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Background and geological setting
Drilling a deep hole through intact ocean crust formed at a fast spreading rate has been one of the prime motivations for scientific ocean drilling since its inception (Teagle and Ildefonse, 2011). Fast-spreading ocean crust is targeted because geological and geophysical observations indicate that long distances of the ridge crests behave relatively uniformly. Consequently, we should be able to extrapolate the findings from a few deep penetrations to describe a significant portion of the Earth's surface (~30%). Only through the recovery of a significant section of cumulate gabbro underlying the dikes and erupted lavas will we be able to test competing models of magmatic accretion at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges and evaluate the impact of these processes on the wider Earth system.
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 335 (13 April–3 June 2011) is the fourth scientific drilling cruise of the Superfast Spreading Crust campaign (Ocean Drilling Program [ODP] Proposal 522Full-2; D.S. Wilson et al., unpubl. data) to ODP Hole 1256D (6°44.163′N, 91°56.061′W) to deepen this ocean crust reference penetration a significant distance into cumulate gabbros. Hole 1256D is located on 15 Ma crust in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean in oceanic basement that formed during a sustained episode of superfast ocean ridge spreading (>200 mm/y) (Wilson, 1996) (Figs. F1, F2). Ocean crust formed at a superfast spreading rate was deliberately targeted because there is strong evidence from mid-ocean-ridge seismic experiments that gabbros occur at shallower depths in intact ocean crust with higher spreading rates. Consequently, the often difficult-to-drill upper ocean crust should be relatively thin. Expedition 335 follows ODP Leg 206 in 2002 and IODP Expedition 309/312 in 2005 (Wilson, Teagle, Acton, et al., 2003; Teagle, Alt, Umino, Miyashita, Banerjee, Wilson, and the Expedition 309/312 Scientists, 2006), which prepared the first scientific borehole for deep drilling by installing a large reentry cone secured with almost 270 m of 16 inch casing through the 250 m thick sedimentary overburden and cemented into the uppermost basement (Fig. F2). Hole 1256D was then deepened through an ~810 m thick sequence of lavas and a thin (~346 m) sheeted dike complex, the lower 60 m of which is strongly contact metamorphosed to granoblastic textures. The first gabbroic rocks were encountered at 1407 meters below seafloor (mbsf), where the hole entered a complex dike–gabbro transition zone that includes two 20 to 50 m thick gabbro lenses intruded into granoblastic dikes. As of the end of Expedition 312, Hole 1256D had a total depth of 1507.1 mbsf and was open to its full depth. Hole 1256D was poised at a depth where, with a few hundred meters of penetration, cumulate gabbros should be recovered for the first time from in situ lower ocean crust. Such samples would reveal hitherto unavailable fundamental observations regarding the processes that form new crust at the mid-ocean ridges and the chemical exchanges between the crust, oceans, and mantle.
The scientific justifications for deep drilling of fast-spreading ocean crust is further explored in the "Deep drilling of intact ocean crust: harnessing past lessons to inform future endeavors" chapter of this volume (Expedition 335 Scientists, 2012a). The specific tests of ocean crust accretion models planned for Expedition 335 are described below.
Rationale for the Superfast Spreading Crust campaign and location of Site 1256
The key to proposing the Superfast Spreading Crust campaign (Leg 206 and Expeditions 309/312 and 335) was to identify a style of crustal accretion where the extrusive lavas and dikes overlying the gabbros are predicted to be relatively thin, thus increasing the likelihood of penetrating through the complete upper crustal section in the fewest drilling days (ODP Proposal 522Full-2; D.S. Wilson et al., unpubl. data). Drilling lavas and dikes has proved problematic in past scientific ocean drilling, resulting in poor hole conditions, slow penetration rates, and low core recovery (Figs. F3, F4) (see the "Deep drilling of intact ocean crust: harnessing past lessons to inform future endeavors" chapter [Expedition 335 Scientists, 2012a]). The recognition that crust formed at a relatively fast spreading rate is a compelling target for deep drilling follows the observation that there is an inverse relationship between the depth to axial low-velocity zones imaged by seismic experiments, interpreted to be melt lenses, and spreading rate (Purdy et al., 1992) (Fig. F5). Since the Purdy et al. (1992) compilation, careful velocity analysis, summarized by Hooft et al. (1996), has refined the conversion from traveltime to depth, and data from additional sites have been collected (Carbotte et al., 1997). The fastest rate spreading centers surveyed with modern multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection, ~140 mm/y full rate at 14°–18°S on the East Pacific Rise (EPR), show reflectors, interpreted as the axial melt lens, at depths from 940 to 1260 mbsf (Detrick et al., 1993; Kent et al., 1994; Hooft et al., 1994, 1996). At 9°–16°N on the EPR where spreading rates are 80–110 mm/y, depths to the melt reflector are mostly 1350–1650 mbsf, where well determined (Kent et al., 1994; Hooft et al., 1996; Carbotte et al., 1997). The implication from reflection seismic studies of axial low-velocity zones is that crust formed at superfast spreading rates (>200 mm/y) should have a thin dike section and cumulate gabbros should occur at relatively shallow depths.
The theoretical basis for expecting an inverse relation between spreading rate and melt lens depth is fairly straightforward if one considers a gabbro glacier style of crustal formation (e.g., Henstock et al., 1993; Phipps Morgan and Chen, 1993; Quick and Denlinger, 1993). The latent heat released in crystallizing the gabbroic crust must be conducted through the lid of the melt lens to the base of the axial hydrothermal system, which then advects the heat to the ocean. The temperature contrast across the lid is governed by the properties of magma (1100°–1200°C) and thermodynamic properties of seawater (350°–450°C where circulating in large volumes) and will vary only slightly with spreading rate and ridge depth (e.g., Jupp and Schultz, 2000). The heat flux through the lid per unit ridge length will therefore be proportional to the width of the lens and inversely proportional to the lid thickness. For reasons that are not understood, seismic observations show uniform width of the melt lens, independent of spreading rate. With width and temperature contrast not varying, the extra heat supplied by more magma at faster spreading rates must be conducted through a thinner lid (dike layer) to maintain steady state (see Phipps Morgan and Chen [1993] for a more complete discussion). This analysis leads to the prediction that to reach cumulate gabbros in normal oceanic crust with minimal drilling, it is therefore best to target crust formed at the fastest possible spreading rates (Wilson et al., 2006).
A setting similar to the modern well-surveyed area at 14°–18°S could be expected to reach gabbro at a depth of ~1400 m, based on 1100 m to the axial magma chamber reflector and subsequent burial by an additional 300 m of extrusives (Kent et al., 1994). At faster rates, depths could be hundreds of meters shallower. In contrast, seismic velocity inversions at the axes of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin, are at depths of ~3 km (Purdy et al., 1992), at intermediate spreading rates comparable to Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP)/ODP Site 504.
Superfast spreading rate crust in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean
The identification of magnetic anomalies formed at the southern end of the Pacific/Cocos plate boundary led to the recognition of crust formed at full spreading rates of ~200–220 mm/y from ~20 to 11 Ma (Wilson, 1996) (Fig. F1), 30% to 40% faster than the fastest modern spreading rate. This episode of superfast spreading ended with a reorganization of plate motions at 10–11 Ma. The southern limit of crust formed at the superfast rates is the trace of the Cocos-Nazca-Pacific triple junction, as Nazca-Pacific and Cocos-Nazca spreading rates were not as fast. The older age limit of this spreading episode is hard to determine with the limited mapping and poor magnetic geometry of the Pacific plate, but it is at least 18 Ma. The northern limit of this province is entirely gradational, with rates dropping to ~150 mm/y somewhat north of the Clipperton Fracture Zone.
The estimated depth to an axial melt lens for ocean crust formed at such a superfast spreading rate is ~800–1000 m. The anticipated depth to the gabbros for Site 1256 was ~1100–1300 m, allowing for a reasonable thickness (~300 m) of near-axial lava flows (e.g., Hooft et al., 1996) (Table T1; see "Headline results from previous drilling at Site 1256: ODP Leg 206 and IODP Expedition 309/312"), making this region a compelling target for deep drilling to help us understand crustal accretion processes at mid-ocean ridges.
Geological setting of Site 1256
Site 1256 lies in 3635 m of water in the Guatemala Basin (6°44.2′N; 91°56.1′W) on Cocos plate crust formed at ~15 Ma on the eastern flank of the EPR (Fig. F1). The depth of the site is close to that predicted from bathymetry models of plate cooling (e.g., Parsons and Sclater, 1977). The site sits near the magnetic Anomaly 5Bn–5Br transition in magnetic polarity and is centered in the zone that accreted at a superfast spreading rate (~200–220 mm/y full rate) (Wilson, 1996). The site lies ~1150 km east of the present crest of the EPR and ~530 km north of the Cocos-Nazca spreading center. The trace of the Cocos-Nazca-Pacific triple junction passes ~100 km to the southeast, with the elevated bathymetry of the Cocos Ridge recording the trail of the Galapagos plume farther to the southeast (~500 km). The site formed on a ridge segment at least 400 km in length, ~100 km north of the ridge-ridge-ridge triple junction between the Cocos, Pacific, and Nazca plates (Fig. F6). This location was formed near the Equator within the equatorial high-productivity zone and initially endured high sedimentation rates (>30 m/m.y.) (e.g., Farrell et al., 1995; Wilson, Teagle, Acton, et al., 2003). Sediment thickness in the region is between 200 and 300 m and is 250 m at Site 1256 (Wilson, Teagle, Acton, et al., 2003).
The Guatemala Basin has relatively subdued bathymetry, and the immediate surroundings of Site 1256 (~300 km) are relatively unblemished by major seamount chains or large tectonic features high enough to penetrate the sediment cover (~200–300 m). Site 1256 was one of a number of sites approved by the ODP Site Survey panel (as Site GUATB-03C) (Fig. F7) for operations during Leg 206, and this specific location was selected from the regions surveyed to take advantage of faster upper crustal velocities, which correctly predicted the presence of massive basalt flows, and to avoid thrust faults that occur elsewhere in the region. The details of the 1999 Maurice Ewing site survey cruise operations are documented in Wilson, Teagle, Acton, et al. (2003) and Wilson et al. (2003).
Site 1256 has a seismic structure reminiscent of typical Pacific off-axis seafloor (Fig. F8). Upper Layer 2 velocities are 4.5–5 km/s, and the Layer 2–3 transition is between ~1200 and 1500 m subbasement (msb) (Fig. F9). The total crustal thickness at Site 1256 is estimated at ~5–5.5 km.
Site 1256 sits atop a region of smooth seafloor and basement topography (<10 m relief) (Fig. F7). Northeast of Site 1256 (15–20 km), a trail of ~500 m high circular seamounts rises a few hundred meters above the sediment blanket. Using the site survey MCS data (Wilson et al., 2003), we have constructed a geological sketch map of the uppermost basement in the GUATB-03 survey region (Fig. F10). Elsewhere in the region, the top of basement shows a number of offsets along northwest-striking normal faults, and an abyssal hill relief of as much as 100 m is apparent in the southwest part of the area. Relief to the northeast is lower and less organized. In the northeastern sector of the GUATB-03 region, there is evidence for a basement thrust fault with a strike approximately orthogonal to the regional fabric (Wilson et al., 2003; Hallenborg et al., 2003). This feature dips gently to the northwest (~15°) and is clearly discernible to a depth of ~1.3 km on seismic Line EW9903-28 (Wilson et al., 2003), but the feature is less pronounced on seismic Line EW9903-27, indicating that the offset on the thrust decreases to the southwest.
Additional processing (A.J. Harding, unpubl. data) of ocean bottom hydrophone (OBH) recordings indicates discernible variation in the average seismic velocity (~4.54–4.88 km/s) of the uppermost (~100 m) basement and regional coherence in velocity variations (Fig. F10A). Two principal features are apparent: a 5 to 10 km wide zone of relatively high upper basement velocities (>4.82 km/s) that can be traced ~20 km to the edge of data coverage southeast of Site 1256, and a relatively low velocity (4.66–4.54 km/s) bull's-eye centered around the crossing point of seismic Lines EW9903-21 and EW9903-25.
The uppermost basement at Site 1256 is capped by a massive lava flow >74 m thick (Fig. F2). This flow is relatively unfractured, with shipboard physical property measurements on discrete samples indicating VP > 5.5 km/s (Wilson, Teagle, Acton, et al., 2003). As such, it is likely that the area of relatively high uppermost basement seismic velocities represents the extent of the massive flow penetrated during Leg 206 in Holes 1256C and 1256D. Assuming an average thickness of 40 m, this would conservatively suggest an eruption volume in excess of 3 km3, plausibly >10 km3. This is extremely large when compared to the size of mid-ocean-ridge axial low-velocity zones that are thought to be high-level melt lenses, which typically have volumes ~0.05–0.15 km3 per kilometer of ridge axis and generally appear to be only partially molten (Singh et al., 1998).
Sheet flows (<3 m thick) and massive flows (>3 m) make up most of the lava stratigraphy at Site 1256 (Fig. F2) (Teagle, Alt, Umino, Miyashita, Banerjee, Wilson, and the Expedition 309/312 Scientists, 2006), and such lava morphologies have been shown to dominate crust formed at fast spreading rates, away from segment tips (e.g., White et al., 2000, 2002). Subordinate pillow lavas are present in Hole 1256D (e.g., Tominaga et al., 2009), and because of the large number of fractures and pillow interstices, seismic velocities in these units are generally lower than more massive lava flows. We speculate that the bull's-eye of relatively low seismic velocities is a thick pile of dominantly pillowed lava flows.
At 15 Ma, Site 1256 is significantly older than Hole 504B (~6.9 Ma), and lower temperatures are predicted at mid-levels in the crust (~115°C at 1500 msb), so high borehole temperatures should not become an issue until a significant thickness of gabbro is penetrated (Fig. F11). Heat flow (~113 mW/m2 in Hole 1256C) is close to that predicted from cooling plate models, indicating minimal active hydrothermal circulation, as was confirmed by diffusive pore water profiles in the Site 1256 sedimentary overburden (Wilson, Teagle, Acton, et al., 2003).
The only serious drawback to the GUATB-03/Site 1256 area as a crustal reference section for fast spreading rates is its low original latitude. This means that the determination of magnetic polarity from azimuthally unoriented core samples is nearly impossible. In addition, the nearly north–south ridge orientation makes the magnetic inclination insensitive to structural tilting. Magnetic logging with either the General Purpose Inclinometry Tool (GPIT) fluxgates that form part of the Formation MicroScanner/Dipole Sonic Imager (FMS-sonic) tool string (or a separate magnetic tool with gyroscopic orientation) should be adequate for polarity determination and reorientation of recovered cores to the geographic reference frame.
Headline results from previous drilling at Site 1256: ODP Leg 206 and IODP Expedition 309/312
Hole 1256D in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is the first basement borehole prepared with the infrastructure desirable for drilling a moderately deep hole into the oceanic crust (~1.5–2 km). Following preliminary coring to document the sedimentary overburden at Site 1256, operations during Leg 206 installed in Hole 1256D a reentry cone supported by 20 inch casing and large-diameter (16 inch) casing all the way through the sediment cover and cemented 19 m into basement (Wilson, Teagle, Acton, et al., 2003). Armoring the sediment/basement boundary reduces erosion of the borehole walls at this weak point and assists in clearing drill cuttings from the hole. The cone and casing facilitate multiple reentries and help maintain hole stability. The large-diameter casing was deployed to protect against the situation where one or two more casing strings (13⅜ and 10¾ inch) would be needed to stabilize the uppermost ~100 m of oceanic basement during the initiation of Hole 1256D. It also allows the possibility that future expeditions could insert further casing into the hole to isolate unstable portions of the very uppermost basement or improve the borehole hydrodynamics for clearing cuttings from the hole (see "Operations"). Because of the occurrence of a very thick massive lava flow at the top of basement, casing was not necessary for securing the uppermost portion of the hole.
Volcanic sequences at Site 1256 comprise a sequence of massive flows and thinner sheet flows with subordinate pillow basalt, hyaloclastite, and breccia (Fig. F12). The uppermost crust at Site 1256 comprises a ~100 m thick sequence of lava dominated by a single massive lava flow >75 m thick, requiring at least this much seafloor relief to pond the lava. On modern fast-spreading ridges, such topography does not normally develop until 5–10 km from the axis (Macdonald et al., 1996). Although this lava flow cooled off-axis it may have originated at the ridge axis before flowing on to the ridge flanks, as is observed for very large lava flows on the modern ocean floor (Macdonald et al., 1989). The lava sequence immediately below includes sheet and massive flows and minor pillow flows. Subvertical, elongate flow-top fractures filled with quenched glass and hyaloclastite in these lavas indicate flow lobe inflation requiring cooling on a subhorizontal surface off-axis (Umino et al., 2000). From this shipboard evidence, a total thickness of 284 m of lava that flowed and cooled off-axis was estimated (Table T1). Sheet flows and massive lava flows erupted at the ridge axis make up the remaining extrusive section to 1004 mbsf, before a lithologic transition is marked by subvertical intrusive contacts and mineralized breccia. This contrasts slightly with the volcanic stratigraphy for Hole 1256D developed from analysis of wireline geophysical imaging (Tominaga et al., 2009; Tominaga and Umino, 2010) that suggests <50% of the lava drilled crystallized within 1000 m of the axis but that the majority of the lava pile had formed within 3000 m of the ridge crest.
Rocks throughout pilot Hole 1256C and the uppermost parts of Hole 1256D exhibit dark gray background alteration where the rocks are slightly to moderately altered, olivine is replaced, and pore spaces are filled by saponite and minor pyrite as the result of low-temperature seawater interaction at relatively low cumulative seawater/rock ratios. Vein-related alteration is manifest as different-colored alteration halos along veins. Black halos contain celadonite and have been interpreted to result from the presence of upwelling distal low-temperature hydrothermal fluids enriched in iron, silica, and alkalis (Edmond et al., 1979; see summary in Alt and Teagle, 1999). The iron oxyhydroxide–rich brown mixed halos are later features that formed by circulation of oxidizing seawater. The brown halos have a similar origin and formed along fractures that were not bordered by previously formed black halos. This vein-related alteration occurs irregularly throughout Hole 1256D below the massive Unit 1 (lava pond) but is concentrated in zones of greater permeability and, consequently, increased fluid flow. The appearance of albite and saponite partially replacing plagioclase below 625 mbsf indicates a change in alteration conditions. This change may result in part because of slightly higher temperatures at depth as the lava/dike boundary is approached or from interaction with more evolved fluid compositions (e.g., decreased K/Na and elevated silica). Black, brown, and mixed halos are absent in lowermost lavas (>900 mbsf), and dark gray background alteration related to abundant saponite and pyrite is ubiquitous. Vertical vein sets become more common below ~900 mbsf.
When compared with other basement sites (e.g., DSDP/ODP Sites 417 and 418 and Holes 504B and 896A), Hole 1256D contains a much smaller number of brown, mixed, and black alteration halos (Wilson, Teagle, Acton, et al., 2003; Alt, 2004). The abundance of carbonate veins in Hole 1256D is also lower than at many other sites (Coggon et al., 2010). Site 1256 is, however, quite similar to ODP Site 801, also in crust generated at a fast-spreading ridge, albeit 170 m.y. ago (Alt and Teagle, 2003). One important feature is the lack of any oxidation gradient with depth in Hole 1256D, in contrast to the stepwise disappearance of iron oxyhydroxide and celadonite in Hole 504B and the general downhole decrease in seawater effects at Sites 417 and 418 (Wilson, Teagle, Acton, et al., 2003; Alt, 2004). In contrast, alteration appears to have been concentrated into different zones that may be related to the architecture of the basement, such as lava morphology, distribution of breccia and fracturing, and the influence of these on porosity and permeability.
Below 1061 mbsf, subvertical intrusive contacts are numerous, indicating the start of a relatively thin, ~350 m thick sheeted dike complex dominated by massive basalt. Some basalts have doleritic textures, and many are crosscut by subvertical dikes with common strongly brecciated and mineralized chilled margins. There is no evidence from core or geophysical wireline logs for major tilting of the dikes, consistent with subhorizontal seismic reflectors in the lower extrusive rocks that are continuous for several kilometers across the site (Hallenborg et al., 2003). Measurements of dike orientations by wireline imaging are in close agreement with direct measurements on recovered cores and indicate that the dikes at Site 1256 are slightly tilted away from the paleospreading axis (dip/dip direction = 79° ± 8°/053 ± 23°) (Tominaga et al., 2009).
The secondary mineralogy of the rocks indicates a stepwise increase in alteration grade downhole from the lavas to the dikes, with low-temperature phases (<150°C phyllosilicates and iron oxyhydroxides) in the lavas giving way to dikes partially altered to chlorite and other greenschist facies minerals (at temperatures greater than ~250°C) (Fig. F12) (Alt et al., 2010). Within the dikes, alteration intensity and grade increase downward, with actinolite more abundant than chlorite below 1300 mbsf and hornblende present below 1350 mbsf, indicating temperatures approaching ~400°C (Alt et al., 2010). The dikes have significantly lower porosity (mostly 0.5%–2%) and higher P-wave velocities and thermal conductivity than the lavas. Porosity decreases and P-wave velocity increases with depth in the dikes.
In the bottommost ~60 m of the sheeted dikes (1348–1407 mbsf), basalts are partially to completely recrystallized to distinctive granoblastic textures characterized by granular secondary clinopyroxene and lesser orthopyroxene resulting from contact metamorphism by underlying gabbroic intrusions (Figs. F12, F13). Textural changes in oxide minerals indicate that the zone of metamorphic recrystallization may extend for >90 m above the upper contact with the first gabbro interval. There is unequivocal evidence for hydrothermal alteration before and after the formation of the granoblastic textures and potentially small, irregular patches of partial melting (Koepke et al., 2008; France et al., 2009; Alt et al., 2010). Simple thermal calculations suggest that the two gabbro bodies so far intersected in Hole 1256D have insufficient thermal mass to be responsible for a 60 to 90 m thick high-temperature (600°–900°C) metamorphic halo if the intrusions are simple subhorizontal bodies (Koepke et al., 2008; Coggon et al., 2008). This feature requires either a much more substantial intrusion nearby or significant topography on the dike/gabbro boundary.
Aside from the granoblastic contact metamorphic assemblages in the basal dikes, hydrothermal mineralogy and inferred alteration temperatures of the lower dikes in Hole 1256D are generally similar to those in the lower dikes of Hole 504B (as high as ~400°C). The fact that the dike section at Site 1256 is much thinner than the one at Site 504 (~350 versus ~1000 m), however, indicates a much steeper hydrothermal temperature gradient in Hole 1256D (~0.5°C/m versus 0.16°C/m in Hole 504B).
Gabbro and trondhjemite intrusions into sheeted dikes at 1407 mbsf mark the top of the plutonic section (Figs. F12, F13). Two major bodies of gabbro were penetrated beneath this contact, with the 52 m thick upper gabbro (Gabbro 1) separated from the 24 m thick lower gabbro (Gabbro 2) by a 24 m screen of granoblastic basalts (Dike Screen 1). The textures and rock types observed in Hole 1256D are reminiscent of varitextured gabbros thought to represent a frozen melt lens between the sheeted dike complex and above the cumulate rocks in many ophiolites (e.g., MacLeod and Yaouancq, 2000; France et al., 2009).
Gabbro 1 is mineralogically and texturally heterogeneous, comprising gabbros, oxide gabbros, quartz-rich oxide diorites, and small trondhjemite dikelets. Oxide abundance decreases irregularly downhole, and olivine is present in significant amounts only in the lower part of Gabbro 1. These rocks are moderately to highly altered by hydrothermal fluids to actinolite, hornblende, secondary plagioclase, epidote, chlorite, prehnite, and laumontite.
The intervening Dike Screen 1 is interpreted as an interval of sheeted dikes captured between the two intrusions of gabbros. Dike Screen 1 consists of fine-grained meta-basalt similar to the granoblastic dikes overlying Gabbro 1. Dike Screen 1 is cut by a number of small quartz gabbro and tonalite dikelets of variable thickness (1–10 cm), grain size, and composition.
Gabbro 2 comprises gabbro, oxide gabbro, and subordinate orthopyroxene-bearing gabbro and trondhjemite that are similarly altered to Gabbro 1 and has clear intrusive contacts with the overlying granoblastic Dike Screen 1. Partially resorbed stoped dike clasts are entrained within both the upper and lower margins of Gabbro 2 (Fig. F13G). Gabbro 2 is characterized by an absence of fresh olivine, high but variable orthopyroxene contents (5%–25%), and considerable local heterogeneity. Oxide abundance generally diminishes downhole. The predominant rock type is orthopyroxene-bearing gabbro with gabbronorite in the marginal units. The lowermost rock recovered from Hole 1256D during Expedition 312 was a highly altered actinolite-bearing basaltic dike that lacks granoblastic textures; hence, it is interpreted to be a late dike that postdates the intrusion of the lower gabbro.
Relative to other well-studied upper ocean crust sections (e.g., Karson, 2002), Site 1256 shows a thick lava sequence and a thin dike sequence. Steady-state thermal models require that the conductive lid separating magma from rapidly circulating seawater thins as spreading rate increases, indicating that the thin dike sequence is a direct consequence of the high spreading rate. A thick flow sequence with many massive individual flows and few pillow lavas is a reasonable consequence of short vertical transport distance from the magma chamber and is similar to observations from the mid-segments of the fastest spreading ridges in the modern ocean (White et al., 2002). This is in direct contrast to spreading models developed from observations of tectonically disrupted fast-spread crust exposed in Hess Deep (Karson et al., 2002) that suggest regions of high magma supply should have thin lavas and thick dikes. Similarly, there is little evidence for tilting (at most ~10 degrees) in Hole 1256D and no evidence for significant faulting. In contrast, the upper crust exposed at Hess Deep and in the Blanco Fracture Zone shows significant faulting and rotation within the dike complex (Karson et al., 2002), indicating that observations from those tectonic windows may be site specific and not widely applicable to intact ocean crust. The massive lava flow at the top of the Site 1256 basement indicates that faults with ~50–100 m throws must exist relatively near to the ridge axis even in superfast spreading rate crust to provide the necessary relief to pond off the lava. At fast-spreading ridges, such relief is typically developed ~5 to 10 km from the axis.
Marine seismologists have long been dividing the ocean crust into seismic layers: Layer 1 comprises low-velocity sediments (VP < 3 km/s); Layer 2 has low velocity and a high velocity gradient, with VP typically ranging from ~3.5 to ~6.7 km/s; and Layer 3 has high velocity and a low velocity gradient (VP ranges from 6.7 to 7.1 km/s). There is a widespread perception that Layer 3 is equivalent to gabbro, even though Hole 504B has penetrated Layer 3 but not gabbro (Alt et al., 1996; Detrick et al., 1994). From regional seismic refraction data, the transition from seismic Layer 2 to Layer 3 at Site 1256 occurs at ~1450–1750 mbsf (1200–1500 msb) (Wilson et al., 2003) (Figs. F9, F12). Shipboard determinations of seismic velocities of discrete samples are in close agreement with in situ measurements by wireline tools to ~1320 mbsf, above the granoblastic dikes interval; below that depth, velocities are significantly lower than the sonic log, and the gabbro velocities range between ~5.3 and 6.4 km/s (Swift et al., 2008). Contrary to expectation, porosity increases and P-wave velocities decrease stepwise downward from the lowermost dikes into the uppermost gabbro in Hole 1256D, as the result of the contact metamorphism of the granoblastic dikes and the strong hydrothermal alteration of the uppermost gabbros (Fig. F12). Porosity and velocity then increase downhole in the gabbro but are still <6.5 km/s. Similar trends for porosity and velocity were observed in postcruise laboratory measurements at ambient pressure (Violay et al., 2010) and lithostatic pressure (Gilbert and Salisbury, 2011), albeit on a small suite of samples. However, the compressional velocities on these samples were as much as ~800 m/s higher in the gabbroic section, with VP averaging ~6.5 km/s from the middle part of gabbro to the bottom of Gabbro 2. This difference may arise from the incomplete saturation of the samples during shipboard measurements (see "Physical properties" in the "Site 1256" chapter [Expedition 335 Scientists, 2012c]). Wireline velocity measurements end at the top of gabbro, but we interpret the gabbro intervals as within Layer 2 because a smoothed extrapolation of the downhole velocities will either have velocities <6.5 km/s, still characteristic of Layer 2, or will have an exceptionally high gradient to higher velocities, also characteristic of Layer 2. Encountering gabbro at a depth clearly within Layer 2 reinforces previous inferences that factors including porosity and alteration (Detrick et al., 1994; Alt et al., 1996; Carlson, 2010) are more important than rock type or grain size in controlling the location of the Layer 2–3 transition. The position of the dike/gabbro boundary therefore appears to have little control over the seismic velocity structure of the crust (Alt et al., 1996; Detrick et al., 1994). Unfortunately, because the transition from Layer 2 to Layer 3 most likely lies beneath Hole 1256D, we cannot yet determine what controls this transition at Site 1256.
Summary of whole-rock igneous geochemistry from Site 1256
Flows and dikes from Hole 1256D show a wide range of magmatic fractionation, from fairly primitive to evolved (Figs. F12, F14). Shallower than 600 mbsf, magma compositions are bimodal, with relatively evolved thick flows and more primitive thin flows. The lava pond includes rocks with the highest incompatible element compositions (Zr, TiO2, Y, and V) and lowest compatible element concentration (Cr and Ni), suggesting that it is more evolved than other basalt from Site 1256 (Fig. F15). The initial division (based on Leg 206 lavas only) into high Zr-TiO2, low Zr-TiO2, and high Zr disappears with more data from Expedition 309/312. Rare samples from the lava pond fall off the dominant Y versus Zr and TiO2 versus Zr trends, suggesting possible minor variation in source compositions.
There are subtle variations in the basalt chemistry downhole, with a number of step changes or reversals of fractionation trends possibly indicating cycles of fractionation, replenishment, and, perhaps, assimilation (e.g., at ~600, 750, 908, and 1125 mbsf). Downhole geochemical compositions within the dike section are variable and do not define trends. Primary and evolved compositions are closely juxtaposed, as would be expected for vertically intruded magmas. The range of major element compositions in the dikes is similar to that of the overlying rocks, and the average composition of the dikes is indistinguishable from the average composition of the lavas (Figs. F12, F14).
The gabbros have highly variable bulk compositions. The uppermost gabbros have geochemical characteristics similar to the overlying dikes with mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB) chemistries (MgO ~7–8 wt%; Zr ~47–65 ppm). Conversely, deeper in Gabbro 2 the rocks are significantly less fractionated and there are general downhole trends of increasing MgO, CaO, and Ni and decreasing FeO, Zr, and Y. The uppermost rocks of Gabbro 2 are fractionated with MgO contents of 6.1 wt%, but lower in the sequence MgO reaches 9.3 wt%. Decreasing concentrations of FeO and TiO2 downhole suggest that Gabbro 2 is fractionated similarly to Gabbro 1. The intrusive nature of both gabbro bodies and the chemical variations within them suggest that they intruded into the base of the sheeted dikes and underwent minor internal fractionation in situ, resulting in the observed general geochemical stratification. Partially resorbed xenoliths of granoblastic dikes within Gabbro 2 indicate that stoping of the intruded dikes may have contaminated the gabbro compositions.
There are linear trends between MgO versus TiO2, FeO, CaO, Na2O, and Zr, most likely resulting from fractional crystallization of a gabbro, with the fractionating assemblage consisting of clinopyroxene and plagioclase, as expected for relatively evolved basaltic magmas. The predicted composition of the cumulate gabbros generated during this fractional crystallization is very different from that of the gabbros drilled so far. Simple mass balance calculations indicate that the average basalt has lost >30% of its original liquid mass as solid gabbro, implying the presence of at least 300 m of cumulate gabbro in the crust below the present base of the hole (Teagle, Alt, Umino, Miyashita, Banerjee, Wilson, and the Expedition 309/312 Scientists, 2006).
The gabbro compositions span a range similar to the flows and dikes but are on average more primitive, with higher MgO and lower FeO, albeit still within the range of EPR basalts (Figs. F14, F15). Even though it is less fractionated, the average gabbro composition is evolved relative to candidates for primary magma in equilibrium with mantle olivine. Possible primary mantle melt compositions should have Mg# of 70–78 and MgO of 9–14 wt%. All flows and dikes and most gabbros are too evolved to be candidates for primary magma. Therefore, the residue removed from primary magma to produce the observed gabbro and basalt compositions must occur below the present base of Hole 1256D.
The compositional ranges of fresh lava and dike samples correspond to typical values for MORB for most major elements and many trace elements (Su and Langmuir, 2003) and are similar to those observed for the northern EPR (Fig. F10). A few incompatible elements, including Na and Zr, have lower concentrations than observed for the modern EPR lavas, but the generally substantial overlap of compositions indicates similar process operated at the superfast spreading ridge that formed Site 1256 and the modern EPR. When trace elements are compared to EPR MORB, they are within one standard deviation of average, albeit on the relatively trace element–depleted side of MORB. For example, compared with first-order mid-ocean-ridge segments along the EPR, basalts from Site 1256 have low Zr/TiO2 and Zr/Y. Although there is overlap among the segments and a large scatter in the data for each segment, Zr/TiO2 and Zr/Y appear to decrease with increasing spreading rate (Teagle, Alt, Umino, Miyashita, Banerjee, Wilson, and the Expedition 309/312 Scientists, 2006). The origin of this relationship remains unclear. Spreading rate may affect the extents of magma fractionation or partial melting of the mantle, or it may instead reflect regional scale mantle heterogeneity. To decrease trace element ratios to this extent would require ~30% more melting at the superfast ridge, but this appears unlikely because of normal crustal thickness (~5.5 km) at Site 1256 (Park et al., 2008).
The simplest model for mid-ocean-ridge magma plumbing is that the melt lens imaged by MCS experiments is the magma chamber where crystal-rich residues are separated from the evolved lavas that reach the seafloor. Hole 1256D gabbros are texturally and compositionally similar to varitextured gabbros at the base of the sheeted dike complex in Oman interpreted to be axial melt lenses (Fig. F16) (e.g., MacLeod and Yaouancq, 2000; France et al., 2009). If the gabbro bodies so far encountered in Hole 1256D were intruded on-axis, and if they extended roughly horizontally for at least hundreds of meters, at 52 and 24 m thick they would have dimensions appropriate for axial low-velocity zones imaged by MCS experiments at intermediate to fast-spreading ridges (Singh et al., 1998). However, these bodies could not have been the site of primary magmatic fractionation. Chilled margins against the underlying dike screens precludes segregating a crystal residue that subsides to form the lower crust as in the gabbro glacier model, and its overall fractionated composition requires that crystals have been segregated elsewhere. This implies that sills or other bodies containing cumulate materials must exist deeper in the crust and/or below the crust/mantle boundary, consistent with recent models based on lower crustal sections of ophiolites (e.g., Boudier et al., 1996; Kelemen et al., 1997; MacLeod and Yaouancq, 2000) and some marine geophysical experiments (Crawford and Webb, 2002; Dunn et al., 2001; Garmany, 1989; Nedimovic et al., 2005; Canales et al., 2009). However, the gabbro glacier mode of accretion or a combination of the gabbro glacier and sheeted sills models cannot yet be rejected, as fractionated gabbros in the dike–gabbro transition zone are not unexpected, and the predicted region of cumulate rocks could still exist just below the present maximum depth of Hole 1256D. Deepening Hole 1256D by as little as a few hundred meters would provide the critical samples that should enable answering this outstanding basic question.


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Trapped in the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, international footballers have managed to get out of the country after reaching the border with their families, after UEFA President Aleksander Ceferin personally intervened.
The players, including stars from Dynamo Kyiv and Shakhtar Donetsk, had taken refuge in a hotel in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv after Russia attacked the eastern European country.
However, as the days passed and the situation in Ukraine worsened, it became clear that they had to leave but could not get out and had to hide in the basement of the hotel.
How did the players escape from the brutality of war?
The group, which has a total of 50 people, including 14 players, released a video showing they are hiding in a desperate plea for help from their governments, with food and supplies running out and the Russian army locked down on the besieged city.
Junior Moraes, 34-year-old Shakhtar striker, sent a message saying: "The situation is desperate."
But yesterday, the players, wives and children completed his escape, first by bus and then by train to Romania. "Just spoke with Junior Moraes," journalist Arthur Quezada wrote on Twitter. .
There are dozens of Brazilian players in the Shakhtar squad, including the Brazilian-born but Ukraine international, while striker Vitinho plays for Dynamo Kyiv.
David Neres, the Brazil international, had just completed his move from Dutch club Ajax to Shakhtar last month.
Other Brazilian players in Shakhtar's squad are defenders Dudu, Vitao, Marlon and Vinicius Tobias, as well as midfielders Maicon, Marcos Antonio, Tite, Alan Patrick, Pedriño and Fernando.
Football players are among more than 500,000 refugees, mostly women and children, who have fled Ukraine for the West.
The agony trip out of Ukraine
Players and their families initially made a short dash in a convoy of cars to the train station, hoisting Brazilian flags from side mirrors and windows in the hopes of identifying them as neutral and ensuring their safety. They feared what would happen if they missed the train and were stranded in the city.
Maria Souza, wife of Marlon Santos from Shakhtar Donetsk, uploaded a heart-wrenching video to Instagram of her charged ride from the hotel, through tears, telling how they were trying to catch one of three westbound trains.
Most of the players boarded the same train on Saturday and were transferred to Chernivtsi in southwestern Ukraine. It took 16 hours. Then they crossed into Moldova by bus, some stayed in Moldova and others took the seven-hour bus ride to Bucharest, Romania, where they arrived on Sunday and began looking for flights back to Brazil.
"Finally, we have time to breathe, but all things are still a bit confused," Shakhtar's 23-year-old midfielder Pedrinho said from Bucharest.
This arduous route through Moldova proved to be faster than the independent crossing into Poland. The Brazilian, who plays for Vorskla Poltava, 200 miles east of Kyiv, took four days to reach and cross the border into Poland.
Shakhtar coach Roberto De Zerbe and his eight-crew managed to get out of Kyiv by train to Lviv in western Ukraine.
Former Shakhtar coach Paulo Fonseca, his Ukrainian wife and their son also fled from Kyiv to Romania on Sunday on a mission organized by the Portuguese embassy.
"We thank everyone who helped us," said Fonseca, who escaped in a 15-seat minibus.
Fonseca's family tried to leave by air Thursday morning, but all flights were suspended.
The painful situation started from Thursday
The desperate situation began on Thursday when the Russians attacked Ukraine and the players and families were taken to the hotel by their clubs.
On Friday, they received a letter to go to the train station and board the trains outside the capital but were too afraid to leave without security, and they stayed in the basement of the hotel, where they were woken up during the night by explosions across the city, there was a shortage of food and water and one of the players had a child of. He is only four months old.
Maicon from Shakhtar, 24, posted a short video on social media of deserted streets and rocket fire, and said: "For those who say we don't want to walk 1.5km to save, how do we do it with children, women, and the elderly we are willing to do Everything is necessary to get out of here, but we just need safety to get to the necessary places in order to leave."
The President of the European Union intervenes to save them
Ceferin saw their plight and stepped in, Ceferin told the New York Times from his home in Slovenia: "I speak to them every hour."
Last week, the UEFA president arranged with French President Emmanuel Macron to move the Champions League final from St Petersburg to Paris.
On Saturday, UEFA football authorities and the football federations of Ukraine, Moldova and Romania gathered to effect the rescue, players and their families were escorted to the station and logistics put in place for the later stages of the journey.
Meanwhile, players and staff left behind at clubs in Ukraine focus on protecting their families, or in some cases taking up arms to fend off the Russian offensive.
"It's horrific," Ukrainian football journalist Adam Butt told the Daily Mail.
"Most of the foreigners have crossed the border, most of the Ukrainian players are protecting families now," he added, writing from his home in Ukraine.
The Ukrainian Premier League was suspended last week when Russian forces began their invasion after previously insisting they would play, even as the crisis approached but no one expected, in Ukraine or anywhere else, the ferocity and extent of the Russian offensive.

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Home Yoga spirituality Festivals Festivals on September 13, 2022 Widely worshipped as the God that governs wisdom, prosperity and good luck, Lord Ganesha is the harbinger of good tidings and when invoked before any venture begins, he is bound to bless one's effort with success. Vighnaraja Sankashti Ganesh Chaturthi is dedicated to the Vignaraja Maha Ganpati of the Vigneshwara Peeta. Vighnaraja is understood as the one who has complete control over obstacles or hurdles. Vighnaraja Sankashti Chaturthi Sankashti Chaturthi, as per the Hindu calendar, occurs twice, a month. The Chaturthi tithi after Purnima during the Krishna Paksha is called Sankashti Chaturthi whereas the Chaturthi tithi that comes after Amavasya during Shukla paksha is popularly known as Vinayaka Chaturthi. Going by the Amavasyant calendar, Vighnaraja Sankashti Chaturthi arrives in the Bhadrapada month. According to the North Indian Hindi calendar … [Read more...] about Vighnaraja Sankashti Chaturthi 2022: Date, Moonrise Time, Rituals, Vrat Katha, And Significance
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Ravan Dahan On Vijayadashami: Time, Rituals, Weapon Worship, Effigy Burning, Celebrations, And Significance
Home Yoga spirituality Festivals Festivals on September 22, 2022 Dussehra is of paramount significance and as standing evidence of the historical epoch that saw the revival and victory of Dharma over Adharma. Rama, a symbol of Dharma or righteousness, eliminated Ravana, the symbol of evil, in a bitter war that was fought between Rama's forces and Ravana's demon army. Dharma (symbolised by Rama) had been challenged by adharma (Ravana) wherein Rama intervened in the situation and reestablished dharma on planet earth. Seetha was the prime example of Dharmo Rakshati rakshitaha. (Dharma will protect those who follow it). The dharma which she followed protected her from the clutches of the Ravana, the symbol of adharma, through Lord Rama who gave the final verdict. By rescuing seta, he not only followed the dharma of a husband but also dispensed justice to his subjects as an able king who saved them out of the peril called … [Read more...] about Ravan Dahan On Vijayadashami: Time, Rituals, Weapon Worship, Effigy Burning, Celebrations, And Significance
Sharadiya Navratri 2022: Date, Muhurta And Significance
Home Yoga spirituality Faith mysticism Faith Mysticism on September 16, 2022 Navratri Ghat Sthapana shubh muhurat: नवरात्र पर घट स्थापना के लिए जानें शुभ मुहूर्त | Boldsky Navratri is going to be observed from 26 September and will continue till 05 October 2022. The nine forms of Goddess Durga are worshipped during this period of nine days. The Navratri falling during the Ashvin month is known as Maha Navratri. It is either the main festival or is celebrated as one of the most popular festivals in most of the states of India. A fast on each day during these nine days, for each form of the Goddess is observed during the festival. These fasts are concluded by the Kanjaka Pujan on the ninth day. Significance Of Navratri Markandeya Puran mentions the reasons behind the celebrations of Navratri. Durga Saptashati is one of the parts of the Purana. It explains the story of the birth of a girl who was the … [Read more...] about Sharadiya Navratri 2022: Date, Muhurta And Significance
Durga Puja 2022: Navapatrika Puja Date, Time, Significance, And Symbolism of Nine Plants
Home Yoga spirituality Festivals Festivals on September 24, 2022 With the onset of the autumn, Bengal prepares itself for one of the most significant Durga puja events, that spells reunion, revival and joyful remembrances of its age-old culture and tradition. On the tenth day, the celebration of Dussehra concludes. As per the belief, this time is when Goddess Durga takes a sojourn from Mount Kailas to her paternal home on earth, bringing along with her, Goddess Laxmi, Goddess Saraswati, and her children, Lord Ganesha and Lord Karthikeya as well. Read more to know how that connects with Navapatrika. Navapatrika is an observance that stems from religious beliefs revolving round the Durga puja. Literally speaking, nava and patrika mean nine plants. Durga is invoked into the navapatrika (branches of nine plants) on the Saptami, which are tied to the twigs of the Aparajita plant using a yellow thread. Read to know more about … [Read more...] about Durga Puja 2022: Navapatrika Puja Date, Time, Significance, And Symbolism of Nine Plants
Durga Puja 2022: Powerful Durga Mantras And Their Benefits
Home Yoga spirituality Festivals Festivals on September 16, 2022 Mantras have been given immense significance in Hinduism and are very popular in spiritual practices, often used to show devotion to deities. The mantras connect you at a deeper level to your soul. It works miracles on the reciter and the listener. There is a lot of mental discipline involved in the recitation and it should be correctly pronounced. The mantra syllables carry power and can surely solve problems. Mantras should be recited in the following way. Shakti mantra is most powerful and enables the person with the will, power and guts to fight any situation. It is good to chant the shakti mantra in the early morning. One rosary of this mantra should be chanted. Goddess Durga is the preserving, sustaining and destroying force of the universe. She eradicates evil from its roots and accords peace to the world. Durga puja is a festival that goes on for … [Read more...] about Durga Puja 2022: Powerful Durga Mantras And Their Benefits
Mangala Gauri Temple: Interesting Details About Goddess Durga Of Gaya
Home Yoga spirituality Faith mysticism Faith Mysticism on September 21, 2022 Installed at Gaya, on the shores of the Falgu river, Goddess Mangal Gauri resides in one of the 18 upa shakti peeth temples, whose soothing presence draws the maximum number of devotees to its fold every year. This temple finds its mention in several Puranas and historical pieces of evidence. Buddhists and Hindus both hold this place in awe and reverence. Narrow by lanes amidst the decadent buildings, a beauteous natural landscape with rocky hills surrounding a river from the three sides gives it a quaintly spiritual flavour that is beyond words to describe. Find out more about Mangala Gauri below. Constructed in 1459 AD, this temple is east facing and dedicated to Mangala Gauri, which worships Shakti in the form of a breast symbol. This Shakti eeth temple is nestled on the top of the mountainous range of Mangala Gauri. There is a flight of … [Read more...] about Mangala Gauri Temple: Interesting Details About Goddess Durga Of Gaya
Pradosh Vrat Will Make You More Prosperous
Home Yoga spirituality Festivals Faith Mysticism on May 11, 2018 The literal meaning of the word 'pradosh' is - dusk. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, Pradosh Vrat is a day of fasting that falls on the 13th day of each lunar fortnight. The belief is that whosoever worships Lord Shiva at the time of dusk on this day, is sure to be blessed with success, wealth and a good life partner. In the month of May, it is falling on the 13th. Puja Vidhi As the name itself signifies, the puja for this day is performed in the evening. The devotee has to observe a fast all day and in the evening, he has to take a bath, wear white clothes, and then offer the puja to the Deity. Lord Shiva, Goddess Parvati, Ganesha, Skanda and Nandi are worshiped. Then, an all-night vigil is also kept in many places, singing songs and prayers to the deity. The deity is offered 'belpatra, gangajal, akshat, dhoop and deep'. Pradosh Vrat Katha Once there … [Read more...] about Pradosh Vrat Will Make You More Prosperous
Akshay Tritiya 2021: Execute Your Plans For Assured Success
Home Yoga spirituality Festivals Festivals on April 23, 2021 Akshaya Tritiya 2018: अक्षय तृतीया पर कैसे करें व्रत और पूजा | Boldsky Here comes one of the most awaited festivals of not only India but also Nepal, not only for the Hindus but also for the Jains, and not only for one reason but for many. Significance Of Akshay Tritiya Lord Parashuram was born on this day. He was the sixth avatar of Lord Vishnu. Lord Parashuram is worshipped by the Vaishnavites. The day is also known as Parashuram Jayanti. This year the festival will be celebrated on 14 May. On the same day, many also worship Vasudeva avatar of Lord Vishnu as well. Also on the same day, Maharishi Ved Vyas had begun reciting the Mahabharata to Lord Ganesha. Mata Madhura was married to Lord Sundresha, the incarnation of Lord Shiva on this day. And in Jainism, the day is considered to be the one on which Lord Rishabhdeva had broken his month-long … [Read more...] about Akshay Tritiya 2021: Execute Your Plans For Assured Success
Navratri 2022: Day-Wise Significance Of Nine Colours And Their Meaning
Home Yoga spirituality Festivals Festivals on September 22, 2022 Navratri is a day of supreme significance for the Hindus pan India. This was the day Goddess Durga annihilated the fiercest demons and restored peace and tranquility to the world. Navratri is dedicated to the nine splendorous forms of Goddess Durga. Each day denotes a colour that upholds a particular aspect of Navratri. Each Navratri has been assigned a particular colour which changes every year. Also, women in Gujarat and Maharashtra, follow the colour code extensively and match the colour with accessories on each day of Navratri. Be it office, or dandiya celebrations and garba dances women never fail to wear the perfect colour for Navratri. It proves tremendously auspicious to incorporate these day-specific colours in your attire and perform the rituals. Let us now the day-wise significance of the nine colours during Navratri. Day 1 Dedicated To Goddess … [Read more...] about Navratri 2022: Day-Wise Significance Of Nine Colours And Their Meaning
Navratri 2022: Maa Durga Vehicle In 2022 Is Elephant; Know the Significance Of Maa Durga Vahan
Home Yoga spirituality Faith mysticism Faith Mysticism on September 23, 2022 As every Navaratri festival arrives, Goddess Durga descends down from Kailas and departs back in her prescribed vehicle. Her arrival on a particular vehicle for that year foretells the fate of the Earth and the events to come for the upcoming year, Goddess for the year 2022 will arrive on an elephant and also departs on the same vehicle. Let us know more about it. Vehicles That Goddess Durga Rides On As per the Devi Bhagwat Purana, the vehicle which the Goddess takes to travel to earth throws hints at future events. Lion is officially the vehicle of Goddess Durga and she is seen riding on it in all her avatars. As per religious texts, she also rides on other animals including elephants, horses, boats, and palanquins. There are different vehicles prescribed for different days of her arrival and departure. Each vehicle has a significance of its own. … [Read more...] about Navratri 2022: Maa Durga Vehicle In 2022 Is Elephant; Know the Significance Of Maa Durga Vahan


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Remote hypnosis for fears and phobias
We all experience fear in our lives. It's natural, after all. Our mind is responding to a perceived danger. Fear becomes a problem, though, when it starts to take over our lives. Fears become phobias when they recur on a regular basis, and they often manifest via physical symptoms that include sweating, fast heartbeat, nausea, and more.
COVID-19 has changed the modern world. Moving away from the pandemic has been a struggle for many. Phobias that existed before the pandemic have been cemented, and some people have experienced new phobias as a result of COVID-19. For instance, many people are nervous about taking part in what used to be common, everyday activities – going to school, work, restaurants, and more.
Hypnosis teaches us the brain does not need to have a panic attack. De-traumatization is the goal with hypnosis for fears and phobias. Relaxation in these kinds of social environments over time, as guided by hypnosis, can lessen the effects of crippling phobias.
Fear of Spiders
Fear of Dogs and Animals
Fear of Heights
Fear of Flying
Fear of Vomit
Fear of Germs
Fear of Sight of blood and blood drawing
Fear of Vaccination or other medical injections
Fear of Surgery
Fear of Dogs and Animals
Fear of Certain foods
Fear of Weather and natural environment
Fear of Failure
Fear of Social anxiety
Fear of Doctors
Minimum Session Requirements
2-5 sessions
Hypnotists supporting this area of concern
Supporting Information
- In fact, according to the Cleveland Clinic, upwards 2% of Americans are diagnosed with it – usually before age 35.


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Try 3 Vegan Recipes From Gwyneth Paltrow's New Cookbook, The Clean Plate
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Baker Extraordinaire Rosie Daykin Shares 5 Summer-Ready Recipes
Discover what food she loves making for friends and family.
3 Vibrant Middle Eastern Dishes From Cookbook, Honey & Co. At Home
In their third cookbook, chefs Itamar Srulovich and Sarit Packer of the beloved U.K. Honey & Co. restaurants inspire with fresh and flavorful Middle Eastern recipes that are close to their hearts. Recipes run the gamut from the homey to the spectacular (check out their Pickled Peach…
Fire Up The Smoker With 3 Recipes From Cookbook, The Brisket Chronicles
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Grape Tomato And Ricotta Cream Roman-Style Pizza
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VPN service provider NordVPN has completed a client security testing. VerSprite, a global leader in cybersecurity consulting and advisory services, conducted the penetration test. The results have pleased NordVPN.
NordVPN is a well-known online privacy and security service that is utilized by over 14 million people across the world. The Panama-based firm provides robust encryption and advanced privacy features, and is endorsed by the most authoritative tech blogs and IT security experts.
"During the test, VerSprite found no critical vulnerabilities. One vulnerability was given a high severity score, and the rest received a medium to low severity score. These vulnerabilities were mitigated for each platform in scope," said Daniel Markuson, Digital Privacy Expert at NordVPN. "This further proves NordVPN's reliability and focus on user security, and addressing key security elements will help us keep the highest standards in the industry and improve even more."
Users can check the attestation letter in NordVPN's User Control Panel while more thorough reports will be available later this week.
PASTA Technique
The foundation of VerSprite's penetration testing approach is the use of PASTA to simulate real-world attack situations and threats (Process for Attack Simulation and Threat Analysis). The PASTA technique is a seven-stage methodology for creating assaults and assessing risks to the NordVPN environment in order to reduce risk and the business effect. VerSprite auditors focused on exposing private user data, detecting high-impact vulnerabilities that might result in IP leaks, and overall privilege escalation during the test.
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RV2621GT : Beautiful penthouse in Encinar de Los Reyer (Madrid)
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Sea view Close to beach
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Fri Jan 20 2023 | Paul Ohanian | College
College Women Division II
A shortened version of this article appears in the January edition of USA Lacrosse Magazine. Join our momentum.
She may be a two-time All-American, but East Stroudsburg's Emily Mitarotonda knows that there's always room for improvement.
If she didn't believe that, there would be no rational reason to work as hard as she does.
"I never think that I'm the best, so it's important to keeping working to get better," said Mitarotonda, USA Lacrosse Magazine's Division II Women's Preseason Player of the Year. "There are so many good players out there."
In addition to organized team practices, Mitarotonda's fall afternoons are spent working one-on-one with assistant coach Rachel Ward, or individually with shooting practice and conditioning work. Every rep counts.
Ask her about the specific areas for improvement, and she is quick to start the list.
"Shot selection, driving to goal with my off-hand, making good decisions, adjusting to the defense," she recites.
Even with these perceived holes in her game, there's not much that Mitarotonda, now a junior, hasn't achieved through her first two college seasons.
She already ranks among East Stroudsburg's all-time scoring leaders with 137 goals and 171 points. She is coming off a massive 2022 season in which she set school records for goals and points and finished among the nation's scoring leaders. And she has been tabbed as an All-America midfielder in each of her first two campaigns as the Warriors have made back-to-back final four appearances.
"She just puts in the work," ESU coach Xeni Barakos-Yoder said. "She's always grinding. She holds herself to a very high standard."
It's hard to understand how much higher she can raise the bar.
Mitarotonda's impact was immediate upon joining the Warriors' program. As a freshman in 2021, she started all 16 games as ESU earned its second-ever final four berth. The PSAC's freshman of the year saved her best for the big stage, scoring 13 of her 48 goals that year in three NCAA Tournament games, including a game-high six goals in the 17-14 national semifinal loss against Queens.
She was named to the national All-America second team that season, the only freshman among the 32 players on the IWLCA's first and second teams. She was just getting started.
As a sophomore last year, Mitarotonda was named to both the IWLCA and USA Lacrosse Magazine All-America first teams and finished with a program-record 89 goals and 111 points. She also led the Warriors with 104 draw controls.
Against PSAC-rival West Chester in the Atlantic Region championship game, Mitarotonda tallied the overtime game-winner — her seventh goal of the game — to secure ESU's second straight trip to the final four.
She then led the Warriors with four goals in the national semifinal win over undefeated Queens, and three goals in the 11-9 championship game loss against UIndy, becoming the first ESU player named to the NCAA All-Tournament team more than once.
Falling just shy of the national championship last year has only served to further stroke Mitarotonda's passion and work ethic.
"She's extremely hungry for more after last season," Barakos-Yoder said.
That same attitude helped Mitarotonda to become a two-time All-County player in both basketball and lacrosse at Morris Knolls High School in Rockaway, N.J., with over 1,000 career points in basketball and 250 points in lacrosse. Her lacrosse totals are even more impressive in light of the fact that her entire senior season was cancelled due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
"Losing that whole season was very disappointing because I really wanted to play with those friends for one last year," Mitarotonda said.
Despite offers from bigger schools and Division I programs, Mitarotonda says that ESU felt like the right fit for college. Smaller classes and a better balance between academic and athletic demands were important to her. As the youngest of three siblings, the chance to play one college season with her older sister, Krista, also an All-American player for the Warriors, was enticing.
"Our family has always played sports," said Mitarotonda, who started with lacrosse in the third grade. "I love lacrosse because everything else gets blocked out of my mind when I'm playing."
That singular focus, along with an enthusiastic and expressive persona on the field, fuels Mitarotonda's passion.
"If I'm not celebrating after scoring, then it means I'm not having fun," Mitarotonda said. "And if I'm not having fun, that means I'm not going to play my best."
Through two seasons, there's been no evidence showing a lack of engagement.
"She brings excitement into everything she does," Barakos-Yoder said. "She is a true midfielder who plays at both ends of the field. She's already improved her game in so many areas since arriving here, with things like her shot repertoire and her play on defense. But she doesn't want any praise. She just wants to keep getting better."
Division II
Jan 19 2023 | Kyle Devitte
Division II
Jan 18 2023 | Paul Ohanian
Division II
Jan 18 2023 | Dan Arestia and Kyle Devitte
Division II
Jan 17 2023 | Paul Ohanian


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Ben Stockton are an independent technologies copywriter located in the United Kingdom. In a past life, Ben is a college lecturer in the UK, classes kids and grownups. Since making the classroom, Ben has brought their teaching feel and used it to composing tech how-to instructions and tutorials, specialising in Linux, Windows, and Android os. He has a diploma in History and a postgraduate degree in processing. Study Ben's Full Biography


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A fire in South Kaufman was extinguished on Thursday, but another in Kaufman County was still battling fire crews on Sunday. Police suspect both were intentionally started.
According to reports, the first fire was ignited near the City of Combine. It was completely contained on July 28, having only reached the size of 60 acres. That fire caused no significant property damage but reportedly came within 10 yards of a home.
The Combine police arrested a suspect who was being held in Kaufman County jail.
The second fire started just after noon on Sunday, and though there was no significant property damage, nine homes were evacuated. The evacuation order was lifted around 3 p.m. the same day. Although residents were allowed to re-enter the neighborhood, the Office of Emergency Management asked the public to avoid the area on County Roads 151 and 151A just east of the Kaufman Walmart while firefighters — both city personnel and volunteers — accessed the area with their equipment.
Witnesses said a flaming trailer caused three separate fires on July 31, which joined to become a single fire. Authorities think the fire-starter unhitched the burning trailer from the vehicle pulling it when the driver wanted to escape.
The fires remain under investigation as both the fire marshal's office and local law enforcement continue looking for the perpetrator.
"All three fires are approximately 20 percent contained, and there have been no reports of injury, and only one of the nine homes suffered damage," a Kaufman County press release stated Sunday.
According to the legal definition, the crime could be arson if the fires were intentionally started with the intent to damage vegetation, fences, open-space land or buildings, vehicles, or homes.
Because they had not caused any damage to structures, let alone death, these several Kaufman County fires would be felonies of the second degree, which carry a minimum of two years of jail time and a maximum sentence of 20 years and a $10,000 fine.
Kaufman County officials have issued a county-wide burn ban, during which any outdoor fire is prohibited, with exceptions for firefighter training, grills, and agricultural harvesting or planting, among others. Violating the burn ban is a class C misdemeanor, and violators may be punished with fines of up to $500.
The county, which lies about 30 miles southeast of Dallas, was already under an extended state of emergency for fire danger, particularly after a series of fires, two of which each damaged over 500 acres.
County Judge Hal Richards received permission from the commissioners court on July 26 to extend the state of emergency, which was initially declared on July 18. The declaration is set to expire on August 25.
Anyone with information about either fire is encouraged to contact Kaufman County Fire Marshal Paul Ayres at 469-376-4110.


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Browse by author
Lookup NU author(s): Emeritus Professor Anders Holmberg
Full text for this publication is not currently held within this repository. Alternative links are provided below where available.
The P&P theory of UG has come under heavy criticism, lately, from outside but also from inside generative grammar. The claim is that the search for 'deep parameters' underlying clusters of properties across languages has led nowhere, and should be given up. I have revisited a theory, now two decades old, which explained ten syntactic differences between Insular and Mainland Scandinavian as the effects of a single parametric difference (in a series of works by C. Platzack and A. Holmberg). The theory is shown to be fundamentally right, descriptively and theoretically. Later developments in generative theory only serve to sharpen the formulations, adding another layer of explanatory depth to the earlier theory. The conclusion is that there are parameters of the traditional kind. The problems encountered when the theory is tested on more distantly related languages is discussed on the basis of facts from Finnish. P&P theory is perfectly consistent with the minimalist approach to UG and variation when parameters are seen as points of underspecification in UG, and restrictions on variation are seen as, in part, third factor effects, in the sense of Chomsky (2005).
Author(s): Holmberg A
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Theoretical Linguistics
Year: 2010
Volume: 36
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-48
Print publication date: 01/09/2010
Date deposited: 17/12/2010
ISSN (print): 0301-4428
ISSN (electronic): 1613-4060
Publisher: de Gruyter Mouton
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/THLI.2010.001
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Kate Nelligan
This person doesn't appear to have a biography yet. Why not add one?
Past productions
- Susan Traherne, Plenty, National Theatre
- Rosalind, As You Like It, Royal Shakespeare Company
- Rosalind, As You Like It, Royal Shakespeare Company
- Marianne, Tales from the Vienna Woods, National Theatre
- Ellie Dunn, Heartbreak House
- Jenny, Knuckle
- The Playboy of the Western World
- Sybil Chase, Private Lives
- The Screens
- Barefoot in the Park
- Misalliance
- London Assurance
- After Magritte
- A Sky-Blue Life
- Lulu
- Stella Kowalski, A Streetcar Named Desire, Bristol Old Vic Company, by arrangement with Bristol Old Vic Trust, in association with the Arts Council of Great Britain, and The Arts & Leisure Committee
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