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Venezuelans defy censorship to broadcast their own news bulletins - from their balconies
Issued on: Modified:
Since late 2019, a group of citizen newscasters have been roaming the streets of a Caracas neighbourhood in Venezuela to "broadcast" their own news bulletins as a way to share important local information and get around the strict media censorship. However, when the country went into lockdown in mid-March, they had to come up with a new plan. So recently they've been delivering their news bulletins… from windows and balconies.
In late 2019, a group of newscasters began broadcasting their own news bulletins in the streets of La Cruz, a working-class neighbourhood in Caracas. To deliver the day's news, a citizen newscaster would perch on a small stand, behind a black rectangle meant to represent a television. The newscasts are only "broadcast" live in public spaces, they aren't available online.
Periodismo comunitario, descripción gráfica ???? pic.twitter.com/k632UGcRWvLa Cruz TV (@LaCruzTVCaracas) February 6, 2020
A citizen newscaster deliver news bulletins in the streets of La Cruz before lockdown.
The team behind "La Cruz TV" is made up of activists who work in media, the audiovisual sector and communications. Their first project, launched in 2017, was called "Bus TV". They would drive their bus around to different locations around Venezuela and invite people to watch them perform their own news bulletins.
>> READ ON THE OBSERVERS: Venezuelan activists launch TV news in buses to bypass censors
The activists aim to get information to people who have little or no access to the internet and social media and thus, uncensored information. In Venezuela, online content is much less controlled than in the traditional media, which is subject to strict government censorship. Venezuela was ranked 147th out of 180 countries in the press freedom index published by the NGO Reporters Without Borders in 2020.
"Our 'televised news bulletins' always start with local news, which can be extremely useful for people"Laura Helena Castillo is one of the founders of "Bus TV". She told our team how they came up with the idea to keep on broadcasting local news from their windows and balconies after La Cruz went into lockdown. They've started referring to the project as "La Ventana TV", which means "Window TV".
When lockdown began, at first, we were worried because we've always carried out our projects in the street, in close contact with people, and we had to stop it all. So, we decided to try and develop other activities that would allow us to respect social distancing measures.
We did our very first news bulletins from our windows in mid-May. We got this idea because we had seen how balconies had become a space for expression in Europe during lockdown, allowing contact with the rest of the world. People were singing, playing music and applauding…
¡Estamos de vuelta! ????La Cruz TV (@LaCruzTVCaracas) May 16, 2020
Darío, el "megáfono" de La Cruz, invita a su comunidad a escuchar el noticiero de hoy ???? pic.twitter.com/7BzzRxFnoe
The very first window news bulletin was delivered in mid-May. In this video, you can hear someone saying, "This afternoon, starting at 4pm, La Cruz TV will be broadcast from the balcony of our neighbor, Mrs. Rosa Elena Marrobo."
This is how we prepare each news bulletin. Two residents of the neighbourhood, Darío Chacón and Marilín Figuera, gather local news from around La Cruz and then pass it on to the "Bus TV" team. We take a look at it and then add it to a script that we've drafted, including other, more general news (about politics or the economy, for example). Then we send the script back to Darío and Marilín.
Then, Darío dresses up in an elegant outfit and reads the news bulletin into a microphone from one of the balconies in the neighborhood while Marilín films him [Editor's note: even though these videos are never posted online]. Different people in the neighbourhood offer up their balconies. We've also rented a speaker from one of the neighbours so that people in the neighbourhood can hear.
La versión de #LaCruzTV en cuarentena se llama La Ventana TV ????????. Así lo anunció Darío a sus vecinos el sábado pasado ???? pic.twitter.com/CJqbEGJlF6La Cruz TV (@LaCruzTVCaracas) May 18, 2020
"Testing, hello, hello, testing… 'La Cruz TV' has a project during quarantaine that's called 'La Ventana TV'", says Darío Chacón in this video.
Each news bulletin lasts about seven minutes. It always starts with local information, which is really useful for people. Currently, a lot of the news is about coronavirus, but the topics vary immensely. For example, sometimes we do a portrait of someone who just died. Other times, we might share information about the price of fish… the idea is to reach people who have little or no access to the internet or independent media and to get around censorship.
"Today is May 16, 2020. We've been in quarantaine for 61 days in Venezuela. What's happening in La Cruz? The sale of proteins, vegetables in La Cruz were a major help for the community during quarantaine", says Darío Chacón in this video.
We knew Darío Chacón before launching "La Cruz TV": he was nicknamed the 'megaphone' in the neighbourhood because he'd often call out useful public information. We trained him a few months ago. [Editor's note: This is a video of Darío from back in January.] Marilín joined the project in the middle of lockdown so we haven't been able to train her fully yet.
For the time being, we've only done three news bulletins from the windows. We had to stop everything for more than two weeks because a woman in the neighbourhood was suspected of having Covid-19. So we didn't want Darío or Marilín to take any risks. But we'd like to do two "televised news bulletins" a week, which was our rhythm with La Cruz TV.
Tres balcones, tres emisiones de La Ventana TV ????????La Cruz TV (@LaCruzTVCaracas) June 25, 2020
El noticiero #LaCruzTV en cuarentena informando a los vecinos del barrio La Cruz ???? pic.twitter.com/CDgMnowz3W
"Three balconies, three episodes of La Ventana TV"
The start of a "televised news bulletin" presented on a balcony.
Lastly, we've also been hanging up flyers in La Cruz with information about coronavirus, including useful telephone numbers (hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, psychological support, help for women who are victims of domestic violence), political and economic information. It's also something we've been doing in other neighbourhoods and other towns so that people are better informed.
Los papelógrafos de @elbustv ya están en La Cruz ???????? pic.twitter.com/6Mg5kgI4MzLa Cruz TV (@LaCruzTVCaracas) May 31, 2020
These flyers provide information for La Cruz residents.
Article by Chloé Lauvergnier.


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#1 New York Times bestselling authorAward winning authorGripping, unsettling, and richly atmospheric, The River of Souls is a masterful historical adventure and a major addition to Robert McCammon's extraordinary body of work. Featuring the continuing exploits of a young hero USA Today has called 'the Early American James Bond.'
The year is 1703. The place: The Carolina settlement of Charles Town. Matthew Corbett, professional 'problem solver,' has accepted a lucrative, if unusual, commission: Escorting a beautiful woman to a fancy-dress ball.
What should be a pleasant assignment takes a darker turn when Matthew becomes involved in a murder investigation. A 16-year-old girl has been stabbed to death on the grounds of a local plantation. Determined to see some sort of justice done, Matthew joins the hunt for the runaway slaves and embarks on a treacherous journey up the Solstice River, also known as the River of Souls. He discovers that something born of the swamp has joined the hunt ... and is stalking the hunters with more than murder in mind.
What follows is a shattering ordeal encompassing snakes, alligators, exiled savages, mythical beasts, and ordinary human treachery. The journey up the River of Souls will test Matthew's courage, commitment, and powers of endurance. It will also lead him to a confrontation which will alter Matthew's life, setting the stage for the next instalment in this compulsively readable series.

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Isaac McClure is caught between his mother's Ehattesaht world and his father's Scottish. Born at Fort Astoria in 1824, he conceals his Native American identity to come back over the Oregon trail in 1853. He becomes part of racist pioneer society, is outed by chance, and an intense peripeteia ensues.
NARRATION – Marcus Bernacci
Isaac – David Jackson
Royal – Neil Bennett
Producer/Director: Matthew Toffolo http://www.matthewtoffolo.com
Festival Moderators: Matthew Toffolo, Rachel Elder
Casting Director: Sean Ballantyne
Editors: Kimberly Villarruel, Ryan Haines, John Johnson
Festival Directors: Rachel Elder, Natasha Levy
Camera Operators: Ryan Haines, Temitope Akinterinwa, Efren Zapata, Zack Arch
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Clair B. Blindauer
98, Mitchell, SD, Passed away on Wed. Oct. 6. He is preceded in death by his wife (Helen), his Daughter (Susan), and his son (Ron). He leaves behind his daughter, Barbara Lewis & husband Tom Lewis, His daughter Sharon (Norm) Sethem of Hoven, SD, and Julie Phillips of Hartford, SD. He also leaves behind, sister, Anita Robinson of Mitchell, SD. Clair Had a long career of driving semi-trucks with many companies. After retirement, he traveled a lot, then worked at the carwash north Mitchell, with his best friend, Bill Anderson. He has many grandchildren, and great grandchildren. There will be a graveside service at the military cemetery, at the Mitchell Cemetery, at 10:00 am, Sat. morning, Oct. 16th.


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Nobles County Rebuilding Day
September 10, 2022
We are hosting our first Nobles County Rebuilding Day on September 10, 2022!
Please join us for this community event by volunteering as part of our repair crews working to repair homes for our neighbors who need a helping hand.
More details coming soon!
To volunteer to be part of this working celebration or to support this effort with a donation, please contact Galen at 507-200-2015 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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With the rise of industrialization and vehicle usage, air quality has dropped to a dangerous level in most urban areas. Consequently, people are breathe polluted air even inside their homes. Due to this, several uninvited health issues and allergies are common issues people face these days.
But every problem has a solution and air purifiers are an excellent solution for indoor pollution. In fact, millions of households in urban areas rely upon air purifiers to keep the air around them fresh and breathable.
If you are looking for an air purifier in India, air purifier India, best air purifier India, this comprehensive guide will help you.
Table of Contents
- 1 Best Air Purifier – Quick Comparison
- 2 Top Air Purifier Brands In India
- 3 Top Air Purifiers In India – Review
- 3.1 Dyson Pure Hot + Cool Air Purifñier HP04
- 3.2 Dyson Pure Cool Link Tower Air Purifier TP03
- 3.3 Philips Air Purifier AC2887
- 3.4 Coway Professional Air Purifier AP-1019C
- 3.5 Philips AC1215/20 Air Purifier
- 3.6 Eureka Forbes Aeroguard AP 700 Air Purifier
- 3.7 Sharp Air Purifier FP-F40E-W
- 3.8 MI Air Purifier 3
- 3.9 Honeywell A5 53-Watt Air Purifier
- 3.10 Kent Aura Room Air Purifier
- 4 How do air purifiers work?
- 5 Difference Between Air Purifiers, Air Cleaners, and Air Filters
- 6 Do You Need An Air Purifier?
- 7 Buying An Air Purifier – Understand The Terms
- 8 Can You Run An Air Purifier 24/7?
- 9 How To Maintain Your Air Purifier?
- 10 What are the benefits of air purifiers?
- 11 How To Choose Air Purifier Brands In India – Buying Guide
- 12 Frequently Asked Questions
- 12.1 Are the air purifiers worth it?
- 12.2 Are air purifiers safe?
- 12.3 Can an air purifier remove dust?
- 12.4 Can we use air purifiers with open windows?
- 12.5 Can air purifiers remove viruses?
- 12.6 How do air purifiers work?
- 12.7 How air purifiers can be harmful?
- 12.8 When to use an air purifier?
- 12.9 Where to buy the best air purifier?
- 12.10 When to clean the air purifier?
- 12.11 Where to use an air purifier?
- 12.12 Will the air purifier remove the smoke smell?
- 13 Conclusion
What's An Air Purifier?
An air purifier is a household electric device that keeps the room air clean by removing polluted particles and smoke. They are effective in removing several kinds of pollutants, cigarette smoke, smog, etc. That is why air purifiers are considered extremely helpful, particularly for people suffering from breath-related diseases.
Besides that, compact-sized air purifiers provide sufficient portability so that you can install one anywhere, including your home, workplace, or wherever you want.
In further sections, we will be comparing the best air purifiers available in India for your better understanding of air purifiers.
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Best Air Purifier – Quick Comparison
Types Of Air Purifiers
When it comes to variety, air purifiers come in all types to take care of the individual needs of users. You can find different variants of air purifiers in the market based on their usage, unique functionalities, and affordability.
This section lists some of the main kinds of air purifiers available in India and their features. Take a look.
HEPA Filtration Purifier
As the name suggests, these air purifiers are equipped with HEPA filters to amplify their efficiency. With their inbuilt HEPA filters, these machines can capture most of the pollution particles from the air and make them cleaner for you.
Due to their ability to filter more dust and different pollutants, HEPA filtration purifiers are pretty common and popular among consumers. HEPA filtration air purifiers are generally small-sized for better portability. However, you can always opt for larger-sized units if you have bigger spaces to clean.
Ionic Filtration Purifier
An Ionic Filtration Purifier doesn't use filters to clean the air. Instead, it uses electrically charged particles to eliminate the pollutants in the surrounding environment.
Precisely, an ionic filtration air purifier releases negatively charged ion particles to neutralize the allergens, pollutants, and odours in the room air.
Ionizing air purifiers are unarguably powerful and highly effective, but the drawback is that they are considered Ozone dischargers, hence, harmful to the health. But that's not wholly true. In fact, most ionizing air purifiers are found to be safe, and the health risk associated with their use is almost negligible.
Carbon Filtration Purifier
Carbon filtration air purifiers use activated carbon (charcoal) to absorb the impurities from the air. These kinds of air purifiers specialize in filtering out smoke, odours, and gases. Carbon filtration purifiers are known for intense air purification; therefore, an ideal choice for industrial settings.
Despite their fine filtration, carbon filtered air purifiers do not remove bacteria, moulds, and fungus. They come in all sizes and prices to fit well with your requirements and budget.
Ultraviolet Light Purifier
Ultraviolet light purifiers are considered to be the most accurate and effective performers. They use short-wave ultraviolet light to kill up to 99% of airborne bacteria, viruses, moulds, etc.
Although these air purifiers use ultraviolet light for purification, they do not use it directly in the air. UV Light purifiers are generally utilized for highly polluted spaces and not recommended for domestic use. Besides that, these kinds of purifiers require higher consumption of energy to operate.
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Top Air Purifier Brands In India
Before you decide to buy an air purifier, let us give you a detailed insight into India's top air purifier brands to make you hunt for a perfect air purifier a bit easier.
Philips was founded in 1891 and, since then, has been dominating the home appliances market like a king. The company deals in electronics and home appliances and is known for manufacturing quality products.
Talking about the air purifiers, Philips has a wide range of highly efficient and feature-rich models available at affordable price points. Philips air purifiers are highly rated and receive good feedback from consumers. You can check out Philips air purifiers on any online marketplaces like Amazon or visit any local store for the same.
Dyson, as a brand, has a good reputation among consumers because of its high performing product range. The brand doesn't seem to take a chance when it comes to the quality of the products.
The company sells humidifiers, vacuum cleaners, hairdryers, air purifiers, and other top-notch home appliances. Dyson air purifiers are among the most loved hoke appliance products and can be found on different online and offline retail marketplaces and stores.
Sharp is a reputed Japan-based multinational brand that manufactures various types of electronic appliances. We mentioned the word 'reputed' because of the consumers' enormous trust in the brand and its products.
Air purifiers designed by Sharp are generally affordable and highly efficient. The company also keeps introducing innovations and modern features. You can check out and book a Sharp air purifier on Amazon or any other major marketplace as well as offline shops.
Samsung is a well-known giant in the electronics market. The company manufactures mobile phones, televisions, air conditioners, air purifiers, and much more.
Like all other Samsung products, air purifiers also redefine perfection in their own way. Samsung air purifiers are cost-effective, powerful, and loaded with user-friendly features. Samsung appliances, including air purifiers, are widely available everywhere. You can order a Samsung air purifier right now from your home or visit the nearest local store.
MI has successfully established a strong trust factor between the company and consumers in the past few years. And the base of this trust is quality and affordability.
MI is a Chinese brand that is known for manufacturing and designing reliable and high-quality products. And MI air purifiers are no exception. You can check out the rating, review, and other aspects of MI air purifiers on Amazon or Flipkart anytime.
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Top Air Purifiers In India – Review
Now that you know India's top air purifier brands, it's time to review some of the best air purifiers you can purchase in India. The following list covers top-performing and best-rated air purifiers suitable for different requirements and budgets.
Dyson Pure Hot + Cool Air Purifñier HP04
This device is among the most potent air purifiers available on Amazon. If the budget is no bar for you, there is no better option. This certified asthma and allergy patients friendly purifier is equipped with the features like an LCD screen, real-time air quality feedback, sleep mode, auto mode, and much more.
The main attraction is the heater mode that keeps your room warm in the winter. Besides, the device also comes with wi-fi and Bluetooth connectivity and can be controlled through the mobile app. Overall, we can safely label it as the best air purifier in India.
Dyson Pure Cool Link Tower Air Purifier TP03
This Dyson air purifier is powerful enough to effectively eliminate up to 99.95% of bacteria, dust, pollutants, and moulds in your room. Despite its compact size, this little beast is capable of filtering large spaces with ease.
The machine also comes with several cool features, including a vacuum-sealed filter, auto mode, night-time mode, sleep timer, and much more. Users can also conveniently control the device through their mobile phones. All these characteristics make this model the best HEPA filter air purifier in India.
Philips Air Purifier AC2887
Philips never compromises with efficiency and features, and this air purifier proves it well. The device can remove up to 99.9% of airborne dust and pollen. A special auto mode allows the machine to detect and neutralize the bacteria, viruses, and allergens available in the room air.
When the sleep mode is on, this smart air purifier adjusts the noise level to low so you can have a night of uninterrupted sleep. Some added features include smart settings for different airborne impurities, aerodynamic architecture, VitaShield, and smart light control. All in all, this Philips air purifier provides a perfect air purifier under 20000
Coway Professional Air Purifier AP-1019C
If you were looking for a budget-friendly yet powerful air purifier under 15000, here's it. This excellent air purifier engineered by Coway is winning hearts for its top-notch efficiency, intelligent features, and highly considerable price point.
The device removes up to 99.99% of Bacteria, Viruses, Pollens, smelly odours, and Allergens from the room air. On top of that, it is equipped with a filter replacement indicator, air quality indicator, intelligent auto mode, night mode, and turbo mode to enhance the overall user experience.
Philips AC1215/20 Air Purifier
This well-built room air purifier from Philips is irresistible for more than one reason. It is designed to trap 99.97% of allergens, pollutants, odours, and bacteria from the room air and can perfectly filter medium-sized rooms.
The device comes with several auto modes, including general, allergen, and night sense. Besides that, additional features like child lock, low energy consumption, turbo speed, and air quality feedback make it the perfect addition to your home appliances.
Eureka Forbes Aeroguard AP 700 Air Purifier
When we were looking for India's top ten air purifiers, this Eureka air purifier caught our attention for many good reasons. This machine filters the air in 6 stages and effectively removes 99.99% of bacteria, dust particles, pollens, and different kinds of viruses, including H1N1.
Apart from that, the air purifier is equipped with auto mode, sleep mode (ultra-silent), timer mode, and child lock features. It also comes with a real-time air quality indicator to help you understand whether or not you need to put your machine at work right now.
Sharp Air Purifier FP-F40E-W
This budget-friendly Sharp air purifier effectively fights bacteria, moulds, several kinds of deadly viruses, odours, and allergens to keep your health in check. It also has a dual purification feature with a dust and odour sensor to help it purify the room from the ceiling to the floor perfectly.
Some added features, including 20-degree airflow, low noise, and haze mode, make it the perfect value for money air purifier you can purchase online. If you were looking for an air purifier under 10000, this is it.
MI Air Purifier 3
MI is known for its top-performing and budget-friendly devices. This MI air purifier is no different. This air purifier can filter up to 99.97% of pollution particles from the room air when it comes to performance.
It also has smart app control, 360-degree air intake, three-layer filtration, OLED display, app control, and much more. Besides that, users can also sync the machine with Google Assistant or Alexa to control it with voice commands. All these features in an air purifier under 10000 makes it completely irresistible.
Honeywell A5 53-Watt Air Purifier
This room air purifier from Honeywell targets pollutants and toxic gases with an accuracy of 99%. Its washable filters trap small to large pollution particles for all-around cleaning of the room air.
Apart from the quality and budget-friendly price point, the company also claims to be a completely ozone-free device. That means you can sleep peacefully knowing that your air purifier has no adverse effect on your health at all and is entirely safe to use.
Kent Aura Room Air Purifier
If you are on a tight budget but can't compromise on efficiency and features, this Kent aura air purifier is all you need. This portable air purifier for the home specializes in fighting musky odour, cigarette smoke, dust particles, and airborne pollen.
The air purifier also comes with an in-built ionizer and child lock feature to prevent children from tampering with the important settings. Overall, it's a good package for those looking for a budget air purifier for moderate use.
How do air purifiers work?
Different kinds of air purifiers have different functionalities and unique methods of purification. However, in general, an air purifier lets the room air pass through its filter to remove and collect the allergens and pollution particles. A few air purifiers not only remove the unwanted airborne particles but also sanitizes them for better effect.
Some other kinds of air purifiers use the ion effect to conduct the purification process. They discharge negative ion particles to neutralize the positive particles in the air.
Air purifiers come with filters, fans, and housing to help with the purification process.
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Difference Between Air Purifiers, Air Cleaners, and Air Filters
These are a few confusing terms, aren't they? Air purifiers, air cleaners, and air filters are almost the same. However, you can categorize them in terms of their specialities and the types of impurities they remove.
Air filters are used to trap airborne dust and pollutants. Most air purifiers come with inbuilt air filters to clean the room air. They are good at removing toxicants, pollens, smoke, and allergens. On the flip side, air cleaners help deal with several kinds of bacteria, moulds, and viruses. In short, these terms are just the names of different specialities of an appliance.
Before you proceed to buy an air purifier, it's suggested to make sure what kind of impurities you want to remove from your room air.
Do You Need An Air Purifier?
In most urban areas, air pollution is a serious issue. People are obliged to deal with a dangerous level of pollution daily, and resultantly, develop several breathing-related health issues. In such a case, keeping an air purifier at home can be greatly helpful.
Air purifiers are even more helpful for those who have asthma and neurological problems. An air purifier assures a healthy indoor environment and doesn't cost too much to run.
Buying An Air Purifier – Understand The Terms
The air purifier you decide to buy should be in line with your unique requirements. There are a few basic things you need to take into consideration before selecting a unit. The best way to determine the quality of an air purifier is by looking at their PM, CADR, and ACH. These are the basic parameters to predict an air purifier's efficiency.
CADR (clean air delivery rate) depicts how much air a unit filters at a particular time. While the ACH of an air purifier shows how many times it can exchange the room air in an hour.
Can You Run An Air Purifier 24/7?
An air purifier can run continuously without an issue. In fact, they are supposed to run 24/7 and are designed accordingly to ensure clean air all the time. The best part is that the continuous use of air purifiers doesn't cost much as most of the leading brands offer highly energy-efficient models to keep you stress-free.
On top of that, if you want to ensure minimal energy consumption, air purifiers come with power-saving settings to help you with that. So the one-liner answer to the question is that air purifiers can all the time, and they should.
How To Maintain Your Air Purifier?
It doesn't take much to maintain an air purifier. By maintaining, we mean prolonging the life of your unit and keeping its efficiency maintained.
Filters are the most crucial part of air purifiers, and they can be clogged with dust and other pollution particles over time which could affect the unit's efficiency. Clean the filters periodically for the unit to perform flawlessly. It is also essential to keep your filter and device in a working state for longer.
Also, to ensure that your air purifier does its job effectively, be mindful of where you place it. Keep your unit near the window, so it gets sufficient air. Proper airflow amplifies the cleaning process and gives you the best results.
What are the benefits of air purifiers?
Air purifiers are beneficial in keeping your indoor air clean, healthy, and breathable. People living in big cities have to deal with high pollution levels daily. While it's not in your hands to avoid outdoor pollution, the best you can do is to keep your home and workplace pollution-free.
Air purifiers are designed to do that for you. They remove almost several kinds of pollens, allergens, odours, smoke, and even Bacteria and Viruses to keep your health in check.
Apart from that, air purifiers don't cost much to run and maintain. They are energy-efficient devices that can keep your home pollution-free without breaking your bank.
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How To Choose Air Purifier Brands In India – Buying Guide
By far, we have covered many things about air purifiers, including the leading air purifier brands and the top models available in India. But in this section, we will be helping you determine what an ideal air purifier looks like and how to pick the best model according to your needs.
Basically, in this section, you will learn what characteristics and features to consider when buying an air purifier, so you never make a wrong purchase decision.
In general, air purifiers come in all types and budgets to cover different types of requirements. For example, some of the main kinds include HEPA filtration, carbon filtration, Ionizer filtration, etc. All these air purifiers differ in functionalities and particular impurities they purify.
HEPA filters are the best solution for dust, pollution particles, bacteria, viruses, and bigger and solid airborne impurities. On the other hand, carbon and ionizer filtration based air purifiers can tackle smoke, gases, and odours. You can choose one based on your purification requirements.
The size of an air purifier matters. Bigger units generally come with higher efficiency and CADR. If you want to purify comparatively bigger spaces, a large-sized air purifier will easily be able to meet your needs.
Basically, a small-sized unit can purify a 300 sq. ft. room, while medium and large-sized air purifiers can filter up to 700 and 2000 sq. ft. rooms, respectively.
Types Of Pollutants Filtered By The Filter
When you plan to buy an air purifier, be sure about the pollutants it filters. Does it remove the impurities about which you are concerned? Different filters have their unique specialities.
For instance, HEPA filters are good at trapping physical particles such as moulds, pollens, bacteria, viruses, etc. But if you want to mainly get rid of smoke, odours, and toxic gases, you must ideally go for the carbon or ion filters.
Certifications/ Rating
Certified air purifiers are scientifically tested for their efficiency to remove certain kinds of bacteria and viruses. In general, air purifiers from reputed brands come with the necessary certifications to back their claims and are highly trusted.
It's always better to prefer a certified unit over the non-certified one. Also, don't forget to check the rating and reviews from existing customers before you finalize a unit.
Cost of Filters Replacement
HEPA filters are among the most efficient filters out there. But the downside is that they don't provide much durability. You should change HEPA filters every 12 to 15 months. Carbon filters also need a replacement after the same period. However, cleaning the filters periodically can prolong their overall lifespan.
If we talk about the cost, air purifier filters are generally priced between 5000 to 6000 Rs. for some brands. Besides, some of the budget-friendly filters also come at 2000 Rs.
Air purifiers are meant to be installed in living spaces, and therefore, noisy purifiers can be a bit annoying. While purchasing an air purifier, always check the noise level of the unit to avoid future inconvenience.
Although the modern air purifiers offer almost soundproof filtration, the noise is still not entirely negligible. Most standard models produce 30 to 50 dB of sound while working, which is not loud enough to interrupt your sleep. However, it's best to check the noise level of an air purifier beforehand.
Air purifiers are not very bulky. Considering that, the weight of an air purifier doesn't affect the efficiency and portability of the unit. Even if you require to shift your unit from one place to another frequently, the weight should not be your prime concern.
In general, standard air purifiers with moderate to high efficiency weigh around 4 to 6 kgs.
Room Size
To determine which air purifier is perfect for a particular room, check whether the CADR of the unit is well in line with your room size.
A room up to 300 sq. ft requires 140 of the CADR value, while a room between 300 to 600 sq. ft. will require an air purifier with a 270 CADR value for the best results. Similarly, a 400 CADR air purifier can easily take care of the whole house of up to 1000 sq. ft.
Standard air purifiers provide sufficient portability due to their compact size and low weight. The weight of a standard air purifier is generally between 5 to 7 kgs. That means the transportation of a unit is both easier and inexpensive.
You can prioritize other essential aspects when selecting an air purifier as portability is not of concern.
Energy Efficiency
Air purifiers are supposed to run all the time to keep the room air clean. It's essential to ensure that the air purifier you are investing in is energy efficient to avoid abnormal electricity bills.
The general electricity consumption of an air purifier in a year is about 550 kWh, which we think is affordable. However, if energy efficiency is your main concern, go for an Energy Star certified air purifier as they are the most energy-efficient variants of air purifiers out there.
Let's admit that the price is the main deciding factor while purchasing most cases. But you need not be stressed out as you can find many leading brands offering powerful air purifiers under your preferred budget.
To give you a rough idea, standard air purifiers for moderate to high purification requirements cost between 10000 Rs to 40000 Rs. The more you spend, the better features you get. However, a budget air purifier with a price tag of 15000 Rs. is also capable of taking care of your purification needs.
Also check out Swami's take on the Top 8 Camera Drones in India
Frequently Asked Questions
As of now, this guide has covered almost everything you need to know about air purifiers. However, we can sense that you might still have some questions about the topic. So, we will answer some most frequently asked questions to clear all your doubts once and for all.
Are the air purifiers worth it?
Air purifiers do purify the indoor air to make it clean and healthy. They also protect the users from several kinds of bacteria and viruses. Most air purifiers are scientifically tested and certified. Overall, air purifiers are worth it.
Are air purifiers safe?
Certain kinds of air purifiers are falsely believed to emit harmful ozone gas. But after several tests, air purifiers are not found to have any adverse effect on human health.
Can an air purifier remove dust?
Air purifiers are also effective in removing not only dust particles but also bacteria, viruses, allergens, smoke, and many other kinds of airborne impurities. For example, some Hepa filtration based air purifiers can filter from the ceiling to the floor for the best results.
Can we use air purifiers with open windows?
Yes. You can use your unit with open windows. The airflow is better when you place it near the window.
Can air purifiers remove viruses?
Certain brands offer certified air purifiers that are tested for fighting several kinds of deadly viruses, including H1N1. In general, Hepa filters are best for virus and bacteria removal.
How do air purifiers work?
Hepa filtration based air purifiers pull the room air and run it through their filters to trap various airborne pollens, dust, moulds, bacteria, and allergens. Once the impurities are filtered, the clean air is circulated back into the room.
On the other hand, Ionizing based air purifiers use negatively charged ions to neutralize the pollution particles and microbes directly in the air.
How air purifiers can be harmful?
Some air purifiers are believed to discharge a small amount of ozone during the operation. But that's not something serious as this ozone emission is too low to cause any adverse effect on human health. In fact, almost all kinds of air purifiers are safe for humans according to various tests.
When to use an air purifier?
Ideally, you should use air purifiers continuously to keep the indoor air clean. But if you don't want to keep your unit up all the time, it's best to run it in the evening and night or whenever you think the room air is polluted.
Where to buy the best air purifier?
There are several marketplaces to find top-class air purifiers. The major ones are Amazon and Flipkart. Apart from that, you can also visit a local electronics store to buy an air purifier of your choice.
When to clean the air purifier?
Most air purifiers come with an indicator light to notify users whenever they need to clean their unit. However, clean filters every 2-4 weeks for seamless performance.
Where to use an air purifier?
Considering that air purifiers fight indoor pollution and make the air cleaner and more breathable for you, it's best to keep your unit at a place where you spend most of your time. In other words, if it's a room air purifier, keep it in your bedroom or living room to get the most out of it.
Will the air purifier remove the smoke smell?
Yes, air purifiers can remove the smoke smell and several other kinds of odours. Carbon filtration based air purifiers specialize in removing gaseous impurities, and so they are the best solution in fighting smoke, odours, and toxic gases.
In conclusion, after this detailed guide, we hope you are now confident enough to buy a perfect air purifier according to your unique requirements.
The best purchase is the one that fits every essential parameter, such as efficiency, features, power consumption, and affordability. Even though we have listed the top 10 air purifiers in this guide that fits well on all critical parameters, let us conclude the guide with our best pick.
In our hunt for the best air purifier available on Amazon, we found this beauty worthy enough to be in No. 1 position on our list. Above all, Philips Air Purifier AC2887 air purifier is an excellent performer, an intelligent power utilizer, and all the modern features. In fact, this model from Philips has everything you could wish for at this ultra-affordable price point.
That's it! Happy buying!
We hope you love the products we recommend! Just so you know, Swag Swami may collect a share of sales from the links on this page.


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KNOXVILLE, Tenn. (WATE) — One of the biggest hassles with any sports game is figuring out where to park. Here is a list of several options for parking at University of Tennessee football games.
The City of Knoxville and knoxparking.com provided a list of places to park on game day.
Parking Garages or Lots
|Garage or Lot
|Estimated time walking
|Blackstock Avenue Parking Lot
|640 Blackstock Avenue
|$10 for Cars or $25 for RVs per day
|1.5 Miles
|30 Minutes
|City County Building Garage
|400 Main Street
|1.1 Miles
|19 Minutes
|Civic Coliseum
|500 Howard Baker Jr Blvd
|$10 for Cars of $40 for Bus
|1.4 Miles
|30 Minutes
|Dwight Kessel Garage
|900 State Street
|1.2 Miles
|25 Minutes
|Fort Kid Lot
|1050 World's Fair Park Dive
|0.7 Miles
|15 Minutes
|Langley Garage
|407 Walnut Street
|1.1 Miles
|23 Minutes
|Locust Street Garage
|540 Locust Street
|1 Mile
|20 Minutes
|Main Street Garage
|550 West Main Street
|0.8 Miles
|18 Minutes
|Market Square Garage
|406 Walnut Street
|1.1 Miles
|23 Minutes
|Poplar Street Parking Lot
|906 Poplar Street
|0.7 Miles
|14 Minutes
|State Street Garage
|500 State Street
|1.2 Miles
|26 Minutes
|World's Fair Park North Lower Lot
|820 Grand Avenue
|1 Mile
|20 Minutes
Estimated times for walking to Neyland Stadium were generated through Google Maps. Walking times will likely take longer as foot traffic before games will be much busier than normal foot traffic.
For those who are looking for the best chance to find a space, the City Council Building Garage, the Dwight Kessel Garage or the Locus Street Garage may be the best options. They have 850, 964, and 649 parking spaces respectively, according to knoxparking.com.
Metered parking is also available for $25 on the street, according to the city. The city warns that Game Day rates begin at 7 a.m. for Saturday games. The following streets are listed:
- Clinch Avenue, between 18th and 19th Streets
- Lake Avenue, between Melrose Place to Volunteer Boulevard
- Laurel Avenue. between 20th and 21st Streets
- Locus Street, between Main Street and West Hill Avenue
- White Avenue, between 13th and 22nd Streets
- Worlds Fair Park Drive, between 11th Street and Clinch Avenue
- 13th Street, between Cumberland and White Avenues
- 14th Street, between Clinch and White Avenues
- 16th Street, between Clinch and Cumberland Avenues
- 18th Street, from Cumberland to White Avenues
- 19th Street, from Clinch to White Avenues.
While the city says prices are subject to change, the prices listed are what was detailed on their website as of August 31.


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The great Hollywood actor Henry Fonda – Young Mr. Lincoln, Tom Joad, Juror 8, Mr. Roberts – is not typically associated with Minneapolis. He was generally thought of as a Nebraskan, having been born in tiny Grand Island and beginning his acting career in Omaha. He considered Nebraska "home" his entire life. But Fonda did indeed spend two years in Minneapolis, from 1923 to 1925, studying journalism at the University of Minnesota, and working and rooming in a settlement house in North Minneapolis.
Fonda is one of those celebrities we in Minnesota can make a half-hearted claim on, but not really justify bragging about too much because they didn't live here for very long. (My friend Brad Zellar has suggested the terms "Microsotans" – Amelia Earhart and Tammy Faye Bakker, both of whom have been profiled in this column and who spent about a year each here, might also fall into this category.) Fonda's two years in Minneapolis weren't a particularly fruitful or eventful time in his life; in fact, the whole experience only takes up about two pages in his memoirs.
That said, a look at Henry Fonda's time in the city does give us some insight into his later career and his values, and tell us a great deal about the Minneapolis of the 1920s. Fonda's experiences were limited to a few square miles encompassing Near North, downtown and the University of Minnesota campus, and the streetcar lines that connected them. Most of the important sites in his time here are gone, but we can still follow his footsteps and see the city as he might have. Retracing his life here won't tell us much about Hollywood, the art of acting or film, but there are some interesting tidbits about the history of journalism, transit and social work to be picked up along the way.
Why did Fonda choose to attend school in Minnesota? The obvious choice for a kid from rural Grand Island was enrolling in the University of Nebraska. However, while in high school, Fonda worked odd jobs for Northwestern Bell. The company was headquartered in Minneapolis, and Fonda figured he could have his job transferred to the home office and stay with the phone company as he worked his way through college.
His plan only half-worked. He was hired by Northwestern Bell, but not as a full-time employee – only for troubleshooting on weekends. Fonda would have clocked in at the same address that phone company employees do today, at 3rd Avenue and 5th Street, where the CenturyLink Tower is now located. The art deco Northwestern Bell building was one of the crown jewels of downtown Minneapolis after opening in 1932, but Fonda didn't work there. The building that preceded it on that site was markedly less impressive.
Once accepted to the U and working for Northwestern Bell, Fonda declared a journalism major. He enjoyed writing and had a few short editorial pieces published in Nebraska. One biographer described his attraction to journalism as a "conventional" option for a boy who'd come from "conventional people" – it was "a creative, active occupation, nominally stable," for those "trying to follow a design for living." That's not totally accurate. Describing journalism in the 1920s in such bland terms doesn't quite capture how novel and unconventional the idea of studying journalism in an academic setting was at the time. As a profession, it still carried a whiff of disreputability.
The journalism department at the University of Minnesota that Fonda enrolled into barely counted as a department. In fact, it had only been established the year Fonda enrolled, 1923. It wasn't formally absorbed into the School of Liberal Arts – or even given designated classrooms – until almost 20 years later. It was an outlier, vaguely associated with the school of business, but a sort of bastard program with no permanent home on campus. Before the 1920s, the only journalism classes were offered at the St. Paul campus, for aspiring agriculturalists looking to edit farm journals. The university's hesitance to fully embrace the academic study of journalism was matched only by that of the city's journalists. "The typical reporter and editor saw something positively dangerous in submitting his work to the bourgeois influence of a university," writes James Gray in an early history of the U's efforts to establish a journalism department. "Journalists might be trained; newspapermen, like poets, were born."
This was the fledgling department Fonda entered in the fall of 1923. He would have darted from class to class in the oldest, most ramshackle buildings at the U – basements in Folwell Hall, the old Music Building, attics in Pillsbury Hall. His colleagues in the journalism program were young and exceptionally ambitious strivers. An early history of the department boasted of the willingness of its students to shoulder intensely demanding work loads: They would "step up the pace of the journey toward independence by taking on exacting jobs or nearly full-time assignments. … He will close his books after a late afternoon class and report directly for duty on the night shift. … Though his flesh may shrink under these trials of strength, his spirit seems to thrive."
This double-full-time work and school load perfectly describes Fonda's experience. The job at the phone company didn't pay nearly enough for him to survive, so a colleague at the U got him a second job, with room and board, "at the Unity Settlement House at the north end of Minneapolis," Fonda wrote later in his memoirs. "The house was a three-story brick building with an enormous playground in the back. Inside, it had a huge gym, a track, basketball courts, and underneath lockers and a pool. They ran my tail off, those kids at the Settlement House." Fonda lived there and worked with boys for two years.
The Settlement House movement was a few decades old. Working in the model of Jane Addams' Hull House in Chicago, the settlement houses were privately run organizations that provided social services of all kinds for new Americans in the city's poorest neighborhoods – everything from classes, employment training and medical services to courses on cooking, sewing and recreation. The boys Fonda worked with would have come from all over – Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, Ireland, Germany, Italy, elsewhere. Unity Settlement House was founded on the north side in 1897, and was located between Washington Avenue North and Second Street North at 17th Avenue North, where the Old Colony gas station is located today. (The 1924 city directory shows him living and working at that address.)
The house closed in the late 1960s and the building was demolished, but the organization was absorbed into the Pillsbury United Communities foundation, which continues much of the same work today in community centers around the cities.
Fonda's coaching and activities work at the Unity House, combined with his studies and telephone company work, was relentless. "I had eight o'clock classes, I worked from three to seven at the Settlement House. Over the weekend, if Northwestern Bell needed me, I'd troubleshoot for them," he wrote. After 7 on weekdays, he'd eat dinner with the kids at the Settlement House, and then organize basketball games with them until late. "By eleven-thirty, I'd get upstairs to my room and the homework for the next day. Every night I'd fall asleep over my books, dead tired."
Commuting between the Unity House and the university, Fonda would have taken the Washington Avenue streetcar, and transferred to the University Avenue line near the West Bank. "Cost a nickel for a 45-minute ride, but when it was thirty below zero … that damn forty-five minute ride with a ton of books on your back or in your arms seemed one helluva lot longer," he later recalled.
He couldn't keep up the pace. "By the end of my sophomore year, I was so exhausted that when they passed out the blue books for the final exams, I just sat in class and drew pictures instead of answering the questions. That did it! I flunked out of Minnesota."
In 1925, he returned to Nebraska. There, he'd become involved in a theatrical production at the Omaha Community Playhouse, run by Marlon Brando's mother, Dodie. Acting became his passion, and a few years later, he'd strike it east to try his luck on Broadway. Henry Fonda never returned to journalism or coaching basketball – or Minneapolis.
As noted, Fonda's time as Microsotan isn't particularly novel or eventful. However, it's worth pointing out that so many of his roles are associated with a sense of earnest, hardworking idealism and goodness – "no one has a more American voice … a more Midwestern look and character, straightforward, open and unpretentious," as Noel Coward said of him. It's the sort of character and sensibility that he might have cultivated working in a Settlement House with the children of immigrants, or studying journalism in a fledgling program fighting for respectability.
At the very least, you can drive past the Old Colony gas station and know that, for two years, the man who played Tom Joad lived in a tiny dorm room there.


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Microsoft filed a complaint for infringement of intellectual property rights against the portal Beebom, which published the ISO image of the new operating system Windows 11. Thus, the corporation actually confirmed that the leaked distribution is official.
Many users were sure that this was not an official assembly from Microsoft, but some kind of reworked assembly from the craftsmen, which had nothing to do with the official release. The lawsuit states that this forum infringed Microsoft copyright by distributing licensed content itself on the platform.
In the assembly of Windows 11, there are indeed a lot of elements borrowed from the current version of Windows 10. In particular, in the internal files of the new OS, there are indications of the "top ten".
After Windows 11 leaked to the Web, there was a lot of data about how this version differs from Windows 10. But at the same time, Windows 11 revealed elements that look almost exactly the same as in Windows 3.11. But almost 30 years have passed since the release of the latter.
And, although we are talking only about dialog boxes for choosing a file or specifying a location for its storage, it is significant in itself that since 1992, when Windows 3.11 was released.
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|Bachelor of Nursing (Honours) (Applied Degree Places)
(Programme introduction video)
|School/ Department
|School of Health Sciences
|Programme Code
Please select [SSSDP Unfilled Places] Bachelor of Nursing (Honours) (Year 1) -護理學榮譽學士 (一年級) for applying this programme via the online application system
|Duration and Mode of Study
|5-year full-time programme
The programme could possibly be completed in a shorter duration depends on situation
|Medium of Instruction
|Qualification Frameworks
|QF Level: 5
QR Registration No.: 14/003432/L5
Registration Validity Period: 01/09/2014 – 31/08/2026
|Subsidized places are available under the Study Subsidy Scheme for Designated Professions/Sectors (SSSDP). A subsidy of HK$78,280 will be provided to each eligible student in 2023/24 academic year.
|Application Procedure
|For local applicants with HKDSE examination results (including sub-degree holders /potential graduates), please apply through JUPAS. After having successfully applied to our BNUR (Hons) programme and is given a JUPAS Application Number, please complete the the Supplementary Information Collection Form via the following link: https://cihecb.cc/BNADapp for your application to proceed.
Supplementary Information Collection Form
All applicants can log into our online application platform to view their application and upload the supporting documents (Transcript / Graduation Certificate / Proof of study) after Early January 2023 via the following link: https://onlineapplication.cihe.edu.hk/oa/admission/home
Online Application Platform
|Contact Us
|3702 4388


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The Saudi Arabian League of the season is back with another football match for the fans. Many visitors will visit the arena to watch this outstanding match of the day and maybe, it will be amazing to watch this match. According to the updates, team Al-Ettifaq (ETT) and team Al-Ahli Saudi (AHL) is going to entertain the fans tonight. Yes, both teams are all set to entertain the watchers once again with their gameplay. As per the point table, it seems that all the teams of the league have played lots of matches before and going to play another one tonight.
It will be interesting to watch this match in the arena which is about to begin in just a few hours and fans are also collecting some amazing players to collect the best players of the league. It will be interesting to watch this battle once again. If you are ready to watch this match so, the tickets are available on the official website of the league from where you can buy the tickets. Here are some more details of the match and you can select the best players for tonight's match.
ETT vs AHL:- Match Details
- Team Names:- Al-Ettifaq (ETT) vs Al-Ahli Saudi (AHL)
- League:- Saudi Arabian League
- Venue:- Prince Mohamed Bin Fahd Stadium
- Date:- Friday, March 4, 2022
- Time:- 11:15 PM IST
ETT vs AHL:- Team Squad
Al-Ettifaq (ETT):- Saeed Al Mowalad, Filip Kiss, Ibrahim Mahnashi, Hamed Alghamdi, Salem Al-Maqadi, Jaber Qarradi, Mohamed Al-Kowaikaby, Ahmed Alghamdi, Naim Sliti, Ali Hazazi, Faisal Al-Ghamdi, Hassan Al Salis, Rais Mbolhi, Abdullah Al-Bahri, Mohammed Alhaeti, Ail Fuad, Abdullah Al-Saleh, Saad Al-Mousa, Saad Al-Saluli, Belal Al Dawaa, Fahad Al-Dossari, Hamad Alsayyaf, Majed Al-Najrani, Mohammed Mahzari, Saad Al-Khayri, Abdullah Al-Oaisher, Sanousi Alhwsawi, Abdullah Khateeb, Ayoub Abdellaoui, Abdullah Al-Salem, Robin Quaison, Fahad Zahim, and Saeed Alrubaie-Alyami.
Al-Ahli Saudi (AHL):- Mohammed Al-Majhad, Filip Bradaric, Ayman Yahya, Abdulbaset Al-Hindi, Mohammed Al-Zubaidi, Salman Al-Muwashar, Ali Majrashi, Hassan Al-Ali, Talal Al-Absi, Othman Al-Haj, Hani Al-Subayani, Rayane Hamidou, Yasser Al-Mosailem, Abdulrahman Al-Sanbi, Firas Al-Ghamdi, Ziyad Al-Johani, Abdullah Almogren, Mohammed Majrashi, Carlos Eduardo, Franck Kom, Omar Al-Somah, Abdulrahman Ghareeb, Muhammad Khabrani, Mohammed Alrubeai-Alyami, Ezgjan Alioski, Dankler Luis, Fahad Al-Hamad, Haitham Asiri, Nooh Al-Mousa, Housain Al-Mogahwi, Hamdi Nagguez, and Ali Al-Asmari.
ETT vs AHL:- Lineups Player
Al-Ettifaq (ETT):- Abdullah Al-Salem, Robin Quaison, Abdullah Khateeb, Ayoub Abdellaoui, Saeed Al Mowalad, Filip Kiss, Ibrahim Mahnashi, Hamed Alghamdi, Abdullah Al-Oaisher, Sanousi Alhwsawi, and Ahmed Alghamdi.
Al-Ahli Saudi (AHL):- Abdulrahman Ghareeb, Ezgjan Alioski, Dankler Luis, Fahad Al-Hamad, Mohammed Al-Majhad, Filip Bradaric, Mohammed Alrubeai-Alyami, Franck Kom, Omar Al-Somah, Ayman Yahya, and Carlos Eduardo.
ETT vs AHL:- Match Prediction
As we can see that team ETT is at the 15th spot with 21 matches where they won 4 matches and lost 9 matches. On the other side, team AHL is at 11th spot with 22 matches where they won 5 matches and lost 7 matches. According to the sources, team AHL has more chances to win this match against the rival teams tonight.


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Acute enzootic muscular dystrophy of adult lambs at Basrah, Iraq
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,
2022, Volume 36, Issue 2, Pages 471-477
AbstractAcute enzootic muscular dystrophy of adult lambs due to vitamin E and/or selenium deficiency was suspected in local adult lambs of Basrah, Iraq. The study was conducted on 82 adults local breed lambs 8-11 months of age. Suspected animals show panting with increase abdominal respiration and mouth breathing, recumbence and unable to stand with acute death within 24-48 h. Fifteen clinically healthy lambs were considered as controls. The hematological changes indicated a significant decrease in RBC, Hb, and PCV reflected macrocytic hypochromic type of anemia. Indices of clotting factors show significant changes in diseased adult lambs. Results of the biochemical changes indicated a significant decrease of vitamin E, and the glutathione peroxidase, in diseased animals, whereas, a significant increase indicated in the values of AST, CK and troponin I. Results of the post-mortem examinations showed enlargement of the heart with a white-colored irregular patch. Furthermore, results of histopathological changes indicated an acute cellular degeneration of myocardial fibers associated with diffuse interstitial edematous fluid in the myocardial parenchyma and acute cellular degenerative myocardial fibers with a marked degree of degeneration in the myocardial parenchyma. It has been concluded that, acute enzootic muscular dystrophy has an adverse harmful clinical effect on adult diseased lambs which could always be terminated with death.
Acute enzootic muscular dystrophy of adult lambs at Basrah, Iraq
Jihad A. Ahmed1, Hassanin N. Al-Autaish2 and Kamal M. Al Saad3
1Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, 2Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah, Iraq
Acute enzootic muscular dystrophy of adult lambs due to vitamin E and/or selenium deficiency was suspected in local adult lambs of Basrah, Iraq. The study was conducted on 82 adults local breed lambs 8-11 months of age. Suspected animals show panting with increase abdominal respiration and mouth breathing, recumbence and unable to stand with acute death within 24-48 h. Fifteen clinically healthy lambs were considered as controls. The hematological changes indicated a significant decrease in RBC, Hb, and PCV reflected macrocytic hypochromic type of anemia. Indices of clotting factors show significant changes in diseased adult lambs. Results of the biochemical changes indicated a significant decrease of vitamin E, and the glutathione peroxidase, in diseased animals, whereas, a significant increase indicated in the values of AST, CK and troponin I. Results of the post-mortem examinations showed enlargement of the heart with a white-colored irregular patch. Furthermore, results of histopathological changes indicated an acute cellular degeneration of myocardial fibers associated with diffuse interstitial edematous fluid in the myocardial parenchyma and acute cellular degenerative myocardial fibers with a marked degree of degeneration in the myocardial parenchyma. It has been concluded that, acute enzootic muscular dystrophy has an adverse harmful clinical effect on adult diseased lambs which could always be terminated with death.
Keywords: Vitamin E, Selenium, Deficiency, Lambs, Iraq
الحثل العضلی الحاد للحملان البالغة فی البصرة، العراق
جهاد عبد الأمیر احمد1، حسنین هشام العطیش2 و کمال الدین مهلهل السعد 2
1فرع الأمراض وإمراض الدواجن، 2فرع الطب الباطنی والوقائی، کلیة الطب البیطری، جامعة البصرة، البصرة، العراق
تم الاشتباه فی حدوث الحثل العضلی الحاد للحملان البالغة بسبب نقص فیتامین هـ / أو نقص السیلینیوم فی الحملان البالغة المحلیة فی البصرة، العراق. أجریت الدراسة على 82 من الحملان البالغة تراوحت أعمارهم بین 8-11 شهرًا. أظهرت الحیوانات المشتبه بها زیادة التنفس البطنی والتنفس الفموی، الاستلقاء مع عدم القدرة على الوقوف مع موت حاد خلال 24-48 ساعة. تم اعتبار خمسة عشر حملًا سلیمًا سریریًا کمجموعة سیطرة. أشارت التغیرات الدمویة إلى انخفاض معنوی فی عدد کریات الدم الحمراء، وخضاب الدم، وسرعة ترسیب کریات الدم الحمر والتی انتتجت فقر الدم من النوع ذی الکریات کبیرة الحجم قلیلة الصباغ. کما أظهرت نتائج الدراسة حدوث تغیرات معنویة واضحة وجلیة فی عوامل تخثر الدم فی الحملان المریضة. أشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى حدوث انخفاض معنوی فی مستوى فیتامین (هـ) وخمیرة الکلوتاثایونین بیروکسیدیز فی الحیوانات المریضة، فی حین لوحظت الزیادة المعنویة فی قیم خمیرة الاسبارتیت ناقلة الأمین والکریاتین کاینیز وخمیرة التروبونین. أظهرت نتائج التشریح للحیوانات النافقة تضخم القلب مع وجود رقعة بیضاء غیر منتظمة. فضلا عن ملاحظة تنکس خلوی حاد لألیاف عضلة القلب المرتبطة بالسائل الوذمی الخلالی المنتشر فی النسیج الحشوی لعضلة القلب وألیاف عضلة القلب التنکسیة الخلویة الحادة مع درجة ملحوظة من التنکس فی النسیج الحشوی لعضلة القلب. استنتج أن الحثل العضلی الحاد له تأثیر سریری ضار على الحملان البالغة المریضة والتی یمکن دائمًا قد تنتهی بالموت.
Acute enzootic muscular dystrophy is one of the important nutritional deficiency diseases affected animals caused by a deficiency of vitamin E and/or selenium. It has been documented that when the soils contain a trace amount of the selenium, Therefore, the grains and forages produced will be deficient in selenium, and on the same approach when the forages have less quality with bad stored it will be deficient in vitamin E, therefore when the animals eat those types of food without additional supplementation, that may be exposed to nutritional deficiency to this disease. The disease always affected lambs. calves, kids, and even foals (1-3). Moreover, it has been shown that animal feed contains high polyunsaturated fatty acids such as fish meal, cod liver oil, soybean, linseed and corn oils reduce the absorption of vitamin E and selenium (4). Vitamin E and selenium are important micronutrients for good animal's health throughout the life cycle and the realization of a high level of production (1). Globally, there is a widespread occurrence of selenium and vitamin E diseases in animals, leading to substantial financial losses to animal producers. As the vitamin E and selenium contents of feed ingredients and their effective availabilities vary widely, a continuous supply of an active form of these micronutrients to farm animals is required (2). It was documented that, the main function of vitamin E and Selenium in the body is that Selenium is a biochemical component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX). which protect tissues from oxidation. Where, they act as an antioxidant, which prevents the oxidative damage of tissues because they were responsible for the integrity of most of the tissue membranes (skeletal and cardiac muscles, spleen, red blood cells, and adipose tissues) (3). Normally any cellular action especially of some specific cell membranes (those whom rich in unsaturated fatty acids) might produce normal west products such as hydrogen peroxide, therefore, the accumulation of these west products cause oxidation of tissues, thus, Vitamin E and selenium act as an antioxidant and prevent the oxidative damage of these cells or membranes (5). Furthermore, selenium deficiency can affect the function of neutrophils (6). On the other hand, it thought that vitamin E can stimulate the immune mechanism (7). It has been shown that, at Basrah, Iraq, adult lambs show signs of acuteenzootic muscular dystrophy with acute death which is considered as an infrequent disease registered in this area with little information provided, therefore the current work aimed to investigate the clinical biochemical and diagnostic studies of this disease.
Materials and methods
Animals and study areas
The current study was conducted on 82 adults local lamb breeds 8-11 months' age (males and females), at Basrah, Iraq. The study was started from March 2020 to June 2020. Animals are of different body weight and have a history of recent turnout for grazing at lush green grazing areas, however, animals have dry feeding at night time, moreover, the water sources were the usual field water sources. Suspected adult lambs show signs of panting with increase abdominal respiration and mouth breathing with acute death within 24-48 h. Fifteen clinically healthy local adult lamb breeds were considered as a control group. Complete clinical and laboratory examinations have been applied to all suspected and control animals according to standard clinical techniques (3).
Samples and Hematological analysis
Ten milliliters of blood were drawn from the jugular vein from each animal, 3 ml mixed with EDTA used for complete blood picture on full digital veterinary hematological cell counter (USA), another 3 ml of blood mixed with trisodium citrate for a complete evaluation of blood factor indices analysis using a special kit from (Biolabo, France). In addition, the clotting time was done according to Dayyal (8). The remaining blood is used for separation of serum used for biochemical analysis and kept under -20° until analysis.
Biochemical analysis
Biochemical analysis is done for evaluation of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) using commercial colorimetric assay kit from Elba science biotechnology by using spectrophotometer technique. Evaluation of serum glutathione peroxides was done using sandwich enzyme assay according to manufacturer's instructions from the Al-Shkairate establishment for medical supply, Jordon. Evaluation of troponin I assay ELISA kits from diagnostic automation, Cortez Diagnostics. Evaluation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and, creatinine kinase (CK) using commercial kits from Roche diagnostics.
Microscopic and histopathological analysis
A macroscopic and histopathological examination has been applied to all carcasses that died due to the disease (since twenty-nine of disease adult lambs was die after show the clinical signs and after sampling), as all the animal internal organs were examined visually and histologically, However, the focus has been made on the heart because is considered as the most parts of the body affected by the disease. All examinations were done according to Maxie (9).
Statistical analysis
It was done by using the SPSS, for comparison between the diseased animals and controls. Mean and standard error of the mean was calculated, moreover, P
Diseased adult lambs showed different clinical manifestations which included, loss of appetite 92.61%, panting with increase abdominal respiration and mouth breathing 89%, recumbence and unable to stand 85.32 %, and acute death within 24-48 hrs 53.31% (Table 1). Moreover, clinical examinations of diseased adult lambs revealed a significant increase in the respiratory and heart rate of diseased lambs compared with controls (Table 2). Furthermore, table 3 showed the hematological changes indicated in diseased adult lambs compared with clinically healthy lambs, which represents a clear significant decrease in RBC, Hb, and PCV values reflected a macrocytic hypochromic type of anemia of affected diseased lambs. On the other hand, indices of clotting factors of disease adult lambs and control group showed a significant decrease in the values of total platelet count and fibrinogen time, whereas, values of the platelet distribution width, the mean platelet volume, the clotting time, the prothrombin time, and the activated partial thromboplastin time are increased significantly in diseased adult's lambs than in controls (Table 4). Results of the biochemical changes of diseased adult's lambs and controls indicated a significant decrease of vitamin E, and the glutathione peroxidase, in diseased animals, whereas, a significant increase has been indicated in the values of AST, CK and troponin I, in diseased adult's lambs compared with the control group (Table 5).
Table 1: Clinical signs of diseased adult lambs
Clinical signs
Number of diseased adult lambs n=82
Loss of appetite
Panting with increase abdominal respiration and mouth breathing
Recumbency and unable to stand
Acute death within 24-48 hrs
Table 2: Clinical examinations of diseased adult lambs and control group
Clinical examination Parameters
Control group (n= 15)
Diseased adult lambs (n =82)
Body temperature (C°)
Heart rate (minute)
Respiratory rate (minute)
Table 3: Hematological parameters of diseased adult lambs and controls
Controls (n= 15)
Diseased adult lambs (n=82)
RBC (x106)
Hb (mg/dl)
MCV (fl)
MCHC (g/dl)
TLC (x103)
Neutrophils (absolute)
Lymphocytes (absolute)
Monocytes (absolute)
Eosinophils (absolute)
Basophils (absolute)
Table 4: Clotting factor indices of diseased adult lambs and controls
Clotting factor indices parameters
Controls (n=15)
Diseased adults lambs (n=82)
The total platelet count (g/L)
The platelet distribution width (%)
The mean platelet volume (fL)
The clotting time (minute)
The prothrombin time (second)
The activated partial thromboplastin time (second)
Fibrinogen time (second)
Table5: Biochemical changes of diseased adult lambs and controls
Biochemical parameters
Controls n=15
Diseased adult lambs n=82
α-tocopherol (mg/L)
Glutathione Peroxidase(mU/mg Hb)
Troponin I ng/ml
As for the results of the postmortem and histopathological examinations of the dead carcasses the results were shown that enlargement of the heart was detected with a white-colored irregular patch. Moreover, different white patches of different sizes were also detected on the endocardial area of the heart (Figure 1).
Figure 1: (a) Left side hypertrophy of the heart with multifocal whitish colored patches (arrow), (b) different multifocal whitish colored patches of different sizes were also detected on the cranial part of the endocardial area of the heart.
Results of histopathological changes were also indicated an acute cellular degeneration of myocardial fibers associated with diffuse interstitial edematous fluid in the myocardial parenchyma (Figure 2). Furthermore, acute cellular type of degenerative myocardial fibers with a marked degree of degradation in the myocardial parenchyma was also indicated (Figure 3). However, infiltration of inflammatory cells mainly macrophages that referred to multifocal coagulative necrosis of myocardial fibers associated with cellular debris in the myocardial parenchyma was also seen (Figure 4).
Figure 2: Histological section in the heart of diseased adults lamb shows acute cellular degeneration of myocardial fibers (A); associated with diffuse interstitial edematous fluid in the myocardial parenchyma (B). H&E stain, 10X.
Figure 3: Histological section in the heart of diseased adult lamb shows the acute cellular type of degenerative myocardial fibers (A), as well as to the marked degree of degradation in the myocardial parenchyma (B). H&E stain, 10X.
Figure 4: Histological section in the heart of diseased adult lamb shows infiltration of inflammatory cells mainly macrophages that referred to multifocal coagulative necrosis of myocardial fibers (A) associated with cellular debris in the myocardial parenchyma (B). H&E stain, 10X.
Acute nutritional muscular dystrophy is an important and common disease associated with inadequate intake or utilization of vitamin E and Selenium, is a peracute to sub-acute myodegenerative disease of cardiac and skeletal muscle (3). The disease is commonly affecting ruminants and non-ruminant's animals, mostly those of younger ages and grow rapidly such as lambs, calves, kids, and foals, especially when their dams have long period feeding on vitamin E and /or Selenium deficient diet during the winter times (11).
It has been shown that, selenium and vitamin E are known as antioxidants, therefore, the deficiencies of these important nutrients could lead to harmful oxidative damage to tissue cells within the body. The muscle cells are the most vulnerable to damage in livestock species, as, oxidative damage will cause degeneration of muscles, especially the skeletal and cardiac systems (1,12). If the cardiac muscles are affected the animal may show signs of respiratory distress. Whereas, when the skeletal muscles are affected it will result in weakness, stiffness, and recumbence (5). Moreover, it was documented that, sheep particularly can get sufficient quantities of vitamin E when grazing on natural herbs, as, the natural pastures were rich in vitamin E, on the contrary, it was found that cereal grains, root crops, silage, oilseeds, and even the dry hays could be tacky quality sources of vitamin E. Moreover, prolonged, stocked-up food could be ended in the decay of the vitamin E content (13). The deficiency of vitamin E could always affect animals those who feed bad and poor type of hay with fewer sources of diet contains vitamin E or those rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, stress or unusual exercise due to prolong grazing time, could increase the myopathies (14).
In the present study adults, lambs exhibited different clinical manifestations which were also mentioned by others (1,5,7). Clinically two forms of the disease were identified, the cardiac and skeletal forms. The cardiac form occurs most commonly in neonates and typically has a rapid onset animal may be found severely debilitated or dead. However, difficulties of respiration will be a manifestation of damage to cardiac, diaphragmatic, and intercostal muscles (4). Moreover, in older animals, a locomotor disturbance and/or circulatory failure may accompany respiratory signs (5). In clinical practice, animals could display paresis, stiffness or inability to stand, rapid but weak pulse, and acute death, the Mortality may reach more than 70% (3).
It was shown that, sudden death preceded with paresis detected in deficient diseased animals with particular postmortem changes was always characteristic and diagnostic (5). In the skeletal form of the disease, the diseased animals show signs of stiffness, refuse to move due to painful muscles, however, young animals will be unable to rise with dysphagia, as well as that subclinical cases could result in subtle immune defects (15). Ill thrift and reproductive losses are the most common manifestation which could result from the deficiency of vitamin E and/or selenium, since, it could reflect poor growth rate and unthrifty young lambs, furthermore, both vitamin E and selenium could play specific roles in immune rezones of normal animals (12).
The mean function of vitamin E is a component of the antioxidant system that protects those cellular components rich in lipids (such as the mitochondrial membranes, cellular membranes, the plasma membranes, and also the endoplasmic reticular tissues) from lipid peroxidation by decreasing hydro-peroxide formation, moreover, selenium, which is a necessary component of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), also acts to minimize the oxidative damages via devastating the peroxides in the body's more aqueous environment (3). Furthermore, feeds rich in vitamin E, but poor in selenium, may assist and predispose in the development of white muscle disease in younger animals since the non-membrane proteins are less conserved by the peroxidase enzyme, therefore, it still at the same of the oxidative damage activities (1). Contrariwise, when the food contains a low level of vitamin E and rich in selenium will be at the same risk some sub-cellular components that are not protected by the GSH-PX system (3).
In the current study, obvious hematological changes were indicated in diseased adult lambs compared with controls, since a significant decrease has been revealed in the values of RBC, Hb, and PCV which reflect macrocytic hypochromic anemia. same results were also indicated by Mohri et al. (4) and Ghanem et al. (5), It was documented that, hemolytic anemia is most likely happened as the fragility of erythrocytes is increased and premature lysis is undertaken as a function of vitamin E deficiency (2,4).
Alternation of clotting factor indices was indicated in the current work. Significant depression of platelets count as well as the fibrinogen time was seen in diseased adult lambs which reflected by the bleeding tendency indicated in the carcasses, moreover, a significant increase of the platelet distribution width, the mean platelet volume, the clotting time, the prothrombin time and the activated partial thromboplastin time was also indicated in diseased adult lambs compared with controls. same results were also mentioned by Smith et al. (1) and Hassan et al. (16) Who attributed the reasons for this to the relations between the vitamin E and/or selenium deficiency and the effectiveness of the indices of clotting factors, since, it was documented that vitamin E. is considered as the inhibitor factor for the platelets aggregation mechanism. Moreover, animals with vitamin E and/or selenium deficiency have an increased value of plasma thromboxane which relieved by vitamin E supplement (5), furthermore, it was postulated that vitamin E deficiency could encourage and enhance the formation of blood clots which assist in the creation of dissemination of intravascular coagulation mechanisms (3).
In this study, the levels of vitamin E and selenium were clearly decreased in diseased animals compared with the control group. Vitamin E is considered the main and important antioxidant factor in the body, nevertheless, not all its characterizations could be detected in this action and its main activities are confined to act in cell membranes to prohibit the spreading of free radical interactions and reactions, although it has been also indicated to have pro-oxidant activities (17,18). On the other hand, it was shown that the non-radical oxidation products could be created through the reaction between alpha-tocopheryl radical and the other free radicals, which are together with glucuronic acid and excreted through both bile and urine. In addition, vitamin E is transported in plasma lipoproteins, and after the absorption, via the intestine, it could be packaged into chylomicrons, which along the lymphatic pathway will be secreted into the systemic circulation (1). Furthermore, some workers have been also added that the accumulation of the toxic peroxide activity could finally end with cell membrane damage followed by clear injury to the living tissue causing myopathies. This per-oxidative damage action is associated with the promotion of liberation of the lysosomal enzymes, as the activity of which can increase several times at the beginning of detection of the clinical signs (7). Deficiency of vitamin E and/ or selenium were less controlled of cardiac and skeletal muscles as well as the nerves, thorough a disturbance of muscle contractions allowing movement action, the heartbeats, rumen contractions, and lung functions, which are all could be affected by the deficiency. Moreover, the conversion rate of the food, the growth activities, and the reproduction are also could influenced (19). The serum biochemical analysis of the adult lambs affected with the deficiency of vitamin E and/or selenium is also associated with the changes in vitamin E and selenium status. As, the results indicate a significant increase in the values of AST, CK as well as troponin I.
It was shown that the most contributing factor in the laboratory diagnosis of muscular fibers degenerations is the creatinine kinase which is considered as the most particular and sensitive index of muscular damage. This enzyme is highly specific for both the skeletal well as cardiac muscles and is released directly into the bloodstream after the unusual exercise and muscular degenerations. Moreover, aspartate aminotransferase was also considered as an indicator for muscle degenerations, however, also liberated from other damaged liver cells. and, generally, the high levels of both enzymes in diseased animals have just been turned out and exposed to uncommon exercise (20-23). Furthermore, the cardiac degenerations could always lead to an increase in the level of serum troponin I. which also can indicate in different diseases affecting animals such occurs in inflammation of pericardial and endocardial tissues, In the foot and mouth disease of cloven-footed animals especially the cardiac form, on the other hand, there was a good relationship between the magnitude of the troponin levels and the severity of histological evidence of myocardial damage was also reported which in general indicated that serum troponin will always reflect the approved scale in the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of cardiac muscle injuries (24,25).
Carcasses die due to vitamin E and / or selenium deficiency showed different macroscopic and microscopic views which are also indicated by others (3). It was proved that post mortem lesions resulted from deficiency of vitamin E and/or selenium include the petechial hemorrhages and edema of the muscles. Furthermore, the most important hallmarks indicated in the carcasses are pale to white streaking of affected most skeletal and cardiac muscle, diaphragmatic area, and even the tongue (7).
Lesion caused by deficiency of vitamin E and /or selenium was also mentioned by Smith (1) and Constable et al. (3) in calves and lambs, who described the macroscopic appearance of the lesions found in the muscles is considered a constant illness, nonetheless, those muscular lesions could different extremely in different animals. Where, most lesions will contain localized areas of whitish or grayish discoloration which indicated the degeneration and necrosis of the muscle fibers. Moreover, it was known that in clinical cases associated with myocardial effects, a white color region of degenerations will indicate, which could found in various areas, especially under the endocardium rejoin of both left and right ventricles in lambs (5). However, these lesions might include the papillary muscles and the inter-ventricular septum and have a gritty character consistent with mineralization. Furthermore, on histopathological examinations, the pictures indicated a non-inflammatory cardiac muscle lesion which are seen in all animal species represented with hyaline degeneration is followed by coagulative necrosis and variable degrees of mineralization which are also indicated in the current study (1).
It has been found through the results of this study that the acute muscular dystrophy has obvious effects on adult lambs, causing harmful damage to their heart and skeletal muscles, as well as a clear negative impact on the animal's general health, which may lead to the death of these animals and the occurrence of great economic losses. Therefore, it is necessary to follow up the animal's diet to reduce the effects of this disease in farm animals
The authors would like to thanks the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah for their assistance.
Conflict of interest
In this scientific work, there is no conflict of interest.
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- Jilani T, Iqbal MP. Vitamin E deficiency in south asian population and the therapeutic use of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) for correction of anemia. Pak J Med Sci. 34(6):1571-1575 2018. DOI: 10.12669/pjms.346.15880
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- Ghanem MM, Anwar MR, Abd El-Raof YM, El-Attar HM. Clinical, hematological and biochemical changes in lambs suffered from nutritional muscular dystrophy. Benha Vet Med J. 2016;30:(2)61-66. DOI: 10.21608/BVMJ.2016.31331
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11. Fakour S, Alimohammadzadeh P. Vaziry A. Evaluation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), electrocardiography, creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in diagnosis of selenium deficiency in Markhoz goat kids breed. Iranian J Vet Med. 2017;11(2):125-133. DOI: 10.22059/IJVM.2017.62192
12. Kumar N, Garge AK, Mudgal V, Dass RS, Chaturvedi VK, Vaarshney VP. Effect of different levels of selenium supplementation on growth rate, nutrient utilization, blood metabolic prophile, and immune response in lambs. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008;126:44-56. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-008-8214-8
13. Mène-Saffrané L, Pellaud S. Current strategies for vitamin E biofortification of crops. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2017;4:189-197. DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.01.007
14. El-Neweehy TK, Abdel-Rahman HA, AlQarawi AA. Effect of administration of vitamin E-selenium preparation to pregnant ewes on serum muscle-specific enzymes in their lambs. Small Rumin Res. 2001;41:87-89. DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(01)00194-8
15. Abutarbush SM, Radostits, OM. Congenital nutritional muscular dystrophy in a beef calf. Can Vet J. 2003;44(9):738-739. 2003. [available at]
16. Hassan AA, Jassim HM. Changes in some blood parameters in lactating female rats and their pups exposed to lead: Effects of vitamins C and E. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2021;25(1):1-7. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2011.5708
17. Menzies P, Langs L, Boermans H, Martin J, McNally J. Myopathy and hepatic lipidosis in weaned lambs due to vitamin E deficiency. Can Vet J. 2004;45:244-247. [available at]
18. Al-Baker AA, Al-Kshab AA, Ismail HK, Ashwaq AH. Effect of silver nanoparticles on some blood parameters in rats. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2020;34(2):389-395. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.165812
19. Zarczyñska K, Sobiech P, Pomianowski A, Waclawska A, Stopyra A, Illek J. Changes of selected biochemical indicators and electrocardiography indicators in nutritional muscular dystrophy in calves. Acta Vet Brno. 2012;81:119. DOI: 10.2754/AVB201281020119
20. Sharun K, Manjusha KM, Kumar R, Pawde AM, Malik YP, Kinjavdekar P, Maiti SK. Prevalence of obstructive urolithiasis in domestic animals: An interplay between seasonal predisposition and dietary imbalance. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2021;35(2):227-232. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126662.1358
21. Ashwaq AH, Rana AA. Effect of vitamin C and acetylsalicylic acid supplementation on some hematological value, heat shock protein 70 concentration and growth hormone level in broiler exposed to heat stress. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2020;34(2):357-363. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.125950.1195
22. Abood HK, Judi AH, Al-Ani AA. The effect of experimentally induced vitamin E and selenium deficiency on creatinine kinase (CK) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) activities in Awassi ewes and their newborn lambs. Kufa J Vet Med Sci. 2021;3(1):132-137. [available at]
23. Ataollahi F, Mohri M, Seifi HF. Diagnostic value of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate amino transferase (AST) in selenium deficiency in lamb. Revue Med Vet. 2013;164:207-211. [available at]
24. Babium L, Jaffe AS. Troponin: The biomarker of choice for the detection of cardiac injury. Can Med Assoc J. 2005;173:1191-1202. DOI: 10.1503/cmaj/051291
25. Tharwt M, Al-Sobaiyl F, El-Sayed M. Cardiac troponin I in healthy new born goat kids and in goat kids with cardiac nutritional muscular dystrophy. Act Vet Hung. 2013;61:442-53. DOI: 10.1556/AVet.2013.041
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The Witch: Religious Madness and Persecution in Early America
The Witch. 2015. Directed & Written by Robert Eggers. Starring Anya Taylor-Joy, Ralph Ineson, Kate Dickie, Harvey Scrimshaw, Ellie Grainger, Lucas Dawson, Bathsheba Garnett, Sarah Stephens, Julian Richings, & Wahab Chaudhry. Parts and Labor/RT Features/Rooks Nest Entertainment/Code Red Productions/Scythia Films/Maiden Voyage Pictures/Mott Street Pictures/Pulse Films/Special Projects. Rated 14A. 93 minutes. Horror/Mystery ★★★★★ People will tellContinue reading "The Witch: Religious Madness and Persecution in Early America"


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Houston Rockets Fire Head Coach Kevin McHale
The Houston Rockets fired head coach Kevin McHale Wednesday morning, November 18th, after a disappointing 4-7 start to the season, according to reports.
With the Rockets early struggles, people began to speculate that it was only a matter of time until the Rockets saw a coaching change. Jonathan Feigen of the Houston Chronicle reports that it was a decision that management made only after they felt like McHale had lost support from the locker room.
While there has yet to be any official word of who the Rockets may potentially bring in to replace McHale, for now, J.B. Bickerstaff will become interim head coach, and assistant Chris Finch will be promoted to associate head coach.
The Houston Rockets fired coach Kevin McHale, league sources tell Yahoo Sports.
— Adrian Wojnarowski (@WojYahooNBA) November 18, 2015
Rockets management (Alexander, Morey, Brown) didn't want to make move, believed Kevin McHale lost the locker room. Things would not change.
— Jonathan Feigen (@Jonathan_Feigen) November 18, 2015
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While there has yet to be any official word of who the Rockets may potentially bring in to replace McHale, for now, J.B. Bickerstaff will become interim head coach, and assistant Chris Finch will be promoted to associate head coach.
With the Rockets having reached and easier spot in their schedule, the organization made the change sooner rather than later in hopes that the team can find some solid ground during a long season.
I hope the best for McHale, and I am thankful for his four years in Houston. That being said, I've been awaiting a coaching change for a couple of seasons now, and I am excited to see where the Rockets go from here. General manager Daryl Morey has assembled a great roster, here's hoping he can find a great head coach.
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Bike thefts continue to rise in Denver
And if we know anything from history, it'll get a bit worse over the summer.
Anyone with the NextDoor app has seen the posts.
"Bike theft."
"Someone stole my bike, again."
Denver saw a record-breaking rise in bike thefts in 2020, and the issue continues to be hotly debated, with victims becoming more and more frustrated.
"Biking has become, for some people, a part of who they are," said Zeke Anouna, who had his bike stolen several weeks ago. "Biking has become their passion, and these bikes are so expensive these days. It's pretty devastating to lose it."
According to city data, 571 bikes have been stolen as of May 31. The highest hit areas are Five Points, with 62 reported bikes, Union Station, Capitol Hill and Speer. As the summer months roll through, residents can expect that number to soar.
Denver Police spokesperson Jay Casillas said during the warmer months, "more people are out and about with their bikes and garage doors are left open" which can lead to "bad people" taking bikes that are out in plain sight.
The trend is cyclical. Going back to 2016, bike thefts peak in July, August and September and, of course, decrease during the colder months.
By this time last year, 643 bikes were taken. Specifically during the summer of 2020 (between June and September), 964 bikes were reported stolen. Last year was an outlier, in every sense of the word. But bike thefts have risen in the city by 49 percent since 2017.
Bryan Hance is the co-founder of Bike Index, a nonprofit bicycle registration service used by the biking community across the country. He said bike theft has increased significantly throughout the pandemic, but theft was a problem before COVID.
Hance blames it on three factors, including the rise in bike prices, which on average can cost $4,000; bike ridership increasing; and the ease of selling products online via apps such as OfferUp.
"You can rob someone at 9 a.m., put it on an online app at 9:30, and have it bought before 10, all before the victim is aware," Hance said.
Will I get my bike back?
Maybe. In Anouna's case, yes.
Anouna, a 33-year-old tech consultant, said his bike was stolen about five weeks ago from his Washington Park home, after thieves scaled his six foot-fence and broke into his garage.
Besides his turquoise Yeti SB95, which he said costs around $5,000, a cooler, a weed whacker, the spare keys to his truck and his garage door opener were also stolen.
"I wasn't being as smart as I could've been," Anouna said. "I could have had the bike locked up, but I figured with a locked gate and a door to the garage, it wasn't likely that I'd have unwelcome visitors."
Anouna filed a report and had previously registered his bike with DPD.
On Wednesday, police called Anouna with good news. They found his bike, though not the other stolen items.
Casillas said registering a bike with the police is the number one way to ensure that a bike is returned if stolen. Hance echoed the sentiment and suggested registering the bike with as many services as possible.
Besides registering, Casillas and Hance add that bikes should be secured with a quality lock, and owners take multiple pictures with their bikes for evidence and keep the serial numbers close at hand.
"Follow the safety tips," Casillas said. "Those aren't 100% either, but if your bike does get stolen, if you have taken those steps to document your bike, there's a higher probability that you will get your bike back."
Hance said victims should also post their bikes on apps such as NextDoor and Facebook groups, including Denver Stolen Bikes, which has over 4,400 members. He adds that most bikes are returned through efforts by the bike community.
"We knew long ago that the people who are most likely to recover a bike are regular people," Hance said. "Sometimes it is left to the community."
But Casillas advises against approaching a suspected thief.
"Always err on the side of caution," Casillas said. "Don't put yourself in any danger."
Anouna is grateful that his bike was recovered and adds that registering his bike was the main reason it was found.
But Anouna said he has spent thousands of dollars on security equipment, and through video he can see that thieves continue to return to his home.
He feels that maybe something more can be done, like an increase in police presence.
Casillas said there isn't a specific task force for bike theft but adds that there are officers who will investigate any tips and who will look into any suspicious-looking bikes.
But again, Casillas said, if the bike isn't registered or reported stolen, there's no way to recover the bike.
In the meantime, Anouna is ready to get his bike back and hopes the security systems in play will deter any future theft.
"I'm sure (police) have priorities, and I'm not one to say that they're prioritizing wrong, but this is a huge problem," Anouna said. "The bike is replaceable…. But the stress of thinking 'when are they going to come back' is the larger problem. I think if cops understood that then maybe it would be more of a priority."