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Quasicrystals exhibit long-range order but lack translational symmetry. When grown as single crystals, they possess distinctive and unusual properties owing to the absence of grain boundaries. Unfortunately, conventional methods such as bulk crystal growth or thin film deposition only allow us to synthesize either polycrystalline quasicrystals or quasicrystals that are at most a few centimeters in size. Here, we reveal through real-time and 3D imaging the formation of a single decagonal quasicrystal arising from a hard collision between multiple growing quasicrystals in an Al-Co-Ni liquid. Through corresponding molecular dynamics simulations, we examine the underlying kinetics of quasicrystal coalescence and investigate the effects of initial misorientation between the growing quasicrystalline grains on the formation of grain boundaries. At small misorientation, coalescence occurs following rigid rotation that is facilitated by phasons. Our joint experimental-computational discovery paves the way toward fabrication of single, large-scale quasicrystals for novel applications.
The growth mechanism of quasicrystals (QCs) has attracted great interest1,2 due to their unique crystal structure that cannot be explained by the presence of a unit cell3. Instead, QC lattices may be described by two or more space-filling motifs4,5, or tiles. The presence of multiple tiles is due to an additional degree of freedom present in QCs called a phason6, which encompasses associated modes of phason strain and its relaxation (e.g., phason flips)6,7,8. Phason strain describes the deviation from ideal quasiperiodicity7 and phason flips are characterized by discrete particle motions8 that result in a change in tiling configuration. These changes in tiling configurations are representative of phason excitations and relaxations, and do not introduce defects into the crystal6. Previous studies suggest that entropic contributions can have a significant influence on QC stability1,2,9. This suggests there is degeneracy in tile configurations that preserves quasiperiodicity and that QCs can grow into low or zero phason strain structures without the need for complex phason flip sequences9.
Although past studies on QC growth mechanisms extend our understanding of phason contributions to stability in a bulk QC1,2,9, studies on phason contributions to the formation and motion of grain boundaries (GBs) remain limited10. Yet the latter is critically important from a practical standpoint since the formation of polycrystals is unavoidable due to finite nucleation rates below the melting point. That is, two solid nuclei may impinge on one another, retaining their structure and forming a long-lasting GB. The GBs can, in turn, deteriorate material properties. For instance, defects in quasicrystalline films render the substrate underneath more vulnerable to corrosion by providing a channel for electrolytic attack11. In addition, the anisotropic thermal, electrical, and frictional properties of decagonal (d-)QCs can be maximized for future applications12,13, provided the QCs are devoid of GBs between mismatched solid crystal nuclei.
Recently, Schmiedeberg et al.10 conducted phase field crystal simulations to determine whether and when a GB may form between two QCs. In general, they observe that grain coalescence occurs more readily in dodecagonal QCs than in periodic crystals. This finding is remarkable given that two QCs are always incommensurate. They also reported that phasons play a significant role in distributing stress10 around the non-fitting structures, where the resulting phason strain can be relaxed via phason flips8. Despite the insights obtained by Schmiedeberg et al.10, the fundamental question remains: Can coalescence take place in experimental systems? If so, how can simulations support experimental observations?
Here, we investigate the growth dynamics of multiple thermodynamically stable d-QC grains14 upon solidification of an Al79Co6Ni15 alloy. We used synchrotron-based, four-dimensional (i.e., 3D space plus time-resolved), X-ray tomography (XRT) to resolve grain coalescence, or the time-dependent formation of a single d-QC from multiple grains. This experimental technique has opened a paradigm shift in solidification science, allowing us to capture transient microstructural dynamics in optically opaque materials15,16,17. To the best of our knowledge, our in situ experiments provide the first-ever demonstration of QC coalescence. On the basis of our experimental results, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to identify the mechanism of grain coalescence (or conversely, GB formation) at the atomic scale. We examine relevant crystal rotation mechanisms18,19,20,21,22 and discuss the role of phasons in facilitating grain coalescence as well as their density as a function of misorientation between grains. Our combined efforts provide direct evidence of single crystal formation between incommensurate structures, such as QCs.
Results and discussion
Figure 1 depicts the time-evolution of multiple d-QCs before and after collisions in an alloy of composition Al79Co6Ni15, upon slow cooling (1 °C/min) from above the liquidus (~ 1026 °C) to below. The growth sequences of the as-grown d-QCs were recorded via XRT every 10 mins with 20 s scan time, starting from 1020 °C (at which point the sample was in a fully liquid state). The key advantage of using XRT is that we can unambiguously visualize the morphologies, misorientations, and growth dynamics of the QCs in real-time and in 3D, without needing to repeatedly quench our specimen. Quenching is known to distort the shapes and orientations of the solid–liquid interfaces23. We confirmed the existence of d-QCs in our sample through X-ray diffraction (XRD, see Fig. 2(a)) together with a thermodynamic assessment of the Al-Co-Ni system14. On the basis of our XRD results on a water-quenched specimen, we plot in Fig. 2(b) the physical scattering vector, G∣∣ (defined as \(4\pi \sin \theta /\lambda\), where λ is X-ray wavelength), against the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peaks belonging to the d-QC in Fig. 2(a). The linear relationship between the two quantities indicates that the contribution of phonon strain in the lattice dominates that of phason strain24. Therefore, we can expect that phason strain is relaxed if we consider the relatively longer time-scales of the slow-cooling experiment showcased in Fig. 1.
The d-QCs in Fig. 1 show a decaprismatic morphology25 with a "long axis" parallel to 〈00001〉, representing the fast-growing periodic direction. Perpendicular to this direction is the aperiodic plane {00001}. Similar to our past experiments25,26, the d-QCs are "anchored" to the oxide skin of the sample (not pictured), which acts as a fixed, heterogeneous nucleant for the d-QCs, preventing their displacement. Grain displacement would manifest itself as negative solid–liquid interfacial velocities on one side of the grain and positive interfacial velocities on the other. We do not observe this feature here nor in our prior experiments25. As the d-QCs grow, they interact with each other through soft impingements (overlapping diffusion fields) and hard impingements (collisions)27.
We selectively focus on two different cases of hard collisions between d-QCs with (i) parallel long axes (Fig. 1(a–c)) and (ii) non-parallel long axes (Fig. 1(d–f)). Figure 1(a, d) shows these two cases after 50 min of continuous cooling from a viewpoint perpendicular to the long axes of the d-QCs. Figure 1(b, e) displays a bird's eye (or cross-sectional) view of the growth sequences from the quasiperiodic planes. When the long axes of d-QCs are parallel (Fig. 1(b)), we observed multiple coalescence events, the first between 20 and 30 min and the second between 50 and 60 min, the culmination of which is the formation of a single d-QC. The formation of a single d-QC is further evidenced by the absence of a GB groove (where the GB intersects the solid–liquid interfaces)28,29, as well as the presence of ten facets on the coalesced structure at the final time-steps; this end-state is depicted in the outermost isochrone in Fig. 1(b) and the near-perfect symmetry of its facets is quantified via interface normal distribution25,30 in Fig. 1(c). That is, GBs may be detected in solidification experiments31,32,33,34 owing to the fact that they create macroscopic depressions (grooves) of the solid–liquid interface around the point at which they emerge into the liquid. According to Young's law35, the groove angle, ϕ, is related to the grain-boundary energy, γgb, as γgb = 2γslcos(ϕ/2), where γsl is the solid–liquid interfacial free energy. If the GB groove persists during solidification, it can be inferred that the GB is stable and fixed to the groove. However, the morphological transition from a V-shaped groove to a faceted interface (ϕ → 0°, see thick arrow in Fig. 1(b)) suggests otherwise, i.e., the annihilation of the GB during grain coalescence. Interestingly, the facet orientations of the d-QCs prior to impingement were nearly the same as those d-QCs following coalescence. This observation is in line with the findings of Schmiedeberg et al.10, who testify to the coalescence between two colloidal QCs with small initial misorientation in the aperiodic plane regardless of the initial distance between them. Our quantitative analysis of facet orientations as a function of time (Supplementary Fig. 1) provides further support of this behavior. The groove itself does not move laterally along the solid–liquid interfaces on the intermediate time-scales (see arrow in Fig. 1(b)), which would indicate that GB translation on its own is not the mechanism of coalescence. The irregular shape of the d-QC on the left-hand-side in Fig. 1(b) between 40 and 50 min of cooling (i.e., prior to collision) can be attributed to a mutual interference of diffusion fields between the two grains.
On the other hand, in the case where the two long axes are non-parallel to each other, we observed the persistence of a V-shaped GB groove (Fig. 1(d, e)), signifying the formation of a stable GB between the two grains. In comparison to the above scenario where the long axes are parallel, here the quasiperiodic lattice in one d-QC merged with the periodic lattice of the other d-QC. Naturally, the appreciable mismatch between the two lattices resulted in the formation of a GB, and hence a V-shaped groove in Fig. 1(e). Quantitative support comes from the stereographic projection of interface orientations shown in Fig. 1(f), which represents here the superposition of two single QC patterns (cf. Fig. 1(c)). Since contrast in XRT stems from differences in photoabsorption between the phases, we can only capture the external solid–liquid interfaces and not the GBs and atomic configurations within the solid phases. Furthermore, it is nearly impossible to preserve the QC interfaces at room temperature for high-resolution imaging, since the decagonal phase undergoes a peritectic decomposition below 910 °C14. Thus, to overcome such experimental constraints, we turn to MD simulations to "see" inside the evolving d-QCs and fill in the spatiotemporal gaps from our XRT experiment.
We systematically examine the effects of misorientation on grain behavior in d-QCs using seeded MD simulations with an isotropic, single-component pair potential36. We focus on misorientations within the aperiodic plane {00001}, since the XRT experiment provides evidence for coalescence when the long axes are parallel (Fig. 1(a–c)). Thus, we carry out MD simulations in quasi-2D boxes to maximize surface area along the quasiperiodic plane. We fix the initial position of d-QC seeds in our simulations to match experimental conditions, where grains were "anchored" to the sample surfaces. Seed positions are fixed for the entire simulation. We use the decatic order parameter, ψ10, to determine the alignment of the local bond configurations about each particle. We will call this quantity the local grain orientations (LGO) and particles with local bond configurations that align with the reference basis will have a LGO of θ = 0°. A detailed description of simulation setup and analysis is provided in the Methods section.
To elucidate the mechanism behind grain coalescence in d-QCs, we begin with characterization of GB formation as a function of misorientation. Here, we define misorientation as the rotation angle about the {00001} axis between two seeds. We define grain as a region where the arrangement of particles may be described by a continuous lattice in physical space and seed as a set of particles belonging to the d-QC lattice with fixed LGOs. We will refer to simulations based on the misorientations between seeds, rather than the misorientations between grains, since grains can change LGOs over time but the misorientations between seeds are fixed and represent the initial conditions of d-QC grains. Figure 3 compares small (3°), intermediate (9° and 10°), and large (15°) seed misorientations between two d-QC seeds with a fixed distance of L = 40d, where d = 1.02 is defined as the distance between r = 0 and the 1st neighbor shell in the isotropic pair potential36 and each seed contains 144 atoms. Each seed accounts for ~ 0.03 % of the particles in the entire simulation. This means that the contribution of the fixed seed to the phason dynamics around the seed could be negligible. We verify this assumption with analysis of particle flips in both fixed and unfixed seed simulations (Supplementary Fig. 2). No significant suppression of phason dynamics was observed around the seeds in both cases. In unfixed seed simulations, we do not see grain displacement upon collision (Supplementary Fig. 3), which suggests our use of fixed seeds does not artificially hinder grain motion and should not introduce any significant artifacts into our results. Therefore, our choice to incorporate fixed-seed simulations can be justified by the purpose of replicating solidification experiments. Temperature was fixed at kT = 0.5 reduced units and pressure was fixed at P = 3.9 reduced units. Further description of reduced units are provided in the "Methods" section.
When seed misorientations are 3° and 9° (Fig. 3(a, b)), we observe unimodal histograms of θ in the bulk QC at equilibrium (left column) and a ten-fold pattern in the diffraction (right column). These results suggest that the misoriented grains rotated and the misorientation was minimized. On the other hand, when seed misorientations are 10° and 15° (Fig. 3(c, d)), we observe bimodal histograms of θ (left column) in the bulk QC at equilibrium and overlapped, ten-fold patterns in the diffraction image (right column). These results indicate the formation of a GB between misoriented grains. In the case of Fig. 3(a), one grain (yellow-orange) adopts the LGOs of the other grain (blue), see middle column. For intermediate seed misorientations (Fig. 3(b, c)), grains rotate toward intermediate orientations (dark colored regions, middle column). In some cases, a GB is observed because misorientation is reduced, but not eliminated (Fig. 3(c)). This is visible in the diffraction pattern (right column), where the misorientation between the two ten-fold patterns is ~6° after rotation. At large seed misorientation, i.e., 15°, the GB is clearly defined and orientations of both seeds strongly resemble the initial seed orientations (Fig. 3(d)). The diffraction pattern in Fig. 3(d) shows a misorientation of ~ 15°, which corresponds to the initial misorientation between the seeds (i.e., no grain rotation). Note the diffraction patterns shown here are closely related to the stereographic projections of facet orientations from experiment (Fig. 1(c, f)). This is because the external morphology of a crystal reflects its point group isogonal with its space group37.
In light of these trends, we can identify a critical seed misorientation, Δθcrit ≈ 9. 5°, for the given simulation conditions (L = 40d and kT = 0.4), below which grains can rotate. The angle of critical value provided here is not meant to represent all cases of grain coalescence in d-QCs, as Δθcrit is likely a function of various thermophysical parameters (i.e., temperature, grain size, fluid viscosity, and external stress18,19). Instead, we treat it as a reference point for how the behavior of d-QCs change at Δθcrit. After grain rotation towards 0° misorientation from the small initial misorientation (3°), only a few dislocations in the GB region were detected (Fig. 4(a, c)) in the single density mode38, which suggests grain coalescence. In contrast, we observed an array of dislocations in the single density mode38 from the simulations with 15° initial misorientation ( > Δθcrit), indicating the formation of a GB (Fig. 4(b, c)). That is, grain coalescence occurs only for relatively small seed misorientation angles, see Fig. 4(c). We also verify grain coalescence and formation of GBs using density modes (Supplementary Fig. 4), and tiling analyses (Supplementary Fig. 5).
We begin our analysis of coalescence by mapping the LGOs of grains grown from two seeds with misorientation 6°, well below Δθcrit, as depicted in Fig. 5. Figure 5(a–e) shows the time evolution of coarse-grained LGOs for seeds with 6° misorientation. At early timesteps (Fig. 5(a, b)), we observe two grains (labeled A and B) with good alignment to seed orientation (yellow-orange and blue regions, seeds A and B, respectively). Immediately after collision, grain A remains well aligned with seed A and a GB is clearly visible (Fig. 5(b)). Both grains continue to rotate and reduce misorientation (darkening of both grains, Fig. 5(b–e)) over the next ~ 4.33 × 106 timesteps. The GB grooves (Fig. 5(b, c), arrows) gradually flatten during rotation. This confirms the formation of a single grain, mimicking the experimental results (Fig. 1(b)).
For comparison to our d-QC system in Figs. 3 and 5, we show results from a FCC simulation with seeds at a fixed distance of 15.5a, where \(a=4\frac{d}{\sqrt{2}}\) is the lattice constant, d = 1.1 is average bond length in the FCC grain, and 3° misorientation between seeds. The results are shown in Fig. 6, where the image is colored using the same method used in Figs. 3 and 5, where alignment with seeds A and B (labeled in Fig. 6(a)) are indicated by a yellow-orange and blue color, respectively, and fluid-like regions are represented by white. In contrast to our d-QC results, simulations of FCC grains (Fig. 6) show clear GB grooves at all stages of growth and more localized changes in misorientation (Fig. 6(b–e)). We note that, even after coalescence, small regions remain well aligned with the initial d-QC seeds (Fig. 3(a, b) and 5(e)), despite rotation through the bulk of the crystal. This is due to our decision to fix the seed position throughout the entire simulation, preventing rotation of the nucleation sites of each grain.
The phenomenon of grain coalescence is well documented in polycrystalline materials18,19,21,39. Mechanisms for grain coalescence are driven by reduction of GB free energy and are categorized broadly by GB migration and grain rotation, as alluded to earlier. In embedded grains, GB migration is typically coupled with rigid sliding18,19,39,40 (termed coupling), which is identified by a translation of the GB and a concomitant, continuous change in misorientation (i.e., lattice rotation) near the GB18. In contrast, uncoupled GB sliding manifests as a uniform, global change in grain orientation, as we observed in Figs. 5–6. Measurements of grain rotation rates as a function of initial grain misorientation (Supplementary Fig. 6) show strong and qualitative agreement with classical equations for the dependence of GB free energy (γgb) on misorientation (θ)41 and driving pressure of sliding, \({P}_{\parallel }\approx -\frac{d{\gamma }_{{{\mathrm{gb}}}}}{d\theta }\frac{1}{{{{{{{{\mathscr{R}}}}}}}}}\), where \({{{{{{{\mathscr{R}}}}}}}}\) denotes grain radius18. The presence of sliding and the gradual disappearance of the GB groove in Fig. 5 suggests d-QCs are able to eliminate GBs with pure rotation. This is unexpected—due to the aperiodic, long-range translational order present in QC lattices, translational mismatch between lattices grown from two seeds is likely, even when misorientation between grains is 0°. It should not be possible to eliminate translational mismatches with rotation alone. This is consistent with our simulations of FCC grains (Fig. 6), wherein the GB groove remains stationary and prominent, despite rotation towards 0° misorientation between grains. This finding also means that, although GBs are not observed in the physical space of our d-QCs, evidence of translational mismatches may be found in the phason space of the crystal.
We note a few caveats to consider when applying this theoretical framework to experiment. First of all, since the sliding velocity is directly proportional to the driving pressure, P∥, and P∥ is itself inversely proportional to the radius, \({{{{{{{\mathscr{R}}}}}}}}\), of the grain18, a smaller Δθcrit and slower rotation rate are expected in the XRT experiment, compared with the simulation. Second, in experiment, grains are anchored onto a substrate. Even so, grains may rotate if the applied torque is sufficient to overcome any interaction between grains or with an external substrate42,43,44. This suggests that the presence of external constraints may impact the kinetics of rotation; nevertheless, grain rotation is still possible. A case in point is Fig. 1(a, b) from our own work, showing grain rotation on experimental time-scales in the limit of small initial misorientation.
Owing to the unique symmetries of QCs, all dislocations in d-QCs contain phasonic components8. These phasonic components represent excitations in QC lattice; they contribute to an increase in the system's phason strain, which may be relaxed over diffusive timescales. In contrast, dislocations in periodic crystals are purely phononic. Previous work shows that motion of dislocations through d-QCs results in a wall of phasons along the slip plane45. This suggests that the dislocation reactions that enable sliding to occur (vide supra) redistribute the phonon strain from lattice mismatches as phason strain through a combination of dislocation annihilation mechanisms and phason flips. Owing to the complexity and variety of dislocations in d-QCs, however, we reserve quantitative analysis of phasonic motion and dislocation kinetics for future work. Instead, we examine simulations where grain coalescence occurs for residual phason strain as a potential signature of dislocation motion during grain coalescence (Fig. 7).
Density modes (Fig. 7(a–c)) are obtained by filtering two pairs of Bragg peaks from the diffraction image of the merged QC. They represent the two different length scales (e.g., golden ratio) in QCs. The region boxed in Fig. 7(a–c) with yellow rectangles is further processed for the phason strain analysis with an appropriate threshold (Fig. 7(d–f)). According to Freedman et al.7, the "jags" in the stripes pattern are the signature of phason strain in the quasiperiodic lattice. We quantified the fraction of "jags", which are longer than zero and shorter than the longer edge of the yellow rectangles in Fig. 7(a–c), along the direction of the stripes. Figure 7(g) shows that a higher phason strain is accumulated within the grain-boundary region as the initial misorientation increases in the simulation timescale, which supports the hypothesis that phonon strain is redistributed as phason strain during coalescence. This is in good agreement with the coalescence mechanisms shown in ref. 10, where coalescing grains were shown to transform from structures with phonon and phason strain, to a structure with phason strain, which is later relaxed.
Phason strain relaxation occurs over much longer timescales than our simulations46. This means that, although we expect d-QCs to gradually relax to a low or no phason strain state over time, phason strain introduced during grain coalescence should be observable. Thus, we expect phason strain relaxation to occur over experimental timescales near regions where the hard collision occurred (Fig. 7). Indeed, there is ample evidence of phason strain relaxation, obtained from recent in situ experiments. For example, Nagao et al.47 observed grain-boundary migration in QCs through an "error-and-repair" process, wherein phason strain at the grain-boundary region is relaxed to generate an ideal quasicrsytalline lattice. In addition, we confirm the relaxation of phason strain in our slow-cooling experiments, as evidenced by the linear relationship between G∣∣ and FWHM of the peaks in the diffraction pattern (Fig. 2).
We elucidated the growth interaction between two d-QCs with fixed-seed positions via 4D XRT and MD simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental study to investigate the structural continuity between two quasicrystalline crystals after a hard collision. With our joint analyses, we were able to provide a cohesive picture for the conditions that give rise to grain coalescence: (i) parallel periodic axes and (ii) small misorientation between quasiperiodic crystals. In this operating regime, we observed grain rotation toward 0° misorientation in order to minimize grain-boundary energy. This process occurs through a dislocation-mediated mechanism that allows the d-QCs to redistribute phonon strain due to lattice mismatch as phason strain, by local rearrangement of dislocations into valid tilings. Taken all together, our integrated approach highlights the exciting opportunity for microstructure optimization via control of the grain boundaries – that is, defect engineering. It provides the knowledge base for fabrication of defect-free QCs (e.g., through a controlled sintering process), thereby widening their potential uses and applications.
Synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography
The 4D synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography (XRT) experiment was carried out at the 2-BM beamline of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory in Lemont, Illinois, United States. A high-purity alloy ingot with nominal composition Al79Co6Ni15 was prepared by the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) technique at the Materials Preparation Center (MPC) at Ames Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, United States. Then, the sample was cut into cylinders of 1 mm diameter by 5 mm height. The tomography scan was taken with a polychromatic "pink" beam centered at 27 keV every ten minutes as the sample was cooled from 1020 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Each scan consisted of 1000 projection images equally spaced in the range 0° to 180°, collected with an exposure time of 14 ms per projection. The projection FOV measured 2560 by 800 pixels, resulting in a pixel size of 0.65 μm2.
The raw projection images were reconstructed into 800 2D image slices along the cylinder height by TomoPy48, a Python-based open source framework developed for data processing and reconstruction. The processed 2D images show a clear absorption contrast between d-QCs and melt. This can be attributed to a non-congruent solidification of d-QCs, such that Al is rejected as growth proceeds25. The solidification pathway for an alloy of composition Al79Co6Ni15 was verified by Thermo-calc49 using the Al-Co-Ni thermodynamic database by Wang and Cacciamani14. For our further analysis, we segmented the solid–liquid interfaces with an appropriate threshold and the segmented images were combined to give the 3D microstructures. Volumes were rendered using the Image processing toolbox in Matlab R2018b.
X-ray diffraction experiment
A high-purity alloy ingot with nominal composition of Al79Co6Ni15 was fully liquified at 1030 °C and slowly cooled (1 °C/min) to mimic the cooling profile of the XRT experiment. Then, the sample was water-quenched at 970 °C. X-ray diffraction pattern was obtained at room temperature using a Rigaku Smartlab diffractometer with a Cu-Kα radiation source.
Decagonal quasicrystal simulation
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed with HOOMD-blue50 in the isobaric-isothermal (NPT) ensemble. Simulations used reduced units of energy (ϵ), length (d = 1.02) in arbitrary units, mass (m), and time \((\tau =\sqrt{\frac{m{d}^{2}}{\epsilon }})\). Particles interacted through an oscillatory, double-well potential36 (Fig. 8), previously shown to form d-QCs,
where VPMF(r) is the tabulated potential of mean force (PMF) constructed from the radial distribution of a diamond-forming system51, ε = − 1.8, d = 1.02 is the location of the first minimum, σ is the width of the Gaussian applied to the first well, and rcut = 2.9d is the cutoff. The pair potential was smoothed and shifted to 0 at rcut.
Each simulation was performed with 500,000 particles and with periodic boundary conditions in three dimensions. Simulations were carried out in quasi-2D boxes with final average dimensions of 360 × 360 × 8 to reduce the influence of layer mismatches and rearrangements along the periodic axis and to maximize the amount of atomic rearrangements in the quasicrystalline plane. Systems were linearly cooled from a liquid-like configuration (\({T}_{{{{{{\mathrm{init}}}}}}}^{* }=1.5\)) to a temperature near, but below the melting point (\({T}_{{{{{{\mathrm{end}}}}}}}^{* }=0.4\)) over 100,000 timesteps. The temperature was expressed in a reduced unit of \({T}^{* }=\frac{{k}_{b}T}{\epsilon }\), where kb is the Boltzmann constant. Each system was then held at \({T}_{{{{{{\mathrm{end}}}}}}}^{* }\) for 20 million simulation timesteps at a pressure of 3.9. Simulations consisted of two fixed seeds with a distance of 40 between the seed centers and misorientation between 0° and 18°. For each misorientation, 3–5 simulations were run to ensure consistency of the results. The computational workflow and general data management in particular for this publication was primarily supported by the signac data management framework52.
Orientational order parameter analysis
We used the bond-orientational order parameter for k-atic rotational symmetry53 to identify the local orientational symmetry of each particle m:
where n is the number of neighboring particles and θ represents the angle between local bond orientations and a fixed basis with k-atic rotational symmetry, or, the local grain orientation (LGO). For a decagonal quasicrystal, we use the value of k = 10, so that ψ10(m) refers to the decatic order parameter. For FCC simulations, we computed ψ4(m), or the quadratic order parameter, on the 2D projection of the crystal down the 2-fold rotational axis. We note that the projected structure resembles a simple square lattice, resulting in fourfold, rather than twofold rotational symmetry in the 2D lattice. We determine neighbors for particle m as the k nearest neighbors to ensure that measurements reflect the local atomic environment of each particle. Data analysis for this publication utilized the freud library54.
FCC simulations
We carried out additional MD simulations of an FCC forming system via the 6-12 Lennard-Jones pair potential,
that is truncated at rcut = 2.5*σ, where σ = 1.0, ϵ = 1.0, and r is the distance from the center of a particle, expessed in units of σ. Temperature was fixed at kT = 0.6, and pressure was fixed at P = 1.0 in reduced units. All periodic simulations contained ≈ 500, 000 atoms and contained either one or two fixed seeds, with 499 atoms each, and the potential was shifted and smoothed so that both the potential and its derivative are zero at the cutoff.
Orientational order paramater mapping
For qualitative comparison of grain rotation between two seeds with different misorientation, we normalize local grain orientations (LGOs) of individual particles based on their deviation from seed LGOs. To begin, we constructed expected histograms for two seeded simulations as bimodal distributions from histograms of single-seeded reference simulations (yellow line, Fig. 9), where peaks correspond to the reference seed misorientation (θ = 0°) and the rotated seed misorientation (0° ≤ θ ≤ 18°, 6° in Fig. 9). We remap the LGO of individual particles to the bimodal cumulative histogram, cf(θ). This highlights small changes in misorientation and makes it possible to compare grain interactions at various misorientations without manual rescaling.
This is because the cumulative distribution cf(θ) always equals 0.5 when θ equals the mean of a unimodal distribution. If we construct our bimodal distribution as a mixture of two Gaussian-like distributions with identical variance, but different means, it follows that the means in the bimodal distribution correspond to cf(θ0.25) ≈ 0.25 and cf(θ0.75) ≈ 0.75, where θ0.25 = 0° and θ0.75 corresponds to the LGO of the rotated seed (in Fig. 9, θ0.75 = 6°). Particles with LGOs different from either seed have cf(θ) of 1 or 0, and seeds with intermediate orientations have cf(θ) between 0.25 and 0.75, where LGOs with cf(θ)s of 1 or 0 have the same meaning. This is because, for the 10-fold rotational symmetry found in decagonal quasicrystals, the basis vectors are invariant for rotations 36°, meaning, LGOs of − 10° and 26° are equivalent. Here, we define intermediate orientations as angles that lie along the shortest rotation between two seeds (black region in Fig. 9) and unlike orientations as angles that lie along the longest rotation between two seeds (white region in Fig. 9). The inclusion of the extreme cases, where orientations are highly unlike either seeds, is useful in identifying liquid regions in the d-QC during growth, such as in Fig. 5. It is important to note that as misorientation approaches 18°, the difference between "intermediate" orientations and "unlike" orientations diminishes.
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
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Shahani, A. J., Gulsoy, E. B., Poulsen, S. O., Xiao, X. & Voorhees, P. W. Twin-mediated crystal growth: an enigma resolved. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–11 (2016).
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We are grateful to Pavel Shevshenko for assisting in the synchrotron-based tomography experiment. We thank Sophie Y. Lee and Bradley D. Dice for providing simulation seeding code and Joshua A. Anderson for valuable guidance on simulation set up. The work was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Award No. DE-SC0019118. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Computational work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE)55, which is supported by National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562; XSEDE award DMR 140129. Additional computational resources and services supported by Advanced Research Computing at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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Han, I., Wang, K.L., Cadotte, A.T. et al. Formation of a single quasicrystal upon collision of multiple grains. Nat Commun 12, 5790 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26070-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26070-9
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Alan Partridge is one of the most familiar faces of UK TV in the past 30 years. From his BBC show in the 1990s all the way through his North Norfolk Digital Radio shows to his presenting job on BBC magazine show 'This Time', Partridge is a man who we have come to love (or hate, depending on how you take him).
Partridge is taking the next step in his career by embarking on a nationwide arena tour, which includes a stop in Birmingham.
Here's all you need to know about the man himself, when he comes to Birmingham and how to get tickets.
When does Alan Partridge perform in Birmingham?
Alan comes to Birmingham as part of a UK wide arena tour which kicks off at the end of April.
He is performing on two nights in Birmingham, and these are due to be held on 28 and 29 April at the Birmingham Utilita Arena.
Where else is he performing?
The two Birmingham shows take place a week into the UK and Ireland tour, and they are also the first two shows in England.
The tour kicks off in Belfast on 22 April and Alan will perform in 14 cities in just over a month.
The tour is due to end with three nights at The O2 Arena in London beginning on 31 May.
The full tour schedule is listed below.
- 22 April Belfast, SSE Arena
- 23/24 April Dublin, 3 Arena
- 26 April Edinburgh, Playhouse
- 28/29 April Birmingham, Utilita Arena
- 30 April Sheffield, Sheffield Arena
- 03/04 May Newcastle, Utilita Arena
- 5 May Hull, Bonus Arena
- 6/7 May Nottingham, Motorpoint Arena
- 8/9 May Brighton Centre
- 11 May Liverpool, M&S Bank Arena
- 13/14 May Manchester Arena
- 15 May Hull, Bonus Arena
- 17 May Blackpool, Grand Opera House
- 18 May Plymouth Pavilions
- 19/20/21 May Cardiff, Motorpoint Arena
- 22 May Bournemouth, BIC
- 24/25 May Glasgow, SSE Arena
- 26 May Edinburgh, Playhouse
- 27 May Aberdeen, P&J Live
- 28/29 Leeds, First Direct Arena
- 31 May, 1 June and 3 June London, The O2
How can I get tickets?
Tickets for both nights are available through The Ticket Factory and prices start at £41 per person.
What can we expect from Alan Partridge on the tour?
Ahead of the tour, Steve Coogan gave some insight into what we can expect from 'Stratagem' and if we will see the old Alan Partridge up on the stage.
He said: "Alan will be trying to impart his accumulated wisdom and put it into some form that has cogency, so that he can 'help' other people.
"It's an all-encompassing, almost cripplingly broad attempt to cover all potential personal problems that people might have in processing the modern world, so Alan helps people navigate the rocky waters of gender, equality, diversity, sexual identity.
He added: "Whatever the most precarious and dangerous landscapes that are out there, we'll put Alan's walking bits on and let him stomp all over them."
Who is Alan Partridge?
Alan Partridge is a comedy character devised and portrayed by actor and comedian Steve Coogan.
He first appeared on radio on the spoof current affairs show 'On The Hour' in 1991 and got his first chance at TV in 1994 with his chat show 'Knowing Me, Knowing You with Alan Partridge'.
Over the next 30 years, Alan returned to our screens in various forms and programmes, from his radio show at North Norfolk Digital (where for one series we see him living out of a Travel Tavern).
Coogan has also taken Alan to the big screen, in the 2014 film 'Alpha Papa' where Alan lends his hand at being a negotiator in a hostage situation.
In the years that followed, he returned to the BBC to become the new host of fictional magazine show 'This Time' and produced a podcast which was released in September 2020 entitled 'From The Oasthouse'.

subset: commoncrawl


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fidget spinner
A fidget spinner is a toy that is marketed as relieving stress. … The toy has been advertised as helping people who have trouble with focusing or fidgeting (such as those with ADHD, autism, or anxiety) by acting as a release mechanism for nervous energy or psychological stress.
This season's hottest toy is marketed as an antidote for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and autism is fidget spinner— but it's also being banned in classrooms across the country.
Using a spinner-like gadget is more likely to serve as a distraction than a benefit for individuals with ADHD," said Mark Rapport, a clinical psychologist at the University of Central Florida who has studied the benefits of movement on attention in people with ADHD.
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(The so-called fidget cube — which is a plastic cube equipped with various buttons and dials for fidgeting hands — may be more classroom friendly, according to a scientist who studies the intersection of human-computer interaction and games, who pointed out on the website The Conversation that the cube doesn't require visual attention.
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"They can serve the same purpose as the spinners, but are more classroom-ready and less distracting," Katherine Isbister, professor of Computational Media at the University of California, Santa Cruz, wrote on The Conversation.)
Regardless of their usefulness in keeping kids' distracted brains focused, fidget spinners have sparked a conversation about attention spans in kids and how to help the little ones focus, experts told Live Science.
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For instance, though there isn't a lot of data supporting the idea that kids have less focus today than in the past, some research does suggest attention spans have decreased as multitasking has increased with the digital age, one expert said.
There are various methods for bringing kids' focus back to the lesson at hand, psychologists say, including fidgeting devices, activity breaks and the simple removal of extra distractions. (The devices may also teach kids something about physics, or at least ball bearings.)
for more detail about cricket click here.


text: Rockwell Studios creator of virtual worlds and interactive stories; the developer of Himeko Sutori and Septaroad Voyager Scaleform Extension by nathaniel | 2022-11-24 | Development, game | 0 CommentsI think I might be the last custodian of the Scaleform Extension zxp file. I now share it with you, in case future generations ever have need of creating a user interface in a long-outdated format. If you ever find yourself in need of the Scaleform extension for Adobe... Read More A New Start by nathaniel | 2022-11-07 | Development, game, web | 0 CommentsAlthough this is our second game, we are starting from scratch in many ways. Here's to a fresh start on a new game. Read More


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We pride ourselves on quality. It's something we put a great deal of emphasis on.
Have you ever wished you could talk to a website? To ask the type of questions that are not addressed or not specific enough to you? Well, here is a unique opportunity to do just that.
Who better to talk to than the developer of Laube Holistic Solutions – Tobias Laube. A private consultation from the comfort of your own home.
In this one-hour consultation, Tobias will explain to you how and why our health remedies can help you achieve absolute health.
We offer a 1:1 video conversation to include a detailed explanation of how to follow the different protocols, as well as an insight into other applications and ways to use AMS.
Specific to you, the uses and protocols can be discussed and demonstrated in front of the camera, in order to ensure you feel confident when using our products.
This may be the vital, life-changing, information you need, particularly if you are suffering from a condition that is chronic or even terminal.
After placing the order, we will contact you to arrange a convenient date and time to suit you.
As this is a live video call, it will be necessary for you to use a device that has a camera installed.
If you do not see your issue or condition addressed here on this website, please contact us via email or telephone and we will be pleased to advise and help you.
We offer clear and personal advice and guidance should you need help when using our products. Please contact us if you need more information regarding this or any other products on our website.


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- This event has passed.
10:30 AM Technology Workshop (SPB)
April 24, 2019 @ 10:30 am - 12:00 pm
Windows 10 Basics
Is your computer a bit of a mystery to you? This class will give you an introduction to the basic operation of your Windows laptop or desktop computer. We'll cover what the operating system does, how to organize and back up your files, and some basic programs to browse the Web, read your email, and work with documents and spreadsheets.
Bring your laptop to class.
Registration required; space is limited.
Registration required, no fee.


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One of the issues that people carry on saying about on-line funds is that there are risks involved. It's true that there's a level of risk concerned, but it's worth understanding the risks so as to have the ability to navigate them successfully. Understanding what can go mistaken and what can assist to cut back or remove these dangers can make it easier to deal with the dangers.
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The very first thing to remember when coping with on-line payments is that the security issues are comparatively straightforward. There are quite a few internet-based mostly payment service suppliers (SPPS) which have carried out programs that supply a really excessive level of security. You simply need to understand how to protect yourself from them. There are numerous things that you can do so as to guard yourself.
If you use PayPal, there are some primary steps that you can take to protect your self from on-line payments. One of an important is to not submit fee information on a web site that is not secure, comparable to most of the chat forums which can be used for making online payments. By not utilizing these forums you will significantly reduce the amount of potential danger.
Another way you can minimize the risk associated with online funds is to take particular care when supplying personal data, comparable to credit card numbers, to merchants that appear to be untrustworthy. The Federal Commerce Commission has been conducting a research on the prevalence of id theft and found that 75% of customers report that they have been victims of this crime. Just a few of the techniques that you can use to cut back the risk are:
-If you select to pay with a bank card, it's best to be sure that the company you're utilizing doesn't cost further charges for your card. In some instances, they may request that you pay a fee on top of the cost of the merchandise you're shopping for. Of course, you can always decline to pay such fees, but this isn't at all times potential.
-Keep away from accepting payments from strangers by looking at the service provider's privateness coverage and deciding whether or not you can accept their companies. Many sites could have a number of payment choices, but not all of them offer them, and it is necessary to decide on probably the most appropriate. You should also consider whether the corporate uses a trusted vendor, corresponding to PayPal, which has safeguards in place to ensure that your personal and monetary data is saved protected.
-If you have no idea anything about a specific payment system, attempt to study as a lot as you'll be able to before utilizing it. You might want to ask for recommendation on safety points in addition to on fee solutions and make sure to research any firm earlier than agreeing to any payments. Then you will be higher ready to make the most knowledgeable decisions about on-line payments and could also be able to decide on a system that's greatest for your personal needs.
-When dealing with on-line payments which are more superior, it's possible you'll wish to make use of a system that provides you with a checking account and bank card information securely. Some cost methods don't present such options, and you should not assume that a system with a bodily location can be used safely. Nevertheless, even if you end up dealing with the less secure online payments, you should be careful to know the entire conditions and protect your self from loss.
-When doing online payments that involve money, it is straightforward to lose your money due to the nature of the transaction. For those who plan to do more business over the Web than could be finished via a phone, you could want to install a credit card processor so that you can also make funds over the Internet and to a bodily tackle. That is the only means to make certain that you're protected from any loss of funds that may happen.
-By taking the time to decide on a service provider that gives online transactions, you'll be able to decrease the risk of dropping money or having transactions go unsuitable. Should you determine to work with a financial institution or an organization that has carried out high ranges of safety, you'll find a company that is willing to keep your account safe and to maintain your data safe. If you select a site that's not concerned on this area, it's possible you'll have no recourse in case your personal or financial data is misplaced.
The primary thing to recollect when dealing with online funds is that a little data can go a great distance. When you utilize an excellent fee service supplier, the price of the service must be matched by the quality. you will get from your financial establishment or service provider.
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Bunzl Expands Into SingaporeFebruary 27, 2017
Bunzl plc, parent company of Bunzl Cleaning & Hygiene Supplies, has acquired LSH Industrial Solutions Pte Ltd.
The acquisition of the Singapore-based personal protective equipment manufacturer expands Bunzl's safety equipment offerings. Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed.
To read the full story, click here.
About Bunzl Cleaning & Hygiene Supplies
Bunzl Cleaning & Hygiene Supplies, a division of Bunzl plc, is a Berkshire, United Kingdom-based distributor of hygiene products, cleaning supplies, and janitorial equipment. For more information, visit www.bunzlchs.com.


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I came across this device being used by a photographer: Launch | Novation
It is designed for music applications, as as such communicates via MIDI commands. His was set up to trigger macros using Keyboard Maestro, as well as to control Adobe Lightroom use a free/open source app called MIDI2LR that receives MIDI commands and translates them into Lightroom controls using an LR plugin.
It looked somewhat interesting as an alternative to a StreamDeck.
— It looks to be cheaper for a larger set of buttons that can be programmed.
— The mini version looks like, being flat and small, it gives a greater degree of portability with a large button set compared with a StreamDeck
— It might be fun to play with and to try to get working for whatever purpose
— The buttons are LED lit (it looks like the current models can do a decent part of RGB display), but are not graphical in the sense of putting custom icons or images on them, so as a result you pretty much have to remember what each button does rather than customizing button appearances on the StreamDeck to make it clear what button does what
— It seems there is better support for using the StreamDeck on a Mac, eg in Keyboard Maestro, although my (limited) exploration thus far suggests that there are two different KM plugins for this purpose and it is not clear to me exactly how one gets up and running (although I suppose there is no more experimentation here than there would be with the Launch product).
Anyone know more about this thing?


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It's finally here! Been waiting all Summer for this day to get to go to Cedar Point Amusement Park with 17 yo grandson Julian.
He and a buddy Garret from PA are going together to ride the roller coasters.
Haven't seen him in a few years so it was quite a shock to see a 6'4″ man get in my car! Wow he grew!
They had a blast on the coasters
Crazy coasters, beautiful weather.
They left to go back to Columbus.
Happy trails.


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FingerprintDive into the research topics of 'Celebrating Jhumki Basu's contributions to science education as a scholar and an activist: Voices from the field'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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Catherine Milne, Laurie Rubel, Alberto J. Rodriguez, Christopher Emdin, Maria Rivera Maulucci, Donyagay Locke, Edna Tan, Neil Clairmont, Bhaskar Upadhyay
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review


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The Iowa High School Athletic Association will have a new leader in July.
The board of the organization which oversees boys high school sports in Iowa has named Cedar Rapids Xavier president Tom Keating to be its sixth executive director. Keating replaces Alan Beste who is retiring. Keating is Philadelphia native who began teaching and coaching in Maxwell in 1977. He moved to Dubuque Wahlert in 1980 as activities director and won 11 state volleyball championships there as the head coach. He became a principal at Xavier in 2004 and president in 2018. Keating also served on the IHSAA's Board of Control from 2008-2018. He begins his new job July 1st.


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It's time to go back to school, and if you're a parent that probably means you're busier than ever. With all the classes, sports, packed lunches, and carpool it can be hard to stay on top of your kids health, especially if in involves something so often ignored as feet. Here are a few tips to help you stay on top of your kids' foot health.
Avoid Shoe-Swapping
Parents know how hard it is to keep up with clothing their growing children. Kids grow so fast that it can seem almost wasteful to buy them new clothes and shoes. Because of this, hand-me-downs have become a popular alternative to buying items that will be too tight in a year's time, but it's not always the healthiest or most comfortable option. Shoes conform to the feet of the wearer so they can achieve maximum support and comfort. If your child wears shoes from someone who has outgrown them they're probably not the most supportive for their feet and may result in discomfort or actual foot issues. Shoe-sharing also can spread conditions like athlete's foot and nail fungus.
Watch Growth
As stated previously, kids grow incredible fast, their shoe and sock size changing every few months. A shoe that's too tight can cause irritation, discomfort, and ingrown toenails—something you definitely don't want to happen. Track your child's foot growth by measuring their feet each time you buy new shoes and watch for when they become too tight or uncomfortable.
Pay Attention To Wear And Tear
Wearing worn-out shoes can be really bad for your feet and open up the potential for damage from external elements. During the school year your child's shoes wear-out fast, all the running around combined with the fact that they're now wearing them all day means they undergo a lot of use. Pay particular attention to the heels of their shoes. If one heel is more worn down than the other this could indicate a foot problem and should be checked by the podiatrists at Alpine Foot Specialists.
Wear The Right Shoe
One of the biggest mistakes that people make regarding their feet is wearing the wrong shoes during different activities. Your child's foot needs will change throughout the year and they need shoes that support each of those changes. Unfortunately their regular gym tennis shoes will probably not transfer to basketball. The American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine suggests that parents start investing in sports-specific footwear for their kids starting at age 10.
Taking care of your kid's feet is such an important part of their overall health. Instill good habits early by paying attention to their comfort and support needs when it comes to shoes. However, if either you or your kids are experiencing problems don't hesitate to contact Alpine Foot Specialists. Your feet are as important to you as they are to us so keep them healthy by calling (847) 941-0988!
Courtesy of: Footwear News


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Iran Removes National Soccer Team Players For Competing Against Israelis
(JTA) — Iran reportedly has removed two players from its national soccer team after they competed against an Israeli team.
Haji Safi and Masoud Shojaei play for the Greek soccer club Panionios, which last week competed against Israel's Maccabi Tel Aviv team in the Europa League's third qualifying round second leg held in Greece. The Greek team lost.
"Shojaei and Haji Safi have no place in Iran's national football team any more because they crossed the country's red line," Deputy Sports Minister Mohammad Reza Davarzani said on state television, according to the French news agency AFP.
Davarzani acknowledged that in the previous round, the players had declined to travel with their team to play in Israel despite receiving "pressure."
"Well done to Masoud Shojaei and Ehsan Haji Safi who broke the taboo of not playing in matches against Israeli athletes," Israel's Foreign Ministry wrote on its Farsi language Twitter account, according to reports.


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Missouri Governor Creates Task Force to Probe How Abortion Hurts Women Email this article
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by Steven Ertelt
LifeNews.com Editor
October 29, 2007
Jefferson City, MO (LifeNews.com) — Missouri Governor Matt Blunt has called for a new state task force to examine the myriad of ways abortion hurts women by causing either medical, mental health or other problems. Blunt has put together the Governor's Task Force on the Impact of Abortion on Women at a time when abortion advocates say abortion benefits women.
Blunt answered questions about the new task force at a press conference Monday.
"This is a very informal group of good people who believe in advancing the cause of life and believe that we should minimize the impact of abortion on society," he said.
The governor admitted that the panel, which includes prominent pro-life advocates, will likely conclude that abortion is harmful to women.
"I certainly would begin with the presumption that abortion has a negative impact on Missouri children, Missouri women, and Missouri men, because it's harmful to society," Blunt said, according to an AP report.
Cindy Province, a co-founder of the Center for Bioethics and Culture-Missouri, who helped select the members of the panel said it will seek out "truthful, honest information" from researchers.
Predictably, Peter Brownlie, president of Planned Parenthood of Kansas and Mid-Missouri, told the Associated Press he opposes the creation of the new panel. He said he would provide it with pro-abortion studies supposedly showing abortion is beneficial for women.
"My first reaction is that I doubt this governor is particularly interested in an objective overview of the impact of abortion," Brownlie said.
Women who know best about the positive or negative aspects of abortion applauded the governor for establishing the task force.
Leaders of the Silent No More Awareness Campaign, the nation's largest network of women and men testifying to the harm they've endured from abortion, praised Blunt.
"The evidence for the devastation wrought by abortion is everywhere," said Georgette Forney, co-founder of the group who had an abortion when she was 17.
"Thousands of women in our network alone can give full accounts of both the physical and lasting emotional trauma caused by so called 'safe and legal' abortion," Forney told LifeNews.com. "Governor Blunt is doing a great service not only for his state, but for women all over the country."
"This is extremely important work the Governor is undertaking," added Janet Morana, another co-founder of the post-abortion group. "Abortion is more than a personal decision. It impacts entire families, communities, and our nation as a whole."
Since the pair launched the group, in 2003, 2,326 women and men have shared their testimonies publicly about how they regret their abortion or participation in one and the devastation it caused them and their loved ones.
Related web sites:
Silent No More Awareness Campaign – https://www.SilentNoMoreAwareness.org


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I am a critical scientist who questions everything, including myself. That way, I turned into an agnostic person and even shifted my political views more than twice. What worries me is that scientism is currently gaining the upper hand. Whereas science is…« continue reading »
I have cited a statement made in the Texan Congress, which was reason enough to put me into a seven-day Twitter quarantine. Previously, I have been banned for posting my peer-reviewed vitamin D publication and a paper on the effectiveness of masks.…« continue reading »


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Burp Suite User Forum
Ability to edit several rows (i.e. values/names of several POST parameters) on parameters viewing tab during editing of intercepted message (Proxy module) would helped a lot.
It would be nice if the burp pro spider had an option to "brute force" files and check for the most common 100 or so files in each directory. Will
Hi Support, I'm just curious if you're going to release anything for ShellShock (recent bash vulnerability) detection. Please let me know about your plans. Thanks, David
Page 55 of 55
Your source for help and advice on all things Burp-related.


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What Is a Building Under Construction (BUC) Loan?
Most of us prefer buying a slightly completed housing unit because it is cheaper. In addition, we have the advantage in selecting the most desirable location and living space. Early buy may come with much savings because the developers usually offer more benefits and discounts than the fully completed housing units. Do you know that you nevertheless can avail of a housing loan packaged as BUC or Building Under Construction loan? The same terms and conditions goes with both BUC and fully completed housing units. BUC loan refers to a housing unit or character loan made while the physical building is nevertheless under construction. This method that there is no issued certificate of statutory completion however for the physical building.
Payment scheme
Most of the edges or lending institutions offer financing that works with the progressive payment scheme of the developer. This method that the bank usually follows the predetermined schedule of payment of the developer, which are typically based on percentages. The percentages are being set out throughout the time of the development course of action where the developer calls for a payment when a certain stage of the construction is completed. From their schedule, the bank would release the loan in stages and when the developer calls for it. Please take observe that your monthly housing loan amortization increases after each release of the progressive payment schedule. Usually, the developer would create a schedule similar to the sample below
Stage 1
Grant of the Option to buy 5%, which covers the booking fee
Stage 2
Signing of the Sale & buy Agreement 20%
Stage 3
Foundation work – complete 10%
Stage 4
strengthened concrete framework of unit – complete 10%
The stages will continue until you will receive the certificate of statutory completion. This is the time that you pay your BUC housing loan in complete too. You might be wondering if you can get a different lender for each stage. Theoretically, yes it is possible but it may mess up your personal payment schedule with so many lending payment schemes and terms and conditions to take observe. It is advisable to apply at the minimum only one bank or lender for the whole BUC loan. The three most shared loan packages are the loans with lower thereafter rates, lower initial rates but higher thereafter rates, and the fixed rate loans. Choose at any rate is most functional and applicable to your financial situation. It would be wise to use the mortgage comparison calculator before applying for any loan package to determine your capability in addition as find promotional home loans for new launches.
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Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at The Coterie Summer 2014
The Coterie's production of the hit musical CHITTY CHITTY BANG BANG is based on the MGM motion picture and featuring The Sherman Brothers' original music from the film, CHITTY CHITTY BANG BANG receives its Theatre for Young Audiences World Premiere as part of The Coterie's Lab for New Family Musicals. The show is directed by Jeff Church, from June 17 – August 3, 2014, on The Coterie's main stage.
I've come to love The Coterie 's creative interaction with the audience and their masterful combination of simplicity (inspiring young imaginations), ingenuity (very creative sets, costumes, and music), and style. In an era where movie special effects are more and more realistic, I think there is great value in children watching as, in the case of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, a cardboard box is transformed into a magical flying car.
The Coterie shows are top-notch, over-the-top, creative, interactive, professional, theatrical productions that entertain the entire audience, young and old... Chitty Chitty Bang Bang did not disappoint!
I grew up watching Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, and like many children, I adored the antics of Dick Van Dyke (from Mary Poppins to his television show), he is one of my personal favorites.
"Some time ago, I saw the stage musical in London with a car that flew using hydraulics to lift and tilt it. How will we do it? Well, I'm working with designer Alex Espy, who is creating the car from a concept I had for staging the show in an imaginative, new way," explains Coterie Producing Artistic Director Jeff Church. "This is the first time permission for the musical has been given to try a new way of showcasing the car. We're very excited to show our audiences. but I'm not giving away any secrets early!"
For those unfamiliar, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, set in early 20th century England, is a children's book by Ian Fleming (the James Bond author who took a romp into children's writing with this now-classic tale) and screenplay written by Roald Dahl (Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, James and the Giant Peach) with music by the Sherman Brothers (also composers for Mary Poppins). So imagine blending Willy Wonka and James Bond and you get Mr. Caractacus Potts, played on film by Dick Van Dyke and portrayed at The Coterie by Jake Walker. Mr. Potts is a wild-eyed big-dreaming inventor and widowed father to two children, Jemima (played by Allison Banks) and Jeremy (played by Lucas Dorrell). Jemima and Jeremy spend their time playing with a broken down jalopy of a car at local mechanic's shop. The children learn that the car is about to be sold and they convince their father to purchase it for them. This leads the family on a wild adventure where they meet candy - heiress Truly Scrumptious (portrayed by Stefanie Wienecke) and creatively raise the funds to buy the car. After the purchase, inventor-dad Mr. Potts must fix the car and he manages to not only fix it but turn it into the ultimate driving / floating / flying machine. Unbeknownst to the family, the car is a famous grand prix winner coveted by the Baron of Vulgaria (Jerry Jay Cranford) who sends two spies (Damian Blake and Teddy Trice) on a quest to steal the car. The family is chased by the spies until they wind up in Vulgaria where the Baroness (played by Julie Shaw) has banished all children from the country. She hires the Childcatcher who sniffs out hiding children with his exceptionally long nose and entices them to follow him with promises of free candy (lots of talking points here for parents).
About the Childcatcher, growing up watching the film, I always thought it was a "little too long" and there are a few scenes that make me squirm... the Childcatcher in particular. Some children cringe at the Wicked Witch, others find Jafar to be the most eerie, but for me the Childcatcher was always the scariest movie villain of all time (I don't watch horror films, so I suppose my list of villains is mostly Disney). Walking into the play, I was curious to see how The Coterie would handle this element of the story. This pivotal character is included in the Coterie's production, and he dons the traditional raggedy black suit, flimsy top hat, and exceptionally long nose. However, the actor (Hughston Walkinshaw) does a great turn in making the character more comical than spooky (still a bit frightening for my four-year-old) while maintaining the story. The notion of an evil grown-up luring children to imprisonment with promises of free ice cream brings up a lot of after-show conversation for parents (this is only 5-10 minutes of the show, but it is important).
The Childcatcher aside, the show lives up to its phantasmagorical promises with beautiful and creative sets, wonderful music, terrific choreography, and absolutely delightful acting. This show is perfectly cast - I am challenged to choose a favorite. We delighted in the return of Julie Shaw as a crazy and villainous royal after watching her in a similar role for Once Upon a Mattress. Damian Blake and Teddy Trice were nearly scene stealing spies with over-the-top antics leaving the audience roaring with laughter. The children, Allison Banks and Lucas Dorrell, were absolutely charming. And, Stefanie Wienecke as Truly Scrumptious brought a beautiful singing voice and warm charisma to the part. However, Jake Walker as Mr. Potts had one of the more challenging parts taking over Dick Van Dyke's iconic role. I am happy to say that he played the part masterfully, making it his own, with Mr. Potts as a loveable, warm, caring, and very out-of-the-box father.
The show is filled with delightful songs. Favorites include: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang as the cast winds through the audience in the magical flying car, Toot Sweets a fun choreographed piece in the candy shop, and my favorite Doll on a Music Box where Truly Scrumptious imitates the movements of a wind-up doll as she sings.
And, before I forget, the preshow interaction with the characters was one of my girls' favorite aspects of the evening! Mr. Potts came to the audience and asked the children what he should invent next - they offered creative and fun suggestions and with great improvisation he replied to each one with a perfect, funny, and in-character reaction the entire audience enjoyed!
In this production, The Coterie took a much loved book and movie and beautifully made it their own. You will not see film-quality special effects, but you will be taken on an imaginative musical journey to unbelievable pretend places... delightful for audiences young and old. My daughters gave the show two thumbs up and asked to go see it again (quite the compliment coming from girls who attend live theater shows regularly)! Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at The Coterie is a Kansas City Summer Must-See!
The Coterie, now in its 35th Season and named "One of the Five Best Theaters for Young Audiences in the U.S." by Time magazine, will perform Chitty Chitty Bang Bang June 17 - August 3, 2014, in The Coterie Theatre located on level one of Crown Center Shops in Kansas
City, MO.
- Individual Tickets: Tickets are $10.00 for youth under 18, students, and seniors age 60 and older; and $15.00 for adults.
- Group Pricing: The Coterie offers groups of 20 or more a special preview rate of $5.00 per person the first week of the run, June 17-June 22. After preview week, groups pay only $5.50 per person on weekdays and $6.50 per person on weekends (Friday nights, Saturdays and Sundays).
- Subscriptions: New this season, The Coterie introduces the Spotlight Club Pass, which works like season tickets without committing to a set schedule. Spotlight Club members pay $90.00 for a flexible pass that includes 10 tickets - a savings of 40% off individual ticket prices - that can be used for any show or combination of shows in the 2013/2014 Season.
- Target Saturdays: To help encourage a love for the arts in young adults and children, Target generously sponsors The Coterie's Saturday matinees. Patrons who purchase a full price admission to any Saturday matinee will receive one free ticket per order. (Some restrictions apply).
- All tickets and the new Spotlight Club Passes are on sale now and may be purchased by calling The Coterie's box office at (816) 474-6552, dropping by the box office on level one of the Crown Center Shops, or by visiting www.thecoterie.org.
Take advantage of these special, free performance extras (with paid admission):
- A FREE Book & 2-for-1 tickets on Target Saturdays - Saturdays, June 21, July 5, 12, 19, 26, and August 2, 2:00 p.m.: Receive a FREE copy of the young adult novel, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Rides Again by Frank Cottrell Boyce (while supplies last), and purchase a full price admission and receive one FREE admission per order. Some restrictions apply (see website for details).
- Company Q&A – Saturday, June 21 & Sunday, June 22, 2:00 p.m.: FREE post-performance question and answer period with members of the company.
- Cast Photo Op & Autograph Session – Fridays, June 27, July 11, 18, 25, and August 1, 7:00 p.m.: FREE meet and greet with members of the cast.
- "How to Host High Tea" – Sundays, June 29 & July 20, 12:45-1:15 p.m.: The Daughters of the British Empire will hold a FREE pre-show discussion on the finer points of hosting a formal tea, Truly Scrumptious-style.
- Give-Away Sundays – Sundays, July 6, 13, 27, and August 3, 2:00 p.m.: Every audience member will be automatically eligible to win FREE Coterie gifts, such as posters signed by the cast, backstage tours of the theater, and Spotlight Club Passes to attend Coterie's 2014/2015 Season.
- Interpreted performance in American Sign Language - Saturday, July 12, 2:00 p.m.
J Robert Schraeder
Coterie Theatre
2450 Grand Blvd., Suite 144, Kansas City, Missouri


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Pat Sajak didn't know where his career would take him when he landed his first big broadcasting job in Nashville at 23 years old. Being the host on "Wheel of Fortune" likely never even entered his mind in those early days. In fact, becoming a game show host was towards the bottom of Sajak's list.
But when you're a weatherman on local television and Merv Griffin calls, you listen to what he has to say.
"Honestly, I didn't see myself as a game show host. And I don't even know what I mean by that but – nothing against it," Sajak told NPR in 2013. "But if I were to make a list of the 50 things I thought I'd end up doing in broadcasting, you know, game show host would have been 47th, or something."
Along with everyone else in the country, Pat Sajak had a stereotypical idea of what a game show host had to be. Picture an over-the-top, gushy, fake smile flashing man who was more teeth than talk. Sajak didn't like the idea.
In his youth, the longtime "Wheel of Fortune" host found himself drawn to the understated nature of panel shows.
"I wouldn't call myself a game show groupie, but I liked the panel shows. There used to be a class of celebrity – and I don't exactly know who they were – people like Orson Bean and Peggy Cass; and people on shows like 'What's My Line.' They were sort of actors. They were sort of conversationalists," Sajak said in 2013. "You felt like you were at a dinner party with these people. So I liked those kinds of shows."
'Wheel of Fortune' Icon Wasn't Crazy About Game Shows, But Had A Few Favorite Hosts
So Pat Sajak wasn't watching game shows all the time growing up. But he still respected the broadcasting ability of a few legendary hosts.
"I was not a – I didn't have game shows on from dawn to dusk. But I liked some of the guys who did the show – so many shows, for so many years; guys like Bob Barker, and guys like Bill Cullen," Sajak said in the 2013 interview. "I admired them as broadcasters. I thought they were terrific."
And the fact that Sajak wasn't a game show fanatic may have contributed to his success. When he took over on "Wheel of Fortune," he brought a completely new approach to the game show host role.


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