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Whiskey Pen - Old Pulteney Scotch Whisky Pen - Whiskey Barrel Oak - Cigar Pen - Old Pulteney - Ballpoint Pen - Handcrafted - Two Tone Chrome
My handcrafted Premium Cigar twist wooden pen in a nice piece from an Old Pulteney Scotch Whisky Oak Barrel Stave is trimmed in a complementing Two-tone Chrome finish. The pen is part of my Cigar line of fine writing instruments and has an excellent double twist mechanism which operates smoothly. This ball point writes extremely well with great balance and hand feel designed into it, and is a pleasure to write with.
My pens are great for personal use or as an exquisite gift for that special someone, birthday, wedding, anniversary, client, guest, holiday, etc.
These are one of a kind pens made from premium Old Pulteney oak scotch whisky barrel staves I personally select.
This is a beautiful pen design that I like and this style blends well with a variety of wood and acrylic finishes. These are one of a kind handcrafted wooden pens made from a fine Scotch Whisky Oak Barrel Stave from Old Pulteney. A certificate of authenticity and a nice presentation box is included.
This pen is designed for all writing needs. The pen is crafted from a nice piece of Old Pulteney Scotch Whisky Oak Barrel Stave wrapping the barrel. The Pulteney Distillery is a malt whisky production and aging facility in the Pulteneytown area of Wick, Caithness, in the Highland area of Scotland. The distillery was established in 1826 in the name of Sir William Pulteney. The distillery was the most northerly on the Scottish mainland and was quite inaccessible, except by sea, when established. Barley was brought in by sea, and the whisky was shipped out the same way. The distillery continues to operate, producing a Highland single malt with a reputation as one of the finest available. Characteristics of the whisky are attributed to exposure to sea air during maturation. This pen is trimmed out in beautiful two-tone chrome to blend the colors of the Oak well. A great gift for that hard to shop for the writer in the family.
The fine scotch whisky aroma will be evident as the finish wears off. I left the edges of the barrel unfinished so that a slight aroma can be detected.
One of the nicest pens you will come across, it may well end up in your collection, or as a great gift for anyone.
All my pens are hand turned by me on my lathe and undergo a minimum 18 step finishing and polishing process to bring out the fantastic grain and tones embedded within in the scotch whisky oak stave.
My Custom Handcrafted pens make excellent gifts!
I do not use inferior woods, acrylic formulations or pen mechanisms in any of my pens or pencils or other turnings!
This wooden pen is handmade as a ball point trimmed in a beautiful Two-tone Chrome finish and uses a Parker style of ballpoint refill. Refills are readily available at stationery stores everywhere, or available through my website. This is a highly polished and exquisite pen and requires little maintenance to retain its high gloss and beauty.
Check out my store for all of my styles, designs and new additions.
Thank you for visiting my store for all your premium writing and gift needs.


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Some gals with have sex with you after which talk about needing money to "purchase milk for their sister" afterward. Be clear up front that you simply're not down for any transactional stuff. It's a delicate topic so bring cuban up with tact and never earlier than you have no much less than made out! At america risk of sounding too homosexual, I was what enamoured with Cuban women.
Usually, the couple would drive a convertible to the marriage or walk while the guests cheer loudly. Cubans are predominantly Christians, and this additionally impacts marriage preparations. Many of them favor to do the marriage processions in a church whereas some don't. Cuban girls for marriage prefer sporting skimpy dresses that accentuate their curves. Cuban ladies are attractive and desired the world over by males because of their indescribable magnificence. These ladies originate from a quantity of bloodlines, together with African, Latin American, European, Native American, and Russian.
- In the vast majority of Cuban households, people carry the traditional gender roles.
- You can discover truthful as properly as dark-skinned Cuban women.
- Dating Cuban mail-order brides actually recognize a reliable and regular man to be with for the remainder of their lives.
- The inaugural occasion sponsored in 2008 was a lecture and seminar by Dr. Alberto Sandoval, distinguished scholar and Professor of Spanish at Mount Holyoke College.
- Cuban mail order brides are different from girls you met on a relationship site in your country.
- Dating shouldn't begin with a frank demonstration of your shortcomings.
Order are unlikely that a girl would immediately go to the actual conferences. You can even narrow the search, denoting the age, the specified external information and range of pursuits.
Giving Cuban Mail Brides As Items
Lastly, nearly all women from Cuba dream of getting married to an American guy, so you'll enjoy your on-line relationship experience to the fullest. For severe relationships online, they won't begin relationship any guy. They must be certain that you're a man who is assured and robust.
Their aura is suitable with many males, and that's the reason why Cuban women are fascinating. With their cute bodily options, they look dazzling in whatever outfit they wear. However, these girls have rather more than their beauty going for them. Men who have Cuban wives point out their characters as the best a half of them. These are the significant characteristics of Cuban wives. The alternative of a wedding venue takes ample time to make. Before the marriage begins, it is arranged beautifully and creatively.
You can find girls of each age from Tanque through the use of a Cuban mail order bride web site. For Cuban wives, the normal distribution of energy in the household is the easiest female cuban way of dwelling. She won't work for 12+ hours a day simply to prove that she's as good or profitable as her husband. Don't get confused if a Cuban mail order bride will ask you about household and youngsters on your fifth date.
Due to the fastly creating tourism sphere, Cuban brides engage with increasingly more foreigners. If you're in Cuba in search of modern ladies on the lookout for love, Hawana is a pit-stop you ought to make. Not all males love thin girls that you can typically spot on a runway. The majority of males favor girls of healthy complexions with curvy our bodies and broad hips. Feminine shapes and the power of brides to accentuate these shapes make them the innermost fantasy of many men.
What Every one Dislikes About Cuban Mail Order Brides And Why
The common wage in Cuba elevated from 720 to 1,194 CUP/month in 2020 – and 1,194 CUP is round $46.three. By now, you've most likely visited a few international relationship websites and know that utilizing such services all the time comes at a price. You may have also seen flashy headlines like "Cuban brides for sale," which solely adds to the impression that folks from growing countries can be treated as goods. For starters, no authorized company in the world can truly mailbox you a bride.
Such a wealthy combine leads cuban bride to unusual beauty and strong health — as you understand, the vaster the genetic mix, the healthier and extra engaging the children are. We all know the way exhausting it may be to not have the chance to see the one that you love. That's always a part of worldwide relationship, but it shouldn't cease you from making new acquaintances online. Cuban girls are much interested within the foreigners, so they are ready to beat the obstacles of a distant relationship. Whether they are slim or curvy, they give the impression of being fairly well, they normally know tips on how to robe to emphasise virtually all their biggest elements. If you want to meet a perfect ex-girlfriend from Barrica, you have to use entirely the best submit order new bride relationship websites.
To a westerner, this kind of conduct is an indication of infidelity. Cuban girls will keep loyal to you as soon as you may be in a relationship with them. If they need you only for a fling, they may make their intentions identified. That's why an area woman needs to satisfy a associate with good manners and appropriate habits. Foreigners are normally extra well mannered, affected person, and intelligent. On the opposite, they like to wear tight clothes that spotlight their curves. Moreover, the local weather of Cuba makes it inconceivable for them to wear lots of clothes.
Among the standard hobbies of the model new Cuban brides, dancing takes one of many prime places. At the identical time, the bride herself can swear that she doesn't dance. But the reality is that there usually are not any Cuban girls who don't dance.
My ardour for languages is nearly as strong as my passion for males. If you'd like to fulfill an outspoken lady who is conscious of what she wants, I'm ready for you in Varadero.
So if you at all times dreamt of being a breadwinner whereas your spouse is waiting for you at home, a Cuban lady is the proper choice. Technically, yes — although it'll require lots of visits to the embassy and loads of paperwork to go through.
If you try to take a Cuban woman house and you're staying at a casa specific , they most likely aren't going to let it occur. Latin need to legally register final girl's visit, and it might look dangerous on them as a business. Cuban me, they err on the facet of warning with this shit. The lady may also should register there they usually'll be reluctant to do so, however hotels are used to this kind of factor so chances are they're going to courting the method. If the woman has brides to return to "your home" she knows she'll have to register, courting it's not as if it's going to be an enormous shock to her whenever you arrive. Another different can be discovering a casa specific that's identified to be "pleasant" to this sort of thing no, I do not personally know of any. Dating, my final tip is to be upfront about the truth that you gained't be paying.

subset: commoncrawl


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Feminism in Jane Eyre and Rickshaw Boy
Article ID: 4827
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/ret.v5i3.4827
Jane Eyre and females in Rickshaw Boy have the similar spirit. They all have the characteristics of the females nowadays. The feminism of Jane Eyre are the rebellious spirit to fight against the unfair destiny, the spirit of equality to pursue the pure love and the spirit of the persistence to pursue the happiness; In the Rickshaw Boy, female characters can challenge the status of men and some females are intelligent and have the consciousness of revolution. Besides, there are similarities and differences between Jane Eyre and Rickshaw Boy. Females in two books have the progressive spirit but the feminism in two books conveys the different information. Moreover, the feminism of two books has a great influence on females nowadays and women gain the spiritual power from two books. It is meaningful to connect Jane Eyre and Rickshaw Boy to explore the feminism because the western feminism and the eastern feminism can provide different angles. Women are awakened to protect themselves and fight against the unfair destiny from the upper class to the underclass. The feminism in two books is the most important resource for women to understand the active women consciousness and encourages women to pursue the happiness and rights.
[1] Dan, L., 2016. An Analysis of Feminism in Jane Eyre. English Campus. 18, 3.
[2] Yan, L., 2010. The Feminism Image in Jane Eyre. Reading and Writing: Education. 2, 2.
[3] Min, T., 2014. Interpretation of female consciousness in Jane Eyre.Times Literary Supplement. (2), 4.
[4] Lian, C., 2013. Independent feminist -- Jane Eyre. English Square.(10), 56-57.
[5] Qin, X., 2015. The spirit of the heroine in Jane Eyre. Writer. (06),122-123.
[6] Lin, W., 2014. Brief Analysis of Jane Eyre's view of love. Literature.(02), 40.
[7] Ru, Z., 2021. The "Sin" of Tigress: An Analysis of the image of Tigress from the perspective of male power.
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The Earth is filled with beautiful places. Nature has a way of creating magical places that take your breath away, some even reminiscent of a fairytale setting. This list of surreal places will not only take your breath away, but they will spark your inner travel bug. So get ready to book your tickets and see these picturesque places for yourself.
Pamukkale Thermal Pools, Turkey
These pools may look like they are made of ice and snow, but the climate is actually warm year round. The Pamukkale hot springs are coated in a white limestone giving it a snowy appearance.
The bright blue pools against the white rock give it a dreamy appearance that is perfect to fill your instagram followers with travel envy.
Grand Prismatic Hot Spring, Wyoming
This rainbow pool is something out of our childhood dreams. Located in Yellowstone National Park, this is the third largest hot spring in the world.
The best way to experience it is from above. Luckily, the park has a viewing platform to take in the heat, smell, and magical colors of this amazing hot spring.
Fly Ranch Geyser, Nevada
Not all geysers are created equally. In fact, the Fly Ranch Geyser was created by mistake when a well drill was left uncapped.
This technicolored wonder might be apart of the Burning Man festival in the coming years. This alien-like mound is a great place to take in the nature that surrounds it.
Lake Hillier, Australia
From above, Lake Hillier can be mistaken for a giant bowl of strawberry milk, but this is just a result of salt loving algae species and pink bacteria.
Luckily, these beautiful pink waters seem to be safe for wildlife and humans. One of the best ways to take in this dreamlike sight is on a scenic flight.
Underwater Waterfall, Mauritius Island
This almost seems like an optical illusion, but the water is actually flowing into the abyss below.
Located in the Indian Ocean, Mauritius sits on an ocean shelf that has a drop off point creating this waterfall effect. Sand is continuously being pulled from the shores by the strong ocean currents.
Sea of Stars. Vaadhoo Island, Maldives
Although it may seem like stars have magically fallen from the sky into the ocean, this is actually phytoplankton that make the shores of Vaadhoo Island glow.
These tiny sea microbes create a blue color due to their bioluminescence. The best time of year to catch this phenomenon is during the late summer. So sit back and relax while the waves light up the night.
Zhangye Danxia Landform, Gansu, China
It is hard to believe that this multicolor mountain range actually exists. Over millions of years, layers of different color sandstone pressed together giving it the nickname, Rainbow Mountains.
The wind and rain shaped the rock formations into pillars, towers, ravines, valleys and waterfalls. It is a site you have to see for yourself.
Sentinels of the Arctic, Finland
You are going to need some warm clothes when you visit here, as temperatures typically range from -40 to -15 degrees centrigrade in the winter.
During the cold months, there is heavy snowfall, and large trees get covered in snow and ice. This creates a strange site like a frozen jungle from another world.
Turquoise Ice, Lake Baikal, Russia
Another exciting spot for everyone who loves winter. Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake.
In the winter, you can see 130 feet below the ice because it is so clear. On a sunny day, the light reflects off of cracks in the ice, resulting in beautiful turquoise shards.
Naica Mine, Mexico
These mines were discovered accidentally, and it looks like they could be mistaken for Superman's exquisite Arctic lair.
The caves have giant crystal beams that have been growing for thousands of years. Some parts of the mine are big enough to drive a car through.
Lake Natron, Tanzania
Although Lake Natron is beautiful, it is not a place you will want to swim.
The water has such a high pH that it burns the skin and eyes. It is still a sight to see due to its blood red color from bacteria that grows on its surface.
Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland
Where the land ends, the causeway begins. Dating back millions of years, these near-perfect hexagon tubes have an interesting legend.
Many believe that an Irish giant used this causeway as a path to teach a Scottish Giant a lesson. It is unclear who won the epic battle, but it is clear that this site is one to see.
Wisteria Flower Tunnel, Japan
Taking a stroll through this enchanting scene is like nothing you will ever experience.
The tunnel is covered with different colored flowers as if it is straight out of a painting. Hopefully you aren't allergic to pollen.
Patagonia Marble Caves, Chile
These color changing caves are definitely a breathtaking sight. The caves were formed by thousands of years of waves crashing inside this marble formation, creating smooth walls.
The water reflects onto the cave walls, and depending on the water level and the season. To see this dancing display of color, you have to take a 30-minute boat ride.
Darvaza Gas Crater, Turkmenistan
This spot is also known as "The Door to Hell" for obvious reasons. Surprisingly, the fire was not started naturally.
The natural gas field collaped into a cavern, and scientists set fire to it to stop the spread of methane gas. It has been continuously burning since the early '70s.
Tulip fields, Netherlands
This may look like a close up of a rainbow fuzzy rug, but these are actually millions of tulips. Since the 1500's, the Netherlands have been known for their gorgeous fields of spring flowers.
Each year from March to May, these mesmerizing flowers bloom, creating a rainbow landscape. While you are there, take a quick stop in the most eco-friendly city in the world, Amsterdam.
Great Blue Hole, Belize
Grab your diving gear and jump into the deep blue...hole.
This sinkhole is 40 miles off the coast of Belize and it is a very popular diving site. It is like diving into the heart of the ocean. The incredible spot has crystal clear waters and a wide variety of species to see.
Skaftafell Ice Cave, Iceland
If you love a light hike and cold weather, this ice cave should be at the top of your travel list.
The Skaftafell Ice Cave is part of a large glacier and once inside you can experience the calming blue light from above and the feeling of being in a giant natural freezer.
Antelope Canyon, Arizona, United States
Sitting on the border of Arizona and Utah, is a unique sandstone formation creating a wavelike landscape. To many this canyon is known as "The Wave".
In the Winter, the Wave looks like a mashup of Mars and Antarctica. This makes for one heck of a photo-op!
Reed Flute Caves, China
Take a walk through this neon dream. The Reed Flute Cave or "The Palace of Natural Arts" is over 180 million years old.
Created by millions of years of water erosion, these stalactites and stalagmites are lit by multicolored lights for a one of a kind experience. The Reed Flute Caves have been China's most popular tourist attraction for over 1200 years.
Bigar Waterfall, Romania
They say "don't go chasing waterfalls", but we would recommend visiting this one. It is recognized as one of the world's most unique waterfalls.
Like many other Romanian sites, this one comes with a legend. It is said that there was a girl in love who lived in one of the caves near this site, and she wanted to be with a boy named Bigar. Her parents forbid this, but she loved him so much that she transformed into the waterfall and he drowned in its waters for them to be together at last.
Lake Bled, Slovenia
Lake Bled is a fairytale book that has come to life.
In the summer, you can take a dip in these beautiful turquoise lakes. You can also visit bled island via rowboat or a boat tour. Once on Bled Island, visitors can ring the wishing bell. Throughout the day it sounds like a church bell is ringing.
Salar De Uyuni - Bolivia
Have you ever wondered what it is like to walk in the air? Well, you can do so in Salar De Uyuni, but only in March or April.
During rainy season, the world's largest salt flat gives the illusion of a giant mirror. It becomes difficult to distiguish between the sky and the ground, giving you an edge of the Earth feeling.
Tianzi Mountains, China
You might recognize these tall and uniquely thin mountains from the movie "Avatar".
For those who aren't afraid of heights, you can experience a breathtaking aerial view from a cable car. These mountains have four different scenes during the changing seasons: the sea of clouds, the radiance of the moonlight, rays of sunshine, and the snow in winter.
Deadvlei, Namibia
This image is not a painting, it is a photograph of "Death Valley". Get your cameras ready to capture the vibrant colors of this beautiful location.
Surprisingly, this was once a thriving forest, but the continuously growing dessert created a barren wasteland. The valley sits in the shadow of the world's largest sand dune, which you can climb up and then slide down.
Socotra, Yemen
Calling all plant lovers! In Socotra, you can find some of the world's most exotic flora and fauna.
Due to its isolation and unique climate, some of the plant life can only be found here. This includes the dragon's blood tree. It has a unique umbrella shape, and contains red sap that was thought to be the blood of a dragon by early travelers.
Tunnel of Love, Klevan, Ukraine
Grab your significant other and get ready for the most romantic stroll of your life. Yes, singles are welcome too.
The two-mile stretch of railway is only active three times daily. Otherwise, this is a great spot for a #couplegoals picture. Legend has it that couples that visit the tunnel will be granted a wish.
Caño Cristales River, Colombia
Grab your swimsuit and take a dip in this colorful wonderland, but leave your sunscreen and bug spray at home.
The Caño Cristales River is protected by the national park, and the algae that creates all the beautiful colors is sensitive to the chemicals.
Aogashima, Japan
This island in Japan is one of the most difficult to get to. Most people, even in Japan, have never heard of it.
It's like the Russian Nesting Doll of volcanoes; inside the volcanic Island is a smaller volcano. Once you have managed to get to the Island, you can try the local alcohol made from sweet potatoes called "Aochu".
Mount Roraima, South America
Straight out of a scene from Jurassic Park, this table in the sky is a must for the outdoor enthusiasts.
This is one of the oldest mountains on earth. When you visit it feels like you have been transported back to prehistoric times. If it happens to look familiar, it was also the inspiration behind Pixar's Up.
Yuanyang County, China
If you love taking an unusual trip, a visit to Yuanyang County should be added to your travel list.
Located in southwest China, these rice terraces are best seen after the harvest in late November to Early March. You can stay over in the close by Xinjie Town.
Underwater River, Cenote Angelita, Mexico
Have you ever wondered how Spongebob would fish underwater? Well, here is your chance to find out.
How is this possible? Well, in the waters of Cenote Angelita, there is a sufficient amount of hydrogen sulfate which is much heavier than normal saltwater. This creates a separate flow of water when it sinks to the bottom.
Hidden Beach, Mexico
Enjoy the gorgeous waters of Mexico in a magical spot.
Here you can get up close and personal with humpback whales, sea turtles, dolphins, and many others. To get to this exclusive spot you have to swim through a 50 foot tunnel, so take that into account.
Fingal's Cave, Scotland
Harry Potter fanatics, this spot should be on your bucket list for sure. If you are a true fan, you will remember this cave from "Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince".
Step into the famous scene with Harry and Dumbledore as your explore this ancient cave. There are also great acoustics, for those who like to sing in caves.
Trolltunga, Norway
This view is sure to take your breath away.
Translating to Trolls Tongue, this cliff hangs 2,000 feet up in the air. The hike will be worth the awesome instagram you will get.
Glowworm Caves, Waitomo, New Zealand
Prepare to be enchanted by the dazzling lights of the glowworms.These little creatures create a lightshow you can only find in New Zealand.
In the cave, you can take a boat ride that is reminiscent of the scene from "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", but less creepy.
Plitvice Lakes, Croatia
The Plitvice Lakes appear to be straight out of an enchanted forest, but they are real.
Take a day to explore these cascading falls. The recomended time spent here is six hours to get the full experience. You can enjoy a bus ride up to the top and as you walk around the upper lakes. As you descend, a boat whisks you away to see the tallest waterfall in Croatia.
To-Sua Ocean Trench, Samoa
With crystal clear waters and a dock to jump off of, this is a swimmers paradise.
To-Sua was a giant hole that was converted into a swimming area when water flowed in through a lava-tube tunnel. It's also a great spot for beautiful pictures.
Bamboo Groves of Arashiyama, Japan
As you stroll through the bamboo groves, you will feel like you have stepped into another world.
This is one of the most enchanting places to visit in Japan. The light from above filters in to create a unique ambiance.
Highlands, Iceland
These mountains are a hikers paradise.
With countless caves, canyons, and hiking routes, you are sure to not be bored. In the winter, there are snowmobile tours to get to the top of the mountain much faster.


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Influenza remains an important disease in humans and animals. In contrast to measles, smallpox and poliomyelitis, influenza is caused by viruses that undergo continuous antigenic change and that possess an animal reservoir. Thus, new epidemics and pandemics are likely to occur in the future, and eradication of the disease will be difficult to achieve. Although it is not clear whether a new pandemic is imminent, it would be prudent to take into account the lessons we have learned from studying different human and animal influenza viruses. Specifically, reconstruction of the genes of the 1918 pandemic virus and studies on their contribution to virulence will be important steps toward understanding the biological capabilities of this lethal virus. Increasing the availability of new antiviral drugs and developing superior vaccines will provide us with better approaches to control influenza and to have a positive impact on disease load. A concern is that the imposition of new rules for working with infectious influenza viruses under high security and high containment conditions will stifle scientific progress. The complex questions of what makes an influenza virus transmissible from one human to another and from one species to another, as well as how the immune system interacts with the virus, will require the active collaboration and unencumbered work of many scientific groups.
The genome of influenza A viruses consists of eight single-stranded RNA segments, and the viral particle has two major glycoproteins on its surface: hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (Fig. 1). With at least 15 different hemagglutinin and 9 different neuraminidase subtypes, there is considerable antigenic variation among influenza viruses. Widely circulating human influenza viruses seem to have been limited to three hemagglutinin (H1, H2 and H3) and two neuraminidase (N1 and N2) subtypes; birds are the predominant hosts for the other subtype strains. As a result of changes in the surface glycoproteins of the virus, devastating epidemics and pandemics have occurred in humans; in addition, major epizootics have been reported in poultry, pigs, horses, seals and camels1. Despite great progress in studying the molecular biology of the virus2 and advances in generating influenza viruses from DNA (reverse genetics)3,4, we still lack an understanding of why some influenza virus strains are transmitted well and cause pandemics and what factors lead to disease in one infected animal species and not in another.
The pandemics
Three pandemics of influenza occurred in the last century. In 1918, the 'Spanish' influenza, a highly contagious and deadly disease, had a major global impact (Fig. 2). In fact, this pandemic (caused by an H1N1 influenza virus) is now known to have been the most deadly in recorded history, with an estimated death toll of 40 million people in less than a year (Fig. 3 and Box 1)5. Other infectious diseases have been as devastating, but in a more protracted way over a far longer period of time. Human immune deficiency virus is the prime example in recent history.
In 1957, a new influenza virus with two new surface proteins appeared (Fig. 2). The hemagglutinin glycoprotein (H2 subtype) of the 1957 'Asian' influenza virus showed only a 66% amino-acid sequence identity with the hemagglutinin H1 subtype. The N2 subtype neuraminidase of the 1957 virus shared an overall sequence identity of only 37% with the N1 subtype neuraminidase. Thus, in 1957, after 39 years of H1N1 viruses, there was little or no pre-existing immune protection in the human population against this new influenza virus. Even though five out of the eight influenza virus genes were conserved from the H1N1 strains circulating in 1956 and earlier6, the cellular (or humoral) immunity elicited by these gene products was not sufficient to effectively protect humans against the new virus that emerged in 1957. Estimates suggest that 70,000 people died in the United States alone during the Asian influenza pandemic caused by this new H2N2 virus7, and many more succumbed worldwide.
Eleven years later in 1968, another change in the surface glycoproteins again caused the virus to become pandemic, resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide (Fig. 2). It is estimated that in excess of 30,000 people were killed by the new virus in the US. In this 1968 virus, only the gene that encodes hemagglutinin, HA, and the PB1 gene, were changed6. The H3 and H2 hemagglutinins differed in more than 60% of their amino acids. The conservation of the neuraminidase in the 1968 H3N2 virus may have provided some protection to the population, which had previously been exposed to H2N2 viruses, and this may explain the lower morbidity and mortality numbers as compared with the pandemic in 1957 (ref. 7).
Strictly speaking, there was a fourth pandemic strain in the last century, an H1N1 strain which appeared in 1977 (Fig. 2). This strain was shown by oligonucleotide mapping techniques to be closely related to viruses circulating in 1950 (ref. 8). It caused disease mostly in people born after 1950, because the older population had protective immunity resulting from prior experience with H1N1 strains. Although there is no hard evidence available, the introduction of this 1977 H1N1 virus is now thought to be the result of vaccine trials in the Far East involving the challenge of several thousand military recruits with live H1N1 virus (C.M. Chu, personal communication). Unfortunately, this H1N1 strain (and its descendants) has been circulating ever since, and at present both H3N2 and H1N1 influenza viruses continue to be present in the human population (Fig. 2).
Virulence factors
Despite the fact that influenza generally has a low fatality rate, the high number of infected individuals makes influenza pandemics and epidemics a major health problem. Thus, it is paramount to understand the factors in the host and in the virus that contribute to virulence. Clearly, the outcome of an influenza virus infection is determined by both the host and virus. If the host has had prior exposure to a related strain, the effects of a highly pathogenic strain will be muted. But in an immunologically naive host, virulence is mostly determined by the virus. Even in that situation, virulence is a complex phenomenon. Early on it was recognized that many viral genes can contribute to pathogenicity and that in most instances virulence is a multigenic trait9. For an Olympic runner, strong legs alone are not sufficient to be successful. Similarly, it seems that the most successful virus is one in which all of the parts are optimal and compatible with each other. Arguably, the most virulent influenza virus, the 1918 pandemic strain, had such an optimal constellation of genes and proteins. When the reconstructed HA and NA (which encodes neuraminidase) genes of the 1918 virus are grafted onto the background of another influenza virus, the resulting strain is highly virulent in mice. In contrast, the HA and NA genes of a currently circulating influenza virus put into the same viral background results in a much less virulent strain10,11. Thus, the 1918 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase seem to make a virus intrinsically more virulent (in mice) than the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of more current influenza virus strains. A similar result using the hemagglutinin of the 1918 virus was obtained recently12. Furthermore, when five '1918' genes are transferred to a mouse-adapted strain, this mixed strain is also highly virulent in mice10, even though the transfer of one of the '1918' genes, the NS gene, which encodes virus nonstructural protein, had previously been shown to attenuate such a virus in mice13. These results suggest that gene constellation is of great importance for the virulence of an influenza virus, and that compatibility of viral genes and proteins frequently defines the success of a virus.
However, a single gene (or a mutation in a single gene) can also markedly affect virulence. We have demonstrated that the NS gene of the 1918 virus, coding for interferon antagonist activity, is not optimal in mice when it replaces the NS gene of a mouse-adapted strain. This probably results from the fact that the viral interferon antagonist activity encoded by the NS gene shows a high degree of species-specificity (a human NS gene being more active in human cells than in mouse cells)14. An NS gene derived from a highly virulent avian H5N1 virus showed similar properties. In this case, a single mutation was shown to considerably alter the phenotype of an influenza virus in a specific host. Pigs infected with a virus carrying a single mutation in the NS1 gene (a glutamic acid present in position 92 of the NS1 protein of the virulent H5N1 virus) experienced substantially greater disease symptoms than animals infected with the control virus15. Another example of a single mutation influencing the outcome of infection in mice concerns a mutation in position 627 of the PB2 gene of an H5N1 influenza virus isolated in 1997 in Hong Kong16. As described for viruses containing genes derived from the 1918 virus or from pathogenic H5N1 viruses, gene combinations as well as specific mutations in a single gene will determine the outcome of a virus infection.
The next influenza pandemic?
"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future." This famous saying by Yogi Berra may also apply to influenza. The last century saw pandemic influenza viruses belonging to three subtypes, H1, H2 and H3, and indirect evidence suggests that H3 viruses were circulating from 1889–1918 (ref. 17) and that H1 viruses were possibly prevalent before 1889 (ref. 18). If this series of events over the last hundred years reflects a pattern, recycling of subtypes would be the norm in the human population and the possibility for emergence of new pandemics would be limited. On the other hand, if any subtype is able to thrive in the human population, a greater number of possibilities for novel pandemic strains exists. This is the basis for the apprehension of many people that avian influenza viruses may jump into the human population19,20,21,22.
Although H5N1 avian viruses were shown to cause death in humans in 1997 and more recently in 2004, none of these strains was easily transmitted from person to person. Also, none of the H5N1 strains showed evidence of having acquired genes from circulating human influenza viruses. Whether this is a necessary requirement for a pandemic strain to be successful is not known. It would seem probable that such a reassortment event between an avian and a human influenza virus could have happened many times over, either in humans or in animals. In fact, seroepidemiological studies conducted among the rural population in China suggest that millions of people have been infected with influenza viruses of the H4-to-H15 subtypes. Specifically, seroprevalence levels of 2–7% for H5 viruses alone have been reported23, and the seropositivity of human sera for H7, H10 and H11 viruses was estimated to be as high as 38, 17 and 15% respectively23. These findings predate the recent, highly publicized H5N1 cases.
It may be possible that infections of humans by avian influenza viruses have been ongoing for decades24 and it is only the reporting that has improved in recent years. If this were the case, the present emphasis on the imminent pandemic outbreak21 would not be justified. What is warranted, however, and where there is little or no disagreement among scientists, is a continued surveillance of influenza viruses, not only in humans but also in different animal species and commercial operations. Furthermore, the stockpiling of antiviral drugs and the development of new vaccines is highly recommended to be better prepared for a potential pandemic outbreak. Efforts are being made by the US government to address this problem (see http://www.hhs.gov/nvpo/pandemicplan/index.html and http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2004pres/20040921a.html).
Are antiviral drugs effective against a pandemic?
Two classes of US Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs are available against influenza A viruses. Amantadine (and rimantadine) target the viral M2 protein25, which forms an ion channel required for the efficient uncoating of incoming viruses (Fig. 4) Unfortunately, there are natural influenza virus isolates (including all influenza B viruses) that are resistant to M2 blockers, and even more ominous drug resistance against amantadine has been reported to readily develop26.
The second class of drugs consists of inhibitors of the viral neuraminidase protein, which is needed for the efficient release of virus from the infected cell27 (Fig. 4). Both the oral oseltamivir and zanamivir (administered by inhalation) represent important tools for treating influenza virus infections28,29. In the case of oseltamivir, the drug is also approved for prophylaxis of influenza in adults and adolescents 13-years old and older. Influenza viruses recognize sialic acid-containing receptors on the cell surface through their hemagglutinin proteins. Neuraminidase is crucial for removal of these receptors so that the virus does not aggregate by binding to other (sialic acid-containing) virus particles and/or by remaining attached to the surface of infected cells. The neuraminidase is a receptor-destroying enzyme and thus has a crucial role in allowing the ready dispersal of newly generated virus. Drug resistance against neuraminidase inhibitors has been reported in the past. Most recently, however, neuraminidase-inhibitor-resistant strains were found in 18% of Japanese children treated with oseltamivir30. The future will tell whether drug-resistant virus mutants are as virulent and as transmissible in humans as wild-type viruses. It has been shown that drug-resistant mutants with altered neuraminidase activity lose their ability to do harm in mice and ferrets31.
Should there be an outbreak caused by a novel influenza virus, these drugs (M2 blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors) could provide an efficient method of controlling virus spread. Both classes of antiviral drugs have been shown (in a laboratory setting) to be effective against viruses that carry the reconstructed genes from the 1918 virus32. It is thus likely that these drugs would be effective against most emerging influenza virus pathogens. Unfortunately, logistical and financial limitations make it difficult at present to envision these drugs preventing, or even substantially affecting, the emergence of a new pandemic. This picture may change if and when serious consideration is given to stockpiling significant quantities of neuraminidase inhibitors, the drugs of choice at this moment. Only if this were done could targeted antiviral prophylaxis have a chance of success.
What are alternative antiviral approaches for the future? Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific against conserved regions of influenza virus genes have successfully been used to interfere with the replication of influenza viruses in mice33,34. Such a strategy has the advantage that multiple targets (viral genes) could be selected, and if the current problems with delivery in humans were to be resolved, a viable alternative would be available for prophylaxis and therapy of influenza virus infections. In principle, many of the steps necessary for virus replication — including attachment, fusion of viral and cellular membranes, as well as the highly specific virally coded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase—are promising targets for antiviral intervention, but no practical breakthroughs seem to be on the horizon at this time.
Vaccines are the key to controlling a pandemic
The ideal way to reduce the impact of an emerging pandemic is vaccination. The present killed-virus vaccine preparations contain an H1 and an H3 virus (as well as an influenza B virus component). The strains must be frequently changed, even during an interpandemic period, because of continuing antigenic variation in the viral hemagglutinin. For manufacturing purposes, many of the vaccine strains are made to grow to higher titers by reassortment with high-yield master strains35, and similar techniques can be used to develop vaccines against emerging pandemic strains. It may be advantageous to use reverse genetics to construct the actual vaccine candidates. This technology involves the transfection of plasmids expressing influenza virus RNA. Procedures involving the transfection of 12 or more plasmids3,4 or of only 8 'ambisense' plasmids36 have been described (Fig. 5). This reverse genetics approach has advantages over the classical reassortment strategy, including the following: first, if the vaccine candidate is highly pathogenic and has a basic peptide cleavage site in its hemagglutinin protein, the gene encoding this protein can be easily modified, eliminating problems in the manufacturing process; second, the time between choosing the vaccine strain and actually having a suitable candidate for manufacture can be shortened from months to weeks; and third, the vaccine candidate is defined by cloned plasmids (defined sequences) and thus should be preferred by the regulatory agencies.
In addition, reverse genetics allows the implementation of new vaccine strategies which could not be accomplished using classical techniques. For example, changes in the gene coding for the interferon antagonist protein NS1 may lead to improved attenuated vaccine candidates37. It is also possible to envision generating live virus vaccine candidates expressing a cytokine, for example, Il-2 or GMCSF, which should considerably increase the immunogenicity of the influenza virus vaccine. Other ideas include the construction of strains that preferentially express conserved amino acids of the hemagglutinin protein to elicit a crossprotective immune response, or the generation of viruses that express a multiplicity of hemagglutinins, all from a single vaccine strain.
The first live attenuated (cold-adapted) influenza virus vaccine was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and this vaccine approach may offer advantages as it does not require needles for administration and may provide broader and longer-lasting immune protection38. As effective vaccination against new pandemic strains with killed vaccines would probably require the administration of two doses, a live-virus vaccine involving a single nasal-spray application may be a promising vaccine approach against an emerging pandemic. If vast numbers of immunologically naive individuals need to be vaccinated against a new pandemic strain in a short period of time, improved (genetically engineered) live-virus candidates would represent a major advantage. The use of powerful adjuvants and enhanced cell-culture-based production methods39 should also be considered.
Finally, we should also try to develop novel influenza virus vaccines for the poultry and pig industries. Live Newcastle disease virus vaccines are extensively used, and it is now possible to express the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses from recombinant Newcastle disease virus strains40. In the future, such a combination vaccine may well prevent influenza (as well as Newcastle disease) in commercial chicken and turkey farms, possibly controlling the emergence of pandemics in humans. Widespread vaccination of commercial pigs and of horses may similarly reduce the chances of animal influenza viruses jumping into the human population.
Scientific focus for the future
With respect to the molecular biology of influenza viruses, many of the lower-hanging scientific fruits have already been picked. The next steps must concern the study of more complex systems. Specifically, efforts should be undertaken to better understand viral pathogenicity and human immunology in response to infection. This will involve the use of animal systems and of tools—including genomics and proteomics—that allow the analysis of many parameters. Among the important questions for which we still have no answers are: what makes an influenza virus transmissible in humans and in animals? Why are some cells infected in a susceptible host and others are not? What are the specific interactions between viruses and different immune cells? It is recommended that major efforts be made to identify the viral, host and environmental factors that determine the efficient spread and disease-causing potential of influenza viruses.
One concern related to these future efforts has to do with the possible imposition, in the US as well as in Europe, of new rules and regulations for working with infectious influenza viruses. Such new regulations could have a chilling effect on scientific progress. It is feared that the quest for absolute safety assured by high-containment facilities will drive out of this field many of the good scientists who cherish the freedom of laboratory work and who love asking questions unencumbered by an unnecessary and stifling bureaucracy. In the long run, we will be made less safe by downsizing (or eliminating) a vibrant research community and we will forego the exploitation of new ideas and new strategies by pushing scientific experimentation into closed high-security and high-containment quarters controlled by policing agencies. It is hoped that a risk-benefit calculation can be performed to prevent the needless closing of important and exciting scientific frontiers.
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Peter Palese is a consultant for Avimex Greenhills and Medimmune, as well as a co-author of patents and patent applications owned by Mount Sinai School of Medicine in the field of viral vaccines and antiviral drugs.
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Palese, P. Influenza: old and new threats. Nat Med 10 (Suppl 12), S82–S87 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1141
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1141
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The oily skin comes from genetic issues. If anyone of near blood ship has oily skin, you can get it by birth. You can get the oily skin from your father, mother, grandfather and mother. Besides genetic reason, you can gain oily skin for various reasons.
Oily skin comes from an oily or sweaty layer on your skin. It causes for the over productivity of sebum and comes from the activity of the sebaceous cell, a kind of skin lubricants.
Common Causes of Oily Skin
- Menstrual Period : In the menstrual period, an adjustment in the hormones triggers the skin to end up oilier. It is the case which occurs with the female. Their skin will be prior amid the time when they have their period.
- Puberty: Puberty is one of the periods that everybody needs to experience. Many people have likely experienced the slick skin at one point in time. It is normal for teens only because the hormones change during puberty.
- Medications : There are few medicines and medications that can bring about the skin to end up oilier. In that case, proper research is needed to explain.
- Stress : Deep stress, at the stage of pregnancy and during the taking of birth control pills, you can get oily skin
- Drinking Water: Less drinking water is another cause of getting oily skin
Bad Effects of Oily Skin
With the effects of oiliness, your skin is always being watered or oily in visible. These oily lubricants spoiled your makeup that you wear for a time being. But the spoiled makeup makes your face more unpleasant to look.
Oily skin and its bad effects on the face are seemed to be a curse for us. Oily skin comes out from the sweat of our skin layer which is so much disgusting. It seems the skin more shininess.
It is habituated with pimples and dust, with black pores, heads of white and black acne, buildup dead cells and visible pores everywhere in the face exclude eye sides and neck.
Solution to Oily Skin
To get rid of oily skin you should follow the proper steps of the solution. There are two ways to get rid of the greasy skin. They are –
- Natural treatment and
- Medical treatment
Natural treatment means using natural remedies and following homemade technique to remove oily skin. Medical treatment means using cream, gel, and ointment etc such medicines to get rid of this problem.
But in that case, natural treatment is the best to recover the problem. Because it has no side effects to the skin and it is safer.
How to Reduce Oiling on Skin
You might have a lot of artificial treatment and creams in local markets to escape from oily skin like as a lot of skin drying creams and lotions and have some pills.
Mostly used vitamin B2, vitamin C and various types of treatments and kits are available. You should use them according to the advice of skin specialists.
Without artificial treatment, there's have a lot of great home remedies for the oily skin problem like as
- Eggs white portion
- Lemon juice
- Yogurt
- Apple scrub
- Milk
- Cucumber
- Aloe Vera
And there are much more home remedies for oily skin treatment.
Home Techniques That Will Help You to Get Rid of Oily Skin
Steaming is one of the best home techniques to get rid of oiliness. It opens our skin pores and gives a chance to the skin to take oxygen.
Steam of the hot water soaks the oil of the face and gives you an oil free skin for 2-3 hours.
As you are searching for – "how to get rid of oily skin permanently?" – Exercise is one of the most effective ways to get rid of oily skin. Our sweat organs get to be active and the sweat comes to the skin via pores while we exercise.
It wastes away the dirt and oil from pores and makes the skin glowing. Exercise daily around half an hour to give a scope to your face to prevent oiling.
Besides physical exercise, you can try some facial exercise which can improve blood circulation of your skin.
Every morning you can move your hand in a circular motion on the face for few minutes. Or you can rub an ice cube on the face gently.
Exfoliation is the cosmetic process which removes dead skin cells from the face and body.
Naturally, your skin can shed 30-40 thousand dead cells per minute. It causes oil and dirt and dirt on the face. So, exfoliate is needed for healthy skin.
Oily skin can usually handle a smart exfoliation every 7 days. Exfoliate your skin to get rid of overabundance sebum from the skin.
It helps to unclog your pores of the skin and remove the impurities, dirt etc.
Buy a skin care brush or a facial scrub and use every night to get rid of oily skin forever.
Stress is one of the main causes for making skin oily and dull. Family tension, office tension, lack of sleep, personal tensions are the most common things of becoming stressed.
The over stress increases the oil-producing hormones in our body. It also makes the face old looking. Try yoga, meditations and exercises for being happy and stress-free.
Most of the ladies who take make up every day, they don't clean the face properly for their lazy habit.
Of course, best rated lighted makeup mirror should be used to remove make up when going to bed at night to sleep. Because the makeup prevent oil from coming out and these oils get locked into the skin pores. That's why it causes pimples and acne in the face.
So, remove the makeup properly and use a moisturizer on the before going to bed. It will help you to keep your face oil-free and as well as pimple free.


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How the Moragahakanda Project terminated the 'Great Elephant Gathering'
Kamanthi Wickramasinghe
Spanning over 8,000 hectares of land, the Minneriya National Park has been home to an abundance of gentle giants for centuries. Elephant herds visit the Minneriya Tank in search of food and fodder especially when the water levels subside. From May to September Minneriya National Park eventually became the site for the 'Great Elephant Gathering' known to be one of the most spectacular natural phenomenons in the world. However, since 2018, elephants have been unable to enjoy the lush grasses of the lakebed with the construction of the Moragahakanda Dam project. The project has eventually marked the end of this gathering of elephants and conservationists believe that this too is an irreversible consequence of another unplanned development project.
The Minneriya tank and its significance
Minneriya National Park (MNP) has been the site for the "Great Elephant Gathering" and has gained an international reputation as "one of the 10 greatest wildlife wonders of the world", after being ranked as such by Lonely Planet. "Large numbers of elephants gather on the grasslands of the lakebed of MNP during the dry season commencing in May, with the number of elephants reaching the peak in September, numbering around 400 elephants," opined Dr. Sumith Pilapitiya, Asian elephant researcher and former Director General of the Department of Wildlife Conservation. "Elephant numbers start reducing with the onset of the North East monsoon rains in late October. The monsoon rains and water releases from the cascade reservoir system tend to fill the Minneriya reservoir, and grasslands of the lakebed get submerged during the period from December to April. With the release of water for agriculture in April, the grasslands of the lake bed emerge in May and with it, is associated a gradual return of the elephants. This unique natural phenomenon has taken place on the grasslands of the Minneriya reservoir for over a hundred years."
Although the popular myth is that elephants return to Minneriya during the dry season for water, the scientific reason is that the elephants return for the lush grasses of the lakebed. After being submerged for several months, the grass on the grassland has perished. With the reduction of the water in the reservoir, fresh grass grows on the lake bed. Fresh grass is higher in protein than mature grass, thus is the main attractant for elephants to Minneriya. Water in the reservoir is an added bonus. The gradual reduction of water during the dry season facilitates the growth of fresh grass throughout the dry months from May to September, when fodder elsewhere is minimal for elephants in the dry season.
"When resources such as food and water are plentiful, elephants being social animals congregate in large herds, culminating in the "great elephant gathering" in August/September," Dr. Pilapitiya explained. "In addition to there being large herds of elephants, the abundance of resources triggers natural biological behaviors of the elephants. Having plentiful resources stimulates the sexual hormones of elephants and it is common to observe females in estrus and males in musth. The unusual sight of mating elephants and its associated male-male competition, musth posturing and other interesting elephant behavioral characteristics can be observed at this time. Therefore, Minneriya is the best site not only to observe large herds of elephants, but is also a unique location to see interesting elephant social behavior. There is no other such site among the 13 Asian Elephant range states and has been a magnet for attracting tourists, foreign and domestic, in their thousands."
A decline in elephant numbers
Any human manipulation of this unique natural system would result in irreversible adverse impacts on the "great elephant gathering". "Since the completion of the Moragahakanda reservoir in 2018, there have been unseasonal water releases into the Minneriya reservoir during the dry season, commencing around June/July, which has resulted in fluctuating water levels in the reservoir. Associated with the fluctuation of water levels of the Minneriya reservoir is a reduction of the elephant population in Minneriya. Unseasonal water releases have been observed during the dry seasons of 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021," he continued.
"The irrigation authorities responsible for water releases into and out of the Minneriya reservoir started filling the Minneriya reservoir up to 70-85 MCM1 (or 70% of reservoir capacity), which is the water level needed in Minneriya to "spill" water to the Yoda Ela for onward transmission to reservoirs in the north east in 2019 and 2020. Although limited grasslands were available during this period, elephants and their movement is triggered by historical experience. It has been observed since 2018, when unseasonal water releases are made to Minneriya, even the slightest increase in the water level triggers the movement of several herds of elephants out of Minneriya, regardless of the available grasslands. The trigger for these elephants to move is the increase in water levels, which they most likely associate with the impending monsoon. As elephants have historically moved from Minneriya when the monsoon commences, incoming water and increasing water levels may be their trigger for movement in June/July. Continued filling of the Minneriya reservoir in the dry months results in a reduction of elephant numbers with increasing water levels."
Observation of the elephant numbers during the peak of the "elephant gathering" which is during the month of September, reveals an alarming decrease of elephants during the peak of the gathering as seen in the table below.2
Based on the above elephant population counts, it is increasingly apparent that we are gradually losing the "Great Elephant Gathering" in Minneriya, as there is approximately a 95% reduction of elephants of the gathering compared with numbers in 2017.
Aggravating HEC due to anthropogenic factors
However, Dr. Pilapitiya further said that the irony of this situation is that water from the Moragahakanda Reservoir and Irrigation Project was never intended to be sent to the Minneriya reservoir. Haphazard decisions have ultimately impacted elephant behavior. "The Moragahakanda Reservoir was constructed to channel irrigation water through a 28 km long tunnel to Hurulu Wewa for onward transmission through the cascade system to the Wayamba and North Central Provinces. There was no intention of sending any water from Moragahakanda reservoir to Minneriya. However, Sri Lanka is well known for reversals of decisions with changes of Governments. So while the construction of the Moragahakanda reservoir had commenced, the decision to go ahead with the construction of the tunnel was being debated after a new Government came into power and after many reversals of decisions, the construction of the tunnel commenced in January 2021, while the Moragahakanda reservoir was completed in 2019. Based on the conditions in the country today, the completion of the tunnel may take another 5 years. In the meantime, there is excess water in the Moragahakanda reservoir so a decision was made to send it to Minneriya reservoir for onward transmission to Kantale and Kaudulla reservoirs."
Certain decisions seem plausible, if the matter was something to do with humans only. But when dealing with elephants, the decisions may cause more harm than good. "As a result of poor management, planning and politically motivated reversals of decisions, the elephant population in Minneriya is being adversely affected. According to some policy makers, the excess water being sent to Minneriya reservoir is only a temporary phenomenon, and unseasonal water releases will cease upon completion of the tunnel and the situation in Minneriya should return to normal. If we are dealing only with humans, this may be plausible. But we have to realize that we are dealing with elephants. After a few years of arriving in Minneriya in May and finding the reservoir full with no grasslands for fodder, the elephants will find alternative grazing lands, most likely using crop lands for grazing. Data shows that the human elephant conflict (HEC) has increased 6 fold in the areas surrounding Minneriya between 2018 and 2020. Since the reservoir was full in 2021, anecdotal evidence shows that HEC in 2021 was significantly greater than the 6 fold increase. Once elephants find alternate grazing lands and get habituated to crop raiding, even if the situation in Minneriya returns to pre-Moragahakanda days, it is unlikely that the elephants will return to Minneriya for two reasons—(i) how are we going to send messages to elephants who have moved to new areas that there are grasslands in Minneriya and that they should return; and (ii) once elephants are habituated to raid crops, it is extremely difficult to stop them from doing so because they realize that crops are much more nutritious than natural fodder.
Long term impacts on jumbos
With reduced fodder, elephants will move inland, in search of food and this would in turn aggravate the human-elephant conflict. "Based on anecdotal evidence, we can assume that without the grasslands of Minneriya, the dry season fodder availability for the elephants of the Minneriya/Kaudulla population is significantly reduced, and since there isn't good elephant habitat in the vicinity, elephants will be forced to raid crops. Generally, crop raiders are adult males and it is very rare that herds are involved in raiding. This is because crop raiding is a high risk activity for elephants and herds are very risk averse particularly because of their calves. Yet in 2021, there were 9 adult female elephants who were killed by gun shot injuries and hakka patas (jaw bombs) in the areas surrounding Minneriya and Kaudulla. Elephants are subject to being shot or exposed to hakka patas only when they raid crops. This is a clear indication that herds have started crop raiding in this area. So the short-term risk to elephants are increased injuries and deaths due to HEC. The long term impact will be that the elephant population will gradually reduce to the "carrying capacity" of the area. With reduced fodder, the body condition of elephants, particularly, females and calves will decline and long term survival is at stake. Evidence of this trend is already emerging. Therefore, the long term conservation future of this elephant population is at stake," Dr. Pilapitiya further stressed.
Consequences of ignoring EIAs
Similarly, to the Moragahakanda project, many other so-called development projects have been done without prior assessments or planning. Contrary to the mandatory requirement included in the National Environmental Act (NEA) has a mandatory requirement that all prescribed projects must follow the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process prior to project construction, Sri Lanka has failed in fulfilling the 'spirit' of doing EIAs. However, this is the mechanism available in Sri Lanka to ensure prescribed projects including mega projects do not adversely affect the environmental and that ecosystem services are not compromised.
"EIAs if used wisely are very effective planning tools, identifying and mitigating all possible direct or indirect environmental and social impacts, ensuring the long term sustainability of the development project," Dr. Pilapitiya added. "However, in Sri Lanka we see the EIA as only a regulatory requirement and most projects try to do the minimum to get their project approved. This is particularly true for mega projects undertaken by the Government. Long before the EIA is commenced, decisions as to the scope of the project, project location and in some cases even the engineering design has been finalized. Therefore, the EIA process is manipulated to justify the project. This is one of the main reasons that we face and one of the major issues that compromise the overall benefits of the project. EIAs should be done at the early planning stage where it becomes a useful project planning tool in addition to getting regulatory approval. Until Sri Lanka starts to do EIAs in the true spirit of why EIAs are done, we will continue to have unanticipated adverse impacts to our environment and ecosystems."
"In the case of the Moragahakanda Project, since the project was a combination of two aspects, the reservoir and the tunnel for transmission of water, the EIA should have looked at what would be done to the water if the Moragahakanda reservoir was constructed and the tunnel did not materialize or get delayed. Had this been done, there would have been mitigation measures to ensure that the unintended impacts on the elephants would be minimal," Dr. Pilapitiya underscored.
1 MCM – million cubic meters
2 This data has been collected as a part of a research project undertaken by Dr. Sumith Pilapitiya, former Director General of Wildlife Conservation.


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Hyundai Has Transformed Its 1986 Grandeur Into an All-Electric Masterpiece
Hyundai has debuted a restored and hypermodified electric 1986 Grandeur to a level of splendor that may cause you to give in, and declare it a masterpiece, according to an initial report from DesignBoom.
Called a "restomod" variant, it's the latest in the automaker's heritage series, which involves revisiting its greatest hits and equipping them with an electric powertrain, along with new, "retro-futuristic" styling to affirm the heritage of each vehicle, while also imbuing the car with a future-oriented design philosophy.
Hyundai's 1986 Grandeur blends sustainable power with luxurious excess
Hyundai's newest restomod kept the old-school boxy profile of the 1986 Grandeur, but the most distinguishing exterior aspect is the pair of "pixel" LED headlights and taillights, serve as a conceptual "echo" of the squared-off theme of the main body.
Additional new features include flat wheel covers, and a chrome mesh grille and trim, according to the report.
The interior was completely overhauled. A widescreen display and soundbar were installed with a portrait control panel to put multimedia, air conditioning, and driving functions in one area. The design team claims its 18-speaker sound system can generate the full spectrum of "acoustic theory similar to that of a concert hall," according to the report.
The interior is also smothered in a red velvet lining and upholstory that combines Nappa leather with bright burgundy, in addition to silver metal complete with black glossy accents. It should go without saying that this is a luxury vehicle, with uncommon features like a watch storage slot, a group of interior "infinity mirrors" across the roof, a throttle gear selector, and even a virtual piano collaboratively developed with the musicial instrument brand Samick. It feels like a Daft Punk concert in there.
It can be argued that making an electric luxury car is a contradiction in terms, from the viewpoint of sustainability, supply chain issues, and global crisis. But it's not impossible to build on the stylistic expression of past decades without the fossil fuel excess. And the ability to dream big while keeping to a more sustainable design philosophy is the only way anyone will find climate-conscious engineering appealing. In other words, Hyundai's refurbished 1986 Grandeur accidentally evokes what's probably the core values of our times, the paradox of mixing sustainable engineering in the guise of luxurious excess.
Sci-fi or reality? Scientists think they're edging closer to proving the existence of wormholes.


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Ronda Rousey is no longer a fan of Justin Bieber.
In an interview with Cosmopolitan, the UFC star described an incident at Cannes Film Festival, when she approached the singer to ask him to take a photograph with her younger sister, Julia.
From the video above:
"I walked over there, and I said, 'excuse me.' And he [Bieber] turned to me [and] goes, 'I've already taken a billion pictures today, okay?' And I said, 'Yeah, but,' … and he goes, 'A billion,' and walks off. And totally snubbed my little sister. And then she looks at me, and she's on the verge of tears, and she goes, 'I'm no longer a Belieber.' Yeah, I don't think I'd want to hang out with him. I'm not a Belieber. I was, but I'm not anymore."
Did Bieber snub the Rousey family because of his well-documented friendship with Floyd Mayweather? Regardless, Rousey's got a right to be irritated.
The bottom line: It's certainly in Biebs' best interest to make it up to her. Because everyone knows who would win that fight.
(Thanks to Cosmopolitan for bringing this to our attention.)


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Opinions expressed by Entrepreneur contributors are their very own.
Metaverse and NFT? Essentially the most used phrases in current weeks come collectively to generate an influence within the enterprise world. Solely within the case of non-fungible tokens or NTFs, the market has closed the 12 months 2021 with greater than $22,000 million {dollars} in gross sales and every little thing signifies that this business will proceed to increase unstoppably in 2022.
NFTs and their function within the metaverse
The following growth area of interest for NFTs is their direct hyperlink to things within the metaverse. An instance of that is the MyMetaverse gaming community, which introduced the launch of actual property NFTs to be earned by taking part in the online game Minecraft, which interprets into actual property funding by means of video video games.
This will likely appear unreal, but it surely has already been talked about {that a} metaverse is a digital world the place customers enter by means of their digital avatars in actual time to: work, store, socialize, be taught and be entertained. This immersive digital house tends to resemble the bodily world through which we dwell.
Holding non-fungible tokens will permit for digital membership in a myriad of distinctive experiences within the metaverse and within the bodily world, thus enhancing social and neighborhood experiences. With NFTs customers can even get full possession of their land and areas within the metaverse, even firms like Adidas, H&M, Nike or Zara have already offered digital trend collections within the metaverse, all by means of NFTs.
However what are NFTs and why did they change into a pattern?
NFTs are possession certificates saved on a blockchain and backed by blockchain expertise (for instance, Ethereum) which might be usually related to a digital asset, equivalent to visible artwork, video, music, or collectibles.
Not like cryptocurrencies, which will be simply changed and changed, every NFT is exclusive or "non-fungible" and can't be deleted or counterfeited. In current months NFTs appear to be overtaking blockchain and cryptocurrencies in recognition. They current a brand new mind-set about artwork property, which is partly why they've turned the artwork world the wrong way up.
Reaffirming the artwork world
Digital works, by their very nature, will be endlessly copied and replicated. NFTs don't eradicate that danger, however they do create a novel digital file that authenticates possession of a specific model of a digital work.
Alternatively, NFTs provide new earnings prospects for artists, who're more and more subjected to better restrictions, unlawful reproductions, counterfeit or pirated merchandise, excessive costs, saturated distribution chains, the necessity for bodily interplay, and so forth. As well as, customers of the digital age already spend on common extra time on-line than sleeping, so NFT markets are nice showcases the place you possibly can showcase creative expertise to a bigger viewers.
Important challenges of NFTs within the metaverse
The very first thing to bear in mind is that the flexibility to generate economies within the metaverses can be very related due to NFTs, as a result of due to them the worth inside them will be higher captured and mirrored. And if we add to this the flexibility to interoperate with different metaverses and networks, then the potential of the expertise is countless.
The necessary function of non-fungible tokens in digital worlds is greater than clear, because the secure building of those economies is dependent upon them. Though firms are presently exploring the world of metaverses, previous experiences have been of nice assist in understanding the complete potential of those applied sciences. It solely stays to proceed engaged on them and make them accessible to everybody. It'll take years to develop, however metaverses will probably be an necessary a part of our digital lives sooner or later.
(Concerning the writer: Stiven Cartagena is editor of Geektime in Spanish ).


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How do I get rid of: Trojan.win32.obfuscated.gx ?????????????????
Hey Brick
Sorry but if you are not having problems Windows Live OneCare then you are off topic, this forum is dedicated to Windows Live OneCare, you can look for help and an answer here http://www.microsoft.com/communities/newsgroups/list/en-us/default.aspx or you can call Microsoft security @ 866-727-2338 US/Canada for free support


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Elinor Karlsson is a professor of Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology at the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, and director of the Vertebrate Genomics Group at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Your Dog's Breed Doesn't Always Determine How They'll Behave
Though some types of dogs come with a reputation, new genetic analysis finds that breed is a poor predictor of behavior.
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How To Decode Your Dog's DNA
Dog DNA tests have become a popular quarantine pastime. Here's what you should know about them.


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Easiest Way to Prepare Super Quick Homemade Ginger black tea
Hello everybody, welcome to my recipe page, if you're looking for Ginger black tea recipe, look no further! We provide you only the perfect Ginger black tea recipe here. We also have wide variety of recipes to try.
Before you jump to Ginger black tea recipe, you may want to read this short interesting healthy tips about The Basics of Being Healthy.
Everyone knows that in order to truly be healthy you need to eat a naturally healthy and balanced diet and get a proper workout regularly. Unfortunately, we do not always have the time or the energy that this type of lifestyle demands. Going to the gym isn't something people want to do when they get off from work. People crave salty and sweet, not veggies (unless they are vegetarians). The good news is that making healthy choices doesn't have to be a chore. If you are diligent you'll get all of the activity and appropriate food choices you need. Here are some simple ways to get healthful.
Drink water, not other drinks. Soda and coffee, when used in moderation, aren't that bad. It will be, however, a bad idea to only drink soda or coffee. Having water instead of other kinds of drinks is a good way to aid your body in its health and hydration. This also helps you reduce your caloric intake by hundreds of points without having to buy and eat disgusting diet foods. Water is often the key to successful weight-loss and healthfulness.
There are a whole lot of things that factor into getting healthy. An expensive gym membership and very hard to stick to diets are not the only way to do it. Little things, when done each day, can do a great deal to help you get healthy and lose pounds. Being intelligent about the decisions you make each day is a start. A good amount of physical activity each day is also necessary. Don't forget that health isn't only about just how much you weigh. You need to make your body as strong you can make it.
We hope you got benefit from reading it, now let's go back to ginger black tea recipe. To make ginger black tea you only need 4 ingredients and 3 steps. Here is how you cook that.
The ingredients needed to make Ginger black tea:
- Prepare of tea leaves.
- Get of Black pepper.
- Use of Water.
- Take of Ginger.
Instructions to make Ginger black tea:
- Atfirst take a pan&bowl water.
- Than add ginger,black peper,&tealeaves.
- Than bowl for 3 min no added sugar than pour into a cup helf of strainer than ready to drink.
If you find this Ginger black tea recipe valuable please share it to your close friends or family, thank you and good luck.