text: Rotavirus 10912 Rotavirus is transmitted by the faecal-oral route and possibly by the respiratory route. The diarrhoea is caused by multiple activities of the virus. Malabsorption occurs because of the destruction of gut enterocytes. The toxic rotavirus protein NSP4 induces age- and calcium ion-dependent chloride secretion, and disrupts SGLT1 transporter-mediated reabsorption of water. A recurrence of mild diarrhoea often follows the reintroduction of milk into the child's diet, due to bacterial fermentation of the disaccharide lactose in the gut (Wiki: Rotavirus). Gastroenteritis Protective immune responses against rotavirus infections have been correlated with production of rotavirusspecific fecal IgA in vivo in human and porcine studies as well as in mice (Herrmann et al., 1999). In addition to humans, rotaviruses infect and cause diarrhoea in young animals. They have been shown to infect mammals (for example, apes, cattle, pigs, sheep, rats,, cats, and dogs, mice, horses, rabbits) and birds (chickens and turkeys). These rotaviruses are a potential reservoir for genetic exchange with human rotaviruses. There is evidence that animal rotaviruses can infect humans, either by direct transmission of the virus or by contributing one or several RNA segments to reassortants with human strains (Wiki: Rotavirus). Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae. Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (severe diarrhoea) in infants and young children, with over 95% of these children infected by the time they are 5 years old. The most severe cases occur among infants and young children between 6 months and 24 months of age. By the age of five, nearly every child in the world has been infected with rotavirus at least once. However, with each infection, immunity develops, subsequent infections are less severe,[3] and adults are rarely affected. There are seven species of this virus, referred to as A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Rotavirus A, the most common, causes more than 90% of infections in humans (Wiki: Rotavirus). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Modified Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1935.20) Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0002016 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1931.20) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002017 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Clostridium Perfringens Type C-Escherichia Coli Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4570.20) Pfizer, Inc., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. VO_0002018 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Clostridium Perfringens Type C-Escherichia Coli Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4570.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002019 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Clostridium Perfringens Types C & D-Escherichia Coli Bacterin-Toxoid (USDA: 4575.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0002020 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Escherichia Coli Bacterin (USDA: 4585.20) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002021 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Bovine Rotavirus-Coronavirus Killed Virus Vaccine-Escherichia Coli Bacterin (USDA: 4585.22) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0002022 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA HSVT[VP7/6/2] VO_0004687 Recombinant vector vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) amplicon vectors were constructed to coexpress the rotavirus (RV) structural genes VP2, VP6, and VP7 (Laimbacher et al., 2012). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant vector construction HSV-1 amplicon vectors encoding individual or multiple structural RV proteins from a polycistronic transgene cassette in mammalian cells (Laimbacher et al., 2012). Recombinant vector construction HSV-1 amplicon vectors encoding individual or multiple structural RV proteins from a polycistronic transgene cassette in mammalian cells (Laimbacher et al., 2012). Recombinant vector construction HSV-1 amplicon vectors encoding individual or multiple structural RV proteins from a polycistronic transgene cassette in mammalian cells (Laimbacher et al., 2012). intramuscular injection of mice with the amplicon vectors as a two-dose regimen without adjuvants (Laimbacher et al., 2012). VO_0001030 Immunized mice were partially protected at the mucosal level (Laimbacher et al., 2012). Immunized mice were challenged with live wild-type (wt) rotavirus infection (Laimbacher et al., 2012). ROTARIX Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral ROTARIX GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals VO_0000093 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed The USA (License #1617) Indication: Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by G1 and non-G1 types (G3, G4, and G9) in infants and children when administered as a two-dose series between the ages of 6-24 weeks (FDA: ROTARIX). Store the vials of lyophilized ROTARIX refrigerated at 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F). The diluent may be stored at a controlled room temperature 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). Do not freeze. ROTARIX is a live, attenuated rotavirus vaccine derived from the human 89-12 strain which belongs to G1P[8] type. The rotavirus strain is propagated on Vero cells. The lyophilized vaccine contains amino acids, dextran, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), sorbitol, and sucrose. The liquid diluent contains calcium carbonate, sterile water, and xanthan. The diluent includes an antacid component (calcium carbonate) to protect the vaccine during passage through the stomach and prevent its inactivation due to the acidic environment of the stomach. ROTARIX contains no preservatives (FDA: ROTARIX). A live, attenuated rotavirus vaccine derived from the human 89-12 strain which belongs to G1P[8] type. Seroconversion was defined as the appearance of anti-rotavirus IgA antibodies (concentration ≥20 U/mL) post-vaccination in the serum of infants previously negative for rotavirus. In one clinical trial, it was recorded that 86.5% of 787 recipients of ROTARIX seroconverted compared with 6.7% of 420 placebo recipients and 76.8% of 393 recipients of ROTARIX seroconverted compared with 9.7% of 341 placebo recipients (FDA: ROTARIX). Side effects of vaccination include: fussiness/irritability, cough/runny nose, fever, loss of appetite, and vomiting. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 6 European countries. A total of 3,994 infants were enrolled to receive ROTARIX or placebo. Analyses were also done to evaluate the efficacy of ROTARIX against rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants who received at least one vaccination (FDA: ROTARIX). In this study, the efficacy of ROTARIX against any grade of severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis through one rotavirus seasons was 87.1% and for ROTARIX against any grade of severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis through two rotavirus seasons was 78.9% (FDA: ROTARIX). RotaTeq Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent RotaTeq Merck & Co., Inc, USA License #0002 VO_0000097 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA (License #0002) Indication: Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children caused by the serotypes G1, G2, G3, and G4 when administered as a 3-dose series to infants between the ages of 6 to 32 weeks (FDA: ROTARIX). Store and transport refrigerated at 2-8°C (36-46°F). RotaTeq is a live, oral pentavalent vaccine that contains 5 live reassortant rotaviruses. The reassortants are propagated in Vero cells using standard cell culture techniques in the absence of antifungal agents. The reassortants are suspended in a buffered stabilizer solution. RotaTeq contains no preservatives (FDA: ROTARIX). 5 live reassortant rotaviruses: Four reassortant rotaviruses express one of the outer capsid proteins (G1, G2, G3, or G4) from the human rotavirus parent strain and the attachment protein (serotype P7) from the bovine rotavirus parent strain. The fifth reassortant virus expresses the attachment protein, P1A (genotype P[8]), herein referred to as serotype P1A[8], from the human rotavirus parent strain and the outer capsid protein of serotype G6 from the ovine rotavirus parent strain (FDA: ROTARIX). 71,725 infants were evaluated in 3 placebo-controlled clinical trials including 36,165 infants who received RotaTeq and 35,560 infants who received placebo (FDA: RotaTeq). Possible side effects of vaccinations include: intussusception, vomiting, diarrhea, irrittability 92.9% to 100% of 439 recipients of RotaTeq achieved a 3-fold or more rise in serum anti-rotavirus IgA after a three-dose regimen. 72,324 infants were randomized in 3 placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies conducted in 11 countries on 3 continents. The vaccine was given as a three-dose series to healthy infants with the first dose administered between 6 and 12 weeks of age and followed by two additional doses administered at 4- to 10-week intervals (FDA: RotaTeq). Primary efficacy against any grade of severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by naturally occurring serotypes G1, G2, G3, or G4 through the first rotavirus season after vaccination was 74.0% (FDA: RotaTeq). Rotavirus Chimeric VP6 protein Vaccine VO_0004224 Subunit vaccine Research intranasal immunization intranasal immunization Chimeric VP6 protein (Choi et al., 2002). Mice immunized with Adjumer®, CTA1-DD or LT(R192G), also developed low titers of fecal rotavirus IgA. Use of Adjumer as an adjuvant had a large IgG1 titer but no increase in IgG2a titer (Choi et al., 2002). BALB/c Mice were lightly anaesthetized in a closed vessel with Metafane (methoxyflurane, Pitman–Moore Inc., Mundelein, IL). Vaccine formulations containing chimeric VP6 admixed with different adjuvants were then delivered intranasally or orally into groups of mice. Two i.n. doses (60 μl per dose, 30 μl per nostril) or two oral doses (100 μl per dose), separated by 2 weeks, were delivered. Each dose of immunogen consisted of 9 μg of purified chimeric VP6, which was mixed with LT(R192G) (10 μg), CTA1-DD (10 μg), Adjumer® (50 μg), CpG ODN (10 μg) or QS-21 (20 μg) just before immunization. The amounts of adjuvants used were based on the amounts determined for other immunogens. A group of unimmunized mice served as the control in each experiment (Choi et al., 2002). Mice immunized with chimeric VP6 and Adjumer had a 35% reduction in shedding of virus compared to unimmunized mice (Choi et al., 2002). Four weeks after the last immunization, mice were orally (gavage) challenged with 4×10^4 FFUs (100 μl, 100 SD50) of passage-9 EDIM rotavirus (Choi et al., 2002). Rotavirus VP2/VP 6 Protein Vaccine VO_0004160 Subunit vaccine Research Orally A detoxified version of cholera toxin, CT-E29H (Siadat-Pajouh and Cai, 2001). Orally Recombinant protein preparation BALB/c Four-week-old BALB/c mice were vaccinated twice at Weeks 0 and 2 either orally or i.n. with 100 and 10 ug of 2/6-VLPs, respectively; each vaccine dose was formulated with 10 mg of CT-E29H. A third group of BALB/c mice (n = 4) received 2/6-VLPs with CT-E29H i.n. followed by an oral booster immunization (i.e., mixed group). Control mice in this experiment were inoculated with CT-E29H, 13 TNC, and 2/6-VLPs alone. Each mouse was inoculated i.n. with 20 uL of inoculums , 2 uL at a time into alternating nares at 1-min intervals (Siadat-Pajouh and Cai, 2001). In BALB/c mice, intranasal vaccination with 2/6-VLPs and CT-E29H proved protective (PRAS 5 98.7%), in contrast to intranasal immunization with 2/6-VLPs alone (PRAS 5 39%), demonstrating the significant augmentation in protective immune responses due to CT-E29H. BALB/c mice in all three immunization groups showed nearly complete protection from the challenge. PRAS was 99.6, 98.8, and 98.8% for the oral, intranasal, and the mixed groups, respectively. The unimmunized control group shed significantly more viral antigen than the three immunized groups (Siadat-Pajouh and Cai, 2001). All animals were challenged by gavage with 10 SD50 of wild-type EDIM rotavirus at week 13 (BALB/c mice). The trypsin-activated challenge virus (100 uL) was administered following oral inoculation of 100 uL of 4% sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize gastric acidity (Siadat-Pajouh and Cai, 2001). Rotavirus VP4/VP7 Protein Vaccine VO_0004161 Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Freund's incomplete adjuvant (Redmond et al., 1993). Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Recombinant vector construction Recombinant vector construction Recombinant vector construction CD-1 For primary immunization, each immunogen (based on 10μg of VP6) was emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant. For the secondary 'booster' immunizations, each immunogen was emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Eight groups of mice (Strain CD-1 ; ten animals/group) were immunized intramuscularly with the immunogen preparations. The primary immunization was given to the mice at 7 weeks of age and was followed by two booster immunizations at 2 week intervals. The mice were bred and litters were born to the dams at 12 to 14 weeks of age (Redmond et al., 1993). The highest antibody and virus neutralization titres were achieved following vaccination with VP4 cell-lysate. The significance of VP4 in the neutralization of virus was clearly defined by the high virus neutralization titres achieved following vaccination with any preparation containing VP4 (Redmond et al., 1993). Pups were allowed to suckle their dams and ten pups/group were challenged at 7 days of age with one of four rotavirus isolates. The challenge dose for each isolate was ~ 10^6 p.f.u./mouse, suspended in MEM in 100 microliter volume. This dose had been demonstrated to produce diarrhoea in 100% of neonatal mice born to rotavirus antibody-free dams 26. The virus challenge preparations were administered by intubation of the stomach with a soft flexible plastic feeding tube. The appearance of diarrhoea was scored clinically for up to 72 h postchallenge (Redmond et al., 1993). Rotavirus VP6 Protein Vaccine VO_0004043 Subunit vaccine Research Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Two adjuvants were used in this study and were either mixed with MBP::VP6 prior to immunization or were administered separately. One was the attenuated E. coli heat-labile toxin LT(R192G). LT(R192G) carries a mutation in the trypsin cleavage site of the A subunit at arginine 192 (replaced by glycine) which abrogates cleavage and attenuates the toxicity of the protein. The other adjuvant was CTA1-DD which is composed of the enzymatically active A1 subunit of cholera toxin combined with a dimer of an immunoglobulin binding element from S. aureus protein A. Pre-clinical evaluations of CTA1-DD have reported it to be nontoxic (McNeal et al., 2007). Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) Recombinant protein preparation BALB/c Under sedation, mice were immunized intrarectally by gently inserting a micropipette tip ca. 0.5 cm and instilling a 10 μl volume. The total volume for all immunogens used was 20 μl split in two doses of 10 μl. Groups of mice received two intrarectal immunizations of 3 μg MBP::VP6 and either LT(R192G) or CTA1-DD (10 μg of either adjuvant). This quantity of MBP::VP6 was used, based on the concentration of the MBP::VP6, to keep the volume under 20 μl to avoid loss from the anus. Groups of control mice were either mock immunized with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) only or with MBP::VP6, LT(R192G), or CTA1-DD only. Immunizations were separated by 2 weeks (McNeal et al., 2007). Intranasal or oral delivery of the chimeric rotavirus VP6 protein MBP::VP6 to mice elicited >90% reductions in fecal rotavirus shedding after murine rotavirus challenge (McNeal et al., 2007). Four weeks after the second immunization, animals were either challenged with 10^5 shedding dose-50 (SD50) of wt EDIM by oral gavage to measure protection against fecal rotavirus shedding or they were sacrificed and their spleen cells were isolated and used for in vitro stimulation studies (McNeal et al., 2007). Splenic lymphocytes obtained 42 days after first immunization were stimulated for 18 hours with MBP::VP6. LT(R192G)+MBP:VP6 produced significantly more IL-17 than did mock immunized (PBS-vaccinated) mice (McNeal et al., 2007). Splenic lymphocytes obtained 42 days after first immunization were stimulated for 18 hours with MBP::VP6. LT(R192G)+MBP:VP6 and CTA1-DD+MBP:VP6 produced significantly more IFN-gamma than did mock immunized (PBS-vaccinated) mice (McNeal et al., 2007). Ifng (Interferon gamma) Mouse 15978 33468859 NM_008337 NP_032363.1 MGI:107656; UniProt:P01580 10090 ? >gi|145966741|ref|NM_008337.3| Mus musculus interferon gamma (Ifng), mRNA ATAGCTGCCATCGGCTGACCTAGAGAAGACACATCAGCTGATCCTTTGGACCCTCTGACTTGAGACAGAA GTTCTGGGCTTCTCCTCCTGCGGCCTAGCTCTGAGACAATGAACGCTACACACTGCATCTTGGCTTTGCA GCTCTTCCTCATGGCTGTTTCTGGCTGTTACTGCCACGGCACAGTCATTGAAAGCCTAGAAAGTCTGAAT AACTATTTTAACTCAAGTGGCATAGATGTGGAAGAAAAGAGTCTCTTCTTGGATATCTGGAGGAACTGGC AAAAGGATGGTGACATGAAAATCCTGCAGAGCCAGATTATCTCTTTCTACCTCAGACTCTTTGAAGTCTT GAAAGACAATCAGGCCATCAGCAACAACATAAGCGTCATTGAATCACACCTGATTACTACCTTCTTCAGC AACAGCAAGGCGAAAAAGGATGCATTCATGAGTATTGCCAAGTTTGAGGTCAACAACCCACAGGTCCAGC GCCAAGCATTCAATGAGCTCATCCGAGTGGTCCACCAGCTGTTGCCGGAATCCAGCCTCAGGAAGCGGAA AAGGAGTCGCTGCTGATTCGGGGTGGGGAAGAGATTGTCCCAATAAGAATAATTCTGCCAGCACTATTTG AATTTTTAAATCTAAACCTATTTATTAATATTTAAAACTATTTATATGGAGAATCTATTTTAGATGCATC AACCAAAGAAGTATTTATAGTAACAACTTATATGTGATAAGAGTGAATTCCTATTAATATATGTGTTATT TATAATTTCTGTCTCCTCAACTATTTCTCTTTGACCAATTAATTATTCTTTCTGACTAATTAGCCAAGAC TGTGATTGCGGGGTTGTATCTGGGGGTGGGGGACAGCCAAGCGGCTGACTGAACTCAGATTGTAGCTTGT ACCTTTACTTCACTGACCAATAAGAAACATTCAGAGCTGCAGTGACCCCGGGAGGTGCTGCTGATGGGAG GAGATGTCTACACTCCGGGCCAGCGCTTTAACAGCAGGCCAGACAGCACTCGAATGTGTCAGGTAGTAAC AGGCTGTCCCTGAAAGAAAGCAGTGTCTCAAGAGACTTGACACCTGGTGCTTCCCTATACAGCTGAAAAC TGTGACTACACCCGAATGACAAATAACTCGCTCATTTATAGTTTATCACTGTCTAATTGCATATGAATAA AGTATACCTTTGCAACC >gi|33468859|ref|NP_032363.1| interferon gamma [Mus musculus] MNATHCILALQLFLMAVSGCYCHGTVIESLESLNNYFNSSGIDVEEKSLFLDIWRNWQKDGDMKILQSQI ISFYLRLFEVLKDNQAISNNISVIESHLITTFFSNSKAKKDAFMSIAKFEVNNPQVQRQAFNELIRVVHQ LLPESSLRKRKRSRC IFN-gamma plays a critical role in Th1 type immune response. It is important for protection against infections by various viruses and intracellular bacteria. Vaximmutor The experimental data demonstrated that three time vaccinations with BCG in BALB/c mice induced strong TB Ag-specific IFN-gamma immune responses in splenocytes [Ref2101:Wang et al., 2009]. IL-17 Mus musculus 16171 6754324 AC159614 NP_034682 10090 1 20730904 20734495 + interleukin 17A 9.13 16001.99 158 Also known as Il17; Ctla8; IL-17; Ctla-8; IL-17A >gi|372099109:20730904-20734495 Mus musculus strain C57BL/6J chromosome 1, GRCm38 C57BL/6J CATCCACCTCACACGAGGCACAAGTGCACCCAGCACCAGCTGATCAGGACGCGCAAACATGAGTCCAGGG AGAGCTTCATCTGTGGTGAGTCCTGCACTAATGTACAAGGCGCTTGTTGATTGTGACCAGGTTGCGTTAT TGCACGTGATATGAAATGCTCTATTCCAGCTGTTGGGGTCCATGAATCTGTACATGTAGAACTGGAAATG AAACCTTTGGTAGATGTCGAAATCATTGTACAGCATTTTCAAGAACTGATAGGCATCAGTCAGAAAGATA CGGTTAAAACTGAAGGGTTGCTGTGATGAAACTAACCCACTAAGAAATGTCACATGACGCTATGCAATGA GAAAGACTGTCAAAATCTATTCTTCTGAGTGCAAGGGATTTGACGTCATTCTCTCATGTCAGTGCTCTTT AATCCAGAATGAAGTGGGCTACTGTTCTTGCAGATTTGAAAGCTTTAGAAGCAAGTTTTCATCCATTGCT TTATCCCAAAGTCTTAGGATATCCAAACTATTAGATACATGTATAAGTCTCCTTATGAATAAAGCTTTAT ATATTTTAAATACTTAACCTAAAAAATATGCTCTGCACTCGTATTCTCATGATAGAATCAATGCATGCTA AATTTAGAACCGGATAATATATACCTAAGAAAACATGAGGGAGGTTCAGTTTCTATCTGGAGGATAGCTG GTGTACAAACACTGTTTCTAATTCTAACATGAGTGCCGACAAACAACGGGTAGGTTTTCTGCAGTCCTCT CCTCCAAGGTACATGTTTGACTGTGCACGAGGTTTACAGAAGGAGTGACTAAGAACACTAGTGCATAAGG ACAAGAAAATCGGGGTCATTCAGCAGCCCACTGACTCATGAGCTAACAGGCTGAGGAGATGGCAGAAGCT GACATTTTTATTAGGACCACTGCTGTCTAAGACATCACATGATTGTCCTCAGTCACAAAAAGAATGTAAG AAACTGGTTAAAAATAAAATAAATTCTACATTTTTTAGCATGATTTTGGCCATCTTAAAGTTTTTAAATT CAGAATTACTTACATATTAGGAGAGATCTTTCCAAAATATCATATGTTTCCTACAGTTAGTTATATACTC ATCACAATGAGTTTGTCAGAAAGAAAAGCAGATACTAATCCAATCCCCCATCACCTTATCTTTCCCTTCT AGTCTCTGATGCTGTTGCTGCTGCTGAGCCTGGCGGCTACAGTGAAGGCAGCAGCGATCATCCCTCAAAG CTCAGCGTGTCCAAACACTGAGGCCAAGGACTTCCTCCAGAATGTGAAGGTCAACCTCAAAGTCTTTAAC TCCCTTGGCGCAAAAGTGAGCTCCAGAAGGCCCTCAGACTACCTCAACCGTTCCACGTCACCCTGGACTC TCCAGTACGTAAGAACTCCAGACAAAATAATCTGTGTCCTTCCATTCTCTGATGCACCATGTATACCCTA AACATGATTTTTCACTTTTTTCCTCTCAGTATCCTCAGAGACCTAGAAGGTCCATTGTGTTAAGCAAAGT TTCCTCTACAGAGTTCTTGGATAGAGCAGGGAATACTTCCCCCTAACCTGTTATAGTGGTCAATAATGAG AGAGATCAACCCAAATTATTGATAACCATGATTCTAGCATGAGAGCTCAAGTTGAATGCTGACTTTTTTG GAAATCAGGATGTTTATGTTTCAACCAGACCTACAATTAAAGAGACTTGATGAAAAATAATTAATAACTA ACTAGGTATTTTTGTGTCTGACCTGAAGAAGACATAGGAAAACAAAATTTGAATGGCTGGTAGAGGAAGC ATCCTGCTGGATATGTTTTCTCCTTTGTGAGTTGGATAGACTTGACCTCCATCCCAAGCCCTTTTTTACT TGACCTGTCTCTGGCATACACTATTTAGACCCCATAAAGGGCTCAGTACTTTGATCATTTGAGGTTATAT GAATAAATTTCAATGGCAAGGAACCTGTGGAGCCACCTGTCTATAGGATTTTTCTCCTTTTTCCAAAACC AAGGATAATTCAATCAATCAATTCAAAAATCTAAGTGAACTATTTATTCAGATATTGTAAAGGGACAAGA AAGAGATTATAAAGGGACTTTTGTTGTTGCTTCTAGCTTTTCATATAACTTCCGTCCCAGGAAGTGTTCT CAGATATAATTCTGATATTCCTTCTTTCAAAGACCAATGTCACCAAATCAGATGAACAGCCATTTTACTC CTTGGTCATCTGTCCCTTTGTTGTCTCCTGTCAATCAAATGTACCCTTAAAATTTATCTTTTTTTTTTTT ATGTTATCTACTTGATGTTAAGTTTCAATCCTCACCTCACTATGGTCTTTAGCTTATTCTGTTTATCTTT CAAAAAGCATTCTTCTAAATCATTTCCTAAACTTTAAAATTCAAGTTTGTGAAGCTTCAGGTCCAGTTCC ATGATGGAATGGGTGTCCATCATGTGGAAGACACTGGCTTTGATCCTTATTGCTGCGAAAGAGGAGGAGG GAGAAAATGAGGAATCCGGGAGGAAAAGATAGAAAGGGGAGAATCTAAATTTTCAGACAAGCCAAAGTTA GCAACTAACATGCAGAGCTTTGCAGTGCACATGTGTGTCACAGTGCGTTCTTCCTCCCTCCCCCGTTCCT GCTTTTCCTTCCACTTAAGCAGGACTTCATTTCCTCCTGGCTTTTGTCTCCCCTGCAGCCGCAATGAAGA CCCTGATAGATATCCCTCTGTGATCTGGGAAGCTCAGTGCCGCCACCAGCGCTGTGTCAATGCGGAGGGA AAGCTGGACCACCACATGAATTCTGTTCTCATCCAGCAAGAGATCCTGGTCCTGAAGAGGGAGCCTGAGA GCTGCCCCTTCACTTTCAGGGTCGAGAAGATGCTGGTGGGTGTGGGCTGCACCTGCGTGGCCTCGATTGT CCGCCAGGCAGCCTAAACAGAGACCCGCGGCTGACCCCTAAGAAACCCCCACGTTTCTCAGCAAACTTAC TTGCATTTTTAAAACAGTTCGTGCTATTGATTTTCAGCAAGGAATGTGGATTCAGAGGCAGATTCAGAAT TGTCTGCCCTCCACAATGAAAAGAAGGTGTAAAGGGGTCCCAAACTGCTTCGTGTTTGTTTTTCTGTGGA CTTTAAATTATTTGTGTATTTACAATATCCCAAGATAGCTTTGAAGCGTAACTTATTTTAATGAAGTATC TACATTATTATTATGTTTCTTTCTGAAGAAGACAAAATTCAAGACTCAGAAATTTTATTATTTAAAAGGT AAAGCCTATATTTATATGAGCTATTTATGAATCTATTTATTTTTCTTCAGTATTTGAAGTATTAAGAACA TGATTTTCAGATCTACCTAGGGAAGTCCTAAGTAAGATTAAATATTAATGGAAATTTCAGCTTTACTATT TGTTTATTTAAGGTTCTCTCCTCTGAATGGGGTGAAAACCAAACTTAGTTTTATGTTTAATAACTTTTTA AATTATTGAAGATTCAAAAAATTGGATAATTTAGCTCCCTACTCTGTTTTAAAAAAAAATTGTAACAATA TCACTGTAATAATAAAGTTTTG >gi|6754324|ref|NP_034682.1| interleukin-17A precursor [Mus musculus] MSPGRASSVSLMLLLLLSLAATVKAAAIIPQSSACPNTEAKDFLQNVKVNLKVFNSLGAKVSSRRPSDYL NRSTSPWTLHRNEDPDRYPSVIWEAQCRHQRCVNAEGKLDHHMNSVLIQQEILVLKREPESCPFTFRVEK MLVGVGCTCVASIVRQAA Vaximmutor VP2 Rotavirus sp. VO_0011254 431460 CDD:282884 10970 ? 5.78 97494.97 928 Rotavirus VP2 protein; pfam05087 >AAA47305.1 VP2 [Rotavirus sp.] MAYRKRGARRETNLKQDERMQEKEDSKNINNDSPKSQLSEKVLSKKEEIITDNQEEVKISDEVKKSNKEE SKQLLEVLKTKEEHQKEVQYEILQKTIPTFEPKESILKKLEDIKPEQAKKQTKLFRIFEPKQLPIYRANG ERELRNRWYWKLKRDTLPDGDYDVREYFLNLYDQVLMEMPDYLLLKDMAVENKNSRDAGKVVDSETAAIC DAIFQDEETEGAVRRFIAEMRQRVQADRNVVNYPSILHPIDHAFNEYFLQHQLVEPLNNDIIFNYIPERI RNDVNYILNMDRNLPSTARYIRPNLLQDRLNLHDNFESLWDTITTSNYILARSVVPDLKELVSTEAQIQK MSQDLQLEALTIQSETQFLTGINSQAANDCFKTLIADMLSQRTMSLDFVTTNYMSLISGMWLLTVIPNDM FIRESLVACQLAIINTIVYPAFGMQRMHYRNGDPQTPFQIAEQQIQNFQVANWLHFVNYNQFRQVVIDGV LNQVLNDNIRNGHVVNQLMEALMQLSRQQFPTMPVDYKRSIQRGILLLSNRLGQLVDLTRLLSYNYETLM ACITMNMQHVQTLTTEKLQLTSVTSLCMLIGNATVIPSPQTLFHYYNVNVNFHSNYNERINDAVAIITAA NRLNLYQKKMKSIVEDFLKRLQIFDVARVPDDQMYRLRDRLRLLPVEIRRLDIFNLIAMNMEQIERASDK IAQGVIIAYRDMQLERDEMYGYVNIARNLDGFQQINLEELMRSGDYAQITNMLLNNQPVALVGALPFITD SSVISLIAKLDATVFAQIVKLRKVDTLKPILYKINSDSNDFYLVANYDWIPTSTTKVYKQVPQQFDFRAS MHMLTSNLTFTVYSDLLAFVSADTVEPINAVAFDNMRIMNEL Protective antigen Both inbred BALB/c and outbred CD-1 mice were immunized with rotavirus VP2/6-rVLPs (2/6-VLPs) combined with CT-E29H, orally or intranasally (i.n.), and the comparative efficacy of different formulations was then determined. Two immunizations with 2-6VLPs and CT-E29H were sufficient to protect BALB/c mice, regardless of the route of administration [Ref1264:Siadat-Pajouh and Cai, 2001]. VP4 Bovine rotavirus VO_0011227 172054621 CDD:189541 10927 ? VP4 5.74 31092.2 341 Outer Capsid protein VP4 (Hemagglutinin); pfam00426 >ACB71152.1 VP4, partial [Bovine rotavirus] ASLIYRQLLTNSYTVNLSDEIQEIGSAKSQDVTINPGPFAQTGYAPVNWGAGETNDSTTVEPLLDGPYQP TTFNPPTSYWVLLAPTVEGVIIQGTNNTDRWLATILIEPNVQTTNRIYNLFGQQVTLSVENTSQTQWKFI DVSTTTPTGSYTQHGPLFSTPKLYAVMKFSGRIYTYSGNTPNATTGYYSTTNYDTLNMTSFCDFYIIPRN QEEKCTEYINHGLPPIQNTRNVVPVSLSAREIVHTRAQVNEDIVVSKTSLWKEMQYNRDITIRFKFDRTI IKAGGLGYKWS Protective antigen Rotavirus structural proteins VP4, VP6 and VP7 from Bovine Rotavirus Strain C486 were cloned and expressed in a baculovirus expression system. Challenge of neonates born to animals immunized with VP4 protein on assembled particles or in cell lysates showed protection against challenge with both homologous (bovine C486) and heterologous (SA-11) strains of rotavirus [Ref1266:Redmond et al., 1993]. VP6 Murine rotavirus VO_0011222 268080815 CDD:279341 28327 ? VP6 6.05 42740.75 439 grown in MA104 tissue culture >ACY95265.1 VP6 [Murine rotavirus] MDVLYSISRTLKDARDKIVEGTLYSNVSDLIQQFNQMLVTMNGNEFQTGGIGNLPLRNWNFDFGLLGTTL LNLDANYVESARTTIDYFVDFIDNVCMDEMVRESQRNGIAPQSDALRKLSGVKFRRINFNNSSEYIENWN LQNRRQRTGFTFHKPNIFPYSASFTLNRSQPQHDNLMGTMWLNAGSEIQVAGFDYSCAINAPANIQQFEH IVQLRRVLTTATITLLPDAERFSFPRVINSADGATTWYFNPVILRPNNVEVEFLLNGQVINTYQARFGTI VARNFDTIRLSFQLMRPPNMTPAVTALFPNAQPFEHHATVGLTLRIDSAICESVLADASETMLANVTSVR QEYAIPVGPVFPPGMNWTDLITNYSPSREDNLQRVFTVASIRSMLVK Protective antigen Intranasal or oral delivery of the chimeric rotavirus VP6 protein MBP::VP6 to mice elicited >90% reductions in fecal rotavirus shedding after murine rotavirus challenge [Ref1228:McNeal et al., 2007]. VP6 Bovine rotavirus VO_0011258 195661002 1QHD CDD:279341 10927 ? VP6 5.72 42501.43 439 Rotavirus major capsid protein VP6; pfam00980 >ACG50679.1 VP6 [Bovine rotavirus] MDVLYSLSKTLKDARDKIVEGTLYSNVSDLIQQFNQMIITMNGNEFQTGGIGNLPIRNWNFDFGLLGTTL LNLDANYVETARNTIDYFVDFVDNVCIDEMVRESQRNGIAPQSDSLRKLSGIKFKRINFDNSSEYIENWN LQNRRQRTGFTFHKPNIFPYSASFTLNRSQPAHDNLMGTMWLNAGSEIQVAGFDYSCAINAPANTQQFEH VVQLRRVLTTATITLLPDAERFSFPRVINSADGATTWYFNPVILRPNNVEVEFLLNGQIINTYQARFGTI IARNFDTIRLSFQLMRPPNMTPAVAALFPNAQPFEHHATVGLTLRIESAVCESVLADASETMLANVTSVR QEYAIPVGPVFPPGMNWTDLITNYSPSREDNLQRVFTVASIRSMLVK Protective antigen Rotavirus structural proteins VP4, VP6 and VP7 from Bovine Rotavirus Strain C486 were cloned and expressed in a baculovirus expression system. Challenge of neonates born to animals immunized with VP6 protein showed partial protection [Ref1266:Redmond et al., 1993]. VP7 Bovine rotavirus VO_0011226 195661008 CDD:278842 10927 + VP7 4.62 35315.62 367 Glycoprotein VP7; pfam00434 >ACG50682.1 VP7 [Bovine rotavirus] MYGIEYTTILIFLTSITLLNYILKSITRMMDYIIYRFLLIAVILATMINAQNYGVNLPITGSMDTAYANS TQSEPFLTSTLCLYYPVEASNEMADTEWKDTISQLFLTKGWPTGSVYFKEYTDIAAFSVEPQLYCDYNLV LMKYDSTQKLDMSELADLILNEWLCNPMDITLYYYQQTDEANKWISMGSSCTVKVCPLNTQTLGIGCLIT NPDTFETVATTEKLVITDVVDGVNHKLNVTTATCTIRNCKKLGPRENVAVIQVGGANILDITADPTTTPQ TERMMRINWKKWWQVFYTVVDYVNQIIQTMSKRSRSLNSSAFYYRV Protective antigen Rotavirus structural proteins VP4, VP6 and VP7 from Bovine Rotavirus Strain C486 were cloned and expressed in a baculovirus expression system. Neonates of animals immunized with virus-like particles composed of VP7 assembled on VP6 spherical particles were protected against challenge with the homotypic virus and significantly protected from a heterotypic challenge. Unassembled VP7 protein provided partial protection against challenge [Ref1266:Redmond et al., 1993]. VP7 Murine rotavirus VO_0011256 475697 CDD:278842 28327 ? VP7 4.84 35471.05 367 Glycoprotein VP7; pfam00434 >AAA50493.1 VP7 [Murine rotavirus] MYGIEYTTALTFLISFLLLRYILKSVVKIMDFIVYRFLFVILILSPCIKAQNYGINLPITGSMDTAYANS TQPETFLTSTLCLYYPKEAATEIKDNSWKDTLSQLFLTKGWPIGSVYFKEYTDIAAFSIDPQLYCDYNVV LMKYDASLQMDMSELADLILNEWLCNPMDITLYYYQQTDEANKWISMGSSCTIRVCPLNTQTLGIGCLTT DVTTFEEIATAEKLAITDVVDGVSHKLNVTTATCTIRNCKKLGPRENVAVIQVGGSDIIDITADPTTAPQ TERMMRINWKKWWQVFYTVVDYVNQIISTMSKRSRSLNSAAFYYRV Protective antigen Plasmid DNA vaccines encoding for murine rotaviral proteins VP4, VP6, and VP7 were tested in adult BALB/c mice for their ability to induce immune responses and provide protection against rotavirus challenge. Vaccines encoding VP7 were effective in protecting mice against infection after rotavirus (100 ID50) challenge [Ref1267:Herrmann et al., 1996]. Afchangi et al., 2018 journal Afchangi A, Arashkia A, Shahosseini Z, Jalilvand S, Marashi SM, Roohvand F, Mohajel N, Shoja Z Immunization of Mice by Rotavirus NSP4-VP6 Fusion Protein Elicited Stronger Responses Compared to VP6 Alone 2018 31 3 233-241 Viral immunology Choi et al., 2002 journal Choi AH, McNeal MM, Flint JA, Basu M, Lycke NY, Clements JD, Bean JA, Davis HL, McCluskie MJ, VanCott JL, Ward RL The level of protection against rotavirus shedding in mice following immunization with a chimeric VP6 protein is dependent on the route and the coadministered adjuvant 2002 20 13-14 1733-1740 Vaccine FDA: ROTARIX website FDA: ROTARIX vaccine information http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm133920.htm FDA: RotaTeq website FDA: RotaTeq vaccine information http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm094063.htm Garaicoechea et al., 2008 journal Garaicoechea L, Olichon A, Marcoppido G, Wigdorovitz A, Mozgovoj M, Saif L, Surrey T, Parreño V Llama-derived single-chain antibody fragments directed to rotavirus VP6 protein possess broad neutralizing activity in vitro and confer protection against diarrhea in mice 2008 82 19 9753-9764 Journal of virology Herrmann et al., 1996 journal Herrmann JE, Chen SC, Fynan EF, Santoro JC, Greenberg HB, Robinson HL DNA vaccines against rotavirus infections 1996 12 207-215 Archives of virology. Supplementum Herrmann et al., 1999 journal Herrmann JE, Chen SC, Jones DH, Tinsley-Bown A, Fynan EF, Greenberg HB, Farrar GH Immune responses and protection obtained by oral immunization with rotavirus VP4 and VP7 DNA vaccines encapsulated in microparticles 1999 259 1 148-153 Virology Laimbacher et al., 2012 journal Laimbacher AS, Esteban LE, Castello AA, Abdusetir Cerfoglio JC, Argüelles MH, Glikmann G, D'Antuono A, Mattion N, Berois M, Arbiza J, Hilbe M, Schraner EM, Seyffert M, Dresch C, Epstein AL, Ackermann M, Fraefel C HSV-1 amplicon vectors launch the production of heterologous rotavirus-like particles and induce rotavirus-specific immune responses in mice 2012 20 9 1810-1820 Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy McClenahan et al., 2011 journal McClenahan SD, Krause PR, Uhlenhaut C Molecular and infectivity studies of porcine circovirus in vaccines 2011 29 29-30 4745-4753 Vaccine McNeal et al., 2007 journal McNeal MM, Basu M, Bean JA, Clements JD, Lycke NY, Ramne A, Löwenadler B, Choi AH, Ward RL Intrarectal immunization of mice with VP6 and either LT(R192G) or CTA1-DD as adjuvant protects against fecal rotavirus shedding after EDIM challenge 2007 25 33 6224-6231 Vaccine Offit et al., 1986 journal Offit PA, Clark HF, Blavat G, Greenberg HB Reassortant rotaviruses containing structural proteins vp3 and vp7 from different parents induce antibodies protective against each parental serotype 1986 60 2 491-496 Journal of virology Redmond et al., 1993 journal Redmond MJ, Ijaz MK, Parker MD, Sabara MI, Dent D, Gibbons E, Babiuk LA Assembly of recombinant rotavirus proteins into virus-like particles and assessment of vaccine potential 1993 11 2 273-281 Vaccine Siadat-Pajouh and Cai, 2001 journal Siadat-Pajouh M, Cai L Protective efficacy of rotavirus 2/6-virus-like particles combined with CT-E29H, a detoxified cholera toxin adjuvant 2001 14 1 31-47 Viral immunology Wiki: Rotavirus website Wiki: Rotavirus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus


text:
Prep Time: 10 mins | Cook Time: 20 mins | Total Time: 30 mins | Yield: 4 Servings
This Sesame Chicken is to die for! Try it and taste it yourself. Enjoy!
1 1/2 pound chicken breast fillets cut into bite-size pieces
1/4 c cornstarch
3 – 4 tbsp canola or vegetable oil
2 cloves garlic finely minced
1/4 c low sodium soy sauce
1 tbsp rice vinegar
1 tsp sesame oil
1/4 c honey
1 – 1 1/2 tbsp chilli sauce (sambal oelek)
2 tbsp cornstarch
1/4 c cold water
2 tbsp sesame seeds
4 green onions trimmed and sliced into one-inch pieces
Step 1: Place the chicken and 1/4 cup of cornstarch in a large resealable bag. Shake until the chicken pieces are well coated.
Step 2: Place a large saucepan on the stove and turn the heat to medium.
Step 3: Add 2 tablespoons of canola oil and allow it to become hot.
Step 4: Add the chicken and fry both sides until golden brown. Make sure to cook them in batches and do not overcrowd. Add more oil if needed.
Step 5: Place a small pan on the stove and turn the heat to medium.
Step 6: Add 1 tablespoon of canola oil and allow it to become hot.
Step 7: Add the garlic and sauté until aromatic.
Step 8: Add the soy sauce, honey, chilli sauce, sesame oil, and rice vinegar. Stir until just mixed.
Step 9: Mix water with cornstarch and pour it into the pan. Stir and cook for a few minutes until the texture becomes thick.
Step 10: In the pan where you fried the chicken, add sesame seeds and turn the heat to medium-high. Make sure to wipe it clean first.
Step 11: Cook the sesame seeds for about 3 minutes or until brown.
Step 12: Remove the seeds from the skillet into a bowl.
Step 13: Put the chicken back to the pan and add the sauce, scallions, and toasted sesame seeds. Stir until well mixed.
Step 14: Serve and enjoy!
This dish is best served over noodles or rice.
Nutrition Facts:
Calories 301 | Total Fat 16.5g | Cholesterol 9.8mg | Sodium 595.8mg | Total Carbohydrate 34.7g | Sugars 21.2g | Protein 5.6g | Vitamin A 2% | Vitamin C 2%
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