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Alberta premier says changes coming to sovereignty bill
The Alberta government is crafting changes to be debated next week to reverse the section of a bill that gives cabinet unfettered power to rewrite laws behind closed doors without legislature approval, the province's premier said Saturday.
Danielle Smith told her Corus radio talk show that her sovereignty bill was never supposed to give cabinet such sweeping authority, adding her government wants to make it clear in law that this is not the case.
"You never get things 100 per cent right all the time," Smith told her radio listeners.
"I think there's some confusion on that, so we're working on some amendments to make it clear."
The bill, introduced Tuesday by Smith as the signature legislation of her new administration, has faced widespread condemnation for granting her and her cabinet sweeping authority to redress any federal policy, law or program it deems harmful to Alberta.
Critics say such power exercised in secret without legislature oversight is a threat to the checks and balances that underpin a healthy democracy.
For days after Smith introduced the bill, she and her cabinet members rejected accusations, including from legal and constitutional scholars, that the bill granted unchecked power.
On Thursday afternoon in the legislature, Smith accused the Opposition NDP of fearmongering "that somehow this act gives power to cabinet to unilaterally alter legislation behind closed doors despite the fact that it does not."
But Smith was admitting to problems by Friday afternoon, telling CBC News Network amendments may be needed. By Saturday morning, she acknowledged changes were on the way.
"There is some concern right now that (the bill) is written in a way that suggests that we (cabinet) would be able to unilaterally change statutes -- and we're not able to do that," she told her radio show.
"If there are any changes to statutes (under the bill), it does have to come back to the legislature, so we're working on making sure that that gets clarified."
Smith said those matters would be debated and addressed next week, adding that she's taking what she described as a "fair-minded" approach.
"If we caused some confusion by some awkward wording, then let's clean it up and then be able to talk about the bigger issues," she said.
Political scientist Duane Bratt said it's a positive step for the bill to be amended to remove the sweeping powers to cabinet.
But Bratt said the change is not a tweak, the bill has become a confusing mess, Smith did not seem to understand the legislation she was introducing, and the entire affair raises larger questions about Smith's competence in the top job.
"How did this get in the bill in the first place?" said Bratt, who teaches at Calgary's Mount Royal University.
"Wouldn't they have read it? Wouldn't they have noticed this? This is damaging to have to backtrack. These are major reversals on her signature piece of legislation. (No matter) whoever wrote it, at the end of the day her name is attached to it. She's the one who introduced the bill. She has to wear this."
The bill, now in second reading, has also triggered concerns over the provision that grants cabinet the power to order provincially legislated or funded entities to reject federal laws if cabinet deems Ottawa is causing harm.
Those entities include municipalities, police forces, health regions, post-secondary institutions and school boards.
During a Friday interview on CBC News Network, Calgary Mayor Jyoti Gondek said the provision directing municipalities to rebuff federal laws is "a dangerous scenario" for municipalities that rely on both federal and provincial funding.
"If they direct us in a manner — let's use an example — that says you can't accept any federal funding directly, what does that do to our affordable housing strategy?" said Gondek.
"No matter how you slice this, it's going to be really tough for municipalities to actually govern and serve their people."
Gondek criticized Smith's United Conservative Party caucus for not challenging the bill, particularly the four cabinet ministers who raised the alarm on Smith's sovereignty bill in the leadership race that put Smith in the premier's chair only to now support it.
"The weakness being demonstrated by MLAs right now who know this act is not good is going to cost us dearly if they don't say, 'We have to stop this,'" said Gondek.
Indigenous leaders have criticized the bill as heavy-handed trampling on treaty rights.
Business groups, including the Calgary Chamber of Commerce, warn the legal uncertainty surrounding the bill is not good for investment.
Gondek agreed.
"While we're trying to strengthen our economy, this provincial government has made us look incredibly incompetent," she said. "I would say to any investors that are out there and anyone that's listening out east, this provincial government is not reflective of who we are as municipalities."
The idea for the sovereignty bill was first pitched by Smith in June.
She characterized it as a deliberately confrontational tool to reset the relationship with a federal government she accuses of interfering in constitutionally protected areas of provincial responsibility from energy development to health care.
Under the bill, cabinet would decide when Ottawa is interfering in Alberta's jurisdiction through a law, policy or program or through a looming federal initiative it believes may cause harm.
Cabinet would send a resolution to the legislative assembly spelling out the nature of the harm and the remedies to fix it.
If the legislature gives its approval by majority vote, that is where its involvement ends and cabinet takes over. Cabinet could use the bill's extraordinary powers to rewrite legislation and direct provincial entities to ignore federal laws based on what cabinet deems "necessary or advisable."
The bill gives cabinet wide latitude on how to interpret the resolution it receives from the assembly. It says cabinet "should" follow the direction of the house but doesn't mandate it.
Smith has been unclear on how she will use the bill, toggling in recent days between saying it is a last resort and saying she hopes to begin using it in the spring.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Dec. 3, 2022.
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(Mater Dolorosa) – "See today before us laid, the living and life-giving Bread! Theme for praise and joy profound." So reads the third verse of the great sequence from the Mass of this feast of Corpus Christi.
O living and life-giving bread; oh sweetest Saviour and Redeemer, our Eucharistic Lord! Such pious thoughts spring freely to mind when we come face to face with Christ at each Holy Mass and at each worthy reception of Holy Communion.
Brief history of the feast
This glorious feast is that day upon which we celebrate the inestimable gift of so receiving God in the Sacred Host, a true marvel of God's goodness.
Dom Gueranger notes that in the year 1208, a holy religious name Blessed Juliana of Mont Cornillon was favoured with a vision of a moon with a hollow on its disc. The vision repeated itself before her each time she began to pray, and after two years she learned that the hollow disc represented the hole in the Church's liturgical year by not having this feast. For though we celebrate the institution of the Holy Eucharist on Maundy Thursday, the Church's liturgical eye is very much focussed on the events of Good Friday and thus we cannot give full attention to the meditation on the Eucharist which we can do so today.
Furthermore, the people of the time (how much more so today) had been greatly affected by the influences of heresy and needed this extra feast to properly celebrate its mysteries. Bl. Juliana was thus commanded by God to make known to the world the content of this message and to bring about the feast of the Holy Eucharist.
Plagued by timidity, it was twenty years before she petitioned the Bishop of Liege, who instituted a feast for his diocese in 1246; however, at the time of Bl. Juliana's death in 1258, the practice had still only spread to the single diocese. It took some years further for Pope Urban IV to establish the feast for the entire Church in 1264, having asked St. Thomas Aquinas to compose the office for the feast.
Dwelling on the great mystery
How can one best celebrate this feast? The simplest answer would be to attend Mass and receive Holy Communion worthily and to pay careful attention to the thanksgiving made afterwards. However for many people across the world, access to the sacraments is still unjustly prohibited and so we must console ourselves with making a deep meditation upon the great mystery of the Holy Eucharist.
In fact, such a method of celebrating can be of itself extremely grace-filled. For who among us can really dare to say that they fully understand such a mystery or that they are not moved by it?
When news spreads of a visiting royal or celebrity, crowds flock to just catch a sight of those who they wish to set their earthly gaze on. As Catholics, we have God Himself before us in the Holy Eucharist, who makes all pale in comparison to Him. Unlike the celebrities, He does not visit us in great noise and artificial pomp, but in silence and calm. Our Eucharistic Lord is not an unwilling or vain personage, but actively wishes to give Himself entirely to us out of the sheer boundlessness of His love.
What words can thus properly describe such an encounter? How can we dare to even approach the rail at which we receive the author of all that ever has and ever will exist? Ours is the greatest honour of all, to be able to adore and receive Christ under the sacred species.
Our faith and devotion are crucial to being able to properly adore Him and thus celebrate this feast. For our devotion and love of the Holy Eucharist will grow only in so far as we can really admit to ourselves that it is truly God whom we receive.
By this, I mean a real embracing of this truth; we should not simply repeat the lines of our catechism to ourselves, but truly recall and reinforce our understanding of the great truth that God is in fact before us. In short, we need to firmly believe and love the Real Presence. The manner in which we accept this truth determines the entire nature of our spiritual life and our devotion at Mass. It further determines the entire fervor of the Church Herself, in Her liturgies and ceremonies.
For once we accept, truly and deeply accept, that in the Sacred Host is the Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity of Christ, we are faced with a great choice. Either we embrace Him and seek to deepen our love of Him and thus conform our lives to His holy will, or we reject Him and seek to ignore His advent into our souls. Only one way leads to life and salvation.
Bishop Robert McElroy (right) is to be made a cardinal in August, despite his inaction on allegations against notorious ex-cardinal Theodore McCarrick.
We all have a responsibility to speak up when serious wrongs are being brought to our attention, but McElroy didn't.
SIGN this petition to demand Pope Francis not reward a bishop who failed to report allegations against McCarrick
The Bishop of San Diego was told about serious sexual wrongdoing by McCarrick in 2016 when psychotherapist Richard Sipe, who had interviewed numerous victims of McCarrick, sent him a detailed letter, but McElroy sat on that information and is now being made a cardinal.
Appointing him to the College of Cardinals is not only an insult to those who suffered clerical sex-abuse, but also to those who are intent on ridding the Church of such evil.
This decision to make McElroy a cardinal must be reversed, and the only way to make that happen is with pressure from the laity.
SIGN and SHARE this petition to stop the appointment of Bishop McElroy to the College of Cardinals
Sipe told McElory that numerous seminarians and priests reported sexual advances and activity by McCarrick in a letter that also detailed extensive abuse by other clerics.
"I have interviewed twelve seminarians and priests who attest to propositions, harassment, or sex with McCarrick," the psychotherapist told McElroy in the 2016 letter, adding: "None so far has found the ability to speak openly at the risk of reputation and retaliation."
McElroy, who claims there was no corroborating evidence, could have brought the allegations to the pope, or even to the Papal Nuncio, but instead ended the correspondence with Sipe, himself a clerical sex-abuse victim.
It would take another year for the truth about McCarrick to slowly emerge in public.
SIGN the petition to stop Bishop McElroy being elevated to the College of Cardinals
Turning a blind eye to serious allegations of sexual wrongdoing is reprehensible in any context, but particularly when a bishop, a shepherd of souls, does so.
He also supports giving Holy Communion to pro-abortion politicians, contrary to the Church's teaching, while he has concelebrated LGBT Masses as bishop and claimed Fr. James Martin's attempt to normalize the LGBT ideology is "fully consonant with Catholic teaching".
The sad truth is that McElroy is not fit to continue as a bishop, let alone become a cardinal.
Please SIGN and SHARE this petition to stop the rot that continues to tarnish Christ's Church.
We must do what we can to clean up this mess now.
More Information:
Bishop McElroy was warned about McCarrick - LifeSiteNews
Pope announces 21 new cardinals, including McElroy - LifeSiteNews
Photo: Theodore McCarrick and Bishop Robert McElroy (Lisa Bourne/LifeSiteNews & Diocese of San Diego/YouTube)
Perhaps reading through this, one might suggest that such a meditation just on accepting the truth of the Divine Presence, is somewhat unnecessary. For, as stated, it is something which was taught in the early catechism lessons. Yet if our believe and devotion to this truth was as it should be, then our spiritual lives would be very different. Is it not incongruous to dwell on the glory of the Real Presence before us, then rush speedily off without even making a proper thanksgiving? What trouble are a few minutes of humble thanksgiving for having received God into our souls, and yet how often can we honestly state to have done so?
Or again, is it not wrong to receive Holy Communion and then to ignore the inestimable blessing by falling back into past faults without even the slightest struggle? If we truly wished to honour God who has visited us, would we at least try to adhere to the virtues, even for a short time?
For myself and I am sure for others, it is an uncomfortable truth that very often we seek to somewhat ignore the truth of the Divine Presence. Perhaps we know that if we were truly to dwell on such an awful truth then it would necessitate a change in our attendance at Mass or an increase in the practice of the spiritual life?
However, there can be no greater consolation in this world than the simple gaze of a soul before the Blessed Sacrament. Or the quiet content of the soul who has just worthily received Holy Communion – who has received God Himself. Christ gave us Himself in this most glorious sacrament, in perfect knowledge that nothing else can fill us with grace, life or peace. We mentioned a choice a few lines earlier, but in actual fact there is really no choice, for only a fool would actively choose to reject the love which can be found in the Blessed Sacrament.
The soul who truly accepts that God is before his eyes, and thus wishes to ordain his life accordingly, can only be filled with the sweetest graces and blessings from his Eucharistic Lord. Such a soul enters into a deep union of love with Christ, for he believes with a lively faith that each time he adores and receives the Blessed Sacrament, he receives Christ.
Gradually this soul enters into a happy union whereby he comes to know and love Christ intimately, through the worthy reception of Communion and the passionate devotion which he shows to the Blessed Sacrament. Especially in those precious moments after the reception of Holy Communion, we have a unique opportunity to unite ourselves completely with God, allowing Him to engulf us with His love and fill us with His divine life.
Indeed, it is hard to properly express the beauty of this feast and the mysteries which we are called to contemplate. One day is not enough and yet the whole year would not be enough. The reception of Christ in the Holy Eucharist can truly be called the pinnacle of our life; if one were to die after a worthy reception, then what a happy position such a soul would be in.
Today's feast is an opportunity for a renewal of such fervor and devotion to the Blessed Sacrament. We are, as the centurion so rightly said, not worthy that He should come into our houses or souls, yet He wishes to do so and to unite us to Himself. (Matt 8:8) At His name all shall tremble and knees shall bend, yet this omnipotent Saviour chooses to hide Himself in the Sacred Species and so give Himself to us on a daily basis! The greatest love letters from history cannot describe the love of such a Divine Lover.
So on this feast of Corpus Christ, let us use the opportunity to fall in love with our Eucharistic Lord ever more, strengthening our faith and love in the Real Presence and ordering our lives accordingly. All too often, Holy Communion is received unworthily, or received without a second thought, and yet how can anyone do so if they truly believe and love Christ in the Sacred Species? With a deeper love and union with Christ in the Blessed Sacrament, it will not even seem possible to rush away from the end of Mass or to avoid times of adoration.
The more we unite ourselves in love and faith to Him, the more we realise that our thirst and longing can only be satisfied by Christ. There is no love like that of Christ and no longing like that which He has for us. But so also there is no love more pure and worthy than that of the soul who draws ever nearer to his Eucharistic Lord.
What can one say about such a mystery! Christ, our Eucharist Lord and author of life, draw us into Thyself!
Reprinted with permission from Mater Dolorosa.

subset: commoncrawl


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Frequently Asked Questions
Yes, blepharoplasty is a major surgery involving the areas around your eyes. The procedure thus should be undertaken after you have gathered all the information about the potential risks involved. You must always choose a board certified plastic surgeon to do the procedure on you.
Blepharoplasty or eyelid surgery can be done under general anesthesia or local anesthesia with or without IV sedation, depending on your and your surgeon's preference. You can choose to be awake during the surgery, though most surgeons and patients prefer to do the surgery under general anesthesia for the patient's comfort.
You would feel some pain and discomfort after the surgery, which is controlled with medications. The pain usually lasts for a day or two. It is also normal to have swelling and bruising around the eyes for a few days which will settle with time.
Blepharoplasty is a safe procedure when done by a qualified and experienced surgeon in a well equipped facility. However, like any other surgery, eyelid surgery also has some risks associated with it. So, choose a surgeon who is experienced and qualified to do your surgery.
There is no right or good age for blepharoplasty. It depends on what you wish to achieve from the procedure. If you're aiming to remove those extra folds to restore a more natural eyelid appearance, you can do it at any time after you are 18. People choosing blepharoplasty to rejuvenate the area around eyes or remove eyebags are usually above 40.
According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the vast majority - roughly 91% - of eyelid surgery patients are over 40, and more than half of that 91% is over 55.


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Long-term incentives (LTIs) are a valuable part of total compensation packages that help in delivering rewards while enabling employees to focus on desired future objectives. There are varying types of LTIs — cash based or equity based — that work as strategic compensation vehicles to promote long-term retention and alignment with company goals. In this article, we focus on the prevalence and trends of the three equity-based instruments; namely, restricted stock units (RSUs), performance stock units (PSUs) and employee stock options (ESOPs).
A quick look at the definitions:
Instrument prevalence over the years
RSUs continue to be the most prevalent LTI instrument used by listed companies. Mercer's All-Industry Compensation Survey results indicate that approximately 59% of the companies that have an LTI plan use RSUs. RSUs offer a significant discount to employees compared with the prevailing market value of the shares. And unlike an appreciation-based award, a restricted stock will still have value upon vesting even if the per-stock value decreases. This makes RSUs the most favourable retention instrument from both employee and employer perspectives as they guarantee some reward to employees and do not result in much dilution. (Companies can offer a similar value of reward with a relatively fewer number of shares.)
Given this premise, when we compare the last five years of data, the decrease in usage of RSUs may come as a surprise. (Figure 1 below indicates a marked decline in the use of RSUs — from 65% in 2018 to 59% in 2021.)
Figure 1. Prevalence of RSUs over the years
Source: Mercer's India Total Remuneration Surveys.
No. of responses (N): 256 (2021), 296 (2020), 290 (2019) and 290 (2018)
One of the main drivers of this trend is the strong reservations from proxy advisors, institutional investors and shareholders, who aren't thrilled with the idea of employees — particularly executives — receiving LTIs without significant pay at risk. This is leading companies to explore PSUs and ESOPs for their executives.
Demystifying PSUs
PSUs are limited mostly to executive and senior management levels, as can be seen in Figure 2. The performance criteria set are usually those at company level, which senior management employees can influence. A few common performance metrics include relative total shareholder return, revenue and EBIDTA. Although some companies have an all-or-nothing approach for vesting, others have a minimum threshold below which no grants vest. Once the threshold is met, vesting increases proportionately up to a maximum defined cap.
Figure 2. Prevalence of PSUs across levels
Source: Mercer's 2021 India Total Remuneration Survey.
N: 134 (heads of organizations), 227 (executives), 164 (management) and 88 (professionals)
From a shareholder perspective, companies must seek approval on the maximum number of units that will be granted upon vesting under the LTI plan. Companies that define PSU grant plans as a "maximum award" must set expectations clearly as employees might feel they've received less than what has been communicated. (Since most of the time, the achievement will be less than the maximum.)
PSUs typically have cliff vesting rather than instalment vesting, as shown in Figure 3. This reduces their attractiveness for yearly earning potential. Hence, some companies grant RSUs in addition to PSUs to support retention and ensure predictable annual wealth creation.
For companies that have instalment vesting of PSUs, the number of vested units in a year are typically computed based on the target achievement of the previous year. Therefore, an annual grant plan for instalment-based vesting is quite unlikely in a PSU scenario. In a single year in which grants of multiple years vest, there could be confusion regarding the criteria being used to compute the vested number of grants.
Figure 3. Types of vesting
Source: Mercer's 2021 India Total Remuneration Survey.
N: 80 (PSUs), 146 (RSUs) and 52 (ESOPs)
In India, currently, there is still some scepticism regarding PSUs in the minds of proxy advisors, shareholders and employees. The main reason for this could be the lack of clear visibility into the performance criteria being set or the belief that the targets aren't aggressive enough. As more companies explore the PSU route, clearly outlining performance metrics will be a key requirement from shareholders and employees alike.
Comprehending ESOPs
ESOPs are much easier to understand because the earning potential is linked to the stock appreciation. ESOPs are also viewed positively by investors and shareholders as employees have "skin in the game", and there is an element of pay at risk. However, it requires significant investment from employees exercising these options, making it less attractive at junior levels.
At times, even after exercising, executives may be reluctant to hold onto the stock for long. They may choose to sell their options with marginal upside to meet other financial obligations, to repay loans they took to exercise the stocks or simply because the market is too volatile due to other macroeconomic factors. This defeats the purpose of executives having skin in the game, as the goal would be for employees to continue holding the stock for relatively longer periods of time.
There is also the risk of stock options going underwater (that is, the market price at the time of exercise becomes lower than the exercise price, which would make purchasing the stock via secondary market cheaper than exercising the option). We saw this following the global financial crisis in 2008, when ESOP plans of many listed companies went underwater and did not result in any wealth creation.
Having a longer exercise period, post vesting, allows some of these risks to be managed effectively in an ESOP plan. Employees have enough time to be able to arrange for funds, and stocks can bounce back to higher prices. (Stocks that hit their lowest-ever prices at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic have bounced back within the past two years, and some have reached all-time highs.)
Although each instrument has its advantages and disadvantages, the best instrument or mix of instruments to use will depend on proper employee segmentation, effective communication and transparency. Ultimately, the appropriateness of an LTI vehicle will vary from company to company and will also depend on which stage a company is in (as illustrated in Figure 4 below). No LTI vehicle is superior to another, and it typically requires an overall assessment of culture, company strategy and goals to select the right mix, amounts and vesting mechanics.
Figure 4. LTI vehicles vary based on business life cycle
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Speaking of Ijihads against the West, the Ayn Rand Institute is holding a conference this weekend. More info here. The event is FREE to students, it's a bit pricey otherwise ($45 per lecture/session). Many excellent speakers, including Robert Spencer, Daniel Pipes, Flemming Rose, Yaron Brooke, and others. Schedule is here.
The Sunday evening lecture (free to all) looks pretty cool:
Sunday, October 22, 2006; Ford Hall Forum/Faneuil Hall, 6:30 PM
Democracy vs. Victory: Why the "Forward Strategy of Freedom" Had to Fail
Lecture and Q & A by Yaron Brook
After Sept. 11 the Bush administration declared that we must go on a mission to bring freedom to the Middle East nations that threaten us; thus, the Forward Strategy of Freedom. According to this strategy, establishing democracies in key Muslim countries, starting with Afghanistan and Iraq, would spur a revolution in the rest of the Muslim world—a revolution that would bring free, pro-Western, anti-terrorist governments to power.
But the strategy has failed. With the rise of the religious Shiites in Iraq, of Hamas and of Hezbollah, and with the electoral victories of Islamic radicals elsewhere in the Middle East, the Muslim world has grown more militant.
Why has the Forward Strategy of Freedom failed, and why was failure inevitable? What are the flaws inherent in the strategy? How does it necessarily undermine victory? What motivates it and what strategy should replace it? These are the questions Dr. Brook will address in his talk.


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STEM education is a teaching approach that combines science, technology, engineering and math. Its recent successor, STEAM, also incorporates the arts, which have the "ability to expand the limits of STEM education and application," according to Stem Education Guide. STEAM is designed to encourage discussions and problem-solving among students, developing both practical skills and appreciation for collaborations. Rather than teach the five disciplines as separate and discrete subjects, STEM integrates them into a cohesive learning paradigm based on real-world applications.
According to the U.S. Department of Education(opens in new tab)
"In an ever-changing, increasingly complex world, it's more important than ever that our nation's youth are prepared to bring knowledge and skills to solve problems, make sense of information, and know how to gather and evaluate evidence to make decisions."
History of STEM:
In 2009, the Obama administration announced the "Educate to Innovate" campaign to motivate and inspire students to excel in STEAM subjects. This campaign also addresses the inadequate number of teachers skilled to educate in these subjects. The Department of Education now offers a number of STEM-based programs including research programs with a STEAM emphasis, STEAM grant selection programs and general programs that support STEAM education
The Importance of Stem Education
With projected increases in STEM-related occupations, there needs to be an equal increase in STEM education efforts to encourage students into these fields otherwise the skill gap will continue to grow. STEM jobs do not all require higher education or even a college degree. Less than half of entry-level STEAM jobs require a bachelor's degree or higher. However, a four-year degree is incredibly helpful with salary — the average advertised starting salary for entry-level STEM jobs with a bachelor's requirement was 26 percent higher than jobs in the non-STEM fields. For every job posting for a bachelor's degree recipient in a non-STEAM field, there were 2.5 entry-level job postings for a bachelor's degree recipient in a STEM field.
STEM Blended Learning:
What separates STEAM from traditional science and math education is the blended learning environment and showing students how the scientific method can be applied to everyday life. It teaches students computational thinking and focuses on the real-world applications of problem-solving. As mentioned before, STEAM education begins while students are very young:
Elementary school — STEAM education focuses on the introductory level STEAM courses, as well as awareness of the STEAM fields and occupations. This initial step provides standards-based structured inquiry-based and real-world problem-based learning, connecting all four of the STEAM subjects. The goal is to pique students' interest into them wanting to pursue the courses, not because they have to. There is also an emphasis placed on bridging in-school and out-of-school STEAM learning opportunities.
Middle school — At this stage, the courses become more rigorous and challenging. Student awareness of STEAM fields and occupations is still pursued, as well as the academic requirements of such fields. Student exploration of STEAM-related careers begins at this level, particularly for underrepresented populations.
High school — The program of study focuses on the application of the subjects in a challenging and rigorous manner. Courses and pathways are now available in STEAM fields and occupations, as well as preparation for post-secondary education and employment. More emphasis is placed on bridging in-school and out-of-school STEAM opportunities. Much of the STEAM curriculum is aimed toward attracting underrepresented populations. There is a significant disparity in the female to male ratio when it comes to those employed in STEAM fields, according to Stem Women Approximately 1 in 4 STEAM graduates is female.
Challenges to STEM Education in Pakistan:
Lack of Resources: STEM education practices by private more than public education. Therefore, there is a lack of laboratories, equipment, and other resources needed to teach STEM. The findings have also suggested that this curriculum is more advanced and expensive in comparison with the conventional curriculum. Nonetheless, the outcomes from implementing this curriculum are yet to achieve, because STEM education in Pakistan has not prevailed comprehensively.
Moreover, it also becomes necessary to mention that the unfavorable economic conditions and industrial structure are also some constraints that are not helping this education in the country. However, the researcher has also suggested that soon as the country attains sustainability in its economic condition, there will be higher chances to achieve the desired outcomes and objectives of this curriculum plan. The reason behind this is that with sustainability and
development in the industrial sector, more STEM-based jobs can be generated. In developed countries, the concept of STEM education and that is designing the students' curriculum more centered on core subjects like Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics has prevailed more significantly in comparison with developed countries like Pakistan, where the education structure is already declining.


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Trying to post this again as the post I made yesterday got filtered for some reason and was never responded to.
I am a MyBestBuy member, and regularly receive email promotions. In September, November and December of 2022 I received and took advantage of "Spend $x, receive $y in reward certificates" offers. The one in September went perfectly smoothly and I received the certificate in the promised timeframe.
Despite going through the exact same process with the November and December promotions, I did not receive the certificates for either one. I have reviewed the terms and conditions of the offers and verified that my purchases complied with them. My calls to the customer service center have not been helpful, so I am looking to get some attention from someone on the forum.
I have everything documented--including copies of the emails where the promotions were offered and order numbers for the purchases I made, so I just need someone from Best Buy to assist. I hope I am following the proper procedure for the forums--I did review the rules and guidelines.
Please let me know how to contact you so we can proceed with resolving this matter.
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Hello, bookemdando.
Thank you for reaching out to us here on our community forums. I can understand wanting to take full advantage of any rewards offered and could understand how not seeing them would be frustrating. I will be glad to look into this for you.
To get started, would you mind sending me a private message with your full name, email address, and phone number? You can do so by clicking the blue button next to my signature.
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20 May 2022 / Caitlin Devlin
The best essential oils to use instead of deodorant or perfume
Essential oils can be a natural method of masking personal odour.
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Personal odour can be an unpleasant thing to deal with, but certain essential oils can help.
We all need a little help masking odour now and then and so deodorant is a staple of everyone's morning routine.
However, if you're running low – or if you'd simply prefer a natural alternative – there are essential oils that can actually help you mask this odour, and sometimes eliminate the cause altogether.
We've gathered a list of our favourite essential oils with natural deodorising effects to keep you smelling fresh all day long.
Bay leaf oil
Bay leaf is a key ingredient in bay rum, one of the world's most popular aftershaves.
It was invented after sailors noticed that rubbing bay leaves on themselves could help to mask the often unpleasant smell that intensive physical labour on the deck of the ship could produce.
The scent of bay leaf is strong and long lasting, and it can be an effective way of masking unpleasant odours.
Learn more about the benefits of bay leaf essential oil.
Benzoin oil
Benzoin oil has strong aromatic properties – this is thought to be due to the fact that it contains derivates of the benzoin ring.
This is a hexagonal arrangement of six carbon atoms that is a key component of aromatic hydrocarbons. These aromatic properties are what give benzoin is strong, rich scent and help it to dispel unpleasant odours.
Benzoin also has strong antibacterial abilities which can help it to kill the microbes responsible for the bad smell.
Learn more about the benefits of benzoin essential oil.
Coriander oil
Coriander oil can be highly effective at attacking the cause of personal odour. This is due to its ability to inhibit the growth of odour-causing bacteria around the sweat glands.
By attacking these bacteria, coriander oil neutralises the odour at the source.
Learn more about the benefits of coriander essential oil.
Fir needle oil
Fir needle has a fresh, aromatic scent known to mask bad odours, and the oil is often used as a natural air freshener for this very reason.
Fir needle is also a highly antibacterial oil, which helps it to attack the cause of odours.
Learn more about the benefits of fir needle essential oil.
Geranium oil
A natural circulatory oil, geranium absorbs easily through the skin and into the bloodstream, exiting the body through perspiration.
In this way it helps our skin to absorb and gradually release the flowery scent, allowing for a much longer protection against odours thanks to its cyclical method of release.
Learn more about the benefits of geranium essential oil.
Lemon tea tree oil
The aromatic properties of lemon tea tree oil help it to combat and disperse unpleasant odours, and it is often used as either a natural deodorant or air freshener.
Many people consider lemon tea tree oil to have a stronger, more fragrant lemon scent that lemon oil, making it the oil of choice in natural perfumes.
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Maritime pine oil
The fresh, woodsy scent of maritime pine is known to purify air and dispel unpleasant smells. Maritime pine oil attacks the responsible bacteria and neutralises any bad odours at the same time.
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May chang oil
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The plant cell wall is a complex structure and its functional integrity is maintained during interactions with the environment. Plants have cell wall integrity sensing mechanism by which they may detect pathogen attack triggering signaling pathways that induces rapid defense responses (Hématy et al., 2009). The first barrier that the pathogen encounter is the cuticle and the cell wall. In order to gain entry into the plant cell the pathogen disrupt the host cuticle by secreting oxidases, esterases, cutinases, and lipases (Feng et al., 2011). Infection by fungus includes attachment of conidia to the host surface followed by germination on favorable condition producing germ tube that penetrates the host surface killing cells leading to lesion formation, this may activate defense responses. The pathogen have the ability to overcome the defense mechanisms and are able to infect and colonize the plant i.e. fungus grows resulting into tissue maceration followed by sporulation (Prins et al., 2000). Plant cell walls are mainly composed of carbohydrate (polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins), lignin and contain proteins involved in the cell dynamics through diverse functions such as growth, environmental sensing, signaling, and defense (Showalter 1993).
Plants on sensing pathogens and loss of cell wall integrity, activate plant defense responses that lead to cell wall remodeling required to prevent the disease (Bellincampi et al., 2014). Upon invasion by the pathogen, plant improvise defense by strengthening cell wall with lignin, callose and hydroxyl proline-rich-glycoprotein or produce phytoalexin and hydrolytic enzymes. Lignin deposition strengthens the cell wall and maintains functional integrity (Denness et al., 2011). Fortification of cell wall with papilla, callose, lignin and cell wall protein are defense response of plant on sensing pathogen attack.
Papillae :
The Papillae are heterogeneous material deposited between the plasma membrane and inside of the plant cell wall. These papillae are deposited by plants in response to pathogen penetration and mechanical injury. Papillae composition varies between different plant species. Papillae contain (1,3)-β-glucan callose (most abundant constituent), cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, lignin, and structural proteins such as arabinogalactan proteins and hydroxyproline-rich-glycoproteins (HRGPs) (Aist 1976; Celio et al., 2004; Voigt 2014). Different papilla-forming transport processes ensures plant defense (Voigt 2014). Callose-rich papillae is found at sites of pathogen penetration and provides resistance (Aist 1976).
Callose is a polysaccharide present in the cell walls of a many higher plants. It is in the form of (1,3)-β-glucan with some β-1,6-branches and is produced by callose synthases (Chen and Kim 2009). Callose is the major component of papillae deposited between the plasma membrane and cell wall to act as a physical barrier to the invading pathogen and is also induced in response to abiotic and biotic stresses (Ellinger and Voigt 2014). Furthermore it is deposited at plasmodesmata to regulate the cell-to-cell movement of molecules by decreasing the size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata (Iglesias and Meins 2000; Bucher et al., 2001) and plays an important role in plant development.
Lignification is the plant defense response and acts as a physical barrier to pathogen invasion providing resistance against the pathogen. Lignin is deposited in secondary wall of most plant cells providing rigidity and mechanical support. Chemically lignin is an aromatic polymer composed of phenylpropanoid monomer mainly of p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol. The phenylpropanoid pathway responsible for lignin biosynthesis serves to support the synthesis of other phenolic compounds such as phytoalexins, coumarins, and flavonoids which are involved in plant defense (Dicko et al., 2005; Frasera and Chapplea 2011). Role of lignification in disease resistance has been reviewed by Nicholson and Hammerschmidt (1992). Several component of fungal cell wall are elicitors of lignification.
Cell wall Structural protein:
Structural proteins in plant cell walls are the hydroxyproline-rich-glycoproteins (HRGPs). There are four major group of hydroxyproline-rich-glycoproteins (HRGPs) in plants (Sommer-Knudsen et al., 1998):
- Hydroxy/ Proline-rich-proteins (H/PRPs)
- The solanaceous lectins
- Arabinogalactans protein (AGPs)
- Extensins
HRGPs strengthen the cell wall in response to plant defense. The condition regulating the expression of the five major classes of cell wall proteins [extensins, glycine-rich-proteins (GRPs), PRPs, AGPs and solanaceous lectins] are wounding, fungal/ viral infection, fungal/endogenous elicitors, abiotic stress and development (Showalter 1993).
The multicomposition of plant cell wall can provide some insight to pant-pathogen interaction.
Aist, J. R. 1976 Papillae and Related Wound Plugs of Plant Cells. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 14: 145–163
Bellincampi, D. Cervone, F. and Lionetti, V. 2014 Plant Cell Wall Dynamics and Wall-Related Susceptibility in Plant–Pathogen Interactions. Front Plant Sci. 5: 228
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00228
Bucher, G. L., Tarina, C., Heinlein, M., Serio, F. D., Meins, F. Jr. and Iglesias, V. A. 2001 Local Expression of Enzymatically Active Class 1 β-1,3-glucanase Enhances Symptoms of TMV Infection in Tobacco. The Plant J. 28(3): 361–369
Celio, G. J., Mims, C. W. and Richardson, E. A. 2004 Ultra-Structure and Immuno Cytochemistry of the Host–Pathogen Interface in Poinsettia Leaves Infected with Powdery Mildew. Can. J. Bot. 82(4): 421–429
Chen, X-Y. and Kim, J-Y. 2009 Callose Synthesis in Higher Plants. Plant Signal Behav. 4(6): 489–492
doi: 10.4161/psb.4.6.8359
Denness, L., McKenna, J. F., Segonzac, C., Wormit, A., Madhou, P., Bennett, M., Mansfield, J., Zipfel, C. and Hamann, T. 2011 Cell Wall Damage-Induced Lignin Biosynthesis is Regulated by a Reactive Oxygen Species- and Jasmonic Acid-Dependent Process in Arabidopsis1,[C][W][OA]. Plant Physiol. 156(3): 1364–1374
doi: 10.1104/pp.111.175737
Dicko, M. H., Gruppen, H., Barro, C., Traore, A. S., van Berkel, W. J. and Voragen, A. G. 2005 Impact of Phenolic Compounds and Related Enzymes in Sorghum Varieties for Resistance and Susceptibility to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. J. Chem. Ecol. 31(11): 2671–2688
Ellinger, D. and Voigt, C. A. 2014 Callose Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis with a Focus on Pathogen Response: What We Have Learned Within the Last Decade. Ann. Bot. 114(6): 1349–1358
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Feng, J., Wang, F., Hughes, G. R., Kaminskyj, S. and Wei, Y. 2011 An Important Role for Secreted Esterase in Disease Establishment of the Wheat Powdery Mildew Fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici. Can. J. Microbiol. 57(3): 211–216
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text:
- Published: October 23, 2022
- Updated: October 23, 2022
- University / College: University of Brighton
- Language: English
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Case 2 ??? The Drinking Problem Mr. Collins has dysphasia and enjoys a beer with his son each day in his private room on ward B. Roma (RN assigned to care for Mr. Collins) reads a note in the case notes, that Doctor Rich and the speech therapist have ordered thickened fluids for Mr. Collins. That note was written 5 days ago. The current nursing care plan also states ' thickened fluids'. Mr. Collins tells Roma that he has discussed the matter with the doctor and the speech therapist and is aware of the risks.
He says that his son will be making his usual visit at midday today and they intend to have a beer together. The argument that this piece of writing will present is whether or not Mr. Collins autonomy is intact and should continue to have a beer with his son daily or directions as per the care should be adhered to, which was to be put on strictly thickened fluids only. I will be defending the fact that Mr. Collins should be allowed to continue having a beer with his son strongly. I will also draw on objections to my argument discussing the moral decisions of Roma the RN.
As Mr Collins states that he is aware of the risks I will be using this as my rebuttal in the argument. I will look at ethical principals related to both sides of the argument and discuss the same. SUPPORTING ARGUMENT Firstly, Mr Collins has been ordered thickened fluids due to his dysphasia, by the Doctor as well as the speech therapist. Mr Collins claims that he has discussed this order with them and will continue to have a beer with his son despite the care plan saying that thickened fluids have been ordered. I believe that Roma should allow Mr Collins to continue having a beer with his son.
Ethics is a broad term used for referring to a variety of ways of understanding and investigating the ' moral life' (Crisp and Taylor 2009 p332). More exclusively, ethics involves a gravely reflective activity, fundamentally concerned with a methodical focus of living morally, and is intended to clarify what we ought to do by asking us to think about and reconsider our ordinary actions, judgements and justification (Crisp and Taylor 2009 p332). It is also important to clarify the use of the term morality in discussions on ethics as both terms are used interchangeably.
Morality generally refers to a person's personal standards of behaviour as well as values and lifestyle (Thompson, Melia et al. 2006 p 13). When we look at ethical issues ourselves, we generally reflect our own life experiences, attitudes and cultures. Our actions and decisions may therefore embody implicit theories of ethics (Kerridge, Lowe et al. 2009 p10). Deontology is known as one of the major schools of moral philosophy and is known as intrinsicalism due to the fact that it embodies the concept that things or actions are right or wrong in and of themselves (Kerridge, Lowe et al. 009 p10). Consequentialist theory is that the rightness and wrongness of an action is based exclusively on the consequences of doing it; the right act is defined as that which leads to the best consequences (Kerridge, Lowe et al. 2009 p11). The tension between different types of ethical theories has contributed hugely on the growth of moral philosophy, such as deontology and consequentialist, yet all theories have significant theoretical and methodological deficiencies (Kerridge, Lowe et al. 2009 p36).
Beauchamp (1982 as cited in Austin 2007 p81) believes that moral philosophers are yet to link their theories to authentic problems. According to Beauchamp and Walters (1982 cited in Thompson, Melia et al. 2006 p179) respect for personal autonomy is a fundamental ethical principle. Autonomy as defined by Kerridge, Lowe and Stewart (2009) is self determination, liberty, rights and ' free will'. There are many theories and definitions of autonomy but most all generally make reference to individual liberty or independence, and the capacity for intentional or rational action (Kerridge, Lowe et al. 009 p83). It appears that Mr. Collins autonomy remains intact and can therefore have the right to make a decision regarding this. This basically means that Mr. Collins should be free to choose and is entitled to act on his preferences, provided that his decisions and actions do not stand to violate, or impinge on, the significant moral interests of others. In accordance with the respecting autonomy principle, it is wrong for Roma to violate Mr. Collins considered and autonomous choice about continuing to have a beer with his son.
The Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia (ANMC 2005) supports, in particular Value statement 5, that Roma should be committed to valuing the legal and moral right of Mr. Collins to participate in the decision making concerning his care and treatment, and assist him to determine his care on the basis of informed decision making. Mr. Collins has made it clear that he has discussed this issue with the people concerned and even after this he has still decided that he will continue to have a beer with his son, therefore I believe that Roma should respect this moral decision by Mr.
Collins. The issue of Mr. Collins rights should be of obvious importance to Roma. Patients rights are merely statements about particular moral interests that a person might have in health care contexts and that require special protection when a person assumes the role of a patient (Burkhardt and Nathaniel 2008 p281). Patient's rights tend to include a mixture of civil rights, legal rights and moral rights. Many of these rights statements derive from the broader moral principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. OBJECTIONS
Despite Mr. Collins autonomy being intact and him having the moral right to make a decision regarding his care and treatment, one of the ethical principles that Roma is faced with is beneficence, which is defined as active well-doing, altruism, or conduct aimed at the good and well-being of others (Kerridge, Lowe et al. 2009 p87). By encouraging Mr. Collins to cease the beer drinking daily with his son, Roma is benefiting Mr Collins and Roma will not suffer any morally significant consequences as a result of her actions should something go wrong.
Overall, Beneficence requires Roma to act in ways that benefit Mr. Collins, so by Roma stopping Mr. Collins from drinking the beer she will be doing this. The practical expression of beneficence therefore requires good judgment and genuine concern for the well-being. In other words, beneficence towards individual's patients such as Mr. Collins, like the other major moral principles, presents an obligation that may be over-ridden by other considerations (Kerridge, Lowe et al. 2009 p87). If Mr. Collins autonomy is over-ridden due to a concern for beneficence, this is known as paternalism. Strong' paternalism is an approached based upon the belief that it is sometimes ethical and proper for the health care worker to effect beneficent actions even if the patient is competent and disagrees with the decision made. In Roma's case she may feel that this is necessary after considering the risks related to Mr. Collins drinking the beer. Value statement 1 (ANMC 2005) supports that Roma will actively participate in minimising risks for Mr. Collins and supporting quality practice environments. Therefore Roma will be committed to persuading Mr.
Collins to drink thickened fluids only to minimise the risks associated with drinking unthickened beer. Value statement 6 (ANMC 2005) also supports that Roma will play a key role in the detection and prevention of errors and adverse events in health care settings, and support and participate in systems to identify circumstances where Mr. Collins is at risk of harm. Roma will act to prevent or control such risks through prevention, monitoring, early identification and early management of adverse events (ANMC 2005).
In accordance with this, Roma has identified that there are risks associated with Mr. Collins drinking beer and by stopping him from doing so will prevent further harm to him. Also by putting a stop to drinking the beer Roma will no longer have impaired ability to deliver quality care due to the fact that Mr. Collins is engaging in activities that Roma knows is a risk to his condition. Another point to take into consideration is the fact that Mr. Collins states that he has spoken to the doctor and the speech therapist about the risks involved if he continues to drink beer, unthickened.
This is only Mr. Collins word against Roma's as there is no documentation to support this. REBUTTAL Now that I have presented reasons for and against my argument the rebuttal that I will put forward is the fact that Mr. Collins has stated that he is aware of the risks related to him drinking the beer and not having thickened fluids, but continues to tell Roma that he intends to still have a been when his son visits that day. Choices of health care practices belong to Mr.
Collins and the codes of ethics (ANMC 2005) universally supports respect for individuals and individual choice, and are not restricted by considerations of social or economical status. Furthermore, Roma must not be affected by Mr. Collins moral decisions and as health care practices is an integral part of Mr. Collins' backgrounds, customs and beliefs, refusal to participate in drinking thickened fluids, regardless of the outcome, is the prerogative of Mr. Collins, and must not affect the care given by Roma.
Mr Collins should not be labelled in a negative way as a result of making a moral decision which Roma does not agree with. I believe that it is not appropriate for professionals such as Roma who express the belief that all competent patients, such as Mr. Collins, have the right to autonomous choice to make value judgements about the choices made, and subsequently label Mr Collins as noncompliant. In conclusion, I think that the argument put forward in defence of Mr. Collins is that of a strong one and it is quite clear that despite the risks associated with Mr.
Collins behaviour, he is aware of the consequences and has made Roma aware of that. If Roma was to enforce the issue of strictly having thickened fluids despite Mr. Collins refusal it would appear that she was performing unethically. Although clear, ethics is basically a matter of questions; questions that require honesty among others, thought, self-questioning, doubt and consideration. References: Austin, W. (2007). " The Ethics of Everyday Practice : Healthcare Environments as Moral Communities. " Advances in Nursing Science 30(1): 81-88. Burkhardt, M. and A. Nathaniel, Eds. 2008). Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing. Clifton Park, NY, Delmar Learning. Crisp, J. and C. Taylor, Eds. (2009). Potter ; Perry's fundamentals of nursing. Chatswood, NSW, Luisa Cecotti. Kerridge, I. , M. Lowe, et al. , Eds. (2009). Ethics and Law for the Health Professional. Riverwood, NSW, The Federation Press. Thompson, I. , K. Melia, et al. , Eds. (2006). Nursing Ethics. Philadelphia, USA, Elsevier Limited. ANMC 2008, Code of Professional Ethics for Nurses in Australia, ANMC, Canberra Available at: http://www. anmc. org. au/professional_standards/index. php.
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