, Non-Uniform FBRD (NUFBRD) is described. A simple mathematical characterization of communication cost is presented along with simulated performance comparisons of the various decomposition methods for non-uniform problem spaces that assume the existence of modern high speed switching technology. (b) (c) Grid Square with 1 data element Grid Square with 4 data elements Figure 1: Examples of (a) uniform, (b) non-uniform, and (c) irregular grids.


This paper presents a detailed analysis of influences of temporal correlation properties on the probabilistic distribution of GPS phase observations. In order to exclude a priori the impacts of external error sources, like multipath effects and atmospheric delays, representative samples of temporally correlated data are simulated by means of so-called autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes. The model parameters used in the ARMA simulation are taken from published studies and are considered appropriate for characterising the temporal correlation behaviour of GPS observations. In addition to temporally correlated data, Gaussian white noise processes are generated for comparison and for illustration of distributional discrepancies. The statistical inferences are made by analysing the first through fourth sample moments as well as by applying different hypothesis tests for normality. Finally, using independently identified ARMA models, decorrelation procedures are applied to the correlated data to verify the effects of temporal correlation on the probability distribution. The investigation results show that the deviations of the distribution parameters from a normal distribution increase with a rising correlation level. In the presence of strong positive temporal correlations, particularly for small sample sizes, all four sample moments are significantly biased and the hypothesis of normality is rejected for nearly half of the analysed data.


DESIGNERS of power conversion circuits are under relentless pressure to increase power density while maintaining high efficiency. Increased switching frequency is a primary path to higher power density. Prior work has shown that the use of switching frequencies in the VHF band (30 MHz-300 MHz) are a viable path to the achievement of gains in power density. A promising topology for VHF operation is the voltage-fed Class EF2 (Class Φ2) inverter based topology, where the use of controlled impedance at the switching frequency and its 2nd and 3rd harmonics provides both full soft switching and substantially reduced voltage stress compared to topologies such as Class E. However, such converters contain multiple resonant elements, and the tuning of the converter can be complicated due in part to the interaction of said elements. It is proposed that a push-pull version of the Class EF2 inverter can alleviate some of these difficulties. In particular, it is shown that odd and even frequency components can be independently tuned without interaction, and furthermore that center-tapped inductors may be used to reduce the total volume occupied by said inductors. The benefits include simplified design and increased power density. Evidence is presented in the form of a push-pull Class EF2 (Class Φ2) unregulated 500 W prototype dc-dc converter with a 30 MHz switching frequency, an input voltage 150 VDC, and an output voltage of 65 VDC. This converter has an efficiency of > 81% under nominal conditions, including gate drive power.


In this paper, we propose a fast mode decision framework and a fast motion estimation algorithm for H.264 to High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) transcoding. The fast mode decision framework employs a post-order (bottom-up) traversal of the coding tree unit (CTU) quadtree. Based on this traversal and H.264 information, several strategies are proposed to reduce HEVC modes to be tested and a rate-distortion (RD) cost prediction model is used to terminate the processing of a tested mode early. The proposed fast motion estimation algorithm selects the best candidate from a list of H.264 motion vectors (MVs) and previously encoded HEVC MVs. Compared to a full re-encoding, experimental results show that the proposed solution achieves speed-ups of up to 12.75x, for an average BD-Rate of 3.28%.


Effect of grinding factor and scaling up were carried out by grinding using horizontal dry bead mill. For the experiments, 2 sizes of horizontal dry bead mills with different capacities, lab and manufacturing scale, were used to study scaling up and down. The grinding experiments were performed by changing each typical grinding factor for bead mills, including the agitator peripheral speed, bead packing density, bead diameter, and material feeding speed. This set of experiments was conducted for 3 kinds of materials, silica sand of natural inorganic materials, alumina of synthetic inorganic materials, and activated carbon of organic materials. As a result, common for all materials, similar rules were found between the particle size and specific energy, the amount of mechanical energy per unit amount of material. In addition, these rules were applicable for the different-size mills, indicating that the scale can be controlled by the rules and specific energy. Also, it is revealed that when using a single type of material, changing the bead diameter changes the energy efficiency, indicating that using small-diameter bead was effective for efficient grinding.


Resource management in nowadays agriculture imposes the use of new
technological solutions for automation and energy efficiency and this paper
concentrates on the control of internal temperature of a greenhouse using parabolic
trough collectors (GHPTC) for internal heating. The actuator for the GHPTC
control system is the conducting fluid pump that enables the liquid flow into the
collector pipes. Both the nonlinear and linear models are presented in the paper in
order to tune a classical controller. A comparison of controller performances
(stationary and transient) was conducted by simulation, using Matlab/Simulink
software. Also, the gradient descent method was applied for an optimal tuning of the
temperature controller, imposing minimum overshoot.


Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) is a fast-growing plant that has high economic value. However, the presence of sengon in the wild every year begins to decline due to high demand for sengon wood. The availability of increasing sengon seeds, the propagation is carried out through tissue culture techniques. This study aims to determine the best Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) concentration on the growth of sengon explants. This study used an experimental method with treatment of IAA concentrations of 0 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, and 2 mg/L. Each treatment was repeated three times and analyzed using one-way analysis. The results showed that the concentration of IAA 1 mg/L was the best treatment for the growth of roots length. The concentration of IAA 0.5 mg/L is the best treatment for plantlet height growth.


We discuss the influence of material anisotropy on the possible depolarization and diffusion of elastic waves in randomly heterogeneous media. Anisotropy is considered at two levels. The first one is related to the constitutive law of random materials, which may be handled by a random matrix theory for the elasticity tensor. The second level is related to the correlation structure of these random materials. Since the propagation of waves in such complex media cannot be described by deterministic models, a probabilistic framework shall be adopted based on a radiative transfer model in the so-called mesoscopic regime, when the wavelength and the correlation length are comparable.


Objective: To determine the effectiveness of ultrasound therapy and deep friction massage in relieving symptoms of de-quervain's tenosynovitis Material and methods: This Study Was Conducted In Physiotherapy Department Of Al-Shafi Medical Rehabilitation Complex. It is a Randomized controlled trial. There were 2 groups consisting of 20 patients each (patients with de-qurvain's tenosynovitis). The data was collected through the following data collection tools. Hand assessment tool (hat). Visual analogue scale (vas). Results: Mean score of Hand Assessment Tool between both groups was -0.550 Std. 0.152 with a P-value of 0.001. Mean score of Visual Analog Score mean difference between both groups was -0.350 Std. 0.205 with a P-value of 0.097. Practical Implication: Postoperatively, the wrist is splinted in a neutral position until the skin sutures are removed. This will minimize the probability of tendon anterior subluxation Conclusion: Ultrasound therapy is effective in treating de-quervain's tenosynovitis. Deep friction massage is also effective in treating de-quervain's tenosynovitis. Keywords: Ultrasound therapy, Deep Friction Massage, de Quervain's tenosynovitis, neutral position, Pakistan


The aims of this study was to know narrative text development among non English University students at Lubuklinggau. This study focused on writing narrative text by using generic structure and grammatical feature. This research was conducted at the first semester students of accounting Bina Insan University Lubuklinggau. Based on the data analysis from the test which was given to the students, can be concluded that. The students correct answer in grammatical feature was 46,33%, in orientation was 74%, in evaluation was 53,16%, in complication was 56,83% and in resolution was 58,83%. It means that the students ability in writing narrative text reviewed from generic structure and grammatical feature is still low. The result of the students test is also can be seen from the students score skill level, there are 16 students in low level and 14 students in medium level. And  the average of students score was 57.7. From the result of the test above, the researcher concluded that the students development in writing narrative text is still low, they are still confuse about the rule in writing narrative text, such as about grammatical feature and Generic Structure. therefore teachers have to find  creative techniques and good methods in teaching narrative text, in order to students will be more interested and understend when teaching and learning process occurs. Keywords: Writing, Narrative Text, Generic Structure, Grammatical Feature


Compared with the common Fuzzy Sets,Intuitionist Fuzzy Sets(IFS) are good at describing the diversity and vagueness of the world,which has attracted many scholastics' attention.Extended from the Fuzzy Sets,Fuzzy Reasoning(FR) has been applied to many fields including vague control and artificial intelligence.However,it is explained that Intuitionist Fuzzy Reasoning(IFR) is more exquisite in finding out the inherent connections between the fuzzy objects.Originated by professor Wang,the Fuzzy Triple Implication(FTI) has deeply developed the theory of FR.Based on the above theories,and by researching on FTI,this paper extended FTI to Intuitionist Fuzzy Triple Implication(IFTI),and gave a dissertation about the necessity and strong point of it.Through proposing a new intuitionist fuzzy implication arithmetic operator,this paper solved the IFMP problem,and tested the argumentation by an example as well.


The methyl resonance patterns of some isopropylcarbinols and isopropyl esters are described and discussed. The important influence of a phenyl nucleus on these patterns is obvious. The presence of such a nucleus as well as that of an asymmetric centre is a prerequisite for doubling of the methyl doublet in the case of the esters. It could not be established whether the doubling is due to intrinsic asymmetry, to preferential conformations, or to both factors.


The major purpose of this work was to determine if a protein i.e. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) could be tagged using an epitope (6xHis tag) through recombinant DNA technology with an expression vector (pET28a) then expressed in E. coli followed by isolation of the protein which was purified using purification steps that not only achieved the high level of purity as desired but was also less time consuming. This was proved by isolation of the recombinant plasmid DNA thus purified with the use of purification columns sequentially i.e. affinity chromatography, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, each purification step contributed to the purity attained in the protein which was then tested through SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The molecular weight of GFP was determined by use of single bands formed by the elution collected from each purification fraction on stained gels through use of coomassie blue stain, the molecular weight was approximated using the protein marker provided (Invitrogen Benchmarker Protein Ladder) and was found to be 27KDa. The protein was further analysed using mass spectrometry for a more accurate molecular mass and for derivation of its structure. The method was found to be effective though a few problems were encountered but the aim of the experiment was successfully achieved.


This paper investigates whether the structure of product markets in the industrial economies conforms to the assumptions of the two main benchmark models of international macroeconomics, namely the one-sector imperfect-substitutes model, and the two-sector model with non-traded goods. Our proposed test rests on the estimation of price equations and also allows the estimation of the degree of price sluggishness. Our findings, for 20 OECD economies, suggest that the one sector model is rejected in favour of a generalized model with two types of internationally traded goods. They also suggest significant sluggishness in the adjustment of prices.


The Third Woodward Conference served as a forum for experts in numerous disciplines to discuss problems in modelling complex phenomena in both social and natural sciences. This volume contains both review articles and reports of recent research. Two recurrent themes are chaos and self-organized criticality. Among the topics covered in the volume are: general problems in the modelling of complex systems, such as machine learning of natural languages; nonlinear forecasting, with relevance, for example, to the arms race; chaotic dynamics and economics; modelling of complex phenomena in fluids; earthquake modelling and self-organized criticality; and mathematical models of complex patterns.


A Broensted acidic ionic liquid imidazolium hydrogen sulfate immobilized on magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibits excellent catalytic activity in the Biginelli-type synthesis of a diverse range of pyrimidine derivatives (IV).


Human experience is a special kind of knowledge, which captures previously experienced, similar problem situations (case) for human problem solving. This paper describes a case-based approach for knowledge sharing and management with regard to the semantic web settings. We define a RDF-based Case Markup Language (CaseML) for experience knowledge representation and develop a generic architecture for the case based reasoning in the open, distributed environment with the emphasis on the integration of case knowledge with web ontologies. An application scenario from traditional Chinese medicine field is introduced to evaluate our methodology. With our application experience, we claim that, in contrast with logic-based knowledge representation formalisms, case is a more suitable for knowledge sharing in the semantic Web, because case based reasoning is similarity-based and there is weak demand on semantic consistent in such reasoning processes.


This paper deals with the systematic investigation of adsorption of a natural product, Black Liquor (BL) on porous media obtained from oil producing horizons of Upper Assam Basin by highlighting the crude oil recovery profile after adsorption of the natural product on to the porous media. BL an effluent from paper and pulp mills is a surfactant, which is renewable and abundantly available in this region. The experimental data obtained from the adsorption experiments were then interpreted from the well known models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson and was found that the Langmuir model fits the better fit of pH, salinity and temperature data over the entire range of variables studied in this work. This work reveals that with increase in salinity, adsorption increases due to increase in ionic charge of the aqueous medium and with increase in pH, adsorption decreases due to increase in negative charge of the aqueous phase and clay being negatively charged particles it will repel the anionic surfactant (negatively charged). Finer the grains of the porous media more will be the adsorption, since better will be the surface area of the porous media. The work is a supplementary study for the Surfactant based Enhanced oil recovery of the depleted fields of Upper Assam Basin.


: The paper focuses on the application of family parent-child music activities in family education for children with autism. Firstly, the significance of family parent-child music activities in family education for children with autism was explored, and the role and participation of parents in family parent-child music activities were analyzed, including the required training, interactive methods, and sustained implementation of the activities. Finally, a series of application methods for family parent-child music activities were proposed, including multimodal perception stimulation, personalized music selection, emotional regulation, rhythm training, balance between structured and free exploration, and integration with daily life. In order to provide a practical, effective, and innovative framework for family music activities to meet the unique needs of family education for children with autism.


Experiments on flute instability of plasma clouds at Alfven Mach-number Ma ∼ 0 and 1, and with varying ion's magnetization level have been realized at the KI-1 laser-plasma facility at the ILP of Novosibirsk, with similarity parameters close to those of Barium releases in Earth's magnetosphere. A number of diagnostics have allowed to characterize the dynamics of the cloud-magnetic field interaction, as well as flutes development, or suppression for Ma > 1. Hybrid simulations with HAWAI2D code have reproduced the main observed features, such as the diamagnetic cavity dynamics, and flutes growth. A mode-mixing phenomenon related to Larmor rotation has been observed in simulations, which seems to lead to a reduction of mode number at later times in agreement with experimental results.


Purpose of reviewNasal septal perforations can have a substantial impact on patient's nasal breathing and subsequent quality of life. Various surgical techniques have previously been described for the repair of these perforations. In this review, we examine the most recent literature evaluating surgical techniques for the repair of nasal septal perforations. Recent findingsTwenty-seven studies evaluating 646 patients were included. None of these studies compared different surgical techniques. Four major categories of surgical techniques are described: multilayer, single layer, patch, and resection. Within these broad categories there is much heterogeneity in both the individual surgical technique and material used for reconstruction. However, the overall closure rate in all studies evaluated was 88%. SummaryThe diversity in surgical techniques demonstrated in this review would indicate that surgeons are not satisfied with the current surgical approaches for the repair of nasal septal perforations. However, the overall closure rates presented in this review are very favorable. Future comparative studies are needed to better evaluate these techniques.


Spin–orbit torque (SOT) induced magnetization switching is investigated in Pt/Co/Ta stacks with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy with the variation of the thickness of Ta layer (tTa). SOT is characterized by an effective spin Hall angle θSH, which is determined by an anomalous Hall resistance measurements method based on a macrospin model. A high charge current induced magnetization switching efficiency is achieved by the enhanced injection efficiency of spin currents from bottom Pt and top Ta with opposite signs of θSH. When tTa  =  4 nm, the enhanced effective θSH for Pt/Co/Ta shows a maximum value around 0.356, which is larger than the sum of |θSH| for Pt and Ta and is ascribed to an additional interfacial SOT at Co/Ta interface. θSH gradually decreases with increasing Ta layer thickness beyond 4 nm, which can be explained by the improved crystallinity of Ta layer. Our results confirm a way to decrease the switching current density in SOT-based spintronic devices.


Carbon emissions from deforestation and degradation account for about 20% of global anthropogenic emissions. Strategies and incentives for reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) have emerged as one of the most active areas in the international climate change negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). While the current negotiations focus on a REDD mechanism in developing countries, it should be recognized that risks of carbon losses from forests occur in all climate zones and also in industrialized countries. A future climate change agreement would be more effective if it included all carbon losses and gains from land use in all countries and climate zones. The REDD mechanism will be an important step towards reducing emissions from land use change in developing countries, but needs to be followed by steps in other land use systems and regions. A national approach to REDD and significant coverage globally are needed to deal with the risk that deforestation and degradation activities are displaced rather than avoided. Favourable institutional and governance conditions need to be established that guarantee in the long-term a stable incentive and control system for maintaining forest carbon stocks. Ambitious emission reductions from deforestation and forest degradation need sustained financial incentives, which go beyond positive incentives for reduced emissions but also give incentives for sustainable forest management. Current data limitations need—and can be—overcome in the coming years to allow accurate accounting of reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation. A proper application of the conservativeness approach in the REDD context could allow a simplified reporting of emissions from deforestation in a first phase, consistent with the already agreed UNFCCC reporting principles.


Parodic and satiric photocopy lore gives employees the opportunity to personalize the allegedly depersonalized corporational environment in which they work. Such lore provides this opportunity through symbolic extensions and representations of the material, most intriguingly through those of the human body. In the process, the "corporational" is brought down to the level of the "corporeal" in the service of employee iconoclasm and assuagement. IF THE INTENT OF corporate business is to make and assure profits, its effect is often to inhibit worker individuality and so cause a sense of loss. This, I suggest, is the implication of the parodic and satiric photocopy lore that circulates within corporational environments. In its display and content, this lore suggests employees' discontent with the depersonalized environment in which they work. This discontent is illustrated in lore that celebrates the very ground of human personalization: the body and other aspects of materiality. It emphasizes an exaggerated and iconoclastic naturalism, a foregrounding of the base and the regenerative. The empirical aspects and corporeal representations of this lore are potently symbolic given their use in the corporational environment, which conventionally privileges surface, containment, and efficient propriety. The analysis I pursue here is folkloristically unconventional in that it is presented primarily as speculation.' But, as I indicate, it accords in significant respects with the insights of other researchers who are concerned with the genre and with folkloric reactions to management-employee relations. To date, most of the work on photocopy lore has been oriented toward collection and classification. My intent here is to offer what I believe are fruitful lines of inquiry


that existed between Africa, the New World, and Europe, revealing a much more complex and elaborate pattern than has often been depicted. Not surprisingly, given Curtin's research record, his account of the African side of those trade relationships is particularly strong. In it he emphasizes the economics of slave supply in Africa and the complex pattern of imports and exports that characterized African external trade. Coerced labor was, of course, central to plantation agriculture. With the demise of the Native American population, planters chose to use force to supply themselves with workers rather than pay the price and accept the quantity of labor that a free labor market would have implied. Curtin is sensitive to the moral aspects of this choice, though he comments that "contemporaries rarely considered it [a choice] or even knew it existed" (p. 114). He argues that the slave trade could have been avoided, but only if New World entrepreneurs had been willing to accept the slower growth associated with natural population growth rather than forced immigration. Though that analysis helps identify the moral issues associated with slavery, it is not a very plausible hypothetical alternative when considered in the historical context. For the entire point of the institutions erected in the New World was to maximize output to take advantage of sugar's high price elasticity of demand. For this masses of workers were required. Waiting for strengthening immunities gradually to increase the local labor supply was incompatible with earning a fortune, which motivated the settling of the New World in the first place. In short, despite Curtin's effort to finesse the problem, force was essential to profit maximization under New World demographic conditions. That it was so suggests a conclusion that economists prefer to evade. Profit-seeking behavior is an inadequate guide to moral behavior.


Human reasoning applies argumentation patterns to draw conclusions about a particular subject. These patterns represent the structure of the arguments in the form of argumentation schemes which are useful in AI to emulate human reasoning. A type of argument schema is that what allow to analyze the similarities and differences between two arguments, to find a solution to a new problem from an already known one. Researchers in the heavily studied field of analogies in discourse have recognized that there is not a full and complete definition to indicate when two arguments are considered analogous. Our proposal presents an initial attempt to formalize argumentation schemes based on analogies, considering a relationship of analogy between arguments. This will contribute to the area increasing such schemes usefulness in Artificial Intelligence (AI), since it can be implemented later in Defeasible Logic Programming (DeLP).


The Moon was formed either at the same time as the Earth or only a short time later, about 4.6 billion years ago. After formation, there was a period of intense bombardment of the lunar surface by objects of asteroidal size. They formed the large basins now filled with mare basalts. It is not at present clear whether these impacts occurred in a series in time or in a group at about the same time. It does seem clear that there was a significant change in the bombardment rate 3.9 to 4 billion years ago. The author is professor of geochemistry in the Department of Earth and Space Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, N. Y.


This invited paper discusses the present status and evolution trends for passive optical networks (PONs). A brief historical overview is provided, leading to the recent NGPON2 (T-WDM) standard. Next, the main technological contenders for the future PON generations are discussed. Emphasis is given on the WDM-PON self-seeded configuration.


This paper aims to identify some of the strategic elements that are used by Elma Chips in order to conquer its potential consumers, increasing their continuous desire to experiment the product in its various presentations: the packages, brands, commercials and the Chips itself. Thus, we analyze three promotions created by Elma Chips which offered tazos as a prize in the years between 1997 and 2002. We also discuss several regulations aspects of food advertisements to children in that period and today.


This paper describes the new support in the IBM zEnterprise® EC12 and BC12 mainframes, as well as the IBM z13™, which allows Coupling Facility partitions to use storage-class memory. This use of storage-class memory improves the scalability and availability of the implementation of the IBM WebSphere® MQ shared message queues in a Parallel Sysplex® configuration. By providing a new level in the storage hierarchy in the Coupling Facility to which MQ messages may be offloaded and from which they may be later retrieved, storage-class memory augments capacity and scale within the MQ shared message queue environment. This in turn provides availability benefits for the Parallel Sysplex by allowing shared queue message content to remain available and grow as needed to accommodate interruptions in service on the part of one or more of the MQ queue managers.


A novel fluorescent sensor based on a [5]helicene dye bearing hydrazine (1) was synthesized through a simple reaction. The sensor was fully characterized by NMR, single crystal X-ray analysis, and HRMS spectrometry. Fluorescence technique was also employed to study the ability of 1 for the detection of Cu2+ among different ions. It was found that 1 exhibited a highly sensitive fluorescence response toward Cu2+ with a "Turn-ON" fluorescence enhancement and a very large Stokes shift of ∼183 nm. The sensor selectively bound to Cu2+ in the presence of various metal ions, such as Cd2+, Ag+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, K+, Li+, Ba2+, Al3+, Fe2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Na+, and Mg2+ in aqueous acetonitrile solution. The Cu2+ detection limit was 2.6 ppb (3σ/slope), which was lower than the permissible concentration in drinking water determined by the US EPA and WHO. In addition, the sensor can enhance fluorescence from the intracellular area in the HepG2 cellular system. Hence, it has the potential for the detection of Cu2+ in biological samples.


Eight period nanocrystalline Si/amorphous SiO2 superlattices with Si nanocrystals of ∼5 nm diameter and tunnel-transparent (1.6–1.8-nm-thick) layers of SiO2 reveal a sharp resonance in conductivity at a low (∼0.8 V) applied bias. The performed measurements of time-resolved photocurrent decay show two distinctly different components. A fast, temperature-independent decay dominates at the applied bias close to the resonant conditions. Slower, temperature-dependent photocurrent decay becomes dominant at higher (>1.5 V) voltages. The observed fast photocurrent transient is associated with resonant hole tunneling throughout nanocrystalline Si superlattices.


MACROCOSM 1. Finding a Language 2. Finding a Goddess 3. Finding a God 4. Finding a Structure 5. Finding a High Magic 6. Finding a Low Magic 7. Finding a Folklore 8. Finding a Witchcraft 9. Matrix 10. God (and Goddess) Parents MICROCOSM 11. Gerald Gardner 12. Gerald's People 13. The Wider Context: Hostility 14. The Wider Context: Reinforcement 15. Old Craft, New Craft 16. The Man in Black 17. Royalty from the North 18. Uncle Sam and the Goddess 19. Coming of Age 20. Grandchildren of the Shadows Notes Index


We report the immobilization of heptanuclear [Cu6Gd] high-spin magnetic clusters, namely [Cu6Gd(aib)6(OAc)3(NO3)3(OH)3] (where, aib = (CH3)2C(NH2)COO− and OAc = CH3COO−), inside the channels of –COOH-functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 silica. X-ray diffraction, TEM and N2 physisorption experiments show that the well-ordered hexagonal structure of the CA/SBA-15 hybrid material is well preserved and that the [Cu6Gd] clusters are located inside the mesopores. The molecular structure of the incorporated [Cu6Gd] was confirmed by elemental X-ray microanalysis, IR and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Magnetic measurements indicate that the polynuclear complexes retain their magnetic properties during the impregnation process. The host–guest nanocomposite displays strong ferromagnetic interactions that result in a high-spin S = 13/2 ground state.


Spin qubits with long dephasing times are an essential requirement for the development of new quantum technologies and have many potential applica-tions ranging from quantum information processing to quantum memories and quantum networking. Here we report a theoretical study and the calculation of the spin dephasing time of defect color centers for the negatively charged nitrogen vacancy center in diamond. We employ ab initio density functional theory to compute the electronic structure, and extract the dephasing time using a cumulant expansion approach. We find that phonon-induced dephasing is a limiting factor for T 2 at low temperatures, in agreement with recent experiments that use dynamical decoupling techniques. This approach can be generalized to other spin defects in semiconductors, molecular systems, and other band gapped materials. Teaser: We present


overlap with non-treaty mechanisms and possible overlap with regional human rights mechanisms, etc.). One of criteria may be the time taken by a treaty body to take a decision. In the chapter, one can read that the Human Rights Committee (ICCPR) has the longest delay: decisions on admissibility may take about 2 years and final views on the merits may take four years from registration to conclusion, on the other hand, decisions combining admissibility issues and merits can sometimes be dealt with in about two years. The Committee Against Torture (CAT) has no backlog. Consequently, decisions are normally taken in less than two years. The final chapter of the book is dedicated to the follow-up mechanisms existing under the above-mentioned treaties. The second part of Bayefsky's book, contains 22 Annexes on different subjects, ranging from the complaint forms and contact information of the different committees, a checklist for submitting complaints, to the rules of procedure of the monitoring bodies and various indexes of cases (per treaty, by article or by State Party). This part of the manual may prove to be a very useful if not decisive tool when effectively putting the theory into practice. As a conclusion, I fully agree with former judge in the International Court of Justice Stephen Schwebel's comment that 'the non-governmental organisations (...) and the human rights lawyers (...) will welcome Bayefsky's manual, use it, and find it a valuable tool in their invaluable cause'. I would even say more: given its concise but highly pedagogical style, the book is not only a valuable guide for human rights activists, non-governmental organisations wanting to bring cases before the UN treaty-based organs or human rights lawyers, but also for graduate students who are just about to get to know the possibilities offered by the UN human rights system. While academics with a thorough knowledge of the UN treaty-based system may be left a bit on their hunger when searching the manual for standpoints from the author on contested issues and concrete references to cases (to make the book userfriendly, the author has also omitted footnotes), they will still find the book a very useful tool when preparing a lecture. So perhaps a minor suggestion from – an otherwise thoroughly satisfied – commentator to the author: while updating the annexes for the next edition, perhaps the author might consider to add another modest annex with a small number of good books or manuals (if available) dealing with concrete cases under the different UN monitoring bodies. This way, the interested applicant, reader and academic wishing to further and deepen his or her knowledge on the different treaty bodies and their case-law, will know where to look.


The work of psychotherapy demands that we listen to patients in a very special way. The process requires psychiatrists and other therapists, for a period of time, to step into their patients' emotional shoes. Then, stepping out of those shoes, informed by feeling the full force of the patient's emotional state, they are able to make empathic interventions that are responsive to their patient's internal needs. What happens when these shoes are also our own shoes, and the pain that patients are feeling mirrors our own pain? In the months since September 11, many conferences and presentations have included discussions of the emotional aftereffects of the terrorist attacks. Posttraumatic stress disorder, grief, and loss have been the subjects of scientific panels, roundtable discussions, and Internet dialogues. Poignant presentations by individuals who were involved in immediate outreach have burned tragic images in the minds of those who were more physically distant from the events. In efforts to understand how best to respond, experts have drawn on experiences and information gained during responses to other disasters. We have learned a great deal from the reports made by dedicated volunteers, many of whom have flown long distances to reach out to help survivors of earth quakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, and war. They have provided important insights into how to most effectively address the current crisis. However, the September 11 attacks did not occur in some distant country. The fact that they occurred here in the United States shattered our sense of invulnerabili ty and security. Our patients' natural reaction is to look to their therapists as experts in dealing with reactions to this kind of distress. They feel the need for a safe harbor and someone to help them contain their anxiety. At the same time, therapists themselves are experiencing many of these same feelings of grief, loss, and vulnerability. A few days after the attacks, Schuster and colleagues (1) conducted a survey of a nationally representative sample of 560 adults in the United States. They found that Americans were experiencing substantial levels of stress: 44 percent reported one or more severe symptoms of stress, and 90 percent reported at least low-level symptoms. These findings show that catastrophes can have a strong effect even on people who are not physically present during a disaster. What kinds of things have patients


agreement with the experiment and with previous theoretical calculations for the temperature dependence of the peak widths is obtained. The calculations suggest that further comparisons with the scattered lobes will produce important information about the projectile interaction and about vibrational correlations at the surface. @S0163-1829~96!06124-3# The surface scattering of atomic projectiles under quantum mechanical conditions, and particularly the scattering of He, is an experimental tool that has produced extensive information on surface dynamics and on the atom-surface interaction. 1,2 Far fewer experiments have been carried out under the classical conditions for vibrational energy transfer, which consist of large projectile masses, high incident energies, and large surface temperatures. 3‐6 Under such conditions the scattering problem becomes very complex and involves the exchange of many phonon quanta. Additionally, at high energies thresholds for the appearance of new quantum processes are crossed and such events as atomic electronic excitations of either the projectile or the crystal cores become possible. An understanding of energy and momentum exchange in the classical regime is very important for establishing the interaction potentials and the crystal dynamics at these energies, and is also necessary for an understanding of macroscopic physical processes at gas-surface interfaces such as energy accommodation, sticking, and drag and lift forces. Recently, a very interesting classical regime experiment has been reported for high-resolution, energy-resolved scattering intensities of Na 1 ions with energies of several hundred eV from a Cu~001! surface. 7 Of the several features observed in the spectra, one was identified as a peak due to single-scattering events, and the widths of this peak as a function of temperature and polar scattering angle were explained quite well with recently developed semiclassical scattering theories taken in the classical limit. 8,9 Under the conditions of this experiment, approximately half or more of the incident Na 1 translational kinetic energy was deposited in the crystal surface by the projectiles in the backscattered intensity. Theoretical comparisons were also made with the semiclassical trajectory approximation ~TA! and this approximation was found to fail completely for these high translational energy-loss experiments. The purpose of this paper is to compare these recent measurements with the complete classical theory for the scattering intensity, which is obtained from the quantum multiphonon calculations in the correspondence limit. In addition to reproducing the global width features of the measured intensities, this theory makes predictions of the angular and energy-dependent shapes of the scattered intensity lobes, which indicate that further comparison with experiment can give important information on surface interactions and vibrational correlations. Most quantum mechanical treatments of the inelastic exchange of vibrational energy in atom-surface collisions begin by describing the system in terms of a Hamiltonian of the form H5H 0 1H 0 1V, ~1!