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They said it
"After fallen angel downgrades declined to a 10-year low in 2021 in the US and EMEA, we estimate fallen angel downgrades will rise to $87 billion in 2022 – a level more in line with the annual average"
Taken from a press release highlighting a new study from S&P Global Ratings (log-in required) measuring the number of companies that have moved from investment grade to sub-investment grade status
First Look
The key debates around sustainability-linked loans
Our February 2022 issue is out now and at its heart is our cover story's exploration of the major talking points around sustainability-linked loans.
These loans have now firmly taken root in the broadly syndicated loan market and, thus far, have only been seen sporadically in the private debt market. Nonetheless, limited partners are starting to raise their expectations around SLLs, and even smaller managers will ultimately have to live up to them – despite the level of resourcing required being a tough ask on a limited budget.
The SLLs seen so far in private debt have tended not to venture beyond the basic approach whereby rate repayments are reduced when certain ESG-related targets are successfully hit. There is some consideration being given, however, to the linking of key performance indicators to covenants – with a failure to meet targets possibly resulting in covenant breaches. It's an interesting idea but not yet widely embraced.
One of the more engaging discussions is around whether to write the sustainability aspect into deals pre- or post-completion. The argument for post-deal completion arises from the level of competition and the need for speed of execution – more convenient by far to do the deal today and worry about some of the details tomorrow. The argument against is that the risk of 'greenwashing' hovers over such transactions, with a danger that certain promises pre-deal are not kept post-deal. It's a situation that demands strong borrower/lender engagement.
Above all, the key for the future success of SLLs is how credible they are perceived to be. Some in the market told us that a number of these loans have only a superficial veneer of sustainability, with the social aspect of ESG often overlooked and action on climate change something of an afterthought. In the cover story, we consider the role of regulation and whether the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation can help to frame what is a sustainable loan and what isn't.
Worry about leverage, not default rates
The "t" word – transition – is the focus of Oaktree Capital Management's latest Performing Credit Quarterly. The word represents "a new phase in which businesses, consumers and investors will have far less government support". Oaktree notes a weakening in prices in many asset classes during recent weeks and says it's "unclear whether markets can regain their momentum when the government no longer has its foot on the gas".
The Quarterly includes a number of observations about credit markets on the cusp of this new reality. Default rates, it says, are expected to remain at low levels. The report points out that many firms took advantage of favourable conditions last year to refinance debt at longer maturities and lower interest rates. "With few major debt maturities in 2022, there is less opportunity for companies to default."
It has a warning about leverage, however, in a period when interest rates are likely to rise. "A company's capital structure may look manageable when the economy is growing at a fast rate and earnings are strong, but this same company's leverage… may look far less manageable if a slowing economy causes the company's fundamentals to decline meaningfully."
On an encouraging note, the report says that investors are likely to continue favouring floating-rate over fixed-rate assets. It speculates that if interest rates continue to rise, floating-rate assets including loans, collateralised loan obligations and real estate-backed structured credit may perform well.
HPS launches first BDC with $1.2bn of capital
HPS Investment Partners, the sixth-largest fundraiser in private debt according to the PDI 100, has launched its first business development company. HPS Corporate Lending Fund, a non-traded BDC, has $500 million in net equity proceeds and $1.2 billion in investable capital including leverage.
The fund aims to provide a stable monthly income stream by investing mainly in senior secured, floating-rate loans to mid- and upper-mid market companies. The BDC has already made funded and unfunded commitments worth more than $660 million.
Debt secondaries up 300%
The latest secondaries volume report from Toronto-based investment bank Setter Capital shows there was a marked rise in debt fund secondaries last year. The total rose to $2.5 billion compared with $640 million in the year prior, an increase of 300.4 percent.
Setter includes debt as part of the private equity universe alongside leveraged buyouts, venture capital, funds of funds and energy. Despite the rapid rise of debt, it still only accounted for 4 percent of the total in 2021, compared with 76 percent for leveraged buyouts. While no other segment rose as quickly as debt, they all showed material increases last year.
UK SME manager receives £100m funding boost
UK-based SME financing specialist ThinCats has increased its funding power to a total of £650 million ($880 million; €770 million) after signing an agreement that will see £100 million allocated to the firm by Insight Investment, the global asset manager.
Insight had previously committed capital to ThinCats in September 2018, and is part of a group of investors alongside the likes of Barclays and Citi that deploy funds alongside ThinCats' own capital.
ThinCats supports mid-sized SMEs with loans of between £1 million and £15 million and, since formation, claims to have allowed companies to raise around £1.2 billion.
LP Watch
Institution: Chicago Policemen's Annuity & Benefits Fund
Headquarters: Chicago, US
AUM: $3.01bn
Allocation to alternatives: 12.03%
Chicago Policemen's Annuity & Benefits Fund has approved $40 million in commitments across two private debt vehicles, according to recently released materials from an October 2021 investment committee meeting.
The public pension made commitments of $20 million each to Brightwood Fund V and Lynstone Special Situations Fund II. As has been commonplace for any CPABF investment, these funds were chosen from a four-fund shortlist derived from an earlier RFP issued by the pension.
CPABF currently allocates $71.54 million to private debt investments, comprising 2.38 percent of its total investment portfolio. The public pension has a target allocation to private debt of 4 percent.
CPABF's recent private debt commitments have focused on distressed and senior debt vehicles that invest in North America and Western Europe.
Today's letter was prepared by Andy Thomson with John Bakie and Robin Blumenthal


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Disease Trajectories Study
01.04.2021 - 31.12.2023
Technologies:Visual Analytics
One of the most basic aspects of clinical care in hospitals is the understanding of risk factors for disease and mortality, especially for rare but preventable diseases or outcomes. Although the development of disease relationships has a long history, the recent advent of digitized medical records and disease registries has improved the ability to organize and analyze health data. The availability of these data allows the retrieval of known temporal correlations of diseases using non-longitudinal data, the exploration of unordered disease pairs, and enables network analyses of disease relationships on a national scale. However, while big data analytics have aided the ability to visualize, search, and organize health data, success in identifying and validating new temporal relationships between diseases that could significantly change clinical care has been limited.
The main objective of this project is to implement tools based on artificial intelligence for the development of algorithms that define different temporal pathologies trajectories in order to predict future diseases, as well as the development of innovative visual analytics tools to help healthcare professionals in decision making.
Vicomtech is in charge of data mining to analyze disease trajectories and of making visualizations so that they can interpret these relationships between diseases in the simplest possible way. In addition, in a second instance, it will be in charge of creating AI models that estimate which patients are most likely to suffer from the second disease, with the aim of intervening in them and preventing them from suffering from this second disease trajectory.
Technological objectives include research into technologies that allow a better understanding of the data from its origin, and allow its subsequent exploitation by a knowledge management system.
Research into technologies that allow these data to be converted into knowledge and to obtain an efficient exploitation of the same in a health field through the application of predictive models and decision support systems for both medical professionals and health managers.
Research in technologies that promote prevention, with special emphasis on that population vulnerable to a potential risk of developing multiple diseases.
Looking for support for your next project? Contact us, we are looking forward to helping you.

subset: commoncrawl


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The inflammatory state, which is associated with the current pandemic of obesity, has been established as an important contributing pathogenic factor to the increased prevalence of the so-called metabolic syndrome. Many studies have focused on the contribution of various adipokines to this phenomenon, and in the present study, we provide an update on the emerging evidence that the pro-inflammatory factor, lipocalin-2, might influence various aspects of metabolic syndrome. Previous reports indicate a positive correlation of serum lipocalin-2 with fasting glucose, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index, and the inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, even after adjustment for body mass index, suggesting that it is an independent risk factor for insulin resistance, diabetes, and inflammation. Direct analysis of lipocalin-2 action now also shows effects on peripheral metabolism and on cardiovascular function. A better understanding of how lipocalin-2 is regulated locally and systemically is crucial for adding to our understanding of the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, and to uncover potential new avenues for therapeutic approaches.
|Original language
|Pages (from-to)
|Number of pages
|Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology
|Issue number
|Publication status
|Published - 2012 Feb
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Physiology
- Pharmacology
- Physiology (medical)


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Kelly Cronin | VetTechLife
In This Episode
Veterinary staff have complex jobs, and there are certainly times where they have to do things they weren't taught in school. Veterinary training can help fill these gaps, but many clinics struggle finding the time in the day-to-day to train. How can staff increase their knowledge and experience without it impacting clinic operations?
This week on the Veterinary Innovation Podcast, Shawn and Ivan welcome Kelly Cronin of VetTechLife, to discuss innovative veterinary training programs, skillset and career growth opportunities for vet techs and client service representatives, and how not having a training program can end up being more costly than having one.
Ms. Cronin recommends Everything is Figureoutable by Marie Forleo.
Topics Covered
- Growth Opportunities in Veterinary Careers
- How to Put a Training Program Into Place
- Why Clinics Should Run Training Programs


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Practical Blockchain Applications
The beginning of 2022 ushered in endless possibilities. Businesses and governments use blockchain technology to shift growing markets. The practical blockchain use cases range from real estate, banking, healthcare, etc.
What is Blockchain Technology?
Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network that can interact, communicate and transfer information without relying on a centralized entity. Blockchain's essential features include security, transparency, decentralization and immutability. A blockchain employs a consensus algorithm to accomplish all of these and ensures the network's transactions are valid and authenticated.
To well understand the technology, it is essential to examine the blockchain use cases by industry.
Supply Chain Management
Supply chain monitoring is one of the most practical applications of blockchain. Our economy relies heavily on the supply chain. Have you ever wondered where your morning bread comes from? It is because of the flawless supply chain mechanisms that are present in your residential area. If the supply chain is not functioning effectively, you will receive products with delays or none.
Shortages may occur due to faults in the supply chain. However, the supply chain issues do not end there. One of the most pressing challenges for businesses and consumers is removing counterfeit or fraudulent commodities from the supply chain, which market fraud components can introduce. Blockchain gives immutability and the ability to track products as they move through the supply chain.
It supplies enough information so that firms can keep an eye on the things they have for sale. It is possible to monitor the supply chain for fraudulent activity and inefficiencies, and the information gleaned from this monitoring can be used to make the supply chain more efficient. As a consequence of this, they might employ blockchain technology to keep an eye on the supply chain and make necessary adjustments.
The Property Market
Investing in real estate requires a lengthy procedure of documentation, verification and ownership transfer. Currently, there is a lot of documentation that needs completion when purchasing or selling real estate. Additional confirmation is also necessary for both sides. Things get more complicated if you take out a loan because there is extra documentation.
Finally, there is the possibility of fraud. Sellers that provide their property to multiple parties simultaneously are the most likely to commit fraud.
Blockchain is a must-have if you've ever wanted to quickly close on a home purchase. Tokenizing real-world assets is now possible thanks to the blockchain. This means sellers can utilize smart contracts to sell their land or property.
When the conditions are fulfilled, they can execute the legal process coded into the smart contract. If a buyer pays the agreed-upon amount, the property's legal ownership is immediately transferred to the buyer. Additionally, blockchain technology for real estate can eliminate fraud by guaranteeing that the data is secure, immutable, and transparent.
Mediators and platforms that govern content distribution prevent creators from reaching the correct audience. You must register your work on major music platform devices if you're a music developer. Due to the algorithm, this can be restricting. These mediator sites also charge fees.
Blockchain lets musicians sell their songs directly to fans without a mediator. Anyone familiar with cryptocurrency can buy music via blockchain.
Our education system relies on degrees. It validates someone's skill and reveals their capabilities. However, they are challenging to verify and transfer. Easy fraud can lead to unqualified individuals getting jobs. Blockchain-powered distribution verification solves all of these problems.
Digital certifications and degrees are available. Blockchain generates these digitally. They're linked to the candidate's digital identification and are verifiable at any time. The person can access the certificates anywhere, making them more manageable. Thus, blockchain technology in education is vital in colleges, online courses and more.
Asset Management
Blockchain is essential for managing and trading assets. It is a risky and time-consuming investment, and each party must negotiate methodically. Asset management experts such as custodians, brokers, or settlement managers reduce risk. They must keep track of everything and avoid errors.
Blockchain technology reduces errors and streamlines the process. It eliminates mediators if needed.
Insurance Claims
Currently, claiming insurance is a pain, and blockchain technology can help improve the industry. The process usually requires communication with your insurance agent and lots of paperwork.
Blockchain simplifies the claims process since it can store and verify information securely. Once uploaded, the claims are sent to the relevant parties. Parties review the information and release insurance.
Smart contracts can also automate the claims process, allowing users to submit claims and receive approval. Not all types of insurance allow this, however. Blockchain for insurance offers several opportunities.
Copyright and Royalty Protection
Copyrighting also requires blockchain. Creators know how difficult it is to safeguard their work.
Many means exist to copyright your work, but that does not guarantee protection. Assume you wanted to distribute your e-book on Amazon, for example. A buyer buys your book and distributes it as PDFs without your knowledge. Unknown users are downloading and distributing your book. They break copywriting guidelines yet are hard to spot and penalize.
Blockchain can preserve copyright and royalties. Blockchain provides network-based content. As blockchain is a transparent network, copyright violators can be instantly notified and punished. The same goes for royalty protection, which pays the originator for their work.
Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare
Blockchain can also keep medical records, especially for patients who have trouble maintaining documents. Keeping track of documentation becomes difficult if you see many doctors. If you're in healthcare, you know how difficult recordkeeping is.
Blockchain stores patient data and makes it easily accessible. Patients can update it at the doctor's office. Doctors can be confident in patient data. Overall, it is a win-win situation for both patients and doctors.
Another application of blockchain in healthcare is tracking drugs to eliminate counterfeits from the supply chain. Blockchain's data storage allows this. A new drug is added to the supply chain and creates information, including a hash number.
If someone changes a drug in the supply chain, the hash number won't match, prompting the system to eliminate it. Thus, consumers acquire legitimate prescriptions, and companies save millions.
Charity Donations
The application of blockchain technology to charitable work is next on the list. One of the most selfless acts that may be performed for those in need is charitable giving. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing requirement for openness and honesty in all charitable work being done right now. Donors need to be aware of the purpose of their contribution and the receiving organizations.
All of these are now possible thanks to blockchain technology. Because the blockchain is so transparent, it is possible to monitor every donation. In addition to this, the corporation or group handling the transactions is required to be more discreet in their expenditure of the funds. Blockchain-enabled donations are also perfect for communities who wish to eliminate brokers to save money on commissions and give the most benefit possible to those in need.
Logistics Management
Logistics is currently one of the essential businesses in need of radical reform. In actuality, this industry is confronted with an enormous number of problems. In this situation, blockchain can assist in resolving the majority of the issues.
Blockchain can include an authentication procedure and assist in confirming all data. Moreover, as no one can alter the data, every element will be outside the grasp of harmful parties. It can also aid in tracking all orders and ensuring timely deliveries.
Additionally, blockchain can create a secure conduit for all vehicle-to-vehicle communications, streamlining them to improve efficiency.
This concludes our discussion of practical blockchain applications. We hope this article has provided you with a clear grasp of what blockchain can achieve for real-world applications. It has numerous applications in the real world, including healthcare, supply chain, real estate, etc. Each of these industries features a variety of blockchain application cases.
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Department of Accounting & Business Law
The leading Accounting and Business Law department in the Nordic Region
The Department of Accounting & Business Law is Finland's leading Accounting and Business Law department. Our department consists of both Finnish and international faculty with expertise in Accounting and Business Law areas. Our research covers a broad range of industry-relevant issues and is regularly published in the top Accounting, Finance, Management, and Business Law outlets. Our ongoing research explores the impact of Digitalisation, Sustainability, and Inclusivity initiatives on Accounting, Auditing and Compliance activities in firms. Our faculty members take socially relevant roles supporting political decision-making, advising businesses, and steering firms' strategies.
Our department is very well networked both nationally and internationally. Our excellent seminar series covers both Management and Financial Accounting topics, attracting top researchers from all over the world. We have close tie-ups with leading businesses both for teaching and research purposes. Our faculty members regularly write opinion pieces for leading media houses in Finland, and international media reports have cited some of the cutting-edge research from our department.
Theoretically advanced and practically valuable research enables us to provide industry-relevant education at both bachelors and masters levels. We regularly benchmark our bachelor and master level programmes against leading Nordic and European Accounting programmes. In our course and curricula design, we take input from our alumni and industry experts. We believe Accounting and Business law are essential parts of financially sound strategic solutions to often complex and ambiguous managerial challenges. Our degree programmes equip students with relevant skills enabling them to succeed in today's turbulent job markets.
Register for training in research data management and open science in spring 2023Registration is open for the spring 2023 training!
Could carbon farming be scaled into a genuine alternative to industrialized agriculture?In a new research project, researchers at the School of Business examine farmers' experiences of carbon farming to build understanding of the functioning of a new agricultural market.
Finland's top sustainability reports are of high qualityStora Enso won the overall competition for the third time
The School of Business is funding projects that foster and encourage diversity, inclusivity and equalityAalto BIZ Case Development Center and Root to Rise project received EDI funding
For Students Interested in Accounting
Both our Bachelor's and Master's programmes are the largest at the business school and regularly receive top ratings from the students. Our PhD programme is well-funded and provides top-quality education, research relevant training, great networking possibilities, in proximity to practices, and excellent supervision.
The English-Finnish accounting dictionary for students can be found here.
Applying to Bachelor's Programmes
The application period for bachelor's programmes in English is 4–18 January 2023 for studies starting in autumn 2023.
Accounting, Master of Science (Economics and Business Administration)
The Master's Programme in Accounting prepares students for producing and using financial and non-financial information to control and manage companies. Accounting, whether financial accounting or management accounting, is at the heart of every business and a critical part of planning and decision-making in companies. Accounting graduates possess invaluable and highly universal know-how for succeeding in different organisations across all industries and continents.
Yritysjuridiikan maisteriohjelma
The Master´s Programme in Business Law is taught in Finnish.
For more information visit our Finnish web site.
Contact information
Visiting address
Ekonominaukio 1, 3rd floor, 02150 Espoo
Postal address
Department of Accounting
Aalto University School of Business
Department Administration
Head of the Department: Teemu Malmi
Secretary: Stina Mäkelä-Korhonen, [email protected]
Inquiries regarding
- applying to Bachelor's or Master's Programmes: [email protected]
- applying to Doctoral Programme: [email protected]
- all administrative affairs: [email protected]
School of Business
At the School of Business we strive for better business and better society. We excel in education and research with a multidisciplinary approach and in collaboration with our partners.


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AVON — Town Administrator Gregory Enos would like to thank and acknowledge Town employees for their hard work and dedication during 2020, and take a look back at what happened over the course of the year.
"Last year was challenging on so many levels, but we all worked together to make the year as safe as possible while providing a high level of service to the community," Town Administrator Enos said. "Now that 2021 is upon us I wanted to take a moment to pause and look back at 2020."
Here is a look back at 2020 in Avon:
Purple Heart Designation
In early August, the Town held a ceremony outside Town Hall to recognize being named a Purple Heart Community. The town received its Purple Heart Community designation earlier in the year by the Military Order of the Purple Heart, an organization for combat wounded veterans that works on legislative initiatives and provides services for veterans and their families.
Veterans Service Officer Dale Kurtz spoke at the ceremony, thanking Avon veterans for their service to their community and their country.
Fire Station Renovation
The Town proceeded with an approximately $4.5 million renovation to the fire station on the heels of the completion of the newly constructed police station in 2019. The project remained on budget throughout the year, and is currently projected to be complete in July of 2021.
For full details on the project, visit the Town's project page here.
Public Safety Hires
The Town hosted multiple swearing-in ceremonies for new public safety personnel, which were mostly attended virtually due to the pandemic.
New Firefighters include Nduabugbo Nnoli, Justin Powers and Christopher Sullivan, and new Police Officers include Officer Hans Guillaume.
Additionally, multiple call firefighters hired in 2019 were pinned in 2020 after successful completion of the Call Fire Academy. They include Sean Meany, Eloi Brouillard and Edward Zine IV.
MassWorks Grant
The Town was awarded a $1 million MassWorks grant from the Baker-Polito Administration to perform substantial reconstruction and safety improvements to Central Street. Funds from the grant will allow the Town to make major repairs to the road, including adding a sidewalk, a raised curb and bicycle accommodations. Roughly 65% of the town's ambulance service runs down Central Street, making smooth traffic flows for public safety concerns a major component of the work.
The Town's application for the funds received a technical score of 50 out of 50, stressing the importance of the project and the need for the repairs to be done.
AA+ Bond Rating
This past summer, the Town received a AA+ bond rating from Standard and Poor's Global Ratings, which reflects the high-quality financial condition/low credit risk of the Town. The report noted that the financial management team in Avon had worked to proactively take measures to cushion the effects of potential shortfalls due to the pandemic, and had additional measures at its disposal that the Town could implement should significant cuts to funding happen.
COVID-19 Response
From the onset of the pandemic, the Town has worked hard to respond to the global health crisis and provide residents with accurate, timely and transparent information. A page on the Town' website provides detailed updates, including testing information, links to local and state resources, and videos featuring Health Agent Kathleen Waldron and Fire Chief Robert Spurr.
Employee Recognition
In addition to specific projects and accomplishments, Town Administrator Enos would like to express his thanks to the many Town employees and departments that worked tirelessly to keep Town services running during 2020 despite the challenges of the pandemic.
Town employees were treated to an employee recognition event Thursday, Sept. 24 as a thank-you for the work they have put in during the past several months. An ice cream truck from Weymouth-based Ellie's Treats visited the Avon Public Library, Avon Town Hall and the Avon Police Station as part of the event.
"There is not enough time to thank each and every one of the employees of our Town for the work they put in this year," Town Administrator Enos said. "The level of service which our residents deserve and expect was met despite so many potential roadblocks, and it means a lot that so many passionate and dedicated individuals are committed to making the Town of Avon the best it can be, no matter the circumstances."
Remembering Those Who Passed
The year also saw the unfortunate passing of several public servants. Town Administrator Enos and the rest of the Town remember those who served with distinction who passed away during 2020.
Such individuals include Joan Murphy of the Avon Public Library (who passed in December 2019), Selectman Bob Brady, Doreen Gouthro from the Town Clerk's Office, and Carl Fischer from the Parks and Recreation Department.
Looking Ahead to 2021
Town Administrator Enos, on behalf of the entire Town of Avon, wishes residents a very safe and happy New Year. The Town looks forward to seeing what 2021 will bring and will continue to keep the entire Avon community up-to-date on what is happening in town, both in terms of its continued COVID-19 response and everything else residents need to know.


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Rabbit (Set of 8) 5"H Resin
Regular price $64.99 USD
Regular priceUnit price per
Sale price
Beautiful set of Rabbit figurines with an old world, vintage-inspired look. Ivory finish is distressed. Comes as a set of 8 and made of Resin. Perfect for seasonal decorating.
- Set of 8
- 4 of each of the 2 styles
- Measures 5"H
- Made of resin


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A subset of systematic reviews; a method for systematically combining pertinent qualitative and quantitative study data from several selected studies to develop a single conclusion that has greater statistical power. This conclusion is statistically stronger than the analysis of any single study, due to increased numbers of subjects, greater diversity among subjects, or accumulated effects and results.
Definition of Meta_Analysis
- A meta-analysis would be used for the following purposes:
- To establish statistical significance with studies that have conflicting results
- To develop a more correct estimate of effect magnitude
- To provide a more complex analysis of harms, safety data, and benefits
- To examine subgroups with individual numbers that are not statistically significant.
If the individual studies utilized randomized controlled trials (RCT), combining several selected RCT results would be the highest level of evidence on the evidence hierarchy, followed by systematic reviews, which analyze all available studies on a topic.
What is a meta-analysis?
Meta-analysis is a statistical technique for combining data from multiple studies on a particular topic. Meta-analyses play a fundamental role in evidence-based healthcare. Compared to other study designs (such as randomized controlled trials or cohort studies), the meta-analysis comes in at the top of the 'levels of evidence' pyramid in evidence-based healthcare. This is a pyramid which enables us to weigh up the different levels of evidence available to us. As we go up the pyramid, each level of evidence is less subject to bias than the level below it. Therefore, meta-analyses can be seen as the pinnacle of healthcare evidence. Meta-analyses began to appear as a leading part of research in the late 70s. Since then, they have become a common way for synthesizing evidence and summarizing the results of individual studies.
Meta-analysis in applied and basic research
Pharmaceutical companies use meta-analysis to gain approval for new drugs, with regulatory agencies sometimes requiring a meta-analysis as part of the approval process. Clinicians and applied researchers in medicine, education, psychology, criminal justice, and a host of other fields use meta-analysis to determine which interventions work, and which ones work best. Meta-analysis is also widely used in basic research to evaluate the evidence in areas as diverse as sociology, social psychology, sex differences, finance and economics, political science, marketing, ecology and genetics, among others.
Why should we carry out & use meta-analyses?
To make a valid decision about using an intervention, ideally, we should not rely on the results obtained from single studies. This is because results can vary from one study to another for various reasons, including confounding factors, and the different study samples used. By combining individual studies, and thus using more data, the precision and accuracy of the estimates in the individual studies can be improved upon. Additionally, if the individual studies were underpowered, combining them in a meta-analysis can increase the overall statistical power to detect an effect.
Below are the basic steps involved in a meta-analysis.
1- Identifying/formulating a problem (i.e. a question to be answered e.g. to determine the effectiveness of exercise for depression compared with no treatment and comparator treatments).
2- Doing a literature search:
this will probably involve searching multiple databases that index reliable peer-reviewed articles, such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, etc.
3- Deciding on selection/inclusion criteria:
you should use inclusion and exclusion criteria that will ensure that high-quality evidence, of direct relevance to your research question, is included. For this reason, we tend mostly to include randomized controlled trials (and may exclude observational studies). Ideally, we would also include unpublished studies in order to avoid publication bias. (If we fail to include all of the relevant studies, our conclusions may be erroneous. Specifically, we may overstate the benefit of a treatment (for example), because studies which fail to find a significant effect are less likely to be published than those which do not find a significant effect. See here for more information).
4- Data extraction:
you ought to extract data for your outcomes of interest to be pooled (combined) in the final analysis set.
5- Doing the basic meta-analysis:
there is a range of software for this purpose, such as Review Manager and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software.
where does meta-analysis fit in the research process?
Many journals encourage researchers to submit systematic reviews and meta-analyses that summarize the body of evidence on a specific question, and this approach is replacing the traditional narrative review. Meta-analyses also play supporting roles in other papers. For example, a paper that reports results for a new primary study might include a meta-analysis in the introduction to synthesize prior data and help to place the new study in context.
Planning new studies
Meta-analyses can play a key role in planning new studies. The meta-analysis can help identify which questions have already been answered and which remain to be answered, which outcome measures or populations are most likely to yield significant results, and which variants of the planned intervention are likely to be most powerful.
Grant applications
Meta-analyses are used in grant applications to justify the need for a new study. The meta-analysis serves to put the available data in context and to show the potential utility of the planned study. The graphical elements of the meta-analysis, such as the forest plot, provide a mechanism for presenting the data clearly, and for capturing the attention of the reviewers. Some funding agencies now require a meta-analysis of existing research as part of the grant application to fund new research.
Greater statistical power.
Confirmatory data analysis
Greater ability to extrapolate to the general population affected.
Considered an evidence-based resource.
Difficult and time-consuming to identify appropriate studies.
Not all studies provide adequate data for inclusion and analysis.
Requires advanced statistical techniques.
Heterogeneity of study populations.


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Please join us for a ribbon cutting
Please join the CHRISTUS Institute of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine with CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital – Sulfur Springs at the Gerald Prim Football Stadium for a ribbon cutting of the CHRISTUS Mobile Athletic Training Facility made possible through the Hopkins County Healthcare Foundation and a generous donation from Alliance Bank! The grand opening will take place on Monday, August 1 at 9:15 a.m. at Gerald Prim Stadium, 1200 Connally St, Sulfur Springs. We hope to see you there! Look for an invite soon for a MATR Tour and Back Door to be held before one of SS Wildcat Football's home games in August.
Maternal-Fetal Medicine
CHRISTUS Trinity Clinic has opened its Maternal Fetal Medicine Clinic in Sulfur Springs. OBGYN physician Dr. Martin Fielder says, "Having high-risk maternity care here in Sulfur Springs means our highest-risk pregnant patients won't have to leave the county to receive specialty care. Leveraging our extensive experience in telemedicine, CHRISTUS Trinity Clinic can now offer access to Maternal Fetal Medicine Specialists in Tyler, TX to our patients in the Sulfur Springs service area. They will use the latest 3D/4D ultrasound technology generously donated by our Hopkins County Health Care Foundation to assess and care for our high-risk mothers. High-risk pregnancies include such things as those involving a mother with a complicated disease process like diabetes, heart disease, or who has suffered recurrent pregnancy loss. There are those that involve an unborn baby or babies with a difficult diagnosis like congenital heart disease or a genetic disease, or those where both mother and baby are affected by complex conditions. Our providers at CHRISTUS Trinity Clinic will work to provide these patients with the care they need.
women's health
We are ready to meet the health needs of every woman at every stage of her life. Whether you are coming for a routine gynecological exam, preparing to give birth, or need treatment for a disorder, we offer many services and treatments. Our supplier team includes Darryl Doughtie, MD; Martin Fielder, MD; and certified nurse midwife Deb Logan. To make an appointment, please contact their office at 903.439.4917.
The birth house
At CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital Sulfur Springs, we want to be there to help celebrate one of life's milestones: the birth of your baby. We created the Birthing Center with your family in mind. Our friendly and experienced doctors, midwives and nurses are ready to provide you with the care you need before you give birth, during your stay and after your baby is born.
NICU Level II (32+ weeks) with
· Dedicated doctors and local pediatricians ready to care for your newborn
Maternal Tier II designation
Before you give birth: Free virtual classes on childbirth and breastfeeding are held monthly. You can also schedule a visit to our Women's Birthing Center. For more information on classes and tours, please call 903.439.4091.
During your stay: CHRISTUS has LDRP rooms for one room throughout your stay. Our goal is to make you feel the comforts of home during your labor and birth experience with an "at home" experience. We offer different labor pain options, including nitrous oxide, and have new state-of-the-art birthing beds.
After the baby is born: We have planned a special meal just for mum, and a gift for your little one. We also have a support group for moms! Call or text Kristi Couch for more information at 903.348.4767 or find us on Facebook: Breastfeeding is the Best Support-BIBS. You don't have to be breastfeeding to join, all moms are welcome!
Need a COVID Booster?
Net Health is offering adult and pediatric vaccines and boosters this week at 100 Medical Circle in Sulfur Springs. You can enter from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. daily (July 25-29). No appointment is necessary. They will continue to offer this clinic every four weeks as noted: July 25-29, August 22-26, September 19-23, and October 17-21.
CHRISTUS Care on demand
CHRISTUS Health has expanded access to healthcare across all departments in Texas and Louisiana with the launch of CHRISTUS On Demand Care. These virtual visits allow patients to meet with a CHRISTUS Health caregiver via live video from their smartphone, tablet or computer for their urgent care needs from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. at 7 p.m. every day of the week, including Saturday and Sunday, and even on public holidays. This service complements scheduled virtual visits that are already in high demand and available to new and existing patients.
Designed specifically for a consumer's healthcare needs, CHRISTUS on-demand healthcare providers can treat anything from allergies to rashes to the flu, all from the comfort of one place and of a time convenient to the user. The virtual tour allows someone to be placed in a queue and seen by the first available CHRISTUS board certified provider. If further tests such as blood work or consultations are needed, CHRISTUS On Demand Care can also help facilitate referrals and provide other helpful instructions.
There is no additional cost associated with a CHRISTUS On Demand Care visit. Almost all major medical insurance covers these visits. Depending on the insurance plan, you may have a copayment, but it's like seeing a provider in a traditional office. Medicare and Medicaid also currently cover virtual visits like CHRISTUS On Demand.
To schedule CHRISTUS On Demand Care, visit christushealth.org/virtual-medicine or access your MyCHRISTUS account (formerly known as "MyChart") and click on virtual visit or On Demand Care. Look for the launch of our MyCHRISTUS app, coming soon!
Number of beds
Number of beds – 402 – CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital – Tyler
Number of beds – 8 – CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital – South Tyler
Number of beds – 25 – CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital – Jacksonville
Number of Beds – 96 – CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital – Sulfur Springs
Number of beds – 25 – CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital – Winnsboro
Number of beds – 94 – CHRISTUS Trinity Mother Frances Rehabilitation Hospital
Number of beds – 96 – CHRISTUS Trinity Mother Frances Louis and Peaches Owen Heart – Tyler
Number of beds – 51 – Tyler Continue CARE Hospital at CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital
Contributed by Jennifer Heitman


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Skies dazzle during trip along Norway's coast.
It's the middle of winter, and I'm on a cruise heading toward the hinterlands of northern Norway. On the deck of the Hurtigruten ship, the snow swirls in gusts. Chunks of ice drift by and the arctic air nips at my fingertips.
Why, you might ask: Why would I cruise to the "Land of the Midnight Sun" in the dead of winter? I am hunting the dazzling northern lights. In 2013, I'm told, the arctic skies will have more solar storm activity than in nearly half a century. That means there is a good chance of seeing aurora borealis.
There's almost nowhere better on earth to see nature's light show than in northern Norway, amidst the crisp, clear nights of winter, when solar winds are drawn to the magnetic field of the North Pole.
I start my cruise in the port of Bergen, Norway's second largest city and a charming one at that. Its wharf is a UNESCO world heritage site, filled with wooden houses preserved as they were 300 years before Hanseatic merchants made the port the European trading center for cod.
The city, filled with pretty cobblestone streets, is easy to explore on foot. I take in sights such as a former fortress, a wooden house museum and an archaeological museum depicting life in earlier times. For a more sweeping perspective, I ride the funicular to the top of one of seven mountains surrounding the city, which is a gateway to the fjords of Norway.
From Bergen, my ship heads up the coast, stopping in numerous ports per day. Some stops allow for disembarking to explore the small, quaint towns and countryside. Others are quick stops, primarily intended for the ship to deliver goods, which is Hurtigruten's heritage. For 120 years, the cruise line has been ferrying people and goods up and down Norway's coast, serving as a transportation and supply lifeline to remote areas.
Cruise amenities were added about 30 years ago. Now Hurtigruten Cruises has ships traveling north and south 365 days a year — a cruise line for all seasons; the Gulf Stream flowing up from Florida keeps ports ice-free year round.
Trondheim, a city founded by a Viking king, is the next major stop. Today its cathedral, Nidaros, remains the coronation center for modern-day kings and an exhibit showcases the crown regalia. The cathedral was built upon a shrine to St. Olav, the country's patron saint who is said to evoke miracles., For that reason the city is an important European pilgrimage site.
For a city dating to medieval times, however, I am struck by the contrast of a contemporary museum in its midst: Rockheim, which is dedicated to pop and rock. I enter its doors a skeptic, assuming it will be kitschy. Instead, I am drawn to the artful and dynamic interactive exhibits, covering decades from the 1950s onward. I even get to ride a '70s band tour bus before I have to be nearly dragged out of the museum because my ship is sailing.
Then comes that dramatic moment aboard the Hurtigruten: a blare of the horn announces latitude 66 degrees, 33 minutes — the Arctic Circle. The sun glints upon a sphere marking that latitude on a deserted, frozen island.
Are the northern lights within my grasp? Passengers are told that the ship will announce any spotting of the lights even if it's the middle of the night (you can turn off your room intercom, if you choose). I tell fellow travelers, "I'm taking my coat to dinner, just in case."
I'm sipping on a fine wine and finishing off my appetizer when the intercom blasts, "northern lights!" Grabbing my coat, I rush to the top deck.
"It's just a cloud," a lady insists as I point to an white mist in the distance. But I don't see clouds anywhere else in the night sky. We train our eyes on the vision. And then it happens. The grayish image grows and stretches. It starts to follow the curvature of the earth, to billow and sheer.
Photo hounds appear on deck with tripods. The long lens exposure captures what the retina cannot — the fluorescent green hues of the northern lights, which are created by solar particles crashing with atmospheric atoms. Sparks in space are ignited.
The next day, high winds cause us to miss a port stop, but I'm happy to dismiss that inconvenience as the hunt continues. That night, the northern lights surpass the evening prior. Greenish-gray shapes invade the skies like spirits, which, in days of old, is what aurora borealis was believed to be.
The journey continues to the North Cape area, as far north as we can go on the continent. From the port of Kjollefjord, some of us embark on a nighttime snowmobile sojourn. Here, amidst the most northerly forest in the world, we stop to take in the silence. There are no city lights for miles. But the grand finale begins. The light show in the skies is beyond spectacular.
I am so awestruck with those images, that the next day, in the final port of Kirkenes, I fear the skies will not compare to the spectacle already witnessed. Instead, I revel in daylight pleasures, embarking on a "king-crab safari" on a frozen lake, snowshoeing with a guide from the Sami reindeer-herding tribe, and visiting a snow hotel.
Then I return to a warm hotel room as my shipboard journey ends. There, I drift off to sleep with the glow of aurora borealis lights dancing in my head. I have captured the elusive prey.


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By Selina Johnson
Happi Health
February was American Heart Month and our office thought it would be great to go more in depth about why cardiovascular health is so important. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "About 659,000 people die every 36 seconds in the United States from cardiovascular disease. That's 1 in every 4 deaths." That is an alarming statistic with a high death rate. Some examples of what fall under the umbrella of cardiovascular disease include but are not limited to: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, arrhythmias and atherosclerosis. Studies also show that, "heart disease is the leading cause of death for people for most racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including African American, American Indian, Alaska Native, Hispanic." Diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol are key risk factors for heart disease.
You can prevent heart disease by living a healthier lifestyle through exercise, whole foods and by monitoring your blood pressure and cholesterol. Creating these healthier habits can lead to prevention. If you have high blood pressure, diabetes or high cholesterol you are more likely to be at risk of heart disease. You can monitor your risk for heart disease if you have any of the previous by taking your medications, creating a plan with your doctor to monitor your health, check your cholesterol and control your blood pressure. If you have a family history of heart disease consult with your doctor about what the plan of action should be.
According to Medical News Today, "people with lower socioeconomic status had a 50% increased risk of developing heart disease compare to other study participants." This is attributed to reduced access to affordable healthcare, healthcare facilities, treatments and medications. HAPPI Health has implemented some resources to ensure our services are accessible to all patients regardless of socioeconomic status. HAPPI Health has a sliding fee program that we encourage all patients to apply to that can help subset the cost of appointments, labs, medications and what other treatment the provider may deem necessary. Our sliding fee program is easy to apply to and hassle free. You can ask one of the receptionists for the paperwork to see if you qualify. HAPPI Health has recently hired two primary care providers who have over 20 years of experience and can access the signs of heart disease. We have several partnerships with cardiologists that we refer our patients to when they need additional testing. HAPPI Health also offers care management and pre-visit calls to our patients. Care management at HAPPI Health assists patients that have multiple health problems such as: diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, COPD, and asthma. We do pre-visit calls to go over lab or imaging results, routine refills and routine follow ups. We also ask if they have any questions, they want to ask the provider at their upcoming appointment.
When it comes to your cardiovascular health, we are here to address any of your needs and concerns. We believe prevention is better than cure but regardless of what stage your cardiovascular health is in we will work with you to get you to the healthiest version of you.
Works Cited:
MediLexicon International. (n.d.). Lower income individuals have 50% higher risk of heart disease. Medical News Today. Retrieved March 2, 2022, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/233456
"Other Conditions Related to Heart Disease." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Jan. 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/other_conditions.htm.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, February 7). Heart disease facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 2, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm


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Curious reason stated why Leicester have pipped Arsenal to smart pick-up
Leicester have reportedly beaten Arsenal to a free agent acquisition, and a strange reason why the Gunners lost out has been cited.
Arsenal are in the midst of a squad overhaul as they seek to bounce back from a torrid season. Midfield appears to be the area that is expected to see the most change after a trio of unwanted stars are reported to be nearing exits. However, another position that could see turnover is left-back.
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Granit Xhaka and Cedric Soares were both played out of position at times last season. Kieran Tierney is the club's undisputed No. 1 in the position, though has struggled with injury issues.
Rising youngster Bukayo Saka is also capable of deputising, though his talents are best utilised further forward.
As such, Arsenal were persistently linked with the smart free agent signing of Ryan Bertrand.
The 31-year-old has been a dependable performer with Southampton since arriving on a permanent deal from Chelsea 2014.
However, a new contract could not be agreed last year. That left the ex-England left-back searching for a new club this summer.
Leicester and Arsenal were both touted to be in the mix. In the Foxes' case, Bertrand would provide an experienced head for youngsters James Justin and Luke Thomas to learn from.
Timothy Castagne was the headline signing brought in to replace Ben Chilwell last summer. However, the Belgian is thought to be a long-term absentee after suffering a double eye socket fracture at Euro 2020.
Now, per Goal, Leicester have reportedly won the race after the player himself 'chose' Leicester.
The article goes on to state one reason why Arsenal's pursuit fell away was their reluctance to 'block the development of Kieran Tierney.'
Many clubs aim to foster strong competition for each position, though in this case, that was not Arsenal's plan.
Instead, they will 'continue to seek a back-up option' that will seemingly be content with a bench role and not challenge Tierney.
Other free agents and 'younger options' are said to now be in mind.
Grealish wowed by Arsenal ace Saka
Meanwhile, Jack Grealish says he was not surprised by Bukayo Saka's impact for England at Wembley on Tuesday night.
Grealish was one of three changes for the 1-0 win over the Czech Republic, with Harry Maguire and Saka also included.
It was Saka who caught the eye, being named star of the match by UEFA as he made his first appearance of the finals. The youngster had a huge hand in the winning goal, along with Grealish.
And the Villa talisman says Saka has been lighting up training, and explained precisely what he's training from the Gunner that has wowed him so much.
READ MORE: Arsenal nearing £40m windfall as Arteta begins clear-out with unwanted trio


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I love Thanksgiving. Even as I struggle with the "history" of Thanksgiving, I enjoy the meal, the time with family, the food. I think it is good to have the reminder to be thankful (though, anyone else sick of the vendor "Thankful for you" emails?).
Today is the day before and the turkey is in the brine. I'll start the buns and potatoes tonight, likely make a last run to Walmart for whatever I've forgotten. Tomorrow, we'll watch the parade, football & every Bob's Burger's Thanksgiving episode while we eat and eat and eat and eat. I think what I like most though is the invitation to be thankful. And so I hope you will join Jon and me on Twitter on Sunday November 28 at 7 pm ET as we talk more about what we are thankful for. Be sure to use #HRSocialHour in your tweets so we can see you!
#HRSocialHour Chat
- Q1. What's in your glass?
- Q2. What are you most thankful for in 2021, professionally?
- Q3. What are you most thankful for in 2022, personally?
- Q4. Who is one person you've gained in your network in 2021 that you are thankful for?
- Q5. What is your favorite holiday related TV show episode or movie?
- Q6. What is your favorite part of a holiday meal? Share recipes!
- Q7. What is your favorite holiday tradition with family or friends?


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Next Stop BROADWAY @ PPAC
Be transported to the "Golden Age of Broadway!" Through workshops, classes, and rehearsals, you'll tap your creativity, hone your craft, and cultivate your love of theatre in the collaborative context of the ensemble – all on one of the nation's foremost independent stages! This five-day, rigorous immersion into the music and choreography of iconic chorus numbers culminates in an "Opening Night" performance for your family and friends. Next Stop BROADWAY: Where YOU create magic on stage!
Contact: Ricky Gresh
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Phone: 401-574-3105
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Website: ppacri.org/nsb/


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Tenth Circuit Reverses, Finds Bakery's Lanham Act Claim Under-Proofed
A common maxim in the service industry is that the customer always knows best. But a recent decision from the Tenth Circuit suggests that the maxim has its limits when it comes to interpreting ambiguous marketing claims. In Bimbo Bakeries USA, Inc. v. Sycamore, the court held that the advertiser's use of the word "local" in promoting its bread was not actionable under the Lanham Act, even though both a consumer survey and a jury of consumers had found the term to be misleading. The decision reflects courts' growing comfort in rejecting proffered interpretations of labeling claims as objectively unreasonable, notwithstanding evidence that certain consumers may in fact subscribe to that unreasonable interpretation.
Bimbo Bakeries arises from a litigation in the District of Utah brought by Bimbo Bakeries USA, Inc. ("Bimbo") against United States Bakery ("U.S. Bakery") and Leland Sycamore. Bimbo owns, bakes, and sells a brand of bread that is marketed as "Grandma Sycamore's Home-Maid Bread." U.S. Bakery sold a competing bread product marketed as "Grandma Emilie's." Leland Sycamore is the originator of the recipe for Grandma Sycamore's, and previously worked with U.S. Bakery on the production of Grandma Emilie's.
Bimbo alleged that U.S. Bakery and Sycamore stole Grandma Sycamore's recipe—a trade secret—in creating Grandma Emilie's; infringed Bimbo's trade dress; and, most relevant here, falsely marketed Grandma Emilie's with the tagline "Fresh. Local. Quality." In Bimbo's view, the "local" claim was false because Grandma Emilie's was sold, but not actually made, in Utah.
The district court granted summary judgment to U.S. Bakery as to Bimbo's trade dress infringement claim, finding no infringement. But following trial, the jury found in Bimbo's favor on the misappropriation and false advertising claims, and the district court denied motions for judgment as a matter of law on those claims. Regarding the false advertising claim, the district court denied the motion for judgment as a matter of law because it found that the term "local" is a factual statement that can be objectively proved false or misleading—as opposed to mere puffery, as U.S. Bakery argued. Moreover, the district court found that the jury properly relied on consumer survey data showing that 28% of consumers believed that "local" meant that the bread was produced in-state.
On appeal, the Tenth Circuit ruled in U.S. Bakery's favor on all three of Bimbo's claims. First, the Court affirmed the district court's dismissal, at summary judgment, of Bimbo's trade dress infringement claim. The Court agreed with the district court's finding that the packaging used for Grandma Sycamore's was generic and unprotectable because its appearance was "customary for homemade bread products." Bimbo Bakeries USA, Inc. v. Sycamore, 29 F.4th 630, 639 (10th Cir. 2022). Next, the Court reversed the district court's (and the jury's) finding that defendants had misappropriated Bimbo's trade secret (which was redacted from the decision), concluding that the "trade secret" was merely a compilation of generally known and readily ascertainable information and therefore unprotectable. Id. at 642.
Finally, the Court held that the Tagline "Fresh. Local. Quality." could not support a claim for false advertising. In so holding, the Tenth Circuit made three key findings. First, the court held that the term "local" was non-actionable puffery because it "cannot be 'adjudged true or false in a way that … admits of empirical verification.'" Id. at 643-44. The problem with the word "local," according to the Tenth Circuit, is that there is no consensus as to what that word objectively means. Does it mean that the bread is baked locally but the ingredients can come from a more distant locale? Does every part of the bread-making process have to take place near the point of sale? Moreover, what are the spatial limits to local? The answer, as the Tenth Circuit recognized, is that there are none—"there is no principled, universal, or intuitive magic number of miles at which something stops being 'local.'" Id. at 645. As a result, the word local is simply "an indeterminate and unverifiable adjective" akin to "favorite," "fresh," and "regional"—and its use, standing alone, does not create false-advertising liability under the Lanham Act. Id.
Second, the panel recognized that "[c]onsumer surveys in Lanham Act cases are properly limited to proving that factual claims that are not literally false nonetheless mislead consumers," and cannot convert a vague term "into a statement of fact." Id. at 645-46. As discussed above, to prove its false advertising claim, Bimbo submitted a survey of Utah consumers asking those consumers what the word "local" meant to them. But given that the Tenth Circuit had already found that the term "local" is inherently a matter of opinion and not a factual statement, the survey results merely "juxtapose[d] U.S. Bakery's own opinion about when something qualifies as 'local' with the opinions of its customers." Id. at 645. And in so doing, the survey evidence simply reinforced that divining an objective meaning of "local" through a customer survey is "unworkable": For instance, several survey respondents had opined that "local" meant that the bread was baked in-store; if this definition were adopted, the court reasoned, a supermarket advertising bread made one block away as "local" would be liable for false advertising. It should be noted that the panel's skepticism of consumer surveys is consistent with authority from other circuits. See, e.g., Mead Johnson & Co. v. Abbott Labs., 201 F.3d 883, 887 (7th Cir. 2000), opinion amended on denial of reh'g, 209 F.3d 1032, 1034 (7th Cir. 2000) ("[N]ever before has survey research been used to determine the meaning of words, or to set the standard to which objectively verifiable claims must be held.")
Third, the panel considered the context in which "local" appeared in U.S. Bakery's tagline—Fresh. Local. Quality"—and concluded that context did not lend any additional objectivity or measurability to the term. See id. at 646-47. The tagline as a whole did not "narrow the word's focus to a particular place or proximity"; if anything, the three words, "[p]laced in proximity, … water[ed] down whatever meaning each might individually possess, reinforcing their own generality and subjectivity." Id. In short, the Court found that "[c]ombining 'local' with 'fresh' and 'quality' fails to 'suggested a benchmark by which the veracity of 'local' can be assessed." Id. at 647.
Bimbo Bakeries teaches that, at least in the Tenth Circuit, if an advertiser uses marketing language that is "fundamentally subjective," no amount of consumer evidence—such as the results of a survey—can imbue that subjective term or phrase with "empirically verifiable" meaning. That lesson dovetails with the growing body of case law highlighting courts' reluctance to substitute standard, dictionary definitions of words with a consumer's personal, unreasonable interpretation of them. Taken together, these decisions show that courts are increasingly willing to reject consumer interpretations of labeling claims that they find unreasonable—e.g., because they impute a singular objective meaning to an inherently subjective term (e.g. "fresh" and "local"), or because they impute an idiosyncratic interpretation to terms with fixed, ordinary meanings (e.g., interpreting "hypoallergenic" to mean a product contains no ingredients that can cause any sort of negative reaction in the body).
The Tenth Circuit's decision is also a valuable reminder to advertisers that even when using puffery, context matters. The word "local" on its own may not be an actionable advertising claim, but if it is coupled with an image of the Empire State Building, a scenic vista of Napa Valley, or an outline of the state of Michigan, a court could conceivably conclude that this otherwise-subjective term has taken on an objective meaning in light of that surrounding context. Advertisers, therefore, should not treat decisions like Bimbo Bakeries as a blank check to use particular words and phrases, and should always consider the impression their labels and advertisements convey when taken holistically.


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Democrats in Louisiana have always touted what they call the "30-30 rule" in statewide elections – meaning that to win, they needed 30 percent of the electorate to be black and they needed to get 30 percent of the white vote.
But exit polls in Tuesday's Senate race show that the 30/30 rule is no longer a formula for Democrat success, because one half of that rule doesn't look like it's realistic anymore.
Specifically, Mary Landrieu didn't get the 33 percent of the white vote she received in 2008. Nor did she get the 30 percent of the white vote the 30/30 rule would require.
Instead, Landrieu only got 18 percent of the white vote.
Just 18 percent.
She is in such poor odor with white voters that among white women – the demographic subset she occupies – she managed just 22 percent. Among white men she got just 15 percent on Tuesday. Bill Cassidy got 59 percent of the white vote and Rob Maness got another 19 percent.
Rob Maness got more white voters than Mary Landrieu did, according to the exit polls. He did this with $2 million raised and spent compared with nearly $14 million raised and spent by Landrieu – not to mention another $11 million spent on her behalf by third-party groups.
Landrieu's turnout machine did get the black vote to 30 percent of the electorate, which more closely reflects a presidential cycle turnout model rather than the 27-28 percent one usually expects in a statewide cycle or the even lower figures of a midterm cycle. And Landrieu managed to pull 94 percent of the black vote that resulted (Cassidy had three percent, and Maness just one percent). National exit polls show that Republicans managed 10 percent of the black vote, meaning Louisiana is actually lagging.
The lesson of that last set of statistics is that with an entire month of Elbert Guillory's ads on TV and the operations of the Black Conservative Fund on the ground and elsewhere, there is a metric in place with which to judge improvement. Anything above six percent of the black vote in December would be evidence that whatever is being done to produce it ought to be intensified in future races.
But with the 64 percent of the population made up of persons of pallor, Landrieu is largely dead in the water – particularly when she insinuated, and then doubled, tripled and quadrupled down on the statement, that white folks in Louisiana are a bunch of racists. That made the 30/30 rule inoperable.
Some quick math indicates that Landrieu's 42 percent showing on Tuesday was more than two-thirds black (94 percent of the 30 percent black share of the vote is 28 percent, while 18 percent of the 64 percent share of the white vote is 11 percent). If that is the Democrats' base electorate at this time, it seems impossible to imagine a Democrat could win a statewide race in Louisiana again under current circumstances.
It is almost certain that the electorate in December will be more white and conservative than it was on Tuesday. A runoff electorate always is, historically speaking.
And if Landrieu can't claim more than 18 percent of the white vote she's going to struggle to get to the 42 percent showing she had on Tuesday.
If you're looking for a reason why the Democrat Senatorial Campaign Committee canceled $2 million of television ads on Landrieu's behalf yesterday, this could well be your reason.


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Yes, just like every corner of America, you'll find McDonald's, Burger King, or Five Guys in Tampa Bay or Orlando as well. However, while in Miami, for the best bites on the juiciest patty and tasty buns, you might want to get out of your comfort choices and try other burger places.
Not judging you for always resorting to the famous burger chains. But how about going a bit adventurous by trying out a new burger restaurant in Miami?
Any burger-lover would agree that it's pretty heartbreaking when the burger is underwhelming, and that's why I'm here to help! One burger lover to another, I got your back, ma dude!
I tried almost all the best-rated burger joints in Miami. And am proud to present to you the list of 8 Best Burger Restaurants In Miami based on my experience and the reputation they uphold.
Try any of them; I bet you won't regret it.
Top 8 Burger Restaurants In Miami 2023
1. Vice Burger
Let me remind you, this is an award-winning burger place. You can guess what that means! And for the people craving some soft buns and meaty patties after midnight, good for you! The joint stays open late at night.
While the food is amazingly prepared, their signature Vice sauce is what makes Vice Burger a staple of the Miami burger world.
How It Came To Be
Vice Burger came into the picture in 2020 when the founder, chef Gregory Schesser decided it was time to use his Michelin Star level skills to give fellow Americans what they want. A nice, decent, traditional hamburger, without all the unnecessary stuff that just ruins the appetite.
And Gregory's humble start, along with co-founder Edward Petrossov, started right on a corner at Miami Avenue.
Gregory has been determined to serve the burger-lovers the traditional American taste with freshly sourced ingredients every day. And his own special creation, the Vice Sauce, which pretty much determines why you should choose Vice Burger every time.
Experiences Schesser had in fine dining places like The French Laundry and Madison Square Garden are visible in his craft, which also shows why Miami people voted this joint as the best burger place in recent times.
The Menu
For now, chef Schesser has settled for just one item on the menu, as he's more focused on celebrating the classic burger instead of having hundreds of experimental combinations.
In Vice Burger, you'll get a burger combining brioche bun (toasted, feels French), thick juicy grounded Angus beef patty with melted American cheese. And pickle and onion slices (thinly sliced) in between.
And then, for the final touch, the special Vice Sauce that you can't have enough of!
Available in variations of Vice Burger, Double Vice Burger, Classic Hamburger, and Grilled Cheese Burger.
For sides, you can have Vice Fries and Black Truffle Fries.
This burger joint offers burgers with prices ranging from $7 to $20. For this price range, the place can be considered medium-priced.
Open in two locations for now.
- 1040 N Miami Ave, Miami, FL, 33136
- 2600 NW 2nd Ave, Miami, FL, 33127
Take Away Options
You can order straight up from their site viceburger.com. They have both pickup and home delivery options.
You can order via phone as well. For contact: +(305) 306-7392
Vice Burger is also enlisted for orders in a few other online delivery sites.
Opening Hours
The N Miami Ave location stays open on Thursday (9:30 PM – 2:00 AM), Friday (11:00 PM – 4:00 AM), Saturday (11:00 PM – 4:00 AM), Sunday (9:30 PM – 2:00 AM)
The NW 2nd Ave location serves burgers only on Saturday, from 11:00 AM – 6:00 PM.
2. IBurger
If you're looking for a burger place to bring the kids, you should try IBurger. Amazing burger with delicious sides, and they have a kid's menu!
And one of the few best burger places in Florida that offer great vegan options. In fact, the bread provided as sides is always vegan-sourced.
How It Came To Be
As one of the recently founded establishments, IBurger has quickly gained many fans. Thanks to their caring attitude and well-made menu, as well as the amazing burger choices. The name was selected obviously to keep up with people's trendy love for everything apple-related, but food.
It's a big restaurant, particularly aimed at family gatherings and tourists. Have both meaty and vegan options.
The Menu
The iBurger offers a vast selection of burgers with locally sourced meat. They also have two options for vegans (Beyond Burger and Go Green Burger).
This burger joint offers burgers with prices ranging from $13 to $20. For this price range, the place can be considered medium-priced.
275 NE 18th St # Cu-2, Miami, FL 33132
Take Away Options
The restaurant allows takeaway. The original site for the place is under service now. To order, visit iburgeronline.com. They have options for both pick-up and home delivery.
You can also place your order via phone. For contact: (786) 360-1240
Opening Hours
Open all days of the week. The restaurant hours are 11:30 AM – 11 PM from Monday to Thursday. On Friday, it closes at 12 AM. It's 12 PM – 12 AM on Saturday and closes an hour early on Sunday.
3. La Birra Bar
Moving from North America, to slightly south. My next pick is one of the popular Burger restaurants in Miami beach, Argentinian La Birra Bar, because it's just absolutely delicious!
How It Came To Be
Although names aren't enough to predict anything, if the name gives you Latin American vibes, you're absolutely right.
La Birra Bar comes from Argentina, where it started as a family business two decades ago and won over the whole country! Now they have brought that Argentinian touch to the American people with their branch in Miami.
The Menu
The menu consists of classic American burgers like cheeseburgers, fried onion, and some other fusions with cheesy (pun intended) names. The joint allows you to alter between single cheese, double, and triple layers for all the popular burgers.
This place offers burgers at usual prices ranging from $13 to $17, with two exceptions costing around $30. For this price range, the place can be considered high-priced.
14831 Biscayne Blvd, North Miami Beach, FL 33181
Take Away Options
Take-away options are available. You can order burgers from the original website labirrabarusa.com. Or you can use delivery services like UberEats, Grubhub, Postmates, or Seamless.
To place order via phone, contact: +1 305-705-2143
Opening Hours
This place stays open from Sunday to Thursday for the duration of 12-11 PM. On Friday and Saturday, it closes at 12 PM.
Tex-Mex is a favorite all over the country for combining American appetite with Mexican delicacy. Now think that, but in reverse, and you get Shik-Shak.
I also spotted that they have halal options for Muslim tourists and residents.
How It Came To Be
As I said above. Shik-shak is a Mexican establishment experimenting with classic American burgers, and they're doing great so far! Based in Miami, has great reviews for the burgers.
While they specialize in juicy patties and yummy buns, Shik-Shak is known for bringing amazing sides of the Mexican touch. The place is beautiful, spacious, and clean. You should definitely try their burger while in Miami.
The Menu
The menu consists mostly of fusion burgers made with ingredients of different cultures. Along with Mexican food, Italian, and Spanish influence, they experiment with Arabic cuisines (Like Falafel and Shawarma) as well.
This place offers burgers with prices ranging from $18 to $25, and the ones customized for halal diets are priced even higher. There's only one burger on the menu that costs below $14. For this price range, the place can be considered high-priced.
169 Northeast 25th Street, Miami, FL 33137, USA
Take Away Options
While they have an option for pick-up, the original site doesn't offer home delivery. For that, you have to order via UberEats or Postmates.
To place an order via phone, Contact: (786) 407-9373
Opening Hours
The place stays open from 6 PM-12 PM on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. It closes an hour late on Friday and Saturday. The opening hours on Sunday are 6.30 PM-12 PM.
5. Clutch Burger
"Never Basic, Always Clutch" – that's the tagline of the clutch burger. I don't know what clutch means to you. But to me, it means an amazing burger that has no comparison, and yes, Clutch Burger didn't disappoint me in that department. And many residents of Miami would agree with me.
How It Came To Be
The Bradleys (Ana and Stephen) had a dream to open a family restaurant, and that's how Clutch Burger started in 2018.
Clutch Burger is a proper-style restaurant that offers both meat and vegan options, with vegetarian and gluten-free alternatives. While it's famous for burgers, the restaurant specializes in appetizers and has a huge collection of fine breweries. And there's a kid's menu for the children too.
The Menu
While having a large menu of various fast food items, there's not much variation in their burger types. THE TRIFECTA, CHICKEN KATSU, THE GREAT STEAK – You can order from these three.
This place offers burgers with prices ranging from $13 to $19. For this price range, the place can be considered medium-priced.
Take Away Options
It has a takeaway option, although you have to place an order using online services like Grubhub. You can reserve tables online or through the phone. For online reservation, go to clutchburger.com
To order via phone, contact: (305) 400-8242
Opening Hours
The place stays open from 12 PM to 10 PM on Sunday to Thursday. Its opening hours for Friday and Saturday are 12 PM-1 AM.
Fancy going to a gastropub for a good burger and some good bear? KUSH is the place. The place is a bit hipster, but their burgers are classic!
Also, it's an award-winning establishment. So you can count on them for some unforgettable combination of bun, patty, and toppings.
How It Came To Be
KUSH burger place is represented by KUSH Hospitality group. Envisioned by Matt and Priscilla, KUSH Hospitality group started in South Florida with the help of enthusiastic contributors and volunteers, who worked together to make KUSH the establishment it has become today.
Their motto is to be as eco-friendly as possible while supporting the local art scene. It's really a mix of artistic heart and culinary passion, along with the thirst of giving something back to the community. And this is what made KUSH one of the most popular restaurants all over Miami.
The Menu
Classic, Johnny Utah, Lokal, Frita, Kush & Hash, Angry Chef – KUSH offers these burgers for meat lovers. For vegan customers, the Black Bean Burger can be considered a good protein-packed alternative.
This place offers burgers with prices ranging from $15 to $16. For this price range, the place can be considered medium-priced.
2003 N Miami Ave, Miami, FL 33127
KUSH Hospitality works as a group, and they have several food joints operating in Miami. I haven't been to all the locations; I have only been to KUSH Wynwood, and it was terrific. You can choose the joint and the menu from their website kushhospitality.com.
Take Away Options
The menu is available online. You can place an order online using popular online services like Postmates and Grubhub. They have options for both pick-up and home delivery.
To place an order via phone or for other purposes, contact: (305) 576-4500
Opening Hours
The opening hours are 12-10 PM from Sunday to Tuesday and 12-11 PM from Wednesday to Saturday.
7. 305 Degrees Burgers Bar
The place attempts to mix North and Latin American flavors to bring the customers an experience they'll never stop talking about. Just how I'm mentioning them right now!
How It Came To Be
Nando Cely and Daniela Vera started the place in Hollywood a few years back. And Florida being a popular attraction for fast food, Wynwood, Miami, became their second location for the joint. And people have loved their amazing food since.
The Menu
They have the classic cheeseburger for the pure American cheeseburger experience. 305 DEGREES "OUR SIGNATURE BURGER can be a good option for experimental people. There are some spicy varieties for spice-lovers and a Garden burger for those who prefer a veggie alternative.
This place offers burgers with prices ranging from $14 to $16. For this price range, the place can be considered medium-priced.
2324 N Miami Ave, Miami, FL 33127
Take Away Options
They have options for both pick-up and home delivery. You can order using their official website 305degreesburgers.com. You can take help from popular online delivery services as well.
To place an order via telephone, contact: (786) 332-3732
Opening Hours
The opening hours are 12-11 PM on Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. The place stays open from 12 PM-1 AM on Friday and Saturday. It's closed on Monday.
8. Fat Ronnie's Burger Bar
Do you want that tropical island vibe? And some seafood options along with fast food varieties? Fat Ronnie is at your service!
How It Came To Be
As the name suggests, this burger place was founded by Ronnie, who was introduced to the restaurant since at a really young age. After mastering the craft of butchering and cooking at the family restaurant, Ronnie finally started his own venture in 2013 in Massachusetts.
And they chose Miami for their second location and soon became one of the most popular Burger restaurants in Miami fl.
The Menu
Fattie Ronnie's specializes in beef burgers and juicy toppings. You can also try Turkey Burger or Veggie Burger instead of the beef varieties.
In case you're a vegan, the butter used in the Veggie Burger is not vegan.
This place offers burgers with prices ranging from $11 to $13. Non-beef burgers are even cheaper. For this price range, the place can be considered low-priced.
1233 Lincoln Rd, Miami Beach, FL 33139
Take Away Options
The joint has options for both pick-up and home delivery. You can place an order online using their website fatronniesburgerbar.com. You can take help from popular online delivery services as well.
To place an order via phone, contact: (508) 593-6600
Opening Hours
The place is open from 11 AM to 11 PM all seven days of the week.
Final Words
So these are the 8 Best Burger Restaurants In Miami that you can definitely count on for a burger experience that will bring tears to your eyes.
I know because I personally went to these places to see whether they live up to the fame, and none of the places disappointed me. And if you still feel skeptical, check the reviews and ratings for the places mentioned above, and you will see for yourself that I'm not bluffing.
Miami is an amazing place to have some fun experiences. Add some good burgers from Miami Burger restaurants to that list as well as REDD–WOOD Joint too. Vegan, meaty delicacy – whatever you prefer. And Bon Appe-cheeseburger!


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Christ the King Catholic Church
Thursday March 3rd, 2022
9:30am - 10:00am
Mass of Christian Burial
Christ the King Catholic Church
Thursday March 3rd, 2022
Order Flowers now for guaranteed delivery before Gabriel's visitation.
Gabriel Peter Belluomini
Gabriel Belluomini was born in Bakersfield California to Italian emigrant parents Peter and Elena Belluomini on January 13, 1940. He left us on February 11th to reunite with his parents as well as his older brother Monsignor Ralph Belluomini and sister Angela Brumley.
Gabe grew up enjoying being with his father and uncle working in one of the family businesses, farms and ranches. During this time, and at an early age, his love and aptitude for working with animals was apparent and would later grow into his life's calling.
In 1959 he and Jacqueline delRio were married and soon started a family, welcoming sons Peter and Marc followed by daughter Denise.
While continuing to work in a variety of the family businesses, as there were few things he couldn't build, his connection with animals grew into a hobby which soon became a career. Thirty-two acres out on Muller Rd was purchased in the early 60's and was given the name PDM Stables. His aptitude for working with horses developed into a talent for training champion show horses and their riders. This part of his adult life spanned over 50 years and established his legacy in the equestrian community- a legacy which continues today with PDM.
He is survived by Jacqueline Belluomini, brother Michael (Christine), sons Peter Belluomini (Lisa), Marc Belluomini (Eric Becker),daughter Denise Foster (Mike). Granddaughters Katie Ottoboni (Lucas), Heather Giragosian(Nick) and Ashley Foster. Great-grandchildren Tyler and Gemma Giragosian , Dustin Thurman.
Pallbearers – Peter Belluomini, Marc Belluomini, Michael Belluomini, Eric Becker, Mike Foster, Nick Giragosian, Tyler Giragosian, Dustin Thurman and Gemma Giragosian.
Funeral services will be Thursday, March 3, 2022 at Christ The King Catholic Church, 1800 Bedford Way, 93308. Viewing 9:30 a.m. immediately followed by a Mass at 10:00. Interment will follow at 11:30 at Historic Union Cemetery, 730 Potomac Ave., 93307.
To plant memorial trees or send flowers to the family in memory of Gabriel Belluomini, please visit our flower store.
He was a true, treasured friend for 40 years. I will miss him so much.
Nancy Hazle Feb 25 2022 12:08 PM


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Can't believe the day is finally here. I'm a little excited, somewhat nervous, but mainly over it. I'm looking forward to feeling 'normal' again. I'll be getting a myomectomy, possibly a hysterectomy if the uterus looks bad, infected in anyway. I gave consent if it comes to that. I'm okay with my decision. I won't know what happened until I wake up and I'll be staying overnight. It was sad saying goodbye to my kids and husband but I reassured them that everything will be fine and hopefully I'll be home the next day.
Thinking nothing but happy thoughts ❤


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Jimmy Scondras
|Date and Place of Birth:
|September 8, 1919 Lowell, MA
|Date and Place of Death:
|February 25, 1945 Iwo Jima
|Baseball Experience:
|First Lieutenant
|Military Unit:
|D Battery, 2nd Battalion, 12th Marines, 3rd Marine Division, US Marine Corps
|Area Served:
|Pacific Theater of Operations
"That boy would have been top major league baseball timber,
had he lived."
Walter Foye, Lowell High School baseball coach
James P. "Jimmy" (The Chief) Scondras was born in Lowell,
Massachusetts, in 1919. The Scondras family were part of the large Greek
community that settled in Middlesex County during the late 19th Century.
Scondras was an excellent athlete during his high school years at Lowell High. As a sophomore he hit .400 and stole eight bases in 20 games. As a junior he sparked Lowell to a state basketball championship. As a senior, he scored eight touchdowns as a starring halfback, and as basketball captain, he led the team in scoring. In baseball, he hit .345 while leading the team in triples, home runs and runs batted in. He could play any position and, as a catcher, he captained the Lowell Post 87 American Legion team that went to the National Championship Tournament in Middletown, Ohio in 1936 and 1937.
In 1938, Scondras was playing in the Greater Lowell Twilight League for Dan O'Dea's, alternating between the outfield and second base.
After graduating from Lowell High, Scondras attended St John's Prep School in Danvers, Massachusetts before moving on to the College of Holy Cross where he was a letter man in baseball, football and track, and had a superb .418 batting average in 1941 under manager and former major leaguer Jack Barry. Scondras remained a mainstay of the Holy Cross team in 1942 and during the summer months he played for the Manchester, New Hampshire team in the New England League.
It was in 1942, while still at Holy Cross, that Scondras entered military service. In March 1942, he was sworn into the US Marine Corps, allowed to complete his college studies, and then sent to Quantico, Virginia for six month's training. Scondras emerged from Quantico a second lieutenant and undertook further training at Parris Island, South Carolina.
By 1944, Scondras was serving in the Pacific Theater and in combat on Guam. "Scondras was pinned down on the beach for almost an hour on Guam by Jap mortar and machine-gun fire," announced the Lowell Sun in August 1944. "Next morning, the Lowell marine officer was leading a group to establish a forward observer's position. He picked the top ridge as a likely spot. When he was in throwing distance of the Jap outpost, he tossed a grenade over the crest of the ridge. After it exploded, the Japs ceased firing."
By February 1945, Scondras was a first lieutenant and on his way to Iwo Jima to help secure the island for use as a base for long-range fighters to escort bombers on their missions to Japan.
Iwo Jima, 750 miles south of Tokyo, is the middle island of the three tiny specks of the Volcano Islands. Five miles long with Mount Suribachi at the southern tip, the island is honeycombed with excoriated volcanic vents. Hundreds of natural caves communicate with deep sulphur-exuding tunnels. Steep and broken gulleys cut across the surface, ragged sea cliffs surround it. Only to the south is there level sand, but it is fine, shifting, black pumice dust making the beaches like quicksand and rendering it impossible to dig a fox-hole when in need of cover.
The island was riddled with pillboxes, gun-pits, trenches and mortar sites and a three-day naval bombardment beginning on February 16 was intended to rid the island of much of its defense. But despite its enormity the bombardment had minimal effect.
First Lieutenant Scondras landed on the beaches of Iwo Jima on February 19 and somehow ended up sheltering from Japanese machine gun on the volcanic ash beach with his hometown friends, Peter Tsapatsaris and Jimmy Tsaffaras. Days later, Scondras volunteered for duty as a forward scout and was killed in action on February 25, 1945. He had no idea that just days earlier his brother, David, had been killed in action on the battlefields of Europe. Jimmy Scondras was posthumously awarded the Silver Star and Purple Heart.
"The Chief was everything a coach sought in a boy-player," Walter Foye, his high school diamond mentor, told the Lowell Sun in March 1945. "That boy would have been top major league baseball timber, had he lived."
"The life of Jimmy Scondras, whom we knew as one of our own, epitomizes the finest grain of American manhood," wrote John F. Kenney in the Lowell Sun on March 19, 1945. "This kid was moulded the hard way, as so many of the best of 'em are. To Jimmy, opportunity was something to be sought, not awaited to lope around a corner and bowl him over."
First Lt. Scondras was initially buried on Iwo Jima, a small simple
cross of metal marking his resting place. On March 29,
1949, his body was brought home for interment at Woodland Cemetery in
Lowell, along with that of his brother, David.
On February 14, 1965, the Lowell High School gym was renamed the James P. Scondras Memorial gym in his honor. Members of the city council and school committee were in attendance along with members of the Scondras family. In 1990, Scondras was inducted into the Holy Cross Varsity Club Hall of Fame.
Jimmy Scondras with Holy Cross in 1942
Some of this information was obtained from the Hellenic Voice newspaper. Thanks to Astrid van Erp for help with this biography.
Date Added February 5, 2013. Updated August 5, 2017
Baseball's Greatest Sacrifice is associated with Baseball Almanac
Baseball's Greatest Sacrifice is proud to be sponsored by


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From Informed Comment
I understand that the far, far right-wing reused toilet paper that is Breitbart ran a hit piece on me today for daring to question the record of Florida's Saint DeSantis on doing nothing about carbon dioxide emissions that are sinking his state.
Breitbart's offices are in Los Angeles, which is itself threatened by the ravages of global heating. We perhaps forget that Malibu was burned down by wildfires, with Kanye and Kim and other celebs fleeing for their lives, not so long ago. Good luck to the brown shirt rag if they want to deny this reality.
Breitbart is the racist piece of excrement that is actually failing, and fast. They've gone from 17.3 million readers (or, you know, people who move their lips while they stare with heavy knitted brows at the site) to 4.6 million Neanderthals in May of 2019. They wouldn't have any readers at all if advertisers had any sense of civic responsibility who would want their product associated with white supremacy (except for maybe Alex Jones brand brain fluid tampons)? It is bankrolled by the Mercer daughters. Shadowy patriarch Bob Mercer, who gave us Trump as president, is along with his billionaire family an abject climate crisis denialist. I don't wish anyone ill, but if I had heard that they were vacationing in the Bahamas the last few days I would be struck by the irony.
Carbon dioxide emissions, 70% produced by the 100 dirtiest corporations are causing rapid global heating (far more rapid than anything in the geological record, so you could call it unprecedented). CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps the sun's heat and prevents it from radiating back out to space.
CO2 emissions don't cause hurricanes, but they do heat up water, which puts more moisture in the atmosphere and feeds the strength and speed and longevity of hurricanes. Warm water expands (pay attention, Breitbart; I know you failed 8th grade chemistry because you were sniffing glue in the toilet), which raises the sea level. Global heating also melts surface ice, which likewise raises sea level. Higher sea level contributes to higher storm surges.
Climate scientist Michael Mann explains at the Scientific American, which the Breitbart folks can't read because it is hard to hold a magazine while dragging your knuckles on the ground. Mann points out that for every degree C. of warming, you get a 26-foot-per-second increase in wind speed. The 2019 world average surface temperature is up nearly one degree from the 1950-1980 average.
I don't demean myself by reading Breitbart. I'd rather lie naked in my garden during a rainstorm and let slugs traverse me, leaving trails of slime. Most of their existence they've just made fascist shit up, riffing on Mein Kampf. But from my hate mail, I take it that they questioned my credentials to speak to climate change because I am an historian.
This level of ignorance makes my head hurt. Actually, climate is a major part of historical studies, and I have taught courses on History and Climate Change at the University of Michigan. I know that the geniuses over at Breitbart are contemptuous of learning and, like, knowing the alphabet, so let me make you a bet that none of them has read any of the books on my syllabus. They don't have the slightest idea what they are talking about, just like their Clown-in-Chief, Trump.
My colleague Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (Michigan has an exchange with the Paris School of Higher Studies) was one of the pioneers in writing about the history of climate, with his Times of Feast, Times of Famine (French ed. 1967).
The field has become more sophisticated over time, as the science itself has made strides and as some historians have learned techniques like reading tree ring samples from long-lived trees or deploying ice core samples or seabed cores.
Sam White has authored a groundbreaking book on the Little Ice Age and the history of the Ottoman Empire, The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire, which I've taught in seminar.
Not only historians but humanists are attending to the issue. See, e.g., Alexander Elliott et al., Climate Change and the Humanities: Historical, Philosophical and Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Contemporary Environmental Crisis (Springer, 2017).
Those of us who write modern and contemporary history cannot ignore climate change as a driver of social change. I found that water shortages in Egypt contributed to rural rebellions in Egypt in 2011, in my The New Arabs: How the Millennial Generation is changing the Middle East (Simon & Schuster, 2014).
I've also done on-the-ground journalism on the issue in places like the Caribbean and Morocco.
(Note: You can view every article as one long page if you sign up as an Advocate Member, or higher).