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In the long term, public authorities may be in the best position to provide an enabling environment for discussing and defining sustainability policy frameworks and guidelines and criteria for good governance, for providing legal frameworks to enable multinationals to operate and for dealing with the tensions generated by the asymmetrical outcomes between the North and South. In the short term, though, it does not seem the most obvious answer. As an instrument, sustainability labelling and certification may fulfil several positive functions in the time period before legal and policy solutions are found. Therefore, it seems appropriate that in the short term all stakeholders will take action to strengthen the legitimacy and effectiveness of sustainability schemes, and that at the same time governments will work on longer-term legal solutions Following from this, the overarching challenge is how to enhance the legitimacy and effectiveness of sustainability labelling and certification in the short and in the longer term. In the longer term, the focus needs to be on the development of sustainability law and policy at the international and national levels in line with basic democratic principles. Such law and policy should provide a framework including definitions of sustainable management practices and production methods and indicate objectives and means. Furthermore, it should establish clear rights and responsibilities for those involved. In the short term, the focus should be on improving the quality of sustainability labelling and certification by stimulating multi-stakeholder approaches, harmonisation initiatives, and sector-specific accreditation programs, preferably at the international level. Multi-stakeholder approaches may enhance the legitimacy of private standards, because such processes of developing and implementing standards are shared endeavours among business, social and environmental NGOs, and other stakeholders involved. Harmonisation initiatives are in fact overarching programs that provide basic definitions and requirements to function as a bottom-line for national and regional certification and labelling schemes. These initiatives may provide several benefits, such as enhanced credibility with producers and consumers, the use of common certificates and logos, and the facilitation of international trade by providing a mechanism for mutual recognition. Sector-specific accreditation programs contain procedures by which an authoritative body verifies whether a certification body is competent to operate in a certain sector. This is in fact a model of "certifying the certifier" that has the potential to enhance accountability for the stakeholders involved. In this respect, the recent initiative of ISEAL Alliance to develop a Code of Good Practice for Setting Social and Environmental Standards is worth mentioning. The consequences for the EU of the longer and short term approaches sketched above are as follows. First, the EU could consider making an extra effort to ensure that environmental and social issues are adequately dealt with in international fora. This could be inter alia undertaken by a process of seeking to "legalise" labelling and certification schemes under the WTO rules, subject to strict conditions that indeed protect the interests of developing countries such as ensuring a preferential treatment for developing countries (by establishing flexible conditions for the mutual recognition of their own eco-labelling schemes, and effectively promoting mechanisms for the transfer of technology). Second, the EU could consider prioritising the definition of the fundamentals of sustainable production, consumption, and trade in the EU context. In addition, the EU should translate these fundamentals at the level of specific sectors. Many steps further, this could ultimately lead to the launching of a EU sustainability label that incorporates an integrated approach to environmental and social issues. As a first step, we have compiled a list of international and EU law and policy documents that could provide a basis for defining sustainability standards. Third, the EU could consider promoting and facilitating multi-stakeholder approaches, harmonisation initiatives and sector-specific accreditation programs. Fourth, the EU could consider stimulating consumer awareness and education about environmental and social issues with the aim of stimulating informed consumer choice. In this respect, the application of misleading advertising law may be useful to avert some evident market failures in the last resort, yet it cannot by itself guarantee the smooth functioning of the market for sustainable products. Fifth, the EU could consider assisting developing countries in establishing an infrastructure that helps them cope with the requirements in labelling and certification schemes.
The international legal and institutional context for sustainability labelling and certification is being determined by a number of international governmental and non-governmental organisations. In this context, the UN performs a prominent role, as far as it has adopted a large number of principles, norms, and recommendations in the field of sustainable development, environmental protection, labour conditions, human rights and development. These standards constitute a global framework addressed to Member States, but also indirectly to other international actors. In the environmental field, the UN has promoted the establishment of several international agreements, inter alia including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the conventions produced by the UN (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966), and the core conventions of the ILO (forced labour, freedom of association and right to organise, collective bargaining, equal remuneration, abolition of forced labour, discrimination, minimum age and worst forms of child labour) represent the most widely accepted codification of human rights standards in international law. Of direct relevance for sustainability labelling and certification within the WTO are the GATT 1947/94, the GATS, and the TBT Agreement. From the perspective of the WTO trade rules, the development of sustainability labelling and certification schemes is mainly conditioned by the persistent legal uncertainties regarding the legality of schemes based on non-product related process and production methods. It seems that this product/process distinction does not properly fit into the concept of "sustainable development", since this concept adopts an integrated approach as regards to economic development, environmental protection, and improvement of the population's social conditions. Contrary to this integrated perspective, the product/process distinction implies a separate consideration of the product and the social and environmental conditions within which it was produced. Keeping the product/process distinction within the multilateral trading system and ignoring the PPMs non-reflected in the final product may constitute a relevant concern for those that are in favour of the integrated approach of sustainable development. For the EU, sustainable development has become an operative goal since 1997, when the Treaty of Amsterdam introduced the concept of sustainable development into EC law. The Union's political and legal commitment to sustainable development has consequences for almost all policy fields under EU authority and also influences the legal and institutional context for labelling and certification. Apparently, social and environmental labelling and certification play a significant role in the sustainable development strategy of the EU. The EU, however, is faced with both internal and external challenges that make sustainability labelling and certification quite difficult to handle as a policy tool. On the external front, developing countries are the main opponents of these schemes, which they consider illegal and economically unsound trade barriers. As regards the internal front, the business community stands against any kind of 'regulation' of commercial practices that refers to the concept of sustainable development. On the opposite side, other actors invoke an intervention of public powers aimed at safeguarding the integrity and the viability of certain labelling and certification schemes, threatened by the proliferation of sustainability claims made by powerful economic actors. Several major organisations from the business community and civil society are also contributing to environmental and social governance. Some of these organisations are actually seeking corporate commitment to sustainable development through the creation of procedures for endorsement and participation. These initiatives differ in their level of detail and the need for further interpretation. Furthermore, they may be competing, parallel, or complementary to each other, largely depending on the circumstances under which they are applied. Ultimately, these initiatives may offer a contribution to the 'tapestry of actions' that is needed to stimulate social responsibility by companies, and that consists of several instruments, one of which is sustainability labelling and certification.
We have explored the field of research by making an inventory of the environmental and social schemes in operation, focusing on voluntary schemes that are verified by a third party. Furthermore, we distinguished multi-sector and sector-specific schemes. Multi-sector schemes potentially cover a range of different products and/or services, and include the categories of environmental schemes, fair trade schemes, organic schemes and integrated production schemes. Sector-specific schemes are specifically targeted at only one product or service group. In this group, we especially focused on the sectors of: clothing, textiles, and footwear; fisheries and marine life; food and beverages; forest management and wood products, and tourism. Concerning governmental and non-governmental involvement, we concluded that most environmental schemes are public or semi-public operations, while fair trade schemes are, up to now, a fully private affair. In the organic sector, most schemes have a private origin, but the number of public schemes is on the rise. The schemes for integrated production that we identified had mixed origins. Using a sectoral point of view, it appeared that most sector-specific schemes could be characterised as private undertakings. As regards product and service coverage, fair trade schemes, organic schemes, and schemes for integrated production all cover agricultural products and some of them also apply to processed agricultural products. Environmental schemes usually include a wide variety of products, with paper products and paints as the most common ones. It is remarkable, though, that some product categories are not covered at all by any schemes, such as cameras and toys. With regard to geographical scope, it can be concluded that environmental and social labelling and certification schemes are not yet established in all countries and regions. It seems that the member States of the EU and the countries in North America have by far the majority of such schemes in operation and that Africa and South-America are the least involved. Asia and Australia, both, are in-between cases. Concerning the sustainability aspects that are covered by the different types of multi-sector and sector-specific schemes, our inventory showed that environmental impacts are in principle covered by all types of multi-sector schemes, although this counts to a lesser extent for fair trade schemes. Social aspects are less broadly covered by the different schemes. Fair trade schemes are here the exception, with their primary orientation on trade relations and labour conditions. When considering the inclusion of social and environmental criteria from a sectoral perspective, the dominance of environmental aspects in labelling and certification schemes is striking, as well as the non-inclusion of fair trade criteria. With regard to North-South relations, it is worth noticing that fair trade schemes are radically different from all other schemes, because they have as a primary objective the improvement of North-South trade relations by creating more equitable supply chain arrangements. Other social and environmental schemes may provide opportunities to some Southern producers, but may also hinder market access for others. The most common complaints of Southern producers are related to the costs of complying with the requirements, the multitude of different schemes based on different criteria, the costs of inspection and certification, and the fact that criteria are in most cases developed and imposed by Northern countries. In addition to that, one of the objectives of our inventory was to create a sound basis for the selection process of case studies. First, we identified criteria for selecting relevant product or service sectors: The sectors should be relevant from an economic point of view; they should be relevant from a developing country perspective; the stakeholders in these sectors should actively seek to address social and/or environmental problems, and these efforts should take the form of labelling and/or certification schemes. Second, we decided to choose for each case study sector one or more specific schemes as a basis for the analysis.
The EU policy is facing both internal and external challenges in the field of sustainability labelling and certification. Outside the EU, the developing countries consider these schemes as illegal and economically unsound trade barriers. For its part, the EU had been threading on the issue of the WTO-legality of sustainability labelling and certification schemes. It is exerting a continuous pressure in order to make them accepted as measures that are both legal and politically sensible. However, while the EU constantly repeats that developing countries should be fully involved in the definition and operation of those schemes, developing countries and development NGOs are in fact excluded from the EUEB in the field of eco-labelling, and, the doors of the EU multi-stakeholder forum on corporate social responsibility remains half-shut for them. In the EU, the business community stands against any kind of "regulation" of commercial practices that refers to the concept of sustainable development. Other actors evoke an intervention of public powers aimed at safeguarding the integrity and the viability of certain labelling and certification schemes, threatened by the proliferation of sustainability claims boasted by powerful economic actors. It is nonetheless clear that the EU is wary of the "allergy" to standardisation that seems to affect the business community. The EU is persuaded that some form of public intervention is needed to prevent "communication failures" that may bring the functioning of the market of 'true' sustainable products to a halt. With this objective in mind, the EU institutions have by now identified, at the political level, the labour standards that should act as a benchmark for sustainability claims. The ILO "core conventions" are also one of the hinges of the positive conditionality device embodied in the GSP system of the EU, a mechanism that may be regarded as a sustainability certification scheme sui generis. On the other hand, the identification of environmental standards is, for technical reasons, more complicated, and proceeds on a case-by-case basis, mostly within the framework of the EU eco-labelling scheme. The early establishment of a public, voluntary, EU-wide eco-labelling scheme, and the political will to strengthen its influence, by improving is hitherto limited to market penetration, may indicate the course the EU policy on sustainability labelling and certification is taking, or might take in the future. Even though the conditions are not yet in place for the establishment of an EU social label modelled on the EU eco-label, the EU has recently spoken in favour of a social labelling scheme set up by Belgium. The EU did not limit itself to assert the WTO-legality of the Belgian scheme; it also defended it as a sensible arrangement in political terms. It seems, thus, that the EU appreciates the advantages of a uniform system, indistinctly applicable to all enterprises, and guaranteed by public authorities. As regards uniformity, the policy of coordination between the EU eco-labelling schemes and its national counterparts has been weak, but nevertheless set on track through the provision of incentives to design these schemes in accordance with ISO standards. Moreover, the case of Austria shows that Member States may spontaneously decide to "peg" to the EU eco-labelling system. However, setting up an EU sustainability labelling and certification scheme means also creating a reference point for consumers in the midst of a proliferation of sustainability claims. From this standpoint, the EU policy may appear contradictory: it treats the average consumer as someone who risks being overwhelmed by the increasing multitude of sustainability claims, and therefore needs protection and reference points, yet it elects them as the self-confident agent of sustainable development, perfectly able to sort out serious political messages from mere advertising, once they are given all the relevant information. While free movement rules and competition law should ensure that sustainability products could be sold across the internal market, and that competition survives between sustainable products, as well as between providers of sustainability certification services, misleading advertising law may instead be used to thin out the competitors and make the EU "public system" prevail gradually over all others, in practice if not in law. Even if the EU describes sustainability labelling and certification schemes as "market-based instruments", when the issue involved are of such purport and complexity, it appears almost unavoidable, but also desirable, that public intervention creeps ahead and that the political institutions regain control of the situation.
Framework of analysis of the compatibility of labelling and certification schemes with multilateral trade rules
From the WTO rules perspective, the development of sustainability labelling and certification schemes is mainly conditioned by the persistent legal uncertainties regarding the legitimacy of schemes based on NPR-PPMs. For the moment, this question can hardly be solved in general or absolute terms, and the procedural and substantive characteristics of each peculiar scheme must be taken into account when carrying out a case-by-case analysis. Even though the principles of the GATT disallow, in principle, discriminations based on NPR-PPMs, the general exceptions of Article XX could justify such measures. In this sense, although the principle of non-discrimination to "like products" remains a basic element of the multilateral trade system, it is not an absolute principle and certain trade measures concerning NPR-PPMs can be accepted if the requirements established for general exceptions are met. The most recent jurisprudence of the WTO Appellate Body on this provision tends to enlarge the scope of the application of these exceptions (by interpreting them on the basis of the objective of sustainable development, contained in the Preamble of the WTO Agreement). Schemes based on NPR-PPMs that comply with the requirements established by this jurisprudence could be deemed to be legitimate schemes. In this respect, designing the scheme in accordance with the requirements established by the TBT Agreement appears to be quite a relevant aspect. For these purposes, the TBT rules may indirectly serve as a parameter for assessing the legitimacy of the scheme (i.e. it is not intended to apply the Agreement as such, but rather to use it as a guideline that allows evaluating the limits that the jurisprudence has established regarding the application of the general exceptions of the GATT 1994). In doing so, the calls to "cooperation" made by the Appellate Body as a requirement for the application of the general exceptions of the GATT should be particularly taken into consideration. In the same sense, it can be noted that cooperation is also reflected in the TBT Agreement, which contains provisions on "Information and assistance" (Art. 10) and on a "Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Country Members" (Art. 12). That way, by reconciling the WTO law structural principles with a wider perspective of its general exceptions, some alternative solutions may vary within the limits provided by the following positions: - To remain in the current situation of legal uncertainty. This favours the proliferation of multiple sustainability labelling and certification schemes that, in the absence of guidelines regarding the requirements that they should meet, might be used either for arbitrary or protectionist purposes; or - To expressly legitimise the use of certain schemes based on NPR-PPMs. In doing so, such schemes should be subjected to strict conditions, as well as a preferential treatment for the developing countries should be ensured. On the other hand, even though the TBT Agreement refers to the conduct of non-governmental bodies in the preparation, adoption, and application of technical regulations and standards, the provisions of the GATT 1994 basically address to the WTO Members. So, it could be difficult to argue that a sustainability labelling and certification scheme of strictly private management violates, for instance, Articles I or III of the GATT 1994, since individuals are not addressed by these provisions. In these cases, such claims would be only brought as far as the government were involved in the management of the scheme to a greater or lesser extent. So, if it is considered that the schemes based on NPR-PPMs are not covered by the TBT Agreement, its consideration in the light of the GATT 1994 will vary on the basis of whether the scheme is managed by public authorities or by non-governmental bodies. The conduct of the latter will not be assessed in accordance with the GATT rules. In relation to the countries reluctant to consider that schemes based on NPR-PPMs are covered by the TBT Agreement, it could be interesting to insist on the advantages of all labelling schemes being covered by the TBT Agreement, provided that it applies to both public and private entities. To exemplify, it can be said that, in the absence of a desirable consensus that could clarify the legal aspects of this question by considering the different interests present, a voluntary scheme based on a life-cycle approach, consistent with international standards and whose management fits the procedural requirements of the TBT Agreement (including its Code of Good Practice) and the conditions required in the light of the current interpretation of general exceptions provided in Art. XX of GATT 1994 (taking account of the special development, financial, and trade needs of developing country Members) would hardly be questioned in the light of the WTO law.
The case study results of the SUSTAINABILITY LABEL project have been integrated by analysing the crosscutting issues. The overall conclusion is that sustainability refers to both content and procedure. It is not only the balanced inclusion of environmental, social, and economic aspects, but it also calls for: consistency with international law; conformity with overarching international programmes; the possibility to adjust standards to local circumstances; reasonable requirements concerning infrastructure and costs; not excluding specific producers, and adherence to democratic principles, such as transparency, participation, coherency, flexibility, and accountability. Based on these criteria, a list was elaborated of indicators for evaluating specific sustainability labelling and certification schemes in relation to sustainability content and impact (environmental and social justice), interaction with public international and national law (legality), implementation in practice (coherence, flexibility, proportionality), trade impacts on producers (equity), and good governance (legitimacy). This list is meant as a tool for all stakeholders who are interested in raising the quality of sustainability labelling and certification schemes. It can be used for ex ante as well as ex post evaluation, and allows for making a rough assessment of the potential of a certain certification or labelling scheme to provide a positive contribution to sustainable development, and helps to identify its weak and strong points: - Interaction with public international and national law(Legality): Sustainability is consistency with international and national law. Indicators: -- Are the standards in line with international environmental and social law? -- Are the standards compatible with international trade law? -- If relevant: Are the standards in the scheme in line with EU law and policy? -- If relevant: Are the standards in the scheme in line with national law and policy? - Implementation in practice(Coherence, flexibility, proportionality): Sustainability is conformity with overarching international programmes. Indicators: -- Possibility to adjust standards to local circumstancesReasonable requirements concerning infrastructure and costs? -- Is the sector the object of an international overarching programme of standards providing bottom line definitions and requirements about a sustainable alternative? If yes, is the specific scheme in conformity with the international programme? -- Does the international overarching programme allow for the adjustment of standards to local circumstances? -- Are the general requirements for participation in the scheme, such as infrastructure (e.g. certification bodies, laboratories) and costs of certification, reasonable? - Trade impacts on producers (Equity): Sustainability is not excluding specific suppliers. Indicators: -- Are special provisions in place that take into account the interests of producers? -- Are arrangements in place for meaningful participation of all interested producers and their representatives in the standard setting process? -- Is there the possibility of appeal for all producers when the certification of their products is refused? - Good Governance(Legitimacy): Sustainability is adherence to democratic principles. Indicators: -- Do the key decision making processes, such as standard setting, certification and accreditation. -- Provide sufficient transparency concerning decision-making procedures including the availability of all relevant information. -- Guarantee meaningful participation to all stakeholders concerned. -- Increase coherency by drawing on international standards and agreements where they exist and taking into account the aims of international harmonization and mutual recognition of similar standards. -- Stimulate flexibility by not discriminating like products on the basis of origin and prescribing regular revisions of standards and general rules procedures. -- Foster accountability by avoiding conflicts of interests and to provide for an appeal procedure against decisions taken during the certification process.
Coffee: The coffee case study focused FLO scheme. Coffee was the first product for which fair trade criteria were developed. The first certified fair trade coffee was launched by Max Havelaar in 1989. Since then, the market for certified coffee has progressively developed with several national schemes in operation. In market terms, coffee is the most important fair trade product. Nearly two thirds of all FLO certified producer organisations are involved in coffee production with most of these cooperatives located in Central America and South America. The jeans case study focused on the Kuyichi scheme. It combines adherence to fair trade principles with social certification, as well as environmental certification. Concerning market access, the initiative has been very small thus far, involving producers from developing countries. An obstacle for further market penetration may be the fact that the blue jeans industry is dominated by big "brands", and that competition is based on the image of "trendynes"'. A matter of concern is that certification of the multiple processes of product chain could lead to significant changes in the structure of the industry, as the relocation of parts of the industry from less to more advanced countries where production processes can be better monitored, and to a shift from the informal to the formal sector, where processes and people can be better monitored and managed. Capture fisheries: The capture fisheries case study focused on the Marine Stewardship Council. Concerning sustainability aspects, the MSC scheme is primarily focused on environmental impacts. The certification and labelling of fish products represents both opportunities and concerns for fisheries in developing countries. The main concern is that developing country fisheries will struggle to gain certification due to the costs, informational requirements, and the relevance of certification standards. They may be disadvantaged in export markets where they compete directly with certified products from developed countries. Analysis of trade flows in fish products suggests, however, that developing and developed country fisheries rarely compete directly on the same types of fish products. Developing countries may further be unaffected by labelling as their output is generally not targeted at the export market. Forestry: The forestry case study focused on the Forest Stewardship Council, the Sustainable Forest Initiative, and the Pan-European Forest Certification. One of the conclusions is that trade is not a major direct cause of tropical forest degradation, and that trade actions alone cannot ensure sustainable management of forests. In developing countries, much of timber demand is domestic and tropical deforestation is not primary due to international forest products trade. Estimates suggest that nearly two-thirds of tropical deforestation is due to farmers clearing land for agriculture. In addition, the influence of buyer groups, in exercising a preference for certified timber, has been instrumental in the development of markets for certified timber products in developed countries. Food and beverages: The case study on food and beverages focused on the IFOAM basic standards for organic production, the EUREPGAP protocol for fruit and vegetables, and the Global Food Safety Initiative. The tomato has been used as an example to explain how the current programmes work out in practice, and how they affect trade and market access. With regard to sustainability content, these programmes have different orientations and none of them covers all relevant sustainability aspects. In relation to market access, it was impossible to assess if the three programmes had important restrictive effects, because the present trade situation for tomatoes is already distorted. Spain and Morocco have actually the best circumstances for tomato production, but are not able to take the full benefit of their advantages because the Dutch horticultural sector pays a special low tariff for its energy use, and the EU has set quantitative trade quota for tomatoes from Morocco. Eco-tourism: The case study on eco-tourism gives an overview of recent developments in the field, with special attention to the Certificate for Sustainable Tourism (Costa Rica) and the Nature Ecotourism Accreditation Programme (Australia). The case study showed large differences in the priority that labelling and certification schemes give to the various aspects of sustainability. Many schemes have primarily an environmental eco-efficiency focus. However, most specific eco-tourism schemes have broader sustainability ambitions, focusing on protection of biodiversity and the rights of indigenous people. Despite the recent proliferation of such schemes, these have not achieved a significant market share. One of the major trade issues for developing countries is the leakage of tourism income from developing countries to developed countries. Therefore, several of the present eco-tourism schemes aim to promote a better deal.
We used a pragmatic approach to the concept of sustainability, distinguishing environmental, social and economic dimensions and using seven categories of potentially relevant aspects: environmental impact, biodiversity, human health, human rights, labour conditions, animal welfare -although contested-, and trade relations. For each of these categories, we identified relevant issues at a lower level of abstraction that represent "ills" and "ideals" that might be considered relevant by stakeholders in a certain sector. Obviously, the specific "ills" and "ideals" that are at stake in a particular sector affect the degree to which it is feasible and attractive for an initiator of a labelling and/or certification scheme to incorporate them into a set of sustainability standards. The claim that a certain product or service has an advantage over a conventional one from the perspective of sustainability is more than just a marketing tool. It refers to ills that can be avoided or ideals that can be achieved in relation to the present production and consumption patterns. By its nature, it is closely connected with the pressure that is generated by all kinds of actors in society to change these patterns in a more sustainable direction. Because this pressure is not the same in all sectors and industries, it is not feasible to draw generalising conclusions on the effectiveness of labelling and certification schemes. What labelling might produce, at the very least, is that it helps to learn more about the arguments used to substantiate or to challenge a claim. This learning process requires a transparent organisation of labelling schemes with enough opportunities for stakeholders to participate in the design of sustainability standards. A more effective change might be produced through the interaction between societal pressure and market forces. Many companies will need improved control over all the relevant aspects of product quality, including the way the product has been produced. This will often require more functional co-ordination of widely dispersed activities and more disclosure of information across the whole supply chain. Improved control is particularly necessary for those companies that want to supply to increasingly discriminating (niche) markets. Sustainability issues may be incorporated into their quality management and quality assurance programmes, but that will depend on the ripeness of the issue involved (i.e. innovations and "hot topics"). Moreover, a company's strategy to improve its sustainability performance may show a mixture of competitive and collaborative approaches. Whether it will disclose its sustainability performance by a distinctive label or by some other means is a matter of benefits and costs in view of its marketing opportunities. Producers and consumers are still learning how to communicate about sustainability issues in the context of the marketplace. Actually, both of them have to cope with mixed motives, which include other considerations than the environmental and moral advantage of a product. Consumers can learn, but this takes time and also positive experiences instead of lingering doubts about deceptive commercial practices. Similarly, in order to pursue the diffusion of ecologically or ethically sound products from small niche markets to mass markets producers will need time to find out what kind of "green and good" products consumers really want. As a result of new marketing strategies, it can be expected that the role of environmental and social labels in the communication between companies and consumers will become more differentiated, varying from direct shopping aids to background quality assurances. The new strategies may also involve that the information the labelling is intended to convey to consumers will increasingly refer to the overall corporate image of a store chain or a line of products. In that case, a retailer or producer can claim the distinctive environmental and moral advantage with regard to an assortment of products. This development might increase the probability that consumers come into contact with a labelled product and that they include it in their set of choice alternatives. The potential change in the information environment for products and services may give rise to additional questions about whether and how claims should be regulated. Government interventions in labelling will often be a complement to or a substitute for other policy tools to improve consumer protection or to achieve sustainability objectives. The links with other tools and broader issues have important consequences for the design and the evaluation of an intervention, because labelling will be insufficient to achieve these goals if it is merely an isolated action. Moreover, if policymakers want to optimise the design of this tool, they should adapt the intervention carefully to the developments in the market and these may require both standardisation and differentiation of claims.


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Biology Program Requirements
- Bonnie K. Baxter (Co-Chair)
- Christy Clay
- Jocelyn Cuthbert
- David Kimberly (Co-Chair)
- David Parrott
The Biology program features integrated lab/lecture blocks that emphasize active project-based learning models, allowing our majors to engage in scientific investigations from the molecular level to entire ecosystems. While our core classes focus on disciplinary content and the skill sets of experimentation, the upper division course work allows students to engage in research methodology and concentrate on an area of interest. Our curriculum is enriched by significant laboratory and the field work. We strongly encourage interdisciplinary work and allow electives to be taken in other science and math departments. What's more, students receive credit for undergraduate research, internships, and teaching assistantships. Faculty take advantage of Westminster's unique location between the Wasatch Mountains and Great Salt Lake to leverage the natural world into an extension of our laboratories.
Students have the opportunity to engage with faculty mentors who are active scholars and are excited about teaching and learning science. Graduates of our program are skilled at critically assessing scientific problems, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating about their work. Our students are prepared for work or do graduate study in a variety fields such as biotechnology, medicine, public health, ecology, environmental science, law, education, science journalism, government, business, and policy. Our mission is to prepare students for a future in science and to create a lifelong enthusiasm for biology.
Program Goals
- To develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
- To teach students how to assimilate content knowledge with research skills.
- To enhance communication and information literacy skills.
- To promote leadership, collaboration, and teamwork.
- To encourage reflective capacities.
- To develop an understanding of the major concepts in the biological sciences.
- To explore relationships between science and society.
The Biology program offers a Bachelor of Science degree with a breadth of coursework and a focus on laboratory learning ranging from molecular to organismal topics. Undergraduate research is prominent in our program and is offered to students to learn first-hand the process of science. Presentation of research results at national meetings is encouraged. Students receive degree credit for research and internships. Recent biology graduates have been accepted to professional and graduate schools (at a rate of 50–100% each year), worked as laboratory researchers, educators, and biotechnologists.
- Students will understand scientific methods and use them to address biological questions.
- Students will critically and analytically evaluate biological data to formulate valid conclusions.
- Students will effectively communicate biological concepts and data in both written and verbal format.
- Students will demonstrate proficiency in general scientific skills and skills specific to an area of specialization within biology.
- Students will develop an understanding of interdisciplinary connections between biology and other natural sciences.
- Students will be able to see relationships between science and society.
Program Requirements
The program is designed to allow lateral shifting to other science majors if the student so desires. Students must maintain a minimum 2.3 GPA in biology courses required for the biology major. No more than half of the biology courses required for a major or minor are accepted by transfer. Please note that 300- and 400-level courses are designed for juniors and seniors.
Students choosing a double major or minor within the science program may not apply electives to more than one major or minor. Only classes listed under "required" courses that coincide with both majors/minors may be applied to both.
Students must meet the college-wide graduation requirements in addition to the Biology major:
- 124 total hours
- 30 upper division hours
- WCore or Honors College requirements
Biology Major
|Requirement Description
|Credit Hours
|I. World Language Requirement
|II. Lower Division Core Courses
|III. Upper Division Courses
|IV. Elective
|V. Required Courses from Other Programs
|Total Hours for the Biology Major
Recommended Plan of Study for Biology
|Fall Semester
|Year 1
(and prerequisites if necessary)
WCore Courses
|Year 2
DATA 350 Statistical Modeling or MATH 201 Calculus I
(if not taken in the previous year)
BIOL Biology elective
WCore Courses
|Year 3
|BIOL Biology Electives (8–12)
*PHYS 151/152 or PHYS 211/212
WCore Courses
|Year 4
|BIOL 420 or WCSAM 400
BIOL Biology electives
*Alternatively, a student could take the PHYS 151/152 (or 211/212) sequence his or her sophomore year and the CHEM 303/304 sequence his or her junior year.
Biology Minor
|Requirement Description
|Credit Hours
|I. Required Courses
|II. Electives
|Total Hours for the Biology Minor

subset: commoncrawl


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Torrick - "smile" - Napkins
|Length, in
|Height, in
Whether it's for your business, your home party, or for any event, our napkins bring much-needed character to the table. Made with luxuriously soft microfiber fabric, printed on the top with non-printed white bottom, our 4-piece sets are the ideal choice for personalized cocktail napkins, wedding napkins, and more.
.: Material: 100% polyester
.: One size: 19" x 19" (48cm x 48cm)
.: 4-piece set
.: Soft to the touch
.: One-sided print
Torrick, the cursed Prince of Domorda, is never alone with a Shadow Spirit bound to his soul. The name of his inner demon is Torin, a young man who was brutally murdered years before and tainted by darkness. ****
Beautiful artwork by Jordan Ivey, the Torrick "smile" portrait! Show support for Ivey's work and follow her! Proceeds from any purchased products with the tag "IveyArt" or under the Mel & Ivey Collection and Page will go to her and the books!
Artist: Jordan Ivey
Torrick - "smile"
"smile" - https://www.instagram.com/p/BwDk6Y_pk6C/
Follow her on Instagram! @ivess___
To see all the products with her designs:
- Search the tag, "IveyArt"
- See the "Mel & Ivey Collection".
- Click the "Home" dropdown menu at the top, select "Mel & Ivey"
Reading sample: vocal.media/futurism/the-end-of-before
The Legend of Evaleana
Book One: The Deity Jewels
- Part One: The Prophecy
- Part Two: Omen of Demise
- Part Three: The Final Battle
Book Two: The Prophecy of Elements (coming soon)
Book Three: The Hourglass of Enchantments
Healing Scars of the Past
> audiobook <
> ebook <
> paperback <
The Sacrifice of a Guardian Angel
> ebook <
> paperback <
Super Editions:
Shadow of Secrets
> ebook <
> paperback <
Praise for The Chronicles of Enchantments
Reviewed in the United States on January 29, 2021
This is a fast-paced series with so much depth. The story occurs in a magical world that draws you in quickly. I was amazed when learning that the author started writing these books at such young age. What a wonderful vivid imagination with such detail that you feel like you are there with the characters. These books are great for early teen to adult readers. I am very excited to read more from Mel E. Furnish!"
-Amazon Reviewer ★★★★★
"I have read the entire series of The Deity Jewels. A very well written trilogy for all ages. I would recommend it for teenagers and up readers. It is packed with adventure and mystery!"
-Charlotta P., Book Reviewer ★★★★★
"This book was super vicious."
-Ferris Cockrell, Amazon Reviewer of The Deity Jewels: The Prophecy ★★★★★
Learn more on my website, www.mel-e-furnish.com!


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In 1926, The Feast of San Gennaro was a one-day religious holiday on September 19th, for the new Italian immigrants, in NYC's "Little Italy" in lower Manhattan, to celebrate San Gennaro, Patron Saint of Naples. A group of cafe owners built a simple chapel to enclose the statue of their saint. The devout pinned offerings for the needy to the ribbons streaming from the figure.
In 2014, the 88th Annual Feast of San Genaro is a big 11-day street fair on September 11-21. More than one million visitors enjoy ethnic sausages and zeppole, eating competitions, colorful parades, musical entertainment, street vendors, games, and more.
After the celebratory mass, there is a Roman Catholic candlelit procession carrying the statue through the streets. This is repeated in other Italian neighborhoods in various cities throughout the US.
"The Feast brings the world to Little Italy and Little Italy to the world."


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Biserno 2009, Lodovico Antinori
Tax included.
Grape Varietal: Cabernet Franc, Merlot and Petit Verdot
Tasting Notes:Ripe bouquet of dark fruits and excellently integrated, spicy oak wood notes, along with a delicious hint of freshly ground coffee, cocoa and fine note of tobacco closure,Rich yet elegant, full bodied with velvety tannins and a very long finish.
Food Pairing: Rich meat, aged cheese, game


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Promotional campaign route "Osuna to Ronda horse riding"
PRODETUR last days (Diputación de Sevilla), presented at Fitur/2019 a new and interesting guide of equestrian tourism in the province of Seville, with a wealth of information that may have to reach all stakeholders in our world.
Each day there are more interested in this way of doing a different tourism, where you can cononer, places, peoples, monuments, ancient paths and all accompanied by a landscape and a unique cuisine as the Andalusian.
Here is link for handy guide in one single click,
http://turismosevilla.org/opencms2/opencms/es/turismoProvincia/publicaciones.html?idpublicacion = 179 #. XFBFWDZ10y0.Twitter


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Managerial merry-go-round in top gear as clubs prepare for 2015 championship
BY KIERAN McCARTHY
BOTH Castlehaven and Clonakilty have gone back to the past in an effort to return the good times to their GAA clubs this season.
Castlehaven stalwart Jim Nolan – a former All-Ireland winning Cork senior football selector – has been named as Castlehaven's new football manager, taking over from Finbarr Santry who was in charge the past two years. Nolan was trainer of the Haven team that won both county and Munster senor titles in 1994.
Club chairman Christy Collins, who was also involved in the management team with Nolan back in '94 and is himself a former Haven manager, and Brendan Deasy will serve as selectors for Castlehaven this year, as the club looks to bounce back from a disappointing 2014 championship campaign.
It was widely expected that former county-winning manager James McCarthy would return as Castlehaven manager but that didn't materialise.
Meanwhile, Michael 'Casey' O'Donovan is back at the helm of Clonakilty, who he previously guided to the 1996 county senior football title.
O'Donovan's management team will consist of Kenmare native Billy O'Connor, who has been involved with various Clonakilty underage teams over the last few years, while remaining on from 2014 are Eddie Kirwan, as trainer, and Eoin Ryan and Padraig White, who will both serve as selectors.
O'Donovan Rossa also have a new manager with Shane Crowley getting the nod this season, as ex-Cork selector Peadar Healy has moved to Kerry club Dr Crokes.
Crowley, a selector for the Skibbereen side last season, will be joined by selectors Pat McCarthy and Niall McCarthy, with Cathal Keohane as trainer.
Carbery Rangers are starting this year with the same management team that brought such success last season – a first county senior football final appearance in over 100 years and Kelleher Shield champions.
Micheál O'Sullivan and Johnny Murphy remain in charge with Robbie Ahern, John Fitzpatrick and Vincent Hegarty making up the backroom team.
Johnny Holland is staying on as Ilen Rovers' senior football manager but his selectors haven't been finalised just yet.
The Dohenys senior football management team is expected to be confirmed this weekend.
Also, Newcestown's senior football fortunes will lie in the hands of their three-man selection of Tom Wilson, Seamus O'Donovan and Kevin Long, with the latter replacing Tim Buckley from the 2014 set up.
There has been no change to the management team of newly promoted Valley Rovers. Gerard Slyne remains in the hot seat as manager, along with Mick Murphy (coach), and TJ Deasy, Sean Murphy and Martin Cronin as selectors.
On the divisional front, Aidan McGurn is the new Beara senior football manager, having served as a selector last season. His backroom team is yet to be finalised.
In Carbery, Caheragh's Gene O'Driscoll will remain on as senior football manager.


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At around 5.30 am today (1 September) SMRT tweeted that due to intermittent signalling issue, commuters would need additional travel time on Circle Line (CCL). This time it did not mention how long it would be and it does not say whether there was any free shuttle bus available.
[CCL] Due to intermittent signalling issue, please
cater for additional travel time on the CCL today.
— SMRT Corporation (@SMRT_Singapore) August 31, 2016
About 15 minutes later, it tweeted the same thing.
[CCL] Due to intermittent signalling issues, train may have longer dwell times at stations. Pls cater for longer travel time.
— SMRT Corporation (@SMRT_Singapore) August 31, 2016
When a train loses communication, it applies emergency braking as a safety precaution. This has caused journeys to be not only longer, but also jerkier.
SMRT has earlier warned standing commuters to hold on to handrails. Going by the slew of public tweets, some trains may also be bypassing stations.
@SMRT_Singapore wants to play with passengers.go forward then reverse , pass the station and reverse. Lol #circleLine
— Ardawan Izadi (@ardawanizadi) August 31, 2016
Commuters were furious as this is the fourth day in a row. The first one occured on 29 August due to intermittent signalling issue, and the same happened on Tuesday and Wednesday.
The Transport Minister, Khaw Boon Wan has kept silent over the past few days over the service disruption on Circle Line.
Another day of mad house at Bishan #circle line mrt but today's just like Monday. The worst days pic.twitter.com/9HX4NUDeYo
— Venus (@Venushew) September 1, 2016
This explains my situation now at bishan mrt ? https://t.co/1Gqm8keAKB
— . (@ShahAiruun) September 1, 2016
Bishan #circleline this morning. @SMRT_Singapore announced train delays are expected. They haven't fixed it #mrt 🙁 pic.twitter.com/RY5DjeI31y
— Venus (@Venushew) September 1, 2016
Slight delay on circle line for the past 4 days. Lucky today come out early.
— Yazid Ramli (@Zids04) September 1, 2016
The crowd at Circle Line Bishan station is insane again… #smrt #trainbreakdown pic.twitter.com/xk8eqszXJS
— Ariel (@Lov3N3ko) September 1, 2016
Ugh circle line is delaying like crayyyyy
— ❁Faithwong❁ (@faithxwong) September 1, 2016
What's the situation on the escalators at Bishan MRT ? It's been 3 working days ! #smrt #crowd @SMRT_Singapore pic.twitter.com/ZwER5BB7X5
— Sugarspiceeverything (@sugaspiceevery) September 1, 2016
Circle Line, please get your act together ? I don't particularly enjoy my commute to work as it is ? pic.twitter.com/KaQcyFmubF
— тαммι cнєяιѕє тαη (@TcheriseT) September 1, 2016
Circle line breakdowns affecting NUS students the most….
— ♥Bhavana♥ (@S_B_havana) September 1, 2016
Is it safe to take the circle line yet
— shushi (@faythele) September 1, 2016
@faythele this was 2 hours ago but i'm on circle line now & it hasn't acted up https://t.co/zYVb4zDzG4
— aliah (@tehaliah) September 1, 2016
One eternity later.. Delays expected as signalling issues plague Circle Line for 400th straight day. Commuters can expect this as norm
— yokey (@yokey017) September 1, 2016


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Greatest Article About Hashish Nutrients On 04
Marijuana growers who care about their well being don't want PACLO, and public health officials have banned it in fertilizers, however GH continues to be being profitable promoting it. It's not like General Hydroponics products are totally ineffective. But the percentage of GH customers who've had worries about their base vitamins is higher than anyone wish to see. They can handle even the crappiest fertilizers and still offer you a minimum of a couple of buds.
Bio Grow
This is the crucial time of the growing season when the roots, stems, and leaves are solely beginning to determine the primary framework for later in the season. The solution has highly soluble elements for max uptake of vitamins and has been pH balanced to make sure that your setup is absolutely balanced, too. Tiger Bloom, which is utilized 5 weeks onward in the rising season, is a quick performing formulation that's high in phosphorous and with sufficient levels of nitrogen, too. The formulation has special natural vitamins from Norwegian kelp and castings from earthworms, making the nutrient combo a truly potent one. Liquid fertilizers are pre-measured, easy to add to hydroponics methods, and virtually at all times guarantee wonderful results. In today's evaluate, we're going to break down the benefits of utilizing two different brands of liquid fertilizers that have turn into quite in style in hydroponics – Fox Farm Vs General Hydroponics.
General Hydroponics products are strong sellers because they are effective and native, he mentioned. The blatant hypocrisy that Brooke and plenty of others in the hydroponics trade interact in was on full show in an article about the Scotts-General Hydroponics deal printed inCalifornia's The Press Democratnewspaper. Brooke has lengthy been an influential member of a strong anti-marijuana cadre within the hydroponics gardening trade. We in contrast General Hydroponics vs Dealzer Hydroponics on key standards, based mostly on outdoors skilled evaluations and our personal analysis of every vendor's products, companies, and web sites. FloraGro provides the roots with sufficient health and vitamin to see them via to the vegetative stage. The liquid nutrient is also effective for the vegetative stage as it helps to take care of the nutrient ranges.
You can add FloraGro to any system with out having to fret about underfeeding or overfeeding the crops. Sign up for our publication to receive exclusive reductions, promotions, and develop suggestions.
Grow With Us
The nitrogen content material will be listed first, followed by the phosphorus content material and finally the potassium content material. Next 2 picture's present my ex-mom plant in soil, on day fifty nine of 12/12. I am wondering what different more skilled growers think about this too, as a result of I was thinking it ought to go simply as you posted it. I admittedly made a mistake not increasing the CalMag when altering to RO water mid develop which brought on some slight harm. Flora is a dynamic, evolving formula, constantly up to date, and adapted to the most recent scientific discoveries. Simply, it allows you to match the wants of your plant by way of its totally different levels by altering the ratios between the liquids, in addition to their focus. This resolution incorporates excessive quantities of nitrogen, potassium, calcium and other essential hint components for balanced development and higher resistance to diseases.


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Young lady is wildly penetrated by her boyfriend
This bitch that we will see next has a very deep throat, so much so that it will amaze many, she is also a total slut, her boyfriend penetrates her hard and she only asks for more, I leave you with the interesting video, since the girl has good attributes that worth seeing from many angles.
Young lady is wildly penetrated by her boyfriend
Join and participate in our official WhatsApp, Facebook, Telegram etc. groups. Clicking on the image, soon a special forum to share, also there will be the links to our social networks where you can follow us to keep up to date with all our content


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Built for maximum durability, the high-tensile steel blade has replaceable weld-on carbide-tipped teeth.
The high-torque motor Increases the efficiency of the saw while decreasing the possibility of stalling during cutting action.
View the attachment from up to three positions: center, or 12 degrees left or right. Choose the angle that provides the best cutting visibility.
The shield protects the operator and loader from flying debris, minimizing harm and costly machine maintenance.
The special applications kit must be installed on the loader when operating the brush saw attachment. This kit includes a polycarbonate door and windows to protect the machine and operator from debris.
The brush saw's counterclockwise blade moves at a speed up to 2,985 feet per minute. The cutting action of the brush saw cuts trees, brush and saplings just below ground level to minimize stumps.
The operator uses the loader steer and travel functions to swing the brush saw left and right, and to move forward into the material being cut. Materials cut away are discharged to the left and away from the loader and attachment.
The high-torque, low-speed hydraulic motor powers the steel blade, which features replaceable carbide-tipped teeth. Position the boom manually in up to three positions – center, or 12 degrees left or right – to operate with excellent visibility of the cutting and clearing action. Quickly and conveniently remove small trees up to 15 feet tall without leaving stumps.
Unlike a tree shear, this heavy-duty attachment saws off trees flush with the ground or even a little below the surface. Clear the way with the Bobcat® brush saw attachment.
WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including engine exhaust (including diesel engine exhaust when equipped), lead and lead compounds, mineral oils, soots, phthalates, and carbon monoxide which are known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
Certain specification(s) are based on engineering calculations and are not actual measurements. Specification(s) are provided for comparison purposes only and are subject to change without notice. Specification(s) for your individual equipment will vary based on normal variations in design, manufacturing, operating conditions, and other factors.


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Tips For Buying Used Boats
There are a lot of great reasons why buying used boats is a better idea than buying brand new ones. Not only will you get a great deal, but you'll also know you're getting a good boat. Used boats cost less too. That's what really makes them so attractive. Less money out of your pocket up front leaves much more money available for other important things, such as education or saving for the kids.
Say you purchase a used boat which s four years old (way ahead of the curve), at a marina that may not have the equipment to service it properly. Chances are, your used boat will have to be towed away, and you'll have to pay someone else to do that job. Not only will you have spent more on the tow truck rental than you would have if you had purchased new boats, but you've also potentially wasted thousands of dollars in necessary repairs.
With used boats, it's easy to determine the condition of the vessel before you ever step on it. If the owner hasn't made any improvements, it's a good indicator of what you can expect to find inside. Look for worn out parts, such as motors, outboard engines, and all of the standard electrical components. Check the exterior as well – does the boat look like it's been in many different water cycles, or has it just been sitting in the marina for a few months?
You're Looking at Used Boats?
If you're looking at used boats, the best place to find a good deal is at your local marina. Most marinas have a section where they sell boating equipment. Look there for the name of a boat dealer and make sure to ask him/her questions regarding the marina and used boats. Find out where the boat is mated and inquire about the care the boat has received at the marina. It's possible that the boat dealer doesn't have information regarding all of the pertinent details regarding new boating equipment, so it's important to be able to provide that information.
You can find used boats for sale fairly easily by searching on the Internet. Use your search engine to look up boating equipment dealers in your area. See what kind of response you get when you put in the words "used boats" or "boating gear." Find a few options and narrow them down by price, brand, condition, and anything else you'd like to add. Read each used boat deal to see if there are any hidden costs, and if so, how much those costs would be.
Another option you have on the Internet is to check out sites that sell used boats. A quick search on your favorite search engine will display dozens of websites dedicated to selling used boats, motor homes, sailboats, jet skis, and various other types of watercraft. Some of these sites include forums where you can chat with other boaters who have recently purchased the boat you're interested in. These forums allow you to ask questions and receive responses from other owners who are more experienced than you are. If you find the right site, you can also get valuable advice from people who are looking to buy used boats and don't just sell them.
Visit the Dealership in Person if at All Possible
In addition to using the Internet, it's also a good idea to visit a local boat dealership. Visit the dealership in person if at all possible. Ask plenty of questions, both about the used boats for sale and about the boat insurance they offer. While you may not be able to purchase the boat you want, at least you'll get an idea of what the cost of coverage is going to be before you make your purchase. If you decide to use the Internet, there's no reason why you can't contact a local boat dealership as well, although chances are they won't be able to offer you an online quote.
Once you've determined which type of used boats for sale that you'd like to buy, you can then determine which of these options will best suit your needs. Boating is a wonderful experience, and many people enjoy it to the fullest. For others, it can be a hobby or a way to get out on the water and experience the fresh air and scenery that you won't find anywhere else. Whatever your personal goals are for boating, you can be sure that it can be very affordable to do so. You may even be able to put a little money back into your pocket by purchasing an engine.


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National Federation of Mayors of Haiti launches first congress
The wish of the National Federation of Mayors of Haiti is to set the guidelines to allow municipalities to play their part in the process of Haiti's development. It is with this in mind that a three-day congress will be held to bring together the mayors of the country's different municipalities, government officials interested in territorial development, parliamentarians other civil society leaders. Organized around the theme "On the road to integrated development", the goal of elected municipal officials is to lay the foundations for effective decentralization. Continue reading
Haitian officials unveils first national plan to respond to health emergency
Several branches of the Ministry of Public Health and Population took an active part in an intensive five-day training – from 22 to 26 October 2018 – at Hotel Montana. Hosted by the Ministry of Public Health with the technical support of Dr. Leonardo Hernandez from Washington DC, Pan American Health Organization Emergency Operations Center, and partners , aimed at developing the first national plan for the management of exceptional health situations, which is part of the National Risk and Disaster Management Plan (2018-2030).
"This plan is the key response tool of the MSPP to implement this policy throughout the Haitian territory. It concerns health crises and multisectoral crises with " said Dr. Brigitte Lacroix, French, facilitator at this training. Continue reading
New vaccine introduced in Haiti's immunization calendar
The pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13), which protects children against pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, ear infections sepsis, has just been introduced in the Haitian vaccination calendar. The introductory ceremony was held on Monday, October 29, at the Marriott Hotel, in front of a crowd of guests, including members of the Haitian Pediatric Society who demanded the availability of this vaccine in the national immunization program. Continue reading
Haitian Police looking for Arnel once more
Haitian police say that the gang leader of village de Dieu, known as Arnel, has resumed looting in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince. Information reported to law enforcement reports the presence of this gang leader in the area of avenue Bolosse on Monday, October 29, 2018.
Arnel and 3 other accomplices were reportedly involved in two separate clashes with police patrols and other rival gangs… The information was communicated this Tuesday by the spokesman of the Police, Michel Ange Louis Jeune. Continue reading
Mayors disrupt Haitian President Moïse's speech
Mayors from several cities expressed anger and frustration by disrupting Haitian President Jovenel Moïse speech at the inaugural ceremony of the Congress of the National Federation of Haitian Mayors.
Mayors have raised their voices on a number of occasions to protest certain statements by the head of state that they describe as untrue. On the issue of vehicle distribution to municipalities, the Mayors argued that the promises were not kept. President Jovenel Moïse admitted that difficulties prevent the implementation of the project for 140 municipalities. He explained that the project started with the distribution of vehicles in the 10 regions…
President Moïse invited town halls to work more to collect more taxes necessary for the realization of communal projects. Continue reading


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'Armed conflict' is defined in this report as the use of armed violence to resolve local, national and/or international disputes between individuals and groups that have a political, economic, cultural and/or social (as opposed to inter-personal or criminal) origin. Armed conflict is a mechanism of social transformation that may originate either in competing claims over resources or power or in conflicting cultural or social values, and is often aggravated by low levels of human security. The term 'armed conflict' is preferred to that of 'war' because its usage commonly encompasses a far broader range of circumstances and conditions, from violent political protest or insurgency, to violence enacted by trained and organised military units and to genocide.
- sneha pawar
- 10 Nov 2022
- 16 Nov 2021
- 30 Oct 2021


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BREAKING: Afenifere's Publicity Secretary, Yinka Odumakin, is dead
Yinka Odumakin, a political activist and publicity secretary of the Pan-Yoruba socio-cultural group, Afenifere is dead.
According to a family source, he died from COVID-19 complications on the early hours of Saturday.
Odumakin who died at the age of 56 was reported to have been a diabetic patient long before the COVID-19 attack.


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Patch Note - The Plagueworks v0.1.1
The Plagueworks Patch Note for v0.1.1 is here! Plus? Playtest available!
Hello there, we made some changes to the previous version of Plagueworks, so here's the list of these changes :
- Gravity correction (remember this annoying floating reagent? He should bother you no more now!)
- Reagents evolution correction.
- The changes made to reagents due to the skills (disappearance or evolution) are now animated! Look at them bump and vanish!
- The animations have been slightly slowed, for your eyes comfort.
- Slow down, fast players! You can't activate a skill while other actions are still happening on the board anymore.
- You won't be able to have twice the same skill anymore, too.
- Too lazy to look at the chests? We got you covered : they now open by themselves once avalaible (suggested by Xalmstad).
Skills balance :
- Newton's Madness now requires 8 drops (was 9).
- Newton's Experiment now requires 6 drops (was 7).
- Newton's Acid now requires 6 drops (was 7).
- Horrified Frontline now requires 6 drops (was 7).
- Darwin's Liquor now costs 5 4+ merges (was 3).
- Darwin's Pills now costs 5 4+ merges (was 4).
- Twin's Disaster now costs 3 5+ merges (was 4).
We hope all this contributed to enhance your game experience!
As always, thanks for playing with us, and feel free to let us know what you've been thinking during your experiment with The Plagueworks!
(just as a reminder, our Discord awaits you!)


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Height: 5'9"
Position: OF/1B - L/L
Hometown: Chino, Calif.
School: Arizona
Graduation: 1997
A FEW ACCOMPLISHMENTSThree-time Olympic Gold Medalist (1996, 2000, 2004)
Two-time Pan American Gold Medalist (1999, 2003)
Two-time ISF World Champion Gold Medalist (1998, 2002)
Six-time ASA All-American
EXPERIENCE2004: Gold medalist at Olympic Games in Athens, Greece
2003: Gold medalist at Pan American Games
2002: Gold medalist at ISF World Championship
2000: Gold medalist at Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia
1999: Gold medalist at Pan American Games and Canada Cup
1998: Gold medalist at ISF World Championships
1996: Gold medalist at Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia
- Hit .300 with one run scored
AT ARIZONAThree-time NCAA National Champion (1993, 1994, 1997)
Three-time NCAA All-American (1994, 1995, 1997)
Three-time NCAA WCWS All-Tournament team (1994, 1995, 1997)
Three-time All-Pacific Region
Three-time Academic All-American
Four-time All-Pac-10
1997 NCAA Women of the Year for the state of Arizona
GETTING TO KNOW O'BRIEN-AMICOMet husband Tommy at 1997 Superball
One of four women who hold three Olympic Gold Medals in softball
Favorite place to shop: Old Navy
Dream job: Motivational speaker
Favorite TV Show: CSI Miami
Born on September 9, 1974
Perfectly Imperfect: The 2000 Olympic Softball Tournament Ended In Gold, But For Team USA It Was Quite The Journey
Karen Price Sept. 25, 2020
The U.S. team had a 112-game win streak snapped and nearly missed the medal round in Sydney.
USA Softball to hold inaugural Gold Ball Gala to fundraise for National Team Program
March 13, 2019
A number of tickets are currently on sale at GoldBallGala.com for the May 29 fundraising event for the USA Softball National Team Program.
Three-time Olympic Gold Medalist Leah O'Brien-Amico represents Arizona at USOC and Pac-12 salute to Olympians
March 11, 2017
O'Brien-Amico is a 3x Olympic Gold Medalist and 3x NCAA Champion.


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The last few days, it's been feeling very 'heavy' in the world again.
Two days ago, I sat on my couch in Jerusalem and literally watched them 'chem trailing' in the sky.
Suddenly, five different 'trails' appeared in one shot, they all circled around at exactly the same, like synchronised swimmers, then started to 'puff out' over the next couple of minutes, as the blue sky got filled with these weird 'clouds'.
I didn't see any planes.
So, I deduce they are using drones to 'chem trail' over the skies of Jerusalem.
And the whole thing got me feeling kinda down, as I've never seen that before, here in Jerusalem.
(I took some pictures, if I can be bothered, I might post them up later.)
At the same time, there's been a weird 'rumbling noise' going on for days and days.
Initially, I thought it must be military planes flying over head.
But then, I realised that military planes don't fly overhead, continually, six hours a day, not even in the middle of the biggest war.
That same day I saw the chem trails, I started paying attention to 'the rumble' that I assumed was planes.
It stayed constant for a very long time, overhead.
And that repeated itself all through the day.
F16s just don't act like that, they don't sound like that, and they don't 'circle nonstop' for many hours a day over Jerusalem.
And of course – there were no planes in sight.
Is it CERN?
Is it something else?
I don't know.
But I can tell you I had a really bad headache for days, that only disappeared after I did a small, $18 'pidyon' on the RavBerland.com website.
But nevertheless…hope springs eternal.
There are riots going on in China now.
The authorities are going to try and suppress them full-force, but it's getting to a stage where the Chinese people are starting to understand that 'open air prison' (aka 'Zero Covid policies') is about to become a permanent feature of life, if they don't push back now.
China is the test case for the rest of the world.
If China starts to push back, that is going to cause the NWO massive issues with their roll-out schedule for digital IDS and Covid concentration camps for the rest of the world.
(At least, I hope….)
I also felt some hope when 'hackers' released footage of the bus bombing last week, that the Israeli authorities claimed didn't exist.
It's like that passuk from Tehillim, that the evil people will lay the trap for us, but then fall into it themselves….
They've set cameras up all over the place, in our 'smart cities', to monitor us and use against us.
But in the meantime, those cameras are now being 'hacked' by someone apparently on the outside of the ruling cabal here.
Footage can be released now showing who really planted those bombs by the bus stop…
And if it was an inside-job, designed to achieve a political aim and manipulate the public….
That changes the whole picture – and makes it way, way harder for the ruling cabal to continue using acts of terrorism against it's own populace, to stay in power and maintain control, and pass more evil laws to continue putting us into 'open air prisons'.
(Ben Gvir notwithstanding. Keep a careful watch on that guy, and understand that any law being demanded 'against terrorists' will be applied to Jews like you and me.)
God forbid.
But, it made me happy to have another tangible sign that 'things aren't going to plan', for the evil people who currently rule the world.
But honestly?
I'm still worrying.
I heard yet another story of a 'died suddenly' yesterday, that happened the same time as the others I wrote about.
A 36 year old doctor, who dropped dead of a fatal stroke when exercising.
Interestingly, she was 'unvaxxed' – i.e. she had no Covid shots.
Of course, EVERY INJECTION must now be presumed to have some of this nanotech in it…
[UPDATE: I'm not sure about this statement now, see below.]
But it got me wondering about 'shedding', or some other form of transmission, which means that we are all essentially in the same boat, at this stage, jabbed or not.
And then I started worrying again.
It seems to me that at least part of the mechanism in play here, is that these shots rapidly age the body.
It's speeding up the body's processes, which is why the hair and the nails grow so fast (at least, when CERN is turned on…), and why people's cancers suddenly pop-up, turbo-style, all over the place, all at once.
And why newborns of vaxxed mothers can hold their heads up within an hour of being born….
The aging process is being rapidly sped up.
This article, in Spanish, is also talking about this same idea.
Here's a google-translated screenshot:
When I clicked on the 'source doc' for this, the page could no longer be found.
That's usually a good sign that you are on to something.
But, all this is still worrying me.
So yesterday, I went to sit at the Rav for an hour, to do some hitbodedut, and to get some spiritual 'light' and strength to continue.
It has happened so many times, that I get to the Rav with a whole heart-full of worry and heaviness, and that I leave feeling much better, much lighter, much more optimistic.
That happened again yesterday.
I don't know what's going on, I don't know where 'moshiach being revealed' seems to have disappeared off to, this year of motzae-shvit, when I felt that process was really going to start happening, in an open way.
And at the same time, I can see more and more people dropping dead, suddenly, and more and more worrying signs that the evil cabal is about to try their final pincer move on the rest of humanity, with all the digital IDs-linked-to-social-credit stuff that is already happening in China.
And other places just as scary as China – like Trudeau's Canada.
Someone just sent me this:
Here's the headline:
British Columbia Bill C-36, drafted in secret, lays the groundwork for forced vaccination for any illness the government chooses
Our demonically-inspired 'Western Medicine' strikes again.
It worries me.
But at the same time, I don't want to spend the next few weeks, months, years, whatever worrying all the time.
It's a very hard balance to pull off.
But the Rav and Rabbenu is what's helping me to cope, and to carry on trying to uncover the truth of what's happening, while still remaining hopeful, that God will save us from all this, ultimately.
But it's not easy.
PS: Another reader just sent me a link to this:
I'm including it here, to keep the discussion moving forward.
Here's a pertinent snippet:
[M]ost of us are aware that a lot of people are dying "suddenly" (SADS) at a very young age, all around us.
And yes, the most likely cause is the Covid-19 vaccine, but that's about it. The problem is that the "anti-vax" movement should not even exist, as vaccines should not exist. This goes back to the core lie, the lie that really need to be exposed, that no virus has ever been isolated nor proven to exist. And that goes for transmittable diseases as well.
Contagion has never been proven, only the opposite – that you can not catch a disease from someone else. As I write this, 211 health and science institutions around the world has been asked, through the free information act, to provide a record of a virus isolation, a proof that viruses exist, and yet not one single institution of these 211 has been able to do so. Not a single one of 211!
And that takes us back to this psy-op "documentary" called Died Suddenly. Right off the bat they talk about Covid-19 and viruses as if they are real, which they absolutely are not.
That's also the conclusion I'm coming to.
That 'viruses' exist permanently in the body, but can't be 'caught' from others, just 'triggered' when a person's immune system is down or compromised, thanks to stress, starvation, or toxicity (like from poor sanitation, etc.)
And there may well be an electro-magnetic dimension to all this, that 'triggers' disease to occur, but not in a contagious way.
I'm still trying to shuffle through an awful lot of material to try and get more of this figured out.
And yes, Stew Peters is almost certainly controlled opposition – we discussed that a while back on the blog.
BUT – I don't agree that you have to throw the baby out with the bathwater.
We have to do a birur, and seperate lies from truth, and good from bad.
And the birur is very difficult, tiring and kinda sucks.
But that's what's required.
You might also like this article:


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Grant Woods memorial service moved to Orpheum Theatre
The memorial service for former attorney general Grant Woods is moving to the Orpheum Theatre in downtown Phoenix to provide more room for attendees.
The service, which is open to the public, will be at 10 a.m. Nov. 12, according to information released by Woods' family.
Cindy McCain, wife of former U.S. Sen. John McCain, and former Phoenix Suns basketball star Charles Barkley will eulogize Woods, who died Oct. 23 of a heart attack.
Woods helped John McCain launch his political career in the early 1980s and the two remained friends for decades. Barkley reflects Woods' interest in the sports world and shares Woods' penchant for speaking his mind.
The Rev. Warren Stewart, pastor of First Institutional Baptist Church, will preside over the ceremony. Stewart led the successful drive to establish a Martin Luther King Jr. holiday in Arizona, a cause that Woods promoted.
Long after office:Grant Woods remained in the public eye in Arizona
Earlier plans to hold the services at All Saints' Episcopal Church in north-central Phoenix were scratched due to concerns there would not be enough capacity. The church shares a campus with an elementary school, and parking was an issue.
The service is open to the public. The Orpheum is at 203 W. Adams St.
Reach the reporter at email@example.com and follow her on Twitter @maryjpitzl.
Support local journalism. Subscribe to azcentral.com today.


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These recipes are there to prove that soda isn't just for drinking. They can also be used for cooking, baking and slow cooking. In the South, soda is often the not-so-secret ingredient in a range of recipes, both savory and sweet. We're sure you've heard of adding soda to cakes such as Coca-Cola Cake and 7UP Bundt Cake, but soda can also be used in savory recipes such as Braised Cola-and-Bourbon Brisket and Instant Pot BBQ Chicken. You'll find each of these recipes and more in our roundup of recipes you can make with a can of soda.
You'll find a variety of soft drinks on the ingredient list for these recipes, from classic sodas with Coke and Lime-lime to outspoken Southern favorites like Dr Pepper and Cheerwine. Whatever your favorite soda, we're sure you'll find a new way to enjoy it with one of these delicious recipes.


text: TYR Sport was established in 1985 to provide the competitive swim market with vibrant, performance-driven prints. Named for TYR, the Norse god of warriors, our company is committed to cultivating a culture of greatness, both in and out of the water. Through vision, pursuit and American ingenuity, they have become a brand synonymous with the athlete.


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Upgraded from my crafted Saronite Bulwark Shield. Upgrade from that would have been the Leeka's Shield from Cot Stratholme which drops from the last boss which I hadn't seen drop as yet in few runs.
But was already doing some transmuted with Alchemy for Titanium Bars with the cooldown of 3 days as well as having my Hunter mine Saronite for Ore. Crystallized Essence you get from some Elemental Spirits or from mining which are the new motes which gives Eternals the new Primals. Some Titanium I bought from AH (5 bars) cost a pocket full I'm gonna say like 2500g ouch!!. Extortion sounds like a better word. But that's ok. I know how to farm money to make it back. One does need to invest always in a good shield.
All those it took to craft Titansteel (expensive) which you need to eventually craft the shield. Lots of cooldowns. Had a BS friend from a PuG craft the the Shield which does look nice. There are about 4 good pieces of gear a Tank can get crafted from Titansteel.
Currently Revered with the Argent Crusade with a bit of the reps from wearing the Argent Crusade Tabard. So as a Tank you get to pick up the new Helm Enchant as from previous post on factions. The Shield Enchant is fairly easy to get as well as far as mats.
Tip: Easiest way to get enchanting essences is to save and DE all your greens up to 80. Or it will cost you. All my greens from 70-80 I just had them all DE for lots of the new WotLK essences.


text: Transfers Ric Duques sells Pierre co-op for $11.3M April 21, 2021 7:37 am Partyoftwo LLC paid Henry 'Ric' Duques and Dawn Duques $11.3 million for co-op unit 3304To read an article sign up for a 7-day free trial to a Post subscription, just $10 per month. To access data including daily updated NYC condo files see our Basic or Premium options. If you are a subscriber log in to read the rest of this content. Continue Reading Previous Courts roundup: ICBC files $270M foreclosure against RFR; Ashkenazy sues over $22M loan; Bentley Zhao seeks $1.5M;Next Andrew Impagliazzo gets $13M construction loan from Sterling National for project in Clinton


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How you can Go By Online Dating to Real Online dating
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The Summer Savings Pass is a one-price deal good for entry to three South Florida attractions. That's some savings!
This year's pass is valid for May 27 through Aug. 31, 2022, and is $60 plus tax for adults and $50 plus tax for children (age 3 to 12).
The pass is good for the following three South Florida attractions:
- Zoo Miami
- Lion Country Safari in Loxahatchee, Palm Beach County
- Cox Science Center & Aquarium in West Palm Beach
If you already hold an annual pass to one of these venues, you can get $25 off the Summer Savings Pass.
To make your purchase, click here. For more information on the Summer Savings Pass or any of the participating attractions, click here.
South Florida Adventure Pass
If you'd like to see even more of South Florida for less money, the South Florida Adventure Pass offers entry to several attractions,
- Sawgrass Recreation Park in west Weston, which features airboat rides in The Everglades and reptile exhibits.
- Flamingo Gardens in Davie, which features botanical gardens and a wildlife sanctuary.
- Museum of Science & Discovery in Fort Lauderdale, which features interactive exhibits, wildlife and an outdoor Science Park.
- Butterfly World in Coconut Creek, in north Broward.
Find more free and cheap things to do with kids this week:
Sunday, February 5, 2023
Monday, February 6, 2023
Tuesday, February 7, 2023
Wednesday, February 8, 2023
Thursday, February 9, 2023
Friday, February 10, 2023
Saturday, February 11, 2023
See our full Calendar of Events.


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|If you had faith the grain of a mustard seed
Minister Farrakhan: "One can never overcome the natural obstacles and impediments to one's growth without faith in God; that tells us that this that is in front of us is not an immovable object. So Jesus said "If you had faith the grain of a mustard seed, you could say to the mountain, be removed and it would be so. Or you could say to the sycamore tree, be uprooted and be planted in the depth of the sea."
"So faith in God is the prerequisite to overcome adversity. With a Muslim, when we say "Bismillah-ir-Rahman-ir-Rahim," it is a prayer seeking the help of Allah to help us with whatever we are engaged in.
"So is there anything that we cannot do with the help of God and belief that you have His support? This is why the most Honorable Elijah Muhammad said to me, when David went after Goliath, he picked up five smooth stones from a brook, but he only used one. He said that that one was "Bismillali—"In the name of Allah."
"Every prophet of God, though one person, was able to do just magnificent things in the name and with the help of God. So all of us today are called to the apparent impossible—to raise a people from the dead; to overcome the adversity of a negative world; to plant and nurture the seed of a new world; and overcome all opposition to that truth until that truth is firmly established in the hearts and minds of the people. But it can only be done in the name and with the help of Almighty God Allah.
Brother Jabril: "Brother Minister, from time to time, over the last near twenty-five years, we've discussed things that have come up in the Nation of Islam in America and events world wide, that involve the reality of chaos. Adversity and chaos—of course these are relative terms because nothing is chaotic to the God. Nevertheless, there are times, as we move through our own lives, especially in this most critical of all times, so much seems absolutely upside down. Please explain the part that chaos has in the plan of God and how should we see it in our personal lives and utilize it."
Minister Farrakhan: "It would seem to me that in order to understand what chaos really is and how it serves the purpose of God, in establishing order, one must go back to the origin of creation; to when the most Honorable Elijah Muhammad taught of God's Self-creation.
"The first atom of life that sparkled in the universe contained positive and negative. Since the first atom that sparkled in the darkness, had positive and negative then all of creation bears witness to that atom—that there is no positive without negative; there is no darkness where you cannot find light; there is no death where you can't find life. Death feeds life and life feeds death. They're companions of each other.
"If light and darkness are companions and life and death are companions, then, in a certain sense, God and Satan are companions and good and evil are companions and chaos and order are companions, but one feeds the other and gives birth to the other.
"So the scholars and scientists, who talk about the, "big bang" theory, talk about chaos as though it was first. Well, they don't really know the root of all of this. Out of what seemed to be chaos, came order. This produced motion.
"So the Honorable Elijah Muhammad, who taught us so much deeper than these scholars and scientists, taught us that the first law is motion. How can you produce motion unless these opposites are present? With the positive and the negative charges, you produce motion. That motion may appear chaotic at first but then the second law comes into existence, which is order.
"So out of what seems to be only chaos comes order. Out of darkness came light. Out of nothingness came everything. Out of death comes life. So then, in another sense, out of evil comes good; out of demon or devil or Satan comes God. Well how is that?
"Was God Satan at first and then becomes God? Not in that sense. But the Qur'an says that the jinn came before the man. In my humble opinion, it means that this fiery spirit and temperament is seen in the infancy of development, where one must learn to control the emotions in order for the rational mind of a man to come forth.
"If you look at a baby, they want immediate gratification for the change of a diaper; for the bottle or for whatever they have a desire for. So they cry. If you don't attend to them right away, you will see in the baby their cry, demonstrating an emotion that makes their face to become red with the flame of anger. So in the development of the human being, we go through these stages.
"Well, what about God? What about the making of a God? If we are created from God, then the adversity that He went through, to evolve into Himself, shows us the path of all things to come to that point or place in development that God intended.
"So, what's called "chaos" serves order.
"What we are experiencing now is the chaotic disorder of the breaking down of a world that will give birth to the order of a new world. So this chaos is absolutely and vitally necessary to create the motion toward order.
"So the evil that Allah has permitted to touch the earth, almost completely, has created such dissatisfaction with evil, that even the evildoer wants a way out of evil because there is no peace in evil. There is no real productivity now in evil. There is diminishing return in the doing of evil. There is complete loss and frustration in the doing of evil.
"The human being's nature is to be made secure. So now in this chaos, everybody is insecure. We're hungering for that security which brings peace, for unrighteousness has had its sway.
"Now the greatness of the evil, has determined the greatness of the good that has come out of the desire of the sufferer of evil and even the doer of evil, reaping the consequence of evil, to get out of that into peace and security.
"Thus the evil, under the Satanic rule, demands the presence of God, to bring about order out of the chaos, as it is the presence of God in the world of evil that is producing the disorder and the chaos that is ending one world and bringing another."
The above explains why "we must through much tribulation enter into the kingdom of God." (Acts 14:22)
The worst kind of trouble arises from slander. Surah 114 urges us to seek refuge in Allah from the whispering of the slinking devil, who whispers, not into the ear, or the head, but into the very hearts of people. They do this so subtlety, that later the victims speak vicious slander about others with passion, from their very hearts, that of which they are either totally or partly ignorant (Also see —Holy Qur'an 17:53; 88:8-11; 8:13-17; 74: 74:42-47.)
More next issue, Allah willing.


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Cookie Polarized Sunglasses - Women's
A little luxury and a little laid-back.
Suncloud's Women's Cookie Sunglasses prove that you can get oversized sunglasses without an oversized fit. Curvy and wide, these shades fit close like a pair of sport sunglasses and offer a style that looks the part at your favorite downtown lunch spot or your favorite crag. Although you won't find pads on the nose or temples, Suncloud's designers shaped both in such a way that the Cookies sit comfortably over your nose and ears. All other design touches aside, it might just be the polarized lenses that make you fall in love with the Cookie—no one would blame you if that were the case.
Proposition 65 Warning for California Consumers: This product contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer and/or birth defects or other reproductive harm.
- Injection-molded polycarbonate lenses
- Polarized lens treatment
- Grilamid plastic frame
- Microfiber cleaning and storage bag included
- Item #SCL0023
- Lens
- polycarbonate
- Polarized
- yes
- Frame
- grilamid
- Case Included
- yes, storage bag
- Face Size
- medium
- Base Curve
- 6
- Recommended Use
- casual, everyday, hiking, biking, travel
- Manufacturer Warranty
- lifetime


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This clutch cover is the same as the original parts on the RZR / RANGER / GENERAL, you can directly replace the broken clutch cover. Replace OEM #2635158, Replacement for: 2635822, 2635158, 2634229.
High-Quality Material: Made of high-quality plastic, our cover of the clutch is durable, impact-resistant, corrosion resistance, which can work in a variety of harsh environments.
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Replace OEM #2635158 Replacement for 2635822, 2635158, 2634229
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