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Flood resilience has been rising up the political, economic and social agendas. Taking an integrated systems approach, using the right design guidance and tools and ensuring that education is in place for all stakeholders are three themes which are intrinsically linked to delivering flood resilience. This paper reviews these themes across the academic research, policy landscape and practitioner approaches, drawing conclusions on the way forward to increase our societies resilience to floods. The term 'flood resilience' is being increasingly used, however, it remains to be clearly defined and implemented. The UK, USA and Australia are leading the way in considering what flood resilience really means, but our review has found few examples of action underpinned by an understanding of systems and complexity. This review investigates how performance objectives & indicators are currently interpreted in guidance documents. It provides an in-depth exploration of the methods, that although developed through European and US expertise, can be used for worldwide application. Our analysis highlights that resilience is often embedded in engineering education and frequently linked to risk. This may however, mask the importance of resilience and where it differs from risk. With £2.6 billion to be spent in the UK over the next 6 years on strengthening the country's flood and coastal defences, this is the opportunity to rethink resilience from a systems approach, and embed that learning into education and professional development of engineers. Our conclusions indicate how consolidating flood resilience knowledge between and within critical infrastructure sectors is the way forward to deliver flood resilience engineering.
The context
Our analysis reviewed resilience and risk management concepts and methodologies in research, practice and education and investigated how these have evolved in order to establish a baseline upon which to build. Whilst exploring the European context, we provide an in-depth exploration of the methods, that can also be used for worldwide application. This paper focusses on the following three themes from the Resilience Shift Programme:
Integrated systems approaches as context for major engineering projects
Dynamic performance-based design approaches for resilience
Embedding systems-thinking and resilience into engineering education
This three-fold focus was chosen because we believe these themes are intrinsically linked and are key to delivering flood resilience; take an integrated systems approach, use the right design approaches and develop and deliver the education needed for all stakeholders so that best practice can be implemented. The first two topics (Sects. 2, 3) are essentially a review of literature, and current state-of-the-art, whilst the final topic gives a perspective on current engineering education (Sect. 4).
Integrated systems approaches as context for major engineering projects
Resilience has been defined in many different ways and contexts [See for example (Haimes 2009)]. While ecological resilience concentrates on the ability of species and ecosystems to survive extinction [see the seminal paper by Holling (1973), and more recently the work by Fei et al. (2017)], engineering resilience includes the concept of bouncing back (Hosseini et al. 2016; Nan and Sansavini 2017). Flood resilience sits in between engineering and community resilience, which concentrates on the ability of communities to thrive through and past hardship (UNISDR 2009). Flood resilience captures the ability to thrive through flood events and recover from the disruptions occurred to the engineering assets. As for urban resilience to flood this has been translated to how a city tolerates flooding and recovers from its physical and socioeconomic disruptions (Liao 2012).
An operative definition of resilience is predicated around the cyclical application of risk assessment techniques (Clarke et al. 2016) that continuously increase the knowledge of the operators about the system helping prevent catastrophic events, and responding timely when these occur. A circle diagram is often used to represent this approach, where sectors of the circle represents the phases of preparation for the incident, emergency and recovery, coming back to preparation [see for example (Sterbenz et al. 2010)].
Most of the resilience measures available in the literature are applicable only "a posteriori", i.e. they provide a measure of resilience by evaluating the effects of a catastrophic event that has hit the system. The bouncing back concept makes no exception. By modelling a system through, for example, a network approach it is usually possible to spot the vulnerable nodes [see for example (Gao et al. 2016)] or modelling its recovery ability (Ganin et al. 2016; Mulowayi et al. 2015), providing an "a priori" measure. In this case however, as in any modelling, the nodes to include in the system are chosen by the modeller, as well as the type, magnitude and effects of shocks.
The problem of resilience is amplified in critical infrastructures, those networked systems supporting essential flows of goods and services (Marsh et al. 1997). These systems have networks of dependencies within them (e.g. the electrical distribution network) and interdependencies between them (e.g. the railway network dependence on the electrical distribution network). These links were classified according to their nature in the seminal work by Rinaldi (2001). In this scenario, defining resilience is even more problematic as the problem starts with defining the boundary of the system to which the definition applies and for which the resilience thinking (i.e. the cyclical application of risk assessment practices) applies. The Brisbane flood of 2011 is an example of this, where the causes could be traced back to the policy defining the operations of the Wivenhoe Dam, the communication network in place and the human factors involved (Smith and McAlpine 2014; Honert and McAneney 2011).
As the Wivenhoe Dam case suggests, the scenario for flood resilience is extremely complex. Yet it is rare to find examples of systems-thinking that exploit complexity-related concepts to address the problem. The example of protection of delta cities [see for example (Dahm 2014); Thorne et al. 2018)] by tackling the conservation of the ecological environment appears to look at the system level, where the system is not the city but the whole ecosystem (river deltas and wetlands) which the city initially thrived in. Figure 1 below demonstrates the breadth of topics linked to research on resilience, infrastructure and flood, showing that sector-focused approaches are not practicable within a strategy to deliver flood resilience. The 80/20 rule popular in the Pareto analysis shows that topics up to Business and Economics are relevant; yet these present similar publication counts to many that follow after (from Telecommunications to Science and Technology—Other Topics).
The National Infrastructure System Model (NISMOD) allows for modelling infrastructures, their interdependencies and the reciprocal impact with the surrounding environment for the UK, with a system of systems approach (Hall et al. 2016). This has recently been applied for analysing the impact of climate change, flood risk and climate policies on infrastructures and how these can work in these new, evolving scenarios, that is their resilience (Ives 2017; Pant et al. 2017, Oughton et al. 2017; Caparros-Midwood et al. 2016).
The timescale of infrastructure realisation and upgrade does not allow for fast reaction and is comparable with the time scale over which the environmental scenario changes. For this reason, infrastructure design and its associated resilience thinking has to evolve faster than the actual needs for service and their efficiency [that can diverge from resilience (Madni and Jackson 2009; Ganin et al. 2017)]. In the case of flood resilience, this means protection from climate change consequences and increased urbanisation. Over-engineering the system, by providing extra robustness and redundancy can be in this case just an apparent solution, as it is in general not known what to reinforce, when, and against which threats.
A step change in resilience can be achieved through the building of awareness of the interdependencies in the system, using today's technology to envisage tomorrow's threats and problems. At the same time this awareness has to be constructed ahead of the shock impacting the system. The current way of doing so is exploiting expert knowledge and organising it in logical relation through causal loops [see for example the "bow-tie", in Fig. 2, and the "circle analysis" tools in the INTACT project (INTACT 2017)]. As highlighted, however, these are the first steps in the direction of a system-wide approach and presently it looks far from offering quantitative results or models able to measure the relative importance of causes and effects.
The INTACT project cited above identified the Bow-Tie method as well suited to be used in the risk identification and risk estimation steps as it captures the whole system risk, from hazard to consequence and is flexible enough to be improved through threat barriers and recovery measures added to the diagram. In this, as in any other method aimed at building resilience, and flood resilience in particular, the availability of information is a key aspect. An outlook into the future to remain resilient is the last (but not least) of the principles for resilience to extreme weather events according to de Bruijn et al. (2017), where the adoption of a system approach is the first.
Unravelling the complexity, seeing clearly the future risks and anticipating the evolution of the infrastructure environment requires better exploitation of the data and information than is current practice. This includes making the information available not just to infrastructure operators, but also using this to raise awareness in the public, influence policies and consolidate the notions that will form the educational background of future stakeholders. A relevant example of system level visualisation is the Shoothill work in mapping electricity substations and NHS hospital premises, against Environment Agency (EA) Flood Risk data. A snapshot is shown in Fig. 3 with the visualisation for the whole country available on the web (Shoothill 2017): the blue pins represent the substations within a flood risk zone and the red pins mark the position of hospitals within a flood risk zone. Medium- and high-flood risk areas are also highlighted.
Dynamic performance-based design approaches for resilience
How performance objectives & indicators are currently interpreted and assessed in guidance documents
Until recently, management of flooding in the UK has been static or undergoing slowly evolving, incremental change rather than revolution (Johnson et al. 2005). According to Thorne et al. (2007), government policy in 1970s & 1980s, was dominated by reliance on the construction of hard defences. However, by the early 1990s, increasing credence was being given to the concept that mitigating or avoiding flood losses has a role to play. This aim was to be achieved by (a) encouraging the provision of adequate and cost-effective flood warning systems; (b) encouraging the provision of adequate, technically, environmentally and economically sound and sustainable flood and coastal defence measures and (c) discouraging inappropriate development in areas at risk from flooding or coastal erosion.
Dadson et al. (2017) reports that national monitoring networks are revolutionising the availability of real-time information on water levels and water quality. They report that 'data can and will support the development of more complex models, and be used to constrain model uncertainty'. Importantly, long-term monitoring is necessary, as major floods are rare events. This will facilitate the further development of models, with places acting as agents for the assimilation of hard and soft data by models which will act as a focus for learning about places. In terms of current resilience thinking, the UK National Flood Resilience Review (2016) has highlighted the following challenges; (a) understand the risks of river and coastal flooding from extreme weather over the next 10 years (using revised meteorological predictions, and modelling outputs), (b) assess the resilience of key local infrastructure (such as energy, water, transport and communications) and (c) identify ways to protect it better and improve response to flood incidents, including through new temporary flood defences.
In the UK, the meteorological driver of fluvial flooding is predominantly through precipitation. The UK National Flood Resilience Review (2016), undertook modelling projections using well established models based on the available physical principles (using the Flood Estimation Handbook—FEH) and the three components (extreme precipitation, tidal surge, and river flow/flood extent); the results of bringing these together being a set of 'stress test' case studies (i.e. uplifting current rainfall forecasts for a range of scenarios). In a separate study, analysis of the spatially average annual precipitation levels, has shown that there has been no detectable long-term change since the eighteenth century (Dadson et al. 2017), although the UK has experienced a statistically significant increase in winter precipitation, and a reduction in summer precipitation. Lavers et al. (2011), suggests that winter floods in Britain are connected to atmospheric rivers, but that this doesn't explain UK Summer Extreme Rainfall (Champion et al. 2015).
Coastal flooding can occur due to four physical elements either acting on their own or in combination with each other; predicted astronomical tide, storm surge residual, wave effects and local bathymetric effects. The accepted design standard in the UK, for deriving predicted coastal flood levels is through the application of the Coastal Flood Boundary (CFB) method (Environment Agency/DEFRA Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management R & D project SC060064 Coastal flood boundary conditions for UK mainland and islands). The Coastal Flood Boundary method provides an up-to-date, scientifically robust national evidence base and practical guidance on appropriate design sea level and swell wave conditions around the country and how to use them (SEPA 2015). Although the prediction of the astronomical tidal cycle is incredibly reliable, the uncertainty of swell and wave conditions can cause challenges for the practicing designer. However, by far the biggest challenge is considering the allowances for future sea-level changes. Scientific estimates on sea-level rise have increased considerably since their last projection in 2007. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) now estimates sea levels will rise between 260 and 820 millimetres during the twenty-first century. It is therefore no surprise that coastal flooding is one of the most significant issues in the world today, especially as human populations continue to grow and occupy the coastal zone.
However, even if significant emission decreases are achieved, sea levels will continue to rise into the future. The most obvious consequence of sea-level rise is reduced freeboard levels at our coastal defences, and hence the increased likelihood of coastal flooding. However, our changing climate is also causing additional problems with potential increases in the intensity, severity and frequency of coastal storms and surges occurring, which will allow larger waves to reach our defences due to increased water depths (overtopping), and direct inundation or breaching from greater storm surges. The tsunamis in Indonesia in Dec 2004, and Japan in March 2011 clearly illustrate the devastation coastal flooding can cause, which is further hampered by debris entrainment. According to the latest available best practice guidance the Scottish Environment Protection Agency would recommend a minimum allowance of 600 mm be made for coastal freeboard. This may be required to be more depending on local circumstances and/or the provision of specific guidance on this matter by local authority flood protection staff' (SEPA 2015). Similar evidence is emerging in the USA, (USGCRP 2014).
The Pitt Review (recommendation 27) recommended that the EA and others should collaborate to achieve greater working with natural processes to manage flood and coastal erosion risk. Pitt also recognised that working more with natural processes does not mean that traditional hard defences will not be needed, but that more sustainable approaches should work alongside them (EA, 2010). In terms of current guidance notes for overtopping of a barrier (e.g. Levee Handbook, CIRIA C731 & Overtopping Manual, EurOtop 2016), guidance predominantly focuses on simple geometric hard defence configurations. In the absence of detailed numerical or physical models, currently, for complex geometries or softer natural defence configurations, practitioners have to make rudimentary assumptions from current guidance, which leads to large levels of uncertainty of where, when, and how much overtopping flow volume occurs.
Additionally, many man-made coastal structures are designed to limit overtopping, in which predictions are derived from general empirical formulae fitted to laboratory measurements. Whilst these structures may be efficient in overtopping, they may be subject to impulsive wave breaking giving sudden and violent overtopping flows, and very large wave impact pressures, the interactions of which are currently difficult to describe with any degree of certainty. A further limitation is that experimentalists have biased their studies to cases where overtopping has been recorded, thereby limiting the usefulness of neural network models for cases of zero or low overtopping volumes.
Towards performance-based design
Performance-based design approaches are more commonly used in North America (Caverzan and Solomos 2014). According to FEMA 543 (2007), performance-based design seeks to augment current code approaches rather than replacing them. However, there is a significant drive to introduce performance-based codes and, particularly in the field of fire safety, performance-based codes are now used for many applications. In the natural hazards area, although performance-based design is well developed for seismic design, prescriptive approaches are still typical for floods. A sound multi-hazard design approach should provide an impetus to adopt a performance-based philosophy for design against risk (FEMA 424 2010). Performance-based design requires a quantitative measure of risk (FEMA 2007). It also establishes the basis for evaluating acceptable losses and selecting appropriate designs. While specific performance objectives can vary for each project, the notion of acceptable performance level generally follows a trend ranging from; little or no damage for small, frequently occurring events to significant damage for very large, very rare events.
The Levee Handbook provides guidance on risk management (CIRIA C731 2013). There are a variety of preventative measures which can help mitigate the effects of flooding, either through non-structural mechanisms (urban development planning, building regulation, insurance risk spreading, coastal hazard zoning, increased public awareness) or structural mechanisms ranging from hard engineered (man-made) defence solutions to soft natural defences (sand-dunes, salt marshes, managed retreat). A cost-effective approach to flood risk management often involves programmes of different types of measures for reducing the overall risk. The management of a levee throughout its serviceable life follows a similar approach to other physical assets, the levee Handbook provides a framework based around the life cycle of a defence, new defences enter from an upper level, whereas existing enter from routine operational cycle changes to policy or event revolve around the outer loop, the inner loop 'an emergency' is triggered from a severe event, in this situation, the defence is not likely to perform as expected.
A typical flood risk study involves assessment of (a) the sources of flooding, (b) the potential pathways (or barriers) that influence the propagation of flood waters and (c) the receptors of inundation damage. The Source-Pathway-Receptor conceptual model is widely used to assess and inform the management of environmental risks across Government (Sayers and Meadowcroft 2005), and in the past decade has become the central framework for risk assessment and management. Further advances in the Risk Assessment of Flood and Coastal Defences for Strategic Planning (RASP) study applied a methodological conceptual framework (Hall et al. 2003), which introduced the notion of systems analyses at progressive scales using the SPRC approach:
Source: of flooding
Pathway: that influences the propagation of flood waters
Receptor: of inundation damage
Consequence of damage
In terms of coastal flood defence response, particular emphasis is focussed on the Pathway element. The concept of fragility curves was initially postulated for use on flood risk management in the USA by the US Army Corps of Engineers (1984), but it was not until the RASP study that it was first implemented in risk assessments in Europe and the United Kingdom (Sayers and Meadowcroft 2005). Fragility curves define the relationship between the magnitude of a loading event (i.e. water level) and the probability of failure of an individual component.
Risk analysis incorporates the likelihood of a specific event and the severity of the outcome. This process combines both the severity and the probability of all relevant hazard loss scenarios (FEMA 424 2010). It is the intent of a performance-based design to establish the acceptable or tolerable level of risk. The overall analysis must consider not only the frequency of an events' occurrence, but the effectiveness and reliability of the design as a system. Risk analysis provides a quantitative measure of the risk and it can also establish the basis for evaluating acceptable losses and selecting appropriate designs. Risk managers use two different evaluative methods in risk and hazard analysis: deterministic and probabilistic. Mockett and Simm (2002) reported that risk management approaches in the design and the setting of risk levels in coastal and fluvial engineering varies depending on the perspective of the individual, organisation and design culture of the project. They reported that approaches to management of risk in design, ranged from heavily codified procedures to extensive use of best practice, the three main design disciplines generically involved in the design of coastal and fluvial structures, together with their typical design approach, are:
Structures—heavily codified, the use of partial safety factors
Geotechnics—often empirical design codes, limited use of partial safety factors
Hydraulics—limited codes, largely dependent on design notes.
Deterministic analysis relies on the laws of physics and chemistry, or on correlations developed through experience or testing, to predict the outcome of a particular hazard scenario. In the deterministic approach, one or more possible designs can be developed that represent the worst possible credible events in a specific setting. In this approach, the frequency of possible occurrences need not be evaluated, hence the defence would be considered safe up to a given loading limit, identified as a single step function to represent the defence fragility and considered to have surely failed once that limit is exceeded (Simm et al. 2008).
Probabilistic analysis evaluates the statistical likelihood that a specific event will occur and what losses and consequences will result. This approach may use both statistics and historical information, whereby in terms of fragility, the curves enable the performance of defences to be taken into account in a system-wide flood risk analysis (Sayers et al. 2002). A recent in-depth review and further analysis of Source-Pathway-Receptor concepts can be found in Narayan (2014).
Mockett and Simm (2002) highlighted a real need to move towards the use of similar terminology (i.e. lifetime probabilities rather than factors of safety or return periods), and provided guidance on how the practice based designer can move towards a more systems oriented design approach. The development of these different approaches has resulted in very little formal understanding of how individual safety levels in one design culture can be communicated with other cultures (Mockett and Simm 2002). Further limitations are that typical design approaches are focussed towards hard design configurations, with less emphasis on softer natural solutions, although recent evidence based studies focussing on natural science (Dadson et al. 2017; SEPA 2016) clearly demonstrate the benefits of a holistic approach to flood risk management.
The EU-RESILENS (2015–2018) project, entitled "Realising European Resilience for Critical Infrastructure", is aiming to 'further significant advancements in the resilience of critical infrastructure through practically applied research'. The RESILENS project has identified that there is a 'lack of engagement with resilience, ISO 31000 is increasingly the standard risk assessment methodology utilised across a range of sectors and extensively by Critical Infrastructure (CI) providers; it is thus important to reflect upon its advocated approach'. As with many resilience approaches, ISO 31000 begins by 'establishing the context', including factors such as local and national policy, and using this as a baseline for assessment and management. The next stage is 'risk assessment', which also includes 'risk identification', 'risk analysis' and 'risk evaluation', and often involves a variety of quantitative approaches. This can then be translated into physical or organisational methods through 'risk treatment', whist the final stages of the approach are 'monitoring and overview' and 'communication and consultation'.
From critical infrastructure protection to critical infrastructure resilience
A review of critical infrastructure providers by the RESILENS project team suggested that providers are increasingly moving towards an approach based on resilience principles rather than one fundamentally focused on protection. UK Government policy also recognises the need, and defines Critical Infrastructure Resilience (CIR) as encompassing activity to prevent, protect and prepare for natural hazards [Cabinet Office (UK), 2010]. This policy symbolises a shift in practice from critical infrastructure protection (CIP) towards critical infrastructure resilience (CIR). Combining these approaches, the RESILENS project team see CIR as reflecting a wider journey from the traditional, techno-rational approaches with prescriptive, rigid methodologies, to a more transformative understanding of CI resilience. The definition of CIR from the RESILENS project is framed as:
'A transformative, cyclical process, building capacities in technical, social and organisational resources, so as to mitigate as far as possible impacts of disruptive events, and based upon new forms of risk management, adaptability and the assessment of potential trade-offs between parts of a system'.
The key theme that is emerging from the RESILENS project is around 'the uneasy relationship between risk and resilience, and how different understandings of this relationship impact upon the policy and practice of resilience, and its adoption by CI providers'. The authors emphasise the need for a coherent multi-sector understanding of resilience, which was conceptualised by a number of 'perspectives' on the relationship (adapted after Suter 2011). They report that the best way to transition from a narrow risk management led approach to a more holistic resilience paradigm within the sector was through what was identified as 'Perspective 3, An extension of risk management':
This transitionary perspective recognises the importance of risk management to CI operation, but proposes that these practices need to be extended to encompass resilience practice that integrates social and organisational factors, as well as building capacity to change.
It has been reported (Linkov et al. 2014) that that there is a lack of a framework to adopt resilience-based approaches amongst technical specialists in CI, but there is increasingly wider consensus that resilience offers a necessary frame for considering unknown or unforeseeable events (Baum 2015). According to the RESILENS project, 'there are fundamental limitations to probabilistic forecasting methods implicit in traditional risk assessment, which are based upon earlier events and are often inaccurate at determining event occurrences or predicting new threats' (Linkov et al. 2014; Davies 2015). Resilience is also more open ended than risk management and as such is potentially a more helpful approach for considering unknown events.
Embedding systems-thinking and resilience into engineering education
The dominant paradigm of risk assessment has seen significant steps forward in addressing the challenges posed by flooding (Environment Agency 2009). However, the need for increased engagement with resilience as highlighted through the RESILENS project (Sect. 3.2) requires considering the issue as a function of system characteristics, with the flood system consisting of an interacting suite of physical, environmental and socio-political components. Within this large-scale system are more focussed systems, such as spatial sets of engineering interventions. This more holistic approach potentially helps generate a more sophisticated understanding of what is vulnerable to flood, and an appreciation of whether this vulnerability is of significance in terms of 'value'. It also provides a framework for producing a mitigation response that is flexible to changing degrees of risk and more effective in using finite economic, material and human resources. The challenge of adopting this resilient systems-type approach is that it requires a deeper understanding of the system by a range of governmental and non-governmental organisations and leading individuals, and by other people in a range of roles in society who have typically been receivers of information and advice, and passive in terms of being able to implement change. This lack of knowledge was emphasised by engineers from across a range of UK sectors completing a survey carried out by CIRIA on Flood Resilience for Critical Infrastructure (CIRIA 2010). Here then, we consider the role of education and training in enabling engineers, a group with a significant role to play, to implement flood resilience.
Engineers are placed at the heart of creating and managing resilience. As a community, they are responsible for the risk assessment, and then the planning, construction, maintenance, and potential removal of fixed and moving assets, and other systems, that protect against flooding and are resistant to flooding impacts. Programmes driven by the EA such as the Long Term Investment Strategy (LTIS) (Environment Agency 2014) and the National Assessment of Flood Risk (Environment Agency 2009) have helped to create considerable knowledge and continue to represent leading international practice in 'flood risk' for engineers, at the system level. Our review included semi-structured interviews with a range of front line flood risk and resilience engineers who highlighted their expanding role in warning professional partners, stakeholders and communities and advocating emergency management, contingency planning and exercising. But, the view of these consultees is that these skills are not consciously taught, but are being 'learnt' on the job. Setting out 'resilience' best practice for academic institutions, and professional development training providers is therefore a key priority if we are able to accelerate the knowledge and skills development of future flood engineers. The wide range of components and systems involved in flood risk assessment and management presents a significant challenge for engineers delivering and assessing resilience to flooding. They need to work intelligently and creatively across a range of disciplines within 'engineering' and consider the interdependence of, and redundancy across those disciplines. Competence in resilience of systems therefore has to be about how engineers evaluate and communicate risk across their disciplines, working as a coherent team, rather than seeking to be technical experts in all specialist areas. However, the Royal Academy of Engineering predicted in 2012 that we need 830,000 new engineers by 2020 to meet the UK infrastructure targets.
Most engineers responsible for managing flood risk are employed by public authorities or are in their supply chain. To operate effectively and avoid 'silo thinking' across (and within larger) organisations requires engineers to apply wider systems-thinking, and have strong networking and partnership working skills. These skills are critical to ensure that a common picture of the issues within a flood-affected area is identified, and that all stakeholders, their needs and assets (such as utility infrastructure) and interdependencies are also understood.
Critical assets, however, may not be in the ownership of public bodies for example, ports and harbours, and so engineers also need to assess the risk of third-parties not maintaining or changing the operation of their flood assets as a critical element in securing flood resilient systems. The complexity of the political and organisational operation of flood risk, coupled with mixed ownership of assets, leads 'responsible' engineers to face significant challenges in synthesising a comprehensive overview of flood 'systems', and being clear on system 'resilience'.
Engineers also have a role in contingency planning for the sensitive receptors affected by flood risk. Community resilience is a key part of overall system resilience in flood situations. Flood professionals clearly advocate that public funding and response cannot provide protection for all communities, from all flood risks, and that they need to work in partnership (Dinnis 2018). Working ahead of flooding events with community groups, engineers can assess 'success' in resilience planning, and determine the key outcomes desired by the communities and their inhabitants. In approaching the educational development of engineers, we also need to generate learning interventions that build their understanding and partnership working across the professional sector (private and public) and civil society.
Education and professional training therefore needs to support what engineers need to 'do', and how they need to 'act', to oversee and enable resilience in their systems. This requires engineers to have both a Strategic and an Operational foci:
Strategic: considers their system(s), the influences and dependencies, and based on flood risk assessments (strategic and local) consider the elements in their engineered system, and the connectivity between the system components. They must also consider what is defended by the system, the effectiveness of how critical and other infrastructure is defended, and whether other 'mitigations' are necessary to deliver resilience outcomes successfully.
Operational: build and maintain assets as components within an overall system so that the asset compliments the system and does not exacerbate risks. Crucially, working with stakeholders across sectors to create a shared 'learning environment' within their system is essential—an agile approach to systems management.
Our interviews with front line flood risk and resilience engineers identified an initial range of 'learning outcomes' for resilience engineers involving conceptual understanding, knowledge and 'directed' information, for example, the regulatory framework, new standards or best practice, as well as the ability to take a wide view of the 'functioning system' including stakeholders—collaborators, partners and 'customers'. The breadth of learning outcomes are being tested and developed through the Centre for Flood Risk and Resilience, established at Brunel University London, which has been set up to deliver a pipeline of skills and capability in tackling global flood risk and resilience challenges.
Current higher education engineering provision is successful in producing technically-competent graduates. However, there are challenges about how ready many graduates are to address more complex challenges, particularly in atypical contexts such as flood systems, or to work independently. Frequently, graduates have studied largely idealised systems and lack experience of messy real world contexts. As guardians of their future professional standards and practice, professional institutions can also play a leading role in setting ambitions for a holistic view across engineering disciplines, and the many stakeholders, including challenging academic institutions to innovate and change their provision, as part of the academic accreditation review process.
All these elements underpin the academic learning and continuous professional development requirements for engineers and the stakeholders who they work with to deliver flood resilience, which include:
Learning from failure at a system scale—Engineers need to be aware of what failures have happened, and importantly, why, so that they can apply that learning to the maintenance of assets, and the construction of new ones.
Learning from success at a system scale—understanding why structures are successful is also of great value since the asset performance will have validated the design and operation under 'stress'.
Resilience to future risks—following on from learning from failure and success, understanding how the stresses on systems and assets are to change over time is critical to flood resilience.
Evaluating, managing and communicating risk and vulnerability—Engineers need to be appraised of the most relevant concepts around assessing risk since this will ensure they are able to apply their best judgement on the options for solutions, and to communicate risk (and risk appetite) with stakeholders.
Cost, and cost avoidance—Capturing the costs of 'loss' as well as the projected rebuild/repair costs are key to ensure that future business cases are appraised.
Awareness of relevant 'infrastructure' protected by flood risk management systems—infrastructure supports normal functioning of a broad range of systems—transport, energy, water, community etc., so engineers must be appraised of not just the assets but also their significance.
Wider commercial considerations—businesses, industry and their supply chains are dependent on access to their consumers/customers. Engineers could be more aware of how the 'supply-side' of the economy operates so that risks can be communicated both to those businesses and the communities that they serve.
Who engineers need to engage with, on flood risk—ensuring systems-thinking is not undermined by weaknesses in wider stakeholder relations at the time when the systems themselves will be under the most stress. Essentially, this is a recognition that the engineering system extends beyond physical structures into society.
Given the breadth of knowledge and understanding needed, it is important to focus on what principles can be delivered, and at what stage of engineering education, to ensure a focus on 'resilience'. This will help define key outcomes for each stage of learning, sustain continual learning and develop the community of resilience practice that brings together all the key 'actors'.
It is clear that future graduates must be equipped with an updated perspective and skillset ready to address the challenges of a changing world, working in partnership across systems, and to be able to exploit new and emerging technologies. Delivering this opportunity requires a reconfiguration of engineering curricula to reflect the systems approach required to enable resilience.
There will also need to be changes in the teaching delivery model to develop students' critical thinking so that they can effectively provide resilient solutions for the future, moving away from relatively passive learning towards more critical, interactive classes, for example using team-based and problem-based learning strategies.
In considering resilience education, there are also opportunities through research. Action-focused research during and after flood events [e.g. Storm Desmond (PERC UK 2015)], or taking a strategic overview of catchment-level investment, provide an increasing opportunity for systems research. Whilst most would consider the product of that research to be the thesis, reports and academic papers, we should also recognise the training and development for the researcher conducting the investigation. Masters and doctoral-level training enables graduates to develop the advanced critical thinking skills for our engineering community. Whether they subsequently remain in academia, or become skilled resilience-aware professionals in the 'flood' sector, being able to work in both environments in a translation/transformer role will help them make the most significant contribution to the flood resilience sector.
Our assessment suggests that the richest opportunity to build resilience capabilities in future undergraduate and post graduate engineers, however, is through the professional working environment. The 2016 NCE Industry Report, 'Skills: Meeting Demand', challenges universities and industry to enhance student's professional development using industry-led expertise as a key element of taught programmes, then through to continual professional development 'providers' following graduation. The fundamental step change is that resilience education should be considered to be a continuum from foundations laid at the start of a student's university experience, through professional development ultimately to Chartership, using well-described and considered case studies as the backdrop to progressing 'real' experiential learning.
It is clear from this review that delivering the shift needed to be resilient to current and future flood risks requires a whole system view of infrastructure including the physical environment, the users, the overarching markets, policies and stakeholders. It is also critical to consider infrastructure design and operation, and cascading impacts, as well as taking a more strategic view of system resilience in the face of extreme ("black swan") type events. Educating to provide the skills and knowledge for this shift is essential to avoid the simple, and potentially unhelpful, 're-badging' of flood risk management as flood resilience.
Given the three themes our study has focussed on, it is perhaps unsurprising that we see resilience knowledge, education and guidance as the fundamental foundations for designing, operating and functioning within, flood resilient integrated systems (or systems of systems). The literature we have examined indicates that there are significant gaps in all elements of delivering this hypothesis.
There are a range of definitions for resilience, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Effort needs to move beyond the definition debate, accepting that resilience has a broad set of elements.
Baum SD (2015) Risk and resilience for unknown, unquantifiable, systemic, and unlikely/catastrophic threats. Environ Syst Decis 35(2):229–236
BBC News (2018) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-43308421. Accessed 10 Apr 2018
Cabinet Office, UK (2010) Strategic framework and policy statement on improving the resilience of critical infrastructure to disruption from natural hazards. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/62504/strategic-framework.pdf
Caparros-Midwood D, Barr SL, Dawson RJ (2016) Spatial optimization of future urban development with regards to climate risk and sustainability objectives. Risk Anal. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12777
Caverzan A, Solomos G (2014) Review on resilience in literature and standards for critical built-infrastructure. EC JRC 90900 [online] http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC90900. Accessed 08 June 2018
Champion AJ, Allan RP, Lavers DA (2015) Atmospheric rivers do not explain UK summer extreme rainfall. J Geophys Res Atmos 120:6731–6741. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022863
CIRIA (2010), Flood resilience and resistance for critical infrastructure (C688), Section 7. CIRIA, London
CIRIA (2013) International levee handbook (C731), Section 2. CIRIA, London
Clarke J, Coaffee J, Rowlands R, Finger J, Hasenstein S, Siebold U (2016) Realising European ReSILiencE for Critical INfraStructure. https://resilens.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/D1.1-Resilience-Evaluation-and-SOTA-Summary-Report.pdf. Accessed 08 Apr 2018
Dadson SJ et al (2017) A restatement of the natural science evidence concerning catchment-based 'natural' flood management in the UK. Proc R Soc A 473:20160706. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0706
Dahm R (2014) Flood resilience a must for delta cities. Nature 516:329
Davies T (2015) Developing resilience to naturally triggered disasters. Environ Syst Decis 35(2):237–251
de Bruijn K, Buurman J, Mens M, Dahm R, Klijn F (2017) Resilience in practice: five principles to enable societies to cope with extreme weather events. Environ Sci Policy 70(June):21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.02.001
Dinnis C (2018) Blog, managing flood risk - now and into the future. Retrieved from https://environmentagency.blog.gov.uk/2018/03/28/managing-flood-risk-now-and-into-the-future/. Accessed 07 Aug 2018
Environment Agency (2009) Flooding in England: a national assessment of flood risk https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/292928/geho0609bqds-e-e.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2018
Environment Agency (2014) Flood and coastal risk management: long-term investment scenarios [online] https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/flood-and-coastal-risk-management-in-england-long-term-investment. Accessed 10 Apr 2018
EurOtop (2016) Manual on wave overtopping of sea defences and related structures. An overtopping manual largely based on European research, but for worldwide application. EurOtop, London
Fei S, Desprez JM, Potter KM, Jo I, Knott JA, Oswalt CM (2017). Divergence of species responses to climate change. Sci Adv. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1603055
FEMA 424 (2010), Design guide for improving school safety in earthquakes, floods, and high winds. https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/5264
FEMA 543 (2007), Design guide for improving critical facility safety from flooding and high winds: providing protection to people and buildings. https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/8811
Ganin AA, Massaro E, Gutfraind A, Steen N, Keisler JM, Kott A, Mangoubi R, Linkov I (2016) Operational resilience: concepts, design and analysis. Sci Rep 6:19540. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19540
Ganin AA, Kitsak M, Marchese D, Keisler JM, Seager T, Linkov I (2017) Resilience and efficiency in transportation networks. Sci Adv 3(12):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701079
Gao J, Barzel B, Barabási A-L (2016) Universal resilience patterns in complex networks. Nature 530(7590):307–312
Global Resilience Partnership (2018) http://www.stockholmresilience.org/news--events/general-news/2018-03-23-centre-new-host-for-global-resilience-partnership-secretariat.html. Accessed 07 Mar 2018
Haimes YY (2009) On the definition of resilience in systems. Risk Anal 29(4):498–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01216.x
Hall JH, Dawson RJ, Sayers PB, Rosu C, Chatterton JB, Deakin R (2003) A methodology for national-scale flood risk assessment. Water Marit Eng 156(3):235–247
Hall JW, Tran M, Hickford AJ, Nicholls R (eds) (2016) The future of national infrastructure: a system-of-systems approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 4(1):1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
Honert R, van den, McAneney J (2011) The 2011 Brisbane floods: causes, impacts and implications. Water 3(4):1149–1173
Hosseini S, Barker K, Ramirez-Marquez JE (2016) A review of definitions and measures of system resilience. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 145:47–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2015.08.006
INTACT (2017) The INTACT Wiki. http://scm.ulster.ac.uk/~scmresearch/intact/index.php/Tools_and_methods. Accessed 06 Jun 2017
IPCC (2014) Intergovernmental panel on climate change, climate change 2014 synthesis report. http://www.ipcc.ch/. Accessed 07 Jun 2017
Ives M (2017) Briefing: sustainability how civil engineers can help the UK meet the Paris agreement on climate, Thomas Telford Ltd., London
Johnson CL, Tunstall SM, Penning-Rowsell EC (2005) Floods as catalysts for policy change: historical lessons from England and Wales. Int J Water Resour Dev 21:561–575
Lavers DA, Allan RP, Wood EF, Villarini G, Brayshaw DJ, Wade AJ (2011) Winter floods in Britain are connected to atmospheric rivers. Geophys Res Lett 38:L23803. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049783
Liao K-H (2012) A theory on urban resilience to floods-a basis for alternative planning practices. Ecol Soc 17(4):48
Linkov I, Bridges T, Creutzig F, Decker J, Fox-Lent C, Kröger W, Thiel-Clemen T (2014) Changing the resilience paradigm. Nat Clim Change 4(6):407–409
Madni AM, Jackson S (2009) Towards a conceptual framework for resilience engineering. IEEE Syst J 3(2):181–191. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Marsh et al (1997) Critical foundations: protecting Americas's infrastructures: the report of the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection. The president's Communication on Infrastructure Protection, Washington, DC. [online] https://fas.org/sgp/library/pccip.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2018
Mockett I, Simm J (2002) Risk Levels in Coastal and River Engineering a guidance framework for design. Thomas Telford, London
Mulowayi E, Coffey V, Bunker J, Trigunarsiah B (2015) The influence of critical infrastructure interdependencies on post-disaster reconstruction: elements of infrastructure interdependency that impede the post-disaster recovery effort. In: Raidén, AB, Aboagye-Nimo, Annual ARCOM Conference, 7–9 September 2015, Lincoln, pp. 135–144
Nan C, Sansavini G (2017) A quantitative method for assessing resilience of interdependent infrastructures. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 157:35–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2016.08.013
Narayan S (2014) A Conceptual Model and Rapid Appraisal Tool for Integrated Coastal Floodplain Assessments" PhD Thesis, University of Southampton. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/368258/1/Sid_Thesis_ToPrint.pdf. Accessed 1 Jun 2017<bib id="bib39">Oughton EJ, Skelton A, Horne RB, Thomson AWP, Gaunt CT (2017) Quantifying the daily economic impact of extreme space weather due to failure in electricity transmission infrastructure. Space Weather. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016SW001491
Pant R, Thacker S, Hall JW, Alderson D, Barr S (2017) Critical infrastructure impact assessment due to flood exposure. J Flood Risk Manag. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12288
PERC UK (2015) Flooding in cumbria after storm desmond. https://newsandviews.zurich.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/flooding-after-storm-desmond.pdf
Rinaldi SM (2001) Modeling and simulating critical infrastructures and their interdependencies. IEEE Control Syst. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2004.1265180
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Sayers PB, Hall JW, Meadowcroft IC (2002) Towards risk-based flood hazard management in the UK. Civ Eng 150(5):36–42. https://doi.org/10.1680/cien.2002.150.5.36
Sayers PB, Meadowcroft IC (2005) RASP—a hierarchy of risk-based methods and their application. Proceedings of the 40th Defra Conf. of River and Coastal Management
SEPA (2015) Technical flood risk guidance for stakeholders (Reference: SS-NFR-P-002). Stirling: [online] http://www.sepa.org.uk/media/162602/ss-nfr-p-002-technical-flood-risk-guidance-forstakeholders.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2018
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Van der Meer JW, Allsop NWH, Bruce T, De Rouck J, Kortenhaus A, Pullen T, Schüttrumpf H, Troch P, Zanuttigh B, http://www.overtopping-manual.com
We would like to thank the Resilience Shift for their funding support in carrying out the scoping study, which informs this paper. The authors have also engaged widely with their colleagues and stakeholder network, without whom, this study could not have been completed. We particularly thank Jonathan Simm from HR Wallingford, who provided significant input. Whilst the inputs of all stakeholders have influenced this review, not all suggested changes have been included and the authors alone are responsible for its content.
Additional information
This research was undertaken for the Resilience Shift initiative to shift the approach to resilience in practice for critical infrastructure sectors. The programme aims to help practitioners involved in critical infrastructure to make decisions differently, contributing to a safer and better world.
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Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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Pearson, J., Punzo, G., Mayfield, M. et al. Flood resilience: consolidating knowledge between and within critical infrastructure sectors. Environ Syst Decis 38, 318–329 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-018-9709-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-018-9709-2
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- Resilience
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- Performance
- Systems
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Cablevision earnings drop, video customers rise
Cablevision Systems Corp. added more video subscribers than expected in the first quarter, but its shares fell 8.4 percent as investors balked at the declining profit and cash flow it reported Thursday.
The Bethpage-based cable provider may sell its Clearview Cinemas movie theater chain, chief financial officer Gregg Seibert told investors on a conference call. The chain has 45 theaters in the metropolitan area and Pennsylvania, including the Ziegfeld Theater in Manhattan and eight others on Long Island, according to its website.
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Archive News
Energetic and experimental Adebisi Shank promise musical feast
Date Published: {J}
Wexford-based experimental rock trio Adebisi Shank bring their energetic live show to the stage of the Róisín Dubh for an eagerly awaited performance this Saturday.
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Adebisi Shank play at the Róisín Dubh this Saturday, June 4, along with O Emperor and Heathers. Doors open at 8pm and tickets cost €15.
Galway in Days Gone By
The way we were – Protecting archives of our past
People's living conditions less than 100 years ago were frightening. We have come a long way. We talk about water charges today, but back then the local District Councils were erecting pumps for local communities and the lovely town of Mountbellew, according to Council minutes, had open sewers," says Galway County Council archivist Patria McWalter.
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For more from the archives see this week's Tribunes here
Archive News
Real Galway flavour to intermediate club hurling battle in Birr
Date Published: 23-Jan-2013
Archive News
Athenry fail to take chances as they bow out of Junior Cup
Date Published: 29-Jan-2013
Athenry FC 1
Kilbarrack United 2
(After extra time)
For the second year in succession Athenry were done in extra time in the FAI Junior Cup as last season's beaten finalist's came from behind to snatch an excellent game in Moanbawn on Sunday afternoon.
On a heavy pitch that was only playable following extensive groundwork by club officials all morning, the home side were by far the better side in the opening half, but failed to take advantage of a number of opportunities that came their way.
An Alan O'Donovan penalty gave them a merited advantage just after the restart, but thereafter were on the back foot as Kilbarrack took over, but for all their pressing, the home rearguard were dealing comfortably with their forays.
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With Gary Forde and Gary Delaney out through suspension following their sending off against OLBC in the previous round, and Seamie Crowe injured, it left their bench rather threadbare with just a number of young squad players available.
Playing with the aid of the slight incline and any wind advantage going, the home side had a Connor Cannon effort on target in the opening minute, while John Meleady was just over with a flick at the other end.
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For more, read this week's Connacht Sentinel.


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Breeding the best with the best.
Our goal in breeding English Goldendoodles and Schnoodles is to produce superior companion dogs that are intelligent, loving dogs with great temperaments and hypoallergenic coats.
As you know, at Smeraglia we specialize in the breeding of the English Teddy Bear Goldendoodle and the Teddy Bear Schnoodle. Over the last decade, we have perfected these two breeds. Both breeds have many wonderful qualities. One that sets them apart is that they are hypoallergenic with low to non-shedding coats, which means that they are great for people with dog allergies and the best breed for service and therapy dogs that work in the public realm.
So what's a Twoodle?
A Teddy Bear Twoodle is an intentional hybrid pairing of a Smeraglia English Goldendoodle with a Smeraglia Schnoodle.
The Twoodle is a result of taking the best of both of our breeds and pairing them together to produce exactly what we need for our clients.
Click to see our Twoodle Photo Album Now!
A Smeraglia Teddy Bear Goldendoodle + A Smeraglia Teddy Bear Schnoodle = 100% Irresistible Teddy Bear Twoodles.
Our Trainers LOVE our Twoodles because they are super smart, sweet and snuggly.
Our Clients LOVE them because they are just plain CUTE, low- to non-shedding and come in such a variety of colors and sizes.
The Twoodle has a unique percentage formula designed by Smeraglia Enterprises…
62.5% Poodle / 25.0% English Golden Retriever / 12.5% Schnauzer =
We train several types of assistance dogs for specially-abled people. When breeding Specialty Companion Service & Therapy dogs, we occasionally have more specific needs for our clients such as focus, endurance, drive, attentiveness, tractability and more hypoallergenic coats.
Our goal in the occasional Twoodle breeding is to produce a specialized assistant dog for our clients. We see many of the traits we need in our Goldendoodles and other traits in our Schnoodles. Therefore we decided to breed the two together.
The sizes of a Twoodle will vary depending on the pairing of the parents. Our English Teddy Bear Twoodles parallel our Goldendoodle weights and sizes.
Teddy Bear Twoodles have a very plush, loose wavy fleece coat. They will look more like our F1 Goldendoodles but will be more allergy-friendly.
Teddy Bear Twoodles come in a variety of colors such as; apricot, red, chocolate, chocolate & tan phantoms, black, cream, champagne, wookie and parti. Our English Teddy Bear Twoodles parallel our Goldendoodle & Schnoodles colorations.
Teddy Bear Twoodles have the laid-back gentleness and loyalty of the English Golden, great focus from the Schnauzer, along with the intelligence and hypoallergenic coat from the Poodle.
All Teddy Bear Twoodles are $3,995
No, we bred our first test litter of Twoodles in 2008. The puppies were amazing, we knew then we could continue with this new breed. Our trainer said they were some of the smartest and most focused puppies she had ever trained. They were gorgeous with amazing personalities. We still talk about Zorro, one of the males from that litter, to this day.
This is an exclusive specialty breeding created by Smeraglia for specific clients. We assure you that you will be amazed by these incredible puppies.
Need more info? We have a very limited number of Twoodle puppies a year. If you feel that one of our Twoodles would be a perfect match for your family or if you need a small size companion dog, please feel free to give us a call….we will be happy to answer any questions that you may have.


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I am a passionate software developer that has been working with Python for more than 10 years. I have extensive experience in consulting, research, web development, data cleansing, data scraping, cloud programming, testing, and a variety of other skill sets. I have also managed small software developer teams and the onboarding of new developers. I have a passion for programming and I am seeking a position that would allow me to build data products that help people improve their lives. I received my Masters in Computer Science, specializing on Clustering Algorithms in 2012, and I want to return to this field to improve my skills as a data engineer, potentially transitioning into a future doctoratal program. I am eager to promote the use of Python in the Brazilian developers community, mainly Python groups. I helped organize the Python Brasil 2014 Conference and I am one of the Brazilian Ambassadors for the Scipy Latin America community.


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Bubblegum Pink
It's going to be loud, it's going to be gaudy, it's going to be expressive!
The new collection is bursting with energy and captivates with its lively and bold play of colors from head to toe. Soft natural tones are broken up by our favorite color: bright bubblegum pink. Whether monochrome or rich in contrast, whether color blocking "pink with pink" or discreet non-colors - the "color bazaar" is open. Special looks and statement pieces celebrate the desire to live, to see and be seen. Courage for individuality is the motto of the season.
We show you our pink favorites:
A warming style for cooler spring days is this pink cardigan with its classic ribbed knit pattern. It closes with a button closure and is designed with a V-neck. This way, your blouse, top or even your T-shirt - just everything you wear underneath - is shown off to its best advantage. Combine the look with a cute pleated skirtfrom our new collection.
Bet this pink sweatshirt will be one of your favorite casual looks? With its color, rhinestone patch and statement print, it stands out with uniqueness. And on cooler days, you can easily pull it over shirts and blouses thanks to the wide side slits. Pair this sweatshirt with our Mandala Print Mesh Skirt.
Bright pink too much for you? We also have a softer version: our plaid blazer with puff sleeves with light pink nuances. Whether worn with jeans or business pants, this blazer always looks great. The puff sleeves give an up-to-date silhouette. Classic details are the lapel collar as well as the flap pockets. Match it with our colorful "Tutto Bene" shirt.
Our all time favorite at the moment: our jogging suit completely in pink! Cozy hoodies and sweatpants like the Organic Felpa model are the essentials this fall. Big plus: this combo is made from organic cotton. Shiny accents are set by the eyelets and the details on the drawstring. The perfect thing about it: you can also style the hoodie with midi skirts or jeans.
Discover more pink styles:


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Ashtha Dasha Shakti Peetha Maha Yagya
This Maha Yadya is to appease Goddess Shakti in her all 18 forms. This is a powerful Homam to defeat enemies, cure diseases, remove doshas, inflictions, and bless with beauty, material abundance, fame and longevity. Get the ultimate in blessings by performing the Ashtha Dasha Shakti Peetha Maha Yagya. Click the button bellow.
Benefits of Ashtha Dasha Shakti Peetha Maha Yagya
- This Maha Yagya blesses with courage, beauty, joy happiness and peace.
- It protects the devotee from enemies, diseases, negative forces and evil energies.
- This Maha Yagya Removes all kinds of Dosha and inflictions.
- It bestows longevity, fame and name upon the native performing this Maha Yagya.
- This Maha Yagya blesses with material abundance, wealth and prosperity and gives the power to protect them.
About Ashtha Dasha Shakti Peetha Maha Yagya
Ashtha means eight and Dasha means ten i.e. eighteen Shakti Peethas or the eighteen manifestations of Goddess Durga. They are worshipped together to get their combined blessings. These eighteen manifestations are:
- Devi Shankari is in Sri Lanka now and is worshipped to get a life free from diseases, enemies and evil powers. Devi Shankari is the Shakti Peetha where the heart of Devi Shakti fell.
- Devi Kamakshi is in Kanchipuram, here the limbs of Devi fell and people worship this Shakti Peetha to remove the fear of evil powers, cure Osteosarcoma and get the desires fulfilled.
- Devi Srinkhala is the Shakti Peetha situated in Karnataka where the stomach of Devi Shakti fell. She blesses with divine care and removes the fearful bonding of devotees.
- Devi Chamundeshwari is situated in Mysore where the hair of Goddess Shakti fell. Worshipping Devi Chamundeshwari removes all the deadly and infectious diseases and blesses with a healthy and happy life.
- Devi Yogamba situated in Alampur, Telangana removes evil effects of evil forces, removes the evil eye and protects her devotees. the upper jaw of Devi Shakti fell here along with the teeth.
- Devi Bhramari in Nasik blesses her devotees with divine powers and removes evil powers, negative energies and fulfil all wishes and provide salvation. Chin of Devi fell here.
- Devi Maha Lakshami in Kolhapur blesses her devotees with wealth, prosperity, success and fulfilment of desires.
- Devi Ekaveera Temple is a Shakti Peetha in the small town of Maharashtra, where the head of Goddess Shakti fell. It is a place on the banks of the Ganges and this shrine blesses her devotees with salvation, boons, success, prosperity and success.
- Devi Maha Kali in Ujjain is the shrine where the right toe of Devi Adi Shakti fell. She blesses with material gains, abundance, boons, and removal of the evil eye, negative forces and their impact.
- Devi Purhuthika in Peethika is situated where the left hand of the Devi fell. She blesses the devotee with freedom from sins, bad deeds and negative forces.
- Devi Girija on Odisha is the place where the naval of Devi Adi Shakti fell. She removes the Sarpa Dosha of all kinds and helps in attaining salvation.
- Devi Manikyamba in Andhra Pradesh is the place where the left cheek of Devi fell. This shrine blesses devotees with early marriage, progeny and prosperity.
- Devi Kamrupa in Guwahati is the place where the Yoni or the private parts of the Devi fell. She blesses with progeny, prosperity, wealth and health.
- Devi Madhaweshwari in Pryaga is the Shrine where the fingers of Devi fell and she blesses her devotees to become debt-free, and with abundance and clarity.
- Devi Vaishnavi or Jwalamukhi in Himachal Pradesh is the shrine where the tongue of the Goddess fell. She blesses with wealth, business, prosperity, happiness and saves one from untimely death and evil forces.
- Devi Sarvmangla in Bihar, removes the sins, karmas, Pityu Dosh, evil effects and blesses with the purity of mind and emotions. Here the breast of Devi Sati fell.
- Devi Vishalakshi in Varanasi or Kashi is the place where the wrist of Devi Sati fell. Devi Vishalakshi blesses devotees with courage, strength and removes their Doshas along with evil eye, black magic etc.
- Devi Saraswati or the Sharda Peeth now in Pakistan, blesses her devotees with knowledge, wisdom by removing their ignorance and bad vision.
Online Puja Highlights
- Free Mahurat Calculation by Astrologer
- Puja is done in Vedic form with no side effects on anyone.
- Personalized Puja and Homam done only for you.
- 100% Guarantee
- Real proof of the puja done is also sent to you.
- View Pictures of Ashtha Dasha Shakti Peetha Maha Yagya
- Puja done by Well Versed Experienced Purohits
- Why People Trust us!
View Pictures of Ashtha Dasha Shakti Peetha Maha Yagya
Why People Trust us!
Our Mission: Divine Blessings for Everyone
The 5E's of ASKGANESHA "Experience, Excellence, Entrusted, Ease of use and Evidence"
Experience: Askganesha has a very experienced team which have been serving people for more than 30 years. Our team members are well qualified and are highly knowledgeable. We have been listed on BBC too. We really care about our customers. That's why we always do our best to make your experience with us as pleasant as can be. We put our complete efforts to provide you the best astrology services.
Excellence: We provide excellent customer support. Our after sales service is considered to be our strongest point and we take pride in being one of the best in it.
Entrusted: Our Customer trusts us. They are sure that all their details and inner thoughts will be kept totally confidential .They know deep in their heart see us as unique, highly helpful, highly reliable and highly knowledgeable. We always put the customer first and keep everything confidential.
Ease of use: Askganesha is customer-centred astrology portal with easy to use UI. We take pride in ourselves for making it customer oriented. Our services have put us in a realm that is above and beyond our competitors.
Evidence:Why not take a look at what other customers have to say? We have testimonials on almost all our pages, full of praise and thanks. We have tons of satisfied customers worldwide.
Apart from this we have multiple secure payment options: You can pay for your order directly with your credit card, debit card, net banking or through PayPal. We use high security standards so that your details are always safe.
Once you have taken services from us you will look no where else.
God Bless You.
100% Guarantee
We provide 100% proof of the puja done. We have clients getting pujas done from the last many years. We assure you pujas are done in the best possible vedic process.


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Kage Baker was an avid voter. She (and I) were in the first crop of 18+ people to get the vote, and she never missed an election after that. Her armoir had I Voted stickers all over it. A few fell off over the years; they got replaced at the next election. She was damned proud of voting.
Kage was an historian at heart, and she knew how seldom people actually get to have a hand in their own governance. Our system of representative democracy – while admittedly often a cluster-f**k of unimaginable proportions – is nonetheless the best system currently going. Winston Churchill told us so.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth … Every little girl should know their names, and all the other ladies who were reviled, jailed and tortured for the right to vote. Kage said there ought to be a jump-rope rhyme for it. Everybody remembers jump-rope rhymes.
Two years ago, I had a heart attack the day before the 2008 Presidential elections. Once I got to the ER, it became obvious they weren't going to let me go -I was distraught. I had to vote! It was the most important election of my life, and I was not going to miss it. However, I was unable to talk the doctors into a day pass from the ICU, for some reason. (Maybe because they were still hysterical over my driving myself into the ER in the first place.) But they were most unreasonable.
Kage was my saviour. She got hold of the hospital ombudsman, she got hold of an absentee ballot, she got the appropriate waiver to allow her to hand-deliver my ballot to our polling place. She came to my bedside, I voted and signed and sealed, and off she went. By foot and bus – Kage could not drive – in a rain storm, in our tiny Pacific Coast town where the buses run only once a hour and stopped nowhere near the polling place …
But she did it. She marched through the storm and the growing darkness, chanting "Liz – Cady – Stan-ton, So-jour-ner-Truth!" to keep the cadence. (I know she did because she was chanting it when she left my room in triumph that afternoon.) She didn't get home until long after dark, and went upstairs to our dark apartment all alone, to a dinner of rum and toast with a parrot for her sole companion.
She called me on the phone to announce her victory, and cried on the phone over my being so sick and far away. I cried too. We swore we would always take care of one another, as we had for years, until we were two madly eccentric old ladies racing one another to the polling booth in our wheelchairs …
Kage Baker died because she was poor and uninsured and self-employed, and no one would hurry on her care. Her cancer was diagnosed in March of 2009 – therapy did not begin for another 6 months, and surgery was stalled for 8 months. So when it finally came, the cancer had metastasized to her brain, her lungs, her gut … they cured the endometrial cancer, it was the stuff that grew while state and federal aid wasted time that killed her.
I have a very personal stake in health care reform. But we all have a very personal stake in reining in corrupt bureaucracies, rapacious banks, elected officials who sit on their asses and delay, delay, delay. Kage Baker is not the only person whose death can be laid directly at the door of the greedy, dishonest and powerful.
Go vote. Whatever your principles are, make sure your voice is heard. It really is a matter of life and death.


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Product Description
Wavy Double Starfish Wedding Invitations with belly band - perfect for your island, beach, tropical or destination wedding!
Versions shown are coral & aqua or teal printed or your color. These are paired with upgraded envelopes (available in the drop down menu's) and one is shown with an additional card that can be selected.
These are fully customizable and will be personalized in your own wording and color(s).
Package comes with:
- 5 x 7" (A7) Invitation Card + white/ivory envelopes
- 3.5 x 5" (A2) RSVP Cards + white/ivory envelopes
- Printed belly band
Select optional add-on options as needed (drop down menu's). These are fully customizable and will be personalized in your own wording and color(s). If you don't see your item, please email firstname.lastname@example.com for a personalized order.
Bulk discounts available on 35qty or more. Coordinating accessories, additional cards, day of ceremony and personal stationery available, all to complete your special day suite.


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Sanskar Patrika - May 2015
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Magazine Description
Publisher:Sanskar Info Tv Pvt Ltd
Magazine Description: Sanskar Patrika is the leading general spiritual and positive outlook magazine from the "Sanskar Tv" stable. The magazine aims to highlight the values of Indian culture and bring to light the perception of faith for every human who reads it.
In this issue
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Assistant Information Officer
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Telephone: 468-2740
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Ministry of Education, Culture, Youth Affairs and SportsRelease Date:
Wednesday, 8 December 2021 - 3:41pm
The public is informed that the Ministry of Education, Culture, Youth Affairs, Fisheries and Agriculture is open to receive applications for registration for the 2022-2023 academic school year.
Persons seeking to have students placed in the Virgin Islands education system are notified that the registration process begins on 3rd January and ends on 29th April, 2022.
Application forms can be collected from early childhood centres and the ministry on the third floor of Ward's Building.
Application forms can also be downloaded from the Government's website. Parents are encouraged to pay attention to the registration period and submit application forms for placement on time.


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The exhibition Alex Israel at The Huntington, places 16 of Israel's paintings and sculptures, as well as two site-specific murals, among the works in the historic Huntington Art Gallery which once served as the residence of Gilded Age collectors Henry and Arabella Huntington and, since 1928, as the gallery for a celebrated European Art Collection. Intended to spark a dialogue between the new and the old, this intervention of Israel's work within the Gallery creates a discourse on place and identity, two things fundamental to understanding Henry Huntington's own love of Southern California, a region whose identity he helped to forge.
Alex Israel at the Huntington
Huntington Art Gallery, San Marino, CA, USA