There are an estimated 12 million syphilis cases worldwide, and 2 million of these cases are among pregnant women. There is paucity of data from the South–East Asia on the adverse outcomes of untreated syphilis during pregnancy and on the incidence of congenital syphilis among live-born infants. The reasons for this lack of data could be the difficulty of diagnosis, the occurrence of a high number of asymptomatic infections, or the absence of surveillance or reporting systems along with the lack of availability of trained personnel. As a result, the routine screening for syphilis starts at the district level and is not conducted at lower levels (1). According to the US Preventive Services Task Force, screening for syphilis is considered imperative during pregnancy because there is a substantial net benefit of the screening in pregnant women in the form of a reduced incidence of congenital syphilis in neonates (2). Congenital syphilis is preventable if adequate screening for syphilis is performed during pregnancy. Additionally, the prevalence of syphilis is a good indicator of the effectiveness of ongoing prenatal screening and control programmes in the area. The present study was conducted retrospectively in the Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, over a period of 6 months (January 2008 to June 2008) on 2088 non-duplicate sera received by the Microbiology Laboratory for syphilis screening. Out of the 2088 samples, 1999 were from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 11 were from the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic, and 78 were from other departments of the hospital. All sera were subjected to the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test (using a kit procured from SPAN Diagnostics Limited, Surat, India) for qualitative and quantitative estimation. The sensitivity and specificity of the kit are equivalent to those of the classical Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, according to the manufacturer. The greatest dilution of the sera at which the RPR test was positive was taken as the titre. In the present study, 15 (0.72%) samples were found to be seroreactive for syphilis, out of which 14 were from antenatal clinics, and 1 was from the eye outpatient department. The women and their husbands were tested as a part of the normal protocol for the antenatal check-up. Among the included subjects was a woman with history of 2 spontaneous abortions who had a positive RPR with a titre of 8 dils (Treponema pallidum haemaglutinin positive). Her husband was also RPR positive (4 dils), and their newborn child was found to be RPR positive with a titre of 2 dils 2 days after birth. Both the husband and the wife had been treated with 3 doses of 2.4 million units of benzathine penicillin during the present pregnancy. Therefore, we assume that the RPR positivity in the newborn could have been the result of the passive transfer of antibodies from the mother (unfortunately, a specific treponemal test could not be performed for the newborn). Clinically, the newborn had no signs or symptoms of the disease. Two other couples were also found to be RPR positive. In one of the couples, both the wife and the husband had a titre of 16 dils; in the other couple, the wife and the husband had titres of 4 dils and 8 dils, respectively. Both of these women had history of abortion in their previous pregnancy. All of these individuals were treated with 3 doses of benzathine penicillin intramuscularly at a dosage of 2.4 million units, and their RPR titres became negative. Both females delivered their babies normally, with normal birth weights and negative RPR titres 2 days after birth. Further follow-up of the babies could not be performed. Three other women had titres of 4 dils, two had 8 dils, and another two had 16 dils. Further follow-up information was not available. It is worth mentioning here that most of the cases were asymptomatic at the time of presentation. It was only the serological diagnosis and their antenatal status that led to the treatment. The seroprevalence of syphilis in patients visiting antenatal clinics was found to be low in our study. Previously, another study from our geographic area reported similar results (3). The reason for the low prevalence of syphilis could be that the study was conducted in a well-educated city in India. These women receive informative health education and are aware of the benefits of antenatal screening. Further, the control of sexually transmitted diseases (among which syphilis is very important) is one of the main strategies for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is recommended that all patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection should be tested for syphilis, and vice versa. As a result, syphilis is Letter to The Editor: Syphilis Seroreactivity: Determining the Importance during Routine Screening


School nurses in Bolton who worked for years in undergraded jobs have finally won their five-year fight for thousands of pounds of backdated pay.


To protect remnant ecosystems within urban areas, guidelines are needed for the biophilic design, construction and ongoing occupation of the suburban subdivisions, industrial land or business parks surrounding them. Planners, urban designers, architects, landscape architects, road engineers and the community need tools to help design and manage urban landscapes in a way that puts the ecosystem's requirements on par with urban development. The Victorian National Parks Association recognised this need and developed Start with the grasslands (SWTG) as a set of biophilic urban design guidelines to protect remnant grasslands within urban areas. South-eastern Australia's grasslands are Australia's most endangered ecosystem, with less than 2% remaining. Many are within or at the fringes of urban areas and are in continuing decline in extent and quality. Because of considerable challenges to acceptance, the development of these biophilic design guidelines was as important as the guidelines themselves. The process was structured to maximise inclusivity and stakeholder buy-in, educate, shift debate from traditional lines of argument, and to communicate the complex relationships to be negotiated for a successful outcome. The guidelines needed to be evidence-based, trans-disciplinary, and refer directly to on-the-ground case studies. Organisational partnerships further built legitimacy. Recommendations span spatial scales from the highly local to the regional and consider the full timescale of urban development. SWTG communicates through non-confrontational language and visual techniques.


Forecasting the future of mining activity is noted to be the most important purpose of decision makers. Net income is a particular parameter that plays significant role in gaining the attention of investors. It is demonstrated that by indicating key parameters affecting on the net income, prediction of net income will be considerably successful. Thus, the aim of this paper is to use an artificial intelligence method named generalized regression neural network (GRNN) for prediction of net income by taking into consideration of discounted cash flow table and six important parameters namely number of competitor, sales volume, annual cost, supply and demand, tax rate and inflation rate. Considering the six expressed parameters and Jade mine, Iran as case study, GRNN has shown appropriate result in the both training and testing step. As a result, GRNN has introduced itself as a robust method in the wide variety application of regression tasks.


Objective To identify factors that influence aspects of sexual and reproductive health behaviour, such as contraceptive use and teenage pregnancies, among Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. Method This socio-cultural review compares data from demographic surveys and opinion studies. The explanation for the trends found in these data was sought in the differences between the cultural backgrounds of immigrant and host populations, and in the socio-cultural changes that people undergo after immigration. Data In the Netherlands, 2.3% of the population are first- and second-generation Turkish immigrants. These people often originate from more traditional or underdeveloped rural areas in Eastern and Southern Turkey. Reproductive behaviour in the Netherlands differs greatly from that in Eastern and Southern Turkey, especially with regard to the use of contraception, abortion and the age at which women have children. These differences are largely the result of community-bound sets of opinions and role patterns. Conclusion After immigration, the acculturation process will lead to a change in behaviour. During this process conflicts in relationships will arise within and between first- and second generation Turkish immigrants. These conflicts are particularly evident within the second generation that grew up in the Netherlands. These persons have adopted a number of opinions prevailing in the host country but, at the same time, cling to various traditional values. Second-generation Turkish women seem to adapt faster to the new culture than their male counterparts.


To estimate the risk of iron overload in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants who receive more than two red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, in comparison with those who receive two or less during their hospital stay.


Twenty-seven male growing Rahmani lambs aged 6 months with an average weight 27.17 ± 0.31 kg were used to determine the effects of inclusion potato processing waste (PPW) on performance of Rahmani lambs. Animals divided into three equal groups and assigned for control and two experimental diets containing PPW which was at 0% PPW (TMR1), 7% PPW (TMR2), and 14% PPW (TMR3), respectively. The results showed that dietary treatments had no significant effect on feed intake, while water intake insignificantly (P>0.05) increased. Digestibility coefficients of organic matter, crude protein and nitrogen-free extract significantly (P<0.05) improved. However, dietary treatment had no significant effect on dry matter and ether extract digestibilities. Values of total digestible nutrient significantly (P<0.05) increased while, digestible crude protein insignificantly (P<0.05) increased. Nitrogen retention was positive for all groups. Inclusion PPW in sheep rations had no significant effect on ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Both ruminal NH3-N and TVFAS concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) increased, while ruminal pH was significantly (P<0.05) decreased after 3 hours post feeding compared with before feeding. Molar proportion of volatile fatty acids and all blood plasma constituents insignificant affected. Final weight, body weight gain, and average daily gain were significantly (P<0.05) decreased, while feed conversion ratio insignificantly decreased. Total daily feeding costs of experimental rations were decreased. It could be concluded that potato processing waste can be successfully fed to lambs without any adverse effect on digestibility coefficients, ruminal fermentation, blood plasma constituents and performance. Also, PPW can be used economically in formulation of sheep rations. [Hamed A.A. Omer, Soha S. Abdel-Magid, Fatma M. Salman, Sawsan M. Ahmed, Mamdouh I. Mohamed, Ibrahim M. Awadalla and Mona S. Zaki. Using potato processing waste in sheep rations] Life Science Journal. 2011;8(4):733-742] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com


(La${}_{2/3}$Ca${}_{1/3}$MnO${}_{3}$)${}_{n}$/(BaTiO${}_{3}$)${}_{m}$ (LCMO${}_{n}$/BTO${}_{m}$) superlattices on MgO and SrTiO${}_{3}$ substrates with different layer thicknesses ($n$ $=$ 10, 38, 40 and $m$ $=$ 5, 18, 20) have been grown by metal organic aerosol deposition (MAD) and have been fully characterized down to the atomic scale to study the interface characteristics. Scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy provides clear evidence for the existence of atomically sharp interfaces in MAD grown films, which exhibit epitaxial growth conditions, a uniform normal strain, and a fully oxidized state. Below a critical layer thickness the LCMO structure is found to change from the bulk Pnma symmetry to a pseudocubic $R$$\overline{3}$$c$ symmetry. An atomically flat interface reconstruction consisting of a single Ca-rich atomic layer is observed on the compressively strained BTO on LCMO interface, which is thought to partially neutralize the total charge from the alternating polar atomic layers in LCMO as well as relieving strain at the interface. No interface reconstruction is observed at the tensile strained LCMO on BTO interface.


Delbr ck's great pioneering "Geschichte der Kriegskunst" is a comprehensive work on the history and organisation of wars. It spans the centuries from the Persian Wars to Clausewitz at the beginning of the 19th century. Although individual details have been criticised, Delbr ck counts among the great 19th century German historians, Gregorovius, Mommsen, von Ranke and Burckhardt. Delbruck puts paid once and for all to the view that wars are only conducted by the leaders in the field; for him, military organisation and changes in tactics over the centuries are of primary significance, and he relates these changes to political history. At the same time he unfolds a living panorama of the various social groupings and the cultural context.


ing and indexing and automatic text reading. Some problems could be solved by the use of abstracts as sources of


The article presents the results of a study of the species diversity of algaeflora River Ilek, a major tributary of the left bank of the Ural River. In water samples taken from various points of River Ilek detected 181 species, the main structural element are green and blue-green algae, of which 68% are indicator species. According to the results of bioindication analysis found that the index stood at 2.5 saprobe (β-mezosaprobic); trend saprobe level offset in α-mezosaprobic zone as it moves water to the city. Based on the results of the work of allocating pure cultures from samples taken from the river Ilek received 4 algae and bacteriologic pure culture: Chlorеlla sр. I-1, Chlorella vulgaris I-2, Scеnеdеsmus obliquus I-3, Chlamydomonas sр. I-4. .


Desymmetrization of the anti-meso-acetylmethyldivinyl cyclopentane was realized through a three-step sequence involving reduction of the ketone moiety, bishomoallylic alcohol-directed epoxidation and Dess-Martin oxidationleading to the epoxy ketone as a single diastereoisomer. The epoxy ketone was efficiently converted to a trans-hydrindane unit, which constitutes an excellent precursor for the preparation of steroids and their seco-B analogues such as vitamin D 3 and its metabolites.


[Object of the present invention relates to a hospital bed. A hospital bed (10) includes a configured force sensor (24) or weight gauge device to detect the weight of the patient (42).


A design of a biological molecule carrier is presented for the application of high throughput multiplexing biological assays. This carrier contains a bit addressable "magnetic barcode" made of either Permalloy or cobalt thin films, sandwiched between two planar SU8 protective layers. We describe how the design of the magnetic carriers is optimized by engineering the coercivity of each barcode element, allowing the number of available signatures to be increased. Fully encapsulated digital magnetic carriers which carry a 5 bit addressable barcode were also fabricated and are presented. Writing and reading of digital carriers were both performed after releasing in dried solution.


The invention relates to a triad integration freckle-removing functional nano cream for skin external use and a method for preparing the same. The three types (night use type, daytime use type and auxiliary type) freckle-removing nano creams improve and optimize a novel international passive target transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) as a carrier, and organically combine and solubilize freckle-removing functional components with different biological efficacies, action ways and physical and chemical properties to form a good mutual aid synergic function system which has remarkable effect of controlling and relieving colored patches (such as chloasma, inflammatory pigmentation, sunburn, and the like) caused by abnormal facial metabolism of pigment. The product has the advantages of tiny particle sizes of spherical particles, obvious passive target function, excellent adaptability, homodromous property, fluidity and dispersion, strong penetrability, even texture, subtleness, lubricity and luster, is simple and convenient to use, and is comfortable without pungency and side effects; besides, the appearance is light yellow with slight opalescence, is glittering and translucent, clear and transparent, sticky but not viscous, thick but not dense, and oily but not greasy, has good stability, excellent curative effect, short industrialization cycle and high production efficiency, saves time, materials and energy sources, dose not need special devices and heat energy, and is easy for popularization and application.


Due to its intrinsic and functional characteristics, tourism can be viewed as a special activity that is both an agent and a result, and is itself a concrete manifestation of the process of human the process of developing social life. Especially in the context of industrialization, modernization, and globalization today, along with the "information society and the knowledge economy", tourism can both be an important cultural interchange channel, and can become a "smoke-free industry" playing a key economic role. Through the development process of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), especially after the ASEAN Community (AC) was formed (October 2003) with three pillars, especially with the initiative of the Asean Tourism Association (ASEANTA), in fact, it is proving that... By the basis of history-culture and geo-economic conditions have opened up favorable prospects; in coming time through proactive solutions, tourism may become a focal point associated with strategies to accelerate the process of integration of Vietnam and Southeast Asia in order to contribute to the sustainable development of the nation, the region, and the whole world.


causes inflammation and sores in the lining of the large intestine. The inflammation usually occurs in the rectum and lower part of the colon, but it may affect the entire colon. Most patients are treated with medications. Aminosalicylates were the first drug shown to be benefical in UC and the first widely used aminosalicylate was salfasalazine. Balsalazide is the first new oral medication in more than ten years that is designed to treat mild to moderate


In today's competitive global business environment, the concept of supply chain management (SCM) continues to become increasingly market-oriented, shifting the primary driver of the value chain from supply to demand. Recent recommendations encourage researchers to focus investigations on the supply chain process integration (SCPI) capabilities that integrate a focal firm with its network of suppliers and business customers to create value for it. However, theoretical and empirical researches pertaining to the antecedents and consequences of a focal firm's SCPI capabilities have been limited and piecemeal. The purpose of this study is to investigate the critical determinants and consequences of a focal firm's SCPI capabilities. We test our proposed research framework using a sample of 139 sales managers of manufacturing industries in Taiwan, our research findings show that (1) both perceived business customer's power and focal firm's market-oriented culture positively influences a focal firm's SCPI capabilities, and (2) SCPI capabilities positively influence a focal firm's SCM performance, both operational and strategic benefits. Implications for practitioners and researchers and suggestions for future research are also addressed in this study. Keywords—Supply chain process integration capabilities, Perceived business customer's power, Market-oriented culture, Supply chain management performance.


This text is a dialogue between psychology and theology. In different ways, they both deal with understanding the religiously lived life and with the question of whether there is any validity to living that kind of life. The central question of the book is whether it is meaningful and reasonable to speak of a "spiritual sense," whether there are ways we can "sense" or perceive the reality of God. The first chapter develops an "embodied-relational" approach to human understanding by drawing on two very different psychological paradigms: clinical psychoanalysis and laboratory research into the role embodiment plays in human understanding. The second chapter builds on this review of the empirical findings to discuss some of their implications for the traditional and virtually universal theological topic of human nature. A popular approach to thinking about religion from a psychological perspective is to treat religions as "meaning systems." The research cited here suggests that our embodiment directly impacts our understanding of how meanings are arrived at, thus affecting how we understand religious meaning-making—the subject of chapter three. The fourth chapter examines the impact of our embodiment on studying and understanding religion. The fifth chapter explores a case for a "spiritual sense" grounded in an embodied approach to human understanding.


Malignant tissue growth induces marked biochemical and structural changes in the extracellular matrix of the tumour and its surrounding tissues. In the present study, we evaluated the prognostic value of the serum concentration of the markers of synthesis of type I collagen (PICP, PINP) and type III collagen (PIIINP) as well as the marker of type I collagen degradation (ICTP) and compared them with the conventional indicators of prognosis (clinical stage, grade of differentiation, histological subtype, residual tumour load and the age of the patient). The prognostic value of peritoneal cytological findings at operation was an additional object in our studies. High preoperative serum ICTP (> 5.6 μg/L) and PIIINP (> 3.2 μg/L) concentrations and a low PICP:PINP ratio ( > 2) correlated with poor prognosis in ovarian carcinoma in univariate analysis and in multivariate analysis when each variable was analyzed separately with the conventional factors. However, ICTP concentration was the only prognostic variable in multivariate analysis including PIIINP, PINP, ICTP and CA125. When analyzed with conventional prognostic factors (clinical stage, grade, residual tumour, presence of ascites, histology), clinical stage and ICTP were independent indicators of prognosis. In addition, malignant cells in the peritoneal fluid aspirate at primary operation, grade and the age of the patient predicted poor prognosis in multivariate analysis. Postoperative serum ICTP concentration 9-months after the operation was the strongest prognostic factor as compared to the preoperative ICTP and CA125 values and clinical variables. These results indicate that serum collagen metabolites, especially ICTP, are indicators of prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. The present ICTP-test does not detect the degradation products of immature type I collagen, the dominating form in ovarian cancer tissue. Therefore, the excess ICTP in invasive ovarian cancer might originate through the degradation of trivalently matured collagens in non-malignant tissues surrounding the malignancy. ICTP may thus be an indicator of invasive properties of the tumor and its determination opens up new perspective to predict the clinical outcome


Mine tailings at levels of ca 30 and 300 ppm were added to two plankton communities contained in 60 ton Controlled Experimental Ecosystems (CEE); a third CEE was used as a control. The mine tailings caused (1) a delay in the primary productivity and chlorophyll a maxima; (2) a shift in the size spectrum of primary producers towards autotrophic flagellates compared with diatoms in the control; (3) a suppression of heterotrophic microflagellates; and (4) an increased production of zooplankton compared with the control. Zooplankton were observed to have consumed tailings but no changes were observed in the structure of the zooplankton community as a result of tailings additions.


The Vedic locution prathamam jayamanah is a syntagm, where the first word, used as an adverb, means that the action expressed by the participle happens just before the action of the main verb of the sentence. Once this rule is established, other examples of this use of prathamam can be identified. This turn, very rare in texts, was archaic and finally disappeared: in its evolution indeed, the Sanskrit language exploited other possibilities, as for instance the absolute locative or the nominal compounds.


Never get rid of a good title. Stephen Pyne originally conceived of a collection of essays framed around the fire history of the United States that would be called To the Last Smoke. It would "poke around in the pixels and polygons of particular practices, places, and persons" (p. ix), a form of color commentary on another of Pyne's just-published projects, Between Two Fires: A Fire History of Contemporary America (2015). But not unlike a fire that swiftly blew up, that original concept swelled in size and took on a life of its own: it now incorporates fire surveys of what Pyne calls "the major hearths of American fire" (p. ix), including Florida, California, the Northern Rockies, and the Southwest (with additional volumes in the works). Fittingly, Pyne has recycled To the Last Smoke as the title of this burgeoning series of books about the nation's pyrogeography. If the California volume is anything to judge by, this series will make a significant mark on how we talk about fire and how we conceive of its place on the land and in our lives. As Pyne makes clear, it is not news that the Golden State burns and regularly so or that fires there can erupt in coastal sage scrub and chaparral, in grassland and high elevation forests: more than half of the state's ecosystems are fire dependent. No, what is new is Pyne's assertion that the distinguishing feature of California's "fire scene...is how its dramatically distinctive biomes have been yoked to a common system and how its fires burn with a character and on a scale commensurate with the state's size and political power" (p. 4). Consider the outsized role that the Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACOFD) has played in institutionalizing fire management strategies in Southern California (and far beyond). Founded in 1911 and under the direction of forester Stuart Flintham, over the next decade or so the fledgling organization began to transform the regional landscape. In addition to planting street trees and initiating foothill afforestation projects, Flintham and his small crew laid out firebreaks, built lookout towers, developed mobile radio communications, and enlisted US Army aerial surveillance to bolster the county's firefighting operations. Its innovative practices often placed it at the forefront of national fire policymaking, a process that was amplified statewide with the creation of what would become CalFire, and ramified further as these agencies collaborated with the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, which was also boosting its commitment to fire suppression. "Much of the character of California fire is an outcome of LACOFD's vision, tenacity, wealth, and genius for publicity," Pyne observes. "For a century in California it has been the strange attractor, the not-always-seen but ever present disturbance that tugs and yanks and pushes the quotidian world of fire protection" (p. 79). Northern California lacks any such urban-wildland firefighting force (let alone one with a $900 million budget!). But that region once dominated the conversation about fire within the state and across the country. Its foresters—most especially those at UC Berkeley's forestry program—were at the forefront of those denouncing the concept of "light burning" that local ranchers favored, denunciations that also filled the pages of the Journal of Forestry in the first decades of the 20th century (e.g., J. For. 10:1912; 21:1928). Their success in defeating what they dismissed as "Piute Burning" gave birth to a robust culture of "systemic fire protection, which became the basis for planning in national forests" (p. 111). It was in the Sierras, too, that the reintroduction of fire into the landscape was tested. These tests were not unique to California: in fact they had been pioneered in Florida (and which Pyne details in his book-length survey of the Sunshine State's fire history). But the Sierran experiments depended as well on local research, notably Richard Hartesveldt's in the Mariposa Grove in Yosemite National Park. His conclusions countered the paradigm of fire's absolute suppression in all forests, in all conditions. As Pyne's put it, Hartesveldt realized "fire's removal threatened the Big Trees twice, once because they could not regenerate amid the overgrown clutter and again because the understory of woody litter, white fir, and cedar could carry fire to the canopies of even giants" (p. 168). The prescribed fire programs that emerged out of this and other scientific investigations in Yosemite and Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks "remained the envy of the Park Service and served as paragons nationally" (p. 175). As engrossing is Pyne's brief forays into the fire regimes and histories of disparate landscapes such as the Peninsular and Transverse ranges in the South and the coastal and interior ranges in the North and the bellowslike impact that the Santa Ana, Sundowner, and Diablo winds have in fanning the flames whenever meteorological conditions are just right (and oh-so wrong). Smart, too, are Pyne's cautionary words about California's mega, oft-unexamined influence on US fire policy: the state "is too big to ignore, too volatile to quarantine, and too eccentric to allow it to establish national norms by default" (p. 183).


The author considers the scope of the «military culture of society» concept and analyses the possibilities of its application in humanities in order to extend our knowledge of the past and the present.


An efficient method for prevention/control of insect infestation in dry fish by the ap- plication of pyrethrum is described. Three commercial formulations of pyrethrum available in India, namely, Pyrocon E, Pyrethrum EC and Pyrocolloid were found to be equally useful as insect repellants when emulsions of these in water at a concentration of 0.25% pyrethrins were sprayed at the level of 100 ml m" 2 (250 mg m'2), on the exterior of the commercial con- tainers with a polythene lining inside. The treatment prevented insect infestation in commercial dry fish for about three months, whereas the controls got infested within a month. The in- sect-free shelf life for refined and preservative treated dry fish was found to be more than six months when stored in pyrethrum-sprayed containers.


The present article aims to analyze the behavior of some indicators of climatic extremes in Isla de la Juventud, Cuba during the period 1980-2015. The daily series of maximum temperatures, minimum temperature and precipitation were used, extracted from the database of the Climate Center of the Institute of Meteorology; As well as the daily precipitation series of the pluviometric network of the National Institute of Hydraulic Resources. The Rclimdex-extraQc software was used to obtain the indicators. The statistical analysis of trend and change point of the monthly series was performed with no parametric statistic. The study revealed an increase in extreme values of minimum  temperature  and  episodes  of  several  consecutive  days  with  extremes  of maximum temperatures. The indicators derived of the precipitation showed great variability and non- significant statistically results. However, total precipitation increased dueto events of several consecutive days with precipitation and to extreme events that contributed accumulated above the 95th percentile of the norm.


Abstract Objective: To examine the effect of contact with a stroke family care worker on the physical, social, and psychological status of stroke patients and their carers. Design: Randomised controlled trial with broad entry criteria and blinded outcome assessment six months after randomisation. Setting: A well organised stroke service in an Edinburgh teaching hospital Subjects: 417 patients with an acute stroke in the previous 30 days randomly allocated to be contacted by a stroke family care worker (210) or to receive standard care (207). The patients represented 67% of all stroke patients assessed at the hospital during the study period. Main outcome measures: Patient completed Barthel index, Frenchay activities index, general health questionnaire, hospital anxiety and depression scale, social adjustment scale, mental adjustment to stroke scale, and patient satisfaction questionnaire; carer completed Frenchay activities index, general health questionnaire, hospital anxiety and depression scale, social adjustment scale, caregiving hassles scale, and carer satisfaction questionnaire. Results: The groups were balanced for all important baseline variables. There were no significant differences in physical outcomes in patients or carers, though patients in the treatment group were possibly more helpless, less well adjusted socially, and more depressed, whereas carers in the treatment group were possibly less hassled and anxious. However, both patients and carers in the group contacted by the stroke family care worker expressed significantly greater satisfaction with certain aspects of their care, in particular those related to communication and support. Conclusions: The introduction of a stroke family care worker improved patients' and their carers' satisfaction with services and may have had some effect on psychological and social outcomes but did not improve measures of patients' physical wellbeing. Key messages A stroke family care worker in the context of a well organised hospital based stroke service has no definite beneficial effect on the physical, social, or psychological outcome of patients or their carers A stroke family care worker may reduce carers' hassles and anxiety but render patients more helpless, less well socially adjusted, and more depressed A stroke family care worker may improve patients' and their carers' satisfaction with those aspects of stroke services relating to communication and support Purchasers of health care need to decide the value they and their patients place on satisfaction with health care


The magnitude of the contribution of chemical effects to the enhancement of Raman scattering from adsorbates on a metal surface and its experimental identification are considered. Within a simple model for the electronic structure of the surface, local enhancements in the range ${10}^{2}$-${10}^{3}$ can be obtained. The unambiguous identification of these contributions requires a detailed characterization of the electromagnetic contributions to the enhancement of the Raman intensity.


The designation of George Town, Penang as one of the world heritage sites has brought numerous impacts on the region and local communities. The main issue of world heritage sites includes livability and strict heritage management which produced challenges for the residents to sustain. This paper aims to study livability and heritage inheritance and rethink the conservation planning of the heritage site. It is imperative to understand the direct impact of tourism and strict rules and regulations pressure from the world heritage site designation on the livability of the residents in the heritage site and start addressing this livability issue to regain the balance and equilibrium between the residential and tourism sector. The Chew Jetty has been selected as the case study area. The research of the site is done by thorough site analysis including multiple contexts, which are historical context, physical context, sociocultural context, issues threats and challenges, and government policies and development plans using material and resources available online as well as in-depth interviews with residents. The paper shows that the conservation planning set by the authority has driven away the livability of Chew Jetty and is losing the intangible aspects of Chew Jetty.


Natural gas conversion technologies have been always the focus of chemical technologies.This arti- cle introduced the directed conversion technologies of methane.Recent literatures concerning methane to metha- nol,methane to benzene or olefins,and preparation of CNTs from methane were also discussed.


The details of the rotational dynamics of borohydride ions in both the ordered and disordered crystal phases of NaBH4 and in the disordered crystal phase of KBH4 were determined by quasielastic neutron scattering (QNS). Model fits of the QNS data indicate that the BH4− tetrahedron in the ordered phase of NaBH4 rotates with a combination of 2-site and 3-site reorientations that preserve its crystallographic orientation. The QNS results for the disordered phases are well described by a model assuming nearest-neighbor BH4− jumps from one corner to another of a cube formed by eight hydrogen positions of half occupancy. Distinguishing between likely mechanisms for reorientation was made possible by collecting data at sufficiently high momentum transfer. The activation energies derived for the low-temperature and high-temperature phases of NaBH4 are 13.4 ± 0.8 and 11.9 ± 0.5 kJ/mol, respectively. We find an activation energy for KBH4 of 14.6 ± 0.5 kJ/mol in the high-temperature phase. The torsional vibration ba...


Objective: To explore the problems existed in developing the informingrules in hospitals. Methods: The content-analyzing-method was used to analyze theinforming rules in three hospitals in Beijing. Results: In our country, the regulationsregarding the patient's right of knowing are distributing stated in several literatures oflaws or policies. There are no according hospital regulations in these three hospitalsalthough they have the required information by the government. Relatively, specialinformation lists, such as those regarding medical dispute or under government's strictsupervision, attract more attention in hospitals. In addition, there are some problemsexisting in the current situation, e.g. inconsistence between regulation and reality, andprolix statements, etc. Conclusions: The government should set up a Law about pa-tients' rights. The medical institutions should have a great concern of preventing the allpatient's right of knowing, and develop a comprehensive, detailed and well organizedregulation.


Gareth Evans and John McDowell have challenged the traditional reading of Frege according to which Frege accepted propositions that are not object dependent, i.e., propositions that can exist even though the proper names that occur in the sentences that express them do not refer. A consequence of the Evans-McDowell interpretation of Frege is that if someone hallucinates that there is an oasis in front of her, then there is no thought of an oasis but only an illusion of a thought. No reference entails no sense, and no sense entails no thought.

This paper will focus on Frege's views on the issue and, in particular, whether there is any evidence that the mature Frege, i.e., after he introduced the sense/reference distinction, did not accept propositions that are not object dependent. It will also address one of the consequences of the Evans-McDowell reading of Frege, arguing that they have ignored one of his important insights into natural languages.


[Objective]The research aimed to survey zinc enrichment and transfer characteristics about some herbaceous plants growing in the soil which was polluted by the ore-dressing wastewater in the long time.[Method] The soil of 3 sample areas and the roots and leaves of 5 species herbaceous plants in Huashitou River bank were analyzed.And the heavy metal zinc enrichment and transfer characteristics in the plants were studied.[Result]The plant zinc content increased with the soil zinc raising,and the correlation was significantly positive at 0.01 level(2-tailed) between the soil zinc content and the whole plant or the roots zinc content except the leaves.The mean value of the roots zinc enrichment factor(EF) of 5 species herbaceous plants was 0.941 and that of the leaves was 0.464.The roots EF of Knuiwatsukia cuspidata and Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng were above 1.EF of 5 species herbaceous plants in the mountain was the highest among 3 sample areas and EF of which in the river bank was the lowest.Their correlation was significantly negative at 0.05 level.For 5 species herbaceous plants,the zinc transfer factor's order was as follows: Bidens pilosaHerba Artemisiae annuaeEupatorium adenophorum SprengKnuiwatsukia cuspidataMelastoma affine D.Don.For 3 sample areas,the zinc transfer factor's order was as follows: the mountainthe road sidethe river bank.The correlation between the soil zinc TF and the plant zinc TF was significantly negative at 0.05 level,that is,the plant zinc content decreased with the soil zinc raising.[Conclusion]The zinc enrichment and transfer would be controlled naturally when the soil zinc content surpassed Chinese national standard seriously.


A number of prior studies have examined the association of lightning activity with the occurrence of severe weather and tornadoes, in particular. High flash rates are often observed in tornadic storms (Taylor, 1973; Johnson, 1980; Goodman and Knupp, 1993) but not always. Taylor found that 23% of nontornadic storms and 1% of non-severe storms had sferics rates comparable to the tornadic storms. MacGorman (1993) found that storms with mesocyclones produced more frequent intracloud (IC) lightning than cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning. MacGorman (1993) and others suggest that the lightning activity accompanying tornadic storms will be dominated by intracloud lightningwith an increase in intracloud and total flash rates as the updraft increases in depth, size, and velocity. In a recent study, Perez et al. (1998) found that CG flash rates alone are too variable to be a useful predictor of (F4, FS) tornado formation. Studies of non-tornadic storms have also shown that total lightning flash rates track the updraft, with rates increasing as the updraft intensifies and decreasing rapidly with cessation of vertical growth or downburst onset (Goodman et al., 1988; Williams et al., 1989). Such relationships result from the development of mixed phase precipitation and increased hydrometeor collisions that lead to the efficient separation of charge. Correlations between updraft strength and other variables such as cloud-top height, cloud water mass, and hail size have also been observed. In this paper we examine the total lightning activity (with high time resolution), and the associated Doppler radar time history of weaker frO, FI) tomadic storms in Florida. Much of the prior work has focussed on tomadic superceils in the Great Plains.


Atomically-thin films of phosphorene (also known as black phosphorus) are a low dimensional optical material with direct exciton emission, whose wavelength is tunable by controlling the number of layers. In addition to this excitonic emission, recent works revealed the existence of emissions from defect states and described new methods to manipulate them. Monolayer phosphorene exhibits emission from localized defect states at wavelengths near 920 nm. Increasing the number of layers should shift the defect emission to longer wavelengths, enabling the material to span a broader spectral range. However, defect emission from few-layer phosphorene has not yet been reported. In this paper, we demonstrate the existence of a new class of near-infrared emission from defect states in few-layer phosphorene. Photoluminescence measurements show a bright emission around 1240 nm with a sublinear growth of emission intensity when the excitation intensity is linearly increased, confirming the defect-based nature of this emission. From time-resolved lifetime measurements we determine an emission lifetime of 1.1 ns, in contrast with the exciton lifetime from phosphorene, which has been previously reported to be in the range of a few hundred picoseconds. This work shows that phosphorene defects can act as a source of infrared light with potential applications in optoelectronics.


Recently, Quinney (1983) demonstrated that female Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) involved in bigamous relationships had poorer reproductive success than monogamous females. Despite this, he entitled his paper "Tree Swallows cross a polygyny threshold." Because Quinney did not assess the reproductive success of polygynous females (those females choosing already-mated males), a comparison between concurrently settling females was not made, as is usual in assessments of polygyny threshold models (Garson et al. 1981). Quinney's conclusions therefore are premature. Quinney couched his arguments in terms of the Verner-Willson-Orians (VWO) model for the evolution of polygyny (Verner 1964, Verner and Willson 1966, Orians 1969). This model assumes that polygyny is adaptive and will evolve if a female mating with an already-mated male has a reproductive success equal to or greater than that of a female mating with a bachelor male. However, tests based on this premise often are invalid due to the potential depressing effects of beta females on alpha females (Altmann et al. 1977) or the effects of discontinuous habitat or male quality on female success (Simmons MS). Using the VWO model as his criterion, Quinney showed that monogamous females were significantly more successful in fledging young than were alpha and beta females (4.7 vs. 2.1, P < 0.01) and that monogamous females raised slightly heavier young. Assuming that alpha plus beta (= "polygynous," Quinney 1983) productivity is equivalent to the (more correct) beta female productivity, then polygyny according to the VWO model appears maladaptive for polygynous females. However, Quinney states that "polygyny is advantageous to secondary [beta] females at the Sewage Lagoon if these females could not breed otherwise." First, it is possible that the beta females could have bred at Backus Field (or other nearby sites), since not all of the nest boxes were occupied there. Second, if a lack of males was preventing nesting at alternate sites, Quinney is invoking the "desperation" hypothesis (Simmons 1983), which assumes that polygyny arises from a forced choice among females who cannot breed without choosing a mated male. This should not be confused


Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a technology that supports full-features of instructions to deal with and simulate the digital and analog communications. The SDR systems encompass the platform of networked series of the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) providing a complete stand-alone radio system to acquire and process large portions of the RF spectrum. Therefore, HackRF One device can be used as either receiver or transmitter. This device has sample rate reaches up to 20 MS/sec, and operating frequency works at the range from 1MHz to 6 GHz. It is a suitable candidate for providing the SDR features. The SDR has the capability for writing custom routines in a variety of programming languages, for example Python or C++. This paper aims at implementing the receiver using HackRf one with GNU radio companion to demodulate and hear to single and/or multiple FM channels systems. Subsequently, this structure is used at the transmitter side to send files or recorded voice.  This paper also explores the concept of securing the Smart Keyless Cars, which use radio frequencies to lock and unlock doors, it is done by firstly receiving or picking up the tuned frequency, saving it, and then transmitting it via Hackrf one to open or close the target door.


The study was on the effect of sustainability accounting on Universities financial performance in Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the effect and usefulness of sustainability on financial performance of Universities in Nigeria. The Study is established on stewardship theory and stakeholders' theory. Descriptive and Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the Study. Panel least square regression was used to analyze the data to test for the relationship between the sustainability accounting variables (corporate social responsibility expenditure, total personnel costs) and Financial Performance (Return on Equity). Findings revealed that there is an insignificant positive relationship between corporate social responsibility expenditure and financial performance of Universities in Nigeria. Also, total personnel cost has no significant effect on return on equity of Universities in Nigeria. The Study concluded that Universities should adopt sustainability accounting initiatives to enable them identify, allocate and measure environmental and social cost affecting the Universities and provide them with strategies and techniques for managing corporate, environmental, social and economic performance. Therefore, it was recommended that professional and regulatory bodies should put more effort into developing standards to regulate and guide sustainability accounting in the Universities financial system.


The uppermost 12@ m of the upper zone of the western Bushveld Complex at Bierkraal were investigated by wholerock geochemistry and mineral chernistry of olivine and sulfides. The rocks are depleted in Ni, owing to olivine crystallization and separation sf immissills sulfide melt tlroughout most ofthe upper-zone sequence. This resulted in a higb ColNi ratio in the sulfide melt and produced cobalt-rich pentlandite ea sssling. Some of ttre pentlandite is not stoichiometric; no systematic relation between departure from stoichiometry and metal contents or metal ratios is detectable. Variation of Co,/Ni in pentlandite is reflected by ColNi in coexisting pyrrhotite and in wholerock compositions. The upper zone does not represent an unintemrpted differentiation of a homogeneous melt. Replenishment by less differentiated maena is reflected in cyclic changes in whole-rock chemistry, and in pentlandite and olivire compositions. The position of layers of magnetite at the base of geochemical cycles strongly indicates a genetic link between the formation of maguetite layers and magma mixing.


This study aims to determine the pattern of rice marketing channels and analyze the margins and marketing efficiency of each marketing channel at each rice marketing agency in Grobogan Regency. The research location was chosen deliberately because the area is the largest contributor to rice production in the Central Java Province. The method used survey and interview. The data collected includes primary and secondary data. The results showed that there were three marketing channels in the distribution pattern of rice in Grobogan Regency, namely: (1) the first channel (farmers – middleman – rice millers – collectors/wholesale traders – retail traders – consumers); (2) the second channel (farmers – middleman – rice millers – retailers – consumers) and (3) the third channel (farmers - rice millers - wholesalers/collectors – consumers). In general, the level of rice marketing efficiency in each marketing channel formed in Grobogan Regency is included in the efficient category.


This paper deals with the operations of a printing press company in the Philippines and provides the analysis to stay competitive in the package printing market. The owner of the company claimed that they had already experienced steep declines in their monthly revenues and was in the verge of closing down if it did not make changes to its existing operations. The purpose of this case is to show the students the importance of being able to pinpoint the problem in the operations of the company and be able to make the correct changes so as to achieve the optimal efforts for the manufacturing operations. It also takes into consideration the main product of the company and its limited resources thereby making the decision depend mainly on the accurate use of the operations tools.


In this paper, the 5G and millimeter-wave channel coefficients have been generated using the simulation. The different parameters that affect the fading channel have been considered for the simulation using the NYUSIM channel model simulator. The carrier frequencies: 6 GHz, 28 GHz, and 60 GHz have been taken for the purpose of detailed analysis. The probability density functions of the fading channel coefficients have been analyzed by varying the carrier frequency and the transmitter-receiver separation. The path loss and path loss exponent are also obtained for varying conditions. For the purpose of illustration, the average error performance of $2 \times 2$ MIMO system is analyzed for 6 GHz, 60 GHz, and 28 GHz frequencies using linear detectors.


By using the survey data of peasant workers in Jilin Province,the paper applies microeconometric methods in the study of the effect of human capital on the employment,income and social insurance participation of peasant workers.The study shows that education,training,working experience and technical titles have a remarkable impact on the employment tendency of peasant workers;education,training,technical titles and working experience all have positive obvious effect on raising income of peasant workers.Especially,those with high education,having more than two years of working experience,having general training or technical titles have more than 20%,9.30%,1.49%,7.60% in terms of income,compared with the corresponding controlled group of peasant workers;education,training and technical titles also have positive effect on the participation of social insurance of peasant workers;the odds of participating in endowment insurance and social insurance programs by peasant workers who have high education,technical titles or general training is two times that of the controlled group of peasant workers.


We consider the problem of the wave equation with Neumann boundary condition damped by a locally distributed linear damping a(x)u' . When the damping region ω : = { x, a(x) ≥ a > 0 } contains a neighborhood of the boundary of the domain, E. Zuazua proved that the energy decays exponentially to zero. Using a piecewise multiplier method introduced by K. Liu, we prove that the energy decays exponentially to zero under weaker geometrical conditions. We give explicit examples when the domain is a polyhedron, and in the case of a disc. The proof is based on the construction of multipliers adapted to the geometrical conditions.


In the field of the Arabic-to-English machine translation, the pseudo-interlingual approach of UniArab clearly outperforms existing statistical machine translators, even only with the processing of simple sentences. The success of UniArab is founded upon the functional model of Role and Reference Grammar, which is able to reconstruct the logical structure underlying the input. However, it is essential to replace the UniArab lexical database with a robust knowledge base which enables linguistically-complex texts to be processed adequately. Indeed, the integration of FunGramKB into the architecture of UniArab allows the system to use a real interlingual representation known as "conceptual logical structure", resulting in a


Toponymy assumes that the most ancient words are hydronyms. River names analyzed by the author also prove this fact. Hydronyms of Bashkortostan as in toponymy of some civilizations are named after deities. And their most ancient layer is connected with Indo-Iranian theonymy.


Complement receptor 1–related gene/protein y (Crry) and decay-accelerating factor (DAF) are two murine membrane C3 complement regulators with overlapping functions. Crry deletion is embryonically lethal whereas DAF-deficient mice are generally healthy. Crry 2 / 2 DAF 2 / 2 mice were viable on a C3 2 / 2 background, but platelets from such mice were rapidly destroyed when transfused into C3-sufficient mice. In this study, we used the cre-lox system to delete platelet Crry in DAF 2 / 2 mice and studied Crry/DAF-deficient platelet development in vivo. Rather than displaying thrombocytopenia, Pf4-Cre + -Crry flox/flox mice had normal platelet counts and their peripheral platelets were resistant to complement attack. However, chimera mice generated with Pf4-Cre + -Crry flox/flox bone marrows showed platelets from C3 2 / 2 but not C3 +/+ recipients to be sensitive to complement activation, suggesting that circulating platelets in Pf4-Cre + -Crry flox/flox mice were naturally selected in a complement-sufficient environment. Notably, Pf4-Cre + -Crry flox/flox mouse platelets became complement susceptible when factor H function was blocked. Examination of Pf4-Cre + -Crry flox/flox mouse bone marrows revealed exceedingly active thrombopoiesis. Thus, under in vivo conditions, Crry/ DAF deficiency on platelets led to abnormal platelet turnover, but peripheral platelet count was compensated for by increased thrombopoiesis. Selective survival of Crry/DAF-deficient platelets aided by factor H protection and compensatory thrombopoiesis demonstrates the cooperation between membrane and fluid


Magnesium ion catalysed isomerization of humulone leads to a mixture of two stereo-isomeric isohumulones without detectable formation of side-products or degradation products. Catalytically-produced isohumulone consists of 45 ± 4% cisisohumulone (colourless crystals m.p. 64° C; [α]20D =-8·9°) and of 55 ± 4% trans-isohumulone (yellow oil).


Cloud computing is an emerging technology, which has been the focus of the world since its birth. It is bound to bring tremendous and far-reaching changes to the field of information technology with its development. Because of its wide development space and huge appreciation potential, media cloud, as a branch of cloud computing, has become a research hotpot in recent years. It has achieved some preliminary results. As the rapid development and application of cloud computing becoming more in-depth, the disadvantages of cloud computing in security and personal privacy protection is much more obvious, which hinders the popularity and improvement of cloud computing. Those problems also exist in Media Cloud. This paper will analyze the characteristics of current media cloud and security problems based on the existing research at first. Then we propose a security framework model to solve this problem. At last, we will analyze the architecture of media cloud and try to investigate the security model for media cloud.


This paper describes a effective method for black-box testing of unknown or arbitrarily complex network protocols for common problems relating to the security of a program or system. By introducing a block-based method for taking advantage of all known factors in a network protocol, and delimiting the effect of all unknown factors, the potential space of inputs to a program can be reduced intelligently by a tester, compensating for incomplete knowledge of the target's implementation or design.


PURPOSE: A sensor is provided to measure the cylindrical shape and size of the around equipment along a pipe shaped unit regardless of the area a change taking place. CONSTITUTION: The present invention relates to a medical apparatus (1) for detecting changes in the cross section of an elongate body cavity, for example a human urinary tract. The apparatus comprises a retainer portion (60) and a sensor portion (10) connected to the retainer portion and comprising a sensitive body (30) of flexible material. The sensor portion includes a first end portion which is fixed to the retainer device (60). The sensitive body is designed as a catheter-like device projecting from the retainer portion (60) and provided in its free end (17) with a rigid closure (37). The sensitive body is a hollow body whose cavity (12) constitutes a part of a closed cavity in which the pressure varies in response to the compression of the sensitive body (30). A pressure-sensing device (15) indicates the size of the pressure in the cavity (13).


A structure of a curtain rod at least comprises a sliding shaft and ornamental heads arranged on the two opposite ends of the sliding shaft. Two positioning elements are used for making fastening blocks on support racks be mutually cooperated, thus the combination state of the structure of the curtain rod and a wall surface is positioned, wherein the positioning element is arranged on any one of the sliding shaft or the ornamental heads and composed of a slot and the slot is in a long extending shape, thus the cooperation state of the fastening blocks of the support racks has the margin for adjusting the displacement due to the long extending shaped slot. When the distance of the two support rack is changed, the flexibility adaptability is increased and the front visual effect of the structure of the curtain rod is grealty increased.


The Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Technische Zusammenarbeit Reproductive Health (RH) Project in Tanzania works in line with the RH framework of the Ministry of Health to address the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection. In Tanga and Lindi regions the Project collaborates with governmental and nongovernmental organizations targeting the rural and urban populations with emphasis on young people. It aims to provide better access to adequate quality services and improve the personal and social reproductive behavior of the target groups. Such goals are to be achieved by the following outputs: support for the Ministry of Health in the implementation of RH strategy and advocacy for RH rights; offer of an integrated and qualitative adequate package of health services; support for the community-based initiatives and services; provision of adequate methods in reaching the youth with information and services; and design of appropriate interventions and support for their monitoring and evaluation.


This randomized controlled trial is designed to investigate interventions that may mitigate naturalness' role as a major barrier to clean meat acceptance in the U.S.


The present invention relates to a rail vehicle applied to the bicycle electrical test equipment, and more particularly refers to a train station and a cycling test debugging method for debugging using the bench applied. The debugger simulation test bench includes at least a control unit in communication with each other, a network connection unit, a display unit and a power supply different data to accurately display unit based on the state of the examinee debug test station displayed by the data conversion. By adopting the above technical solution, the present invention provides a relatively simple structure, high efficiency test, accurate measurement results, the results of visual feedback cycling test station and a debugging method for debugging the test bench used, by using the vehicle network technology TCN to achieve electric bicycle train debugging and various subsystems some of the features for debugging.


The present study is the first that analyzes profit persistence in the European food industry. Belgium, France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom are analyzed in terms of food industry profit persistence during 1996 to 2008. The results suggest that profits tend to converge towards a competitive norm. However, this process seems to be far from completion since a significant number of firms are estimated to earn abnormal profits that persist in the long run. Overall the degree of persistence seems to be lower compared to other manufacturing sectors. Significant positive determinants of profit persistence are industry size and growth as well as firm size. Significant negative determinants are a firm's age, its risk and industry R&D intensity.1


Abstract Glasshouse pot trials with ryegrass, subterranean clover, and radish as indicator plants showed that calcined Christmas Island iron/aluminium phosphates (Calciphos) when finely ground and mixed into the soil gave yields equal to those from the use of granulated superphosphate. Localising the powder in spots significantly reduced the yields only in early harvests. Plant response was greatest to material calcined between 500°c and 700°c, and yields were lower from material calcined below 500°c than from that calcined above 700°c. In pot trials pelletising Calciphos severely reduced yields. Bentonite, smectite, and sulphur were added in varying proportions to Calciphos in an attempt to make pellets which readily disintegrated on moist soil, so making the phosphate more available to plants. The improvement obtained was not sufficient to warrant the extra cost of pellet formulation and decrease in phosphate content.


Background:  Most of deaths from cervical cancer occur in low and medium income countries and opportunistic screening for cervical cancer does not decrease the incidence rate, thus organized mass screening is needed for control of the disease.


To attain smooth human interaction we propose a system which simultaneously utilizes the stereo disparity and optical flow information of real-time stereo gray and multi resolution images to recognize objects and gestures. For real-time calculation of the disparity and optical flow information of a stereo image the system first creates pyramid images by utilizing a Gaussian filter. The system then determines the disparity and optical flow of a low density image and extracts regions in front of a certain depth. The three foremost regions are recognized by higher order local autocorrelation features and a linear discriminant analysis. With this process the system recognizes the face and hand signs of users which are displayed foremost, and roughly recognizes movements within the region in real-time. With this framework, the system can discriminate, the face of a user, can monitor the basic movements of the user, can smoothly learn a presented object by users and can communicate with users from hand signs learned in advance.


I has long been known, and recently was reaffirmed that energy dissipation can have profound effects on the stability of motion of a dynamical system; and there is little doubt that such dissipation actually occurs in every real system. Consequently, no solution of a stability problem in which dissipation effects are left out of account is completely satisfying; and the obvious question that presents itself is this: How can energy dissipation be taken into account? The present paper is intended to shed light on this subject in connection with one of the basic problems of space mechanics, that of the symmetric, spinning satellite in a circular orbit, which was treated previously in Refs. 2-4. One of the difficulties in dealing with energy dissipation is that generality and incisiveness appear to be mutually exclusive in connection with this topic. That is, one may analyze a system having well-defined physical properties and thus obtain results of unquestionable validity, but of limited applicability; or one may be less specific about the physics of the system under consideration, thereby widening the range of applicability at the possible expense of validity. The former course of action is adopted in the present work and appears to be justified by the fact that the results obtained depend intimately on all system parameters. The paper is divided into three parts. In the first of these, the system to be analyzed is described in detail, and differential equations of motion are written. The second part deals with the construction of a Routhian array which is then used, in the third part, to obtain answers to a number of specific stability questions.


A high speed data acquisition system based on FPGA and DSP is introduced in the paper. In this system, we use EP2C5Q208 FPGA of Cyclone II which belongs to Altera. Data is captured by AD and be send to FPGA for advance data processing. And then data will be Processed in DSP. In the end, they will reach the PC for record and display by PCI. The simping speed of the system can reach 150MSPS, it is suitable for applications in most of the high speed data acquisition Situation.


How can the harmful Duponchelia insect best be trapped for optimum detection? A water trap was found to be most effective in a field test by Plant Research International. Another advantage is the low maintenance required by this trap. The composition of the Duponchelia sex pheromone was identified just over a year ago and now growers are using pheromone traps on a large scale for a timely detection of this difficult pest insect. The caterpillars of this moth cause damage in all sorts of crops grown under glass, such as the floricultural crops kalanchoe, begonia, cyclamen, gerbera and rose


Axicons are optical elements that produce Bessel beams,i.e., long and narrow focal lines along the optical axis. Thenarrow focus makes them useful ine.g. alignment, harmonicgeneration, and atom tra ...


Let R be a commutative ring with identity. A prime submodule P of an R-module M is called coprimely structured if, whenever P is coprime to each element of an arbitrary family of submodules of M, the intersection of the family is not contained in P. An R-module M is called coprimely structured provided each prime submodule of M is coprimely structured. In this paper, properties of coprimely structured modules are examined. Severals results for coprimely structured finitely generated modules and coprimely structured multiplication modules are obtained.


This article propose a kind of a symmetric waveguide structure using TM modes to obtain surface plasmon resonance.Adjusting a distance between two metal films not only meet resonance conditions,but also increase flexibility and scope of application.Symmetric waveguides are fabricated, which is made of the composite salt of 0.004AgNO_3—0.996NaNO_3.By using 70nmAg films surface plasmon resonance was excited when two metal films were very close to each other.


A number of metal oxides have been proposed as useful materials for the photoelectrochemical (PEC) production of hydrogen from water. However, up to now, an ideal standalone material has not been found. We have investigated the possible use of nickel titanate (NiTiO3) nanorods as a photoanode. Although these electrodes absorb visible light, they show a modest PEC behavior. Interestingly, the photocurrent for water oxidation undergoes a 20-fold enhancement after an optimized reductive electrochemical pretreatment. Here, the induced doping is studied and compared with the corresponding for anatase nanoporous electrodes. The results reveal the key role of the electrolyte pH as well as the size of the electrode building blocks. The photocurrent promotion upon doping can be ascribed to an enhanced charge transport linked to the ability of proton insertion in the crystal structure.


The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of sight distances on the behaviour of drivers approaching a main road junction from a minor road. The behaviour of all drivers and selected test drivers was studied at two test junctions and two control junctions during three weeks. The sight distances at the test junctions were changed in the following manner: during the first week the sight distances were poor, during the second according to regula-tions, and during the third much longer than required. No sight distance changes were made at the control junctions. One of the test and one of the control junctions were T junctions, where the test drivers turned right. The other two junctions were X junctions, where the test drivers turned left. The sight distances were changed by clearing bushes and trees from the sight triangles, to the left from the minor road approach at T junctions, and on both sides of the minor road approach at X junctions. Hi-Star speed measurement devices were on the minor road approach 20 metres before the edge line of the main road. There were no statistically significant differences in the average speeds during the three weeks. At the test T junction, the speeds were also measured at the distances of 45 - 35 m, 35 - 25, and 25 - 15 m from the main road with the help of light cells. These measurements produced the same result as no statistically significant changes were found between the weeks. Instrumented vehicle along a test route passing through all the four junctions. The 27 test drivers performed the test drive during every test week. The drivers seemed to use somewhat higher speeds just before the junction during the weeks of improved sight distances, but these changes were not, however, statistically significant. Others were also monitored. The distances at which the drivers looked to the left or to the right were registered. The analysis of the proportion of drivers watching to either side revealed that the proportion had decreased during the weeks of improved sights at the last 20 metres of the minor road approach (30% decrease between the first and third week). This decrease was found only for looking to the left, but it was statistically significant. In addition, at the T junction (with more substantial changes in the sight distances than at the X junction) looking to the left started on the minor road approach much earlier or further away from the junction. This change was also statistically significant. Distances did not cause considerable changes in driving speeds on the minor road approaches, but it made the drivers start and end their observations of the traffic on the main road earlier. As observing main road traffic just before entering the junction has been shown to be important for safety, the improvement of sight distances may have detrimental effects on the road.


Broadcast spawning marine invertebrates have been widely used as model organisms to study processes of evolution. One of these is the study of various life history stages associated with reproduction. Fertilization ecology in broadcast spawning marine organisms, i.e. the process by which sperm and egg fusion occurs once released into the ocean, has been the subject of intensive study for roughly the last 20 years, and represents thus a recent field in ecological sciences. This growth in interest was sparked by studies that showed spawning events may take place predominantly under sperm limiting conditions. More recent findings however, suggest that the occurrence of sperm competition, and the risk of polyspermy (multiple sperm entry in to the egg, which is lethal in echinoderms) can also occur during reproductive events in marine invertebrates. This has also been predicted on theoretical grounds. Even though polyspermy has been observed previously, particularly during aquaculture studies, evidence to assess the occurrence of polyspermy in situ, and the conditions under which it occurs is lacking. Simulated field studies in Evechinus chloroticus as well as laboratory studies in E. chloroticus and Coscinasterias muricata found high levels of polyspermy, even under the sperm limiting conditions that are naturally found in the field in other marine broadcast spawners. Furthermore, laboratory results in both Evechinus and Coscinasterias showed that polyspermy is most likely to increase when sperm concentrations are increased. In addition, even though increasing sperm concentrations increases monospermy to a certain extent, an increase in gamete contact times generates similar levels of monospermy. Results from these studies confirmed the mathematical model predicting some of these events.


A SudanⅠanalog was synthesized by diazotization and conjugated to bovine serum albumin(BAS) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KLH) by active ester method and a BAS based detection antigen and a KLH based immune antigen were obtained.A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was established to detect the immunogenity of the immune antigen.BALB/c mice were immunized with the immune antigen for antibody generation.For the preparation of anti-Sudan Ⅰ monoclonal antibodies,cell fusion was used.An indirect competitive ELISA assay was developed.A linear relationship was observed over the concentration range of 0.5 to 10 ng/mL and the detection limit was 0.1 ng/mL.The average recovery rates of Sudan Ⅰ in red hot chili pepper powder spiked at 6 different levels were between 52.3% and 110% with variation coefficients varying from 3.2% to 8.9%.


Recent regulatory efforts, especially in the U.S. and Europe, are aimed at reducing moral hazard so that the next financial crisis is not bailed out by tax payers. This paper looks at the possibility that central counterparties (CCPs) may be too-big-to-fail entities in the making. The present regulatory and reform efforts may not remove the systemic risk from OTC derivatives but rather shift them from banks to CCPs. Under the present regulatory overhaul, the OTC derivative market could become more fragmented. Furthermore, another taxpayer bailout cannot be ruled out. A reexamination of the two key issues of (i) the interoperability of CCPs, and (ii) the cost of moving to CCPs with access to central bank funding, indicates that the proposed changes may not provide the best solution. The paper suggests that a tax on derivative liabilities could make the OTC derivatives market safer, particularly in the transition to a stable clearing infrastructure. It also suggests reconsideration of a "public utility" model for the OTC market infrastructure.


Buchanan, Maccoby & Dornbusch, 1991). The study was conducted with a population of 10 foster families. In general, children placed in foster care define their families by mixing biological family and host family relationships (Biehal, 2014). Thus, the sense of belonging to the family of origin does not prevent the establishment of a sense of belonging to the host family (Christiansen et al., 2013). However, this may induce conflict of loyalties. Some foster children are loyal both to their biological parents, for whom they may feel ambivalent feelings, and to their foster parents, with whom they live and who are their source of protection and security. They could potentially be disturbed by these feelings of loyalty that seem incompatible (Maaskant et al., 2015; Atwool, 2013). The aim of this research was to question foster children and their family about their sense of belonging. Moreover, we questioned the children about their perception of the people constituting their family. Finally, conflict of loyalties was investigated in order to understand how children felt living in a foster family while keeping in touch with their biological family. In this study, two hypotheses were tested. First, the child tends to include in the conception of his or her family the people with whom he or she lives on a daily basis (Gardner, 1996; 2004). In this way, his or her sense of belonging would be more present in relation to his or her host family. Second, conflict of loyalties may exist (Maaskant et al., 2015; Atwool, 2013). INTRODUCTION


This paper makes an effort to assess the timeliness value and free-from-error quality of accounting information generated by AIS through the avenue of annual reports of the selected commercial banks in Bangladesh. An opinion survey was run through a closed questionnaire- designed by using a five-point Likert scale. Based on primary data, the study reveals that the qualities of accounting information produced by AIS of commercial banks are satisfactory in terms of both timeliness and free-from-error, yet inadequate in absolute terms. Moreover, the study substantiates that there is no significant variation (homogeneity) of opinion among the respondents regarding the timeliness and accuracy of accounting information. The outcomes of the study identified that the feature of annual reports of commercial banks in Bangladesh is not up to the standard due to erratic power supply, poor communication infrastructures, the accidental entry of poor data, virus infection, unauthorized accessing, copying, printing and distributing of data or information, etc. Consequently, respective authorities are highly encouraged to come forward to ensure the maximum qualities of AIS. The study has focused on two qualitative characteristics and only on the annual report. Thus, further research is recommended to conduct focusing on others such as quarterly and interim reports, bank circulars, financial press releases, etc. to investigate the extent of additional qualities, for instance, feedback value, credible value, clarity value, etc.


Outbreaks of healthcare-associated infections have long played a critical role in both identification and mitigation of emerging challenges in health care. This article describes some of the most influential outbreaks of healthcare-associated infections in the past decade that serve as excellent illustrations of this point.


Based on type studies, the following genera are reclassified: Petalosporus, Disarticulatus, and Plunkettomyces as synonyms of Arachniotus; Gymnascella, Gymnoascoides, Macronodus, Tripedotrichum, and Uncinocarpus as synonyms of Gymnoascus, and Kuehniella as a synonym of Arachnotheca. The question of the type species of Arachniotus is discussed. Rollandina is considered to be a nomen confusum; sensu Apinis (1970) it belongs to Nannizzia. The accepted genera of the Gymnoascaceae are briefly reviewed.


The automobile always holds the testing line getting wet in the rain with being the indispensable automobile procedure of the process,the index is very important to the automobile hermetic.The main of a book have set forth Mitsubishi PLC system on designing and application which always holding the testing line in representative automobile.Deploy a scheme from testing mission to the PLC,and develop to the design realizing a function,the automation reaching ultimately to the testing line getting wet in the rain controls purpose,which provided a set of comparatively entire system,and the system is similar to the device General Availability has designed under the control of application to resolve a scheme thereby.


Objective To investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among rural elderly women and its risk factors. Methods A cross-sectional cluster survey was conducted during 2004-2005 in Liaoning province,China. A total of 3232 elderly women age≥60 years were enrolled. Their baseline lifestyle and other factors were obtained. Overweight and obesity were separately defined according to both the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and Chinese criteria. Results When the WHO criteria were applied,the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 17.7% and 2.2%,respectively. When the Chinese criteria were applied,the corresponding figures were 23.7% and 5.8%,respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Mongolian nationality and current drinking were the risk factors for overweight or obesity. Aging and current smoking status were negatively correlated with overweight and obesity. Conclusions Although the prevalence of obesity was low,the prevalence of overweight was relatively high among rural elderly women. Unhealthy lifestyle,aging,and ethnicity are risk factors of overweight and obesity in this population.


This paper investigates the iron loss calculation of permanent magnet (PM) machines undertaking unconventional operations, where the high-frequency alternating armature field is only a fraction of the constant PM field. It is found that the iron loss of PM machines undertaking such unconventional operations cannot be calculated reliably as the conventional summation of all the iron loss harmonics predicted by finite-element (FE) methods due to fake iron loss harmonics. Further investigation is conducted on the influence of current frequency and magnitude, FE mesh, and convergence tolerance on the FE predicted iron loss under unconventional operations. It is then proposed in this paper that the iron loss of PM machines undertaking unconventional operations can be calculated as the summation of only the iron loss harmonics, which are insensitive to the convergence tolerance. The analyses are validated by the experimental results.


Survival rate in untreated CLP animals and those treated with cells. Survival rate at days 1 and 3 are related to day 0; values in parentheses are survival rate related to day 1. (DOCX 12 kb)


Ecological factors that drive the evolution of plant–plant communication via volatile organic 17 compounds (VOCs) have not been elucidated. Here, we examined the relationship between 18 type of mycorrhizal symbiosis (arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM; ectomycorrhizal mycorrhiza, 19 ECM) and plant-plant communication within tree species. We hypothesized that ECM 20 promotes plant-plant communication among conspecific individuals in trees, because it 21 promotes their cooccurrence through positive plant-soil feedback. We tested communication 22 using saplings of nine tree species with either AM or ECM, either exposed for 10 days to 23 volatiles from an injured conspecific or not exposed. We evaluated the number of insect- 24 damaged leaves and the area of leaf damage after 1 and 2 months in the field. Most exposed 25 ECM-associated trees had less leaf damage than controls. However, AM-associated trees did 26 not differ in leaf damage between treatments. We combined our results with those of previous 27 studies and analysed the evolutionary relation between mycorrhizal type and the presence or 28 absence of plant–plant communication within tree species. ECM symbiosis is associated with 29 the evolution of plant–plant communication within species. These results suggest that the 30 evolution of types of mycorrhizal symbiosis associates with the evolution of plant-plant 31 communications within tree species. 32


Writing is used for various purposes: to accomplish political agendas, build relationships, assert identities, positioning texts as meaningful beyond printed letters on a page. Therefore, teaching children to write is a cultural practice, an invitation to enter into a larger community where identities are created, practiced, and re-imagined using texts. In following this, it is important to study the teaching of writing in schools, as arguably, many children learn to write in narrow ways in classrooms. In this paper, I examine how written language is presented to and understood by children in classrooms – a space where the potential of written texts is often diminished and narrowed. Drawing from a semester-long case study in two kindergarten classrooms, I explore how writing is taken up and embodied by young children. I argue for a reconceptualization of how language arts are taught to young children, especially in an increasingly standardized system.


The reactions have been accompanied ultraviolet (UV) radiation and electron impact with discharge plasmas in water-gas mixture, which can generate oxides, such as ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). In this paper, two nonthermal plasma processing systems were established by means of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) arrays in water mist spray and an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) immersed water. The yield characteristics of oxides (O3, NOx, and H2O2) in treated water were compared between the APPJ and DBD system under different applied voltages and energy densities. The results show that the relative intensity of UV from both the APPJ and DBD in water-gas mixture are stronger than the ones in air. The concentrations of O3 and NOx in treated water increased with increasing treatment time by using of both the APPJ and the DBD. Meanwhile, the APPJ-treated water is more acid than the DBD-treated one. However, it does not exist H2O2 in APPJ-treated water, rather it is enhanced in DBD-treated water with increasing discharge time. Moreover, the yields of produced oxides in water with discharge in water-gas mixture increased with increasing energy density, and decreased with decreasing applied voltage. This paper clearly demonstrates the close coupling of the yields of oxides and applied voltage, and thus is helpful in the study of the mechanism and application of discharge in water-gas mixture.


To determine the current level of research participation of Alberta occupational therapists, the Edmonton Research Orientation (ERO) survey, with an additional section measuring perceptions of barriers to research, was mailed to 610 Alberta occupational therapists. From an initial response rate of 52%, there were 293 useable responses. Seventy percent of therapists reported no participation in research. There was an association between level of education and greater participation in research but participation in research was not limited to those with advanced degrees. Therapists who were actually participating in research had higher ERO scores. There were no differences between therapists at different levels of research participation in their perceptions of barriers to research. Limited time, limited research resources, concerns about the usefulness of research, and questions as to whether all therapists need to be involved in research were some of the issues raised by respondents. The results are compared to a similar study of Alberta speech-language pathologists. Recommendations for facilitating clinical research are included.


'Mei Flower' (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.), which is also known as 'Mei Hua', 'Plum blossom' or 'Japanese apricot', has played an important role in Chinese culture for many centuries and bestowed both aesthetics value and spiritual sustenance on the Chinese. It is not cold hardy and cannot be grown in northern China. Found when exploring the national apricot germplasm resources during 1979-1986, wild Liaomeixing [P. sibirica (L.) Lam. var. pleniflora J.Y. Zhang et al.] and Shaanmeixing (P. armeniaca L. var. meixinesis J.Y. Zhang et al.) not only can favourably compare with 'Mei Flower' in ornamental value but also are much hardier than it, therefore they may be cultivated in North China as an analogous 'Mei Flower'. In this paper, we introduced the botanical features, biological characteristics, ornamental value, cultivated technology of two new botanical varieties of apricot species, and the breeding of diverse ornamental apricot cultivars in China.


In this paper, the strong inversion MOS analogue of the log-domain principle, or dynamic translinear principle, is derived. The resulting class of √-domain circuits is based on the square law describing the large-signal behaviour of the MOS transistor in strong inversion. An inherent characteristic of √-domain filters is instantaneous companding, which is especially interesting for low-voltage applications. The design of a current-controlled two-integrator oscillator, based on the √-domain principle, is described. The oscillator was realised in a 1.6 μm n-well CMOS process, for a supply voltage of 3.3 V. Measurements show a total harmonic distortion of -42 dB and linear frequency tunability across 1.3 decades. (5 pages)


Motivated by recent progress in the superconductivity nonreciprocal phenomena, we study the general theory of Josephson diodes. The central ingredient for Josephson diodes is the asymmetric proximity process inside the tunneling barrier. From the symmetry breaking point of view, there are two types of Josephson diodes, inversion breaking and time-reversal breaking. For the inversion breaking case, applying voltage bias could effectively tune the proximity process like the voltage-dependent Rashba coupling or electric polarization giving rise to $I_c(V)\neq I_c(-V)$ and $I_{r+}\neq I_{r-}$. For the time-reversal breaking case, the current flow could adjust the internal time-reversal breaking field like magnetism or time-reversal breaking electron-electron pairing, which leads to $I_{c+}\neq I_{c-}$. All these results provide a complete understanding and the general principles of realizing Josephson diodes, especially the recently found NbSe$_2$/Nb$_3$Br$_8$/NbSe$_2$ Josephson diodes.


Dermatologic consultation was sought for a 15-year-old boy admitted to the Department of Pediatrics for recurrent episodes of fever of unknown origin. He had demonstrated silvery white hair over the scalp and eyebrows since birth, as well as progressively increasing speckled hypopigmentation of the face, hands, and feet (Fig. 1). The patient had been born of a first-degree consanguineous marriage and was the lone survivor of three sibFigure 2 Histopathology shows enlarged hyperpigmented melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. (Hematoxylin and eosin stain; original magnification 910)


In this work is shown the computational formulation in three dimensions of the Boundary Element Method in 3D Elastostatic for isotropic, homogeneous and linear material considering the effect of body forces. The computational formulation of the method is based on the discretization of the boundary into elements over which displacements and tractions are expressed in terms of interpolation functions. Applying the collocation method a system of lineal equations is obtained that brings the solution on the boundary, from which the solution in any point of the definition region of the problem can be obtained. In the present work triangular elements are considered, lineal interpolation is employed, the transformation to homogeneal coordinates is used and it is shown the algorithms that guide to the assembling of the equations system that contributes to the solution on the boundary.


A novel type of leaky-wave antenna for millimetre waves based on the V-groove guide is described. A complete transverse equivalent network is presented for analysis and design of this new leaky-wave antenna. Numerical results for the performance characteristics of the antenna are given.


The transmission line based analytical solutions have simplified engineering of complex microwave circuits like electromagnetic bandgap structures (EBGs). In this thesis, planar EBG structures are studied by derivation of lumped element and transmission line equivalent circuits followed by utilizing analytical formulations. Based on this approach, a code is developed that predicts the dispersion characteristics of these periodic structures in a matter of few seconds. Planar EBG structures containing meander sections are investigated and a method for development of an equivalent circuit for the meander line portion is presented. The analysis of the studied EBG structures begins from a simple 1D geometry and is extended to more complex 2D geometries. The analytical simulation results are evaluated against full-wave simulations. Inclusion of the meander sections reduces the beginning of the bandgap to below 1GHz resulting in a more attractive structure for low frequency omni-directional filtering.


Costume based real-time image retrieval is challenging task to accomplish. Such an applications is used in many fields like digital photography, multimedia analysis etc. the proposed method uses color and shape features for image feature extraction. The color features are extracted using histogram and shape features are extracted using edge oriented histogram. The proposed algorithm extracts the features accurately and classification is done using SVM classifier. The results prove that the proposed algorithm works well on real-time images.


Data encryption technique converts data into a unreadable format so as to protect the information from external intrusion.It is thus useful in ensuring the privacy and security of the information transferred or shared between the systems.Text compression algorithms can be used to compact the text stored in the file and reduce the size of the file. It helps to reduce the consumption of resources, such as hard disk space or transmission bandwidth. Here, we propose a color coding scheme that can be used for data encryption which represents text in the form of colored blocks by grouping together binary bits and assigning them colors along with Huffman encoding scheme which is used for lossless text compression. The tandem of the above helps provide a solution to both of the problems above, as


Objective: To study the changes of neuropeptide Y(NPY) and neurotensin (NT) in platelet extract and plasma in hemodialysis (HD). Methods: There were 35 HD patients and 30 controls.NPY and NT in platelet extract and in plasma were measured by radioimmunity analysis. Results: When compared with control group, NPY was significantly higher in platelet extact and lower in the plasma, while NT was higher both in platelet extract and in plasma in HD patients. When compared with those before HD,NT in plasma and NPY in platelet extract signficantly increased,while NT in platelet extract and NPY in plasma significantly decreased after HD. NPY related to NT significantly. Conclusion: NPY,secreted by platelets, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of renal hypertension and renal vasospasm in HD.


The structure of this research is divided into five chapters: the first chapter deals with the guiding framework where the problem statement, its origin originates, as presented and how it behaves; the overall objective and specific objectives; justification and importance of the problem, where we observed that the present research work is feasible, innovative, original that will serve for lawyers and students of the career of law and citizens in general.
In the second chapter the theoretical framework, where the instrument of signing through which doctrine, theories, concepts and bibliographical articles from codes, books, laws, and texts obtained was applied develops, building the theoretical, conceptual, legal part research and doctrinaire, this chapter is divided into five units, with their subunits; in the first unit talk about the extraordinary acquisitive prescription domain; in the second unit we talk about exceptions; in the third unit we talk about the counterclaim; in the fourth unit we talk about the legal effect of the counterclaim in the ordinary trials of extraordinary acquisitive prescription and practical analysis; in the fifth unit we see the hypothetical unit, hypothesis, variables, operationalization o variable.
In the third chapter, we develop the methodological framework, through the analytical method through surveys Lawyers free exercise thereof; also interviews with the judges of the Civil Judicial Unit based in the canton Riobamba, the analytical method was applied to come to a critical and legal analysis to verify the hypothesis.
In the fourth chapter, conclusions and recommendations set; Finally in the fifth chapter the literature, additional bibliography and Annexes.