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More than 20 volunteers completed the first step Saturday of a pollinator border garden at St. Mark's United Church on Governor's Road.
The 100-foot-long, three-foot-deep garden in front of the 10-year-old St. Mark's Rotary Sunrise Garden, where volunteers grow vegetables for themselves and the Dundas food bank, is the latest in a growing effort to green the community while facing challenges of climate change.
Norma Young of St. Mark's "Green Team" began developing a pollinator garden plan, when fellow Association of Dundas Churches member Anne Washington mentioned the project to Deborah Boyd and Anne Pedersen of Action 13 and the Community Permaculture Lab.
The duo met with Young and Jim Sweetman to help incorporate permaculture practices into St. Mark's project.
"We had a more complicated plan," Young said. "When Deborah and Anne came in, they made it easier."
She put out the call to congregation members to help lay out the first of three anticipated garden beds on Saturday, Aug. 7.
More than 20 volunteers showed up, representing a variety of local groups, interests and communities, to get the first step done in less than an hour and a half — about half the time originally planned.
"I was worried we wouldn't have enough volunteers. I'm really pleased," Young said.
Boyd, who has worked on several other local permaculture projects, said the St. Mark's pollinator garden is consistent with permaculture goals such as working with what nature provides.
Volunteers used a "sheet mulching process" creating the planting beds on top of a cardboard barrier rather than removing the top layer of soil, without any tilling of the ground.
"This is truly about building on, not digging in," Boyd said.
St. Mark's green team member Sandy Root helped place cardboard on top of the prepared garden beds, protecting them from wild seeds.
"We don't want them to overwhelm the garden before we plant the pollinators," Root said.
She said native pollinator plants will be planted by the fall, and they hope to extend the border around both ends of the St. Mark's Rotary Sunrise Garden.
Root said they want to get donations of local native pollinator plants, rather than buying them.
She said there was a long line of volunteers with wheelbarrows Saturday morning, all eager to help.
"It was wonderful chaos — and functional," she said.
Like Root, Jim Sweetman has been involved with the vegetable garden since it started and, like Young, he had no idea how many people to expect Saturday morning.
"The volunteers are just amazing," Sweetman said. "It's a diverse group. Everybody came and gave their time and energy … and in an hour and a half, it's done."
He said the vegetable garden needs pollinators, so adding the new border garden next to, and around it, will help that too.
Alex Wilson, co-founder of Action 13, said the project is the result of a community coming together.
"People are excited, and when they're excited they want to do the work," he said. "St. Mark's has brought everyone in, and they've done it before. When neighbours come together we can get incredible things done. We've done so much so quickly."
In the coming weeks, mulch will be added to the main pollinator garden bed, and planting is anticipated by September so the garden will be ready for spring.
Root said the "border" will eventually be extended in two further stages, along each end of the St. Mark's Rotary Sunrise Garden.
"We would really love to have another site to go after this one," Boyd said. "There's a keen interest in helping the community get started."
STORY BEHIND THE STORY: We wanted to learn about impacts of the planned pollinator garden at St. Mark's United Church.

subset: commoncrawl


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If you're at all familiar with Orson Scott Card, you know that he is a controversial figure. He's most notably the author of the science fiction classic Ender's Game and its sequels and prequels, but he's also a card-carrying bigot who hates LGBTQ+ people. I feel sort of gross just devoting a post to him, so I'll just make sure we're clear: Orson Scott Card is a gross queerphobe and giving money to him for his books is basically putting a donation in the hands of anti-LGBTQ+ lobbyists.
I don't think anyone would be giving him money for his books anymore, except for the fact that Ender's Game is a classic. It's actually really good, you guys, and the reason that frustrates me so much is that the running themes of the entire series are 'don't judge other people by their appearances' and 'all sentient races and species are equally deserving of respect'. And between Card's own religious beliefs—he's a devout Mormon—and the religions he writes about, he has a lot of interesting things to say about organized belief systems. Most importantly, I think it's interesting that he actually believes that organized religion will continue to exist in the future, because most science fiction authors tend to either avoid it or write it off as an artifact of less-enlightened times. Continue reading


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Even when she's not on IG, Rihanna's the queen of IG, thanks to her best friend Melissa, who shot a few snapshots of RiRi sporting a bikini and making sexy faces. Elsewhere on the 'gram, hip-hop babies went on a play date, Beyonce and Solange smiled in the face of their haters while hanging out at Made In America, and DJ Khaled dined with his mystery boo.
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Undergraduate: Grinnell College, 1993.
MD: University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 1997.
Residency: Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 2000.
Fellowship: Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 2003.
Pediatric Emergency Medicine: 2004.
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Identity area
Reference code
- [193-?]-2010. (Creation)
Level of description
Extent and medium
14 boxes, 1 parcel
Context area
Name of creator
Biographical history
Constance (Connie) Lovegrove was born in Sydney on 30 May 1923, third daughter to Eric and Kate Lovegrove. Together with her sisters, Connie grew up in Brisbane, attending the Graceville State School and then, on full scholarship, attended the Brisbane Girls' Grammar School. She finished grade 12 at the age of 15. Connie and her older sisters, Florence and Pat (Patricia), were all involved with the Workers' Education Society classes and the Unity and New Theatre (which opposed capitalist injustice and fascism). Connie first husband, Reginald Kenneth Watson, died in World War Two. She married Michael Healy, a Queensland Union leader, on 5 October 1945.
On 22 January 1942 Constance de Mestre Lovegrove married Reginald Kenneth Watson, a navigator on bombing raids in the Second World War. He died while flying over Belgium, leaving Connie a widow at the age of 19.
In 1945 she married prominent Queensland union leader, Mick Healy, who was General Secretary of the Queensland Trades and Labour Council. They had two sons, Jim and John.
Her interest in theatre and her involvement in political activity continued throughout the postwar decades. During the 1940s, she was involved with the Communist Party of Australia, the Eureka Youth League (which operated from South Brisbane), and the Queensland Peace Council. She worked for trade unions and later in legal offices as a conveyancing clerk. She later went on to study politics, law, history and language at university while working fulltime. Connie received her Bachelor of Arts from the University of Queensland in 1978. She was particularly active in the struggle for justice for Aboriginal people. For 16 years, until her retirement in 1988, Connie worked at the University of Queensland.
Jim Healy, the eldest of the Healy children died in 1988 and then Mick Healy, husband of 43 years, died in the same year. In her retirement, Connie returned to university studies.
In 1991, Connie graduated with a Diploma of Australian Studies from the University of Queensland. She was the joint winner of the Dennis Murphy Labour History scholarship in 1992. On 14 October 1994 she was awarded a Master of Arts. In 2000 Connie Healy's masters thesis on the history of Brisbane working class and radical theatre was published as 'Defiance: Political Theatre in Brisbane 1930-1962'. She was a regular contributor to the Queensland Journal of Labour History and in 2009 was awarded life membership of the Brisbane Labour History Association. She died on 5 December 2016.
Name of creator
Biographical history
Murray Norris was born at Renmar, South Australia in 1914, one of nine children. Mostly unemployed through the Depression years, he was 26 years old before he got his first permanent job in South Australia doing droving. Unemployed again, he moved to New South Wales and became involved in the unemployed movement. Norris joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1932. Unable to join the RAAF in the Second World War he joined the Australian Workers' Union and worked at Mt. Isa mines and in the Northern Territory. Norris became an organiser of the North Australian Workers' Union (NAWU) in 1945, eventually becoming Secretary and Industrial Advocate for the Union in 1947. From 1949 to 1951 he was President of the NAWU. He later became a waterside worker in the Port of Sydney, joining the Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia. Norris was a strong advocate for justice and fair treatment for Aboriginal Australians and gave talks at the University of Queensland to this effect. Norris spent his last days in the home of Mick and Connie Healy before going to hospital. Norris died of cancer on 16 May 1986.
Archival history
Collection previously titled as: Papers, [193-?]-2010
Collection alternatively titled as: Constance Healy Collection.
Alternative title: Connie Healy Collection
Donated by Connie Healy from 1986 to 2010.
Includes the personal papers of Murray Norris, a good friend of Mick and Connie Healy which were donated in 1986. Material on Eva Bacon has been added to the Papers of Ted and Eva Bacon. Ephemera material has been added to various collections.
Immediate source of acquisition or transfer
Content and structure area
Scope and content
Research material for thesis (University of Queensland, MA, 1994): "A history of political theatre in Brisbane as part of working-class cultural tradition and heritage: the Workers' Education Dramatic Society and the Student/Unity/New Theatre (1930-1962)". Includes playscripts, mostly performed by Student / Brisbane New Theatre, New Theatre, Unity Theatre; as well as playscripts, skits, and sketches by Jim Crawford.
Research material, drafts and proofs for her book 'Defiance: political theatre in Brisbane 1930-1962' (2000).
Personal papers of Murray Norris, notebooks of Ursula Southwell, and papers concerning George Eaton, Jim Crawford and other prominent figures in labour movement and radical culture circles. Oral history recordings, photographs and other research material relating to the Young Communist League, Eureka Youth League, leftwing bookshops in Brisbane and leftwing political activism. Some records of the Communist Party of Australia. Photographs, pamphlets and other material relating to the 1948 Queensland rail strike. Research material on the post-WW2 peace movement. Articles and speeches by Connie Healy and others are included in the collection as well as some personal correspondence and research material related to Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
Appraisal, destruction and scheduling
System of arrangement
When known, original order has been maintained.
Conditions of access and use area
Conditions governing access
Unrestricted access.
Conditions governing reproduction
Language of material
- English
Script of material
Language and script notes
Physical characteristics and technical requirements
Contains audio cassettes, b&w and colour photographs, and floppy discs.
Finding aids
Uploaded finding aid
Allied materials area
Existence and location of originals
Existence and location of copies
Related units of description
Publication note
Material from this collection has been cited in:
Healy, John. Connie Healy's life [online]. Queensland Journal of Labour History, The, No. 24, Mar 2017: 66-71.
Moorcroft, Heather (2016) Paradigms, paradoxes and a propitious niche: conservation and Indigenous social justice policy in Australia, Local Environment, 21:5, 591-614.
Peters-Little, Frances, 1958- & Curthoys, Ann & Docker, John & ProQuest (Firm) (2010). Passionate histories : myth, memory and Indigenous Australia. ANU E Press, Acton, A.C.T
Piccini, Jon (2012)
Milner, Lisa. 'A 'great anti-war play' : bury the dead on the world stage' [online]. Australiasian Drama Studies, No. 72, Apr 2018: [31]-65
Notes area
This collection may contain culturally sensitive words or descriptions, some of which might not normally be used in certain public or community contexts.
Alternative identifier(s)
Alma MMS ID
Alma Local System Number
Millennium Local System Number
Libraries Australia ID
OCLC Number
Access points
Subject access points
- Aboriginal Australians -- Civil rights
- Theater -- Political aspects
- Theater -- Queensland -- Brisbane -- History
- Communism -- Australia
- Socialism and youth -- Australia
- Book clubs (Bookselling) -- Queensland -- Brisbane
- Strikes and lockouts -- Railroads -- Queensland
- Youth -- Australia -- Political activity
- Political plays, Australian
- Aboriginal Australians
Place access points
Name access points
Genre access points
Description control area
Description identifier
Institution identifier
Rules and/or conventions used
Level of detail
Dates of creation revision deletion
Revised, SJB, 18-Nov-2022
Revised, Linda Justo, 19-Nov-2019
Migrated from LMS: April 2019, P.A.
- English


text:
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Uprising: Mohamed El Nagdy on Creativity Beyond Confirmation Bias
The senior art director at Horizon FCB tells Laura Swinton about the importance of logic, mental clarity and the value of bad ideas
Logic, not magic is the key to unexpected, non-conformist creative thinking. That's the view of Mohamed El Nagdy, a senior art director at Horizon FCB. Our emotional attachments to our own experiences creates a confirmation bias, a tunnel vision. Or worse, a mental hall of mirrors, where can't see any idea or inspiration as it is, but as a distorted reflection of ourselves.
Mohamed's a creative working in the multicultural city of Dubai, home to over 100 nationalities. When it comes to creativity, that should mean teams bursting with influences and ideas just waiting to plucked and recombined in dazzling and unexpected ways. But sometimes, it means rooms of people talking past each other. Stepping back and thinking logically, he reckons, can help creatives free themselves from their assumptions.
"Sometimes I struggle in the brainstorm sessions when people aren't willing to try to understand or accept something which is out of their beliefs, culture, and traditions. Which was described in one of my favourite books 'The Art of Thinking Clearly' by Rolf Dobelli as confirmation bias," reflects Mohamed. "This is the mother of all misconceptions. The tendency to interpret new information so that is compatible with our existing beliefs, theories, and convictions. We filter out any new information that contradicts our existing ideas."
DHL Campaign from Horizon FCB, shortlisted at the 2020/21 Dubai Lynx Awards
Unsurprisingly, Mohamed describes himself as a logician and unafraid to follow those logical trains of thought to unexpected places. He isn't concerned whether that means he stands out from the crowd, and he says it allows him to think flexibly and avoid the well-worn tyre track grooves of convention.
The roots of this may come from growing up as what he calls a third culture kid. An Egyptian who did not grow up in his own country, he only returned when it came to university. He spent a year in Luxor studying fine art and design – an 'unforgettable experience' he says living in a city that's described as an open-air museum. "I embrace that I have been raised as a "Third Culture Kid", feeling like a cultural outsider definitely gave me an ability to appreciate different perspectives," says Mohamed. "I'm able to take a more rounded view of things, more empathetic and understanding when it comes to other cultures than some other people."
After Luxor, Mohamed then moved to his hometown of Alexandria, where he finished his BFA in communication design.
Since then, Mohamed has moved around within the Middle East region, working at agencies like FP7, LOOK and ImpactBBDO in Cairo, Y&R in Jordan, and then Saatchi & Saatchi and Horizon FCB in Dubai. Moving countries has been another useful exercise in resisting the pull of the comfortable. "Since 2010 I have changed jobs quite often and feel like I always settle in quickly and I try to be as understanding as possible and learn from everyone I meet," he says.
This Pepsico spot which Mohamed art directed was made by Cairo agency LOOK. It won a Bronze at Dubai Lynx and Silver Sphinx Award
"I have worked in three different markets; Egypt, Jordan, and the UAE. Having been exposed to so many different work environments and cultures has opened my mind from a very young age to a multitude of ideas and different insights. The move abroad helped widen my horizons when looking at projects. I am looking to enrich my experience even further by working in Europe one day in the future."
Of course, one other major factor that can stop creatives reaching for truly new and ground breaking ideas is fear. Fear of the unknown; fear of looking silly. Early on in his career, Mohamed learned the value of overcoming that fear in order to let ideas flow. Sometimes terrible ideas can contain a seed of brilliance.
"Your bad ideas are more valuable than you think, celebrating them makes you much more likely to come up with good ones. That was my first and most valuable lesson in my career," reflects Mohamed. "As I stared my career in one of the biggest agencies in Egypt -FP7 McCann- as a junior with no experience it was hard for me to set and brainstorm with award winning creatives and throw silly ideas around without thinking them through carefully, until my creative director taught me that it's still important to say them out loud. You never know what might come out of them."
It's advice that has stood him in good stead, as Mohamed's work has work has been awarded at numerous regional shows; Dubai Lynx, MENA Cristal, and African Cristal Festival, across multiple disciplines including film and digital innovation.
Mohamed was art director on this comedic Head & Shoulders campaign
Outside of work, it's perhaps unsurprising that someone who values clarity of mind as Mohamed does, finds great value in meditation and keeping his brain sharp. "I know you might have heard this many times, but I will say it again: it's meditation that helps me clear my mind and gives me the space to observe and reflect. I also like to exercise in a regular basis, I believe that physical activity influences how we think."
Recently, Mohamed has had to put all that into practice and to face and overcome his fears. Near the beginning of the pandemic, he lost his job, and living in Dubai, a continent away from family and friends compounded the sense of uncertainty. A few months later he landed at Horizon FCB – and looking back he sees how his embrace of new experiences has bolstered him psychologically.
"The wildly different experiences I have had over the years have prepared me for the unexpected. Understanding there is more than one way to look at the situation made it less stressful at the end. I always live by the mantra 'your faith has to be greater than your fears'."
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Statue of Liberty
October 28, 1886
The 151-foot-high gift from the French people is dedicated. The French donated the Statue of Liberty, but the U.S. was responsible for building its pedestal. In 1884, the governor of New York Grover Cleveland vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the project. An attempt the following year to have Congress provide the $100,000 necessary to complete the project also failed. The New York committee, with only $3,000 in the bank, was unable to build the pedestal. With the project in jeopardy, other American cities offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it to their city. However, publisher Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World, started a donation drive that drew more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar, raising $102,000. With those funds, construction of the pedestal began.
Ironically, Grover Cleveland, who vetoed funding for the pedestal while governor of New York, was now U.S. President and presided over the dedication, which included New York's first ticker-tape parade.
Its famous poem, by Emma Lazarus, inscribed at the base contains the famous lines,
"Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free."


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Hello I have a 2010 volkswagen gti with dynaudio. I am looking for a rcd330 unit that has android compatibility. I do not need compatibility with rear cam and dont care about usb ports. Which model is best for me?
2 Answers
The following unit fits your car. No additional adapters need to be purchased. Your car doesn't have a battery drain problem. You make a note need to deactivate the backup camera function when you place an order.
RCD330 PLUS RCD340G Noname 187B For Jetta Golf Passart Tiguan


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made of cotton and has a beautiful printed pattern in a black tone on a natural background, that brings a cozy atmosphere to your home decoration. The rug is rectangular and will make you want to be barefoot all day! Perfect in front of your bed or in the bathroom for a cozy feeling.
dimension L150xW90 cm
Washing Instruction Spot clean only


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Matt McJunkins Releases Instrumental Solo Album 'Soundtrack For No One'
Known for his playing in A Perfect Circle, Poppy, The Beta Machine, Puscifer, Thirty Seconds to Mars, and Eagles of Death Metal, bassist Matt McJunkins has just released his debut solo album, Soundtrack For No One. The 9-track LP was all written, recorded, produced, edited, and mastered by McJunkins in a two year span between March 2020 and March 2022 at Secret Hand Studios. McJunkins also played all of the instruments on the album, which includes bass, guitar, piano, synth, drums, and programming.
Oscillating from driving, synth-fueled burners like "Development," "Entrails," "A Pleasure to Burn," and "Thunder" to euphoric modern orchestrations like "Forgiveness," "Fields," and "Last Bastion," the album exhibits a cohesiveness even while rapidly shifting between moods. And while McJunkins admits that overall the record doesn't contain much of his electric bass playing that he's become so revered for, there's no shortage of low frequencies, or any frequencies across the sonic spectrum for that matter.
Soundtrack serves as an impressive debut album by a seasoned rocker that shows that he can cover all bases, even if bass isn't the main spotlight of his compositions. And as with everything that McJunkins does musically, we're excited to see where he takes his playing next.
Watch the official video for "A Pleasure to Burn" here:
Stream the full album: Here
Follow Matt: Here


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my problem is IA don't want to help me to return CIU (and data). what should i do?
To be fair, it's iA's choice. If he doesn't want to let you back then you know why. Making alts akes it worse and makes it less likelier that he'll forgive you, because alt spams are against the rules big time too.
so how i can i tell IA that
He already knows that you made alts, and that's bad. Seriously, stop.
what is your reply
I give up.
He made it for a legit reason.
His reason was literally to unban him. iA himself said that he doesn't care what happened, since it's your account and you have to take care of it. This isn't legit, and if he's lost his data then he can simply start from scratch.
i said i lost CIU data and the reason my Win broken (because HDD broken) so i don't want forum account i want CIU account that is only i want
@InterAction_studios just i want you to help me to return my CIU data
Did you make a backup? If you did then there should be a topic on how to get back your data.
yeah but i lost it
Make a new account then, complete the tutorial and get yourself a new callsign. Then ask iA in a DM to get your data back.
i asked IA but he don't want to reply me
Seriously, just be patient. If he still doesn't reply then well, ya dun goofed.
why you insulted me?
Did you really think that was an insult. Really.
yeah it possible i understood you wrong
Well, just be patient. Or you know, just make a new profile and start from scratch to get the same progress you had from before if he doesn't reply. Who knows, maybe you'll get more stuff in your new playthrough.
okay thanks very much dude


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1 s j j *. s a 1 r i I 1 r J LEAH COCHRAN WINS A FUTURITY. El Paso. Texas. December 30.— The Texas Futurity *" was run at Juarez today by special arrangement * with the Texas Thoroughbred Association, which fosters this race. It resulted in a well earned ■ victory for Leah Cochran from the stable of Daniels is and Hodges which enjoyed a slight margin of favoritism •- over Honeycut, a flrst time starter in the e colors of Captain B. C. Bunbury. Honeycut showed d some speed but finally fell back and Whispering g Hope fought it out with the winner. A carload of horses left yesterday for Tia Juana, , including the strings of R. Ripley three horses. , M. Rieser. three: F. McKenzie, one: A. J. Stanley. . one: J. Roland one and E. H. Short one. The stewards have revoked the license of jockey v E. Hawkins and warned him off the course for ,p having an electric battery in bis possession. Fascinating was claimed by J. Quinlan for 25. j


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Following their successful trip to London, the Nets hope to continue this season -– and recent stretch -- of firsts when they return to playing basketball in North America tomorrow.
With Golden State visiting the Prudential Center, the Nets will try to register their first three-game winning streak in more than two years. Their last three-game win streak came when Brook Lopez was a rookie, Devin Harris was an All-Star and Vince Carter's presence and passing made both players better.
In Deron Williams, the Nets have that kind of player every game now. Well, almost every game.
For the next two games, Williams is NWT –- Not With Team.
This has nothing to do with his strained right wrist. Williams played nearly 88 minutes in the Nets' two wins in London last week. The All-Star point guard is fine. He went home to Dallas to be with his wife for the birth of their fourth child.
The Nets are going to have to try and pull this off without Williams. If they do, it will be their first win on U.S. soil since the trade deadline. They'll have to wait until next week to try for Williams' first win as a Net in the United States.
Williams is a big part of many of the Nets' firsts this season and recently. He is the first superstar and Top-10 player that they have had in at least five years. And, due in large part to him, they became the first NBA team to win regular-season games in Europe, and the first to win and lose a triple-OT game in the same season since the 1997-98 Suns.
Everything is about Williams right now for the Nets, and it will be going forward. Although the next two games are about finding ways to win without him.
The big picture, though, is about keeping Williams happy and healthy and about what he does for his teammates mentally and physically.
You're seeing how Williams has elevated Lopez's game and Kris Humphries' play. You're seeing the Nets play with as much confidence and belief as they have all season. They easily could have lost both games against the Raptors, but they fought and gutted out the two wins, including the triple-OT victory Saturday.
"There was one point in the mid-fourth, I was looking up at the scoreboard and we were down about eight," Lopez said. "To be honest I wasn't too worried. I thought we would win the game. I was confident that we'd pull through. We had sort of a concentration that had been missing for a while that we found and it helps us late in the games. We're very focused."
Our guess is there are two reasons for this: one is Williams' presence and the other is the Nets know this is their roster for the rest of the season.
Something like that can't be overlooked, when you consider how much the Nets have been through this season. Other than Lopez, Humphries and maybe Jordan Farmar, every player has been mentioned in trade rumors or has been traded this season.
The distractions were real. Guys were looking over their shoulders. This doesn't mean the Nets suddenly are going to win their final 20 games, but you expect them to be more competitive in them because they want to end the season on a winning note and show they can be part of the future here.
Not everyone will be, but for the most part, the players are not thinking that way at this point. They want to continue to play the way they have the last few games and see if they can continue to win some games. But for the first time since the trade deadline, they will have to do it without their new leader and best player.
The rundown for tomorrow is no Williams, no Damion James (concussion), no Quinton Ross (back) and probably no Johan Petro (sick).
But Anthony Morrow (concussion) will be back.
Follow me on Twitter: @Al_Iannazzone
Al Iannazzone covers the Nets for The Record (Bergen County, N.J.)


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A Jonathan Edwards Annotated Bibliography.
The students from my Jonathan Edwards seminar last semester have compiled an annotated bibliography of books and articles they read for the class. It's far from being a comprehensive resource, since the bibliography largely follows the students' particular research interests. But, they did a very nice job summarizing an impressive amount of information, and they agreed to make it available on the blog for everyone else to use.
So, here you go: A Jonathan Edwards Annotated Bibliography
Please feel free to let us know if any corrections need to be made. One of these days, I hope to set up a page on this blog for annotated bibliographies to make these a little more accessible. But, for now, you'll have to download the file.
Posted on October 5, 2011, in The Enlightenment and tagged Annotated bibliography, Jonathan Edwards. Bookmark the permalink. 1 Comment.
Pingback: Elsewhere (10.08.2011) | Near Emmaus


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While you can start your own pecan tree from a fresh nut/seed, most people buy seedlings instead. Time to germination: Better to plant seedlings THANK YOU. One of the biggest threats to your pecan trees will be the pecan weevil. We also offer some varieties that are hardy enough be grown successfully in cooler climates as far north as the upper Midwest (Zones 5-6). In addition, these lower branches can produce some nuts while the tree is young. Figure 9 shows the full central leader pruning process. As you start to notice the splitting husks up in the tree, rake as much debris away from the tree and mow the grass to make it easier to find the dropped nuts. A large, old growth tree could be worth a million dollars, but the last of these was probably cut down more than 50 years ago. Figure 2. It's been 10 years since then and I haven't seen any flowers on it yet. His Extension work provides New Mexico's growing pecan industry with research-based information and tools needed to maximize profitability and sustainability. (1980) found similar results for 5-year-old pecan trees. Prune your pecan trees regularly to reduce the workload. Thanks simpsonville s.c. My pecan tree is about 40 years old, huge, has pecans each year, but never any good ones, the meat is rotten or never developes. Pecan trees thrive in United States Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 6 through 9, where they grow as tall as 100 feet with up to a 55-foot spread. Most cultivars produce extremely vigorous growth in the third, fourth, and fifth growing seasons. I have holly that gets berries and there aren't any hollys around in any of the neighbors yards…. Tip pruning brings pecan trees into commercial bearing at an earlier age and encourages central leader development. (E) Side shoots with narrow angles are removed completely. Email: (required) This can make it easier to select suitable scaffold branches in the next dormant season. Annual terminal growth of mature bearing pecan trees should be 5 to 12 inches. I recently purchased two pecan trees (containers) (4-5 ft),while driving through Texas. Grafted trees are usually made with older pecan stock, so you will start to see nut production after just 3 or 4 years. deep. Structural developments in the tree during these years will be evident for the rest of the tree's life. Over the last 100 years, pecan researchers have enhanced commercialization of pecans through selection and traditional plant breeding techniques. Figure 1. The ideal height at which the lowest scaffold branch emerges from the central leader is determined by the type of harvesting equipment to be used. This facilitates pecan tree germination. I enjoyed reading you tips on transplanting pecan trees. Like several other nut trees, pecans produce a chemical called juglone that is toxic to many other plants. Sequentially, the primary, secondary, and tertiary buds become smaller in size and have wider angles relative to the shoot axis. They are about 8-10 inches tall now. The type and amount of training and pruning that should be used can be determined, to a considerable extent, by the ultimate use of the tree. Thanks for the information. Most importantly, p… Don't plant your trees in any low-lying areas. However, like you I've read all the literature saying one must have a type 1 and a type 2 in the local area to have pecans bear. Many varieties are resistant, but grafted trees are more susceptible to scab. Nut trees can produce for decades as well, producing an dependable income for many years. You have to have one type that has its male flowers first, and one type that has its female flowers first. To develop a medium-sized, strong, wind-resistant tree for New Mexico, use a "central leader" or "modified central leader" system with well-spaced and widely angled scaffold limbs emerging in a spiral. Different pecan cultivars produce nuts at different ages. Bark inclusions can form between the central leader and narrowly angled branches, causing a risk in the years to come for branch breakage in wind or with a heavy crop load. Or the problem could be a fungus imported with the tree when it was sold to you. What can I do short of cutting it down? Last year was the first year that it produces very many pecans, most did not have good meat and many of the pecan skins did not open and it appears that the same thing is happening this year. Shoots are tip pruned only when they are 32 inches or longer (Figures 2 through 5). saw on utube a way to possibly sprout them by placing in a baggy wrapped in a wet paper towel. Tipping these vigorous shoots will produce many lateral branches; the most desirable can then be selected for further training. This practice stimulates the development of numerous small lateral shoots. All side shoots developing below 4 feet that will not be selected for permanent scaffold limbs should be allowed to remain until they are 1 inch in diameter. In Texas, where the pecan is the state tree, Caddo, Cheyenne and Wichita trees produce as early as 5 years. Pecan trees are heat-tolerant and typically grow well in the warmer climates of the South and West (Zones 7-9). Please select the tree type and specify the stem circumference / diameter in cm or inch. 3. Guide H-605 Original author: Esteban Herrera, Extension Horticulturist. It is around 60 years old. Through the year they will drop male flowers and sap everywhere. Pinching results in larger leaves on the lateral shoots. (A) Tree before pruning. Pecan trees need 285 days a year for growing, with warm nights. I have been fertilizing it with horse manure. Pecans are a nut tree suitable for warmer climates, such as the southern United States as well as Mexico and South America. A proper pruning/training regimen that is initiated early in the tree's life will have beneficial and long-lasting effects, H-613: Selecting and Storing Pecan Propagation Wood (B) One of the main trunks is removed completely. Estimated Age of Tree: 55 years old. Once you've picked the nuts out of the shucks, let them dry in a ventilated place for at least 2 weeks. The size and shape of the mechanical equipment that will eventually be used for orchard management and nut harvest should influence the training program you choose. The best time to plant a pecan tree is the late fall. Do not pinch the growing point of the most vigorous shoots at the top of the tree, one of which will be selected as the central leader in the next dormant season. I'm hoping that means it is growing and healthy. Pecans have both male and female flowers, but they do not bloom at the same time. He earned his Ph.D. in plant biology from the University of California—Davis. I was told the problem may be a lack of zinc so last year I used a fertilizer that contained zinc.What is your recommendation? There is a nursery in Durban called Dieters and they have grafted pecan nut trees which they say you only need to plant one to get nuts? Any side branches that are at least 1 inch in diameter and that are less than about 4 feet from the ground should be removed completely. What does a pecan look like as the nut begins to grow. I don't think I've ever seen nuts on it. For proper growth, pecan trees grow well in a soil pH of 5.5 and 6.5. However, commercial gro… His research includes micronutrient nutrition, irrigation efficiency, rootstocks, and alternate bearing in pecan. Texas is much more arid and so trees don't have to fight the funguses like they do in Georgia. Backyard growers may be willing to sacrifice some early nut production in order to have an aesthetically well-shaped tree. I live in north Texas and would like to … For grafted trees, the place where the two pieces of tree have been grafted should be about 2 inches above the level of the soil. Western pecans take 7 to 8 years, and Desirable, 8 to 10. Pecan trees stand alone as the producer of central North America 's only commercially cultivated native nuts. Pecan scab is a fungus infection that can ruin your nuts as well. You don't want your pecan trees to be close to any other plants, especially a vegetable garden. It's not a tree that you can easily grow in a small yard. A total of 39,000 pecan trees have been planted on 195 hectares of Trawalla's neighbouring property, Long Creek, over the past five weeks. Calculating the value of trees growing in a wood lot is fairly straightforward. But theres more to growing a pecan tree than just letting nature take its course. I have a peacan tree 30 ft high 20 ft still have no nuts have a little on two foot still no nuts. Can you send a pic of a male and a female flower, please? Trunk and branch sap flow were compared with canopy transpiration in a 5-year-old pecan tree (Carya illinoensis 'Wichita'). NMSU and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. © 2017 New Mexico State University - Board of Regents, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences (ACES), http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H613/welcome.html, http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H-634/welcome.html, http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H640/welcome.html, Pocket Guide to the Native Bees of New Mexico, Pocket Guide to the Beneficial Insects of New Mexico. How should I take care of them until planting them. 2. An example of pruning during the tree's second dormant season. I HAVE A PECAN TREE THAT IS ABOUT 10 YEARS OLD AND IT JUST WILL NOT GROW ANY BIGGER IT IS ABOUT 6 FOOT TALL , AND HAS ABOUT 3 PECAN NUTS A YEAR They are large beautiful trees now. We live in a rural area in east Phoenix, AZ and the closest tree pecan is 110 yards away and there are not many bees in our area. i have a 4 ft pecan "bush" that has grown up on its own from nuts dropped from a nearby pecan tree…i would like to make it into a full grown tree…is this feasible and if so, how do i do it? A 10-year-old sapling grown in optimal conditions will stand about 5 m (16 ft) tall. After two years a seedling should be around four to five feet (1.5 m.) tall and ready for grafting. 1. Do not select the first main lateral scaffold branches until the dormant period after the first year of growth. Your local tree nursery should be able to explain in more detail to make sure you get the right trees. A few tree guys said it is the largest pecan theyve seen this far north Maryland (close to pa border). The pecan tree is a large deciduous tree, growing to 20–40 m (66–131 ft) in height, rarely to 44 m (144 ft). What happened was after my parents died this part 6of the property became very overgrown. When selecting branches that will become permanent scaffold limbs, choose only those that form wide angles with the central leader (around 45° is ideal for the most common cultivars; Figure 8). My plan is to either burn or apply Round-Up to kill the existing vegetation, and then plant plugs of Zoysia grass. Pecan trees are wonderful to have around. Figure 6. duction of nuts produced by pecan trees. The easiest way to approach this is to calculate an average height and diameter of one tree. Amazing. It has beared nuts for the past 3 years but the meats is always dry. Quit excited, I planted quit delicately into a pot with potting soil and slightly watered. I'm so excited. Thankyou, David K. Campbell Sr. Morgantown WV. Popular Mechanics notes it will be a great bet you will pay at least $200 to transport a tree that's seven to 10 years old. Your climate plays an important role in whether a pecan tree will be successful. The larvae hatch and eat away the nut, leaving through a hole they chew in the shell. Shahee Lakhani was at the grocery store checkout when she decided to get her 18-month-old son, Nurain, a … diameter root ball that is at least 15 inches (38 cm.) publications for other purposes, contact email@example.com or the authors listed on the publication. It's probably better it you are ordering trees for humid areas to order from a place that grows the trees in humid areas and that have grown trees resistance to fungus. An example of pruning during the tree's first dormant season. Figure 7. Shoup et al. All other strong shoots at the top of the tree should be removed completely (using "thinning cuts") if they are longer or higher than the selected central leader that has been headed back. If you started your pecan trees from seedlings, you can look forward to your first light nut harvests about 15 years later. You might be able to find a supplier in southern Europe or Turkey willing to sell you 2. Smaller side shoots/branches should be tip pruned. Pruning with this "heading cut" encourages vigorous, upright shoot growth the following spring from the two or three nodes immediately below the cut-back point, allowing you to select a strong central leader a year later. The trees will be quite large at maturity, easily reaching 100 feet in height and a branch spread of 50 feet or more. When you rake your pecan leaves, don't add them to your compost pile either. At each node along the central leader there are up to three buds: the primary, secondary, and tertiary buds. Phosphorus The minimum concentration of leaf P for native pecan trees is 0.12 percent … The only other Pecan Tree that can survive harsh temperatures below minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit is the Hican Pecan Tree A 5-foot (1.5 m.) spread means that the plant needs a 22-inch (56 cm.) About 5 years ago I cleared the land but manually cleared round the pecan as there were several small easten red cedar and water oaks less then 3 feet tall that I relocated. There are several pruning methods commonly used for training young pecan trees. I planted 2 pecan tree seedlings about 15 years ago. It is very important to remove one of the two trunks as early in the tree's life as possible. As you train your trees, keep a mental image of the ideally structured tree and try to shape each tree to this pattern. I picked up 20 some nuts from a native pecan tree that had been frozen for some quit time this past winter. Like walnuts, pecans are messy trees. Contents of publications may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. The Northern James Pecan Tree is the most Cold Hardy Pecan Tree, making it suitable to plant pecan orchards in climates that would stress most Pecan cultivars. I live in Sweden and would like to try growing pecans. Figure 4. The stem circumference is measured at a height of 1.00 m (3.3 ft.) to 1.50 m (4.5 ft.). It typically has a spread of 12–23 m (39–75 ft) with a trunk up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) diameter. Tree Age Calculator. If there are pecan trees already growing in your area, you might be able to get away with just one tree. production costs per tree (Years 1- 7) with no nut production $62.65/tree (calculated from Table 1) $626.50 Net Income lost from 15 year-old trees for 7 years (time needed to bring new trees into production). The growing point can be easily broken off with your fingers. About 1/3 of the branches should be trimmed back. Sowing Pecan Seeds. Smaller side shoots/branches should be tip pruned. Lay out a sturdy tarp under your tree in late summer and give the branches a shake. When properly cared for, the newly grafted tree should begin producing pecans when it is between 5 and 8 years of age. If anyone can help me please what do I do next? You can test a pecan by shelling one, and its done if the nut meat snaps easily in half. Remove any other strong shoots at the top. No two trees are alike and very few will conform exactly to the ideal, but it will serve as a standard. Node with primary (larger) and secondary (smaller) buds. Is a green house to hot and humid for the young tree? I do not know what to look for. Try Major and Stuart varieties. I have tried with nuts from the grocery store, but they are dead, probably beacuse of some treatment. is the Extension pecan specialist. The lateral shoots should grow 12–18 inches before the growing point is removed during the first season, and 12–32 inches during the second, third, and fourth growing seasons. A mature pecan orchard can yield from 1,200 to 2,000 pounds of nuts per acre. You can also try sticky traps around the trunk, which can stop the weevils (and anything else) from climbing up into the branches. Learn more about our mission and programs. Tip pruning is done on permanent limbs by removing about 2 inches of terminal growth during the dormant season. Poor nut production can occur from either low nitro gen, which causes weak vegetative growth, or from excessive nitrogen, which causes excessive vegetative growth. Essentially, their study suggested that 15% top pruning increases shoot growth over no pruning. Presently, there is an assortment of weeds and fire ant hills scattered throughout the orchard. After several months i started unwrapping to find that one had a little green sprout out the end of the shell. Ideally, you will reduce the number of adults enough that fewer eggs will be laid in your tree. Beacuse of my age I would like to buy grafted trees. New Mexico State University is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer and educator. An example of pruning during the tree's third dormant season. If waiting to fall is better. You'll need a Type 1 & a type 2 or a tree with a type 1 and type 2 branch grafted on the same tree. Last year was the first year that it produces very many pecans, most did not have good meat and many of the pecan skins did not open and it appears that the same thing is happening this year. I have a pecan tree that my great grandmother got years and years ago. The leaves are alternate, 30–45 cm (12–18 in) long, and pinnate with 9–17 leaflets, each leaflet 5–12 cm (2–4 ⁄2 in) long and 2–6 cm (1–2 ⁄2 in) broad. Best offers for your Garden - https://amzn.to/2InnD0w ----- Facts About Pecan Trees. Burning will make sure the caterpillars are destroyed. you could plant them now so long as you're able to water daily. They live in the tents as they grow. This usually results in a whip 36–42 inches tall. As small scaffold limbs develop along the trunk during the first four growing seasons, the shoots may be pinched in late spring or early summer to remove the soft, light-green growing points. All other rights reserved. Thanks. Sometimes newly planted trees can start very slowly during the first growing season. That's why I though a Major or other smaller pecan nut size might have a small chance in some years. I have a pecan tree that planted itself 10 years ago. This basically means that a single pecan tree cannot pollinate itself, and will not produce nuts. Lateral branches sometimes grow in clusters instead of the ideal spiral arrangement. I get plenty of flowers. Be aware that pecan trees produce heavily every other year, with an 'on' year alternating with an 'off' year. For example, a blue spruce can cost $350 to $500. Select the strongest shoot at the top of the tree and prune it back by 1/3 to 1/2. I have a number of trees on a SC farm and would like to plant a low-maintenance grass under the trees. There is little more rewarding than harvesting nuts from your own yard. I have a tree that has bloomed for several years but the blooms are not fuzzy. Appreciate the age of the tree. If there are two upright trunks (leaders) of similar size and vigor giving a tree a "Y" or "V" shape, there is a risk that splitting may occur at the junction of the two trunks. Ordering a tree from a Texas nursery isn't a good ideal if you live in coastal Caroline for example. Soil: Well-drained. Once you shell them, the meats can be refrigerated for 6 months and still stay fresh. Its in the house with sunlight from front window. The lowest scaffold branch should not be higher than necessary for attaching the trunk shaker (generally about 4–5 feet should suffice). Is there anything I can do for it? As a kid, we had a patch of Zoysia, so I know it doesn't grow very high, and it would hopefully crowd out other vegetation. Various insecticides can also be used to kill of the weevils, but large trees will require a commercial service to adequately treat the entire tree. Considering their size, you have to allow for 50 feet or more between your trees. Roundup kills everything ! If you have a grove of trees, there are tools you can use to help with the harvest. WHAT IS WRONG ? Early nut production is directly related to the amount of pruning; trees subjected to less pruning will produce earlier than more heavily pruned trees. (A) A Y-shaped tree with two main trunks before pruning. I have planted a pecan in my garden. You might want to ask the nursery where you buy the seedling about the correct techniques for this. Dr. Lenny Wells, Associate Professor and Extension Horticulturist at the University of Georgia explains how to prune neglected pecan trees Sow pecan seeds in early spring in a sunny garden bed. One of them was a pecan tree in Beauregard Parish that was close to 100 feet tall and was an award-winner. Name: (required) Figure 5. Once you pick them, you can break the remaining pieces of the husk away without too much trouble. Time to harvest: 15 years for seedlings, 3 for grafts The lady in South Africa I've read from a botanist specializing in tree flowing and fruiting that technically pecans have flowers of male and female variety on the same tree and so can self-pollinate. Cutting back pecan trees at just the right times and in just the right ways makes for a strong, healthy tree that should provide you with harvests for years to come. The result is cultivars (varieties) that produce larger, thinner-shelled nuts. http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H-634/welcome.html, H-640: Irrigation Scheduling of Pecan Orchards: Soil Moisture Monitoring (Print friendly PDF). I have a 5 or 6 year old pecan tree that is in well drained soil watered by irrigation water every 10 to 14 days. Make sure the tree or shrub is a manageable size. A good rule of thumb is one gallon of water for each year of tree age. Like many other trees, tent caterpillars are another problem that should be able to deal with on your own. Total trunk sap flow, measured by a heat balance trunk flow gauge, was 122-8 kg over a 24 h period, corresponding closely to the 113-4 kg of canopy transpiration measured by a large precision weighing lysimeter. Seedlings or grafted saplings are really more suitable for the average home gardener. Subscribe to comments (Email field must be filled in), Site Copyright © Jalic Inc. 2005 - 2020 - All Rights Reserved |. Annual pruning is the most recommended method, which means you should never have to prune too much in one go. When planting dormant nursery trees, prune away the top 1/3 to 1/2 of the previous season's growth to produce a whip 36–42 inches tall. Select a sunny location with excellent drainage. I know have it under a grow light and in three days the little single stem has split at top. (B) The strongest top shoot (central leader) is selected and pruned back by about 1/2. Training and pruning pecan trees should be a regular part of your orchard management work. Cut out the branches with tents and dispose of them. Fertilization and pH Levels. I have several pecan saplings that have come up this year in my flowerbeds where one of the "Experts" had buried some pecans. It has been recommended to tip prune trees until the sixth or seventh year. It is possible to graft, e.g. When training a young pecan tree, the goal is to have 6–10 side branches spaced 8–14 inches apart and arranged in a spiral around the central leader. Large trees can provide hundreds of pounds of nuts, but the exact yield will vary greatly from one tree to the next. LAKE CHARLES, La. Pecans will not thrive if their roots sit in water too often. I am a bit worried because I heard you need two pecan nut trees of two different types before a tree can product pecans? Some people burn them right in the tree, but that's not recommended unless you have some experience doing it. Dig a hole large enough to hold the root ball, and water thoroughly once the seedling is planted. Tree nut allergies tend to be for life, and there is no "cure" but studies have found that about 10 percent of children outgrow them. Please can you assist in advising me? Prune away 1/3 to 1/2 of the selected central leader shoot with a heading cut, only removing growth from the previous growing season (Figures 2 through 5). The tree has been in the ground for about 3 years with no prior pruning. Make sure the hardiness zone range of the tree you choose includes your area. Light requirements: Full sun Getting the seeds to sprout is a complicated process of drying, chilling and soaking. How do I identify wat type of blossoms they have and if they are both the same type of tree than will I not ever get pecans from them? it has broken ground. I have a pecan tree that always has nuts but they are bitter? These and most plants 3 to 4 years old may be moved as bare root transplants. Richard Heerema Fertilize the soil with 10-10-10 before planting. The Swedish man would need 180 growing days from what I've learned. You can take a few steps to protect your trees. Any weevils that fall out should be killed. When this happens, select the most ideally located one in each branch cluster and prune out the others. The amount of nitrogen … ... for many years as the trees grow. To get around this problem, you have to plant at least 2 trees and they cannot be the same "type". Similarly, clusters of four to six shoots can develop at the end of a young limb, forming what is often termed a "crow's foot." These should be thinned out so only two or three shoots remain. Richard Heerema Primary buds usually produce shoots with narrower crotch angles than secondary or tertiary buds, and as a result they can produce weaker scaffolds. 480-668-5021. P.S. a type 1 or vice versa to a root stock and then graft the two of three branches of the other type higher up as the tree gets older but due to the size of pecans that probably wouldn't be a structurally sound tree. If planting dormant nursery trees, prune away the top 1/3 to 1/2 of the previous season's growth at planting (most commercial nurseries will do this cut for you; Figure 1). For permanent scaffold limbs, select branches that form wide angles (around 45°) with the central leader, such as the lower branch in this photo. WALNUTS. Some people told me my pecan should be forming nuts by now. Assumption- wholesale value of $1.25/lb (Calculated from tables 1, 3 & 4, where yields were summed for years 16-22, Thank you! These pecan trees and their nuts are often referred to as "improved" pecans. Any side shoots or branches that are 12–32 inches long should be tip pruned by removing or pinching the growing point at the branch end. http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H640/welcome.html. An example of pruning during the tree's fourth dormant season. I know that I need to have another pecan near for pollinization, but does this affect on flower formation? Parenting a kid with a tree nut allergy. What do you think? How to Prune Mature Pecan Trees. Note: It is important to note that the data provided in the table is more precise for trees that are grown in a forest environment as these are typically thinner than those found in open conditions. I live in Uruguay, South America. Hardiness zones 5 to 9 are the best climates for growing pecans. The Swedish man should know that if his temperatures in southern Sweden are the equivalent of the North American zone 5 or 6 then he'll be able to grow the pecan trees but is unlikely that the pecan trees will form pecans that have enough time to get ripe. (D) Side shoots with narrow angles are removed completely. Dig weeds or turn soil till they die. You are probably going to have more success with hazelnuts. Figure 6 shows how to prune a Y-shaped tree. I live in northern middle Tennessee. However, the dormant primary buds in potential scaffold positions along the central leader may be pinched out to force the development of stronger, more widely angled shoots from the secondary buds. But how close does another pecan tree need to be to get nuts. However, commercial growers are more likely to compromise some structural development and form to obtain early production from their trees. The central leader should always grow from a primary bud (because of primary buds' natural tendency to produce straight, upright growth). We seek to improve the lives of New Mexicans, the nation, and the world through research, teaching, and extension. Through the summer, make sure your tree gets enough water and you can also give it a feeding each spring with a standard fertilizer mix. Backyard growers may be willing to sacrifice some early nut production in order to have an aesthetically well-shaped tree. There are few things pecan growers can do that have longer-lasting effects in an orchard than training young trees. (C) The strongest top shoot (central leader) is selected and pruned back by about 1/2. Never use roundup for anything. Mature trees with several small scaffold branches can be harvested more easily with a mechanical shaker than those with only a few large branches. The estimated age of the white oak is 127 years old. For permission to use I don't know the type of pecan it is, or if it comes from a seed. It inhibits development of large scaffold limbs during the first four years of the tree's life and encourages strong leader development. Look for dark green or black spots on the new leaves, and the black fungus can spread to the nuts, making the husks stick to the them. These caterpillars will eat the leaves of your trees, and can be damaging in large numbers.
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Unlike extensive research conducted on courtship, foreplay, and intercourse, what happens after ejaculation is one of the most neglected dimensions of human sexual behavior. As described in this chapter, postejaculatory adaptations have important and diverse implications for such things as penis hypersensitivity, the refractory period, female infidelity, sperm competition, semen displacement, self-semen displacement, spousal rape, the risk of transmitting sexually transmitted diseases for uncircumcised men, and the incidence of nonpaternity. This chapter also outlines ways to test the Bruce effect in human females and provides a novel explanation for the absence of the Coolidge effect in women.
Charles Darwin's (1859) theory of evolution by natural selection is among the most important scientific theories and is the most important theory in all of the life sciences. Some have even argued that the principles of Darwin's theory can explain the laws of physics and the organization of the universe (e.g., Dennett, 1995). Although Darwin's name is synonymous with evolution (which refers to the modification of traits with descent), philosophers and scholars were thinking about evolution long before Darwin. In fact, one of the first discussions of evolution pre-dates Darwin by two and a half millennia. Anaximander, a Greek philosopher, suggested that "in water the first animal arose covered with spiny skin, and with the lapse of time some crawled onto dry land and breaking off their skins in a short time they survived." Even Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, wrote of common ancestry and speciation. What Charles Darwin (1859) provided, however, was a viable working mechanism of evolution: natural selection. Darwinian selection has become the centerpiece of biology, and in the last few decades, many psychologists and anthropologists have recognized the value of employing an evolutionary perspective in their work (for early writings see Barkow, Cosmides, and Tooby, 1992; Chagnon and Irons, 1979; Daly and Wilson, 1983; Symons, 1979). With a focus on evolved psychological mechanisms and their information processing, evolutionary psychology has risen as a compelling and fruitful approach to psychological science. This chapter provides an introduction to evolution by natural selection and its modern application to the study of human behavior and cognition.
Aggressive-sadistic personality disorder (SPD) involves derivation of pleasure from another's physical or emotional suffering, or from control and domination of others. Findings from a head-injured sample indicate that SPD traits are associated with neuropsychological deficits in executive function and language, suggesting difficulties in frontal-lobe-mediated self-regulation of aggressive and emotional impulses. Implications for rehabilitation of aggressive offenders are discussed.
Paternal resemblance
Due to the asymmetric risk of cuckoldry, assurance of paternity is much less significant than maternal assurance. Females, possessing 100% assurance of their link to their offspring, necessarily have evolved strategies to secure the less sure males as supportive and protective fathers. Hofferth and Anderson (2003) compared all types of family and the paternal investment inherent in each. The least-investing type of father was the stepfather. Daly and Wilson (1982) recorded spontaneous remarks in maternity wards regarding the appearance of newborn children. Mothers and their friends and relatives were more likely to comment on how children resembled their fathers than they were to say the child resembled the mother or any other family member. When fathers displayed any doubt, the mothers were quick to reassure them of the child's resemblance. Regalski and Gaulin (1993) have replicated these findings using Mexican families. These researchers concluded that women and their families attempt to reassure the male of this paternity, thus increasing the likelihood that he will invest in the child.
It is obvious that convincing a male of paternity and securing his investment would almost always be in the best evolutionary interests of females. However, this is hardly in the best interests of males. If ascriptions of resemblance were completely persuasive throughout evolutionary history, males would have been deceived numerous times into investing in a child that was not genetically related to them. Indeed, the incidence of cuckoldry ranges from 5 to 30% (see Baker & Bellis [1995] for review).
Female infidelity
In most cultures, marriage vows entail the promise of fidelity and lifelong commitment. In principle, marriage vows are a contract – a reproductive contract – between two individuals to maintain both emotional and sexual fidelity to one another 'til death do them part.' Monogamy. There are few species that maintain monogamous relationships between the sexes. It is commonly believed that males are more promiscuous, but new research is shedding light on the prominence of female infidelity as well as the consequences of such behavior.
Female infidelity is common in the animal kingdom as well as among humans. According to an analysis of 280 000 paternity tests conducted in 1999 by the American Association of Blood Banks, approximately 30% of children are fathered by extra-pair copulations; that is, 30% of children in this sample were fathered by someone other than the woman's long-term romantic partner. Several case studies exemplify this phenomenon and the associated psychological and social consequences. The New York Times reported a case of a Texas man who was faced with the unnerving news that not one, but several, of his children were the product of extra-pair paternity. The bittersweet news came when the man was being tested as a carrier for a debilitating genetic disorder that his youngest daughter had suffered with since birth. When the genetic test came back negative he should have been elated, but knowing that both parents must be carriers for any child to be inflicted with the disorder raised obvious concerns.
Because of concealed ovulation, internal fertilization, and female infidelity, parental certainty is asymmetrical: unlike females, who are (with exception of rare maternity-room mistakes) always certain of maternity, males can never be certain of paternity. Further, during our evolutionary history, females would have benefited from 100% certainty of maternity. Current estimates of extra-pair paternity (paternity by the non-domestic father, or cuckoldry) are between 1 and 30%, with the best estimate at about 10% (Baker & Bellis, 1995; Cerda-Flores et al., 1999; Neale, Neale, & Sullivan, 2002; Sasse et al., 1994; Sykes & Irven, 2000). In other words, approximately 1 in 10 children are the product of female infidelity. This asymmetry in parental certainty has contributed to an asymmetry in human parental investment (Bjorklund & Shackelford, 1999 Geary, 2000). As a consequence of having to carry a child to term, females invest more in and provision more for children than do males. Additionally, if a female nurses her offspring she could be bound to a minimum of 1.5–2 years of further parental investment that is not shared by males. There are two reasons as to why parents would invest in offspring. The first is to increase their own genetic fitness (e.g. increased number of their genes in future generations) and the other is to influence their relationship with their offspring's other parent (Anderson, Kaplan, & Lancaster, 2001).
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