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Unpopularity, the opposite of popularity, is the quality of lacking acceptance or approval by one's peers.
The importance of peer relations in an adolescent's normal psychosocial development has been well researched. The impact of peers is hardly surprising, given that high school students spend the majority of their days with peers rather than with adults, both during and outside of class[1]. More importantly, peer groups provide contexts separate from the home for experimentation. This makes peers particularly crucial in the development of a sense of identity[2] and a capacity for intimacy[3].
But while normal peer relations are an enjoyable alternative to the home[4], a subset of adolescents experience this social network as distinctly unpleasant. These adolescents are considered unpopular or deviant even early in childhood, and are rejected as such. In adolescence they are uncharacteristic of any crowd and lack the close friendships of their more popular peers. There has been considerable research documenting the effects of peer rejection, such as low academic achievement, delinquent behaviour, and mental health problems in adulthood[5]. Other research has focussed on identifying stable subgroups of unpopular adolescents. A common distinction is that made between aggressive, withdrawn, and aggressive-withdrawn individuals[6].
However, less is known about how these traits lead aggressive or withdrawn children to become unpopular and to experience later adjustment problems. Indeed, the very causality of this relationship is uncertain, and it is suggested that both behavioural traits and unpopularity are as stable as they are due to various reinforcement processes. Because peer relations are so essential to developing identity and intimacy, the normal psychosocial maturation of unpopular adolescents lags behind their peers. Attempts to "catch up" by reentry into the dominant network of peer groups are then likely to fail and result in even greater rejection. In seeking to compensate for the lack of peer relations, furthermore, the unpopular adolescent may be forced to turn to other sources of support that cannot replace the peer group and may in fact encourage the adolescent's unpopular traits. Indeed, unpopular adolescents may be unable to achieve a genuine sense either of identity or intimacy either in their initial peer relations, or in their attempted compensation involving family members, antisocial contacts, or fantasy.
Emergence in interaction with traditional peer groups
To understand the stability of peer rejection, it is first necessary to trace unpopularity back to the original interactions between future antisocial adolescents and their popular peers. Rubin, Chen, McDougall, Bowker, and McKinnon[7]. examined the predictability of both withdrawal and aggression. The researchers argued that early social withdrawal as well as aggression can preclude unpopular children from normal levels of social and emotional competence. At the time their study began, withdrawal (often confused with shyness) was not generally considered to predict maladjustment in adolescence and adulthood[8]. Rather than make specific hypotheses, then, the study's aim was to confirm that withdrawn as well as aggressive children suffer from more adolescent maladaptions than popular peers, and also to show that the particular social and emotional problems of each of the two groups are unique.
The study, called the Waterloo Longitudinal Project, followed a group of 88 mostly middle-class male and female children from grade 2 (average age 7 years) to grade 9 (age 14). As a result of attrition, only 60 of the subjects remained in the study for the full seven years. The main independent variable in the study was a classification of second-grade children by social type. To differentiate between the aggressive, withdrawn, and socially competent second-grade children, the researchers constructed aggregates of several measures. In one scale, the Revised Class Play method pioneered by Masten, Morison, and Pellegrini[9], children were asked to nominate peers who best fit into each of the three social categories. Three of the seven items designed to measure isolation were deleted, however, because they seemed to record peer rejection rather than withdrawal, and in two cases (e.g. "someone who has trouble making friends") were as applicable to aggressive children as to their withdrawn peers — underscoring the tendency of the two groups of unpopular children to overlap. Other indicators added to the aggregate measures of aggression, withdrawal, and social competence were a peer-assessed sociometric rating of each child's popularity, teacher ratings, and observations by the researchers during 15-minute play sessions. The dependent measures consisted of questionnaire items regarding each ninth-grade adolescent's delinquency and substance abuse, perceived security in both family and peer groups, loneliness, and self-regard.
In their analysis, Rubin et al.[7] performed a regression analysis to determine the relative importance of each of the second-grade social categories in predicting "externalizing" outcomes (such as delinquency and substance abuse) and "internalizing" outcomes (insecurity, loneliness and low self-regard). Aggression was found to be the only significant predictor of ninth-grade delinquency, while social withdrawal was a significant predictor of negative self-regard, loneliness, and felt peer group insecurity. Aggression thus predicted only externalizing outcomes, and withdrawal only internalizing outcomes. No significant interaction was found between the two forms of unpopularity, suggesting that relatively "pure" samples of aggressive and withdrawn children had indeed been isolated. Social competence, meanwhile, was predictive of substance use (and of felt peer-group insecurity, though to a lesser extent than withdrawal). The researchers conjectured that this externalizing outcome might be indicative of natural experimentation rather than unchecked abuse of drugs (which might indeed be associated with peer rejection).
The results of this study support the idea that both social withdrawal and aggression lead to maladaptations later in adolescence, and that these difficulties are different for each type. In particular, the association between withdrawal and negative internalizing behaviour was confirmed. In fact, Hymel, Rubin, Rowden and LeMare[10], in an earlier assessment of the same longitudinal sample, note that the relatively high attrition in the population selected against children viewed as more isolated and less socially competent, suggesting that the difficulties experienced by withdrawn children could be even more severe than indicated. This research, as well as the earlier analysis of the sample[10], attests to the stability of both forms of unpopularity.
It is likely that the mechanisms which emerge to sustain withdrawal and aggression share some similarities. Both traits may begin as an interaction between a child's relationships and disposition[7] either to be wary or to act out. If these tendencies are sustained, the child is rejected by peers. This precludes the development of social skills comparable to those of their peers, and unpopular children, withdrawn as well as aggressive, may come to be seen as deviant. For withdrawn adolescents, internalized problems are expressed as insecurity and hesitancy, which elicits increasingly strong rejection[10]. Aggressive adolescents, while worrying less about their relations with others[11], have deficits in social information processing, which may lead these adolescents to falsely attribute hostile motives to their peers[12]. Not surprisingly, such adolescents evoke feelings of anger, fear, and frustration from their peers[7], which can also lead to increasing rejection. Thus while withdrawal is causally meshed with hindered self-esteem[13], aggression is part of a reinforcing interplay with hampered impression formation[14].
Support and reinforcement by family members
The very problems experienced by unpopular adolescents in self-concepts and friendships demonstrate that they, like all adolescents, require refinement of their identity and capacity for intimacy. Faced with the rejection of more popular peers, however, they must turn to other sources for support in this development — even if, according to Weiss's[15] widely accepted principle, different relationships normally provide children with different forms of social support. One possible compensation is the adolescent's family, and in particular sibling relationships. For children in general, Furman and Buhrmester[16] found that some resemblance among sibling and friend relationships: both provide a sense of closeness, companionship, and shared experiences. Indeed, sibling relationships might have the advantages of being more familiar and enduring[17], making rejection of either withdrawal or aggressive tendencies less likely.
A study by East and Rook[17] tested the compensation value of sibling relationships among unpopular early adolescents. Specifically, the researchers hypothesized that peer-rejected children would have less supportive school friendships than more average peers, and that while such children would have more social and emotional problems they would also derive more support from a peer alternative, alleviating their difficulties. The peer alternative could be either a sibling or a nonschool friend. The study drew from a group of 450 sixth-grade subjects (average age 12), who again were mostly middle class male and female students who had received parental consent to participate. Unlike Rubin et al.'s[7] longitudinal study, East and Rook[17] used a cross-sectional design. Although this avoided any attrition problems, selection was still possible: 35% of the parents of eligible adolescents declined to allow their children to participate, for largely unstated reasons.
As in Rubin et al.'s[7] research, the students were divided by social category — in this case isolated, peer-aggressive, and average— on the basis on peer nomination on Masten, Morison, and Pellegrini's[9] Revised Class Play measure. An attempt was again made to isolate relatively "pure" samples in each category, by classifying only those with a high score on aggression items and a low score on isolation items as "aggressive" and those with the opposite pattern as "isolated". The second independent variable was the social support from school friends, nonschool friends, and siblings. The subjects were asked to choose the closest or most important person from each category and rate them on a series of items. These items measured different forms of support (e.g. companionship), which were also combined into an overall support level. High support and low support conditions were created using a median split to divide the higher and lower support scores. Children who did not have a sibling or a nonschool friend, or who did not clearly fit into the isolated, aggressive, or average social categories were screened out, leaving 200 subjects in the study. The dependent variables in the study were self-report scales measuring loneliness, depression, and general self-worth, and parent and teacher checklists with items measuring anxiety and immaturity-passivity.
Whereas East and Rook[17] had hypothesized that, compared to their average peers, both isolated and aggressive adolescents would perceive their school friendships as less supportive, only the friendships of isolated subjects were significantly less so. Reliably lower-than-average scores were found in four dimensions of support: companionship, enhancement of worth, instrumental help, and intimacy. Furthermore, the results indicate that isolated but not aggressive adolescents perceived their favourite sibling relationship as more supportive than did their average peers. This was true for support in general as well as on the same four dimensions listed above. Isolated adolescents also appeared to be more maladjusted than average subjects, registering as lonely and depressed, with aggressive adolescents suffering an intermediary level of difficulties. Both unpopular groups were rated as anxious by teachers and as immature by fathers and teachers. But only the isolated group appeared to benefit from having high-support sibling relationships. Isolated adolescents with high support had significantly less teacher- and father-assessed anxiety and less teacher-assessed immaturity than those with low support. Aggressive adolescents with relatively high sibling support, however, actually gained in father-rated anxiety. Neither unpopular group gained sufficiently from their sibling bond to reduce their maladjustment difficulties to the level of average adolescents. The only category-specific effect of nonschool friendships, finally, was an increase in self-perceived aggression among highly-supported aggressive adolescents.
For isolated children, East and Rook's[17] results do confirm the hypothesis that sibling relationships compensate to some extent for unsupportive school friendships. This was particularly true in the areas of companionship, enhancement of worth, instrumental help, and intimacy support, and in the reduction of adjustment problems such as immaturity and anxiety. However, the study also showed that even high sibling support did not come with a full reduction of maladjustment. In fact, the authors even suggest that high support bonds could increase an adolescent's peer rejection, by decreasing motivation to associate with other adolescents. In any case, it is difficult to see how any family relationship, while providing intimacy and companionship, could entirely replace peer relations. Peer groups appear to play a unique role in developing identity[2], through mechanisms such as shared activities and feedback. The problems of withdrawn adolescents — who correspond roughly to the isolated subjects in this study — seemed in Rubin et al.'s[7] research to involve weak self-image, suggesting that these individuals are in particular need of identity support.
East and Rook[17] acknowledge that the similarity observed between the friendship patterns of aggressive and average children was surprising. One possible reason for the inability to differentiate the two groups was that most of the measures (e.g. loneliness, anxiety) measured internalizing problems, which Rubin et al.[7] showed to be characteristic of withdrawn children. But the findings could also be taken to suggest that aggressive adolescents do not generally find compensation from sibling relationships. This may be related to the established connection between problem families and the aggressive trait[18] . Families with relatively more neglect or abuse may not present any truly supportive relationships. Consistent with this is East and Rook's[17] finding that the only effect of a sibling bond perceived as high in support was to increase an aggressive adolescent's anxiety.
For those adolescents who fail to find even incomplete compensation for their unpopularity from siblings, another avenue for support may be other rejected adolescents. Research on this compensation mechanism typically focuses on relationships between "antisocial" peers, which (in contrast with sibling bonds) seem to select for the aggressive form of unpopularity, rather than the withdrawn form. In one investigation, Dishion, Patterson, Stoolmiller and Skinner[18] tried to determine which factors among a late preadolescent's behaviour, school and family environments predicted adolescent involvement with antisocial peers. Their Oregon Youth Study was, like Rubin et al.'s[7] project, a longitudinal study, combining the results from two cohorts separated by a lag of 1 year. The researchers hypothesized that while experiences both in school and with parents would have an effect of antisocial involvement, only the school experiences (school failure and peer rejection) would predict growing involvement with antisocial peers (family experiences co-occurring with continual antisocial involvement).
The 206 subjects in this study, unlike the samples of Rubin et al.[7] and East and Rook[17], were typically lower class, from neighbourhoods with high rates of delinquency, and exclusively males, who typically have higher rates of problem behaviours than females. These selections served to focus on externalizing behaviours typical of aggressive adolescents. Attrition was only 3%, much lower than in Rubin et al.'s study, probably because of the shorter length of the research and the screening out of all families who intended to move from the area between assessments. The sample was tested both in fourth grade (age 10) and in sixth grade (age 12). Self-selection may still have occurred as in the East and Rook[17] study, with only 74.4% of eligible families agreeing to participate. However, Dishion et al.[18] were able to compare teacher-assessed levels of problem measures among the participating and nonparticipating groups, and found no significant difference.
This study again used a battery of subject, peer, parent, and teacher tests, and aggregated them to increase cross-situational consistency[18]. Based on the sociometric ratings of their peers, the grade 10 children were classified as rejected, controversial, neglected, average, or popular. The rejected and neglected children both had negative social preference scores, but only the rejected children had a high social impact. These social classes may correspond roughly to aggressive and withdrawn children. Other independent predictors included the children's academic skill (combining the results of several tests and teacher ratings), parental discipline (based on researcher observations of aversion and punishment), parental monitoring (based on scores assigned during parent and subject interviews), and antisocial behaviour and involvement with antisocial peers (aggregates of parent, teacher, and subject ratings). The only dependent measure was involvement with antisocial peers, again an aggregate measure.
Dishion et al.'s[18] results confirmed the link between unpopularity and later peer antisocial behaviour. Children classified as rejected had significantly higher levels of antisocial contact than both average and popular children. This was true both of those rejected boys who had earlier antisocial contacts and those with a normal level of earlier involvement. Neglected children had the next highest level of antisocial contact, suggesting (insofar as neglect and withdrawal co-occur) that more withdrawn children also turn to unpopular peers, though less to the point of delinquency. The results also showed a strong correlation between both harsh parental discipline and lack of monitoring and antisocial associations in the sixth grade. Consistent with the researchers' hypothesis, however, a multivariate test showed that stable levels of antisocial involvement and poor parenting co-occurred; only academic skills and popularity were able to account for significant increases in antisocial contacts. This suggests that for many boys, maladaptive family relations are a factor in chronic aggression and unpopularity.
Dishion et al.[18] also conjectured that both academic failure and unpopularity may be involved in self-reinforcing relationships with antisocial involvement. Boys with poor academic skills may group together (or be grouped together, in schools using tracking), as may socially rejected children. Such groups would be more tolerant of aggressive behaviours, and would not reinforce the social skills already weak in each child. This is comparable to the tolerant but non-challenging nature that may characterize sibling bonds[17]. But while sibling relationships provided intimacy but hindered normal identity development, the antisocial relationships of more aggressive adolescents helped give them identity but not intimacy. Such contacts gave the boys positive feedback and shared activities, even if these encouraged further delinquent behaviour[18]. Research by others, meanwhile, has attested to the lack of real friendship in these contacts. For instance, Pabon, Rodriguez and Gurin[19] found that while relationships among delinquent adolescents involved considerable shared time, they did not involve emotional closeness or gratification. In particular, the adolescents characterized their peers as not willing to listen to their problems. While peers normally play a central role in intimacy development[3], providing a context for equality-based friendships, the peers of aggressive unpopular adolescents are distant and may even reinforce these individuals' antisocial tendencies.
Support and reinforcement by use of fantasy
A final arena which antisocial adolescents may turn to for identity and intimacy development is within themselves. This area of compensation is less well researched than the relationships with siblings or antisocial peers, but several studies have shown that individuals who might be classified as unpopular in childhood are more likely to develop an orientation towards fantasy later in life[20]. Such "fantasy prone personalities"[21] include traits such as frequent fantasizing, hypnotizability, and the capacity for vivid hallucinations and even out-of-body experiences. A study by Rhue and Lynn[22] not only tested the construct validity of such a personality, but also tried to precisely identify the early life experiences which direct the development of fantasy proneness. In particular, three kinds of early experience were tested: encouragement to fantasize from a significant adult, high levels of involvement in artistic activities, and isolating or aversive environments. Each of these routes were thought to lead to a more fantasy prone personality.
The subjects of Rhue and Lynn's[22] study were 59 college students, both male and female, presumably in late adolescence or young adulthood. Students identified as extreme high, medium, and extreme low fantasy prones based on their initial scores on Wilson and Barber's[21] est were selected from a larger population of students. The study used a cross-sectional design, but unlike that of East and Rook[17], this experiment gauged childhood experience from retrospective accounts. Although this left open the possibility of fabricated reports (particularly for the fantasy prone person), the researchers stressed to the subjects the need for objectivity and honesty. Dependent measures in the study included written and oral interviews that asked for recollection on items related to each of the three pathways to fantasy proneness identified by the investigators.
The first two pathways received relatively little confirmation[22]. The role of parental encouragement to read books (not necessarily fantasy-oriented) was significantly related to later high fantasy proneness, but early parental reading or encouragement to imagine things did not. Childhood activity in artistic pursuits did not distinguish high, medium, or low fantasy prones. The final route — negative childhood environments — did receive support, however. High fantasy prones were much more likely than the other subjects to report having enjoyed playing alone and playing imaginary games, and not playing with friends. This group was also more likely than the low fantasy prones to report having felt lonely as children. High fantasy proneness was also associated with an aversive environment. Such subjects reported significantly more frequent, severe, and unjustified physical punishment than comparison groups, both in middle and late childhood. High fantasy prone subjects described using imagination to block the pain of punishment and thinking of revenge more often than the other subjects.
In their discussion of these results, Rhue and Lynn[22] suggested that there were two kinds of negative environment that could lead to fantasy proneness. One was characterized by punishment, and the other (though less well represented in this study) by encouragement. In support of this distinction, the researchers noted that there was no relationship between parental punishment and support. Punishing and encouraging home environments may correspond generally to the backgrounds of aggressive and withdrawn adolescents, respectively. While withdrawn children often find support within the family structure, as East and Rook[17] found, Dishion et al.[18] found that aggressive children are more likely to have abusive and neglectful parents.
For both types of children, fantasy may serve a compensatory function. For withdrawn and lonely children, fantasy might provide a more positive self-image and even introduce imaginary peers, typically of equal age and gender[23] who could be a source of intimate friendship. For aggressive and punished children, fantasy had a more escapist role[22], giving the child a forum in which vengeful thoughts were permitted and pain was forgotten. As with the other forms of compensation described earlier, however, fantasy probably provides only limited compensation as the child ages. The withdrawn adolescent's imaginary friends may not be able to support the experimentation inherent in the formation of identity, and escapism may hinder the aggressive adolescent from developing mature and intimate relationships. High fantasy prone people also suffer from other problems[20], such as occasional problems in reality monitoring and possibly increased likelihood of schizophrenia.
Although the mechanisms may be different for withdrawn and aggressive children, it appears that unpopular adolescents are indeed caught in a variety of vicious cycles wherever they turn for identity or intimacy support. More popular peers, rather than involving them in contexts conducive to experimentation or relationships based on equality, reject those they view as withdrawn or aggressive[7]. This isolation only serves to reinforce internalized feelings of low self-worth and loneliness in withdrawn adolescents, and externalized behaviours such as delinquency in aggressive adolescents. While withdrawn individuals may find some measure of support in sibling relationships[17], this support may sustain internalizing difficulties like anxiety, and may discourage these adolescents from experimenting with their identity. Aggressive adolescents, who often experience their family as abusive and neglectful, are more likely to turn to other antisocial peers for support[18]. These relationships, while providing shared activities outside of the home, may further externalize problems like delinquency while discouraging the normal formation of emotionally involving relationships. Both types of rejected adolescents may also turn to fantasy for compensation[22], but again may not derive from it the form of support they most critically need. Withdrawn individuals are not given a forum for identity experimentation, and aggressive adolescents fail to develop mature interpersonal skills.
These findings underscore the need for intervention treatment for unpopular adolescents, which could step into these reinforcing cycles and raise the adolescent to a more advanced level of psychosocial development. Treatments should be administered early and be tailored to the specific behavioural trait exhibited by children. Withdrawn children would benefit from programs involving supervised participation in group activities, which have been shown to raise self-esteem[24]. Aggressive children would benefit from programs that encourage social problem solving, which encourage correct perceptions of social situations[25]. In fact, intervention programs could benefit both aggressive and withdrawn children simultaneously[7], since bullies and their victims (who are both likely to draw from the population of rejected children) can even reinforce each other [26].
- ↑ Brown, B. (1990). Peer groups. In S. Feldman & G. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 171-196). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Brown, B., Clasen, D., & Eicher, S. (1986). Perceptions of peer pressure, peer conformity dispositions, and self-reported behavior among adolescents. Developmental Psychology 22, 521-530.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
- ↑ Larson, R. (1983). Adolescents' daily experience with family and friends: Contrasting opportunity systems. Journal of Marriage and the Family November, 739-750.
- ↑ Savin-Williams, R., & Berndt, T. (1990). Friendship and peer relations. In S. Feldman & G. Elliot (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 277-307). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
- ↑ Hymel, S., Bowker, A., & Woody, E. (1993). Aggressive versus withdrawn unpopular children: Variations in peer and self-perceptions in multiple domains. Child Development 64, 879-896.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 Rubin, K. H., Chen, X., McDougall, P., Bowker, A., & McKinnon, J. (1995). The Waterloo Longitudinal Project: Predicting internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology 7, 751-764
- ↑ Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk? Psychological Bulletin 102, 357-389.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Masten, A. S., Morison, P., & Pellegrini, D. (1985). A revised class play method of peer assessment. Developmental Psychology 21, 523-533.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Hymel, S., Rubin, K. H., Rowden, L., & LeMare, L. (1990). Children's peer relationships: Longitudinal prediction of internalizing and externalizing problems from middle to late childhood. Child Development 61, 2004-2021.
- ↑ Parkhurst, J. T., & Asher, S. R. (1992). Peer rejection in middle school: Subgroup differences in behavior, loneliness, and interpersonal concerns. Developmental Psychology 28, 231-241.
- ↑ Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53, 1146-1158.
- ↑ Simmons, R., Rosenberg, F., & Rosenberg, M. (1973). Disturbance in the self-image at adolescence. American Sociological Review 38, 553-568.
- ↑ Hill, J., & Palmquist, W. (1978). Social cognition and social relations in early adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development 1, 1-36.
- ↑ Weiss, R. S. (1974). The provisions of social relationships. In Z. Rubin (Ed.), Doing Unto Others (pp. 17-26). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
- ↑ Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children's perceptions of the qualities of sibling relationships. Child Development 56, 448-461.
- ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 East, P. L., & Rook, K. S. (1992). Compensatory patterns of support among children's peer relationships: A test using school friends, nonschool friends, and siblings. Developmental Psychology 28, 163-172.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 Dishion, T. J., Patterson, G. R., Stoolmiller, M., & Skinner, M. L. (1991). Family, school, and behavioral antecedents to early adolescent involvement with antisocial peers. Developmental Psychology 27, 172-180.
- ↑ Pabon, E., Rodriguez, O., & Gurin, G. (1992). Clarifying peer relations and delinquency. Youth & Society 24, 149-165.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lynn, S. J., & Rhue, J. W. (1988). Fantasy proneness: Hypnosis, developmental antecedents, and psychopathology. American Psychologist 43, 35-44.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Wilson, S. C., & Barber, T. X. (1981). Vivid fantasy and hallucinatory abilities in the life histories of excellent hypnotic subjects ("somnambules"): Preliminary report with female subjects. In E. Klinger (Ed.), Imagery, Vol. 2: Concepts, results, and applications (pp. 341-387). New York: Plenum Press.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Rhue, J. W., & Lynn, S. J. (1987). Fantasy proneness: Developmental antecedents. Journal of Personality 55, 121-137.
- ↑ Inuzuka, M., Satoh, Y., & Wada, K. (1991). The imaginary companion: A questionnaire study. Japanese Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32, 32-48.
- ↑ Bierman, K., & Furman, W. (1984). The effects of social skills training and peer involvement on the social adjustment of preadolescents. Child Development 55, 151-162.
- ↑ Weissberg, R., Caplan, M., & Sivo, P. (1989). A new conceptual framework for establishing school-based social competence promotion programs. In L. Bond, B. Compas, & C. Swift (Eds.), Prevention in the schools. Menlo Park, Calif.: Sage.
- ↑ Olweus, D. (1993). Victimization by peers: Antecedents and long-term outcomes. In K. H. Rubin & J. B. Asendorpf (Eds.), Social withdrawal, inhibition, and shyness in childhood (pp. 315-341). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.


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Many stones can display "chatoyancy" or the "cat's eye effect". The most valuable of these is the rare, precious and highly valued Chrysoberyl Cat's Eye. Usually gray, green or brown, the most highly valued is the green variety. There are, of course, less expensive chatoyant or Eye Gemstones such as Tiger Eye (Yellow/Brown) or Hawk's Eye (Gray). See a nice write up on the Mystical Properities, Legends and Science on this Gemstone.
Mystical Properties: Considered very lucky for gamblers, it should be cleansed regularly by leaving it in the sunlight or moonlight or a few days.
In Eastern Astrology, Cat's Eyes are ruled by Ketu (the Moon's South Node), which has correlation in Western Astrology, however is considered less important.
Traditional gift for the 39th Wedding Anniversary.
Said to favor women named Catherine and men named Cornelius.
Said to favor those born on Thursday.
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The national Gemstone of Ceylon.
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Scientific Properties: The valuable "cats eye" gem is composed of Chrysoberyl (Beryllium Aluminum Oxide). A cut across a striation causes the "eye" effect.
Most commonly found in Ceylon, Sri Lanka, Brazil, South India and Burma. Chrysoberyl variety Hardness: 8.5 on the Moh's Hardness Scale.

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Are you bothered with your little penis size, curvature or penile stamina? No worries, SizeGenetics supplies the best remedy as well as guarantees to take your sex-related performance to the next level. The tool has been scientifically made to aid hundreds of males worldwide. Made using MDA (Multi Directional Fishing), the device supplies best comfort and safety. The SizeGenetics is a medically checked gadget that has been evaluated under the Medical Tool Regulation and also subsequently awarded accreditation as a kind one medical tool. The SIzeGenetics has actually been recommended by penis augmentation doctors as well as leading man improvement communities; included in mags such as GQ and also Guys's Health.
The SizeGenetics is a pills-free tool initially developed to help men with penis curvature as well as mini disorder. The gadget is known for its simplicity as well as hence excellent for putting on discretely under apparel for a long period of time to ensure success. Once gotten– the device is delivered at your house to ensure ultimate discernment and also privacy. So, never ever compromise with your sex life– purchase the most effective penis extender and bring happiness in life.
Does a bigger penis dimension suggest much better sex? Well, this is among the most interesting concerns that has actually plunged males across the globe for ages. The response to this question is yes– penis dimension does matter for a happy sexual partnership. Women reach climax extra conveniently with guys having bigger penises.
What Penis Extender
Penis extender gadgets are developed to enhance the size of the penis. They are worn for a set quantity of time during the day, in addition to everyday use. Penis extender devices are made for males who desire to have a fuller, longer, and thicker penis. These devices work over a time period as well as are normally worn for 6 to 8 hrs daily. The outcomes can be permanent or progressive depending on the person.
There are several various penis grip tool models on the marketplace today. They all do the very same basic points. They will extend the penis while leaving it undamaged as the device holds it in position. Penis extender devices operate in much the same means. They stretch the penis and when it is totally stretched out, the skin starts to shorten and extend. This results in an increase in the penis size over a time period.
Some guys aiming to raise the size of their penis choose a traction gadget that is used while having their erections. Penis grip tools work by using a consistent tension on the shaft of the penis and over time extending it out. Numerous males seeking to boost their dimension have found success making use of the Penis Growth System by impotence professionals Healthife. This version of extender deals with an individual by developing a pressure field that is put on the penile shaft with time.
Some guys seeking a penis augmentation product turn to a penis extender design that operates in an extra natural manner. The Penis Growth System by Healthife is just one of these devices. This device promotes the body to produce the development hormone that is needed for a boost in the size of the penis. Healthife utilizes a two-step procedure in order to achieve this. Initially, the user will certainly wear the extender for twenty-four hours at once in the sessions that integrate traction and massage.
The second action is where the health supplement tablets, vitamins and minerals function to boost circulation as well as power throughout the body. This power allows the penis to come to be engorged as well as harder to make sure that a boost in general girth can be attained. Men trying to find a male improvement technique that produces lead to a natural way might discover success with the Penis Development System by Healthife.
Another penis extender model that is available that can aid males raise their size and also girth is the Jes Extender by JLS Equipments. The Jes extender by JLS Systems is designed to boost the body right into making even more testosterone than what is normally present in the blood stream. Testosterone is vital for erections because it boosts the amount of girth that a penis can have while making certain that the shaft is smooth. By boosting more testosterone with supplements and other means the penis extender assists guys that struggle with impotence to get the toughness and also endurance required to have regular, strong erections. For males who are seeking a penis extender that doesn't make use of weights or pumps, the Jes could be a good option.
A quick extender Pro item is the SizeGenetics extender. The SizeGenetics extender includes a money-back warranty. By using this tool a man can anticipate to see a visible modification in both the size as well as girth of their penis within a month's time. Unlike other penis extenders, this set does not need weights or pumps. A glance at the SizeGenetics site shows that the firm has actually been around for over ten years, which suffices time for them to have developed a quality product.
It is essential to bear in mind that all penis extenders are made in different ways. Some are made to be put on when sitting as well as others might really feel much more comfy being put on while masturbating. Some might really feel as though they have more to provide than others; this is something to keep in mind when choosing an extender that you will certainly use while engaging in the sex-related act. Also, you must understand that the quantity of stretch you leave a particular device will certainly differ depending upon the shaft that it is constructed from. Different devices will provide you a different amount of stretch. If you are thinking about getting a penis extender device, it is essential to take into consideration the distinctions between every one so you can pick the extender that will certainly provide you the very best results.
A penis extender is a non-surgical therapeutic device with solid potential for treating Peyronie's condition of augmentation of penis. It imitates a non-weight bearing, mechanical traction device that extends the penis length in the flaccid problem to create lengthy and also stronger erections. Nevertheless, the device is explained below:
The device of extender for penis services the concepts of constant tension without breaks. This leads to a gradual extending of the shaft of the penis, which can last as much as 3 months. The traction device uses a consistent traction pressure to the penis until the body succumbs to the grip and the extended size of the penis is preserved.
The traction and also the gadget can be worn at any time as well as can be made use of with any sort of garments. Hence males with any body type and also dimension can make use of the extender. The extender works well even if the individual is sitting, standing or having a bad sleeping position. The tool works even if you have no accessibility to a mirror or have a bad vision. The device works well under apparel.
Though the device is a very easy style, it is still verifying to generate desirable outcomes. The extender tool uses continuous grip and does not permit the penis to return to its drooping dimension. The tool additionally enables the penis to attain a length comparable to that of an upright penis. The traction has actually been utilized efficiently for individuals dealing with Peyronie's problem as well as normally elongated penis.
Though there are numerous penis augmentation items on the market, the Extender for penis attracts attention with its extremely unique style. Contrasted to various other gadgets, extenders have numerous benefits. The first benefit is that the layout does not need surgical procedure or special dressings to maintain. It is easy to keep as well as is non reusable after consistent use. The tool functions perfectly in all settings as well as does not obtain tired also after continuous usage.
The other advantage of this tool is that it advertises blood flow in the penis and also boosts penis health. The extender deals with the concept of constant stress being put on the penis, which after that triggers the cell wall surfaces of the penis to break down as well as hence expand it naturally. This guarantees that your penis will certainly remain healthy also after years of using the gadget. An additional benefit of penis extenders is that they do not trigger pain to the individual wearing it.
The SizeGenetics extender produces similar results to that of the SizeGenetics penis extender. The extender works in the exact same fashion and also provides the very same result. This tool has 2 hands, that make it very simple for the customer to work in a comfortable setting as well as makes certain that the penis is safely and conveniently put inside the extender. The penis is likewise gently traction to make sure that it expands safely and is not damaged at all throughout use.
Penis extenders have been utilized by millions around the world for years now as well as have provided gratifying outcomes to men. According to medical professionals, penis extenders are an excellent assistance for those who wish to have a regular sex life as they can easily boost the dimension of their penis without much initiative or threat. If you wish to get a larger penis and also prevent all the hassles related to penis augmentation surgical treatments, you ought to attempt an extender for penis.


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When we installed a suggestion box in the entryway of our business, I was amazed to see how many customers responded. After we started going through the suggestions, we realized that there was one request that we kept seeing--the need for a cleaner store. We decided to make a few changes to keep our place cleaner, including hiring a professional cleaning service. The results were incredible. Customers started to comment on how clean our place was, instead of the need for dramatic changes. We also noticed a boost in our sales because customers felt more comfortable in our store. Check out this website to find articles that might help you to keep your business cleaner.
Your family and pets spend most of their time in the home on the couch. As such, sitting, sleeping, and e
Cleaning a large home can come with challenges compared to an apartment or smaller home. When you've deci
Nothing feels as cozy and welcoming as clean, soft carpet beneath your feet. Carpeting is an important pa
Do you have carpeting in your home that looks like it has seen better days? The solution to this problem
Windows accumulate dirt, grime, stains, and dust over time, which hinders natural light, making your home
Running a retail shop is something that you may do for a living, which means you may need it to succeed to maintain your current lifestyle. If you are always looking for ways to improve how you run your business, you should not hesitate to get pressure washing before the holiday season.
Employee Satisfaction
When you have several employees that help you run the shop, you should do everything you can to make sure that they are satisfied with their job. While this is something that is only determined by several factors, you should include the cleanliness of the shop as a contributing factor.
Pressure washing service is one of the easiest and most effective ways to clean your retail shop on the inside and outside because water sprayed at a high pressure is extremely powerful. This will help you provide a clean work environment for all your employees to work in. Learn more by contacting services like A Blast to the Past.
Professional Photos
If you want to do things a bit different for the holiday season, you should consider taking professional photos that can help you display your store in a positive manner. For instance, you may look at reviews online and find that most of them do not represent your store that well.
With pressure washing service, you may feel confident about the cleanliness and condition of your shop afterward. This will help you invest in professional photography that can showcase your retail shop in a desirable and positive manner. Then, after getting the photos, you can start posting them online so that potential customers can see what your shop actually looks like.
Holiday Displays
One of the most important reasons to get pressure washing before the holiday season is so that you can make a positive impression during one of the busiest times of the year. While you can run sales at any time, you will find that the holiday season is when people are most interested in shopping and when you are most likely to generate the highest sales compared to other times.
Beyond getting people interested in your shop from online photos, you should do everything that you can to make an excellent impression on them in person. This is something that you will have an easier time doing when you have holiday displays set up alongside a clean retail shop.
When you want to have a successful holiday season for your store, you cannot go wrong with investing in pressure washing service before customers start shopping often.Share


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On January 27, the head of the Foreign Ministry of Turkmenistan held talks with Russian Ambassador to Turkmenistan A. Blokhin.
The parties considered current vectors of bilateral cooperation, as well as important political topics of regional and international scale.
During the meeting, the need to strengthen diplomatic cooperation as well as to hold regular intergovernmental meetings was noted.
Source and photo: turkmenistan.gov.tm


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We're getting there, people. We are getting there. The Eagles have two weeks of full-team OTAs to go before they take the annual hiatus and then descend upon Lehigh University for training camp. Time flies when you're having fun ... and no doubt the mood, the tempo, the atmosphere around this team is exciting. It kinda reminds me of a Super special season not too long ago ... Anyway, I've got questions, maybe a couple of answers and some things to ponder as the Eagles get ready for Tuesday and the next wave of practices.
I interviewed Team President Joe Banner about that very subject the other day for *Eagles Insider *magazine and he indicated that the process is underway, but that things won't really ramp up until a few weeks before training camp begins. Banner is confident that the Eagles will have all of their draft picks signed before rookies and selected veterans meet on the night of Sunday, July 26 at Lehigh.
At the same time, the Eagles could get the ball rolling a bit earlier. A few teams -- like Chicago and San Francisco -- have set the market, as it were, for signing draft picks and have established some guidelines with which to work, so Banner's team is likely making calls to agents and seeing if there are any quick signings they can make.
The Eagles have just over $4 million within the rookie salary cap pool, established by the league, to sign their draft picks. I'm betting they all sign before camp begins.
I've talked to a lot of coaches and personnel guys and everyone is excited about this rookie class and reserved at the same time. The pads haven't gone on. There has been no "live" football. Still, it's fun to take some leaps of faith here ...
It is way, way early to say this, but I think the Eagles have hit home runs on their first three draft picks. I'm not sure how much Jeremy Maclin will play this year -- it is way too early to know -- but his talent on the field is obvious to everyone. I haven't seen Maclin really run away from anybody yet, and I have to see that to make sure he is ready to go this year, and I think the reason I haven't seen that is because he is still learning the scheme. But he has great hands and seems to run the right routes.
Maclin, I say, will make an immediate impact -- in the punt return game. As a receiver, we'll have to see how things shake out. I look forward to seeing Maclin every day.
LeSean McCoy is coming along extremely well. I wonder about his confidence, because I think he has a ton of it and he is going to be humbled along the way here, so we have to see how he reacts. McCoy is much bigger than the "small" back I thought he was, He has excellent hands, great shiftiness and speed. Kid is a player right now.
Cornelius Ingram had a superb two weeks. Saw him drop maybe one or two passes. Caught a ton. Moved so well. Big target. Ingram looks like he is primed -- and there is s ton of work to do, agreed -- to come in and help right away as Brent Celek's backup.
It is not fair to judge the defensive players because they have no pads on, so I will wait until training camp to do that. I liked what I saw from Brandon Gibson. He and Maclin were the best of the group of wide receivers in this camp.
Winston Justice showed up in fine shape and really, honestly, truly looked good. We'll see him and get a better read when the pads go on. But he had a stronger punch, looked like he was more physical and had the technique down. I think linebacker coach Bill Shuey is excited to see what Tracey White and some of his young linebackers are going to bring to the table. I know that Rory Segrest wants to see Bryan Smith in his second NFL season.
Eugene Bright continues to intrigue me, not for what he is but for what he might become. Would the Eagles keep a developmental tight end who blocks really, really well? Bright has to go out and block really, really well, and if he does that he will give the coaching staff something to think about.
**WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE QBs?
They have had fine off-seasons. Kevin Kolb and A.J. Feeley took a bunch of reps in the two-week camp and looked sharp. Adam DiMichele came in and competed. Donovan McNabb now takes over with the first team and the Eagles go back into their rotation at quarterback. DiMichele won't get much time at all, if he remains on the roster. The Eagles have to trim the roster. Will they keep four quarterbacks?
You have to like the situation here. Look around the league and find a team that has this much front-line talent and this much depth. Kolb has really grown in the last couple of years and he has a very strong handle on the Xs and Os. McNabb is, of course, a Pro Bowl-caliber quarterback. Feeley has won games in this league. He is about as good a No. 3 quarterback as any team has.
And you look around and see what the Eagles have assembled on offense and, well, it's impressive. Could be a great offensive line. Lots of pass-catching weapons. Brian Westbrook and McCoy in the backfield. A great system. McNabb is set up to have a monster season.
The timetable for offensive lineman Stacy Andrews to get on the practice field has been deliberately hazy. He has been working extremely hard on his recovery from the knee injury and has been seen recently running and conditioning on the side during these OTAs. Hey, the guy looks good. Could he get out and do some individual work during this camp? Maybe? I don't know.
A more realistic view is that Andrews will play at some point at Lehigh. But you know how these things work. All of a sudden you look around and see Andrews. It would be huge to see him in the next two weeks, but I'm not holding my breath. I just want Andrews ready for September.
No news. Johnson is on his leave of absence and Sean McDermott is running the defense. We are all praying for Johnson's health and the very brave battle that he is fighting.


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Browse by author
Lookup NU author(s): Geoffrey Taylor,
Professor Alan Calvert
Full text for this publication is not currently held within this repository. Alternative links are provided below where available.
Author(s): Taylor GA, Jackman AL, Calvert AH, Harrap KR
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
Year: 1984
Volume: 165 B
Pages: 379-382
ISSN (print): 0065-2598
PubMed id: 6720435


text:
Image provided by: University of Oregon Libraries; Eugene, OR
About East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current | View Entire Issue (April 20, 1921)
THE EAST OREGONIAN IS THE ONLY INLAND EMPIRE NEWSPAPER GIVING ITS READERS THE BENEFIT OF DAILY TELEGRAPHIC NEWS REPORTS FROM BO TH THE ASSOCIATED PRESS 'AND UulTED' FFXS3
The nil press run or yesterday's Dally
This paper In a tin mh. r of nnd nudiiod
by tha Audit Bureau of circulations
Ths Kt Oregnnlsn In F.trn Or,
gnn's gr-stl newspaper snd ss sell
ing force gives ' h advertiser nvef
twice the guaranteed pslri rlrrnlxllon
In Pendleton and Umatilla, county of
any other newspaper.
Wfli TOCETHL
Oil JAPJUESTIONj
Organization Perfected With!
View to Finding Common
Ground on Which to Work.
Hiram Johnson of California
Has Been Chosen Chairman
of Committee of States.
WASHINGTON. April 20. (A. P.)
Senators and representative from
1 1 of the far western males perfected
n organization today with a view to
finding common grouni; upon which
they tun work to aolve tho question
Of the Japanese Immigration.
WASHINGTON, April 2". L P.)
The association of western congress-
men formed to fight for the Japanese!
exclusion laws, la composed of Hiram
Johnson, chairman, und representa
tives from California, Oregon, Wnah
InKlon, Idaho, Uuh, Arlsona, New
Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Nevada
and Texas.
Would Kwnmp White Kscr.
WASHINGTON. April 20 (A. P.)
Tho, united efforts b.vthe states In
dealing with the Japanese Immigra
lion problem was urged by Senator
Johnson, of California, who was made
chairman of the organization and di
rected to appoint an executive com
mittee composed of one aenator and
one repreaentatlvo for each of the 1 1
V. 8. McOatt'hy of Sacramento, said
unless tho Japanese were included
they would ultimately swamp the
white lac a.
ELFASU April 29. U'- P.) A
bandit gang or 25 under tho leader
ship of Nicolas Hndlrlguci, a former'
Villa officer, held tip the Mexican Cen
tral train near Chihuahua and escaped
with -90,000 Pesos, according to a re
port. SILVER DOLLARS NOW
DENVER, April 20. (T. P.) The
first American allver dollars e ir
manufactured In Denver will bo coin
ed at the local mint beginning Tues
day, It was announced following a re
cetirt. of a million ounces of silver from
western mining camps. The 'work will
continue several months with day and
night shifts. The coins will replace
those withdrawn from circulation dur
ing tho war and melted for shipment
to India. .
April 20.
at 2 o'clock,
On Wedneaday. April
Secretary Wallace will receive a dele-'
Jtalion from Minnesota, who, It Is re-1
ported, will ask for chnnges In some
of the requirements of the federal
wheat grades, particularly for hard
red spring wheat. It Is understood
that this delegation Is coming because
of action taken recently by the Minne
sota legislature looking to tho re-es-tabliBhment
of the former Minnesota
state grades unless changes are made
in the federal grades. It Is announc
ed thut the secretary will be glad to
have present at the meeting the ren
l resentiitlvcs of any other interests who
would like to hear liie proposed chang
es, and that ample opportunity will be
afforded them to present their views
after the Minnesota delegation ' has
been heard.
Reported by Major Lee Moorhotise,
Maximum, 62.
Minimum, 43.
Barometer 29.52.
Tonight and
Thursday ruin.
Arthur Mender of this city, a
premium of 2 0 years experience,
Ih the Inventor of separator feet
and griper adjuster for the Mil
ler feeder and hi.n already secur
ed a putent for the separator de
vice and haa applied for a patent
for the g ripper adjuster.
A hundred sets of tha two in?
ventluns are now being manufac
tured In 1'ortland and four snlcs
men have been employed to ell
tha device to owner of Miller
feeders. The inventions make It
possible for pressmen to save
cunaldetahio time In making
changes while lining the Miller
Ten Members to Serve on Body
to Serve Cities to Settle
Important Civic Problems.
The city planning idea of handling
civic improvement. In the city of Pen
dleton In the future, which la receiv
ing much thought from the council.
following a suggestion to thla effect
made by Mayor Georgo A. Hartman
of the-meeting of that hotly last week.
has a foundation In the laws of the
state. It has leen found a a result of
an examination or tne record oi me ;
session or the legislature In 119.
Mayor Hartman s suggestion was to
the effect that intelligent plana should j
bo made and followed in tne iniuie
building of the city, both as to where I
buildings of certain character shall
be permitted and relative to laying o il
streets, creation of parks, recreation
centers or similar projects of such a
nature and other problems that are
likely to be pressing as Pendleton con
tinues to grow.
In tho Intormai statement he made
at Inst Wednesday night's meeting, he
called attention to tho vast sum of
money Portland is preparing to spend
to widen streets and remedy other
mistakes that were made during the
rapid growth of the city. He made
the suggestion that ill view of the pro.
Jects already assured or being striven
for that will assure a bigger Pendle
ton it would be the part of economy
for the city to take stock of Its possi
bilities right now In the way of build
ing a city beautiful so that advantage
might be taken of such a plan as rap
Idly as necessary to secure the greatest
Law Provides Way
Provisions for carrying out such
ideas are mndo In Senate Hill' 212
which was made a law In 1919. This
net makes it possible for the legislative
body of a city or town in the state to
pass an ordinance creating a city plan
ning commssion. i oe cm.....v.M.
shall consist of ton members, accord-
lnc to the law. three of which, the
I mayor, the city attorney and the city
engineer are ex-offlclo members, and
tiio remaining seven are to be appoint-
ed by the mayor. All members servo
without compensation.
It Is provided mat tne communion
shnll have the authority to empi
consulting advisors on municipal proli
lems wnen ncceisary and to pay for
uch services as authorized by the city
A report of the activities of the com
mission Is required October 1 of each
yenr, and Is is provided that a meet
ing shall be held once each month.
Tho Commission's Unties
One whole section of the act Is tak
en up with tho duties that revolve on
the commission. The section Is as fol
lows: It shall be the duty of the city plan
ning commission, and they shall have
power, except ns otherwise provided by
law, to recommend and make sugges
tions to the city council and to all oth
er public' authorities concerning the
laying out, widening, extending, park
ing and locating of streets, sldcwullis
and boulevards, the relief cf traffic
congestion, the betterment of housing
and sanitation conditions and the es
tablishment of nines of districts limit
ing the use, height, areji and bulk of
buildings and structures: to recom
mend to the city council and all other
public authorities plans for the regula
tion of the future growth, development
and beniitlflcatlon of tho municipality
In respect to its public and private
building and works, streets, parks,
grounds and vacant lots, and plans
consistent with the future growth and
development of tho city In order to se
cure to the city and Its Inhabitants,
anltatlon. proper service of all public
iit'lities. harbor, shipping and trans
portation fncilltles; to do and pertorm
any and all other acts and things
necessary or proper to carry out the
provisions of this act; and In general
to study and to propose such mea
sure as may be advisable for the pro
motion of the public interest, health,
morals, safety, comfort, convenience
and welfnre if said city, nnd of the
area for six miles adjacent thereto.
Operators and Employes Are
Dead Locked on Wage Ques
tion; Seamen Wont Take Cut
NKW YORK, April :o. U. P.)
With the operators unci employea ap
parently dead locked on the wage cut
question, a proapect loomed of a (treat
shipping strike for May I. The Am
erican steamship owner aaaociiitlon
announced a reluct: on of 20 to 30 per
cent on that date, when the preaent
agreement explrea. The various bran
ches of tha Internnt'onnl seamens'
j union officially Informed the opera
tora they will not accept the cut.
Mexican Business Men Buy
ingHeavily in Textiles, Min
ing and Railroad Machinery.
CHICAGO. April 20. (U. P.)
Revolution-torn Mexico's credit is
better than that of any other foreign
(nation, this la the atutement of Paul
W. Running, trade expert and advis
or to the Chicago Association of Com
merce. "Mexico la In a better posi
tion to pay than any other country,"
said Running. "Mexican business men
are buying heavily, especially textiles
aI)d ,,, anJ rallrouI machinery,
;Sou(n Anlerlca , d(d commercially
Her dockB are Rwamped wl.h nlaU.rl.
the on,,,, f01)nnv
CTIinrDAICD OA DC
- -UW diUUCDAIVCn UAnd
Wallace Pros., local distributors of
Studebaker cars have arranged tn
show a set of moving picture films to
morrow evening in their show rooms.
These films show the complete manu
facturing of cars from the raw ma
terials. They carry one along to the
very finishing touches and are very
Interesting and educational. The
Studebaker Company haa a lecturer
along to explain the pictures very
thoroughly to the audiences. These
pictures were shown In Walla Walla
last evening to a large gathering.
There Is no charge for these films.
The show starts at 7 : 4 f. .
WAFH1NOTON. April 20. (I. P.)
President Harding will make hi
second trip to New York May 23 and
speak at a dinner on the 12f.th anni-
;versavy of the founding of the New
v. ,,,, , , ,,,.
newspapers in the United States.
PORTLAND. April 20. (t. P.)
Today an unidentified man was taken
from the Willamette river by the flre
Iwat Gerrge Ilk Williams. The police
think he may 'be Jess Hoydston the
jealous suitor who last night shot Mrs.
ihomas Baiter, aged J8, and her hus
band, and then disappeared. The girl
Is thought to be dying.
SCRANTON, April 20. (U. P.)
.Mystery surrounds the holding of a
young man whose name Is held, on
suspicion of complicity In the wall
street explosion. '
The man is be.'ng interrogated by de
partment of Justice agents, with re
gard to his alleged connection with n
gang of Italian dynamiters. Th.'
man arrested is being depended on to
furnish Information which It is hoped
will lead to tho apprehension of the
conspiracy members, including the
"brains'' of the gang. H, J. Ahenrn ot
tho secret service, who made the ar
rest, has been working on the case
'seven months.
A r-ro'epsor f the t'nlverlty of Wis.
consln describes selenium oxychlo
ride, a liquid obtained from electro
lytic copper refining, as a solvent fori
rubber, enamels, glues, hydrocarbons I
and many other substances which have1
hitherto been regarded as resistant to
all chemical solvents. j
Next Two Weeks Will be Filled!
With Conferences Regard
ing German Reparations.
Premier Briand Says Only Way
to Dispose! of Situation is
to Take Military Action.
LONDON, April 20. (Ed L. Keen
1. P. .Staff Correspondent) The al
lied policies toward Germany are be
ing drawn to focus and are faced with
the necessity of reaching an agreement
before May 1.
The next two weens promise to be
filled with conferences of the allied
leaders. The first will be held over the
week end at the home of Lloyd
George's millionaire secretary. Sir
Phllllpp Sussoon, at Hythe. Premier
liriand of France will endeavor to
persuade Italy and Creat Britain, that
the only way to dispose of the situation
Is to take military action. The British
authoritiea frankly a wonder whether
Germajiy will submit the new repara
tions proposals in view of the ultima
tum served on the government yester
day demanding that the country's
metal reserves be stored in Rhineland
under the allied control. When the
ultimaj jm was submitted, the Ger
mans threw up their hands and declar
ed there was no use for further nego
tiations. FORI
First Game for Pendleton to
Be Played Here Sunday;
Ten Contests on Program.
Plans made this morning at a meet
ing of officials of the Blue Mountain
Baseball League for the season's play
ing assure a ten-game schedule for
each of the six teams that are Includ
ed in the organization.
Pendleton will open at home this
year when Pilot Hock and the Bucks
cross bats here Sunday at Round-t'p
The deliberations of the league offi
cials and representtaives from the
various towns were not all of the quiet
kind, but an agreement that appar
ently meets with the approval of all
factions was adopted, after lively dis
cussions. With minor differences of
opinion pretty thoroughly Ironed 'out.
It is thought that the season Bhould
prove satisfactory both to clubs and
In the absence of President Rex
Ellis, Harry L. Kuck presided at the
meeting this ni. ruing, w h.'ch was held
In the rooms of the Comniercic.l Asso
Those in attendance at the meeting
Included Omar Stephens, vice presi
dent, and W. P. Littlejhon, of Athena:
Kred Moos, seoretary-treasprer, and V.
Mason, of Helix; Dr. Schneider and C.
W. Paulus, Pilot Rock; R. U Rey
noud. Weston; G. S. Newsome and M.
J. Maynold from Milton-Freewater;
Pendleton was represented by Mar
shall Spell, maimger of the Bucks:
The schedule arranged Is as follows:
April 24 Pilot Rock at Pendleton:
Helix at Athena; Weston at Milton
Kreewater. May 1 Pendleton nt Helix; Milton
Freewater at Pilot Rock; Athena at
May 8 Athena at Pendleton; Pilot
Rock at Helix; Mllton-Preewuter at
Went on.
May 1 Pendleton at Weston; Pi
lot Rook at Athena; Helix at Mllton
Kreewater. May 22 Helix nt Pilot Rock; Mil;
ton-Freewater nt Athena; Weston at
May 29--Arliena - at Tilot Rock;
Weston at Helix; Pendleton at Milton
Freewater. June 5 Milton-Freewater at Pen
dleton: Atliena at Helix; Pilot Rock
at Athena.
June 12 Helix at Pilot Rock; Pen
dleton nt Athena; Weston at Milton
Freewater. June 19 Helix at Pendleton: Wes
ton at Athena; Pilot Rock at Milton
Freewater. June 2fith Pendleton at Pilot
Rock; Milton at Helix: Athena at
WASHINGTON, April 20. (C. P.)
Following his hurried trip to New-
York and back. Harding todav sought
relaxation on the golf links. He left
the while bouse at eight o'clock and
motored to the links.
Busy mm
Representatives From All
Parts of S. Hold Meeting
to Discuss Freight Rates.
WASHINGTON. April 20. -(A. P.)
Fanners from all parts of tho Unit-
ed States arc meeting here today un-
der the auspices of the National Farm-
era Union decided to take their Ight
for a reduction In freight rate direct
to President Harding. They reached
this derision nftee Hi. fnrmr.ru' fi...kei..
man had conferred with the interstate
commerce commission to urge lower
rates. .
WASHINGTON, April 20. (A. P.)
Officials of the farmers union said
the president probably would be ask
ed to call a conference of the ship
pers and federal rail agencies, steel in
terests and bankers to discuss the vol
untary railroad rates adjustment to
restore commerce lo its accustomed
Decision frill be Reported to
Extraordinary Meeting of Di
plomatic Advisory Council.
TOKIO, April 20. (A. P.) The
cabinet yesterday decided there was
no reason to alter Japan's policy on
the Yap mandate question because of
the recent American note, according
to the Nichi Nichi. The decision will
fce reported Friday to an extraordi
nary meeting of the diplomatic ad.ia
ory council, the newspaper adds. The
foreign office would neither confirm
nor U'tty the report. . .
WASHINGTON, April 20. U. P.)
The American legion has announced
that formal invitations to prominent
representatives of Great Britain,
France, Belgium and Italy have been
extended though the state department
and embassies to attend the third an
nual three day convention at Kansas
City in October. The invitations in
clude Foch, Admiral Beattle, Lieut.
General Baron Jacques and General
Enrio Caviglia.
TROITOALE, Ore.. April 20. (U.
P.) The Troutdale State Bank was
enivmlntalv n'rpi'knil hv Veetrs who mis-
judged the amount of nitroglycerine I
nmrv tr. htour the safe. The blast I
aroused the entire town. The safe
blowers escaped, empty handed. Sher
iffs are on their trail.
NEW YORK, April 20. (U. P.) j
A party of 200 Italian merchants, i
ranchers and vlneyardists from Call-I
fornia sailed on the Olympic and will i
visit their old homes. The Olympic j
carried 2000 passe nsrers. '
WASHINGTON, April 20.
(I. P.) The senate Is expected
to ratify the Colombian treaty
late today, thus disposing of a
controversy which has been
wased with Colombia ever since
the Panama revolt of 1903, when
the Roosevelt admin stratum got
the canal site from Panama.
In the house the nays nnd
means committee are to hear the
southern tariff 'association rep
s' rvsentatives.
20, 1921.
left eye of little Mlsa Ardella
Herley, five-year-old daughter
of Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Her
ley, who live on their ranch near
the government reservoir, la be
ing made here in Pendleton.
The little girl suffered a seri
ous Injury to the member Sat
urday when glass from a win
dow, through which she was
watching boys play ball, struck
her when the pane was broken
by a wild pitch.
The outer covering of the eye
was pierced by particles of glass
and at first It was thought the
sight would be lost. Expert
med.cal attention was secured as
quickly as possible, however,
and this morning, the little girl
is resting easj-. She can see with
the eye now. If inflamation
does not set in. it is hoped that
the removal of the member will
not be necessary. Mr. und Mrs.
Herley came here from South
Dakota thre years ago.
' t
Local Man Second in Inland
Empire Special; Tied for
Third in Another Event.
WALLA WALLA. April 20. R. G.
Lacey, of Wells, Ore., carried off the
honors of the registered tournament
yesterday afternoon, breaking til out
of 400 targets, and making the long
-4jun of ltu.tr He also won the.Golden
Pheasant overture with 100 straight,
but was eliminated from receiving
the trophy by the program provision
that one man could w'n but one tro
phy. He had won the Blue Mountain
Special MondayB.
L. A. Drumm, of Lewiston, who won
the Golden Pheasant overture yestef
day with 99. He had second hiidi run
of 109 in the two days shooting. W.
Hegler of St. John, Wash., won the
second trophy in the Golden Pheasant
overture with 98 and C. B. Joelin. of
Uol,,. ffclrrt with 07 finri
George B. Baker, of Seattle, fourth
with 96.
Frank Troeh, of Vancouver, won
the Inland Empire special with 99;
D. Houser, of Pomeroy, was second
with 96. D. C. Bowman, of Pendleton,
who scored 98 being eliminated be
cause of previous winning. Dr. S. A.
Fulton, of Walla Walla, was third,
with 95, and C. B. Preston, of Tort
land, was fourth with 94.
Frank Troeh was eliminated for
second honors in the Golden Pheasant today f,.om biows Qn the n(,ad "wnen
overture in the shoot off. ,he wag sIug(e, wlth bat on Aprl, g
High men in tne Goiden Pheasant! His assailants were unapprehended,
overture were: R. C. Lacey 100; John Kiluski, whom Kokosi sue.
William Hegler. Frank Troeh and G. ceeded aa president of the district
H- Arland, Garfield, 99; G. B. Joslln.
rresiou, i oi nao.i , . r.g..ei.
Spokane, 97; George B. Baker. Seat
tle; A. F. Campbell, YaRima, 96.
Inland Empire special, high guns
were: Frank Troeh, 99; D. C. Bow
man, Pendleton, 98; William Houser.
Pomeroy. 96; Pr. S. A. Fulton. R.
Searle, Seattle: Ew H. Keller, Portland:
R. G. Lacey, Wells. Ore.; C. B. Pres
ton and Louis Drumm, 94.
Unpleasant weather yesterday after,
noon marred the shoot somewhat, but
it passed off very smoothly and nil
shooters appeared to be well satisfied
with the affair
In the I'lue Mountain Special event
Monday Dan Bowman tied for third
place and won out in the shoot off, it
requiring 100 shots to decide the tie.
I'l'K I I.AMI, April Id. tl , U.
"Harry only bad on his birthday
clothes. 1 had on a Pair of B. V. D.'s.
but there was not mu-:i left of them
when 1 hit the track and skidded a
Thus Jimmy Milner, 16 years obi.
alleged auto bandit, jailbreaker and
stick-up man explained the latest sen
sational escnpude of Mmself and pal,
Harry 11 of fee.
4, i The boys, handcuffed and leg tron
Jed, escaped from the U. S. marshal by
jumping from a train In the Siskiyou
j mountains early yesterday, but were
I recaptured and brought to Portlund
toilav. "We sneaked out of the vesti-
I hole while the Marshall was asleep
'and threw bis pants and coat off the
: train which was going pretty fast. It
j was a(Svury proposition to J'Mnp, be-
ing hooked up like we was. We could
not Jump at the same time so I went
first and Harry did not jump soon
enough so I hint my leg bud," said
4 the Seattle youngster.
Would Secure Amendments to
Colombian Treaty Making it
Unacceptable to Colombia.
First Clause Would Reduce
Debt to fce Paid by United
States to $15,000,000.
AVASHINGTON, April 20. (U. PJ
Facing defeat in their efforts to pre
vent the ratification of the Colombian
treaty the senator opposing it began
a vigorous campaign to secure amend
ments that would make it unaccept
able to Colombia. Acting for tain
group were Senator Polndexter rf
Washington.' He offered three amend
ments, the frst to reduc from 25 to
15 million dollars the sum to be paid
Colombia by the United States; second
the elimination ot the provision giving;
Colombia the right to transport troops,
munitions and warships through th
canal and over the railroad free; tha
third provided that Colombia should
be on an equality with the other na
tions using the canal as to tolls,
charges, etc., but r.ot on an equality
with the Ignited States as the treaty
now provides.
Weeks Will Co to Panama.
WASHINGTON, April 20. (IT. P.)
Secretary of War Weeks announced
he will go to Panama soon to make an
Investigation of the canal sone with n
view to making radical changes in tha
method of operation. This is neces
sary, he said, to reduce the govern
ment expenses of operation of the
70ne. Weeks called the whole sys
tem of the zone administration th
most expensively run government ,ln
the world nnd said it la a "pure state
of socialism." It Is now costing
JSOfl.OOO per month. Weeks said, ex
clusive of the maintenance, of tha
American troops in Panama.' ;,r
MOROSCO IS AURAIGNKn
NKW YORK, April 20. A. P.)
Oliver Morosco, (fee theatrical pro
ducer, was arraigned on a charge of
violating the Volstead act by having;
I V ,, , v "
,D ' ' ivu..
EX-PRESiDENT OF MEAT
CHICAGO, April 20. (V. p.)
Stanley Rokosz, former president of
thd ChiC.'lffO me:if rtiMara nnlnn rfl-J
(council, was assassinated a year ago.
KNOX. Ind., April 20. (U. p.)
The trial of Creil Burkett, aged 11,
charged with murdering Bennle Sla
vin, a seven year old playmate was set
today fnr May 31. Y'oung Burkett Is
charged with shooting his playmate
last thanksgiving day. following a
KANSAS C1TT. April 20. (IT. p.)
Fifteen prisoners at the municipal
farm at Leeds sawed their way to free
dom. Six were captured, after a chasa
by the guards. The rest are fugitives.
CHICAGO. April 20. (U. P )
Prosecutor Lloyd lleth served notice
that he would demand a women Jury
to try Mid. Cora Orthweln. the beau
tiful divorcee and arrinlty slayer,
charged with the manslaughter lit
Herbert C. Zciglcr. executive of tha
Goodyear tire and rubber company.
Mrs. Orthweln collapsed when she
was led Into the court by her. attor
ney. Hen Short and cried Incessantly
throughout the proceedings. Tha rmmn
Is continued until May lsth. Tha wo.
mun, who said, following Zelglvr'
death, "I loved Herb and I killed
him," said she shot him In self le.
tense, when he broke Into har "gold
cou.it" apartment.


text:
5 Bollywood actors who went shirtless on their film posters
Earlier we had an altogether different approach for having the poster for B Town. The actors used to hold guns in their hand or doing something different over the released poster of the film. However, with changing time, things have changed and we get to see shirtless poster of the actors in the B Town. Now, we have several shirtless actors exposing their bodies and catching up the eyeballs a lot. The following is the list of the top Bollywood stars who have gone semi-nude or in other words gone shirtless. How about checking them as under:
Dara Singh: He is among the first actor to do the same. Of course he had his body to flaunt considering the fact that he had that body to showcase before the audience. He had several mythological characters to play over the on-screen. Some of the movies in which we get to see his bare body both in the films and the posters include Lootera, Faulad, Toofan and Jawan Mard to name a few.
Dharmendra: He is among the first man to go shirtless after Dara Singh. Some of the movies in which the actor was seen flaunting his body include Elaan E Jung, Patthar Ke Phool, and many more similar movies wherein he get to see this man showcasing his body of steel to the audience.
Sanjay Dutt: This actor went shirtless for the first time in the film 'Yalgaar' by Feroz Khan. In fact, he was seen on the said movie's poster though he played negative shade character in it. He has also gone shirtless for his movie called 'Rocky' along with a number of others in Bollywood.
Sunny Deol: Unlike his father, Sunny Deol too happens to be a fitness freak. He played several characters of strong men in several action films. He was seen doing a couple of scenes in his debut movie 'Betaab' along with his next film Ghayal from Rajkumar Santoshi though never seen in a poster like this. But with the film by JP Dutta's called 'Kshatriya' wherein he was seen going shirtless along with Sanjay Dutt.
Aamir Khan: His tag perfectionist has led this man to go out of the way to do films. One such film was Ghajini wherein he chiseled his body with several back abs to showcase the best man on the silver screen. His posters were with bare body that gave the actor a special recognition for this role. Yes, he even went beyond the limits showcasing the entire bare body over the silver screen for the Rajkumar Hirani's movie called PK.


text:
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We offer in-person or curbside options. If you elect to remain curbside please call upon arrival.
If you choose to remain curbside, your veterinarian will call you to discuss their exam findings. Due to limited phone lines, your veterinarian will call from a private or blocked number. If you are not feeling well or may be at risk of exposure to coronavirus, please ask a healthy friend or family member to transport your pet to the hospital on your behalf.
We proudly accept the CareCredit credit card to help you finance your healthcare needs. Now you can pay online with CareCredit to help pay at the time of care, when you get a post-care bill, or up to 30 days before your appointment, quickly and securely. Special financing options are available.* *Subject to credit approval. Minimum monthly payments required. Promotional financing options are available on purchases of $200 or more. Standard Account Terms apply to purchases of less than $200. Promotional financing options available through Pay My Provider may differ from options available in-office. See www.carecredit.com for details.
Download our mobile to have access to vaccine and medication history, request appointments and prescriptions.
Sulphur Animal Clinic is pleased to provide you with a variety of forms that can simplify the process of caring for your pet.
You can view the forms in PDF format by downloading the free Adobe Acrobat reader.


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Top 10 awesome movies like 20 Mississippi that you will enjoy watching
You just finished watching 20 Mississippi and you can't get over how good this movie was. Now you want to watch more of such masterpieces. We have curated a list of similar movies which are created by the likes of Barnett Brettler, Kellyn Lindsay and Kirk LaSalle . Here goes the list -
- Come Home Raquel
- Change the Game
- The Quietest Sound
- Breathing Under Water
- Neria
- Zero Day
- Tagged!
- The Intestine
- Paradise Recovered
- Lee's Offering
Come Home Raquel
Raquel, a 13 year old living in Queens, NY, struggles to make sense of her life after the deportation of her parents. Things quickly change upon the arrival of a new teacher and the return of her young uncle.
This movie, created by Daniel Sairitupac, Jamila Velazquez and Naomi McDougall Jones, scores 8.3 on IMDb.
Genres - Drama
Change the Game
Set in the inner city, about a group of individuals who aspire to achieve their goals and survive the trials and tribulations of life on the streets.
This movie, created by M.J. Alhabeeb Jr., M.J. Alhabeeb Jr. and Aimee Mathers, scores 7.8 on IMDb.
Genres - Drama
The Quietest Sound
Two unseen detectives turn on a camcorder to record their conversation with Elizabeth (Catherine E. Johnson), whose 4-year-old daughter, Chloe (Eleanor Koster) is missing. For 75 minutes the camera rolls, without stopping, until we finally learn what happened to Chloe. Or do we?
This movie, created by James Vculek, Catherine E. Johnson and Michael Tezla, scores 8.2 on IMDb.
Genres - DramaWatch Trailer
Breathing Under Water
This movie, created by Susan Murphy Dermody, Anne-Louise Lambert and Maeve Dermody, scores 7.8 on IMDb.
Genres - Drama
A classic African film that has struck a nerve that runs across the continent, with an original soundtrack and supporting performance by Zimbabwe's legendary World Music sensation, Oliver Mtukudzi.
This movie, created by Godwin Mawuru, Jesese Mungoshi and Dominic Kanaventi, scores 7.2 on IMDb.
Genres - Drama
You can watch this on Amazon Video.Watch Trailer
Zero Day
Two troubled adolescents chronicle the events that ultimately lead up to a terrifying assault on their school.
This movie, created by Ben Coccio, Cal Robertson and Andre Keuck, scores 7.2 on IMDb.
Genres - DramaWatch Trailer
A teenage girl, raised on her mother's tales, believes she is an alien princess and forms a Laser Tag team. A young teammate converts to the opposing team in order to give her focus. She brings her team to victory and herself to sanity.
This movie, created by John C. Lewis, Elizabeth Edwards and Austin Hammesfahr, scores 7.0 on IMDb.
Genres - Drama
The Intestine
A young woman attempts to better her life by appropriating a rich man's home.
This movie, created by Lev Lewis, Melanie J. Scheiner and Claudia Dey, scores 7.5 on IMDb.
Genres - Drama
Paradise Recovered
A devout young woman learns about faith, living, and love from a surprising source.
This movie, created by Storme Wood, Heather Wallis and Dane Hurlburt, scores 7.1 on IMDb.
Genres - Drama
Lee's Offering
After finishing school, ing?nue Lee (Amy Bucknam) prepares for a fresh start with an exciting new job. However before she can begin her new life, fate intervenes sending her reeling backwards into her childhood after a chance encounter with her troubled older sister Charlie (Sandy Kellerman).
This movie, created by Nick Marciano, Amy Bucknam and David Usher, scores 6.3 on IMDb.
Genres - Drama


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On Friday, the NFL released this statement to various media outlets: "NFL policies emphasize tolerance and inclusiveness, and prohibit discrimination based on age, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, or any other improper standard. Whether the laws and regulations of a state and local community are consistent with these policies would be one of many factors NFL owners may use to evaluate potential Super Bowl host sites."
Atlanta Falcons owner Arthur Blank also released a statement to CBS46 on the legislation:
"One of my bedrock values is 'Include Everyone' and it's a principle we embrace and strive to live each and every day with my family and our associates, a vast majority of which live and work in Georgia. I strongly believe a diverse, inclusive and welcoming Georgia is critical to our citizens and the millions of visitors coming to enjoy all that our great state has to offer. House Bill 757 undermines these principles and would have long-lasting negative impact on our state and the people of Georgia."
The Atlanta Braves also issued a statement Friday stating HB 757 would be "detrimental to our community and bad for Georgia. Our organization believes in an environment that is inclusive of all people." The Atlanta Hawks released a similar statement saying "The Hawks, Dream, NBA and WNBA are committed to fostering an inclusive environment where diversity is celebrated, and will continue to ensure all fans, players and employees feel welcome at our events." To read the statements in full, visit this link.
Gov. Nathan Deal indicated earlier this month that he would veto any legislation that discriminated against Georgians based on religious beliefs. However, he commented to the AJC on Friday that he was "pleasantly surprised" that the Georgia Legislature had reached a compromise in the legislation, but didn't' reveal if he would veto the bill.
The sports organizations add to a growing backlash against the bill, with Home Depot, Salesforce, Delta, Coca-Cola and hundreds of other businesses condemning HB 757.


text: A fabulous and extremely spacious four double bedroom apartment. The excellent accommodation also comprises a large reception room that is bright and west-facing, a modern separate kitchen, bathroom and separate W.C. It also comes with a private section of garden running the entire length of the rear of the property. It is smartly presented, with a long leasehold and is being offered to the market with no onward chain. An excellent first-home or rental investment.


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Nurturing in Business
Nurturing is an opportunity for business owners to grow and develop a relationship with a client or a potential client. I want to share with you today my top three tips on how removing the sales focus from nurturing opportunities allows more profound and authentic professional relationships to develop.
Sometimes when we think about nurturing in a business context, we think about the nuts and bolts of it – the what to do and how to do it. Lists start being made about email sequences and touchpoints. And while they help us understand what to do, I want to share more about why nurturing our leads and clients is an essential step in our marketing plan.
Consider this question. Think about one of your current or past clients. Why did they want to work with you? There were likely other VAs that could have provided the same service, so why did they choose you? Most likely, the reason is a relationship. Back when I started Performance PA, my first group of clients were all people that knew me – they knew who I was and what I was good at. This made nurturing them from leads to clients easy. I just had to continue being myself! By having a relationship first, they had already built up a certain level of trust that I would be able to address their pain points and help their business to grow.
The same applies to nurturing leads or potential clients. Show them who you are! There could be hundreds, if not thousands, of others that could do the work for the lead, so show them who you are and what being supported by you is like. It's estimated to take between 10 to 12 "touch points" before a lead signs as a client. Touch points could include; social media posts, website visits, testimonials, media exposure, email, cold calls or even an in-person meeting. The range is almost endless! Use this to your advantage! Don't feel you must be restricted to nurturing only via two or three methods. Think about what you excel at and emphasise those. But whatever you choose, be sure to show up consistently and authentically.
People can see through someone not being genuine. They can tell when they are being hit with a sales-y email that will just be asking them for something – their time, energy or money! More than likely, they're used to getting emails like that. These aren't bad ideas in themselves, but when that is the only touch point a lead sees, that's all they will know about you. Instead, we want to develop and build business relationships first genuinely. That way, you will be at the forefront of people's minds when they need the services you provide.
- Be yourself; everyone else is already taken. Oscar Wilde
People crave what is genuine and authentic. We've been oversaturated by the fake and the pretend. So be you. Unashamedly, unapologetically you! And if people don't like it, then they aren't your ideal client, are they? Better to find that out now than six months into working with them.
- Everything is content!
Not "everything" everything is content. But the things you might think are mundane, boring, repetitive or unimportant can be used to highlight who you are! For instance – you can easily make a video for social media showing how you set up your workstation for the day; maybe you have a quirky homemade notebook, or you're working in a beautiful location for the day. Use it! Perhaps you came across a hilarious meme while scrolling on Instagram one day – then why not put that in an email to your clients? Think of content as a way to show who you are and how you operate.
- Relationship before sales
There is nothing wrong with sales – at some point, you might have to help people over the line, and sometimes a sales email or phone call will do it. But the foundation has to be there of a relationship. You have to genuinely care about the pain points for a business to understand them, come alongside them, and help solve them. People value relationships and genuine attempts at goodwill.
Nurturing your business relationships is an important marketing skill. It's something that starts with generating leads, converting them to clients and continues right the way through to having clients act as brand ambassadors. That's one powerful and influential skill to utilise. Never underestimate how consistently showing up and being sincerely invested in your client's needs can positively impact your business.