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When drivers are paying attention to the road, following all traffic laws, and doing what they are supposed to be doing, most pedestrian accidents are avoided—it's as simple as that. However, history has shown that many drivers make mistakes while behind the wheel. And these mistakes can cost a pedestrian dearly.
At Morris Injury Law, we are a full-service personal injury law firm serving clients in Las Vegas and the surrounding areas. We are steadfastly committed to our clients' well-being through every stage of the process. From the moment you come in to meet with us, you'll see why we're different. To us, successfully bringing a Las Vegas pedestrian lawsuit isn't just about the money; it's about justice. You deserve justice for what you've been through, and Morris Injury Law is here to help you get it.
Pedestrian accidents are often the result of driver negligence. We're all taught in driver's education that pedestrians "always have the right of way." While that's not exactly true, as a general rule, drivers have a duty to ensure the safety of pedestrians. However, drivers routinely engage in various types of dangerous driving behavior that puts pedestrians at risk. Some of the most common causes of Las Vegas pedestrian accidents include the following.
Distracted driving occurs when a driver removes their attention from the road, to focus on something either inside or outside the car. The most common type of distracted driving involves cell phone use, such as talking or texting while driving. However, there are many other reasons why a driver might become distracted, including:
Regardless of the reason why a driver gets distracted, the result is the same—pedestrians are placed at significantly higher risk of injury. Distracted driving is perhaps the most common cause of pedestrian accidents, although the statistics don't necessarily indicate that to be the case. This is because it is difficult for a police officer to determine whether a driver was distracted immediately after an accident. Often, it is only after a thorough investigation that evidence emerges showing that the driver was not paying attention at the time of the accident.
Drunk and drugged driving have long been one of the most common causes of all types of car accidents, including pedestrian accidents. When a driver consumes drugs or alcohol, it not only compromises their ability to maintain control over their vehicle but also affects their judgment. In fact, according to theNevada Office of Traffic Safety, 26% of all fatal accidents between the years 2015 and 2020 involved alcohol. And with the relatively recent legalization of recreational marijuana, more drivers are under the influence of marijuana than ever before.
One might not initially think of drowsy driving as a leading cause of pedestrian accidents. However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, drowsy driving is responsible for an average of 83,000 accidents each year. Moreover, the CDC reports that the effects of fatigue on a driver are similar to the effects of alcohol intoxication. Drivers have a duty to everyone else on the road to stop driving when they feel the effects of fatigue setting in. If they choose to stay on the road and place everyone else at risk, they can be held liable through a personal injury lawsuit.
All drivers owe a legal duty to others on the road. This duty requires a driver to operate their vehicle in a safe and responsible manner and that they obey all traffic signs and laws. If a driver violates a traffic law and causes an accident, an injured pedestrian can bring a personal injury lawsuit seeking financial damages from the driver.
However, bringing a Las Vegas pedestrian accident lawsuit isn't necessarily as straightforward as it seems. For example, few drivers willingly admit to being completely at fault. Even if they do, the driver's insurance company may not be willing to fully compensate you for all your damages.
To successfully bring a Las Vegas pedestrian accident lawsuit, you must establish the four elements of a negligence claim.
Of these elements, "duty" is the most straightforward, as all drivers have a duty to pedestrians. Thus, the duty element is rarely challenged. However, each of the other elements is the frequent focus of litigation. For example, a driver may argue that they did not breach the duty of care owed to a pedestrian because the driver didn't break the law or drive negligently. The issue of damages also comes up frequently because insurance companies are not willing to fully compensate an accident victim for everything they've been through. For example, an insurance company may claim that your injuries were not as severe as you claim them to be or that your symptoms are the function of a pre-existing injury.
When these complications arise, it is important to have an experienced Las Vegas pedestrian accident lawyer by your side. An attorney is familiar with the common tactics used by insurance companies to reduce—or even deny—an accident victim's claim. Thus, they will be prepared to present a compelling case for recovery on your behalf.
If a pedestrian is partially at fault for an accident, they can still bring a personal injury lawsuit in Nevada against a negligent driver, provided the pedestrian is not more than 50% to blame. If a pedestrian is more than 50% responsible for an accident, they cannot recover any damages for their injuries.
While being partially at fault is not typically a bar to recovery in most pedestrian accidents, any percentage of fault reduces a victim's damages award. This is because, under Nevada's modified comparative negligence rule, the judge reduces a victim's damages award by their percentage of fault. For example, assume you are crossing the street at an unmarked intersection when a car hits you. You were not paying as close attention as you should have, and the jury found that you were 20% to blame, with the driver being 80% responsible. Further, the jury determined that your total damages were $200,000. In this case, your total recovery amount would be $160,000 ($200,000 less 20%).
This is another reason why it often makes sense to reach out to an experienced Las Vegas pedestrian accident lawyer. A lawyer can be instrumental in presenting the facts in such a way that minimizes your involvement in the accident. This ensures you recover the maximum damages to compensate you for your injuries.
Pedestrian accidents are extremely dangerous. Primarily, this is because pedestrians have no protection from approaching vehicles and are often hit without any warning. The result is that pedestrian accidents have among the highest fatality rate out of any type of motor vehicle accident. However, even non-fatal pedestrian accidents can end in life-changing injuries. Some of the most common injuries in Las Vegas pedestrian accidents include:
Depending on the seriousness of your injuries, it can take months to fully recover—if a full recovery is even possible. During your recovery, you may not be able to work or earn any meaningful income. At the same time, you still need to buy groceries, pay the rent, and cover all your day-to-day expenses. This becomes especially difficult once the medical bills start rolling in. By pursuing a Las Vegas pedestrian accident lawsuit, you may be able to recover compensation to help you overcome all these setbacks.
Through a Las Vegas personal injury lawsuit, injured pedestrians can pursue financial compensation for what they've been through. Generally, Nevada law allows victims to obtain economic and non-economic damages.
Economic damages provide you with money damages to cover your out-of-pocket expenses related to the accident. A few of the most common forms of economic damages include:
In most cases, your attorney will prove economic damages by presenting physical evidence of the costs that you incurred. For example, to prove your medical expenses, your lawyer will compile all your medical bills. Or to establish your lost wages, your lawyer will present evidence of your income, such as paychecks, as well as proof that you were unable to work. In this way, economic damages are objective because the numbers are right there in front of the jury.
Non-economic, on the other hand, are much harder to determine. Non-economic damages provide compensation for your less tangible injuries. Broadly speaking, non-economic damages are based on your emotional and psychological injuries. The following are common forms of non-economic damages:
Unlike economic damages, you can't present the jury with a piece of paper indicating the appropriate amount of non-economic damages. Accidents impact victims' lives in many different ways, and the value of a non-economic damages award depends on your lawyer's ability to present a compelling narrative about how the accident affected your life. For example, did you miss important family events such as weddings, reunions, or vacations? Was your intimate relationship with your partner affected as a result of the accident? Are there sports or activities that you used to enjoy that you can no longer participate in? These are the important questions that influence a non-economic damages award.
Under Nevada law, those injured in a pedestrian accident have two years from the date of the accident to file a personal injury claim. While there are certain exceptions to this general rule, they are rarely applied in pedestrian accident cases. Thus, it is essential to reach out to a pedestrian accident lawyer in Las Vegas as soon as possible. The sooner you contact an attorney, the sooner they can begin investigating your claim and working to secure a pedestrian accident settlement on your behalf.
The term "best lawyer" is a hard one to define because the attorney-client relationship is a personal one. However, when looking for the best pedestrian accident lawyer, perhaps the most important thing to consider is the attorney's experience. You want to make sure that your attorney has hands-on experience representing accident victims both in negotiations and at trial. You should also make sure that you get along with the lawyer you select to represent you, as you'll be in frequent communication with your attorney throughout the duration of your case.
If you or a loved one recently suffered serious injuries after being struck while walking, reach out to Morris Injury Law to schedule a free consultation. At Morris Injury Law, we pride ourselves on building lasting relationships with our clients through aggressive yet compassionate advocacy. We understand what you've been through, and we want to help you get your life back on track as soon as possible. To learn more, and to schedule a free consultation today, call 702-850-5555. You can also reach us through our online contact form.
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The million-dollar question on every Young and the Restless (Y&R) fan's lips this week is: will Ashland and Victoria end up saying "I do"? Will Billy stop the wedding? Does Ashland have any more secrets he's hiding? Viewers just love to speculate! As such, below are some Y&R plotline predictions for October 4th to October 15th, 2021.
Want soap spoilers delivered to your inbox every week? Sign up for Fame10's weekly soap opera spoilers newsletter.
12. It's Going To Be A Rollercoaster Ride!
Sounds like this week is going to be a real rollercoaster ride for Y&R fans. There are likely going to be plot twists left, right and center, leaving audiences wondering if Ashland and Vic will get hitched. As per a weekly preview, it seems as if Ashland has yet another secret, and Victoria will want to know all the details. At this point, how can Vic feel good about her decision to wed this guy? Plus, added spoilers seem to reveal that there will be plenty of ups and downs leading up to the ceremony.

subset: commoncrawl


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Making a balloon arch is much easier than you think. If you want to know how to make a balloon arch, just keep reading!
Preparation materials for the balloon arch:
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Tape or rope
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Blog Article
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[Viewpoint] Japan's futile yen playYou may think this is a good time to bet against the yen now that Japan has intervened in the currency market for the first time since 2004.
Think again.
George Soros and his ilk should be betting on yen strength for two reasons.
One, Japan sold yen unilaterally, not with the help of the Group of Seven. Two, a top official made the mistake of telling speculators which level to attack.
Neither action seems particularly bright today. Without the Federal Reserve and European Central Bank on board, yen intervention won't work. Only the fear of concerted actions will keep the Soros types of the world from testing the yen's ability to rise. And a government should never, ever tell traders their line-of-defense level.
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshito Sengoku brought furrows to many brows in Tokyo by doing just that. Not only did he say that the Finance Ministry considers 82 yen per dollar the level at which they will fight markets, he went a step further, saying the government is seeking to gain the understanding of the U.S. and Europe for intervention.
In other words, not only did the Fed and ECB not help out, but U.S. and European policy makers aren't convinced such steps are needed or will work.
It really is open season on yen speculation.
It's highly debatable whether intervention works in the best of times. Yet Japan is so obviously pushing on a string here. The yen is at 15-year highs because the dollar and euro are falling, and for very valid reasons.
Yes, Japan is bearing a disproportionate brunt of currency dynamics. Yes, the yen's jump is terrible news for its all-important export industries. And no, executives at Toyota Motor and Hitachi can't be happy to see their competitiveness waning while China's is surging thanks to an undervalued yuan.
Things are what they are, though. In a world awash in turmoil, nations that carry trade surpluses see their currencies rise. Japan dragged its feet these last 10 years on raising its economy's game. So now it faces a double whammy of uncompetitive industries running up against a rising exchange rate.
That's undermining stocks and holding 10-year bond yields around 1 percent. It's an astoundingly low yield for a nation with a public debt that's roughly twice the size of its economy. And it's creating a surge in demand for higher yielding investments like samurai debt, yen-denominated notes sold in Japan by overseas borrowers.
The sour mood also is promoting a search for overseas investment opportunities. Hence Japan's move to woo Arnold Schwarzenegger. California wants a high-speed rail route between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Japan's trains are state of the art and the nation is cash-rich at a time when Schwarzenegger's state faces a $19.1 billion deficit.
Japan said it's ready to lend California money to help pay for the $40 billion-plus project. It would seem the perfect financial fit.
Borrowing cheaply in yen and reinvesting the funds in riskier assets is a favorite pastime of investors. And now, Schwarzenegger has officially joined the yen-carry trade.
China and Korea are also vying for California's business, and Schwarzenegger visited both nations this week.
Yet Japanese officials were heartened to hear the star of the "Terminator" films quip in Tokyo that "Japan has a genius mind. California wants to have that kind of mind and technology to build our high-speed train."
If only Japan's leaders were acting like geniuses these days. A day after winning reelection as the head of the nation's ruling party, Prime Minister Naoto Kan took a bold step that failed many a financial IQ test.
Kan, in office since June, risks looking silly in the weeks ahead if the yen remains strong, as the odds favor.
Japan's last major foray into markets proved futile.
In the 15 months through March 2004, Japan spent more than the equivalent of Sweden's gross domestic product weakening the yen. The currency's risen 22 percent since then.
Soros would be nuts not to get in on this fiasco. In 1992, he made $1 billion breaking the Bank of England's defense of the pound. Perhaps he could repeat that performance testing the Bank of Japan. Officials here are unwittingly making it worth speculators' while.
*The writer is a Bloomberg News columnist.
by William Pesek


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Three-Form Gauging of axion Symmetries and Gravity
Gia Dvali111email:
Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003
Nonlinearly realized Abelian global symmetries can be reformulated as local shift symmetries gauged by three-form gauge fields. The anomalous symmetries of the Standard Model (such as Peccei-Quinn or ) can be dualized to local symmetries gauged by the Chern-Simons three-forms of the Standard Model gauge group. In this description the strong CP problem can be reformulated as the problem of a massless three-form field in QCD, which creates an arbitrary CP-violating constant four-form electric field in the vacuum. Both the axion as well as the massless quark solutions amount to simply Higgsing the three-form gauge field, hence screening the electric field in the vacuum. This language gives an alternative way for visualizing the physics of the axion solution as well as the degree of its vulnerability due to gravitational corrections. Any physics that can jeopardize the axion solution must take the QCD three-form out of the Higgs phase. This can only happen if the physics in question provides an additional massless three-form. The axion then Higgses one combination of the three-forms and the QCD electric field gets partially unscreened, reintroducing the strong CP problem. Gravity provides such a candidate in form of the Chern-Simons spin connection three-form, which could un-Higgs the QCD three-form in the absence of additional chiral symmetries. We also discuss analogous effects for the baryon number symmetry.
1 Introduction
The global symmetries often play an important role in particle physics models. The well-known examples are the baryon and the lepton number symmetries, and the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry [1], which playes the crucial role in the dynamical solution of the strong CP problem[2]. PQ is a nonlinearly realized anomalous symmetry, and consequently implies the existence of a massive pseudo-Goldstone particle, an axion [3, 4]. The strong CP problem is a problem of vacuum selection, and can be expressed as the inexplicable smallness of the CP-violating -parameter in QCD Lagrangian. A non-zero implies a non-zero expectation value of the dual gauge field strength, Tr, which would lead to observable CP violation, unless is tiny, [7]. The essence of the axion solution to this problem is to promote into a dynamical variable by introducing a pseudo-scalar field with the following coupling
The axion can emerge as a Goldstone boson as a result of spontaneous PQ symmetry breaking at an arbitrarily high scale[5, 6]. Alternatively, PQ symmetry may be introduced as an intrinsically nonlinearly realized symmetry at the field theory level, as it is usually the case for string theoretic axions.
The key point of the PQ axion solution to the strong CP problem is that the minimum of the axion potential is automatically at , where the expectation value of vanishes. This follows from the proof by Vafa and Witten[8].
The standard gauging of the anomalous global symmetries is impossible because of the obvious reasons, but in certain ways they can be physically equivalent to the gauge symmetries. The phenomenon investigated in the present paper is an alternative gauging of abelian symmetries by an antisymmetric three-form gauge field . The best way to understand such a gauging is in the dual language in which the pseudo-scalar axion is replaced by an antisymmetric two-form field . In this language the three-form gauges the shift symmetry of and gains a gauge invariant mass by "eating up" the latter. Thus, by mixing with (or equivalently, with the axion) the three-form gauge field gets Higgsed.
Because the massless three-form carries no propagating degrees of freedom, the number of propagating degrees of freedom is both descriptions is one. Thus, the net result of the three-form Higgs effect is that the axion gains a mass (or the potential).
The PQ symmetry in QCD is in fact a good example of a shift symmetry gauged by a three-form. It has been known for a long time[9] that QCD with no light quarks contains a massless three-form field, that can mediate a constant long-range electric field in the vacuum. The electric field here refers to the non-zero value of the gauge-invariant field strength of , which is a four-form. The value of this electric field coincides with the expectation value of . Thus, having a nonzero four-form electric field in the vacuum is completely equivalent to having a non-zero -term, and vice versa. This fact gives a possibility to reformulate the strong CP problem in the three-form language, as the problem of the unnatural smallness of the four-form field strength in the vacuum. This formulation gives a simple alternative way for visualizing physics of the axion solution and its susceptibility to non-QCD corrections.
In the presence of axion, the three-form gauges the axion shift symmetry. Thus, axion solves the strong CP problem by putting the three-form into the Higgs phase. In this phase the four-form electric field is screened, and the vacuum is automatically CP-conserving. Thus, the three-form language gives a very simple explanation to the fact that the minimum of the axion potential is always at .
Knowing that PQ symmetry can be understood as intrinsically gauge symmetry, it is natural to ask, whether the axion solution to the strong CP problem is automatically protected against the quantum gravity corrections? This question was pioneered in [10], where some wormhole solutions were found (generalizing earlier studies [11]), and suppression of amplitudes was estimated.
In the present article we shall discuss some related issues, but from somewhat different perspective. We shall first establish an exact duality between the -description and the axion description with an arbitrary potential . The axion potential is entirely determined by the functional dependence of the Lagrangian on the three-form field strength, but not on its derivatives. As a result, in the presence of a single massless three-form, the minimum of the axion potential always coincides with the zero expectation value of the three-form field strength, irrespective of the corrections. That is, axion always screens the three-form electric field. As said above, this fact immediately explains why in QCD the axion solves the strong CP problem. Because the QCD three-form field strength is Tr, the axion minimum is always where Tr.
From here it follows that, in order to shift the axion minimum from the CP-conserving point, any new physics must un-Higgs the three-form gauge theory. In -description this is only possible if there is an additional massless three-form gauge field to which could mix, or equivalently, an analogous massless correlator. In the absence of such fields the axion solution is protected by the QCD gauge symmetry.
It is known that gravitational or world-sheet instantons can contribute to the explicit breaking of PQ symmetry[12]. So one may wonder, how such contributions can be understood in the language of the three-form Higgs effect. In the light of the previous discussion, one should be able to understand them as un-Higgsing of the QCD three-form due to the presence of the additional three-form fields.
The obvious candidate for the additional massless three-form that can be provided by gravity is the Chern-Simons spin connection three-form. Due to gravitational instantons, in the absence of additional anomalous symmetries, this field can provide the axion a mass and unscreen the QCD three-form. In the presence of the additional anomalous (with respect to gravity) symmetries, such a contribution to the axion mass can be avoided.
In case when there are no additional massless three-forms available, gravity can still generate a contribution to the axion mass, but by gauge symmetry this corrections are automatically CP-conserving, because they cannot un-screen the four-form electric field.
We also generalize the discussion of dual three-form gauging to other global symmetries, such as the baryon number. For this we introduce a pseudo-scalar (bary-axion), which shifts under the baryon number symmetry. Then, by the reasons similar to QCD, baryon number becomes dual to a gauge symmetry gauged by an electroweak composite Chern-Simons three-form. The difference from the axionic case is that, because of -symmetry, bary-axion stays massless up to gravity corrections.
2 Three-Form Gauging of Axion Symmetries
2.1 Three-Form Higgs Effect
We begin by considering the following Lagrangian of a massless pseudo-scalar field (an axion)
where is an axion decay constant. The above action is invariant under a continuous shift symmetry
where is an arbitrary constant. Our goal is to create a mass gap in the above theory, by giving the axion a mass. However, in the same time we wish to satisfy the following two conditions
1) Maintain the shift symmetry (3) (up to possible effect of the boundary terms);
2) Do not increase the number of propagating degrees of freedom.
The first condition is usually satisfied when we deal with the gauge symmetries in the Higgs phase. Because gauge symmetries are the redundancies of the description, they stay unbroken also in the Higgs phase, despite the fact that there are no massless excitations in the spectrum. We shall use this fact as our guideline. However, the conventional gauging of the shift symmetry (by a spin-1 vector field) cannot satisfy the second requirement, because it is accompanied by additional propagating degrees of freedom. Indeed, we could try to gauge the shift symmetry (3) by introducing a vector gauge field (a one-form) . The Lagrangian then becomes
The global shift symmetry (3) is then promoted into a local gauge symmetry
which for a particular case reproduces (3). In the same time there are no massless excitations in the spectrum. Thus, the first condition is satisfied. However, the introduction of the vector gauge field adds the two additional degrees of freedom, and our second requirement is not fulfilled. This happens because plays the role of the Stückelberg field for , which enables to write a gauge invariant mass term for photon. In reality what we want is rather having a Stückelberg field for itself, that would enable us to give it a mass in a shift-invariant way. The requirement of no new degrees of freedom restrict such a "Stückelberg" field to being a gauge three-form .
In order to see how this works, it is useful to use in parallel a dual picture, in which the pseudoscalar is replaced by an antisymmetric Kalb-Ramond two-form field . The Lagrangian for a free -field is
is the three-form field strength, and is the exterior derivative. This action is invariant under a global shift symmetry
where is an arbitrary constant two-form.222 In addition there is also a gauge invariance under , where is a one-form. We now wish to gauge (8) and create a mass gap. We shall achieve this by introducing a three-form gauge field . However, before coupling it to , let us briefly recall some properties of a massless three-form field. For a massless three-form field the lowest order parity-invariant Lagrangian has the following form
where is the four-form field strength, and is a conserved external current
The action (9) is then invariant under the gauge transformation
where is a two-form. Because of this gauge freedom in four dimensions contains no propagating degrees of freedom. Despite the absence of propagating degrees of freedom, nevertheless can create a "Coulomb"-type long-range electric field in the vacuum . As it is obvious from the equation of motion, in the absence of sources, the four-form electric field can assume an arbitrary constant value. In the presence of the external sources (which are two-branes or domain walls) the value of changes at the source. The actual presence of such sources for our discussion is inessential.
We shall now couple to the two-form in order to gauge the shift symmetry (8). The simplest Lagrangian has the following form
It is easy to see that this Lagrangian describes a Higgs phase of the gauge theory invariant under (11). As usual, in the Higgs phase the electric field is completely screened in the vacuum. For instance, the four-form electric field created by a static probe brane source located at decays exponentially fast
Thus, there are no massless excitations in the spectrum. However, because does not add any new physical degrees of freedom the number of propagating states is unchanged.
Because we have maintained the gauge symmetry of and simultaneously give it a mass, we expect that the same property should persist in the dual axion description. In order to see this explicitly, we perform the duality transformation by treating as a fundamental three-form, and enforcing Bianchi identity
as a Lagrange constraint. The new action takes the form
In this action, the axion appears as a Largange multiplier field. Due to this, the axionic shift symmetry (3) on the equations of motion is guarantied. Integrating out through its equation of motion, we get the following dual action (up to total derivatives)
Hence, the shift symmetry (3) is the automatic consequence of the gauge symmetry (8). Because the gauge symmetry remains unbroken in the Higgs phase, so must be the global shift symmetry in the dual description (up to boundary terms).
Integrating out through its equation of motion, we get the following effective equation of motion for the axion
where is an integration constant. 333Because is not a parameter in the Lagrangian but rather an integration constant, one could prescribe that under the shift symmetry (3) changes as , in order to keep the shift symmetry manifest. However, this prescription changes nothing physically, since (17) still described a single massive scalar degree of freedom.
2.2 Duality with Arbitrary Axion Potential
We shall now generalize the above duality to the case of an axion with an arbitrary potential and give a simple rule which relates this potential to the -dependence of the Lagrangian. As discussed in the appendix, under the assumption of no additional massless fields the axion potential is determined by the -dependence of the action. We therefore restrict our analysis here to a simplest gauge-invariant action, that in the dual picture gives an arbitrary axion potential (more general treatment is given in the appendix). It is easy to see that the following gauge-invariant theory
where is an arbitrary function of its argument , is dual to
where the axion potential is determined by the function in the following way
Here is the inverse function of , and prime denotes a derivative with respect to the argument. as before is an integration constant.
The duality can be established by starting from the action
and integrating out and through their equations of motion. As a result of this integration one arrives to the following effective equation for the axion
Thus, the effective potential for the axion up to an arbitrary additive constant
For the simplest case , we get (17).
Given we can thus determine how the action dependens on through (23). At the level of three-form gauge theory, all the information about the periodicity of the axion potential is encoded in the function . For example, in QCD, where is -periodic, in the dilute instanton gas approximation one may take . This choice fixes the form of the -function (for ) as
An important feature guaranteed by (20) is that irrespective of the form of the four-form field strength automatically vanishes at the extrema of the axion potential. This fact is just a dual version of the statement that is in the Higgs phase and therefore is screened in the vacuum. As we shall see, this fact is the key point of the axion solution of the strong CP problem in QCD, because in QCD the expectation value of is equal to the one of Tr.
2.3 Multiple Three-forms
The above duality can be generalized to multiple three-forms. For instance, in the case of two three-forms and the theory
is dual to
where ()
The important difference from the single three-form case is that the resulting theory (26) has a continuum of physically-inequivalent vacua that are scanned by the difference of the two integration constants . These vacua obey the superselection rule and are very similar to -vacua of QCD. Their existence is the consequence of the fact that a single axion cannot Higgs more than one three-form field. Therefore, the orthogonal combination remains in the Coulomb phase, and the superselection vacua are simply the vacua with different values of the unscreened four-form electric field . We shall encounter this effect later in the context of the strong CP problem.
The periodicities of the two functions and can in principle be different. In such a case, within each superselection sector (fixed -s), one gets a family of vacua with different energies. Such models may find application in theories with statistical vacuum selection. For instance, we can have and with , in which case the axion potential will look as "washboard" potential obtained in ([14]).
If the difference of the periodicities is irrational, the above theory gives a simple realization of the irrational axion idea[15].
3 The Strong CP Problem and its Solution in Three-Form Language
We now wish to reformulate the strong CP problem in the language of a three-form gauge theory.
We shall do this first in a simple model with a fundamental three-form field . In this theory a full equivalent of the strong CP problem does exist, and this problem is solved by axion. Then we discuss the real QCD with axion, which also can be reformulated in the language of a three-form gauge theory. In both cases the strong CP problem and its axion solution has an universal formulation in terms of the Coulomb and the Higgs phases of a three-form gauge theory. Any theory in which a three-form field is in the Coulomb phase 'suffers' from a generalized strong CP problem. The axion solution to this problem is then nothing but the Higgsing of the three-form gauge field.
Consider a theory of a massless three-form field, with the simplest Lagrangian (9). This theory is in the Coulomb phase, and this fact is the source of the generalized strong CP problem. The equations of motion are solved by an arbitrary constant electric field
where is arbitrary, and plays the same role as the -parameter in QCD. In particular, the constant electric field (28) is CP-odd. Also, there is a super-selection rule among the -vacua, very similar to the one of -vacua in QCD. Note that, we could have introduced the -parameter directly in the Lagrangian through the following term
but this would just redefine the value of the constant electric field. Hence, the -parameter in a three-form gauge theory is equivalent to a constant four-form electric field in the vacuum. Thus, the strong CP problem reformulated in the language of a three-form gauge theory, reduces to the following question. How can the four-form Coulomb electric field be made naturally small? In such a formulation the answer is immediately obvious. There is a well known way to get rid of any constant electric field in the vacuum (i.e. to screen it), which is putting the gauge theory in the Higgs phase. This is achieved by introduction of a -axion, transforming under the gauge shift symmetry (8). The simplest Lagrangian accomplishing this is (12), and this solves the strong CP problem. As was shown above, the electric field becomes screened (13). As we see, in the language the axion solution to the strong CP problem has a very simple physical interpretation. In the dual -axion language, the reason for screening is translated as the fact that the minimum of the axion potential is always at the point where . This is an automatic consequence of the universal relation (20), which implies
Now we are ready to ask the question, how could gravity (or any other physics) undo the above solution to the strong CP problem? In the language of axion this would correspond to shifting the axion VEV away from the point, that is, undoing the relation (30). This would mean that at the minimum of the axion potential the four-form electric field is no longer screened and the three-form gauge theory is back to the Coulomb phase.
It is simplest to answer this question in -language. There is an unique gauge-invariant way for un-screening a gauge field, which is to get rid of the Goldstone-Stückelberg field by making it massive. Thus, can be taken out of the Higgs phase if we could make independently-massive. But by gauge symmetry, this can only be achieved by introducing an additional massless three-form field, to which could mix. We shall call this new field .
At the end of the previous section we have already seen how in the presence of an additional three-form the electric field cannot be completely screened by the axion. It is obviously necessary that the axion also shifts
under the second gauge symmetry
where is a two-form.
Then the -axion will be eaten up by one combination of and , whereas the orthogonal combination will remain in the Coulomb phase. The simplest Lagrangian accomplishing this goal is
where is the field strength of of . As a result, one combination of the electric fields is no longer screened and can assume an arbitrary constant values. Thus, the strong CP problem got reintroduced. Note that unscreening of the -field is equivalent of violating the relation (30). Indeed, dualizing (33), we can see how the problem looks in the -language. In this dual language the manifestation of the problem is that the relation (30) no longer holds and in accordance with (26) and (27) the axion potential is instead given by
Hence, the minimum of the axion potential no longer corresponds to the point where the electric field vanishes. Note that the possibility of unscreening the electric field is completely independent of the concrete form of the action, but is only determined by the degrees of freedom available in the theory. Only if there is a second three-form field, and a single axion, the electric field will be partially unscreened. In more general terms, the number of the three-form fields must exceed the number of axions.
Note that the above finding is in full agreement with the appendix result, according to which the appearance of the additional massless poles in the effective action of is the only way in which the relation (30) may be violated. Indeed, integrating out the in (33) we get
where and . This expression is equivalent to (73) with .
Thus, in order for any new physics to undo the axion solution of the above strong CP problem, it must provide an independently-massless three-form field.
4 QCD Axion in Three-Form Language
Let us now discuss the axion solution of the strong CP problem in QCD, and show that it can be reformulated in the above-presented thee-form language.
In order to translate the QCD strong CP problem in the three-form language, consider a -term in gauge theory with a strong coupling scale (which we shall set equal to one) and no light fermion flavors
where is the gauge coupling, is a dual field strength and is an -adjoint index. We first note that this term can be rewritten as a four-form fields strength of a composite three-form
is the Chern-Simons three-form and where is the gauge field matrix, and are the generators of the group. Under the gauge transformation, shifts as (11) with
where are the gauge transformation parameters. The four-form field strength
is of course invariant under (11) and (39). Note that the Chern-Simons current can be written as
It is known [9] that at low energies, the three-form becomes a massless field, and creates a long-range Coulomb-type constant force. The easiest way to see that mediates a long-range interactions is through the Kogut-Susskind pole [13]. The zero momentum limit of the following correlator
is non-zero, as it is related to topological susceptibility of the vacuum, which is a non-zero number in pure gluodynamics. Hence, the correlator of the two Chern-Simons currents has a pole at zero momentum, and the same is true for the correlator of two three-forms. Thus, the three-form field develops a Coulomb propagator and mediates a long-range force. Because the probe sources for the three-form are two dimensional surfaces (domain walls or the two-branes), the force in question is constant.
In the other words, at low energies, the QCD Lagrangian contains a massless three-form field, and can be written as
The exact form of the function in QCD is unknown, but the strong CP problem is solved by axion regardless of this form. It is obvious now that the -problem in QCD is isomorphic to a problem of a constant four-form electric field, and that QCD -vacua are simply vacua with different values of this electric field.
Axion solution of this problem is nothing but Higgsing this composite three-form given in (38). That is, the axion solves this problem by giving a gauge-invariant mass to the three-form field and screening it in the vacuum. Indeed, the axion solution is based on the idea of promoting into a dynamical field , which immediately gives us the generalized version of the Lagrangian (16)
which is dual to (18). After integrating over this gives an effective axion equation (22) in which the function determines the axion potential through (20). Because of the relation (37) the relation (30) guarantees that in axionic vacuum, and the strong CP problem is solved. Note that, the relation (23) reproduces the well known relation in QCD
As it is clear from our previous discussion, in solving the strong CP problem we can use exclusively -language. This language has an advantage that we introduce PQ symmetry as intrinsically-gauge symmetry (11) with the gauge parameter set by (39). In order to accomplish this, all we have to do is to add to the QCD Lagrangian the following gauge invariant mass term analogous to the one in (12) and (18)
where under we have to understand (38). Obviously, the same mass term can be obtained by dualizing the action (44). The addition of such a mass term screens the QCD four-form field (40) [16]. We see that this screening is the essence of the solution of the strong CP problem. By duality the three-form Higgs effect is equivalent to the axion minimum being at zero .
The three-form language makes the connection between the axion and the massless quark solutions of the strong CP problem especially clear. Indeed, in the case of the massless quark solution there is an axial -symmetry, which is spontaneously broken by the quark condensate. In the absence of the anomaly, there would be a massless Goldstone boson, the -meson. This boson gets a mass from non-perturbative QCD effects due to -anomaly, according to 't Hooft's solution of the -problem[17]. In the above three-form language these non-perturbative effects amount to Higgsing the QCD three-form field. This field eats up the meson and gives it a mass. As a result of this effect the four-form electric field gets screened and the strong CP problem is solved. That is, in the case of massless quarks -meson plays the same role as the axion in Higgsing the three-form field. Note that in the case of massless quarks, substituting with , the relation (20) implies the Witten-Veneziano relation for the mass[18].
5 Gravity
Non-perturbative quantum phenomena, such as gravitational or string world-sheet instantons[12] could undo the axion solution to the strong CP problem. We now wish to understand, how such dangerous corrections could manifest themselves in the three-form gauge theory language.
First of all, we have seen that the strong CP problem is equivalent to the problem of a constant four-form electric field in QCD vacuum. The axion solution to this problem is nothing but the three-form Higgs effect. The -axion is eaten-up by a three-form, and the electric field is screened. This is why, in the absence of the additional massless three-forms, the minimum of the axion potential is always at the point where -vanishes, as it is enforces by the the relation (20) or (30).
Thus, gravity can only jeopardize the axion solution of the strong CP problem, if it can unscreen the electric -field. That is, the new physics must take the three-form gauge theory out of the Higgs phase back to the Coulomb phase. In this respect, it is important to distinguish the harmless corrections that correct axion potential without unscreening the QCD four-form, from the dangerous ones, that can unscreen it.
The first type of corrections are very easy to imagine. In fact any physics that corrects the function without introducing some additional massless three-forms, will be harmless. As long as there is only one three-form and a single two-form , the gauge symmetry will remain in the Higgs phase irrespective of the form of -function.
Obviously, the same conclusion holds true in the dual picture. Any physics that corrects the form of the function , will also change the axion potential according to (30). So that the minimum of the corrected axion potential will continue to be at . In the other words, the -function in equation (30) can be viewed as the original QCD function plus arbitrary quantum gravity corrections
but the electric -field remains screened for an arbitrary form of .
Now we wish to address the issue of the dangerous corrections, the ones that could take the three-form theory out of the Higgs phase. The three-form gauge theory is by no means unique in this respect. The similar question could be asked about any gauge theory that is in the Higgs phase, and there is an universal answer. The only way to move a gauge theory from the Higgs to the Coulomb phase in a gauge-invariant way is to give an independent mass to the Goldstone-Stc̈kelberg field by mixing it with an additional massless gauge field. For example, if we wish to un-Higgs the vector gauge field in the toy example given by Lagrangian (4), we have to introduce an additional vector gauge field and mix it with
Note the complete analogy with (33). Equivalently, we could have introduced a derivative interaction leading to the massless poles in the Greens function of
However, this is not an alternative way, but the exact equivalent of (48), since (49) can be obtained from (48) by integrating out field through its equations of motion. Again, (49) is a complete analog of (35).
Thus, in -language the only way in which the gravity corrections could undo the relation (30), is if gravity could provide an additional massless three-form field , which would contribute into the mass. Such an additional contribution to the axion mass can only come from the gauge-invariant mass term of the form (33), or equivalently through the massless pole in the three-form propagator that may be provided by action(35).
After dualization, in -language, such dangerous corrections would translate into the mixing to an additional three-form
The obvious candidate for an additional three-form in pure gravity theory is the Chern-Simons three-form (antisymmetrization over is assumed)
where -s are connections. That (51) is the right three-form follows from the fact that the topological invariant can be rewritten as the field strength of
Under general coordinate transformations acquires an additional shift by an exterior derivative of a two-form . (This follows from the Poincare lemma and the fact that (52) is invariant). Thus, if we demand that shifts as (31) with the same , the following field strength
will be invariant under both gauge symmetries. This expression is identical to the gauge invariant field strength of the antisymmetric two-form -field in ten dimensional string theory. The above form there is dictated by Green-Schwarz anomaly cancellation[22], whereas in the present case it is generated by anomaly. Indeed through gravitational anomaly [19], the axion acquires a coupling
and the expression (53) can be obtained by dualization after taking into the account (54) coupling.
In order for the coupling to the gravitational three-form to undo the axion solution of the strong CP problem, must provide a contribution to the axion mass. This is possible, if actually behaves as a massless three-form field, that is if the propagator of develops a massless pole, analogous to its QCD counterpart (42). This pole, can serve as an indication that underlying gravitational physics can lead to strong CP violation. One way to avoid such a contribution is to have additional global symmetries that carry gravitational anomaly. This can be, for instance, the Standard Model baryon plus lepton number symmetry, or some additional symmetry from the sector that only couples through gravity. For instance, a sterile massless fermion will exhibit such an anomalous chiral symmetry. In the presence of such a symmetry, gravitational three-form will not be able to contribute into the axion mass. This follows from the following consideration. It is well known[21, 20, 19], that in the presence of an anomalous global symmetry, the gravitational anomaly leads to a non-conservation of the corresponding current
As a result, the gravitational analog of the -term can be rotated away by chiral transformation, much in the same way as the -term in nonabelian gauge theories in the presence of massless fermions. Thus, in the presence of chiral symmetry the expectation value of the axion cannot be observable through the coupling (54), and thus, the latter cannot contribute to the axion potential.
If there are no additional chiral symmetries, one could still try to use the standard model symmetry to rotate away the gravitational -term. However, because symmetry carries the electroweak anomaly, one will be left with the electroweak -term. So because one cannot simultaneously rotate away both -terms, in the absence of an additional chiral symmetry, the axion will get an extra contribution to its potential, which will unscreen the QCD three-form . However, the effect will be suppressed by the strength of both gravitational and electroweak instantons. So the net effect may be sufficiently small in order not to pose any danger for the axion solution.
However, if one would like to maintain an exact CP invariance in QCD sector, an obvious way would be to introduce an additional two form field in order to match the number of "dangerous" three-forms. should couple to different combination of the three-forms. The QCD three-form then will remain in the Higgs phase, and the strong CP problem will be solved.
6 Baryon number
In this section we shall discuss a dual gauging of other global symmetries such as baryon and lepton numbers.
First we shall discuss a simplified example, which we shall later extend to a fully realistic Standard Model. The simplified model is a theory of a single Weyl (or a Majorana) fermion , which we shall call 'baryon", and which transforms under a global phase symmetry
which we shall refer to as the "baryon number" (or -number, for short). Correspondingly, is the baryonic charge of . We now wish to dualize the baryon number symmetry into a symmetry gauged by a three-form field, but for this we have to assume that (56) is non-linearly realized. This can be achieved by introducing a Goldstone boson, , which shifts under (56) as
We shall call a bary-axion. The Lagrangian with a three-form gauged baryon number symmetry can be written as
where is the charge conjugation matrix. is the constant that sets the strength of the -violating interaction. In cases, in which the baryon number is a linearly realized symmetry above a certain scale, can be identified with the VEV of a scalar that breaks spontaneously. However, existence of such a scalar is not essential for our purposes, and may very well be a non-linearly realized symmetry at the field theory level. By chiral rescaling of the baryon fields
we can eliminate all the non-derivative interactions of from the Lagrangian, which now takes the form
where is the baryonic current. Dualizing (60) we get the following action for the antisymmetric two-form
If an additional -violating axion potential is included in (65) the system will respond by unscreening the -field. This effect on the -side can be accounted by integrating in an additional three-form field with the appropriate kinetic function.
We now wish to generalize the above construction to a fully realistic Standard Model. The good news is that we no longer need an elementary three-form, since a non-linearly realized baryon number symmetry in the Standard Model is dual to the symmetry gauged by the composite Chern-Simons three-form of the electroweak gauge sector, much in the same way as the PQ symmetry is gauged by a composite QCD three-form (38).
In order to promote the baryon number symmetry of the Standard Model into a non-linearly realized shift symmetry, we add the following interactions to the usual Standard Model Lagrangian
where and stand for quarks and leptons respectively. For definiteness we have used the lowest possible baryon number carrying operator , but any other operator would do the job equally well. The above action is invariant under the baryon number symmetry
For definiteness we shall assume that the lepton number is explicitly broken by neutrino masses, and will not consider it. However, this analysis can be trivially extended to any anomalous combination of - and -symmetries.
Now, by rescaling quarks by a chiral transformation
we eliminate all the non-derivative bary-axion interactions. The resulting Lagrangian is
where is the Standard Model Lagrangian in which -s are replaces by -s, and is the usual baryon number current. is an gauge symmetry field strength, and coupling of the bary-axion to it appears as a result of a baryon number anomaly. As in the case of QCD, this coupling can also be rewritten as the coupling to a composite three form field,
where is the field strength of the following three-form
where is the gauge field matrix, and are the generators of the group. This is in the full analogy with (37) and (38), but the crucial difference from QCD in case of electroweak is that, there is no long-range field associated with . The consequence of this fact is that in the absence of an additional massless three-form , the bary-axion would remain exactly massless.
The masslessness of the bary-axion also follows from the fact that the energy is independent on the value of the electroweak -term. This was shown by explicit calculation in ref[anselm]. A simple argument showing the same is that in the Standard Model there is an anomalous chiral symmetry , which can rotate away the electroweak -term and thus, the latter is unobservable. However, as discussed above, this would be true only in the absence of gravity. In case of gravity, because of gravitational anomaly, one cannot get rid of both -terms by the same rotation. So in the absence of additional chiral symmetries, bary-axion would get a small mass.
The fact that the bary-axion gets no contribution to its mass from the electroweak sector gives an interesting possibility to use it simultaneously in the role of the QCD axion, provided gravitational contribution is absent due to additional chiral symmetries, or at least is reduced to an acceptable level.
7 discussions
The three-form formulation allows for a simple physical interpretation of the strong CP problem and its solutions in terms of Coulomb and Higgs phases of the QCD four-form electric field. Any fundamental physics that jeopardizes this solution must take the three-form gauge theory out of the Higgs phase. This requires an additional massless three-form fields. Gravity provides a natural candidate in form of the Chern-Simons three-form, but in the presence of additional anomalous chiral symmetries, this form does not seem to be a suitable candidate for unscreening the QCD three-form, since gravitational -term can be rotated away. String theory provides a variety of three-forms, but it also provides additional axions that Higgs these three-forms. So at the end of the day the question comes down to the number of three-forms matching the number of axions. In the absence of additional three-forms gravity can still correct axion mass and couplings but these corrections are CP conserving.
It is pleasure to thank Gregory Gabadadze, Michele Redi and Neal Weiner for valuable discussions and comments. This work is supported in part by David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowship for Science and Engineering, and by NSF grant PHY-0245068
8 Appendix
In this appendix we shall give a more detailed discussion of why, in the absence of massless poles, the axion potential is fully determined by (23).
In strongly coupled theories, the classical actions (12) and (16) will receive quantum corrections. These corrections will be represented by high-dimensional operators regulated by the scale of the corresponding physics. In the description these operators should respect the gauge (8) symmetry. We wish to establish an exact rule determining the axion potential from the quantum corrected action. We shall attempt this by analyzing the most general action in the description of the -field, and then calculating the axion potential by dualizing this effective action. The external source plays no role in this derivation and we shall set it to zero. The generalized version of (15) can be an arbitrary function of the gauge invariant four-form and the gauge invariant three-form , and their derivatives. The only requirement we shall impose on this action (other than the usual consistency requirements, such as the absence of negative norm states) is that it does not create any additional massless poles in the propagators. That is, no long-range correlations must exist in the effective theory. Under this assumption, the only part of the action that determines the axion potential, is the part that depends only on and not on its derivatives. In the absence of the massless poles, the higher derivatives of and and their cross-couplings only contribute to the terms depending on the axion derivatives, whereas the axion potential is fully determined by the functional dependence on .
Consider a most general gauge invariant Lagrangian describing a three-form field in the Higgs phase. As said above, this Lagrangian is some general function of a gauge-ivariant scalar and and a three-form and possibly their derivatives. We dualize this theory by introducing a Lagrange multiplier, axion, so that the resulting action is
Varying this action with respect to and , we get the following effective equations of motion relating and to the axion field
Thus axion acts as a source, but is sourced by whereas is sourced by axion derivatives. In the absence of massless poles, on any Lorenz-symmetry preserving background can only depend on axion derivatives in such a way that when . Treating as an external source, if we change its value at by a step function , the response in at will be
Whereas will only respond by massive oscillations. From the form of the axion equation
it is then clear that only the axion dependence of will contribute into the axion potential through the function .
To see why the assumption about the absence of the massless poles is essential, consider the following Lagrangian
where is some differential operator. Variation of the action then gives
and the effective equation for the axion field bocomes
From this expression it is obvious that unless operator has a pole at zero momentum square, its contribution will vanish at constant, and there will be no contribution into the axion mass. On the other hand, in the presence of a massless pole, the axion potential will receive an extra contribution. For instance, for , the axion equation becomes
with the extra contribution to the mass equal to . The existence of a massless pole, can only be achieved by integrating out a massless field, which contradicts to our assumption.
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Steep Holm: A Case History in the Study of Evolution
Price: $70.00
Dorset Publishing Company (1978), 1st edition. Fine in a near-fine dust jacket with a couple of closed tears. Affixed to the flyleaf are Steep Holm postage stamps cancelled in 1980 and 1981.
If you have questions about this item or would like to purchase it, please e-mail us at Magusbooks -at- hotmail -dot- com, or call us at (916) 928-1285.


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China drones
November 15, 2022
Pentagon Blacklists Chinese Drone Maker DJI for PLA Links
By Mercy A. Kuo
Insights from Alexandra Seymour.
August 18, 2022
Chinese Drone Maker DJI and the US Congress
By Mercy A. Kuo
Insights from Alexandra Seymour.
July 10, 2022
China's Delivery Drone Rollout: Slow but Steady
By Sara Hsu
China has increased the use of delivery drones to resolve the issue of distant rural deliveries as well as high urban demand pressures.
October 22, 2021
How UAVs Could Spark a Military Conflict in the Taiwan Strait
By Tobias Burgers and Scott N. Romaniuk
It makes tactical, operational, and strategic sense for China to start using UAVs in its incursions into Taiwan's ADIZ. Taiwan needs to decide now how it would respond.
June 25, 2021
The Middle East: An Emerging Market for Chinese Arms Exports
By Alvite Ningthoujam
China remains a marginal player in the region's arms market, but its presence is steadily growing.
August 21, 2020
Whispers of 076, China's Drone Carrying Assault Carrier
By Rick Joe
What do we know so far about China's next amphibious assault ship?
November 10, 2018
Is China Fueling an East Asian Arms Race?
By Scott N. Romaniuk and Tobias Burgers
China's military technology and weapons development are a reality check for regional security.
November 10, 2018
Explaining the Proliferation of China's Drones
By Henrik Paulsson
Chinese armed drones have been operated or ordered by 17 countries.
February 27, 2018
What's Behind Indonesia's China Drone Buy?
By Prashanth Parameswaran
Purchase signals Southeast Asian state's efforts to boost its capabilities and the inroads Chinese drones are making in some markets.
February 03, 2018
China's Swarms of Smart Drones Have Enormous Military Potential
By Scott N. Romaniuk and Tobias Burgers
China is making rapid strides in the potential deployment of drone swarms in conflict.
January 30, 2018
Is the UAE Secretly Buying Chinese Killer Drones?
By Franz-Stefan Gady
Satellite imagery has revealed the presence of strike-capable Chinese drones at an airfield in the UAE.
January 20, 2018
The US Is Revising Its Drone Export Policy. What Does That Mean for East Asia?
By Tobias Burgers and Scott N. Romaniuk
The Trump administration may be looking to regain dominance of the drone export market.
Page 1 of 3


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Do you also make this mistake while eating fruits? will not get enough nutrition
There are such nutrients found in seasonal fruits, which make the body healthy and strong. One must eat 1-2 fruits daily. Especially in summer you should increase the intake of fruits. Eating fruits not only strengthens immunity, but also keeps the stomach, digestion, skin and hair healthy. Vitamins and minerals are rich in fruits. Fruits also help a lot in weight loss. People who are dieting should consume more and more fruits. However, to get the full nutrition of fruits, it is very important for you to know the right way to eat fruits. Some people make such mistakes while eating fruits due to which the body does not get the full nutrients of fruits. Know what mistakes you should avoid in eating fruits.
1- Do not cut fruits for a long time- Some people cut fruits long before eating take. Office-goers carry cut fruits in tiffins. Some people keep the fruit cut in the morning itself, but doing so destroys the nutrients of the fruit. By this you will not get the full benefit of eating fruits. Cut fruits and eat them at the same time when you want to eat them. destroys nutrients. Even if you are eating by making a fruit salad, do not put too much salt on the fruits. Due to this, the natural test of fruits also ends and the extra sodium reaches your body.
3- Do not eat fruits after peeling- There are some fruits like mango, banana, papaya pomegranate which are eaten after removing the peel. Apart from this, fruits like apple and guava should be eaten only with the peel.
4- Do not eat citrus fruits with milk, coffee-tea- if you eat sour fruits. If consumed, keep in mind that do not eat them with tea, milk or coffee. Some people eat fruit salad with coffee which can give you skin allergies. With such a habit, you may have stomach problems, digestion problems. Try not to eat citrus fruits on an empty stomach.
Also read: Prepare lemonade quickly in heat, make Shikanji in just 1 minute


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22 August 2022
An opponent that Juventus had managed to score at least two goals against in all of the previous six meetings managed to hold back the Bianconeri attack over 90+7 minutes as Samp held Juve to a goalless draw for the first time since January 2011. Restored to the starting line-up, Adrien Rabiot thought he had scored his first goal in Serie A since May 2021 but the French midfielder's frustration at the VAR decision to rule out his effort reflected the overall frustration of the team at their inability to break down a stubborn Samp defence.
The Sampdoria fans had built up an intense atmosphere in the cauldron that is the Luigi Ferraris, and the home side almost got off to a flying start. However, after his seven saves last week Mattia Perin proved up to the task once again. The goalkeeper raced out to the edge of his six-yard area to close down Mehdi Leris who had been picked out by a defence splitting pass from Abdelhamid Sabiri. Perin deflected the shot on to the crossbar and gratefully clutched the rebound.
Juve responded with a gilt-edged chance of their own. Juan Cuadrado caught Tommaso Augello napping and bore down on goal. The number 11 chose to go it alone, but his fierce drive was hit straight at Emil Audero, who at the second attempt smothered the danger.
The Bianconeri tried to release Filip Kostić on the left flank but the 4-1-4-1 formation set out by Marco Giampaolo was keeping the Serbian winger under careful observation. However, he did find space to hit a shot, with his right foot, which after a deflection was looping in under the crossbar until Audero tipped it over for a corner. Again Kostić provided the danger with under 10 minutes remaining of the opening half. His run to the byeline sowed panic in the Samp defence. The cutback was met on the volley by Adrien Rabiot, who forced another save from Audero.
To make the breakthrough, Juve needed a spark of invention.
Five minutes after the restart Dušan Vlahović found some space in the Samp box, but fired his shot wide. Still, it demonstrated that Juve had increased the tempo and set siege to the home goal. 10 minutes later, Vlahović was again involved in what appeared to be the breakthrough. The striker's cross was met by Rabiot who steered the ball into the net. The players celebrated, the fans celebrated, but VAR intervened to curb the enthusiasm. Vlahović had received the pass in an offside position - the goal was chalked off.
Perin had become a spectator as the Bianconeri continued to drive forward, but Samp's covering play was effective.
As the game headed into the six minutes of time added on, Nicolò Rovella pulled the trigger from the edge of the area, but his effort dipped over the bar. Then, deep into stoppages a cross from Moise Kean was met at the far post by Kostić but his volley was parried to safety by Audero.
There was to be no way through for Juventus, who headed back to Turin with two clean sheets from two matches, but two points dropped at the Ferraris.
SAMPDORIA: Audero; Bereszynski, Ferrari, Colley, Augello (72′ Murru); Vieira (78′ Depaoli); Leris, Rincon (67′ Verre), Sabiri, Djuricic (72′ Villar); Caputo (78′ Quagliarella).
Subs not used: Contini, Ravaglia, Murillo, Gabbiadini, Yepes, Malagrida.
Coach: Giampaolo.
JUVENTUS: Perin; Danilo, Rugani, Bremer, Alex Sandro (46′ De Sciglio); McKennie (62′ Miretti), Locatelli (84′ Rovella), Rabiot; Cuadrado (76′ Kean), Vlahovic, Kostic.
Subs not used: Pinsoglio, Garofani, Gatti, Bonucci, Zakaria, Soulè, Fagioli.
Coach: Allegri.
REFEREE: Abisso.
ASSISTANTS: Palermo, Zingarelli.
FOURTH OFFICIAL: Cosso.
VAR: Banti, Lo Cicero.
BOOKINGS: 41' Djuricic (S), 44' Alex Sandro (J), 61' Leris (S), 87' Verre (S), 90+1' Rovella (J)


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World Hijab Day is on the 1st of February of every year and was first celebrated in 2013. Started by Nazma Khan through her non-profit organization in the US, the aim is to educate and celebrate women who wear headscarves and to foster understanding among communities. Today, World Hijab Day is celebrated in over 140 countries.
As part of the fashion movement by Muslim Millennial women to embrace wearing the hijab, despite being labeled as oppressed, backward, and many other negative connotations, the head covering is embraced as a badge of honor in the most literal sense. An honor to be identified as a Muslim, and an honor to be modest in clothing. Hijab as a fashion and personal choice for women has now gone mainstream, whether in Muslim countries that do not legislate the dress code or in the West where personal freedom is championed.
The global modest fashion industry is valued at $277 billion and is estimated to reach $311 billion by 2024. The largest markets for modest fashion include Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia, with strong growth predicted for countries such as Indonesia. The average Muslim woman wears four hijabs a day and owns a total of 100. Furthermore, the demand for headscarves is rising as more Muslim women choose to wear it.
Sources: The State of the Global Islamic Economy Report 2020/21, Fashion Network.
There's room for more businesses to start selling hijabs given the large market size for global hijabs and their growth potential. In order to start on the right track to starting a hijab business, we explore two case studies of the early days of hugely successful hijab brands, Haute Hijab, and dUck Scarves that started their businesses as side hustles which have now grown into their own fashion empires.
US-based Haute Hijab, and Malaysian-based Duck Scarves both have women co-founders who became influencers by using their personal brandings to promote their companies' brands. Both started of with an eCommerce store and grow their fan base through social media. They cultivate a loyal fan base and engage with their online community.
Haute Hijab started off as a side business for the wife and husband team, Melanie Elturk and Ahmed Zedan. When they first launched their business in 2010, they still had day jobs. Haute Hijab started off as a fashion clothing line for Muslim women that included hijabs. It was only when they analyzed their data that they realized that their hijabs generated 70% of sales that they then focused solely on hijabs.
Melanie attributed their earlier success to social media. They started with an e-commerce site linked to a Facebook page and grew their followings from Facebook and via email. In 2012, when Instagram started, Melanie became the model for her brand and grew a community from these social media platforms.
Haute Hijab's brand's message, the story behind the brand's existence, of faith and inspiration connects with their audience, especially in the US, where Muslims are a minority and hijab is seen in a negative light where anti-Islam sentiments exist. Haute Hijab achieved this by building an online community around its brand and by generating engagements from the community through their reactions and by the fans sharing their stories.
Haute Hijab's marketing also includes planned dates for Hijab drops, where the latest collection of hijabs is promoted for a specific period of time.
In terms of design and production, the co-founders worked with a designer and source for types of soft fabrics and hired a manufacturer to produce them.
With their successful growth, Haute Hijab has received several rounds of venture capital funding to take their brand to be a global brand.
Sources: Influence, Salaam Gateway, Haute Hijab, FB addicts
When the husband and wife team, Fadzarudin Anuar (Fadza) and Vivy Yusof, of Fashion Valet eCommerce store wanted their own hijab brand, they made sure that they did not dive into the red ocean of Muslim headscarves market, instead, they opted for the blue ocean of luxury collection of scarves.
In Malaysia where Muslims make up a majority of the population, the hijab is still a personal choice for Muslim women. At that time, those who wore hijab are perceived as unsophisticated and lacked fashion sense. This may be because the majority of those who wear it are of the older generation and of middle and lower-income brackets (think of the unfashionable older aunties).
It was easy for them to launch a new hijab brand, dUck, as Vivy had a large following on her blog and social media accounts. From her blog, the husband and wife team launched their online fashion store in 2010, Fashion Valet, and when Vivy's personal decision to be a hijabi, in 2014, her social media followers increased dramatically.
dUck scarf was created as an aspirational brand, and it was easy as Vivy showed her followers the ultimate aspiring life: a successful career, beautiful family, and perfect vacations. The high price and fancy packaging were part of this strategy.
Their business has since attracted several rounds of venture capital funding, from local and foreign investors.
Sources: New Yorker, Amina Nasir
Start selling online. Both Haute Hijab and dUck Scarves (part of Fashion Valet) started selling through their online shops (eCommerce stores). With their continued success, they have expanded into retail outlets as well as continuing with their online stores.
While both companies started with their own online storefront (eCommerce store), there is also another option available to start an online hijab business: online marketplaces. Compared to e-commerce storefronts, where upfront payment is required to start the site, the benefit of online marketplaces is that they are usually free to list the products, and the business only pays the commission when a sale is made. There is more traffic from potential buyers on these online marketplaces compared to having your own eCommerce storefront.
Read more about Top Halal Marketplaces to sell your halal products here.
Decide who you want to sell to and what problem can you help them solve.
dUck scarves made sure that they did not enter into existing markets, whether in the form of a mass-market, often unbranded or served by a market dominated by another brand.
In the case of dUck and Haute Hijab, they both serve the professional career women who needed to dress professionally, with quality and fashionable hijab pieces in line with hijab office wear.
This is especially in the case of dUck, which had to differentiate from the mass market of headscarves.
Sports hijab is now being taken seriously by major sports brands such as Nike, Adidas and Under Armour. However, some might argue that these major sports brands are selling at premium prices while not fully complying with the Islamic requirements. by being too short or too small.
It can be said that the strength of a Muslima's iman (faith) can be measured by the length of her hijab. A more pious Muslima would shy away from wearing short hijabs, preferring longer hijabs that cover the shape of their bosoms. Whereas a hijabista would not wear an out-of-season hijab style. For example, there is yet a hijab brand that can serve the market for Muslimas who want longer hijabs that are still stylish.
The key success for these hijab brands is that they built their brands with their business.
It's not really necessary, but it does help your customers to remember your hijab collection more than the next competitor.
Branding is not just about logos and taglines. It's about what the brand or company stands for and how they can connect emotionally with their customers. Part of it is in naming a brand they remember and another part is creating a background story for your brand. For example, if you target to sell to moms with young kids, you'd want to sell the convenience factor while still looking good in hijab.
Haute Hijab and dUck online stores wouldn't have gained many sales without the right marketing channel and loyal fan base. The marketing channel of their days was Facebook and Instagram. Haute Hijab started with Facebook before growing really big on Instagram. Vivy started with blogging before growing her followers on Instagram.
However, would it work well to start on Facebook or Instagram, or start using a more popular social platform of today: TikTok? It all depends on your audience and target customers.
If you have your own design ideas and can source fabric materials, then it is easier to find a production house that produces hijabs. Technically, hijabs are smaller and easier to sew, and so should cost less to produce than a clothing line.
You could also try to find hijab manufacturers fom Alibaba, China's largest business-to-business online marketplace. You can select from their preexisting catalog or ask them to make a custom production for you. However, this would require you to test out their production quality before ordering according to their minimum order quantity.
Read more: How to start an online clothing business
In addition to earning an income from having a hijab business, remember that by doing so, you're helping more Muslimas fulfill their duty towards Allah s.w.t as well as helping to normalize hijabs and modest fashion.
Farah Ishak is a Content Writer at Halalop. She grew up in the United Kingdom where she obtained her Bachelor's degree in Management. Later, she completed her MBA and held senior-level positions in Malaysian based MNC. She left the corporate world to be with her young kids. She is passionate about issues concerning Muslim women, Startups and Muslim businesses in general.
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Double Donut Schmidt Camera, a wide-field, large-aperture, and lightweight space telescope for the detection of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
Year: 2018
Authors: Sandri P., Mazzinghi P., Da Deppo V.
Autors Affiliation: OHB Italia S.p.A., via Arno 108, Osmannoro, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy; CNR-IFN Sede di Padova, Laboratorio LUXOR, via Trasea 7, 35131 Padova, Italy
Abstract: A wide-field, large-aperture, and lightweight Schmidt configuration has been studied for a space mission proposal named Extreme Universe Space Observatory free flyer (EUSO-FF). EUSO-FF will be devoted to the study of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays, i.e., with energy >5×1019 eV, through the detection of UV fluorescence light emitted by air showers in the Earth's atmosphere. The proposed telescope has a field of view of about 50° and an entrance pupil diameter of 4.2 m. The mirror is deployable and segmented to fit the diameter of the launcher fairing; the corrector is a lightweight annular corona. © 2018 Optical Society of America
Journal/Review: APPLIED OPTICS (2004)
Volume: 57 (12) Pages from: 3078 to: 3087
KeyWords: Cosmology; Earth atmosphere; Space telescopes, Entrance pupil; Field of views; Large aperture; Lightweight space telescope; Space missions; Space observatories; Ultra high-energy cosmic rays; UV Fluorescence; Cosmic raysDOI: 10.1364/AO.57.003078Citations: 4data from "WEB OF SCIENCE" (of Thomson Reuters) are update at: 2023-01-29References taken from IsiWeb of Knowledge: (subscribers only)Connecting to view paper tab on IsiWeb: Click hereConnecting to view citations from IsiWeb: Click here


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The first new books of the new year are here! I just love how they keep coming out with new Zora Neale Hurston writings. Her legacy continues. And some new poetry and fiction out too! And of course, new year, new growth with some enticing personal growth books I'm excited to check out.
Here are 8 books released this month!
The Little Book of Self-Healing: 150+ Practices for Healing Your Mind, Body, and Soul by Nneka M. Okona
Release date: January 4th
Ready to tackle some growth in 2022? Here is a book to get you started!
Astronomical Mindfulness: Your Cosmic Guide to Reconnecting with the Sun, Moon, Stars, and Planets by Christopher G. de Pree; Sarah Scoles
Release Date: January 4th
I'm a huge astrology nerd, so I'm always excited to learn different practical applications to astrology!
Laziness Does Not Exist by Dr. Devon Price
Release date: January 4th
One of my new years resolutions is to not fall for the trap of grind culture and embrace rest. Laziness does not exist!
Vinyl Moon by Mahogany L. Browne
Release date: January 11th
I haven't yet read Chlorine Sky by Mahogany L. Brown, but it has been on my TBR for so long. Adding this one too!
Yinka, Where is Your Huzband? by Lizzie Damilola Blackburn
Release Date: January 18th
I'm excited to interview the author later this month! Keep a look out for it on the Feminist Book Club blog!
You Don't Know Us Negroes and Other Essays by Zora Neale Hurston
Release date: January 18th
Their Eyes Were Watching God was so monumental to me. Zora Neale Hurston continues to be an icon even after death.
Abolition. Feminism. Now. by Angela Y. Davis, Gina Dent, Erica Meiners, Beth Richie
Release date: January 18th
Angela Davis is the queen of abolition education, and I'm excited to dive into this new collection!
Violeta [English Edition] by Isabel Allende
Release date: January 25th
I've read two other Isabel Allende books before and I'm kind of mixed about them. Hoping this one could potentially be a tie-breaker!