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Sustainability 2014, 6, 2718-2735; doi:10.3390/su6052718
On the Travel Emissions of Sustainability Science Research
Timothy Waring *, Mario Teisl †, Eva Manandhar † and Mark Anderson †
Sustainable Solutions Initiative, School of Economics, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;
E-Mails: email@example.com (M.T.); email@example.com (E.M.); email@example.com (M.A.)
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com;
Tel.: +1-207-581-3157; Fax: +1-207-581-4278.
Received: 19 February 2014; in revised form: 17 April 2014 / Accepted: 18 April 2014 /
Published: 8 May 2014
Abstract: This paper presents data on carbon emissions generated by travel undertaken for
a major sustainability science research effort. Previous research has estimated CO2
emissions generated by individual scientists, by entire academic institutions, or by
international climate conferences. Here, we sought to investigate the size, distribution and
factors affecting the carbon emissions of travel for sustainability research in particular.
Reported airline and automobile travel of participants in Maine's Sustainability Solutions
Initiative were used to calculate the carbon dioxide emissions attributable to
research-related travel over a three-year period. Carbon emissions varied substantially by
researcher and by purpose of travel. Travel for the purpose of dissemination created the
largest carbon footprint. This result suggests that alternative networking and dissemination
models are needed to replace the high carbon costs of annual society meetings. This
research adds to literature that questions whether the cultural demands of contemporary
academic careers are compatible with climate stabilization. We argue that precise record
keeping and routine analysis of travel data are necessary to track and reduce the climate
impacts of sustainability research. We summarize the barriers to behavioral change at
individual and organizational levels and conclude with suggestions for reducing climate
impacts of travel undertaken for sustainability research.
Keywords: carbon footprint; sustainability science; travel; research culture; climate change;
university carbon emissions
Sustainability 2014, 6 2719
1. Introduction
Achieving climate stabilization requires significant reductions in anthropogenic carbon emissions [1].
This requires an accurate understanding of the climate system, and the role of human alterations to that
system, so that efforts to stabilize the climate are effective, and avoid unforeseen consequences [2–4].
It also requires an understanding of the nature of behavioral, social and institutional change so that
policies and incentives have the greatest possible effect and highest efficiency [5,6]. The same sorts of
knowledge are also required to approach any issue in sustainability science generally [7]. However,
conducting research and disseminating results requires travel, and travel adds to atmospheric CO2
concentrations directly. Thus, for scientists involved in research and advocacy around issues of climate
change, and environmental sustainability more generally, there is a tradeoff between the value of their
research and dissemination activities and costs of the greenhouse gases emitted in the course of
those activities.
To people outside the research sector, the environmental costs of researcher travel can appear
hypocritical. For instance, one widely circulated political cartoon depicts a small private jet in the air,
CO2 spewing from the engines, and two speech bubbles: "Well, Mr. Gore, are you on the way to
another one of your seminars?" "Actually, I'm picking up a Nobel Prize for encouraging reduction of
carbon emissions" [8]. To make matters worse, the perceived inauthenticity of scientists and advocates
is likely to add legitimacy to the view that climate change is either not real or not serious, and further
retard the progress of policies meant to address climate change. This presents the climate and
sustainability research community with a complex but important dilemma: how to balance the tradeoff
between the research enterprise and its environmental and social costs?
Accurate information about these costs and benefits can help to balance that tradeoff and inform
debate, but depend on accurate accounting. Accounting and reporting standards for greenhouse gas
emissions now exist for corporations, cities, product life cycle analyses, as well as many sector specific
emissions calculation tools [9,10]. The International Standards Organization has adopted standard ISO
14064-1 on "Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of
greenhouse gas emissions and removals." Based on these international standards, the Higher Education
Funding Council for England's (HEFCE) has introduced a carbon reductions strategy and reporting
framework for higher education [11]. Similar standardized approaches exist in the United States [12–14]
although they remain voluntary.
There is a growing and important literature around the issue of travel emissions incurred as part of
climate and sustainability research programs. Michaelowa and Luhmkuhl [15] estimated the
greenhouse gas emissions of international climate negotiations between 1991 and 2004 and suggested
that an expenditure of an additional half million U.S. dollars could have made the whole process
"greenhouse-gas neutral." Gremillet [16] suggested that "flying to meetings to protect the
environment" was a paradox and asked "whether the carbon footprints of ecologists outweigh the
environmental benefits of their findings and their lobbying." Some conservation biologists [17] found
that their own estimated annual carbon footprint were more than double the American average, nearly
ten times that of the global average. Most of this difference was attributable to airline travel related to
professional obligations [17]. If professional travel for sustainability research constitutes a large
Sustainability 2014, 6 2720
fraction of the additional carbon emissions incurred by researchers, then travel patterns require close
inspection, and are worthy of study in their own right.
There are numerous alternative policy responses to the problem of environmentally costly travel,
but very little consensus on how to approach a common solution. Bossdorf et al. [18] argued that the
response to this problem should be to make ecology conferences "carbon neutral" by purchasing
carbon offsets. Anderson [19] suggests a different response, that "slow travel" by train should be used
to replace air travel for scientists to attend conferences and other scholarly activities. This has sparked
a debate around the issue of air travel and climate science [20,21], raising the provoking question: Is
the travel undertaken for climate and sustainability research worth the costs it imposes on the
environment via added greenhouse gas emissions?
The issue the greenhouse gas emissions generated by research-related travel by sustainability and
climate change researchers is rarely addressed in the climate and sustainability research community,
and is little cited in the climate change mitigation or adaptation literature. There is a need for both
more data on the carbon costs of research travel, and for enhanced discussion of the tradeoffs involved.
Our study responds to these needs by exploring the carbon emissions generated by research travel in a
major sustainability science research project.
2. Research Design and Methodology
The environmental effects of research travel can be measured in multiple ways—the individual
researcher [17], a research institution [22], a specific conference [18], or a multi-year process [15]. The
focus of this research was the carbon emissions of research travel of individual university faculty
members and graduate students generated as part of one large sustainability science research project.
As such, the study was smaller in scale than institution-wide carbon footprinting like that of
Ozawa-Meida et al. [22] undertaken in the UK. Our study focused on the individual researcher because
he or she exercises more autonomy over travel decisions, and therefore over this one source of carbon
emissions from the university enterprise.
Maine's Sustainability Solutions Initiative (SSI) was a five-year, $20 million (US) project funded
by the U.S. National Science Foundation through an Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive
Research (EPSCoR) grant to the University of Maine. The project included a broad portfolio of
solutions-oriented sustainability issues relevant to the state of Maine, and included climate change as a
focal area. We estimate the CO2 emissions of the research travel undertaken by faculty members and
graduate students and funded by this project over its first three fiscal years, from 1 July 2009 to June
2012. Travel for the administration of research projects within the SSI were included, but travel for the
administration of the project itself was not included in this study because some of this travel was
funded through accounts outside of the specific project. Approximately 1.2% of the total NSF project
budget was spent on travel (see Appendix).
We estimated emissions of individual researchers generated directly for research within this project.
We did not measure travel emissions generated by other research projects, by teaching activities, and
by personal travel. We chose the individual researcher as the unit of analysis to place research travel in
the context of overall individual carbon emissions and to explore the culture of academic research as a
part of the larger climate change issue. Our data constitutes an estimate of Scope 3 carbon emissions
Sustainability 2014, 6 2721
for research travel estimate for individual researchers [9]. The Higher Education Funding Council for
England's (HEFCE) definition of Scope 3 emissions as "indirect emissions that organizations produce
through their activities, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the organization" [11,22].
We were not able to collect data on the full-time equivalent (FTE) or researcher effort dedicated to this
project nor do we have data on researcher travel patterns beyond this project.
We used travel expense vouchers filed by project participants for the first three years of the project
to construct a complete database of travel on this project. University regulations dictate that travel
reimbursement documents include data on mileage driven for automobile trips and airport legs for air
travel. We collected vehicle miles driven and airport legs flown for each trip taken, by individual, by
trip. In total there were 407 different trips between 9 September 2009 and 2 December 2012. We coded
each trip by travel leg, such that a single trip might include multiple airplane flights and car drives.
There were a total of 1029 individual travel legs. All flights were economy class, per National Science
Foundation regulations. Only 10 of the 407 trips included both car and airplane travel. Of the 407 trips
documented on travel vouchers, 28 trips included recorded air travel legs for which no corresponding
connecting flight could be found. Most of these were flights from Bangor, Maine to US cities such as
Baltimore (BWI), Madison (MSN) or Denver (DEN). This likely occurred due to the route changes of
air carriers, or to travelers omitting the connecting airports. For these cases we added or substituted
New York's LaGuardia airport (LGA) into the travel itinerary to create a complete (and feasible) flight
plan. Names of individuals were purged from the database prior to analysis, but individuals were first
coded by academic rank and discipline type (social or bio-physical scientist). Figure 1 presents the
geographical distribution of air travel in the continental United States. Using these data we were able
to accurately estimate carbon dioxide emissions on a person trip basis.
Figure 1. Domestic travels by frequency in the continental United States, not including
trips to Fairbanks, AK (1), Honolulu, HI (2), and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (1).
We used standard and reproducible methods to calculate the carbon intensity of each trip. Since the
actual vehicle fuel efficiency was not known for specific trips, we used the U.S. Department of
Symbol Tr i p s
U. Maine
Sustainability 2014, 6 2722
Transportation 2009 average fuel efficiency for "Light Duty Vehicles, short wheel base" [23], an
efficiency of 23.8 miles per U.S. gallon. We also assumed 8.91 kg of CO2 emissions per U.S. gallon of
gasoline burned [24]. This yields an average carbon travel efficiency of 0.196 kgCO2/km. For air
travel, we used the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Carbon Emissions Calculator
(version 5) to estimate emissions for each leg of air travel reported on the project. The ICAO Carbon
Emissions Calculator comprises an 11-step calculation that combines the user input of destination and
departure cities with the best available datasets on fuel/km by airplane type, airplane load factors by
global travel region, number of seats by aircraft type, cabin class, and great circle distances to compute
CO2 emissions [25]. This method provides us with the best possible estimate of the actual carbon
intensity of air travel. In addition, we performed an exploratory analysis of variance (ANOVA)
summarized in the appendix.
3. Results and Discussion
Total carbon emissions for the first three years of the five-year research effort came to
approximately 100 metric tons of carbon dioxide (100.5 tCO2). Both automobile and airplane travel
varied across the three years of the project for which we have emissions data (Table 1). Fiscal year
2011 saw much more air and car travel than did either 2010 or 2012, with a total emission (58.4 tCO2)
of more that both prior and following years combined. Emissions from air travel were more than twice
that of emissions from automobile travel. Trips by air averaged 691.7 kgCO2, while the mean
emissions per car trip were 101 kgCO2.
Table 1. Estimated carbon emissions of research-related travel by fiscal year.
Fiscal year Auto trips Auto miles Auto emissions
(kg CO2) Air trips
(kg CO2)
(kg CO2)
2010 96 22,620 8468 23 14,030 22,499
2011 140 40,635 15,200 67 43,271 58,484
2012 67 18,624 6972 20 12,562 19,534
Total 303 81,879 30,640 101 69,863 100,517
Individual trips may include multiple air travel legs and as well as car travel. The average trip
emission was 249.4 kgCO2, while the greatest was 1618 kgCO2. The 10 most emissions-intensive trips
each generated more than one metric ton of carbon dioxide, while there were 60 trips that each created
more than a half-ton (500 kgCO2). Greater than 50% of all trips produced less than 250 kgCO2 (Figure 2).
The fact that the majority of trips generated small carbon emissions reflects the focus of the SSI on
sustainability research within the state of Maine. The emphasis on in-state research and stakeholders is
therefore likely to reduce total project emissions in comparison to an equivalent project with a
regional, national or international mission.
Carbon emissions can also be considered by individual. The mean annual emissions per person was
558.6 kgCO2, with a maximum of 2561 kgCO2 and a minimum of 14 kgCO2. Average yearly
emissions per individual were thus very unevenly distributed, with a few high emitters, and a long tail
comprised of many medium and low emitters (Figure 3). Fifteen individuals emitted more than 1 tCO2
Sustainability 2014, 6 2723
when averaged across the three years, only one emitted more than 2 tCO2 and 58 researchers produced
less than a half-ton per year on average. A similar left-skewed distribution is found with total
individual emissions (see Appendix).
Figure 2. A histogram of trips by emission intensity shows that the majority of travel
produced less than 250 kgCO2, while the most carbon intensive trip produced 1618 kgCO2.
Figure 3. Annual average carbon emissions for sustainability research related travel by
traveler, in descending order.
It is useful to assemble some context for our findings. A basic estimate of the carbon emissions of
the steam plant that heats the majority of the University of Maine's campus is 27,000 tCO2/year.
Spread across the population of ~11,000 students and faculty, this yields a per capita emissions rate of
0 500 1000 1500
Trip Emissions (kgCO
Trip Count
Trip Emissions Frequency
0 255075100
Average Emissions (kgCO
Individual Emissions
Sustainability 2014, 6 2724
2.5 tCO2/year—equivalent to the highest individual travel emissions in our study. Assuming that the
highest emitter in our study is an unusually active researcher, we can conclude that the emissions cost
of heating in Maine likely greater, on average, than the emissions costs of travel for most in the
university community. Unfortunately, estimating the Scope 1 (from sources owned and controlled by
the project) and Scope 2 (from electricity, heat purchased) emissions of the research project for
comparison with or Scope 3 travel emissions estimate was not possible given the available data.
Emissions were also tallied by disciplinary category, type of traveler, fiscal year. Data summaries for
these variables are available in the appendix.
We also categorized travel data by the purpose of travel (coded from the travel expense vouchers).
The purpose of travel had an important effect on trip length and carbon intensity. Travel for the
purpose of dissemination (including presentations and conferences) tended to be to more distant
locations, and thus emit more carbon than travel for administration, research or other purposes (Figure 4).
However, aside from a cluster of in-state trips to in-state meetings, the majority of travel for the
purpose of dissemination was out of state, and required extensive air travel. Thus, travel undertaken for
the purpose of dissemination was more carbon intensive than research, research administration and
other purposes (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Carbon emissions by purpose of travel.
Notes: Each dot represents a single trip; points are jittered on the x axis; Research includes research
administration travel; and Dissemination includes conference and presentation travel.
Further analysis, including an analysis of variance can be found in the appendix. The dataset is
available at [26] and the R code used to analyze the data is also at [27].
4. Conclusions
For the purposes of travel emissions calculation, this analysis improves on the approaches of
Fox et al. [17], and Ozawa-Meida et al. [22] in two ways. First, we are able to calculate emissions
based on precisely documented travel rather than travel estimates based on expenditures. Combining
Sustainability 2014, 6 2725
this higher quality data with the ICAO version 5 emissions calculator gives our estimates high
accuracy. Second, we were able to measure all of the travel of a large organization over a three-year
time span. This gives us a better picture of the distribution of carbon emissions across the individuals
and activities in an academic research setting.
One limitation of our methods is that they only capture a slice of an individual's travel emissions.
The ideal measurement would be to normalize the emissions to the %FTE (full time equivalent) of
each researcher who contributed to the project, to produce an emissions/FTE measure. We were not
able to accomplish in our study. It is reasonable, though, to assume that the individuals in this study
have travel associated with other research or outreach projects as part of their professions, emissions
from personal travel, and emissions from non-travel aspects of daily life in an industrialized society.
It is also likely that the amount of personal travel individual researchers conduct, may respond to the
addition of research travel in their professional lives. For instance, personal travel might decrease
because individual tolerances for travel becomes somewhat saturated, or because such personal travel
is joined with professional travel by piggybacking personal trips on research trips. Or, alternatively,
personal travel might increase as researchers become more comfortable with higher amounts of travel,
and willing to spend more money on travel. Our data do not allow us to evaluate these questions, but
they do help us think more concretely about the tradeoffs of travel emissions by sustainability scientists.
The biggest limitation of travel emissions research in general is that the social benefits of the travel
are themselves impossible to tally, or even estimate. For example, imagine that climate and
sustainability researchers generate, through their research, education, policy advocacy, and outreach, a
long-term net negative effect on carbon emissions. If that were the case their travel for research and
dissemination supports this long-term emissions reduction. While this is possible, we think this is
unlikely in most cases. Importantly, even if it were possible to measure these long-term benefits, by
definition, they could only be measured once it is too late to influence policy that mattered at the time
of travel. Therefore, the argument that as researchers, our travel warrants special consideration and
exemption from collective efforts to reduce travel carbon emissions because of our special purpose
seems misguided.
What, then, is the appropriate frame for the issue of greenhouse gas emissions by sustainability and
climate change researchers and educators? How should we balance the tradeoff between the research
enterprise and its environmental and social costs? As we have argued above, tallying environmental
and economic costs and benefits does not appear very feasible. Moreover, we suspect that solutions
derived from cost-benefit approach will tend to be marginal in effect. An alternative is to frame the
issue as a problem of cooperation and collective action [28]. Global carbon emissions are themselves a
collective action problem, and the emission of carbon by sustainability researchers is really the same
problem, ramified by the demands of the academy.
Clearly transport, including individual air travel, is a significant causal factor in anthropogenic
climate change [29]. Finding solutions to the sustainability challenge presented by climate change will
require change at multiple dimensions, both individually and collectively. One way to address this
collective action problem is to ask the question of how much greenhouse gas emission is too much for
an individual, project, institution, nation, or the world. Since we have data here at the level of the
individual, we looked for the answer to this question at the level of the individual. While there is broad
consensus in the climate science community that overall greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced
Sustainability 2014, 6 2726
to reduce the threat of climate change, the questions of how much reduction and who should reduce are
not clear. One reasonable approach is that of Chakravarty et al. [30], who argue for a "cap" on
individual emissions of 9.6 tCO2 per year in order to achieve climate stabilization in the future and
alleviate poverty by assuming the current distribution of emissions remains with the caveat that
everyone on the planet needs at least 1 tCO2 per year [30]. While they do not argue for a literal cap at
this level, they suggest this "high emitters" cap is an equitable means of allocating emissions.
Assuming that about 10 tCO2 per year is a reasonable upper limit on total emissions before an
individual is contributing too much to climate change, we can begin to consider what our data might
mean about the paradox of sustainability research related travel. Fifteen of the individuals in the study
generated emissions of ten percent or more of this annual amount on this one research project alone.
Over 40 individuals generated roughly 5 percent or more of an annual allocation on this project.
One outlier had more than a quarter of this possible annual emissions cap. As Fox et al. [17] suggest
for their group, the travel emissions of sustainability scientists in our study are likely to be greater than
the U.S. national average and above a reasonable cap that would limit contributions to climate change
in the future. Adding the per capita emissions due to heating at the University of Maine, as well as
home heating, personal travel, and consumption rapidly approaches Chakravarty's cap.
From a policy perspective there are several possible responses to the individual travel behavior that
drives these findings. One response is to address researcher emissions as an individual problem, and
design policies that target reduction options and incentives toward those who emit more, such as a
carbon tax. Some argue that they do or should purchase carbon offsets for their professional travel [18].
But because many do not have such means the offset response appears more like a band-aid than a
solution. Thankfully, potential solutions to the conflict between the individual travel needs of
sustainability researchers and the global need for climate stabilization abound. They include reporting,
technological alternatives to travel, incentive and institutional change, and innovation in the realm of
social contracts.
Our research shows that recording and reporting of travel emissions in large research ventures
is feasible, and we argue that doing so is a keystone of any effective emissions reduction policy.
We recommend that research-related travel emissions become a central part of the conversation among
sustainability scientists. To achieve this, large scale reporting is needed, as exemplified by the efforts
of the Higher Education Funding Council for England [11]. Research institutions and universities
should maintain travel emissions records at both the project and individual levels as part of larger
institutional footprinting efforts [22]. Individual scientists should keep such records for themselves and
understand how their professional emissions compare with other scientists and with their own
emissions in their personal lives [31]. But recording and reporting is only a preliminary step.
Teleconferencing technology can reduce the need for travel by enabling research collaboration and
presentation across vast distances. Modern teleconferencing technology is cheap and high quality.
However, for many research activities such as data collection there is no alternative, so these
technologies can only reduce travel to a point. Moreover, it is unknown how these technologies
interact with travel over time. Research is needed to determine if telecommunications technologies
function as effective replacements for travel or as complements or catalysts for additional travel with
new collaborators. There is anecdotal evidence of both effects. On the one hand, experts will
increasingly give guest lectures and keynote addresses via Skype [32]. This could either act as a
Sustainability 2014, 6 2727
substitute for travel, reducing emissions, or facilitate busier schedules with more travel, by making
long distance collaborations more stable and productive, leading naturally to more visits. This would
be good for research, but bad for travel emissions. In the SSI, teleconferencing was used extensively,
mostly to facilitate in-state collaborations. This added distance communication increased collaboration
between remote sites, but it is unclear if the effect of that increased collaboration on physical travel
was positive or negative.
One domain in which teleconferencing technologies are still lacking is in effectively facilitating
large group interactions. But, even in this domain, progress can be seen. For example, author T.W.
recently participated in a nation-wide virtual poster session hosted on a National Science Foundation
website (IGERT.org). Despite the challenges of using a website for collective interaction, the poster
session was very effective and engaging. With the growing industry of online education, massive open
online courses (MOOCs), and the proliferation of free videoconferencing technologies, the barriers to
substituting virtual interaction for face-to-face interaction are falling rapidly. It remains an open
question, however, how much and how well these distributed and technologically enabled interactions
can truly substitute for real human gatherings.
If behavior is to change in the short or medium term, emissions must trigger social or economic
costs, which can help drive behavioral adoption. An institutional change in individual incentives is the
broadest strategy. For example if research-funding agencies such as the National Science Foundation,
the National Institutes of Health, Department of Energy, United States Department of Agriculture and
others attached stipulations and limits to travel on funded research, improvements could come very
quickly. Universities themselves could implement research-greening policies related to research travel.
Similarly, institutions of national and international oversight, accreditation and ratings bodies such as
the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE) and the
American College and University Presidents' Climate Commitment (APUPCC) could influence major
change. These voluntary organizations have emerged in order to create a long-term structure for
positive change in university operations, and are naturally positioned to push for travel-related changes
in research activity. Institutional change also has drawbacks as a top-down solution, and sometimes
bottom-up solutions are more effective at capturing individual focus.
The institutions and traditions of academia also place a premium on the prestige of individual
researchers, requiring travel in the name of professional advancement, conference presentations and
collaboration. Our most prominent finding (in Figure 4) is that conference attendance generated some
of the highest per trip emissions. Conference travel represents a major driver of total research-travel
emissions, suggesting that academic conferences should be a first-round policy target. When the
professional success of individual researchers, graduate students, and pre-tenure faculty rests in large
part on their performance in the academic societies of their fields, we should expect individuals to be
recalcitrant in voluntarily reducing their research and conference emissions. A bottom up strategy is
therefore unlikely to emerge without significant institutional change. Though it is tempting to try to
find the institution through which policy change would have the greatest effect, we suspect there is no
such single answer. Instead, the responsibility falls on individuals, universities, professional societies,
and funding agencies alike.
Thus, the collective carbon emissions of sustainability research appears to be a collective action
problem. Collective action problems are overcome through changes in the fundamental social contract.
Sustainability 2014, 6 2728
The AASHE and APUPCC are engaged in attempting to influence the social contract of higher
education institutions by altering the criteria by which they are compared. Likewise, sustainability
researchers themselves should attempt to alter the social contract directly through public professional
agreements to reduce and eventually eliminate non-essential research travel [19]. It seems likely that
the social and political determination to implement these solutions will remain lacking until there is
more prestige to be had in opting out than in digging in.
In conclusion, we suggest that each of these avenues should be pursued simultaneously. With
changes in incentives, funding, institutional reporting requirements, and individual leadership, social
contracts around travel in academia can change, and research and dissemination emissions can be
reduced. We have presented an example of the first step of such a process; recording travel and
reporting those emissions.
This research was conducted as part of Maine's Sustainability Solutions Initiative, supported by
National Science Foundation award EPS-0904155 to Maine EPSCoR at the University of Maine and
the Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station. We thank Carol Hamel for her assistance in
accessing records and two anonymous reviewers for guidance in developing this paper.
Author Contributions
M.A. developed the research concept, organized and oversaw the data collection effort, and wrote
the first draft. E.M. analyzed the data with SAS and produced the ANOVA. M.T. contributed to the
text and analysis process through guidance. T.W. edited the paper and analyzed the data using R.
Here we provide additional data summaries and an analysis of variance for those interested in
further exploring the emissions data.
Figure 5. Average monthly carbon emissions.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec NA
kg CO2
Average Monthly Emissions
Sustainability 2014, 6 2729
Figure 6. Total emissions across the three fiscal years by individual, ordered by emissions.
Figure 7. Carbon emissions per trip by academic season.
Notes: Spring includes January through May; Summer includes June through August; Fall includes
the remainder of the year.
kg CO2/yr
Total Emissions
Sustainability 2014, 6 2730
Figure 8. Carbon emissions per trip across the fiscal years covered within the dataset.
Note: Each point represents one trip.
Figure 9. Total travel emissions by calendar year.
Sustainability 2014, 6 2731
Figure 10. Carbon emissions frequency by purpose of travel.
Histograms in Figure 10 reveal that the bulk of research travel (research and administration) falls
below the 500kg mark, while approximately half of the dissemination travel (conferences and
presentations) is above 500kg CO2/trip.
Figure 11. Annual average carbon emissions by traveler type.
Note: Each dot represents one person and points jittered on the x axis.
Sustainability 2014, 6 2732
Figure 12. Boxplots of annual average carbon emissions due to travel by disciplinary
super-category (natural science, social science, other).
Table 2. Travel expenditure across the five years of the project comes to 1.2% of the total
$20 million budget.
Year In-State Out-of-State International Total
1 9371 1513 27,572 410 - 6438 36,943 8361
2 9605 1485 48,665 4146 - - 58,270 5631
3 4718 11,039 25,765 61,681 - - 30,483 72,720
4 11,699 2979 47,972 12,362 - - 59,671 15,341
5 6179 2157 44,736 21,721 - - 50,915 23,878
(1) Analysis of Variance
Additionally, we conducted an analysis of variance of carbon emission on basic variables including
year, month, travel type, traveler type, and discipline (Table 3). This ANOVA is presented for the
purposes of data exploration because we do not hold any a priori hypotheses.
Table 3. Analysis of variance for carbon emissions using disaggregated data, calculated in SAS.
Variable Estimate Standard error Significance
Intercept 71.413 (105.036)
Year 2009 −22.875 (83.225)
Year 2010 25.959 (74.762)
Year 2011 83.166 (37.862) *
January 180.495 (74.762) ***
February 32.330 (74.168)
March −83.385 (67.443)
April 30.491 (69.714)
Sustainability 2014, 6 2733
Table 3. Cont.
Variable Estimate Standard error Significance
May 11.994 (64.452)
June 25.195 (67.232)
July 42.551 (73.298)
August 99.660 (86.434)
September 10.241 (88.870)
October −39.755 (71.706)
November 94.7184 (67.406)
Visitor 140.660 (88.821)
Full Professor 124.369 (75.180) **
Associate Professor 382.626 (93.082) ***
Assistant Professor 176.518 (73.807) ***
Post Doc. 470.937 103.494) ***
Ph.D. 191.900 (73.211) ***
Research −163.363 (63.781) **
Conference 145.242 (52.178) ***
Administrative −188.476 (48.875) ***
Social Science
R squared
0.4039 (29.423)
Adj R-Sq 0.3643
No. Observations 403
Notes: *, **, *** indicates significance at the 90%, 95%, and 99% level, respectively; intercept values
include year = 2009, month = December, Traveler Type = Administrative Staff, Travel Type = Other,
Disciplinary Category = Natural.
(2) Data Availability
The data used in this study are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/25532. With the
exception of the ANOVA, which was computed in SAS, annotated R code used to process, analyze
and visualize the data is available at http://rpubs.com/twaring/ssi_carbon.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References and Notes
1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). IPCC Fifth Assessment Report; IPCC
Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
2. Barrett, S. The Incredible Economics of Geoengineering. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2008, 39, 45–54.
3. Corner, A.; Pidgeon, N. Geoengineering the climate: The social and ethical implications.
Environ. Sci. Policy Sustain. Dev. 2010, 52, 24–37.
4. Robock, A. 20 reasons why geoengineering may be a bad idea. Bull. At. Sci. 2008, 64, 14–18.
Sustainability 2014, 6 2734
5. Gowdy, J.M. Behavioral economics and climate change policy. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 2008, 68,
6. Dietz, T.; Gardner, G.T.; Gilligan, J.; Stern, P.C.; Vandenbergh, M.P. Household actions can
provide a behavioral wedge to rapidly reduce US carbon emissions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009,
106, 18452–18456.
7. Levin, S.A.; Clark, W.C. Toward a Science of Sustainability; CID Working Paper No. 196;
The National Science Foundation: Warrenton, VA, USA, 2010; p. 109.
8. Al Gore Cartoon. Fellowship of the Minds. Available online: http://fellowshipofminds.
files.wordpress.com/2011/05/al-gore-cartoon.jpg (accessed on 7 April 2014).
9. Corporate Standard. Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Available online: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/
standards/corporate-standard (accessed on 7 April 2014).
10. International Standards Organization (ISO). ISO 14064-1:2006—Greenhouse gases—Part 1:
Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of
greenhouse gas emissions and removals. Available online: http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_
detail?csnumber=38381 (accessed on 7 April 2014).
11. Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE). Carbon Reduction Target and Strategy
for Higher Education in England; Higher Education Funding Council for England: Bristol, UK,
2010. Available online: https://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/year/2010/201001/ (accessed on 8 April 2014).
12. Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE). Available
online: https://stars.aashe.org/ (accessed on 7 April 2014).
13. Second Nature. Education for Sustainability. Available online: http://www.secondnature.org/
(accessed on 7 April 2014).
14. American College and University Presidents' Climate Commitment (APUPCC). Instructions for
Submitting a Greenhouse Gas Report. Available online: http://rs.acupcc.org/instructions/ghg/
(accessed on 7 April 2014).
15. Michaelowa, A.; Lehmkuhl, D. Greenhouse gas emissions caused by the international climate
negotiations. Clim. Policy 2004, 4, 337–340.
16. Grémillet, D. Paradox of flying to meetings to protect the environment. Nature 2008, 455, 1175.
17. Fox, H.E.; Kareiva, P.; Silliman, B.; Hitt, J.; Lytle, D.A.; Halpern, B.S.; Hawkes, C.V.; Lawler, J.;
Neel, M.; Olden, J.D.; et al. Why do we fly? Ecologists' sins of emission. Front. Ecol. Environ.
2009, 7, 294–296.
18. Bossdorf, O.; Parepa, M.; Fischer, M. Climate-neutral ecology conferences: Just do it!
Trends Ecol. Evol. 2010, 25, 61.
19. Anderson, K. Hypocrites in the air: Should climate change academics lead by example? Comment
on Climate. Available online: http://kevinanderson.info/blog/hypocrites-in-the-air-should-climate-
change-academics-lead-by-example/ (accessed on 4 December 2013).
20. Anderson, K.; Calverley, D.; Sharmina, M. Evangelising from 32 thousand feet: Why Brendan
May is wrong in calling for more environmentalists to fly. Comment on Climate. Available
online: http://kevinanderson.info/blog/evangelising-from-32-thousand-feet-why-brendan-may-is-
wrong-in-calling-for-environmentalists-to-fly-more/ (accessed on 7 April 2014).
Sustainability 2014, 6 2735
21. May, B. Why more environmentalists should fly. The Guardian. Available online:
(accessed on 7 April 2014).
22. Ozawa-Meida, L.; Brockway, P.; Letten, K.; Davies, J.; Fleming, P. Measuring carbon
performance in a UK University through a consumption-based carbon footprint: De Montfort
University case study. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 56, 185–198.
23. U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Average Fuel
Efficiency of U.S. Light Duty Vehicles. Available online: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/
(accessed on 8 April 2014).
24. U.S. Energy Information Agency (EIA). Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program.
Available online: http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html (accessed on 16 June 2013).
25. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Carbon Emissions Calculator. Available
online: http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CarbonOffset/Pages/default.aspx (accessed
on 4 December 2013).
26. Waring, T. SSI Carbon Study. Available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/25532 (accessed
on 20 April 2014).
27. Waring, T. SSI Carbon Emissions Study. . Available online: http://rpubs.com/twaring/ssi_carbon
(accessed Apr 20, 2014).
28. Olson, M. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups; Harvard
University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1965.
29. Chapman, L. Transport and climate change: A review. J. Transp. Geogr. 2007, 15, 354–367.
30. Chakravarty, S.; Chikkatur, A.; de Coninck, H.; Pacala, S.; Socolow, R.; Tavoni, M. Sharing
global CO2 emission reductions among one billion high emitters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009, 106,
31. Anderson, M. Reducing Your Footprint: A Handbook for Reducing Household Carbon Dioxide
Emission; School of Economics Staff Paper # 567; University of Maine: Orono, Maine, USA; 2007.
32. Alaska Society for Technology in Education (ASTE). 2014 Keynote Speakers. Available online:
http://www.aste.org/conference/speakers/ (accessed on 7 April 2014).
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license


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What Is Your Time Worth Should You Be Outsourcing Your Personal Projects
Cheaper services are at hand. This has always been pointed out by clients who have employed online Hire a Virtual Assistant. Offshore assistants offer work at much cheaper cost, and that is their advantage over in-person assistants. Apart from cheaper wages, they also don't demand benefits. Your responsibility is just to compensate them based on their offered service.
You still call the shots. Since you are only looking for remote services, you are free to shop around for professionals with the right expertise. The online assistant you Hire a Virtual Assistant is expected to work depending on your demands. You have to be clear with your needs. The remote assistant shall work to meet your satisfaction. Your responsibility is, of course, to give on-time and due payment.
Don't automatically assume your Personal Assistant Philippines can't do something. As virtual professionals, they probably have a wide variety of skills. Always ask first. Have you ever coded a newsletter? Have you ever created a webinar? Do you know how to design graphics or write blogs or whatever the case may be. Your VA may surprise you. When you first find your virtual assistant, they may not mention some of their skills if they seem irrelevant to the services you are seeking. But VAs can be a reservoir of knowledge that you can tap.
For example, let's say you earn $5000 per month from your business and you work 30 hours per week. You are earning almost $40 per hour. You can find a virtual assistant to take on some of the tasks you enjoy for around half that. You will still be making a profit, and you will have more time to work on the activities that draw people to your business, thus increasing your profits even more.
Delegate, delegate and delegate some more! Create a list of tasks that either take you away from the money earning aspects of your business, or that you simply don't like to do. Review your list with your virtual assistant and discuss how he/she might be able to take some of those items off of your plate.
They may require you sign a contract, if so, limit it to the task you give them. As new projects come up, or until you feel comfortable working with them, a work order or project description can be prepared to cover each project separately. (You don't want to get in too deep on a big project just to find out that you can't work with them, or they don't have the skills).
Hiring a Virtual Assistant can help you reach your goal when it comes speaking events. She'll be able to do all the things that aren't going to make you money but are necessary for your events. You might even consider creating your own event once you discover how well your VA can help you make things happen.
If you are a small business owner and you don't have a large group of employees in your small business, you might find that there are times that you really need someone to help you do a lot of the things you really don't have time to mess with when you are trying to run your small office. These are things that you don't want to pawn off onto your small staff because they are already too busy. Then you might want to consider hiring a virtual assistant. Hiring someone that can work from home to do things you need done can save you money over time. And this is a good thing.
Start Writing Down Processes – Any virtual assistant who becomes an important part of your online business will get to know it very well. You can help speed up the learning curve and the process of getting your new VA setup by writing down your business processes.
Email: Another great task to hand over to an assistant! Just imagine all the time that can be saved if you have an Personal Assistant Philippines that is sorting and deleting junk emails for you! She can forward the important emails to you, so that you only see the ones that are necessary!
One more thing–please don't ignore people. A quick "thanks, but no thanks" note is so much better than no reply at all. In fact, next time you're replying to a message on the site, check out the new "Thanks but No Thanks" template. It's a quick way to nicely let someone know you're not interested in corresponding.
Option for training. For some tasks that are also new to the VA (like the CRM program that your company uses), providing her your actual training may be needed. Gotomeeting, Dimdim, and Skype are good ways to teach her online Personal Assistant Philippines they have screensharing programs so you can chat while training her.
In order to be a powerful force within your industry you must be focused on the next level of growth. In order to achieve that consecutive level of success you must be able to not only meet and achieve your business objectives but you must also be able to do so while maintaining the quality of service your customers or clients are accustomed to. You will need to focus on the tasks that are necessary to make that happen. This is one of many places that Personal Assistant Philippines services come in!
If you are Hire a Virtual Assistant busy business owner, you will have many activities and to-do's everyday. Form the habit to run your business tasks through these results-proven questions and get a sleek business owner's inner alignment from time to time.

subset: commoncrawl


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HAMPTON — Elwyn "Jake" J. Eacker, 85, beloved husband, father and grandfather, passed away Tuesday, Aug. 21, 2007.
A native of Fort Plain, N.Y., Jake had been a Hampton resident since 1945. He served his country with "Duty, Honor and Respect" in the U.S. Army during WW II and the Korean War and retired from the Virginia National Army Guard in 1983, combined with more than 22 years of dedicated military service. He was the proud recipient of the WW II Victory Medal. After his military retirement he was employed at Ft. Monroe as a mechanic engineer and retired after many years of civil service.
Jake was a long time member of Central Baptist Church where he had served as a past usher. He was an avid NASCAR fan and followed Mark Martin when he drove the # 6 Ford race car.
Jake leaves to cherish his memory his loving wife of 61 years, Gertrude E. Eacker; daughters, Darlene VanderVeer and husband, Dave, of Newport News and Deborah Miller and her husband, Ted, of Providence Forge; son, Jesse W. Kochersperger and his wife, Sandy, of Hampton; sisters, Roseann Edwards and Carol Dillenbeck; brothers, Dorr Eacker, George Eacker, Richard Eacker, Adelbert Eacker Jr. and Clifford Eacker; grandchildren, Wende Hawk and her husband, Sheaffer, Amy McClure and her husband, James, Ray and Kyle Crowder, David Kochersperger and his wife, Cindy, and Christopher Kochersperger; and great-grandchildren, Krystal, Dylan, Dakota, Seth, Will, Corbin, Angel, Jacob and Ashley.
A service to celebrate Jake's life will be held at 11 a.m. Saturday, Aug. 25, at Parklawn-Wood Funeral Home with the Rev. Thornton Hall and the Rev. Orville Eacker officiating. Burial with full military honors will follow in Parklawn Memorial Park. The family will receive friends from 5:30 to 7 p.m. Friday at the funeral home.
Friends are encouraged to visit www.mem.com to share special memories and words of comfort with Jake's family.
Expressions of sympathy may take the form of contributions to the American Cancer Society.
Arrangements are under the care of Parklawn-Wood Funeral Home, 2551 N. Armistead Ave., Hampton, Va.


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Wordy Weekly XII
Okay, so we have come to 'J'. Well, this could be a bit of a problem. No 'J' in either the Greek or Latin alphabet. However, the letter that became our 'J' certainly IS in both alphabets. The letter 'I' has two roles in Latin and Greek. Lucky 'I'. It is both a vowel and a consonant, a vowel as in 'iatros' (in Greek, see last week), 'in' or 'infernus' in Latin.
But it also a consonant with the sound 'y'. So, here we find plenty of lovely derivatives for 'J', and I am throwing in another suffix, too.
So, first to Greek.
i) JOT: This comes from the Greek word 'iota'. Yes, the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet morphed into a word beginning with 'J' in English. 'JOT', the noun appears in such phrases as, 'I shan't envy her a jot!' One can also say, although it is a little more old-fashioned now, 'I received not one iota of praise for my efforts'.
ii) JOKE: A favourite word of many I am sure, certainly mine, and yes, it comes from Latin. 'IOCUS' (or jest). JOKE'S cognate words such as 'jocular' (a lovely word, and sadly too little used nowadays), meaning 'humorous, jokey'. One can also compare the Italian GIOCARE meaning 'to play'.
iii) -JACENT: the suffix simply means 'lying', as in 'being situated/being in a particular position'. It is most commonly seen in the word 'ADJACENT' meaning 'lying next to'. The suffix derives from the Latin verb 'IACEO' 'to lie (down)', specifically the present participle 'IACENS'.
Does that mean a ship lying near the Golden Fleece is 'JACENT and the Argonauts'? Oh nevermind!


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Fender 215s 071-1320-000 Subwoofer Owner's Manual PDF
Summary of Content for Fender 215s 071-1320-000 Subwoofer Owner's Manual PDF
Page 3
Designed for the most demanding concert sound and sound contracting requirements, the cabinets multiple cavities and internal wood bracing helps eliminate side wall movement... This design results in low distortion, very high power handling and very high SPL output... Likewise, large ports on the 215s and 215sc cabinets prevent compression at high SPL due to large exit velocities...
Page 4
The first is time alignment... The mid/high racks should be as close as possible to the subwoofer so the sound from the subwoofer reaches the audience at the same time as the sound from the mid/high packs... If the subwoofer is placed too far from the mid/high packs, a slight smearing of the lower bass frequencies may occur... While ideal placement for this consideration would involve stacking the mid/high pack on top of the subwoofer, this effect is quite subtle and an obvious effect may not be heard until the separation between the two cabinets is large enough to cause an audible time delay...
Page 5
After the speaker system has been placed, the crossover point needs to be set for maximum bene- fit... While the 15" drivers in the 215s/215sc are fully capable of accurately reproducing frequencies above 350 Hz, the bandpass enclosure has been designed to acoustically roll off frequencies above 170 Hz... This decreases distortion levels and boosts frequencies below 170 Hz... Thus, the crossover point should be set lower than 130 Hz to ensure that all frequencies are reproduced... Setting the crossover point too low (below 80 Hz) will not take full advantage of the subwoofer because it places too high of a demand on the mid/high packs... For these reasons, a crossover point of ranging between 80 and 130 Hz is recommended depending upon the placement of the speakers...
Page 8
DRIVERS Two 15" (38... 1cm) cast frame woofers 4" (10... 2 cm) voice coils 110 ounce (3... 1 kg) magnets
Manualsnet FAQs
If you want to find out how the 215s Fender works, you can view and download the Fender 215s 071-1320-000 Subwoofer Owner's Manual on the Manualsnet website.
Yes, we have the Owner's Manual for Fender 215s as well as other Fender manuals. All you need to do is to use our search bar and find the user manual that you are looking for.
The Owner's Manual should include all the details that are needed to use a Fender 215s. Full manuals and user guide PDFs can be downloaded from Manualsnet.com.
The best way to navigate the Fender 215s 071-1320-000 Subwoofer Owner's Manual is by checking the Table of Contents at the top of the page where available. This allows you to navigate a manual by jumping to the section you are looking for.
This Fender 215s 071-1320-000 Subwoofer Owner's Manual consists of sections like Table of Contents, to name a few. For easier navigation, use the Table of Contents in the upper left corner.
You can download Fender 215s 071-1320-000 Subwoofer Owner's Manual free of charge simply by clicking the "download" button in the upper right corner of any manuals page. This feature allows you to download any manual in a couple of seconds and is generally in PDF format. You can also save a manual for later by adding it to your saved documents in the user profile.
To be able to print Fender 215s 071-1320-000 Subwoofer Owner's Manual, simply download the document to your computer. Once downloaded, open the PDF file and print the Fender 215s 071-1320-000 Subwoofer Owner's Manual as you would any other document. This can usually be achieved by clicking on "File" and then "Print" from the menu bar.


text:
If my son was arrested today on a warrant issued over a year ago for a bad check, what will happen?
UPDATED: Mar 4, 2011
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If my son was arrested today on a warrant issued over a year ago for a bad check, what will happen?
Today he paid the amount of the check which was $225. This is his first time. He has to appear in court on 05/19. What else will happen and will he be charged with something else? Warrant issued in SD.
Asked on March 4, 2011 under Criminal Law, Minnesota
M.D., Member, California and New York Bar / FreeAdvice Contributing Attorney
Answered 11 years ago | Contributor
What you need to do now is to hire an attorney in the issuing state (SD). Find one that practices locally to the court that issued the warrant. This attorney can utilize their contacts to negotiate to your son's best advantage. If money is an issue, see if he qualifies for representation by the Public Defender's office or Legal Aid. Also, check if there is a law school nearby to where the arrest took place; they typically run free/low cost clinics that handle these type cases. Additionally, contact the local Bar Association in the county where the proceedings will be held; they may have a list of attorneys who will take his case "pro bono" (for free) or at least for a reduced fee based on his income/circumstances.
IMPORTANT NOTICE: The Answer(s) provided above are for general information only. The attorney providing the answer was not serving as the attorney for the person submitting the question or in any attorney-client relationship with such person. Laws may vary from state to state, and sometimes change. Tiny variations in the facts, or a fact not set forth in a question, often can change a legal outcome or an attorney's conclusion. Although AttorneyPages.com has verified the attorney was admitted to practice law in at least one jurisdiction, he or she may not be authorized to practice law in the jurisdiction referred to in the question, nor is he or she necessarily experienced in the area of the law involved. Unlike the information in the Answer(s) above, upon which you should NOT rely, for personal advice you can rely upon we suggest you retain an attorney to represent you.


text:
Derek Caravaggio drills Jorik Tautou
Even though it's school time for Derek Caravaggio, he uses the opportunity to teach Jorik Tautou a lesson. The foreplay is quite short because the main course is just too delicious to wait for. Jorik's sexy ass is soon ready to take Derek's uncut cock. Derek fucks him from behind and then flips him over onto his back until the messy ending.
Freshmen model page:
Freshmen model page:


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Every garden has its wild spots where weeds proliferate and vines ramble.
Tips For Using a Machete
Cutting and trimming with hedge shears will help keep exuberant growth under control, but sometimes you need a tool with more heft and more bite — a machete. Backyard swashbucklers, take up your blades: with a machete (sometimes called a cutlass), you're not just taming the blackberries, you're wielding a tool with traditions.
What is a machete?
A machete is a powerful tool for clearing brush. In the tropics, machetes are ubiquitous, all-purpose tools: they have been used to carve trails through tropical forests, to slash out clearings for crops, to crack open coconuts and slice papayas. Use your machete to keep the peace with weeds and brush in your garden, or to serve watermelon with a flourish.
Tip #1
Use a machete with care and respect: it is a razor-sharp tool.
The blade of a Fiskars machete is well balanced and heavy enough to handle brush and small saplings along fence lines and in out-of-the-way places.
Tip #2
Practice personal safety and caution when using a machete.
- Dress for the job, in sturdy shoes, long pants, and work gloves.
- Cut in front of yourself.
- Take big swings, leading with your elbow, so the blade meets the stems and stalks at an angle and slices through them. Never reach out to one side or the other to make quick clean-up cuts in such a way that the blade is moving toward your legs.
- Keep your free hand well out of the way. Never grab a fistful of brush with one hand and swing the machete with the other; some users recommend holding a stout forked stick in your free hand for this purpose.
Tip #3
Keep an eye on the garden around you as you work.
Ensure children and pets don't run up to inspect your progress. Take preventative steps to keep them safely away. Where the brush is thick, watch for turtles and snakes.
Tip #4
Learn to identify poison ivy — it can find its way even into suburban back yards.
Remember: leaves of three, let it be. Slicing your way through a thicket of poison ivy leaves and vines will lead to a severe and irritating rash. If necessary, eradicate poison ivy with an herbicide before you come in with a machete.
Tip #5
Machetes are also great tools for chopping compost.
Pumpkins, squash, and spent foliage from a vegetable garden decompose quickly when they are chopped to bits. Instead of just tossing them on a compost pile and covering them with leaves or grass clippings, give them a few good slashes with your machete.
Tip #6
When you're finished working, store your machete safely.
It's easy to make your own scabbard from the packaging: set the blade on the outside of the package and make a mark through the hole in the tip of the blade.
Then, poke a hole through the package with an awl or scissors. Wipe the blade clean and oil it lightly and sheathe it in the package (the holes should line up perfectly).
Hang it on a nail in the tool shed, ready at hand. The more accustomed you become to using your machete, the more indispensable it will seem.


text:
Here's what's included:
6 instantly printable spell jar recipe sheets delivered as a high quality PDF file
3 different designs, with each design available with a plain white, vintage or botantical background.
A4 sized for easy at home printing.
These items are for personal use only. But feel free to post your printed recipes on social media! Tag us in @yourlunarlife
Please do not resell these as files or prints on your own website or printed in a shop. If you do wish to resell these or use them as part of your own digital product, get in touch and lets collaborate!
This product is a digital file, no physical product will be sent to you.
All sales are final. Due to the digital nature of the product refunds, returns and exchanges are not available


text:
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The HR Coordinator is the lifeline to the HR department. This person will provide administrative support all aspects of the HR function from recruitment, onboarding, payroll support, reporting, training as well as providing HR support and exceptional customer service to our most valuable resource, our employees. No two days look alike in this role.
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text:
David Blunkett MP, a former Labour Education Secretary
All of the sacrifices during the past months have been about protecting the elderly and vulnerable in our society from the ravages of Covid.
The country has united behind the slogan 'Stay home. Protect the NHS. Save Lives!'
Today it is time to protect our children — and, most of all, the children from the poorest and most disadvantaged families in Britain.
Protecting their future, their education and their physical and mental health is paramount.
Our brilliant care workers have been on the front line for 12 months. Now it is the turn of the teachers to step forward and save the children, by embarking on a full return to teaching in schools on March 8.
There is no disagreement between the political parties on this issue. Practically the only thing that unites Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Labour leader Keir Starmer right now is their determination to see the school gates reopen as soon as possible.
They both know, as we all do, that nothing is more crucial for this country.
That is what makes the teaching unions' decision to fight to block this return and to keep the classrooms closed for longer so inexplicable: it will cause untold potential damage to millions of young lives.
And it will not be the well-off, well-educated families who will lose out if we fail to act. Their children are often in well-funded schools offering something close to a full-time curriculum online. Preventing children from getting an education by refusing to return to the classroom will punish some of the most vulnerable children in the country and have a deeply damaging effect on social mobility. That is why the continued opposition of the teaching unions to the reopening of schools is both destructive and wrong.
I know the vast majority of teachers are desperate to get back into the classroom. For their unions to attempt to prevent that is a betrayal of the teachers as much as the children.
There are few of us who did not experience or at least hear about inspirational teachers when we were growing up. Their importance to the lives of individuals and the lifeblood of our country cannot be overstated.
Today it is time to protect our children — and, most of all, the children from the poorest and most disadvantaged families in Britain (stock image)
Anyone who doubts that had only to watch Britain's biggest entertainment show, Ant And Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, as it returned at the weekend.
A large segment was devoted to celebrating the work of one Wigan teacher, Mrs Kath Crawley, from St Thomas' Primary School in Ashton-in-Makerfield, who is retiring after 30 years. Hundreds of her former pupils got together to organise anonymous treats and surprises for their beloved 'Miss'.
Education now really does have to be the nation's top priority — and it's clear that Mail readers agree.
Your support for efforts to sustain some form of learning and lessen the gap between the 'haves' and the 'have nots' has been demonstrated by your magnificent response to the Mail Force campaign to provide laptops and improved connectivity for children working from home. Without that generosity, lessons during the past few weeks would have been practically impossible for many pupils, especially those whose families have been hardest hit financially by the coronavirus pandemic.
The computers and software made available by your donations will continue to be invaluable. But there is never any real substitute for face-to-face learning. Technology can only do so much: it's the human presence that makes the difference.
Most teachers are currently juggling two or even three teaching methods. The children of key workers and others who are especially vulnerable are still going to school. They have to be taught in the classroom.
There is no disagreement between the political parties on this issue. Practically the only thing that unites Prime Minister Boris Johnson (pictured) and Labour leader Keir Starmer right now is their determination to see the school gates reopen as soon as possible
Simultaneously, lessons have to be devised and delivered to all the millions of youngsters learning remotely at home. That poses enormous logistical and emotional challenges, and is clearly exhausting.
And don't forget that teachers are often parents themselves, and many are trying to educate their own children at home. It's an impossible situation that must not be allowed to continue for a moment longer than is absolutely necessary.
And so I was deeply saddened to read the statement by a trade union leader called Richard Bettsworth, of the Association Of School And College Leaders, who claimed to be 'committed to bringing all children and young people back into the classroom as soon as possible' — and then, almost in the next breath, added: 'This would seem a reckless course of action. It could trigger another spike in Covid infections . . . and risk throwing away the hard-won progress.'
He went on to suggest that reopening schools should not even be contemplated in the foreseeable future: 'This is not a small easing of lockdown restrictions. It is a massive step.'
Anyone who takes this view has failed to understand that the very purpose of mass vaccination was to enable a return to some form of normality as quickly and safely as possible, starting with our children returning to their classrooms.
Last year, when leaders of the National Education Union were taking every step — including the threat of strike action — to delay the reopening of schools, I was deeply concerned that education was becoming a political issue, and that children would be caught in the middle.
They both know, as we all do, that nothing is more crucial for this country. That is what makes the teaching unions' decision to fight to block this return and to keep the classrooms closed for longer so inexplicable: it will cause untold potential damage to millions of young lives
It seemed by the end of the year that we had resolved that tension, and at the start of 2021 everyone was excited at the prospect of getting the schools back to normal.
And then came the sudden third wave of Covid, and the reimposition of lockdown on Tuesday, January 5 — one day after schools had reopened. If we were prepared to open schools in January, there is no reason to delay their reopening beyond March 8, given that upwards of 20 million people will have been vaccinated by then.
The pandemic has been a dire experience, and I honestly believe it has affected our children worst of all. Many feel that their future dreams are evaporating before their eyes.
According to disturbing figures released by the British Journal of Psychiatry, about one in four children has self-harmed in the past year. The Millennium Cohort Study also found that 7 per cent of children have attempted suicide by the age of 17.
The impact of lockdown and loneliness, the stress of learning from home, uncertainty over education and future jobs and the forced separation from friends all play a major role in these terrible statistics.
Schools are the greatest lifeline that we can offer our children. We've thrown everything we have at defeating the virus. Now we need a new slogan: 'Save lives. Save futures. Open the schools.'
Lord Blunkett was Education Secretary from 1997 to 2001.


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#274-Mar/Apr 2019
Links from Fine Woodworking issue #274
Online extras from Issue No. 274 of Fine Woodworking magazine. April 2019
Designer's Notebook: Draw, Draw, and Draw Some More
Mike Pekovich explains how he gets from that blip on a page to a finished piece of furniture
Arts-and-Crafts Cottage Bookcase
This classic Limbert design offers a unique twist on a traditional style
Tool Test: Honing Guides
Models reviewed include the Lie-Nielsen, Veritas Mk.II Deluxe Honing Guide Set, generic side-clamping guides, the Kell No. 2, Nano Hone's Sharp Skate 4, Trend, and the Veritas Sharpening System
How to Add Strength and Style to Any Slab
Inlays transform a flawed slab into a sturdy work of art.
Make A Contemporary Swing-Arm Lamp
Christian Becksvoort's wall lamp swivels on a wooden bracket and can be made to hold different types of shades.
How to Create Kumiko at the Table Saw
Smart jigs simplify this complex design
Tapered Sliding Dovetails by Hand
Specialty plane helps cut a self-locking dovetail joint.
From the Bench: The Family Violin
My personal story is about endings and beginnings, father, son, and daughters, completing one circle and starting another. My father, Henry Finck, was a professor of anatomy at the University…
Peter Galbert's FWW Live 2018 Keynote Speech
Unsurprisingly, the journey of a windsor chairmaker is rarely a straight line
Chris Gochnour's sharpening process
Watch a hand tool aficionado who is always looking for new ways to be a better sharpener
Siosi Designs–Our Lives In Frame
Our Lives in Frame is a glimpse into the enigmatic world of Siosi Design. Siosi is Audi Culver + Ivy Siosi, and they describe themselves as partners in life, collaborators in design, and women who make + fabricate
Online Extras
Depth Gauge for Chair Seats
A workshop tip on how to make a simple depth gauge for hand-shaped chair seats.
Workshop Tips: Router-Table Jig Makes Perfect Rabbets for Banding
I created this jig to rout ledges for edge-banding (called "binding") on the curved sides of a ukulele, but it will cut perfect rabbets for banding or inlay on all…
Workshop Tips: Supercharge your clamps with a screwdriver assist
When arthritis started making it harder to tighten and loosen clamps, I bored a 3⁄8-in.-dia. hole through the wooden handle of every clamp I own. Now I just insert a…
Workshop Tips
Tool Review: 16-32 Drum Sander by SuperMax
Drum sander is a smooth operator
Tool Review: Ultimate Coping Saw by Blue Spruce Toolworks
High-end coping saw is an impressive tool that does a great job on scrollwork, coping moldings, and removing waste while dovetailing
Tool Review: Roller Stand Model PM-5093 by Bora
Support stand with multiple heads
Tool Review: Mega Flush Trim Router Bits by Infinity
Infinity's Mega Flush Trim router bits are well-made, double-bearing bits with compression shearing cutters made of carbide
Tools & Materials
11 Mortise-and-Tenon Variations
The tried-and-true mortise and tenon comes in many forms.


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A PLLC can also opt for a transfer tax status, which means that only the owners are taxed and not the company itself. LLLPs can create employee pension plans with higher contribution limits than those available to sole proprietorships or partnerships. A professional limited liability company or PLLC is a type of limited liability company owned and operated by members of the same profession and can only provide services related to their profession. Lawyers, for example, would be members of a law firm structured as a PLLC, and a lawyer`s PLLC can only provide legal services. Some states require that all lawyers who run a legal business must form a PLLC. The purpose of organizing a business as a PLLC – or as a regular LLC – is to protect owners from personal liability for the company`s debts. In sole proprietorships and partnerships, owners have unlimited liability, which means that if the company does not pay its debts, creditors can try to seize the owners` personal property. Companies, on the other hand, give their owners limited liability. Shareholders of companies may lose their investment, but no more. LLCs and LLLCs offer business-type liability protection to their owners, but save them from having to comply with many business requirements. PLLC stands for Professional Limited Liability Company. It is essentially the same as an LLC, except that it is owned and operated by members of the same professions as lawyers or accountants. After the creation of a PLLC, it is important to maintain limited liability for the owners by treating the company as a separate legal entity.
This means getting a separate business bank account, a credit card only for business purposes, and tracking the company`s finances separately from an owner`s personal finances. PLLCs, like regular LLCs, are units of transmission for tax purposes at the federal and state levels. This means that each owner pays federal and state income taxes on their share of corporate profits. The LLC itself does not pay federal income tax. Alternatively, the LLC may choose to be taxed as a corporation and pay corporate income tax on profits. An LLC is a hybrid corporation that combines a corporation`s liability shield with the tax benefits of a partnership. However, some states do not allow people with a professional license, such as doctors, lawyers, or engineers, to form an LLC. Instead, these people have to form PLLCs. A LLC has the same legal structure as an LLC.
However, the state licensing board must review the licenses of all owners of a PLLC and approve its formation. As a business, LLCs must register in states where they "do business (or conduct transactions). Each state has different standards and rules that define what it means to "do business" and, therefore, navigating what is required can be quite confusing for small business owners. Simply forming an LLC in one state may not be sufficient to meet legal requirements, especially if an LLC is formed in one state, but the owner (or owners) are in another state (or states), or an employee is in another state, or the LLC`s operating base is in another state, The LLC may need to register as a foreign LLC in other states where these are "transactional transactions." [23] LLCPs pay taxes in the same way as LLCs. The LLP itself does not pay taxes. The LLP`s net income and losses are transferred to each member. Each member then claims their share of the net income and loss as part of their tax return. Several states recognize PLLC as a special type of LLC for licensed professionals — such as lawyers, accountants, physicians, and architects. Licensed professionals can also create other types of business units.
For example, some states allow professionals to form limited liability companies (LLP), and others recognize an entity called a professional corporation (PC). The Secretary of State or the Enterprise Reporting Authority in your state can tell you more about the rules applicable to professional enterprises in your state. Forming a PLLC is similar to creating a regular LLC, although the forms involved may be slightly different. .


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Rooibos Temptation Tea, Indulge your sweet tooth cravings without ANY calories!
Great Temptation is bursting with flavor and taste, just like your favorite irresistibly indulgent treats.
Red Rooibos, pineapple (pineapple, sugar, acidity regulator citric acid), flavouring, roses, strawberries, mango (mango, sugar, acidity regulator citric acid), chrysanthemums, blueberries, mallow flower.
May contain traces of nuts.
Preparation guidelines:
Use 10 g of tea (approx. 6 tsp) for 1 l of boiling water. Allow infusing for 10 minutes. Strain and serve.
Collections: Anxiety teas, Black teas, See other products from Simplicithé


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Thank you for visiting HeavyEquipmentForums.com! Our objective is to provide industry professionals a place to gather to exchange questions, answers and ideas. We welcome you to register using the "Register" icon at the top of the page. We'd appreciate any help you can offer in spreading the word of our new site. The more members that join, the bigger resource for all to enjoy. Thank you!
ALL NEW MEMBERS READ THIS FIRST!! Thank you for joining Heavy Equipment Forums! If you are new to forums we communicate with "Threads", please search our threads to see if your topic may have already been answered and if not then click "Post New Thread" in the appropriate forum. This will allow all of our members to see your question and give you the best chance to be answered. After you've made a number of posts you will graduate to Full Member status where you'll see a few more privileges. Following these guidelines will help make this the best resource for heavy equipment on the net. Thanks for joining us and I hope you enjoy your stay!!
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Well, at first, just get your sketchbook out and start trying to draw this and that. But then you think, "Well, you do need a pencil right behind you – you have to be able to get it there!" And you need a little bit of practice in that respect but you certainly can't keep it to the same level too much. You just can't. But once you do it once or twice, you start to get an idea as to how to do it faster.
What are you looking forward to reading/watching in this series after the next book?
There's about thirty chapters in the story so I'm looking forward to seeing where all of these characters lead. So that's a little fun really.
Anything you'd like people to know about you before they read it?
That I am not a writer.
What can the average Star Wars fan expect from you?
That I will always try to make them as engrossed in Star Wars as possible.
If you could change anything about your appearance/actors, what would it be and why?
I would love to look a little more like Boba Fett – and I would love to read my way through all of the original trilogy now that he's out of that movie so I can tell more of his adventures.
How do you like your hair?
I'm not too fond of my hair but I'm not too fond of mine either. I use a small amount of products that makes my hair look more like that of Boba Fett. But I'm not too fond of it either.
You're writing Star Wars: The Last Jedi. What were your impressions of what director Rian Johnson had accomplished on Star Wars: The Force Awakens?
I was surprised that Rian Johnson had put all of that effort into putting that movie together. That was a very, very intense project. At one point, the director told me that the only thing in the world that I could tell he was not happy with was the performance of Daisy Ridley. He had told Rian to take her off the main character's shoulders and let her focus on what was her focus in the movie, which was going to be the Force. And when she got that character back on her feet, the performance really blew my mind. She was playing a character whose emotions were so rich and so real. I was blown away. I mean, it's an A-
how to draw cars step by step easy origami dragon, how to draw cars 3 characters drawings easy tumblr, how to draw car youtube, how to draw cars 3 crash scene german, how to draw cars 3 crash backwards r


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We are trying to make our Repairs service easier for tenants. We'd like to hear from tenants about your individual experience of reporting repairs so we can provide the best possible repairs service.
We're inviting tenants to have a look at the Home repairs process, to see how it looks.
Please add any comments (use "Leave a Comment" option above) or contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com if you would like to to discuss this in greater detail or have a paper copy of the process sent out to you.


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Jamo Pyper Ft Mayorkn – If No Be You Mp3 Download
Zankun Music recording artist "Jamo Pyper" releases a new single titled "If No Be You" featuring DMW singer "Mayorkun".
Further more, the song was produced by Masa Jabulani.
Listen and Download Mp3 Below:
Love this song? Leave a comment below please.


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Unicorn Foal ~ Candy Cane - Limited Edition
Candy Cane is welcome around here any time of year! With her peppermint white coat and red mane and tail, she sports a candy cane brand on her rump. Her mane has a running braid with sparkles, matching the sparkly swirl in her tail.
She joined the Schleich line in January, 2022, and is a half-year limited edition only available until June 30th.
These are new inventory, straight from the manufacturer to our store.
Package Size: 4.92" x 0.98" x 6.29"
Model #70729
Shipping Information
We maintain an Honest Shipping Policy: We always try to save you money on shipping and only charge what is needed to get your box to you. We often cut boxes down to fit your order, which can save you money... If we find we can ship for less than our website charges you for shipping, we will automatically refund the difference when we print your shipping label. You will never overpay when ordering from us!
We ship USPS Monday - Friday, weather permitting. UPS requires a day's lead time to pick up, so UPS orders generally ship on Tuesdays and Thursdays. (They don't pick up on Saturday, so UPS orders placed after cutoff on Wednesday will ship the following Monday.)
For more information and frequently asked questions, please see our Help Center.
We Also Recommend
2020 Holiday Breyer 70th Anniversary Ornament, Blown Glass w/ Light Up Feature


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Responsible Corporate Citizen:
AICT places a high priority on corporate social responsibility and strives to be a key contributor to the social welfare of its staff and surrounding community. Emphasis is given to the issues of health, environment, social welfare and education.
AICT recently adopted a school under the HPH Dock School Program, taking yet another step forward in its support of its local community especially less fortunate students facing financial difficulties during their school life.
The program, which will extend throughout the coming academic years, provides students from Al-Bitash Primary local school in El Dekheila area with a computer center complete with Internet access, benefiting hundreds of children
In 2015, AICT became a patron of Al Amal Orphanage Association, Alexandria.
In 2019, Beneficiaries from the Misr El Kheir Foundation were presented with a cheque of EGP 344,000 which goes towards their programmes to help the needy and special education students during the holy month of Ramadan.
Excellence in Customer Service:
AICT is committed to providing excellence in customer service through the implementation of leading-edge technology and using advanced real-time communication and port management systems. Our corporate philosophy is built on recognizing our customers' needs and always putting them first. We strive to maximize our customers' satisfaction by being:


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Pumpkin Chili
Pumpkin is a great addition to chili. It provides chili with a hearty texture and provides some extra fiber and nutrients to your chili,particularly beta carotene which is great for your eyes. Try pairing fall's 2 biggest players together for a delicious pumpkin chili.
Pumpkin Chili.pdf, 83.95 KB; (Last Modified on October 1, 2020)


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Minor Hotels To Launch M Collection Brand With New Hengqin Zhuhai Hotel In China
Partnering with Zhuhai Da Heng Qin Company Limited, Hengqin Zhuhai will be the first M Collection branded hotel with a view to expand the brand, not only throughout China but also worldwide. Scheduled to open in 2020 M Collection Hengqin Zhuhai is located at the heart of Pearl River Delta along a mountain top reservoir with peaceful surroundings, and mountain views in the southern corner of Zhuhai.
Hengqin Zhuhai's 100 keys will be a collection of suites and pool villas with entry level room sizes of 70sqm. The hotel will also consist of one all day dining restaurant, two specialty restaurants, a tea house and a lobby lounge. Other facilities include state of the art fitness and gym facilities, swimming pool, kids club and spa.
The coastal island of Hengqin is located only 200 metres away from Macao and the island has been selected as a new area to enhance economic ties with both Hong Kong and Macao. A bridge connecting Hengqin with Macao and Hong Kong is scheduled to open in late 2018. When it is completed, it will take 5 minutes to drive to Macao and 40 minutes to drive to Hong Kong.
Minor Hotels currently operates 3 properties in China under the Anantara brand in Xishuangbanna, Sanya and Guiyangand has a further strong pipeline in the region across all brands
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Luxury brands gather to discuss fighting Mideast instability
An expert panel of judges sat down at this year's Arab Luxury World forum in Dubai to debate the major trends
As extremists swarm and states in the Middle East collapse from within, it is high time to ask if geopolitical dynamics are impeding the economic growth of the region. An expert panel of judges sat down at this year's Arab Luxury World forum in Dubai to debate the major trends.
Panelists included Adil Hassan al-Fardan, board member of Al Fardan Jewelry, Gary Dugan, head of investment strategy at National Bank Abu Dhabi, Cyrille Fabre, partner in Bain & Co., Ludovic Tiberghien, head of strategy at Chalhoub Group and Andrew Williamson, head of retail for the MENA region for Jones Lang LaSalle.
Moderated by the BBC's Nima Abu Wardeh, the agenda included a macro review of the luxury market and an in depth discussion of consumers, regional economies and tourism, especially in light of the tumbling oil prices recent months have seen.
Diversification is key, agreed most panelists, when it comes to businesses staying afloat as well as government spending.
"Governments have to spend but may choose to spend differently," Fabre said, adding that family businesses in the Gulf region have diversified to counter risks. This has been done, he said, by diversifying services and expanding away from the luxury niche and spreading into other GCC countries as well as Russia and Turkey; "it is a natural way of managing risk in this part of the world," he noted.
Cyrille disagreed, saying focusing on the top brand in a company's portfolio was key considering the high competition. Tiberghien agreed, saying he wished his company had taken such a route in the past.
Williamson contended that while risk is undeniably linked to instability in the region, developers tend to have a long term view, citing the case of Egypt which has seen political upheaval in recent years but is seeing "huge amounts of development happening now…Egyptians bought land when it was inexpensive and are now getting to work."
Diversifying clientele will also go a long way in keeping business alive, Willamson noted, saying "it would be wrong to get too negative."
"Middle classes are on the march in India and China," he noted, saying business should target those consumers who can't find the same luxury experience in their home countries.
Relying on certain consumers can curb risks in other ways, Fardan added: "There will always be the ultra-high net worth individuals who keep the economic cycle going. Once you capture this target market, you can move your business into the future."
The Arab Luxury World event takes place from June 1-2 and brings together industry leaders from sectors such as watches and jewelry, fashion and accessories, perfumes and cosmetics, premium cars, tourism, art and culture.
The event comes on the back of Chalhoub group's estimate that the consumer yearly spend on beauty, fashion and gifts per capita in the GCC is close to $30,000, ten times what is being spend in some European countries, making a discussion on the future of the luxury market in the region crucial according to organizers.
Use and abuse of social media: Should luxury brands ads go digital?A panel of experts sat down Monday to discuss how luxury brands can take advantage of the digital shift at Arab Luxury World in Dubai Fashion and beauty
All that glitters is gold: Arab Luxury World forum kicks off in DubaiPanel sessions include hot topics such as the rise of Saudi Arabia as a prime market for luxury retailers Fashion and beauty
Print vs. Online: Arab Luxury World panel takes on a new age debateThe session was kicked off with panellists agreeing that "print is not going to die," it will simply evolve Digital