text:
82 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 3
In 1888, Mr. John H. James, of Urbana, Ohio, whose col-
lection of historical works is hardly excelled, published a trans-
lation of a French pamphlet used by Mr. Barlow and his asso-
ciates in Paris, when engaged in the sale of lands in the Ohio coun-
try. "The pamphlet," says Mr. James, in his introduction,
" was published in French and English; the French copy being
a translation of the English copy, first published in Salem,
Massachusetts, in 1787. The French edition was published in
Paris in 1789, the year of the breaking out of the French Revo-
lution. It was one of the means employed by Joel Barlow and
the agents of the Scioto Company to promote the emigration
from France, which resulted in the settlement of the French at
Gallipolis in 1790."
"The French copy from which I make the translation,"
continued Mr. James, "is dingy with age, and formerly be-
longed to one of the early settlers at Gallipolis, whose name,
with the date, 1805, is inscribed on the cover."
The title page of the pamphlet is as follows:
" A Description of the Soil, Productions, etc., of that Por-
tion of the United States Situated between Pennsylvania and
the Rivers Ohio and Scioto and Lake Erie."
Mr. James, in his introduction, says of the authorship of
the pamphlet, that "it was published anonymously, but was
written by Mr. Manasseh Cutler," and "that while its tints are
sufficiently couleur de rose, and some of its statements * * *
appear extravagant in the light of our present knowledge, yet it
must be remembered that one hundred years ago Ohio was a
comparatively unknown region, concerning which all intending
settlers were enthusiastic; and a comparison with other con-
temporary authorities shows that it represents very fairly the
state of information existing concerning the Western country."
The extravagant statements in the pamphlet, it will be
noticed, are acceded to by Mr. Thomas Hutchins, the geographer
of the United States, and by others who had visited the country.
Description of the Soil, etc. 83
The following is Mr. James' translation of the French
edition of the pamphlet, with foot notes added by him:
The great river Ohio is formed by the confluence of the
Monongahela and the Allegheny in Pennsylvania. It flows
from about 290 miles west of the city of Philadelphia, and
about 20 miles west of the western boundry of Pennsylvania.
In following the ordinary route the 290 miles are increased to
320, and the windings of the Ohio increase the 20 miles to
about 42.
These two sources of the Ohio are both great navigable
rivers; the first flows from the southeast, and there is, between
it and the navigable waters of the Potomac, in Virginia, a por-
tage of only about 30 miles;1 the latter opens a passage to the
northeast, and rises not far from the source of the Susquehanna.
The State of Pennsylvania has already adopted the plan of
opening a navigation from the Allegheny River to Philadelphia
by way of the Susquehanna and the Delaware. In following
this route there will be only a transit by land, or portage of 24
At the junction of these two rivers, or at the source of the
Ohio, we find Fort Pitt, which gives its name to the city of
Pittsburgh, a flourishing settlement in the vicinity of the
fortress. From this city the Ohio pursues its way to the south-
west for 1188 miles (including the windings of the river) and
empties into the Mississippi, after traversing for this prodigious
distance a most fertile and agreeable country, and having in-
creased its waters by those of several other navigable rivers:
the Muskingum, the Hockhocking, the Scioto, the Miami, and
the Wabash from the northwest; the Kanawha, the Kentucky, the
Buffaloe,3 the Shawnee,4 and the Cherokee5 from the southwest;
all these rivers, navigable for a distance of from 100 to 900
miles, fall into the Ohio, and it is this river that furnishes a
great part of those united waters which flow into the ocean
through the bed of the Mississippi.
The Ohio, from Pennsylvania to the Mississippi, sepa-
84 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 3
rates the State of Virginia from other domains of the
United States, or in other words from the territory not
comprised within the limits of any particular State. This
territory extends westward to the Mississippi, and north
to the frontiers of the United States. Commencing at the
meridian which forms the western boundary of Pennsylvania
they have laid off a space sufficient for seven ranges6 of munici-
palities (townships). As a north and south line extends along
the Ohio in a very oblique direction, the western boundary of
the seventh range strikes the Ohio nine miles above the
Muskingum, which is the first large river which empties into the
Ohio. Their junction is 172 miles below Fort Pitt, following the
winding of Ohio, but in a straight line little more than 90 miles.
The Muskingum is a river which flows slowly, and has
banks high enough to prevent all inundation. It is 250 yards
wide at the place where it enters the Ohio, and is navigable for
large vessels and bateaux as far as Tree Legs, and for small boats
to the lake at its source. From thence by means of a transit by
land of about one mile,7 communication is opened with Lake
Erie by means of the Cuyahoga, which is a river of great value,
navigable through its whole length, without any cataracts to
obstruct its course. The passage from Lake Erie to the Hudson,
through the State of New York, is well known. The longest
transit by land on this route is that which is caused by the falls
of Niagara, which interrupts the communication between Lakes
Erie and Ontario. After that, one passes by the River Oswego,
Oneida Lake, Woods Creek (the bay of the woods), and by
means of a short portage, enters the Mohawk; another portage
occasioned by the cataract near the confluence of the Mohawk,
and the Hudson brings the voyager to Albany.
The Hockhocking is somewhat like the Muskingum, but not
so large. It is navigable for large vessels for about seventy
miles, and much further for small ones. On the banks of this
much frequented river are inexhaustible quarries of building
stone, great beds of iron ore, and some rich mines of lead. We
find also, very frequently in the neighborhood of this river, coal
mines and salt springs, which abound in this Western country.
The salt which is obtained from these springs furnishes a never-
Description of the Soil, etc. 85
failing abundance of this article of prime necessity.8 Beds of
clay, both white and blue, of an excellent quality, are met with
also throughout this region. This clay is adapted for the manu-
facture of glass, of pottery, and all kinds of brick. Armenian9
clay, and several other useful deposits, have also been discovered
along the different branches of this river.
The Scioto is a river longer than either of those of which we
have thus far spoken, and furnishes a navigation much more con-
siderable. For an extent of two hundred miles large vessels can
navigate it. Then there is a passage to be made by land of
four miles only to the Sandusky, a river also navigable, which
enters into Lake Erie.10 It is by the Sandusky and Scioto that
they pass generally in going from Canada to the Mississippi. This
route is one of the most considerable and most frequented found
in any country. By it are united some of the most extensive
territories, and when we consider the rapidity with which
settlements are made in the Western part of Canada, upon Lake
Erie, and in Kentucky, we may predict that there will be an
immense commerce between these people.ll It is certain that the
lands which border upon, and which lie near these rivers, will be
of the greatest value from their situation alone, and quite apart
from their natural fertility. There can be no doubt that the
flour, wheat, hemp, etc., exported from the extensive regions
surrounding Lakes Huron and Ontario would have an easier
transit by means of Lake Erie and the neighboring rivers than
by any other route. The merchant who shall in future inhabit
the banks of the Ohio will be able to pay more for these com-
modities than the merchant of Quebec, by reason of these
advantages, because they can be transported from the former
of these countries to Florida and the West India Islands with
much less expense and risk, and at a much lower rate of insur-
ance than from the latter. In fact, the transportation of these
productions of the soil, the expenses upon the Ohio included,
would not amount to a fourth part of what it would cost from
Quebec, and it will be still cheaper than it is by way of Lake
The Scioto has a gentle current, which is interrupted by no
cataracts. Sometimes in the spring it overflows its banks, which
86 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VoL. 3
are covered by vast fields of rice, which nature here produces
spontaneously.12 For the rest, we find in abundance in the
country which borders upon this river, salt springs, coal mines,
deposits of white and blue clay and of free stone.
The general expressions of admiration which are com-
monly made use of in speaking of the natural fertility of
the countries watered by these western rivers of the United
States render difficult the description one would wish to make,
unless one takes particular pains to mark on the map the places
which merit especial attention, or unless he gives an exact
description of the territory in general without regard to the risk
he runs of being charged with exaggeration. But upon this
point we are able to say that we have with us the unanimous
opinion of geographers, of surveyors and of all those travelers
who have collected precise information concerning the character-
istics of the country, and who have observed with the most scru-
pulous exactitude all the remarkable objects which nature there
displays. They all agree that no part of the territory belonging
to the United States combines in itself so many advantages,
whether of salubrity, fertility or variety of productions, as that
which extends from the Muskingum to the Scioto and the Great
a Colonel Gordon speaking of his travels through a country
much more extensive in which this is included and of which it
is indubitably the most beautiful part, makes the following obser-
vations: " The country along the Ohio is extremely agreeable,
filled with great plains of the richest soil and exceedingly salubri-
ous. One remark of this kind suffices for all that region bounded
by the western slope of the Allegheny Mountains and extending
to the southwest a distance of five hundred miles down the Ohio,
thence to the north as far as the source of the rivers that empty
into the Ohio, and thence eastward along the hills which sepa-
rate the lakes from the river Ohio as far as French creek. I
can, from the perfect knowledge which I have of it, affirm that
the country which I have just described is the most salubrious,
a. An English Engineer during the war of 1755-63.
Description of the Soil, etc. 87
the most agreeable, the most advantageous, the most fertile land
which is known to any people of Europe, whatsoever."
The lands which are watered by the different rivers empty-
ing into the Ohio, of which we have just spoken, are, since the
time of Col. Gordon, better known, and can be described with
more precision and in a manner which ought to inspire confi-
They are remarkable for their variety of soil from which
results everything which can contribute to the advantages due to
their local position and which promise the success and the riches
which ought to burst forth among every agricultural and manu-
facturing people.
The great level plains which one meets with here and which
form natural prairies, have a circumference of from twenty to
fifty miles, they are found interspersed almost everywhere along
the rivers. These plains have a soil as rich as can be imagined
and which with very little labor can be devoted to any species of
cultivation which one wishes to give it. They say that in many
of these prairies one can cultivate an acre of land per day and
prepare it for the plough. There is no undergrowth on them and
the trees which grow very high and become very largea only
need to be deprived of their bark in order to become fit for use.
The kinds of timber fit for the purposes of the joiner which
grow most abundantly in this country and the most useful of
trees which are found here are the sugar-maple, the sycamore,
black and white mulberry, and black and white walnut, the
chestnut, oaks of every kind, the cherry tree, beech tree, the
elm, the cucumber tree, ironwood, the ash tree, the aspen, the
sassafras, the wild apple tree, and a great number of other trees
of which it is impossible to express the names in French.
General Parsons has measured a black walnut near the Mus-
kingum, of which the circumference, five feet above the ground,
was twenty-two feet. A sycamore measured in the same way
had a circumference of forty-four feet. One finds on the heights
white and black oaks as well as the chestnut, and nearly all the
trees we have just named, which grow there, very large and to a
a. Large and high trees are an indication of rich soil.
88 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 3
proportionate height. One finds both on the hills and on the
plains a great quantity of grapes growing wild, and of which the
inhabitants make a red wine, which suffices for their own con-
sumption. They have tried the experiment of pressing these
grapes at the settlement of Saint Vincent,14 and the result is a
wine which, by keeping a little while, becomes preferable to the
many wines of Europe. Cotton of an excellent quality is also a
product of the country.
The sugar-maple is of great value to a region situated as
this is in the interior of the country. It furnishes enough sugar
for the use of a large number of people, and for this purpose a
small number of trees are usually kept by each family. A
maple tree will produce about ten pounds of sugar per year, and
it is produced with little difficulty. The sap of the tree flows in
the months of February and March; it becomes crystalized after
being boiled, and the sugar is equal in flavor and whiteness to
the best Muscavado.
All parts of this country are abundantly supplied with ex-
cellent springs, and one finds everywhere both small and large
creeks, on which mills may be established.l5 These brooks, use-
ful for so many purposes, have the appearance of being disposed
by the hand of art in such a manner as to contribute toward pro-
curing every advantage which can make life desirable.
There is a very little bad land in this territory, and no
marsh. There are plenty of hills; their position is agreeable,
and they are not high enough to interfere with their cultivation.
Their soil is deep, rich, covered with trees of good growth, and
adapted to the cultivation of wheat, rye, indigo, tobacco, etc.
The communication between this territory and the ocean is
principally by the four following routes:
First: The route by the Scioto and Muskingum to Lake
Erie, and thence by the River Hudson we have already de-
Second: The passage by the Ohio and Monongahela to the
transit by land already mentioned, which leads to navigable
b. A French settlement made some fifty years ago on the Wabash
river to the westward of the Scioto.
Description of the Soil, etc. 89
waters of the Potomac. This land transit is about thirty miles,
but it will very probably be diminished in a little while, by
means of the plan which is actually in contemplation for opening
a communication between these rivers.
Third: The Great Kanawha, which empties into the Ohio
toward the confines of Virginia, between the Hocking and
Scioto, affords a very ready navigation toward the Southeast,
and requires but a short portage to reach the navigable waters
of the James River in Virginia. This communication, useful to
the settlements between the Muskingum and Scioto, will very
probably be the most frequented for the exports of the manu-
factures of the country,16 and still more for the importation of
foreign goods, because they can be carried more cheaply from
the Chesapeake to the Ohio, than they now are from Philadel-
phia to Carlisle and the other counties situated in the lower parts
of Pennsylvania.
Fourth: But above all, it is upon the Ohio and Mississippi
that there can be transported a great number of things necessary
for the markets of Florida and the West Indies, such as wheat,
flour, beef, bacon, timber for joinery and ship-building, etc, that
they will be more frequented than any river upon the earth.
The distance from the Scioto to the Mississippi is eight hundred
miles, thence to the ocean nine hundred; all this journey can be
easily made in fifteen days, and the voyage in reascending these
rivers is not so difficult as one would suppose. Experience has
demonstrated that one can make great use of sails on the Ohio.l7
Here again is a fortunate circumstance: it is that the Ohio
Company a is on the point of establishing its settlements, and it
is making them in a manner alike, systematic and judicious. Its
operations will serve as a useful model for all the settlements
which will be found in the future in the United States. Add to
this that this new colony is established so near the western
boundary of Pennsylvania as to appear to be only a continuation
of the older settlements, by reason of which there will no longer
be reason to fear that these unsettled regions may be occupied
a. At this moment the establishments of this company are com-
menced and are very flourishing.
90 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 3
by the savages, as has too frequently happened in situations very
far removed from the seat of government.18
The intention of Congress, and that of the inhabitants, is
that these settlements shall be made in a regular manner; that
they shall follow the course of the Ohio, and that they shall
commence by occupying the northern part of the country toward
Lake Erie.19 And it is hoped that not many years will probably
elapse until the whole country above the Miami will be raised in
value to such a point that the advantages which travelers have
celebrated will be seen in their true light, and it will be admitted
that they spoke nothing but the truth when they called this
country the garden of the universe, the center of wealth, a place
destined to be the heart of a great Empire.
The following reflections will not escape either the philoso-
pher or the statesman, who shall see this delightful part of the
United States settled upon a wise system and in a well ordered
1. The labor of the agriculturists will here be rewarded by
productions as useful as, and more varied than in any part of
America; the advantages which are generally found divided in
any other climate are here united; and all the advantages which
other parts of the United States present, are here combined in
the highest perfection. In all parts the soil is deep, rich, pro-
ducing in abundance wheat, rye, corn, buckwheat, barley, oats,
flax, hemp, tobacco, indigo, the tree that furnishes the food for
the silk worm, the grape-vine, cotton. The tobacco is of a
quality much superior to that of Virginia, and the crops of wheat
are much more abundant here than in any other part of America.
The ordinary crop of corn is from sixty to eighty English
bushels per acre. a The bottom lands are especially adapted to
the production of all the commodities we have just enumerated.
There where the vast plains, which are met with in this terri-
tory, are intersected with little brooks, the land is suitable for
a. General Parsons, one of the Commissioners for negotiating the
Treaty of 1786 with the Indians, reports that Mr. Dawson, who has lived in
this country ten years, has raised from eighty to one hundred bushels per
acre. Last year he cultivated seven acres, on which his crop was six hun-
dred bushels.
Description of the Soil, etc. 91
the culture of rice, and it grows here abundantly. Hops also
are produced spontaneously in this territory, and there are also
the same peaches, plums, pears, melons, and in general all the
fruits which are produced in the temperate zone.
There is no country more abounding in game than this.
The stag, fallow deer, elk, buffalo and bears fill the woods and
are nourished on these great and beautiful plains, which are en-
countered in all parts of these countries, an unanswerable proof
of the fertility of the soil; wild turkeys, geese, ducks, swans,
teal, pheasants, partridges, and so forth, are here found in
greater abundance than our domestic fowls in all the older settle-
ments of America. The rivers are well stocked with fish of
different kinds, and several of these fish are of an exquisite
quality. In general they are large, the cat-fish (poisson-chat)
has an excellent flavor and weighs from twenty to eighty pounds.
One will find here provisions for several years, and the
borders of each one of these rivers will serve for a long time in
place of a market. When inhabitants shall come here from all
parts of the world nature will have provided for them, at least
for one year, all they need, without the necessity of making any
2. There is no place more suitable from its situation and
productions for the establishment of manufactures than this.
The necessaries of life are abundant and cheap. The raw
material for all things necessary for clothing and personal adorn-
ment are here found in quantities. Silk, flax and cotton bring a
good price here; but these articles, being manufactured and be-
ing adapted for the different purposes of use and luxury, would
still be cheap here by reason of the small amount of freight
necessary to pay for their transportation. The United States,20
and perhaps other countries besides, will be replaced, or super-
seded in the market, by the competition of the inhabitants of
the interior parts of America.
The construction of vessels will be one of the most consider-
able branches of business on the Ohio River and its tributaries.21
In the lowest stage of water in the Ohio we find a depth of four
fathoms from the mouth of the Muskingum to its junction with
the Mississippi. In only one part is it very rapid, and there the
92 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [Vol. 3
navigation is interrupted for about one mile. Elsewhere through-
out its whole extent the fall is not more than fifteen feet, and
the bed of the river, which has a breadth of two hundred and
fifty rods, has never less than five feet of water. In winter it
increases to thirty feet. The river can be ascended not only by
means of oars, but they readily surmont the current by means
of sails only. Geographers and others who have seen the
locality are of the opinion that if a canal22 were dug at a little
less than half a mile south of the river, at a point where a low
prairie is found, the current could be avoided and navigation
thus be without interruption the whole year round.
Hemp, iron and ship timber are abundant and of good
quality here. During the highest stage of water, which is from
February to April, and frequently in October and November,
vessels can easily pass the rapids with their cargoes to the sea
even in the present condition of the river.
An English engineer, who has made a thorough examina-
tion of the western country, has communicated the following
observations to Lord Hillsborough in 1770. This nobleman
was the Secretary of State for the Department of America at
the time when we were colonists of Great Britain, and when our
country was regarded solely, as it could be made available for a
market for English fabrics:23
"No part of North America has less need of encourage-
ment in order to furnish rigging for ships, and the raw material
destined to Europe, and to furnish to the West India Islands
building material, provisions, etc., than the Ohio country, and
that for the following reasons:
"1. The country is excellent, climate temperate; grapes
grow without cultivation; silk worms and mulberry trees abound
everywhere; hemp, hops and rice24 grow wild in the valleys and
low lands; lead and iron abound in the hills; salt springs are
innumerable; and there is no country better adapted to the cul-
ture of tobacco, flax and cotton than that of the Ohio.
"2. The country is well watered by several navigable
rivers, which communicate with each other, and by means of
which, with a very short transport by land, the productions of
the Valley of the Ohio can even at this moment25 be conveyed at
Description of the Soil, etc. 93
a much lower price to the seaport of Alexandria26 on the River
Potomac, where General Braddock landed his troops, than mer-
chandise can be carried from Northampton to London.
"3. The Ohio river is navigable at all seasons of the year
for large boats,27 and during the months of February, March and
April it is possible to construct large vessels upon it and send
them to the ocean loaded with hemp, iron, flax, silk, tobacco,
cotton, potash, etc.
"4. Flour, wheat, beef, planks for ship-building and other
things not less useful can descend the Ohio to Western Florida
and go thence to the West India Islands more cheaply and in bet-
ter condition than the same merchandise can be sent from New
York or Philadelphia to the same islands.
"5. Hemp, tobacco, iron and similar bulky articles, can
descend the Ohio to the ocean at least 50 per cent. cheaper than
the same articles have ever been transported by land in Pennsyl-
vania over a distance no greater than sixty miles, although the
expense of carriage there is less than in any part of North
"6. The freight for transporting goods manufactured in
Europe from the sea-board to the Ohio, will not be so consider-
able as it now is, and always will be, to a great part of the coun-
ties of Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland. When the farm-
ers or merchants who dwell upon the Ohio set about providing
for transportation they will build vessels of all kinds suited for
commerce with the West India Islands and Europe, or, as they
will have black walnut, cherry, oak, etc., sawed ready for for-
eign commerce, they will make of them rafts in the same man-
ner as is practiced by those who live about the headwaters of
the Delaware in Pennsylvania, on which they will put their
hemp, their iron, their tobacco, etc., and with which they will
go to New Orleans.
"The following observations should not be omitted: They
manufacture a great quantity of flour in the region situated in
the west of Pennsylvania, and they send it by land to Philadel-
phia, which costs a great deal, and thence they send it by sea to
South Carolina and Eastern and Western Florida, where they
grow little or no grain. One may say that nature herself has
94 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 3
designed the Ohio to be the river by which the two Floridas may
be supplied with flour, and that not only for the consumption of
these two provinces, but still more for a considerable commerce
which they carry on in that article with Jamaica and the Spanish
settlements of Mexico. Quantities of mill-stones may be pro-
cured from the hills which border the Ohio, and the country
everywhere abounds with water-courses suited to the construc-
tion of mills of every kind. The passage from Philadelphia to
Pensacola is rarely made in less than a month, and they ordi-
narily pay fifty shillings a ton freight (a ton consists of sixteen
barrels) for transportation that far. Boats carrying from 500 to
1000 barrels of flour go in nearly the same time from Pittsburgh
to Pensacola as from Philadelphia to Pensacola, and at half the
expense. Merchants on the Ohio can furnish flour on better
terms than Philadelphia, and without running the risk of dam-
age by sea or the delays of transportation on that element; and
besides, without paying insurance, advantages which can not be
enjoyed in the case of goods shipped from Philadelphia to Pen-
sacola. And let no one imagine that this is a supposition
merely; it is the constant experience. About the year 1746
there was a scarcity in New Orleans, and the French settle-
ments on the banks of the Illinois, feeble in number as
they were, sent thither in one winter alone 800,000 weight
of flour."28 So that, in place of furnishing other nations with
raw materials, some company of manufacturers might be intro-
duced and established in the countries, so attractive their situation,
under the direction of men thoroughly competent to the task.
Such an establishment would produce a considerable augmenta-
tion of population and wealth to these new settlements and would
set a useful example to other parts of the United States.
3. The measures which have been taken by the act of
Congress, providing for the disposition of the lands west of the
Ohio as far down as the Scioto for the establishment and main-
tenance of schools, and of a University29 shed an especial lustre
on these settlements and inspire the hope that by the particular
attention which has been given to education, the fields of science
will be extended, and that the means of acquiring useful knowl-
edge will be placed on a more respectful footing in this country
Description of the Soil, etc. 95
than in any other part of the world. Without speaking of the
advantages of discovering in this new country species hitherto
unknown in natural history, botany and medical science, it can-
not be questioned that in no other part of the habitable globe
can there be found a spot where, in order to begin well, there
will not be found much evil to extirpate, bad customs to combat,
and ancient systems to reform. Here there is no rubbish to clear
away before laying foundations. The first commencement of
this settlement will be undertaken by persons inspired with the
noblest settlements, versed in the most necessary branches of
knowledge, acquainted with the world and with affairs,30 as well
as with every branch of science. If they shall be so fortunate
as to have at first the means of founding on an advantageous
plan these schools and this University, and of sustaining them
in such a manner that the professors may be able to commence
without delay the different labors to which they may be called,
they will, in the infancy of the colony, have secured to them-
selves advantages which will be found nowhere else.
4. In the ordinance of Congress for the government of the
territory northwest of the Ohio it is provided that when the
territory shall have acquired a certain amount of population it
may be divided into several States. The most eastern of these31
(this is already provided for) is bounded by the Great Miami on
the west, and by Pennsylvania on the east. The center of this
State will be between the Scioto and the Hockhocking. The
seat of government of one of these States will very probably be
at the mouth of one of these two rivers. And if we may be
permitted to forecast the future, we may imagine that when the
United States of America, composed of an intelligent and re-
nowned people, shall have greatly extended the boundaries of
their dominions the general government will establish itself
upon the banks of the Ohio. This country is at the centre of
the whole Nation, it is a place the most convenient for all, the
most agreeable and probably the most healthy.
It is undoubtedly of the greatest importance that the Con-
gress shall soon fix the place of its residence; nevertheless, in
the present state of the country it is possible, some may think it
not expedient to fix it immovably. Take the chain of the
96 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 3
Allegheny Mountains from north to south, it is probable that
twenty years will not elapse before there will be more of the in-
habitants of the United States living on the banks of the West-
ern than on the Eastern rivers. The Western people ought
now to understand that the government is disposed to favor
them as much as their brethren who inhabit the Eastern part
of the country. It is even necessary that they should have this
feeling in order that they may not cherish dreams of inde-
pendence, that they may not seek for other alliances, and that
they may not take steps with especial view to their own welfare.32
As it is indisputable that it ought to be the principal object of
the Legislature, and the one dearest to its heart to unite as great
a number of people as possible, and render them happy under
one government, every step which Congress may take toward
this new constitution will have this object in view; and, we will
hope, will promote the success of the plan, and cause it to be
regarded as inviolably established. There is no doubt, what-
ever, that sooner or later the government will either reserve to
itself or purchase a suitable site on which to build the city of the
confederation,33 which will be at the center of the whole coun-
try; and that it will make known its intentions in this regard as
soon as circumstances, such as an equal population in the new
State, etc., will permit.
Such a determination, taken in advance, will give the older
States the power of carrying it into execution without causing
any disturbance or dissatisfaction to any person, whilst it would
inspire the new States with the hope of some day seeing the
plan realized.
Extracts from letters of an American farmer, by M. S'John
de Crevecoeur, French Consul to America. Second edition, Vol.
3, page 394.
The Ohio is the grand artery of that portion of America
which lies beyond the mountains; it is the center in which meet
all the waters which flow on one side from the Allegheny Moun-
tains, and which descend on the other from the high lands in the
vicinity of Lakes Erie and Michigan. It has been calculated
that the region watered by all these streams, and comprised be-
Description of the Soil, etc. 97
tween Pittsburg and the Mississippi, contains a territory of at
least 260 miles square, or 166,980,000* acres. It is, without
doubt, the most fertile country, with the most varied soil, the
best watered, and that which offers to agriculture and commerce
the most abundant and ready resources of all those which Eu-
ropeans have ever discovered and peopled.
It was on the tenth of April, at eight o'clock in the morn-
ing, that we abandoned ourselves to the current of the Ohio.
* * * * This pleasant and tranquil navigation appeared to
me like a delightful dream; each moment presented to me new
perspectives, which were incessantly varied by the appearance
of islands, points and bends of the river, constantly changing
with the singular variety of shore, more or less wooded, from
which the eye would, from time to time, wander to survey the
great natural prairies which intersect them; constantly embel-
lished by promontories of different heights, which seemed to
disappear for a moment, and then gradually develop to the eye
of the navigator bays and coves, of greater or less extent,
formed by the creeks (little navigable rivers) and the brooks
which fall into the Ohio. What majesty in the mouths of the
great rivers before which we passed. Their waters seemed as
vast and as deep as those of the river on which we were
Never before had I felt so disposed to meditation and revery;
involuntarily my imagination darted into the future, the remote-
ness of which gave me no trouble, because it appeared to be
near. I saw in fancy these beautiful shores ornamented with
handsome houses, covered with crops, the fields well cultivated;
on the declivities of the hills exposed to the north I saw orchards
planted, on the others vineyards, plantations of mulberries,
acacias, etc. I saw also on the low lands the cotton plant and
the sugar-maple, the sap of which has become an article of com-
merce. I grant indeed that all the shores did not appear to me
equally adapted to cultivation, but the different masses of trees
with which they will necessarily remain covered will add still
more to the beauty and the variety of the landscape of the
* Evidently an erroneous calculation.
Vol. III-7
98 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 3
future. What an immense chain of plantations! What a great
career of activity, of industry, of culture and commerce is
offered to the Americans. I consider therefore the settlement
of the country watered by this great river as one of the greatest
enterprises ever presented to man. It will be the more glorious
because it will be legally acquired with the consent of the an-
cient proprietors and without the shedding of a drop of blood.34
It is destined to become the foundation of the power, wealth and
future glory of the United States.
Toward noon of the third day we cast anchor at the mouth
of the Muskingum, in two fathoms and a half of water. To
give you a faint idea of what I may call the anatomy of the
Ohio, I wish to tell you about this river to make you understand
the utility of all its branches.35
It empties into the Ohio 172 miles from Pittsburg and has a
width of 120 toises,36 it is deep and navigable for large boats for
147 miles into the interior. Its freshets are moderate and it
never overflows its banks, which are elevated, without being
steep. One of its branches approaches at the same time the
principal of the sources of the Scioto, called the Seccaium and
the Sandusky River. This last falls, you are aware, into the
great bay of the same name at the farther end of Lake Erie. It
is near one of the principal branches of the Muskingum that the
great Indian village of Tuscarawas is built, whence a portage of
two miles only leads to the Cuyahoga River, deep and but
slightly rapid, the mouth of which on Lake Erie forms an ex-
cellent harbor for vessels of 200 tons. This place seems de-
signed for the site of a city, and several persons of my acquaint-
ance have already thought so.37 All the voyagers and hunters
have spoken with admiration of the fertility of the hills and
valleys watered by the Muskingum,38 as well as the excellent
springs, the salt wells, the mines of coal, particularly that of
Lamenchicola, of the free-stone, fullers-earth, etc., which they
find everywhere.
The next morning at day break we weighed anchor, and
after three days of quiet and pleasant navigation we came to
anchor opposite the Scioto, 218 miles from the Muskingum and
390 miles from Pittsburgh, for the purpose of receiving on board
Description of the Soil, etc. 99
Gen. Butler, who came to conclude some negotiations with the
Shawnees. It is from him that I had the following details con-
cerning this fine river, upon the banks of which he resided dur-
ing the last five years of the war: The Scioto is almost as wide
as the Ohio; its current is navigable for boats of medium size as
far as the village of Seccaium, 111 miles from its mouth; it is at
this village that the great portage to the Sandusky begins, which
is but four miles. Judge of the importance of this communica-
tion, always much frequented by whites and Indians; the latter
who have horses and wagons, transport merchandise at so much
per hundred. This river waters a most extensive and fertile
country, but rather flat. These vast plains, so well known as
the Scioto bottoms, commence a few miles above the river Hus-
kinkus and continue almost to Seccaium. They are watered by
the fine creeks, Alaman,39 Deer, Kispoks, etc., and by a great
number of considerable brooks. Several of these plains are
from twenty-five to thirty miles in circumference, and as if Na-
ture had wished to render them still more useful to men, she has
sprinkled them with hills and isolated mounds, on which she
had planted the most beautiful trees. These plains are never
overflowed, and their fertility is wonderful. If a poor man, who
had nothing but his hands, should ask me, "Where shall I go
to establish myself in order to live with the most ease, without
the help of horses or oxen?" I would say -to him, "Go to the
banks of one of the creeks in the Scioto bottoms; all that you
will have to do will be first to obtain permission from the In-
dians from the neighboring village (this permission is no longer
necessary since the treaty with them); second, scratch the sur-
face of the earth and deposit there your wheat, your corn, your
potatoes, your beans, your cabbage, your tobacco, etc., and
leave the rest to nature. In the meantime amuse yourself with
fishing and the chase."
Every spring a prodigious number of storks come to visit
these plains; they are at least six feet high, and more than seven
feet from tip to tip of wings. I have never seen them come to
feed that they were not surrounded by sentinels, who watch
around them to announce the approach of enemies. Sometimes
before their departure they assemble in great flocks, and the day
100 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 3
being fixed, all rise, turning slowly, and preserving always the
same order, they describe long spirals until they are out of sight.
Finally, on the tenth day after our departure from Pitts-
burgh, we cast anchor in front of Louisville, having made 750
miles in 22� hours of navigation.
Having read, attentively, the pamphlet in which is given a
description of the Western Territory of the Untied States, I, the
undersigned, certify that the facts therein contained concerning
the fertility of the soil, abundant productions and other advan-
tages for the husbandman, are true and reliable, and that they
correspond perfectly with the observations I have made during
ten years which I have spent in that country.
Geographer of U. S.
NoTE 1.-All the produce of the settlements about Fort Pitt can be
brought to Alexandria, by the Youghiogany, in three hundred and four
miles, whereof only thirty-one are land transportation; and by the Monon-
gahela and Cheat Rivers in three hundred and sixty miles, twenty of
which only are land carriage.-Gen. Washington to Gov. Harrison, Oct.
10, 1784.
NoTE 2.-Pennsylvania--although the Susquehanna is an unfriendly
water, much impeded, it is said, with rock and rapids, and nowhere com-
municating with those which lead to her capital,-has it in contemplation
to open a communication between Toby's Creek, which empties into the
Allegheny River 95 miles above Fort Pit , and the west branch of the
Susquehanna, and to cut a canal between t e waters of the latter and the
Schuylkill, the expense of which is easier to be conceived than estimated
or described by me. A people, however, who are possessed of the spirit of
commerce, who see and who will perceive its advantages, may achieve
almost anything. In the meantime, and the uncertainty of these under-
takings, they are smoothing the road and paving the ways for the trade of
the western world.-Gen. Washington to Gov. Harrison, Oct. 10, 1784.
NoTE 3.-The Buffalo-Apparently the Green River.
Description of the Soil, etc. 101
NoTE 4.-The Shawnee-The Cumberland River was so called until it
was given its present name by Dr. Walker, in 1747, in honor of the Duke
of Cumberland.
NOTE 5.-The Cherokee-The Tennessee was formerly so-called.
NoTE 6.-Seven Ranges.
NOTE 7.-This old Indian portage, between the head waters of the
Muskingum and those of the Cuyahoga, is within the present limits of
Portage county, from which the county derives its name.
NoTE 8.- Salt Springs-"We have found several salt-licks within our
surveys, and we are assured there is a salt spring about forty miles up the
Muskingum, from which a quantity of salt for the supply of the country
may be made. Some gentlemen at Fort Harmar doubt this information,
and think a supply may be made at a spring on the branch of the Scioto."
-Pioneer History.
So great was the scarcity and value of salt during the first ten years of
the settlement-not less than six or eight dollars a bushel-that the Ohio
Company, in their final division of their lands, passed the following
" WHEREAS, It is believed that the great 'salt springs' of the Scioto
lie within the present purchase of the Ohio Company; therefore,
" Resolved, That the division of land to the proprietors is made upon
the express condition and reserve that every salt spring now known, or
that shall hereafter be found, within the lands that shall fall to the lot of
any proprietor, be and are hereby reserved to the use of the company, with
such quantity of land about them as the agents and proprietors shall think
proper to assume for general purposes, not exceeding three thousand
acres; the person on whose land they are found, to receive other lands of
equal value." It so happened that the Scioto springs were situated a few
miles west of the purchase and on the lands belonging to the United
States. When Ohio became a State, these noted springs, with those on Salt
Creek, in Muskingum county and at Delaware, were reserved by Congress
for the use of the State, with large tracts of land adjoining to furnish fuel
for boiling the salt water. For many years these springs were leased to
individuals, and became a source of revenue to Ohio.
NoTE 9.-Armenian Clay--A sort of Ochre.
NoTE 10.-The routes of navigation and portage referred to in the
text, between the lakes and the Ohio River, by way of the Sandusky and
Scioto, and of the Cuyahoga and Muskingum Rivers, and also that from
Presqu' Isle (Erie, Pennsylvania,) by way of French Creek to the Ohio,
seemed to have been discovered and used by the French at a subsequent
General Washington, in a letter written October 10, 1784, to Benjamin
Harrison, then Governor of Virginia (Writings of Washington, Vol. IX,
p. 58), in which he discusses at length the best mode of communication
102 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VoL. 3
between the tide water region of Virginia and the Northwestern territory,
by means of the Potomac and James Rivers, says: "It has long been my
decided opinion that the shortest, easiest and least expensive communica-
tion with the invaluable and extensive country back of us would be by one
or both of the rivers of this State, which have their sources in the
Apalachian Mountians. Nor am I singular in this opinion. Evans, in his
map and analysis of the Middle Colonies, which, considering the early
period at which they were given to the public, are done with amazing
exactness, and Hutchins* since, in his Typographical Description of the
Western Country, a good part of which is from actual surveys, are decidedly
of the same sentiments."
"The navigation of the Ohio," he continues, " being well known, they
will have less to do in the examination of it; but, nevertheless, let the
courses and distances be taken to the mouth of the Muskingum, and up
that river (notwithstanding it is in the ceded lands) to the carrying place
to the Cuyahoga; down the Cuyahoga to Lake Erie, and thence to Detroit.
Let them do the same with Big Beaver Creek, although part of it is in the
State of Pennsylvania; and also with the Scioto. In a word, let the waters
east and west of the Ohio, which invite our notice by their proximity, and
by the ease with which land transportation may be had between them and
the lakes on one side, and the Rivers Potomac and James on the other, be
explored, accurately delineated, and a correct and connected map of the
whole be presented to the public."
He estimated that if the improvements here indicated should be con-
structed, the distance from Detroit, " by which all the trade of the North-
western part of the United Territory must pass " to the tide- waters of Vir-
ginia, could be made 176 miles less than to those of the Hudson at Albany.
"Upon the whole, the object in my estimation is of vast commercial and
political importance." * * * " I consider Rumsey's discovery for work-
ing boats against the stream by mechanical powers principally as not
only a very fortunate invention for these States in general, but as one
of those circumstances which have combined to render the present time
favorable above all others for fixing, if we are disposed to avail our-
selves of them, a large portion of the trade of the Western country in
the bosom of his State irrevocably." (Gov. Harrison replied to this letter
that he had submitted it to the Assembly, which would probably take
favorable action. The James River Improvement enterprise, in which, if I
mistake not, Washington was a large stockholder, was doubtless the-
It must be remembered that ideas to what constitutes a navigable
stream have greatly changed in the course of a century. When transpor-
tation and travel were carried on upon our western waters by means of
flat-boats, broad-horns, keel-boats, and even bark canoes, which drew
* The Geographer of the United States.
Description of the Soil, etc. 103
only a few inches of water, and pushed their way up the rivers and their
tributary creeks and bayous, and " wherever the ground was a little moist,"
many a stream figured as a navigable river which in these days of steam-
boats would hardly be regarded as a reliable mill stream.
NoTE 11.-General Washington, in speaking of this country in 1784,
says that it will, so soon as matters are settled with the Indians, and the
terms by which Congress means to dispose of the land found to be favor-
able are announced, be settled faster than any other ever was, or anyone
would imagine."- Writings, IX, p. 62.
NOTE 12.- A plant called wild rice, on which numerous wild fowl feed,
is found in the marshes bordering Lake Erie. A similar growth on the low
bottoms of the rivers may have been mistaken by the early explorers for
the rice of commerce.
NoTE 13.- "By the advice of Thomas Hutchins, Esq., Geographer of
the United States, this tract (the Ohio Company's purchase) was located on
the Ohio and Muskingum Rivers, he considered it the best part of the
whole western country, and he had visited it from Pennsylvania to
NoTE 14.-St. Vincents, or Post St. Vincents, or Post Vincennes, as it
is variously called, on the site of Vincennes, Ind., was one of the early
French settlements in the Valley of the Mississippi.
NOTE 15.-" The other mill I saw in the year 1797 on the Scioto River.
It was built on two large dug-outs or canoes, with a wheel placed between
them. This mill, after being moved up or down as the settlers at different
stations needed its assistance in grinding corn, was tied to a tree in a rapid
current, which, running against the wheel between the canoes, turned the
stones above under a kind of umbrella made of bark. At a distance it had
the appearance of a crane flying up the river. It made a sound, for want
of grease, like the creaking of a wooden cart."-American Pioneer, Vol.
I, p. 59.
NOTE 16.-" For my own part, I think it highly probable that upon
the strictest scrutiny, if the falls of the Great Kanawha can be made navi-
gable, or a short portage be had there, it will be found of equal importance
and convenience to improve the navigation of both the James and the Po-
tomac. The latter, I am fully persuaded, affords the nearest communica-
tion with the lakes; but the James River may be more convenient for all
the settlers below the mouth of the Great Kanawha, and for some distance
perhaps above and west of it."- Washington to General Harrison, October
10, 1784.
NoTE 17.-The reader of to-day who is whirled over the distance sep-
arating Cincinnati and Pittsburgh between breakfast and supper, will be
interested in the following advertisement of a line of packet boats running
up and down the Ohio between those places one hundred years ago, mak-
ing the round trip in four weeks, and which were doubtless regarded as
104 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 3
attaining the very acme of speed and safety in traveling. The advertise-
ment is taken from the " Centinel of the North Western Territory," pub-
lished at Cincinnati in 1793, five years after the first settlement of Ohio,
and the first paper established north of the river:
Two boats for the present will set out from Cincinnati for Pittsburgh
and return to Cincinnati in the following manner, viz.:
First boat will leave Cincinnati this morning at 8 o'clock, and return
to Cincinnati so as to be ready to sail again in four weeks from this date.
Second boat will leave Cincinnati on Saturday, the 30th inst., and re-
turn to Cincinnati in four weeks, as above.
And so regularly, each boat performing the voyage to and from Cin-
cinnati to Pittsburgh once in every four weeks.
Two boats, in addition to the above, will shortly be completed and reg-
ulated in such a manner that one boat of the four will set out weekly from
Cincinnati to Pittsburgh and return in like manner.
The proprietors of these boats having maturely considered the many
inconveniences and dangers incident to the common method hitherto
adopted of navigating the Ohio, and being influenced by a love of philan-
thropy and desire of being serviceable to the public, has taken great pains
to render the accommodations on board the boats as agreeable and con-
venient as they could possibly be made.
No danger need be apprehended from the enemy, as every person on
board will be under cover, made proof against rifle or musquet balls, and
convenient port-holes for firing out of. Each of the boats are armed with
six pieces, carrying a pound ball; also a number of good muskets and
amply supplied with plenty of ammunition, strongly manned with choice
hands, and the masters of approved knowledge.
A separate cabin from that designed for the men is partitioned off in
each boat for accommodating ladies on their passage. * *
Passengers will be supplied with provisions and liquors of all kinds,
of the first quality, at the most reasonable rates possible. * * *
NOTE 18.-One of the controlling considerations in the selection of a
site for the settlement by the Ohio Company at the mouth of the Muskin-
gum was that it might be under the protection of Fort Harmar.
NOTE 19.-The plan originally proposed by Congress for the survey
and sale of the first seven ranges west of Pennsylvania contemplated that
the ranges should extend northward to Lake Erie, but the subsequent
arrangements with the State of Connecticut recognized her claim to the
soil (but not the jurisdiction which was reserved to the United States) all
in that portion of Ohio north of the 41st parallel of latitude, and east of a
north and south line drawn at a distance of 120 miles west of the Pennsyl-
vania line, and forming what is known as the Connecticut Western
NOTE 20.- The expression " United States " seems to be used as refer-
ring to the older settled states of the Atlantic sea-board.
Description of the Soil, etc. 105
NoTE 21.-Ships on the Ohio-In 1799, Louis Anastasius Tarascon, a
French merchant of Philadelphia, sent two of his clerks, Charles Brugiere
and James Berthond, to examine the course of the Ohio and Mississippi
Rivers from Pittsburgh to New Orleans, and ascertain the practicability of
sending ships ready rigged to the West Indies and Europe. They reported
favorably, and Mr. Tarascon, associating them and his brother with him as
partners, immediately established in Pittsburgh a large wholesale and
retail store and warehouse, a ship yard, a rigging and sail loft, an anchor-
smith's shop, a block manufactory, and, in short, everything necessary to
complete vessels for sea. The first year, 1801, they built the schooner
Amity, of 120 tons, and the ship Pittsburgh, of 250, and sent the former,
loaded with flour, to St. Thomas, and the other, also with flour, to Phila-
delphia, from whence they sent them to Bordeaux, and brought back wine,
brandy and other French goods, part of which they sent to Pittsburgh in
wagons, at a carriage of from six to eight cents per pound. In 1802 they
built the brig Nanino, of 250 tons; in 1803, the ship Louisiana, of 300 tons,
and in 1804, the ship Western Trader, of 400 tons."-American Pioneer,
Vol. I., p. 307.
"As soon as ship-building commenced at Marietta, in 1800, the farmers
along the borders of the Ohio and Muskingum Rivers turned their atten-
tion to the cultivation of hemp in addition to their other crops. In a few
years sufficient was raised not only to furnish cordage to the ships of the
West, but large quantities were worked up in the various rope walks and
sent as freight in the vessels to the Atlantic cities.
"By the year 1805 no less than two ships, seven brigs and three schoon-
ers had been built and rigged by the citizens of Marietta. Captain Jona-
than Devoll ranked amongst the earliest of Ohio shipwrights. After the
Indian war he settled on a farm five miles above Marietta, on the fertile
bottoms of the Muskingum. Here he built a 'floating mill' for making
flour, and in 1801 a ship of 230 tons, called the Muskingum, and the brig
Eliza Greene, of 150 tons."-Ibid, Vol. I, p. 90.
NoTE 22.-A plan since carried out by the construction of the Louis-
ville and Portland canal.
NoTE 23.-Since preparing the translation of the report to Lord Hills-
borough, I have met with the original document in English. It will be
found in Volume II, page 6, of the " Olden Times," a periodical published
at Pittsburgh in 1846 and 1847.
This report to Lord Hillsborough appears to have been made when he
was considering the petitions of Thomas Walpole and others to the king
for the privilege of making a purchase of land and founding a colony on
the south side of the Ohio River, which petition had been referred to the
Board of Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, of which he was presi-
dent, for report. See a very interesting article by Professor Hinsdale on
the western land policy of the British Government, in the Ohio Archaeo-
logical and Historical Quarterly for December, 1887.
106 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 3
NoTE 24.--The English version has "rye" where the French has
"riz "- rice.
NoTE 25.-In the English original are here inserted the words "in
the year 1772."
NOTE 26.-" The new settlement at the mouth of the Muskingum
attracted the attention of the House of Burgesses in Virginia, and an ap-
propriation of money was made to survey a route for a road from Alexan-
dria on the Potomac to the Ohio River opposite Marietta. The commis-
sioners found a very feasible course, and the estimated distance only three
hundred miles. A road was cut out, and for many years before the build-
ing of the National Turnpike from the Cumberland to the Ohio, merchan-
dise was brought in wagons to the stores in Marietta from the Port of
Alexandria."-Pioneer History, p. 245.
NOTE 27.-The English version here says, "like the west country
barges, rowed by only four or five men."
NoTE 28.-The settlements in Illinois were the earliest made by the
French in the Mississippi Valley; that at Kaskaskia dating back to the
seventeenth century.
Vivier, writing from Illinois, in 1750, says: "We have here whites,
negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French
villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one
leagues, situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Kar-
kadiad (Kaskaskia). In the five French villages are perhaps eleven hun-
dred whites, three hundred blacks, and some sixty red slaves, or savages.
The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all
told. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and
horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can
be consumed, and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New
Twenty years later one man is said to have furnished the king's stores
from his crop 86,000 pounds of flour.
NoTE 29.- At the time of the sale by Congress of public lands to the
Ohio Company, two townships of land (each six miles square) were re-
served for the benefit of a university, and section number 16 (being a lot
a mile square and containing 640 acres) in each township sold, was at the
same time reserved for the support of the schools in said townships.
Another section (number 29), was in the same manner reserved for the
support of religion.
Note 30.-"The colony at Marietta, like those of some of the ancient
Greeks, enrolled many men of highly cultivated minds and exalted intel-
lects; several of them claimed the halls of old Cambridge as their alma
mater. The army of the Revolution furnished a number of officers who
had distinguished themselves for their good conduct, as well as for their
bravery."-American Pioneer, Vol. I, p. 85.
Description of the Soil, etc. 107
NoTE 31.-Ohio.
NoTE 32.- The apprehensions here expressed were not wholly ground-
less. The ties of Union among the states were probably at their weakest
in 1787. The articles of confederation which, under the stress of a com-
mon danger had carried the State through the war, had since its close
proved wholly insufficient to reconcile their conflicting interests and serve
the purpose of a Federal Government.
NOTE 33.-This was written in 1787. At that time the Continental
Congress was sitting in New York, and a convention which framed the
Constitution of the United States was in session in Philadelphia. As the
result of the convention's labors was not published until the autumn of
1787, it is probable that the clause of the Constitution giving Congress
exclusive jurisdiction over such districts not exceeding ten miles square,
as may by cession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress be-
come the seat of Government of the United States, was not known to the
writer of the pamphlet. At all events the site of the future Capital was
wholly undetermined.
NoTE 34.- The Ordinance of 1787 provided that, "the utmost good
faith shall always be observed toward the Indians; their lands and property
shall never be taken from them without their consent, and in their prop-
erty, rights and liberty they never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in
just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice
and humanity shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being
done to them and for preserving peace and friendship with them."
NOTE 35. The valley of the Muskingum and of its chief tributary,
the Tuscarawas, (both of which at that day were known as the Mus-
kingum,) was not only the scene of the Christian Mission in Ohio - that
of the Moravian Brethren. Fifteen years before the settlement of Marietta
these Christians had penetrated the wilderness as far as the Tuscarawas,
and within the next few years had established upon its banks several
villages of Indian converts- Schoenbrun, Gnadenhutten and Salem.
Schoenbrun had two streets, laid out in the form of a T. On the trans-
verse street, about the middle of it and opposite the main street, which
ran from east to west, and was both long and broad, stood the church.
* * * * At the northwest corner of the main street was the school
house. The bottom, from the foot of the bluff to the river, was converted
into cornfields. The town contained more than sixty houses of squared
timber, besides huts and lodges.--Life of Zeisberger -page 380.
NoTE 36.-Toise - An old French measure equal to about six feet, in
use, so far as I know, only in Detroit. Long since superseded in France, I
found it a few years ago surviving in that ancient and conservative city, in
daily business transactions.
NOTE 37.- The site of the present city of Cleveland. " From an early
day the leading Virginia statesmen regarded the mouth of the Cuyahoga
108 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VoL. 3
as an important commercial position. George Washington in his journey
to the French forts, Venango and Le Boeuf, in 1753, obtained information
which led him to consider it as the point of divergence of the future com-
merce of the lakes meeting the ocean; Virginia being then regarded as
the State through which this trade must pass to the Atlantic. Mr. Jeffer-
son, in his " Notes " upon that State, points out the channel through which
it will move to the ocean. He considers the Cuyahoga and Mahoning as
navigable, and separated only by a short portage to be overcome by a canal.
Once in the Ohio, produce, in his opinion, might ascend its branches and
descend the Potomac to the sea."- Charles Whittlesey in American
Pioneer, Vol. 2, p. 24.
He (Zeisberger) was now in the valley which was to be the scene of
his greatest works and severest trials. Blooming like the rose, with its
farms, its rich meadows and gorgeous orchards, it was in his day, although
a wilderness, no less a land of plenty, and abounded in everything that
makes the hunting grounds of the Indians attractive. It extended a dis-
tance of nearly eighty miles, enclosed on both sides by hills, at the foot
of which lay wide plains, terminating abruptly in bluffs, or sloping gently
to the lower bottoms through which the river flowed. These plains, that
now form the fruitful fields of the "second bottoms," as they are called,
were then wooded with the oak and hickory, the ash, the chestnut, and the
maple, which interlocked their branches, but stood comparatively free
from the undergrowth of other forests. The river bottoms were far
wilder. Here grew walnut trees and gigantic sycamores, whose colossal
trunks even now astonish the traveler; bushy cedars, luxuriant horse-
chestnut and honey-locusts, cased in their armor of thorns. Between
these, clustered laurel bushes, with their rich tribute of flowers, or were
coiled the thick mazes of the vine, from which more fragrant tendrils
twined themselves into the nearest boughs, while here and there a lofty
spruce tree lifted its evergreen crown high above the groves. These forests
were generous to their children. They gave them the elm bark to make
canoes, the rind of the birch for medicine, and every variety of game for
food. The soil was even more liberal. It produced strawberries, black-
berries, raspberries, gooseberries, black currants and cranberries; nour-
ished the plum, the cherry, the mulberry, the papaw and the crabtree, and
yielded wild potatoes, parsnips and beans, Nor was the river chary of its
gifts, but teemed with fish of unusual size and excellent flavor.
NOTE 39.--Alaman--Paint Creek.
[The pamphlet from which the foregoing description and
notes is taken is now out of print and quite rare. A few copies
may yet be had of A. H. Smythe, the publisher, Columbus, 0.]
82 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 3
In 1888, Mr. John H. James, of Urbana, Ohio, whose col-
lection of historical works is hardly excelled, published a trans-
lation of a French pamphlet used by Mr. Barlow and his asso-
ciates in Paris, when engaged in the sale of lands in the Ohio coun-
try. "The pamphlet," says Mr. James, in his introduction,
" was published in French and English; the French copy being
a translation of the English copy, first published in Salem,
Massachusetts, in 1787. The French edition was published in
Paris in 1789, the year of the breaking out of the French Revo-
lution. It was one of the means employed by Joel Barlow and
the agents of the Scioto Company to promote the emigration
from France, which resulted in the settlement of the French at
Gallipolis in 1790."
"The French copy from which I make the translation,"
continued Mr. James, "is dingy with age, and formerly be-
longed to one of the early settlers at Gallipolis, whose name,
with the date, 1805, is inscribed on the cover."
The title page of the pamphlet is as follows:
" A Description of the Soil, Productions, etc., of that Por-
tion of the United States Situated between Pennsylvania and
the Rivers Ohio and Scioto and Lake Erie."
Mr. James, in his introduction, says of the authorship of
the pamphlet, that "it was published anonymously, but was
written by Mr. Manasseh Cutler," and "that while its tints are
sufficiently couleur de rose, and some of its statements * * *
appear extravagant in the light of our present knowledge, yet it
must be remembered that one hundred years ago Ohio was a
comparatively unknown region, concerning which all intending
settlers were enthusiastic; and a comparison with other con-
temporary authorities shows that it represents very fairly the
state of information existing concerning the Western country."
The extravagant statements in the pamphlet, it will be
noticed, are acceded to by Mr. Thomas Hutchins, the geographer
of the United States, and by others who had visited the country.


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I cant support the "his knee injury was probably the best thing to happen to him" line of thought. First, he didnt sit out a year. He actually missed some games last season that if healthy would have likely propelled his team into the dance. If he got to the dance he gets more exposure.I hate to say it but I think Ace's knee injury was probably the best thing to happen to him. He was just an ok shooter as a freshman but due to his injury and inability to play for half a year, he said he focused on shooting. I think it has helped him immensely. And it is not just shooting....the kid has an uncanny ability to drive to the hoop and score, shoot the three, pull up jumper as well as distribute. He will be very, very hard to replace when the time comes.
Second, he would have had even mort time to work on his shot (his one weak spot coming in) had he not been hurt (he wouldnt have spent that extra time rehabbing). Finally, legs are the most important element to your shot the time lost actually hurt his development.

subset: commoncrawl


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Self Watering Plant Pet: Cat
The cutest little plant pet has arrived . This is a ceramic cat planter with an absorbent felt tongue that slowly "licks" up water from a bowl and perfectly releases it into the plant growing out. Keep the little dish filled with water for a cute and healthy plant pet.
Get this as a planty gift or treat yourself to some plant decor!
Content + Care
– Includes one ceramic dog planter, seeds, peat growing soil + water dish
– Ceramic, peat, seeds, felt
– Wipe clean
– Imported
– Dimensions: 4″l x 2.75″w x 3″h
Grown plant not included.
Out of stock


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So the day finally arrived and I was able to celebrate my 100th post today. I started blogging in October 2009 and completed my 100th post in July 2010. The journey has been slow and steady and I've learned a lot along the way. It is so fun to blog about my 2 biggest passions... cooking and baking. I've had some wonderful comments along the way that inspire me to continue what I'm doing and improve myself. I LOVE the blog world, the past 10 months have been such a fulfilling experience. In addition, blogging about my recipes, my travels, my dinings, and my life experiences are rewarding to me in a way I can't describe. My day job that actually pays the bills doesn't even equate to the same level of satisfaction as blogging.
To celebrate my 100th post I baked today. I believe I deserve to indulge a little and baked these amazing cupcakes which I admit are pretty high in fat, however since the frosting contains peanut butter, by cupcake standards they are high in protein too. I made Martha Stewart's One-Bowl Chocolate Cupcakes, which means, you only need "one bowl" to mix up the batter, hence the clean-up is not so bad. The chocolate cupcakes itself are not that high in fat and only require 1.5 tablespoon of oil (I halved the recipe). Now here comes the bad part, I topped it off with Peanut Butter Frosting which was divine, but deadly. I absolutely love the chocolate and peanut butter combo ever since I had a cupcake from the Sweet Bakery in Hoboken, NJ. My friend, Jhiane, came over and tried these cupcakes, she loved them, as did my husband. I guarantee you will love these cupcakes and the frosting that perfectly complements them.
- I added ½ teaspoon of Medaglia D'Oro Instant Espresso to the chocolate batter.
- For the frosting, I used ¼ cup of peanut butter, instead of ½ cup. This saved about 400 calories and 32 grams of fat, not bad, right?
- For the peanut butter, I used Natural Peanut Butter that only contained 2 ingredients... peanuts and salt. There were no artificial sweeteners and high fructose corn syrup in my peanut butter. I used Peanut Butter & Co. Smooth Operator Peanut Butter - LOVE THIS STUFF! Keep in mind, peanut butter is good for you in moderation and is a good source of protein.
(yields 7 huge cupcakes... I halved the recipe)
- Calories: 358 cals
- Fat: 16.1 g
- Saturated Fat: 6 g
- Carbs: 53 g
- Protein: 5.5 g
- Fiber: 1.4 g
(adapted from Martha Stewart)
~ yields 7 huge cupcakes @ 350 degrees - I halved the recipe
INGREDIENTS (here is the version I used... halved):
- Ghirardelli Unsweetened Cocoa Powder - ¼ + ⅛ cup
- All Purpose Flour - ¾ cup
- Sugar - ¾ cups
- Baking Soda - ¾ tsp
- Baking Powder - ¼ + ⅛ tsp
- Salt - ¼ + ⅛ tsp
- Egg - 1 large
- Warm Water - ¼ + ⅛ cup
- Medaglia D'Oro Instant Espresso - ½ teaspoon
- Buttermilk - ¼ + ⅛ cup
- Canola Oil - 1 ½ tbsp
- Vanilla Extract - ½ tsp
1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
2. Line muffin tins with cupcake liners.
3. Sift the dry ingredients... cocoa powder, flour, sugar, baking soda, baking powder, and salt into a large bowl.
4. Add the espresso to the warm water and set aside.
5. Now add the wet ingredients to the same large bowl... eggs, warm water, buttermilk, oil, and vanilla.
6. Mix until smooth, DO NOT OVERMIX!
7. Scoop the batter into the muffin tins - I filled mine ¾ full.
8. Bake for 20 minutes and insert a toothpick in the cupcake to see if it comes out clean. Remove from the oven and allow the cupcakes to cool completely.
(adapted from AllRecipes)
~ frosts 7 huge cupcakes
INGREDIENTS (here is the version I used):
- Unsalted Butter - ¼ cup
- Natural Peanut Butter - ¼ cup (I used Whole Foods Creamy Peanut Butter)
- Confectioners Sugar - 1 cup
- Milk 1% - 1 ½ tablespoon
1. Cream the butter and peanut butter until smooth.
2. Add the confectioners sugar and beat with an electric mixer.
3. Slowly add the milk, start with 1 tablespoon and work your way to another ½ tbsp, if need be.
4. Beat for 3 minutes, the frosting should be a mocha color, fluffy, and easy to spread.
This frosting was perfect! It was creamy, fluffy, smooth, and buttery... it almost tasted like peanut butter whipped cream. The color is a light mocha, so pretty and SO GOOD! Although I lowered the peanut butter amount by a ¼ cup, next time I want to work on reducing the butter in this recipe by 2 tbsp. Remember, butter is bad for you, however peanut butter in moderation is good for you. Butter is high in saturated fat, whereas peanut butter is much lower in saturated fat. Therefore, try to increase the peanut butter content and lower the butter content. Get it?
The chocolate cupcakes were not super sweet since it contained unsweetened cocoa and espresso, they were good and I'd give them a 4 on their own. The cupcakes were moist and light. Now add the frosting and the cupcakes taste amazing. The frosting perfectly complements the cupcake with just the right amount of sweetness.
Texture: These cupcakes are made with oil so they can easily fall apart.
Moistness: The cupcakes are extremely moist and light... the buttermilk and warm water probably contributed to this.


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Download Fruit Basket Anime Wallpaper HD mod apk v3.0 for Android
|Fruit Basket Anime Wallpaper HD
|Publish Date
|Download Mod Apk
|Google play
Mod Info:
Fruit Basket Anime Wallpaper HD
Fruit Basket Anime Wallpaper HD Game Introduction :
Fruits Basket (Japanese: フルーツバスケット), sometimes abbreviated Furuba or Fruba (フルバ), is a Japanese manga series. It was serialized in the semi-monthly Japanese manga magazine published from 1998 to 2006. The series\' title comes from the name of a popular game played in Japanese elementary schools, which is alluded to in the series.
Hundreds of years ago, the Chinese Zodiac spirits and their god swore to stay together eternally. United by this promise, the possessed members of the Souma family shall always return to each other under any circumstances. Yet, when these bonds shackle them from freedom, it becomes an undesirable burden—a curse. As head of the clan, Akito is convinced that he shares a special connection with the other Soumas. While he desperately clings to this fantasy, the rest of the family remains isolated and suppressed by the fear of punishment.
Tooru Honda, who has grown attached to the Soumas, is determined to break the chains that bind them. Her companionship with the family and her friends encourages her to move forward with lifting the curse. However, due to confounding revelations, she struggles to find the tenacity to continue her endeavors. With time slowly withering away, Tooru contends with an uncertain future in hopes of reaching the tranquility that may lie beyond all this commotion.
This app contain character from fruit basket such as:
Momiji Sohma, Akito Sohma, Isuzu Sohma, Tohru Honda, Kyo Sohma, Hajime Sohma, Shigure Sohma, Kureno Sohma.
– Share wallpapers with all your friends and family
– You can use images for background and lock screen
– Best quality pictures
– Can be used on all Android devices
– Easy to operate
– Work in Offline Mode
– Dark Mode
This app is not affiliated with, sponsored, or specifically approved by any company. The images contained in this application are only made by Fans and collected from the web. If we violate copyright, please contact us immediately. thank you
If you like the app, do not forget to give us a positive review ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Fruit Basket Anime Wallpaper HD Game screenshot :


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For the Birds Radio Program: Black-capped Chickadee
Want a few hints about how to understand chickadee language? Tune into today's "For the Birds."
(Recording of a Black-capped Chickadee)
Now that many chickadee flocks have broken up into pairs for the breeding season, chickadees are not quite so common at bird feeders. During a long winter, chickadees are one of the few links we have with sanity and good cheer, but even as more colorful birds return in spring and the chickadee becomes less conspicuous, it is still one of my favorite creatures.
Chickadees have many different vocalizations. The chickadee dee dee call is a flocking vocalization, apparently usually given by a bird that has become temporarily separated from the group.
(Recording of a chickadee-dee-dee call)
Chickadees have many territorial calls in their flocks, which a dominant bird uses to warn an underling to keep its distance.
(Recording of a territorial warning call)
Chickadees also have a freeze call, to warn others of danger.
(Recording of a warning call)
But my favorite vocalization of chickadees is their spring song. This is given year round, but with the fewest songs given in fall and early winter. There is some evidence that both members of a pair occasionally sing back and forth, and other evidence that it isn't so much used as a territorial song as a courtship ritual for sealing the pair bond. But the fact that chickadees do often answer the song back and forth when a person imitates the whistle indicates that there are some elements of territoriality to it.
(Recording of a Black-capped Chickadee song)
Humans aren't bright enough, quite, to really understand what chickadees are saying, and so ornithologists will continue to work on the mysteries of their language for centuries to come.
As spring grows, so so the romantic inclinations of chickadees. They are discreet and treasure their privacy, unlike cowbirds and ring-billed gulls, which are often caught in the act of lovemaking right on people's front lawns. The "come-hither look" in a chickadee is a full body display—either the male or the female will suddenly begin delicately fluttering its wings and tail, and then they will retreat to a hidden branch for the act of creating new little chickadees. They excavate their own nest hole—the ones I have found have all been in the trunks of small rotted birches, below eye level. The way you locate a nest is to watch for a chickadee carrying wood chips in its beak, and then following the bird to its near-by home. Sometimes chickadees dig out two or three holes before finding exactly the right place to raise their 6-8 babies, so it takes time and patience to find the real nest site. If you put your hand near an occupied nest hole, the chickadee within will often hiss at you like a snake.
Chickadees stop by feeders throughout the summer, but far less frequently than they do in winter. A balanced diet to a chickadee is something achieved over a year's time. In summer it concentrates on protein, which it gets from insects and spiders. In fall it gets its vitamins from wild fruits. And in winter it gets its carbohydrates and fats from suet, bird seed, and the seeds of conifers, birches, and weeds, along with a little protein from insect pupae in the crevices of trees and shrubs. They have been recorded living as long as 12 1/2 years in the wild, perhaps because they never worry about cholesterol.
(Recording of a Black-capped Chickadee)
This is Laura Erickson, and this program has been "For the Birds."


text:
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text:
Nutricia's innovations rely on breakthrough research in nutrition and disease management, with evidence-backed products delivering clear health benefits to patients.
Nutricia's innovations in Advanced Medical Nutrition are developed by our renowned Centre for Specialised Nutrition in Wageningen, The Netherlands. We also have a dedicated research unit in Liverpool, UK which develops highly specialised products for special needs patients in metabolics and infant allergy. In addition, there are 2 research satellites, one in the US and one in Singapore.
We enjoy support from a strong worldwide network of numerous partners, including research institutes, universities, (academic) hospitals and industrial suppliers. In this way, innovation through quality, exclusivity and momentum is guaranteed. We continuously seek to strengthen this network.


text:
Manila Marriott Hotel – Premium Cheeseburger for ₱150
Who doesn't love cheeseburger?
On September 18, we're giving you a reason to enjoy our all time favorite Premium Cheeseburger for only Php 150 nett!
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Like This Deal? Share it with your friends!
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text:
Caption: CN 4712 and CN 4762 lead a short 0700 Yard Job eastbound on the N&NW Spur.
This one is really nice Jamie. A 9 out of 10 on the rat scale.
Thank you! A scale on which I myself am often assessed.
To comment you must log in. Not a member? Click here to register


text:
Machine Design
Engineering Mechanics
Group A
Mechanical systems and elements, overall design considerations, safety, ecological
and societal considerations in design. Codes for design-Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS)-codes, design data handbook. Load, stress and critical sections in machine
Materials, stress-strain curves of ductile and brittle materials, cast iron, steel,
non-ferrous alloys and plastics, hardness and surface properties of materials, material
strength, factor of safety and allowable stress. Review of axial, bending, shear
and torsional loading on machine components, combined loading, two- and three- dimensional
Mohr's circle. Stresses in curved beams, thick and thin shells under pressure.
Deflection and stability, beam deflection and column buckling. Euler's formula and
Johnson's formula. Failures theories-maximum normal stress theory, maximum shear
stress theory, and maximum distortion energy theory. Application to components made
of brittle and ductile materials, stress concentration factor.
Cyclic loading and fatigue failures: Reverse bending, axial and torsion loadings,
effect of stress concentration, fatigue life prediction-Miner's rule, effect of
surface treatments (shot-peening, surface hardening) on fatigue life of components.
Design of threaded fasteners and power screws, thread forms and threaded fastener
types and materials, power screws, bolt tightening and initial tension, static and
group of bolts.
Rivets and welding: Loading, bending, direct shear, axial and bending.
Group B
Design of springs: Spring materials, helical compression and extension springs,
design for fatigue, loading, leaf sprints. Design of sliding bearings, bearing materials,
fluid viscosity, hydrodynamic lubrication, Petroff's equation, Raimondi and Boyd
chart. Heat dissipation.
Rolling elements bearings: Types, catalogue information (Timken and SKF bearings),
bearing life -radial and thrust loads. Selection of bearings. Spur, helical and
worm gears, gear tooth profile, gear geometry, module, contact ratio, gear train,
gear tooth bending strength, gear tooth surface fatigue analysis, gear material.
Design of shafts, keys, pins and splines, shaft couplings. Cotter and pin joints,
pipe joints, gaskets, seal and packing, cylinder joints, flanged joints.
Clutches and brakes: Single and multiple plate clutch, constant wear and constant
pressure theories for plate clutches, materials, shoe drum brakes, internal and
external shoe brakes.
Power transmission elements: Belts and chain drives, design of flat and V-belts.


text:
For a flirty, textured look, choose this Shore Light-Lift Crochet Bikini Top from Shade & Shore. This fun bikini top comes in bright red for a look that stands out, and the sewn-in cups have a crocheted-lace overlay for extra interest. Underwires and a string-halter tie provide light lift, and the back is finished with a hook-and-loop closure that provides a secure fit. Pair this top with your choice of bikini bottoms for a look that's uniquely you.
80% Nylon / 20% Spandex
- Condition: New with tags
- Accents: Crochet
- Brand: Shade & Shore
- Clothing Construction: Knit
- Department: Women
- Fabric Care: Handwash
- Features: Boost/Push-Up
- Features: Lined
- Features: Padded
- Garment Care: Hand Wash Only
- Lining Material: Polyester
- Material: Nylon Blend
- Material Content: 80% Nylon / 20% Spandex
- Modified Item: No
- Neckline: Sweetheart
- Occasion: Everyday
- Pattern: Crochet
- Season: Summer
- Size Type: Regular
- Strap Type: Spaghetti
- Style: Crochet
- Support Features: Underwire Support
- Support Type: Push-Up
- Swim Top Style: Underwired
- Swimwear Back Type: Strap
- Top Style: Underwire
- Type: Top


text:
Our custom blend offers you the best of both worlds, the creamy beauty of Coconut that melts in your hands and the stability of Nature Soy wax with a 6-10% fragrance load. This blend will allow for an excellent scent throw both when lit and unlit, known as the hot and cold scent throw.
This blend should be melted at 145- 155°F, fragrance / Essential Oils should be added immediately and stirred constantly until oil is completely mixed into wax, Pour between 130-135°F
Blend benefits:
excellent glass adhesion ~ perfect top every pour
beautiful creamy look ~ 100% all natural product


text:
Pittsburgh Dad Goes to IKEA, Pronounces Swedish Words
Spoiler: Hilarity ensues.
"No, we ain't playin' The Floor is Lava in the mattress department."
Pittsburgh Dad, you know us too well.
#Bucs: Two Pirates need your All-Star vote on social media
Ready to stuff the ballot box for your favorite Buccos? The MLB fan vote on is and Andrew McCutchen is currently in position for a starting spot and Neil Walker is within striking distance on the National League All-Star Game roster. The first balloting figures for the 2014 All-Star Game were released today and McCutchen is second among NL outfielders behind only Colorado's Charlie Blackmon, while Walker is in fifth place at second base.
Remember to #VotePirates to ensure all your favorite Bucs players make it to the 2014 All-Star Game at Minnesota's Target Field on Tuesday, July 15!
#Tricks: South Hills teens pull off ridiculous 8-man pool dunk
Big shout-out to the unimpressed YouTube commenter who asks, "Where the girls at?" Finally, we have proof that it really is impossible to please everyone on the Internet.
#Stunning: Dave DiCello again turns darkness into a work of beauty


text:
Each sweet thought
put to words,
fly up and out
clouds are smitten
the world is blessed
in poetic shower
with the gift
share with power
Did you enjoy the the artible "Cada Linea De La Poesia Es Un Regalito Al Mundo" from Chuy Amante on OZOFE.COM? Do you know anyone who could enjoy it as much as you do? If so, don't hesitate to share this post to them and your other beloved ones.
You May Also Like:
- Partnering Without Attachment
- While The Rich Get More Than They Can Use, The Poor Bruise
- Too Old For Love?
- Full Of Innergy, Reborn With Chi
- To All The Women Who Want A Solid, Kind, Good-Hearted Man…
- Trying To Buy What Can't Be Sold, Real Love
- Love In 5th Gear! (Hold On!)
- Why Not Only Talk About Love?


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Democratic Gov. Ned Lamont has agreed to two televised debates before Election 2022, which is less than his Republican opponent Bob Stefanowski had wanted. The first debate, which will include Independent Party candidate Rob Hotaling, will be hosted by NBC-CT Tuesday, Sept. 27. The second will be hosted by WTNH on Tuesday, Nov. 1, at the CCM annual meeting at Mohegan Sun Casino.
Other TV stations like WFSB, News 12, and Connecticut Public Television had hoped to host debates between the two.
"Ned Lamont is a coward. His decision to duck debates with me is an insult to every Connecticut resident, all of whom deserve better from their governor," Stefanowski said in an emailed statement.
"More specifically, they deserve to hear Ned explain why our taxes and utility rates are skyrocketing. They deserve to hear Ned explain why he treats criminals better than cops," he added.
In addition to the two debates, Lamont has also agreed to four forums hosted by the Connecticut Business and Industry Association, and local chambers of commerce in New Haven and Stamford.
"Governor Lamont is excited to speak directly with the voters of Connecticut and discuss the issues that are important to them and their families," Jake Lewis, Lamont's campaign spokesman, said. "Debates and forums are essential parts of the democratic process and Governor Lamont looks forward to participating and showing voters why he is still the best candidate to continue leading our state and ensure that Connecticut remains the best place in the nation to live, work, and raise a family."
According to the last poll, Lamonts leads Stefanowski by 10 points with 9% of the voters still undecided.
Around 55% reported having a very favorable or somewhat favorable view of Lamont while 40% reported unfavorable opinions. Meanwhile, voters were split on Stefanowski with 45% favoring him and 45% holding unfavorable views.
As for debates, there's a question about whether they actually sway voters.
According to a 2019 study by Vincent Pons, an associate professor of business administration in the Business, Government, and International Economy at Harvard's Business School, and co-author Caroline Le Pennec-Caldichoury, a doctoral candidate in economics at the University of California, Berkeley, it may not matter.
"We do not find any significant impact of TV debates on individual consistency between vote intention and vote choice – or between policy preferences, issue salience, or beliefs on candidates expressed before and after an election," Pons and Le Pennec-Caldichoury wrote in their paper on the subject.


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The President's Gaisce Award is the most prestigious award in Ireland for young people aged 15 to 25. Gaisce is an old Irish word which means 'a great achievement'. The award programme is a challenge from the President of Ireland to young people to set and pursue personal goals in four different areas of activity; Community Involvement, Personal Skills, Physical Recreation and an Adventure Journey, A Residential Project is required for the Gold Award, all with the support of an adult leader – the Gaisce PAL. There are three separate awards; Bronze, Silver or Gold with the level of effort and maturity required increasing as a participant moves towards the Gold Award.
This year at Davis College, 17 students achieved the bronze award, and for the second year running one student has achieved the Gold award, which was presented recently in Dublin Castle by President Michael D. Higgins. To achieve the gold award, Katie Healy invested remarkable time and effort. She completed one hour in each of the following activities, over a 52 week period, triathlon training, cooking and baking, and volunteer training in under 10 football. For residential, Katie assisted as a helper in Lourdes for 6 days, and finally for her adventure, she completed a 90km hike in Killarney and Valencia Island over 4 days.
List of recipients 2012: Gold, Katie Healy; Bronze, Laura Browne, Eilis Ahern, Colette Healy, Lukas Sheahan, Sean Matthews, Lekisha Brown-Flynn, Johanna O'Mahony, Taylor Aherne, Josie McGrath-Ryan, Meaghann Murphy, Shane O'Connell, Sarah O'Regan, Stephen McEvoy, Craig Sheehan, Adrian O'Connell, Callum Suart and Chantelle Flood.