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A Conversation with Legal Fellow Dayja Tillman
Published: February 8, 2023
While in her third year at the UC Davis School of Law, Dayja Tillman applied for a job with the ACLU of Michigan. In a letter that accompanied her stellar resume, Tillman, who has lived many places but considers Pontiac home, wrote this: [ More » ]
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A third dose of Moderna Inc.'s Covid-19 vaccine increased antibody levels against the omicron variant, results the company described as reassuring while it works on a shot tailored to the new strain.
A 50 microgram booster dose – the authorized amount, which is half the dose used for primary immunization – saw a 37-fold increase in neutralizing antibodies, the company said in a statement Monday. The company also tested a 100 microgram dose, which increased antibody levels 83-fold compared with the primary two-dose course.
The results add to a growing body of evidence that three shots will be needed to neutralize the fast-spreading omicron. Pfizer Inc. and BioNTech SE said earlier this month that a third shot of their vaccine restored protection to a level similar to the initial two-dose regimen against the original virus.
The data are "reassuring," Moderna Chief Executive Officer Stephane Bancel said in a statement. "To respond to this highly transmissible variant, Moderna will continue to rapidly advance an omicron-specific booster candidate into clinical testing in case it becomes necessary in the future."
The shares rose 6.5% in premarket trading in New York.
"The actual fold increase is only valuable if it's compared with other vaccines," said Sam Fazeli, a Bloomberg Intelligence analyst. "These levels should increase protection against infection but the key question is how long do they last."
The Moderna data are based on lab tests using blood sera from 20 booster recipients with each dose, with antibody levels measured on day 29 post-boost, the company said. Moderna said it plans to submit the results for online publication.
Moderna is testing different booster candidates against a range of variants in mid and late-stage trials. The biotech said it plans to start testing its omicron-specific vaccine in humans early next year. It has also been testing the safety and tolerability of the higher 100 microgram booster dose.
The higher dose level was generally well tolerated, with adverse events at a similar frequency to those experienced after the primary two-dose course. There were slightly more frequent side effects from the 100 microgram third dose than the 50 microgram booster, the company said.
(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)

subset: commoncrawl


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Modern Art and its Meanings
The art world can often appear a perplexing and impenetrable place, and its definitions can seem shrouded in mystery.
Up until around the mid-1800s, artistic movements were more strictly defined, but when we look back on the last 150 years, modes of expression have begun to intermingle and influence one another – often to the point of bewilderment. So, what exactly is modern art? How do we define it? Where did it come from and which artists were considered pioneers of the movement? What is its relationship with abstract, post-war, and contemporary art?
This article will answer all these questions and more, to help decode and demystify the era of modern art and its conception.
What is modern art, and how do we define it?
The era of modern art began in the mid-late 19th century until the mid 20th century. It has no one style but instead refers to a collection of movements that are defined by a rejection of, or departure from, the traditional ideals of classical art. So it was, above all else, 'avant-garde': both revolutionary and experimental. Modernist artists explored different materials, subject-matter and techniques as well as developed new theories about art, its role in the contemporary world, and the function of the artist.
Where did it begin?
A group of artists based in Paris in the mid-1800s, now known as the Impressionists, were the first to fully turn away from the traditional modes of art that were upheld at the time. From 1816 onwards, an annual exhibition called 'The Salon' was held at the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. It was here that artists' reputations were made and broken, depending on whether their work was accepted into the exhibition, and the governing powers of the institution had highly conservative and traditional tastes. For centuries, the most celebrated artworks had focussed on 'academic' genres and a very limited subject-matter that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity, namely the mythological, biblical, historical, portraiture (of nobility) or landscape.
The Impressionists set out to overturn these genres that they saw as lifeless and irrelevant to the modern world and instead began creating paintings of everyday life and subjective experience, often suffused with the light and movement of their immediate surroundings. As 'The Salon' turned their nose up at these new 'shocking' paintings, the impressionists set up their own annual exhibition to show their work, 'The Salon des Refuses' (Exhibition of the Refused) and thus began the epoch of Modern Art.
Why were the impressionists interested in modern life in particular?
There were two central reasons why the impressionists were moved to capture the experience of modernity. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution brought about a period of rapid change which profoundly changed economic, social, and cultural conditions of those who lived in the West. New modes of transport, manufacturing and technology changed the way people travelled, worked and lived. These new exciting and advanced surroundings were of great interest to the impressionists.
Secondly, the rise of impressionism can be seen, in part, as a response to the newly established medium of photography. Photography encouraged the impressionists' to produce a 'snapshot' of ordinary people doing everyday activities, but it also negated the need for capturing reality in exact detail. A photograph already did this for them - and better than they could possibly do. Instead they attempted to record their 'moment of truth' by focussing on colour, light and movement. This turn away from an objective representation of visual reality towards a more subjective impression gave rise to the beginnings of abstract art.
So, what is abstract art?
Abstract art is defined by a departure from the depiction of objective reality. Like modern art, it does not refer to movement but a wider approach to representation. Abstract art is nearly always guided by theory or an overarching concept, rather than an attempt to replicate materiality.
Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky is widely credited as the first artist to create a truly abstract piece in 1910, although Francis Picabia, Piet Mondrian and Hilda Af Klimt could also be considered contenders for the crown. In reality, our late Palaeolithic ancestors were the first to scratch abstract shapes and marks onto the walls of their caves but, as we can never know their intentions, their contributions are overlooked within the wider history of abstraction.
What is post-war and contemporary art?
Like modern art, both post-war and contemporary art can be classified into loose time periods; 1945 – 1970 and 1970 – present day, respectively.
'Post-war' means exactly that – art works produced during the period immediately following WWII. Many of the artists working at this time were attempting to deal with the horrific aftermath of the war, thus much of their work focussed on re-establishing both personal and collective identity. As a result of Europe's instability during and following the war, the centre of the art world shifted from Paris to New York and has arguably remained there ever since.
'Contemporary' refers to any art works produced after 1970 until the present day. In vernacular English, 'modern' and 'contemporary' share the same definition which can lead to confusion. 'Modern art' and 'contemporary art' do not and refer to entirely different paradigms. Whilst modern art challenged the conventions of representation, contemporary art challenged the very notion of artwork itself. As a result of globalism and cross-cultural influence, contemporary art is wonderfully diverse, in subject matter, medium, form and concept.
For more information about any of the artists, movements or works mentioned in this article, please contact Clarendon Fine Art on +44 (0) 20 7499 0947.


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Marketing Manager в Tetra Pak
- Participate in development of the Market Business Plan based on analysis of the market covering the entire value chain in identified priority categories.
- Identify market growth initiatives aligned with the cluster growth strategy, deploy and execute initiatives
- Identify new product requirements based on value chain needs in key categories.
- Work closely with customers to secure strategic alignment and deliver best customer value
- Analyse and use research data with customers. Apply market and business intelligence to company opportunities.
- Deliver marketing services for key customers drawing materials and methodologies from Regional/Central organisation.
- Manage Promotional Investment spend for respective scope, follow up and control in accordance with rules and processes
- Define future intelligence requirements for the Russia market and liaise with Marketing Director and cluster business intelligence supporting research projects as needed.
- Drive and ensure a strong marketing relationship with the Sales and Business Development team to ensure that each growth strategic initiative is supported from a marketing perspective with insights and value-driven activation accordingly.
- Lead and as well as participate in cross-border projects and meetings
The Ideal Candidate
Professionally, to become a successful Marketing Manager in our organisation, you need to have at least 7 years of Marketing Experience, preferably gained as a marketing manager / leader at a global organisation where sustainability is also important. You have professional skills in cross-portfolio, marketing communication, category management, understand the importance of using digital going forward, etc. You have a good experience within B2B and B2C marketing and understanding of the FMCG marketing principles counts as a big plus. You are fully fluent in English, both written and spoken, your computer literacy (Excel, Word, PowerPoint) is sufficient for the role.
As a character, you are energetic, structured and have a creative mind. You can work on strategic level combined with execution mindset and taking ownership for projects as well as customers. You have excellent communication skills, equally adaptable in written/verbal communication and presentation situations. You can engage people on all levels. Besides, you can demonstrate strength in analysing data and formulating recommendations. With your outstanding business understanding, you can make numbers meaningful in the context of the wider business. Your strong project management skills can help you to effectively support the organisation in achieving business targets. You should be available to visit customers.
Please mention the Your Job telegram channel as the source of information regarding this position


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Royal WestmorelandBarbados
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Discuss your requirements with a villa expert
What we love
- World class championship golf course
- Lush landscaped grounds
- Panoramic views
An exclusive Barbados golf estate, Royal Westmoreland is one of the Caribbean's finest luxury communities. This sprawling Barbados property boasts some of the most luxurious holiday villas, townhouses and apartments each with magnificent fairway and ocean views. The expansive development offers a world class championship golf course expertly designed by Robert Trent-Jones Jnr.; the tennis village; the Sanctuary with onsite fitness centre and swimming pool; a luxury spa and beach facility at Mullins; and a full-service Clubhouse with restaurant and many fine retail stores. Vacation villas are nestled in lush landscaped grounds within the spectacular estate providing guests with a unique blend of privacy, luxury and outstanding service.
The estate's superbly appointed properties are well positioned to take full advantage of the cooling island breezes and panoramic views to the West Coast and Caribbean Sea beyond. Situated on a ridge in St. James within close proximity of the beach and several amenities in Holetown and Speightstown, the exceptional location draws high profile personalities and discerning individuals from around the world. Indeed for anyone with a taste for luxurious living, be it for a holiday or to call home, Royal Westmoreland exceeds every expectation.
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- Gym - (shared)
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- Watersports by request - Our Concierge can assist with arrangements
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Boys Soccer Power Poll
Jeff Graham
The latest and greatest among boys soccer teams in the area coming at you. For the second straight week, South Kitsap is ranked No. 1
1. South Kitsap (6-0) The Wolves have shut out three straight opponents. Justin Moore needs one more goal to reach double digits.
2. Bainbridge (5-2-2) The Spartans are winless in their last two games.
3. North Kitsap (6-2-1) Nate May posted 10 saves in a 1-0 win over Kingston on Thursday.
4. Kingston (6-2) The Bucs defense might not be as strong as it was last year. But they're close.
5. Bremerton (4-2-2) Besides North Kitsap, the Knights are the only other Olympic League team without a league loss.
6. Central Kitsap (5-5) Snapped a two-game winless streak on Thursday against Mount Tahoma.


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The snarky comments he put in his motion to withdraw probably won't help his case.
Evan Stone Appeals Judicial Slapdown And Sanctions For Ethics Violations
from the this-won't-end-well dept
Last month, a court smacked down copyright troll lawyer Evan Stone, who had been caught sending out subpoenas to identify those he was suing, even after the judge had ordered him to wait until he could rule on the matter. This was a big, big deal, because it was a clear abuse of Stone's subpoena power as a lawyer — especially since the judge recognized that the entire purpose of the lawsuit was to identify individuals in order to send "pay up" threat letters. The judge ordered Stone to pay a $10,000 sanction, alert other courts where he had cases pending, and to pay the legal fees of Public Citizen and the EFF, who represented the defendants in the case.
You might think that Stone would learn when it's appropriate to stop digging. But he hasn't. Instead, as That Anonymous Coward alerts us, Stone has appealed the ruling (pdf, and embedded below). There aren't many details, just notice of the appeal:
Notice is hereby given that Evan Stone, a subject of a sanctions motion filed by attorneys ad litem after termination of their ad litem appointment, appeals now to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit from the sanctions order entered September 9, 2011 (Dkt. 17), which finally disposes of the only remaining issue in this case.
While brief, it suggests he's arguing that because the motion for sanctions was filed after he tried to weasel his way out of the case, they were improper. Remember, Stone filed (petulantly) to drop the case just days after he was alerted by Public Citizen lawyers that they'd discovered he was sending out subpoenas despite the judge's order. Pretending that dismissing the case lets him off the hook isn't likely to play well in court.
Filed Under: copyright, evan stone, sanctions, subpoenas


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This 'Threat attempt blocked' message actually shows MY IP address. Imagine a streamer getting this one on live, exposing him to DDOS, his losses could be counted in thousands $. And if he were during a COD or CSGO tournament, even tens of thousands! I hope it happens to someone and sue you for his losses. Maybe then you…
Over the years of using Bitdefender, I occasionally got a notification that someone was trying to scan my ports. It was bearable, lately however, several times a day I have the message Attempted threat blocked from Online Protection, these messages do not allow me to watch movies, games are minimized to windows, the admins…


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In late September 2016, the government of Uttar Pradesh (UP) held a rather unusual meeting in Lucknow. A motley combination of doctors and entrepreneurs from nonprofits, hospitals and venture capital funded-startups had gathered for what looked like an interesting experiment in outsourcing. A word that rings a bell in tech but not in healthcare. That the world's largest and richest charity, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, was involved, added a sincere and reassuring flavour to a state government invitation. And it was about outsourcing primary healthcare in 11 centres.
People were called to thrash out the nitty-gritty of a proposal for international competitive bidding that would be officially floated. And it was, in December 2016. It's the first time that a state government is outsourcing primary care not with an aim to reduce its own expenditure but to improve quality.
Traditionally the responsibility of the state, primary healthcare delivery has been rolling downhill. From over 25,000 Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) set up across the country, only about 5,000 meet the government's own public health standards, a third do not have labour rooms and about two-thirds do not have operation theatres.
The poor state of the PHCs is not unknown to the government and industry. The problem here isn't a lack of funds, nearly three-fourths of the country's health budget goes into addressing primary care. India spent close to Rs 21,000 crore in 2012-13 alone through the rural health mission. Now, the government has committed to a health budget of Rs 48,878 crore for the current fiscal year, out of which the national health policy stipulates that 70% would be spent on primary healthcare. It amounts to around Rs 34,214 crore. Not enough for the whole country, but big enough to attract private companies.
So the question entrepreneurs asked at the meeting was: Is this an opportunity? It's a question the government—both at the Centre and in the states—has been asking itself over and over again. If the UP government's proposal, floated with the help of the Gates Foundation—which has been working in the state since 2012—works out, it could crack open a massive opportunity, which private healthcare providers have been wary of wading into.
Quality over quantity
Primary healthcare is the state's responsibility for a reason—it does not generate a revenue stream for private providers. Dr Hanumappa Sudarshan, founder of Karuna Trust, which operates such centres in the remote parts of Karnataka, says that a profit motive alone cannot drive a PHC because its key role is preventive healthcare, including immunisation.


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Three Thoughts On Creativity
Breakdown: By Nate Staniforth
I met Nate when I was 21. I was consulting on a TV show in London, and when I first arrived at his hotel with the show's director, I was completely exhausted and terribly overworked. It was clear that both the director and I were at our witts end. We'd come straight from several location recces and had a shoot to go onto next.
But Nate was calm, collaborative and passionate. He did everything right in every way possible. He asked about us, he asked for our thoughts, our advice and he wanted to know more about the show.
We'd worked with well over thirty magicians on that show, and you wouldn't believe how much of a shock it was when Nate asked the VT director for their thoughts/notes. To give you an idea of just how wonderfully collaborative Nate was, I should share just some of the ways in which the crew embraced him.
The assistant producer found a British pub close enough for us to go to at lunch after they overheard Nate say he'd love to go to a British pub while he was in town. Derren Brown, an executive producer on the show, made a point of visiting the studio. And a runner stole a prop from the location because she wanted Nate to be able to take it home with him to show his family.
Look, you gotta read to what this guy writes because whatever it is he's doing, it's working. Nate's book, Here Is Real Magic, is available from all good book stores. You can follow Nate on Instagram, here.


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The American thriller is directed by Robert Luketic and is based on Joseph Finder's book by the same name. The movie features Liam Hemsworth, Gary Oldman, Amber Heard, Harrison Ford, Lucas Till, Embeth Davidtz, Julian McMahon, Josh Holloway and Richard Dreyfuss.
Adam Cassidy is a loyal employee of Nicolas Wyatt and is rising the corporate ladder. Nicolas, impressed by his skills, gives him the task of getting the secrets of a rival company run by Jock Goddard who was Wyatt's former partner in the business.
|Release date
|16 August 2013
|Running time
|106 minutes
|File type
|SRT (Zip file)


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It is very hard and difficult to bear the loss of your loved one. Most people nowadays are not in the mood to settle legal matters. In such a case a Best Probate Attorney will be helpful. It will look into matters of trust, will, and property on your behalf. Pro attorneys are qualified and knowledgeable in qualifying laws. They have all the information about the legal procedures. They deal with all the legal matters to give you relief.
Lawyers fall into two categories as case and transaction lawyers. Involuntary and straightforward wills are effectively managed by a transaction lawyer. If the will in court is disputed by family members. There are issues expected in the trial. So that it may be beneficial to hire an attorney to protect your interests over the property.
It is always advisable to take the services of a lawyer as most people are not familiar with the rule of ethics. A professional transactional attorney will inform you of your specific situation. It will guide you through the completion of all paperwork related to the case. Your attorney can provide professional advice. It will provide you with counselling to make any important decisions on your behalf.
Some have their own family lawyers who can investigate cases in the case of an adverse event. However, most people look for lawyers when they are in need. A qualified lawyer can be found in a number of ways. The best way to find an attorney. Who is qualified for your particular situation is to ask for suggestions from your contacts. If you know a relative or close friend or business partner. Who can recommend reputable law firms? You can save a lot of time and effort finding a reputable and competent attorney for your needs. . But if you can't find lawyers through referrals, there are many other ways to find the lawyers you need.
Most people search the web to find talented professionals like doctors and lawyers. You can find the names and addresses of many lawyers in your area by searching online. Most professional lawyers in Iowa have their own site. So that it provides information about their company, experience, background, education, and more. You can use the locator service provided by the American Bar Association website to find attorneys in any state. This directory does not recommend any lawyer. Anyone can get the contact details of various lawyers so that they can follow the lawyer of their choice.
Goodwill of the law firm, certification in their field, amount of experience in research law, liaison with law firms, legal fees, local context, etc. There are some of the important factors that should be considered while selecting a lawyer. You will have to personally approach various lawyers before the final exam. You need to personally contact the lawyer of your choice. This will help the lawyer see if you can work with them. It's not that hard to find lawyers with the qualifications you want, but you can feel comfortable when you meet and talk to them in person. It is a good idea to choose an attorney who is easy and comfortable for you to talk to.
If you have any doubts about an attorney's expertise or background. Ask them to indicate that you can inquire about their services. This will help you learn the skills and characteristics of a lawyer. This way you will be comfortable talking to them. Since lawyers are relatively busy, it is not easy to meet them. If a lawyer is very busy, it means that he is famous and has many clients. But being busy at the same time means the lawyer won't pay as much attention as you'd like. All these things should be kept in mind while choosing a lawyer.
Determining the need for legal services and selecting a lawyer should not be the most important decision. It should be based only on endorsements, certification, expertise, or proven expertise. The interpretation or indication of the qualification limit refers to the fact that any agency or Porto certifies such lawyers as experts or experts in the field indicated in applicable law, or that such counsel is more competent than any other lawyer. All potential clients are encouraged to conduct their own independent investigation and evaluation with an attorney they may consider.


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The Climate Hazards Group contributes to Food Security Outlooks that strengthen food security
The Climate Hazards Group (CHG) brings together a cooperative team of multidisciplinary scientists and food security analysts from the University of California, Santa Barbara, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Africa and Central America to develop data sets, tools and forecasts that help guide effective disaster responses and long-term development plans in food-insecure countries.
Working closely with partners in the USGS, NOAA CPC, NOAA ESRL, NASA, USDA and the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), the team uses climate and hydrologic models together with satellite-based Earth observations to provide six-to-eight month food security outlooks for the world's most vulnerable populations. The CHG supports critical planning and timely humanitarian assistance that ultimately saves lives and livelihoods.
When climate variability and shifting climatic trends converge to produce severe droughts, fragile food insecure populations may face rapid-onset food crises as resources diminish, prices rise and household incomes decline. In vulnerable areas, these unanticipated climate shocks may devastate herds and harvests and degrade local food stocks. Unfortunately, the number of very hungry people continues to grow at an alarming rate over the past few decades, with more than 76 million people experiencing life-threatening conditions in 2017 and 2018.
Many of these extremely food insecure people live in Africa, which experienced a recent sequence of severe droughts associated with an extreme El Niño and La Niña. To monitor these droughts, the CHG has developed the Climate Hazard Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) data product.
CHIRPS harnesses the power of satellite technology, which is able to provide regular, detailed observations of entire regions. With each pass of the satellite, observers gain comprehensive information about how precipitation interacts with the geography. When combined with station data, CHIRPS allows for the rapid identification of hydrologic extremes, such as the terrible El Niño-related droughts in Ethiopia and Southern Africa in 2015-16, or the La Niña-related droughts in East Africa in 2016-2017.
Recent research (a, b, c) by the CHG has linked these droughts to very warm sea surface temperatures in the eastern and western Pacific Ocean. Very warm east Pacific waters (associated with the 2015-16 El Niño) contributed to rainfall deficits and very poor growing seasons in Ethiopia and Southern Africa.
In 2016, the global climate transitioned to a La Niña event, presenting cool east Pacific conditions and very warm waters in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean – perfect conditions for producing back-to-back droughts in Kenya, Somalia and eastern Ethiopia. Recognition of the dangers posed by these warmer waters helped the CHG and partners effectively predict droughts (d) in 2015, 2016 and 2017.
The CHG team has helped document predictable sequences in these extremes (a). Several times over the past twenty years, a strong El Niño has occurred, followed by a La Niña. In 1997-2001, 2008-2011, and 2015-2017, successive El Niños and La Niñas produced multi-year increases in drought and food insecurity. These insights have helped FEWS NET, working with its network partners, successfully provide "food-security early-warning advisories with a six-to-eight months month lead-time (d)."
In 2010-11, such a pattern contributed to a very intense drought over Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya, with more than 12 million people requiring assistance. Sadly, in Somalia, a combination of armed conflict and poor food access and availability led to the deaths of more than 250,000 people.
In October of 2016, the CHG began providing advance warning of another similar drought for East Africa. By June 2017, 27 million East Africans required urgent food assistance. This drought led to a United Nations appeal for $4.4 billion in funding – twice the amount requested in 2011.
Indeed, "the improved early-warning systems and multi-agency responses employed during this drought, as well as improved humanitarian access thanks to less-adverse patterns of conflict, meant that famine was averted, unlike the case in 2010-2011 in Somalia" (d).
In 2011, Somalia food prices reached catastrophic levels. In 2017, the timely arrival of aid helped stave off meteoric increases, averting famine (Figure 1).
The CHG and FEWS NET partners also helped provide early warning for the 2015-16 drought in Southern Africa. Predictions for a strong El Niño led to pessimistic food-security outlooks beginning in July of 2015. By January 2016, nearly five months before the end-of-season crop harvests, analyses of seasonal rainfall to date and historical El Niño rainfall performance led to a consensus FEWS NET agro-climatological assumption that crop performance in most Southern Africa countries was likely to fall below average. By June of 2016, the early warning community estimated that some 40 million people in the region needed humanitarian assistance.
Communication, collaboration, capacity
These early warning successes have made an important contribution to the implementation of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, particularly to Goal 2 and the challenge of ending hunger and achieving food security for all.
Close working relationship between climate scientists and food security analysts have enabled scientists to respond to the analytical needs of food security experts. These effective communication systems have facilitated the production of well-targeted briefs, reports and web-based interventions delivered to high-level decision-makers in both donor countries and organisations, and in the affected countries.
A unique and valuable component of the CHG team is its international composition (Figure 2). Almost half of the members of the CHG team live in Africa or Latin America. These scientists work closely with local stakeholders, decision-makers and science institutions to increase disaster preparedness and guide long-term "climate-smart" development. Building on the CHG's commitment to developing data sets and tools, as well as harnessing the tremendous potential of satellite-based Earth observations, these capacity-building efforts are strengthening defences along the frontlines of climate variation and change.
Dr Chris Funk
Department of Geography
Tel: +1 805 893 4223
Please note: this is a commercial profile.
Editor's Recommended Articles
Must Read >> Fighting food insecurity through global cooperation
Must Read >> How communities are strengthening their food systems


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Data Warehousing Concepts
Venkat Jandhyala
Data Warehousing Concepts
Based on the way the data is used, databases can be classified in two ways: the one that is used for transactions i.e. Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) and the one that is used for analysis Online Analytical Processing (OLAP).
As the businesses these days contain huge amounts of data and the users are connected to these databases across the globe and round the clock the necessity for maintaining a separate database for the sake of analysis is very much clear. 1.2 OLTP DATABASES OLTP Databases are what we generally refer as 'Databases'. These are the databases that contain day-to-day transactions. Typically, an OLTP database has hundreds of users connected to it and performing transactions round the clock. Most of the time, these transactions insert data in to the database. Examples are ATM Machines, Online Shopping, Online Application Filing, Online Railway Reservations … The ratio of the number of records being inserted are more than the number of records being updated or deleted. Hence these databases are optimized for insertions. These databases are normalized to reduce the redundancy of the data and increase performance while inserting the data. 3 rd Normalization Form is most commonly found in all types of businesses. Figure 1.1 shows the architecture of OLTP Databases.
Figure 1.1
Local Network or Internet OLTP Database (Normalized)
The Essay on Database Information Databases Data
What is a Database? A database is a software program arranged to collect, hold and process information. There are many software packages that help you handle information. However, what makes databases different is that once you enter the information into it, the database will operate the information in ways that allow you to analyze the data. It is designed in such a way as to make it easy to ...
Users OLTP Database Architecture
Normalization is a refinement process for Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) data models. OLTP systems support the day-to-day operations of the financial institution. This is where trades
Venkat Jandhyala
are booked, executed and settled, where new product and customers are entered into the computer systems. The focus is on transaction management, entering changing and deleting records online in consistent manor. OLTP systems are not designed for analysis, reporting and decision support. Dimensional modeling, a completely different approach should be used to design Decision Support Systems (DSS).
1.3 OLAP SYSTEMS / DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS An OLTP (relational) database and an OLAP (multi-dimensional) database both contain information about your business. An OLTP database can be used for many different purposes. It is generally optimized so that you can quickly insert and update records. An OLAP database is generally used to analyze data. It is optimized so that you can quickly retrieve data. An OLAP database is generally created from the information you have put in an OLTP database. OLAP systems are often referred to as Decision Support Systems. Decision Support Systems or DSS, (sometimes also called Business Intelligence or BI) is about synthesizing useful knowledge from large data sets. It's about integration, summarization and abstraction as well as ratios, trends and allocations. It's about comparing data-based generalizations with model-based assumptions and reconciling them when they're different. It's about good, data-facilitated creative thinking and the monitoring of those creative ideas that were implemented. It's about using all types of data wisely and understanding how derived data was calculated. It's about continuously learning, and modifying goals and working assumptions based on data-driven models and experience. In short, business intelligence should function like a virtuous cycle of decision making improvement. OLAP systems store data in multidimensional databases. You then access these databases to perform financial and statistical analyses on different combinations of the data. Vendors offer a variety of OLAP products that you can group into three categories: relational OLAP (ROLAP), multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP), and hybrid OLAP (HOLAP).
The Term Paper on Object oriented Database Management Systems
The construction of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems started in the middle 80's, at a prototype building level, and at the beginning of the 90's the first commercial systems appeared. The interest for the development of such systems stems from the need to cover the modeling deficiencies of their predecessors, that is the relational database management systems. They were intended to be ...
Relational OLAP (ROLAP) ROLAP products (e.g., Informix's Meta Cube ROLAP Option for the Informix Dynamic Server, Micro Strategy's DSS Agent) adapt traditional relational databases to support OLAP. Summaries and aggregated data are stored in the database itself. The ROLAP approach begins with the premise that data does not need to be stored multi-dimensionally to be viewed multidimensionally. A scalable, parallel, relational database provides the storage and high-speed access to this underlying data. A middle analysis tier provides a multidimensional conceptual view of the data and an extended analytical functionality which are not available in the underlying relational server. ROLAP depends on a specialized schema design and its technology is limited by its nonintegrated, disparate tier architecture. The problem is that the data is physically separated from analytical processing. The two important features of ROLAP are: Data warehouse and relational database are inseparable Any change in the dimensional structure requires a physical re-organization of the database, which is too time consuming. Certain applications are too fluid for this and the on-the-fly dimensional view of a ROLAP tool is the only appropriate choice. Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) The traditional ER Model tends to be too complex and difficult to navigate, as the most important data warehouse requirement is to have fewer queries accessing large amounts of records. MOLAP servers support multidimensional views of data through array-based data warehouse servers. They map multidimensional views of a data cube to array structures. The advantage structures of using a data cube is that it allows fast indexing to pre-compute summarized data. As with a
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multidimensional data store storage utilization is low, and MOLAP is recommended in such cases. MOLAP vs ROLAP The following arguments can be given in favour of MOLAP: Relational tables are unnatural for multidimensional data Multidimensional arrays provide efficiency in storage and operations There is a mismatch between multidimensional operations and SQL For ROLAP to achieve efficiency, it has to perform outside current relational systems, which is the same as what MOLAP does. The following arguments can be given in favour of ROLAP: ROLAP integrates naturally with existing technology and standards MOLAP does not support ad hoc queries effectively because it is optimized for multidimensional operations Since data has to be downloaded into the MOLAP systems, updating is difficult The efficiency of ROLAP can be achieved by using such techniques as encoding and compression ROLAP can readily take advantage of parallel relational technology The claim that MOLAP performs better than ROLAP is intuitively believable. HOLAP HOLAP products (e.g., Microsoft SQL Server OLAP Services) combine MOLAP and ROLAP. With HOLAP products, a relational database stores most of the data.
The Business plan on Data Warehouse Information Database Analysis
1. DATA MINING 1. 1 INTRODUCTION TO DATA MINING The past two decades has seen a dramatic increase in the amount of information or data being stored in electronic format. This accumulation of data has taken place at an explosive rate. It has been estimated that the amount of information in the world doubles every 20 months and the size and number of databases are increasing even faster. The ...
A separate multidimensional database stores the densest data, which is typically a small proportion of the data. 1.4 DATA WAREHOUSES Data Warehouse in its most simplest and generic definition is a simple database with huge amounts of data in it. However, a data warehouse is a multi-dimensional database that is designed for query and analysis rather than for transaction processing. It usually contains historical data derived from transaction data, but it can include data from other sources. It separates analysis workload from transaction workload and enables an organization to consolidate data from several sources. Data Warehousing is the process of making your operational data available to your business managers and decision support applications. Data warehousing doesn't just make data available; proper warehousing focuses on efficient information access. Of course, this efficiency doesn't happen magically. First you have to understand the business user needs from the data and the decision support applications, and then you must evaluate your current operational data and determine how to transform that data into what the business user requests. The tools that you choose for your warehousing solution will take data from your operational systems (extract it), convert your operational data into business information using your defined business rules (transform it), and create a data warehouse (load it).
The Business plan on Data Warehousing Warehouse Business Information
Data Warehouses MGT 327 April 13 th, 2004 In the past decade, we have witnessed a computer revolution that was unimaginable. Ten to fifteen years ago, this world never would have imagined what computers would have done for business. Furthermore, the Internet and the ability to conduct electronic commerce have changed the way we are as consumers. One of the upcoming concepts of the computer ...
A common way of introducing data warehousing is to refer to the characteristics of a data warehouse as set forth by William Inmon:
Subject Oriented Integrated
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Nonvolatile Time Variant
Subject Oriented Data warehouses are designed to help you analyze data. For example, to learn more about your company's sales data, you can build a warehouse that concentrates on sales. Using this warehouse, you can answer questions like "Who was our best customer for this item last year?" This ability to define a data warehouse by subject matter, sales in this case makes the data warehouse subject oriented. Integrated Integration is closely related to subject orientation. Data warehouses must put data from disparate sources into a consistent format. They must resolve such problems as naming conflicts and inconsistencies among units of measure. When they achieve this, they are said to be integrated. Nonvolatile Nonvolatile means that, once entered into the warehouse, data should not change. This is logical because the purpose of a warehouse is to enable you to analyze what has occurred and whatever once happened never changes. Time Variant In order to discover trends in business, analysts need large amounts of data. This is very much in contrast to online transaction processing (OLTP) systems, where performance requirements demand that historical data be moved to an archive.
A data warehouse's focus on change over time is what is meant by the term time variant. Data warehousing technology comprises a set of new concepts and tools which support the knowledge worker (executive, manager, and analyst) with information material for decision making. The fundamental reason for building a data warehouse is to improve the quality of information in the organization. The key issue is the provision of access to a company-wide view of data whenever it resides. Data coming from internal and external sources, existing in a variety of forms from traditional structural data to unstructured data like text files or multimedia is cleaned and integrated into a single repository. A data warehouse (DWH) is the consistent store of this data which is made available to end users in a way they can understand and use in a business context. Figure 1.2 shows the Data Warehouse Architecture As the figure 1.2 depicts, Data Warehouses get their data from multiple OLTP sources. These sources need not be maintained using same database management systems. They may be having different structures as well. To understand this better let us consider an example of a garment manufacturing company having its retail outlets across the globe.
The Essay on Building a Data Warehouse
Starbucks is a company that is specialized in offering a range of products including coffee, handcrafted beverages, merchandise, and fresh food. As an enterprise, they require a proper data management to enable them serve their customers efficiently. Data on sales, customer views, customer information, market analytics, products, and production needs a proper storage and retrieval system hence the ...
It may also be having different web based applications and/or portals through customers can place their orders online. In a scenario like this, the data need not be maintained in same fashion at all these places. Number of orders placed online may be more as compared to any given outlet since outlets are geographically restricted. Hence, it is wise to go with software like Oracle to maintain the information about online orders. Based on the average number of transactions that occur per outlet per day some outlets may be maintaining their data in SQL Server, some in Access, some in Universal Database DB2 and so on… When business analysts of such a company need a sales report of the whole company they need to integrate all the data from these various sources. Executing such an ad hoc query on all these databases transactional databases obviously does not yield in a faster response. So there arises a need to maintain a separate database that can be used only for querying purposes. This database needs to be periodically updated from the transactional
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databases. It is this query-purpose database that is referred to as a Data Warehouse. Data from the transactional databases is not directly brought in to the data warehouses. Instead they initially pass through such process as Data Cleansing.
Figure 1.2
SQL Server
Multi-dimensional Cubes
Meta Data
Staging Area DB2 UDB
Data Warehouse
Business Intelligence
Access Data Marts
Flat Files
OLTP Sources
End Users (Analysts)
Data Warehouse Architecture
1.5 DATA WAREHOUSE LIFE CYCLE Data Cleansing Data Cleansing is the process of cleansing or validating the data brought from multiple sources. The sources data may be invalid for reasons more than one. The data might also have become invalid because of improper manual feeding done at the OLTP level. Organizational policies change with the time and hence their business logic. Data from the OLTP source becomes invalid if it no longer meets the new business logic and policies.
The Research paper on Data Warehousing Warehouse Operational Information
... 1. Introduction 2. What is a data warehouse 3. Past, Present and Future 4. Data Warehouses and Business Organisations 5. Conclusion 6.Bibliography 1. 0 Introduction ... to design a SQL Server Database. The next step was to decide what sort of query tool was to be used. ... new analysis are available by product, customer, premium level or region. Drilling-down into the detail helps identify good and bad ...
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Extracting, Transforming and Loading (ETL) Extracting, Transforming and Loading (ETL) is the process of reading (extracting) data from heterogeneous sources and transform them so that the discrete data from different sources gets integrated and then loading in to the target Data Warehouse. During this process, data from multiple tables may be merged in to one and/or data from single table may be routed in to multiple tables and/or can be sorted, grouped, filtered and so on… These operations are done at a special dedicated area wherein all the data from all the sources are first dumped off, well known as Staging Area. Software like Informatica Power Center and Oracle Warehouse Builder are used for these operations.
Figure 1.3
From OLTP Sources
1 3 2
Ranking Splitting Aggregation
To Warehouse
Data Cleansing
Calculations Merging
An overview of ETL
Meta Data Metadata is to the data warehouse what the card catalogue is to the traditional library. It serves to identify the contents and location of data in the warehouse. Metadata is a bridge between the data warehouse and the decision support application. It answers questions as "What does this field mean in business terms?", "Which business process does this set of queries support?", "When did the job to update the customer data in our data mart last run?" A metadata repository should contain A description of the structure of the data warehouse. This includes the schema, view, dimensions, hierarchies and derived data definitions, data marts location and contents, etc… Operational metadata such as data linkages, currency of data and monitoring information (warehouse usage statistics, error reports and its trails) The summarization processes which include dimension definition, data on granularity, partitions, summary measure, aggregation, summarization, etc… Details of data sources which include source databases and their contents, gateway descriptions, data extractions, clearing, transformation rules and defaults.
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Data related to system performance, which include indices and profiles that improve data access and retrieval performances. Business metadata, which includes business terms and definitions, data ownership information and changing policies.
Data Marts Data Marts contain the summarized data of the ware houses and are referred as High Performance Query Structures. They consist of Materialized Views and Special Indexes. In some businesses these data marts may be maintained within the ware houses whereas, in some other scenarios they may be maintained apart from the data warehouses. Multi-dimensional Cubes A cube is a structure that stores your business data in a multi-dimensional format that makes it easy to analyze. Designed to be departmental, and optimized for performance, a multidimensional OLAP cube consists of aggregated, summarized, and pre-calculated data. Usually each cube contains data that focuses on a specific aspect of the business, such as sales data, financial data, or data for tracking inventory. Each cube is usually designed to address a specific business question. When you create a report, you connect to a cube, and use the data from that cube in your report.
Figure 1.4
Sales Data Warehouse
Data Marts Figure 1.5
Products Regions Time
Multi-dimensional Cubes
Business Intelligence
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Business Intelligence comprises of console based and/or window based and/or web based applications that we use for querying our data warehouses. These applications provide security for the data being accessed, and are more user friendly for the non-technical personnel to operate with. These also allow the end users to do such operations as drilling, knowledge discovery and many others. 1.6 DATA MINING/KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY IN DATABASES Data mining (DM) or knowledge discovery in databases (KDD), as it is also known, is the nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown and potentially useful information from the data. Data mining is the non-trivial process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful, and ultimately understandable patterns in data. With the widespread use of databases and the explosive growth in their sizes, organizations are faced with the problem of information overload. The problem of effectively utilizing these massive volumes of data is becoming a major problem for all enterprises. Traditionally, we have been using data for querying a reliable database repository via some well circumscribed application or canned report-generating utility. While this mode of interaction is satisfactory for a large class of applications, there exist many other applications which demand exploratory data analyses. Data mining techniques support automatic exploration of data. Data mining attempts to source out patterns and trends in the data and infers rules from these patterns. With these rules users will be able to support, review and examine decisions in some related business or scientific area. This opens up the possibility of a new way of interacting with databases and data warehouses. Consider for example, a banking application where the manager wants to know whether there is a specific pattern followed by defaulters. It is hard to formulate a SQL query for such information. It is generally accepted that if we know the query precisely, we can turn to query language to formulate the query. But if we have some vague idea and we do not know the precisely query, then we can resort to data mining techniques.
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Figure 1.6
Flat Files
Cleansing and Integration
Data Warehouse
Selection & Transformation Data Mining
Pattern Recognition
Data Mining Architecture Knowledge
Drill up & Drill Down Drilling is the term used to navigate through the warehouse data through a given dimension. We can say we drill the sales data by region. In that case, viewing region wise sales report and then sub region wise sales report for a given region and then moving forward to country wise sales and then to state wise sales data is what is referred to as Drilling Down the data. Drilling up is navigating back. Slicing & Dicing Slicing & dicing the data means analyzing the same data in different fashions and groups. Let us consider a sales report, which measures my sales by the amount of items sold region wise-time wise-product category wise. Changing the order and way we view the data within these given dimensions is what is known as slicing & dicing.
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Figure 1.7
Region #1 Sub Region #1 Country #1 State #1 City #1 : : : Region #2 Sub Region #2
Drilling up the Data
Drilling Down the Data
Drill Operations
Figure 1.8 Slicing & Dicing Region #1 … … … … Region #2 … … … Region #1 … Region #2 Region #3 Region #4 Quarter #1 Region #1 … Region #2 … Region #3 … Product #4 Product #2 … Product #1 … … … … … … … … Quarter … … … …
Product #1 Product #2 Product #3 Product #4
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NYNE Hits the Road with Four Extremely Portable Speakers with NFC
The first one to catch my eye was the Cruiser (MSRP $80). As a crazily avid cyclist, anything to do with bicycles catches my eye in the glitz and glitter of Vegas. I can only hope they'll let me take this out for a spin on the Strip! The Cruise clips easily but securely onto a bike's handlebars, but it also could go on a jogging stroller. It features Bluetooth 4.0, NFC, a mini 3.5mm input jack and USB charging that provides up to 10 hours of battery life. That should be enough for my next ride. Or not. It's gonna take an epic ride to burn off the calories consumed here in the press room. With 10 watts of power, it's not going to drown out traffic noise but unlike headphones that block out noise, this speaker still lets you hear sounds around you.
The second product that looked interesting and unique was the TT ($130) - NYNE's transportable travel companion. At first glance, I thought it was a purse or briefcase with its coordinating shoulder strap. The TT has 16 watts of power and also has USB charging for 10 hours of playback time. It also has Bluetooth 4.0, NF, a 3.5 mm input jack, and an onboard microphone. Ideal for the global traveler, the TT comes with an AC adapter with four international plugs.
The other two new offerings were a bit more mundane. The Bass ($150) is the largest of the collection with 20 watts of power and also has the international adapter plugs. The Mini ($50) is the smallest of the bunch with Bluetooth 2.1 and a mere 5 watts of power. It does come with a carrying case with a clip to attach to a backpack or bookbag and it's available in five different color schemes.
Taking music on the go just got easier, safer, and more practical with NYNE's newest line of products geared for the traveller and active enthusiast.


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Jamon Dumas-Johnson emerging as next great Georgia football linebacker: 'I think Pop is going to be special'
ATHENS — When you bring up the name Jamon Dumas-Johnson to Georgia players or coaches, it takes a minute for them to realize who you are asking about. Not because the sophomore linebacker is some anonymous player. Quite the opposite.
It's just that everyone, even Kirby Smart, calls the Baltimore native by his nickname, Pop. It was given to him in part because he always seems to pop up and make plays. There was the leaping interception he had in fall camp last year. The pick-6 against UAB. A sack in the win over Georgia Tech.
Despite being limited to a backup role behind Nakobe Dean, Quay Walker and Channing Tindall, Dumas-Johnson made the most of his playing time last season. And it has him positioned to take on a massive role for the 2022 Georgia football team.
Related: Nakobe Dean, Channing Tindall recount memorable National Championship outburst: 'He had some words for me'
"Every time he's out there you actually see a pop," teammate Nolan Smith said. "He goes in there for two plays, and he gets the ball out. He went in for three plays against UAB and he caught a pick-6 and runs it back. And he gets forced fumbles and sacks within seconds. I love him."
Dumas-Johnson arrived as the least-heralded linebacker signee in Georgia's 2021 signing class. He didn't come in with the 5-star pedigree that Smael Mondon and Xavian Sorey had.
Part of the reason for that though is that Dumas-Johnson did not get to have a senior season due to COVID-19. He, Adonai Mitchell and Brock Bowers were the only Georgia signees in the class who did not play football in the fall of 2020.
Dumas-Johnson though did not enroll early, unlike Bowers and Mitchell. That and the fact that he was playing behind three future NFL linebackers limited to just 103 snaps last season. Still, he notched an interception, 2.0 sacks and 21 tackles in mop-up duty.
With those three linebackers off to the NFL, Dumas-Johnson now has an opportunity that was not available to him last season. Add in the spring injuries to Mondon, Trezmen Marshall and Rian Davis and Dumas-Johnson is getting all the first-team reps he could want.
"You could make a case that he is probably where all those guys, Quay, Channing, Nakobe, in their second year," Smart said. "This is a young man who didn't play football his senior year due to COVID. He came in a little heavy. He'll be the first to tell you he was a little heavy when he got here. He had not played a season, so he was rusty and got time on special teams and times in games when we had leads. He's trying to take on a leadership role."
Related: Kirby Smart knows something is missing in Georgia football inside linebacker room
Said leadership role might as important as what he does as a starting linebacker. Dean's emergence in a leadership role last spring set the tone for what was an incredibly successful season, even as he was limited due to a shoulder injury.
Dumas-Johnson won't be the next Dean, just as the latter couldn't be the next Roquan Smith. The sophomore, who is used to playing on loaded teams after playing for St. Frances Academy, is out to carve his own Georgia legacy.
If the early reports from spring practice are any indication of what to expect from Dumas-Johnson this fall, Georgia should be in good hands at inside linebacker. He was working with the first-teamers at linebacker during Georgia's practice.
And he's very quickly developed a lot of the traits that Dean, Walker and Tindall all possessed.
"I think Pop is going to be special. I see a lot of resemblance to Quay (Walker) in his game," running backs Kendall Milton said. "When you got out there and run routes against him, we do the drills where we have to juke him out. He's just patient. He just lets everything come to him. He's a super physical player.
"I feel like those are all tools that make a good linebacker in the long run. He's going to be a guy that steps up on the defense and becomes a leader on the team."
Dumas-Johnson has quickly ascended in his time at Georgia. He's going to be a name to know come this fall, even if isn't immediately Dean or Walker re-incarnated.
Given his ability to make plays and the reputation inside linebackers coach Glenn Schumann has earned for identifying and developing linebackers, Dumas-Johnson seems as prepared as anyone can be to step into a starting spot at inside linebacker for Georgia.
Kendall Milton praises Georgia linebacker Jamon Dumas-Johnson
More Georgia football stories from around DawgNation
- Kirby Smart warns against Travon Walker comparisons for touted freshman Mykel Williams
- Kelee Ringo, Stetson Bennett and life for Georgia football after winning National Championship
- Stetson Bennett: 'It has gotten easier,' being No. 1, closed-door meetings with Kirby Smart
- Jamaal Jarrett: Georgia DL coach Tray Scott calls the 2023 target "Biiig Yoooung Maaaall" for a good reason
- Georgia football podcast: A bad report from Kirby Smart might be good news for UGA
- Kirby Smart worried about Georgia cornerback position: 'It's certainly a position of concern'
- Georgia coach Kirby Smart challenges Stetson Bennett to grow as leader, develop at quarterback
- Georgia football podcast: UGA's 'old-school' recruitment of Arch Manning stands as outlier


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Happy New Year, 2022!!
Here's to a bright New Year and a fond farewell to the old; here's to the things that are yet to come and to the memories that we hold. Wishing you a happy, healthy New Year.
Is your New Year's resolution to find your dream home? Send me a message, and let's get started. #happynewyear


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Hanukkah Menorah
- Laura Cowan Colorful Curving Slide Magnet Hanukkah MenorahLength: 15"$377.50
- Classic Curved Chanukah Menorah for Candles, Silver - 8 InchesHeight: 8"$20.01
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- Gold Aluminum Angular Chanukah Menorah - 9.6" Height$45.30
What is Hanukkah Menorah?
The central branch of the Hanukkah Menorah is taller than the others. It is called the Shamash and is used to light the other branches. In the most popular Jewish tradition, on each night of Hanukkah, an additional candle or light is lit: The Shamash and the first candle on the first night, the Shamash and two candles on the second night and so on, until all the candles or branches are lit. The Hanukkah Menorah should be prominently displayed in at least one window of the house.
Lighting the Menorah is an educational act that helps pass the Jewish traditions to the next generations. In families with more than one child, it is often customary to light a Hannukah Menorah with each child.
Eight Branches of the Menorah
There are a few explanations for the eight branches plus the auxiliary candle or oil lamp of the Hanukkah Menorah. According to the most popular and traditional explanation, the liberators found only sufficient oil to light the temple Menorah for a single day, but a miracle made this oil last for eight days until new oil could be specially prepared and sanctified. A second explanation holds that it is improper to use a seven branched Menorah since the destruction of the Temple. A third explanation is that the eight branches are in honor and her seven sons. Hannah's seven sons, as recorded in the book of Maccabees, were tortured and executed when they refused to bow down to a statue and to taste pork, which is forbidden by Jewish law. Hannah herself committed suicide after the death of her sons.
The Hanukkah Menorah had no other name until the revival of Hebrew in the 19th century. The Hebrew lexicographer Eliezer Ben Yehudah coined the word "Hannukiyah," which is used in Israel. Outside Israel, the lamp of the Hanukkah holiday is called a Hanukkah Menorah.
Menorah as a work of art
In modern times, Hanukkah has become one of the most widely celebrated Jewish holidays. However, it has been observed since the time of the Maccabees, and the Hanukkah Menorah became a major part of Jewish culture and religious art. Hanukkah Menorahs of various Jewish communities survive and serve as models for Hanukkah, along with modern designs from Israel and around the world. Menorahs may use candles, oil or even electric light.