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Wearing polka dots for a whole working week
It's been a while since I've undertaken a clothing challenge. In the early days of working from home I found them to be a really fun way of motivating myself to bother getting dressesd every day, and I've actually learnt quite a lot about my wardrobe while doing them. I've done Dressing in the Age of Zoom, One Pinafore Dress Five Ways, and a Week of Vintage Inspired Outfits, among others. I find they're a great way to really force yourself to embrace the versatility of your clothes, and see how much you can really make of them.
Weeks into yet another lockdown (I think Melbourne is officially the most locked-down city in the world), now seemed like a good time to have another go at a challenge. I went for something arguably both more and less challenging than previous efforts: five days of polka dots. This is such a classic print, but it can feel a little bit 'costumey'. However, I've come to realise that I have a lot of polka dots in my closet. So it was a fun challenge to see if I could wear them everyday without getting bored, or feeling I was dressing up as a '50s housewife! Read on to see how I got on, and do share what you think of my outfits in the comments below!
Monday: Pretty dolka-dot puff sleeves
Starting the week off with an easy outfit, I crawled out of bed and threw on this cute midi-dress from Calli. I've really fallen for the puff sleeve trend, and this iteration is different enough from other dresses I own to earn its place in my wardrobe. The small dots on dark green print is almost identical to a blouse I love but which has a massive hole in it, so there wasn't much chance of me resisting this dress. Having said that, it can feel a little bit fancy for everyday wear, so I've dressed it down with some thick tights (sadly still necessary in Melbourne's 'spring' weather) and my trusty Vejas. A super easy to wear but very fun outfit which started the week off on a high.
Tuesday: Monochrome and masculine
This outfit has become a bit of a fallback for me on days when I'm struggling to decide what to wear. It's a really silky long-sleeved shirt, paired with black high-waisted skinny Levi's. I know I've written about moving on from skinny jeans, but they have a weird sense of 'professionalism' to them that I still enjoy, especially in outfits like this. Maybe just because they've become associated with slightly older people? Whatever it is, they have a comforting familiarity, and still work well with lots of my other clothes. The patent brogues set off the faux-croc belt, and the slightly masculine monochrome look is one that makes me feel ready to face the day.
Wednesday: Pink polka dots
I tried for a long time to get a photo of this outfit where I actually looked cheerful. But my expression in this picture pretty much sums up how I ended up feeling about the dress. I used to love it and wear it all the time, but over the years I think this dress has developed into a bit of a Monet (to borrow Cher Horowitz's phrase). The overall impression of the outfit is good, but once you get closer it looks messy. The button hasn't been placed right, so the top doesn't close properly (admittedly I could fix this), and the collar looks like it should fold and lie flat, but categorically refuses to do so, sitting high against my neck in a way that looks a bit weird, and just doesn't suit the rest of the dress. Perhaps in the summer and without tights I'll fall back in love, as it is pretty and pleasingly light, but for now, I think this outfit is a bit of a fail. It basically looks fine, but by the end of the day I was itching to take it off, and that's the only measure that really counts.
Thursday: Multi-coloured and marvelous
As you can tell, I felt a lot better about Thursday's outfit. In a different pair of skinny jeans, my favourite brown brogues, and this new top from Princess Highway, it was hard not to feel cheerful. I just love this bright, breezy blouse. The dots aren't in colours I'd usually go for, but against this teal-green I think they work really well, and I love the vintage feel of the collar and sleeves. The black belt stops things from feeling too matchy-matchy, and it's such a comfortable outfit to wear that I didn't want to take it off. The blouse could be dressed up or down, but I like this kind of smart-casual look works really well – you could throw a blazer on and be business ready, or swaddle yourself in a cardigan and be all cosy. Not a bad quality when you're working from home!
Friday: Polka dot pinafore
It wouldn't be one of my closet challenges if I didn't find a way to incorporate this favourite pinafore dress! This outfit came as close as any of them to the 'costumey' feel I was worried about, so I balanced this with the more modern feel of these black sandals from Atmos & Here. I'm a huge green fan (even my dentist commented on this!) so when I spotted (no pun intended!) this cute shirt at French Connection I knew I was on to a winner. This was the first time I'd paired it with the dress, and I'm not quite sure the ratio of green to black works, but the puffy sleeves give some good volume, and I think overall it works quite well. Full disclosure: as is typical of Melbourne, the morning's bright sunshine soon turned to cloud and cold, so I added tights and swapped the sandals for sneakers. It's definitely an outfit I'll be trying again, and I think it could make a good transitional look for cooler spring days.
So what did you think? Did I convince you that polka dots are more versatile than they might appear? I'm honestly surprised by how different each of these outfits felt, and the different moods each of them put me in. Amazingly, this isn't even all the polka dot pieces I own, so perhaps there's room for a part two somewhere down the line? If you're looking for something a little bit quirky and fun to liven up your wardrobe, I wholeheartedly recommend giving polka dots a go!
Thanks very much for reading! I know polka dots can be a bit divisive, a bit of a Marmite look – some people (like me) love them, while others can't stand them. Are you a lover or a hater? Or somewhere on the fence in the middle? I'd love to see your polka dots outfits, so please share links to photos in a comment!


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text:
- Get this branch:
- bzr branch lp:~seif/cheers/mainloop
Branch merges
Related bugs
Related blueprints
Branch information
- Owner:
- Seif Lotfy
- Project:
- Cheers
- Status:
- Development
Recent revisions
- 15. By Seif Lotfy
fix dbus and monitor clash
- 14. By Seif Lotfy
fix monitor and DBus Methods naming
- 13. By Manish Sinha (मनीष सिन्हा)
Added the trophy dict-->list converter and added the provision to fetch the trophies via get_trophies from DBus
Moved the getting of instance of trophy store from config.py to factory.py
Use the updated trophy in samples/
When the trophies are requested via DBus API the error got is
process 10926: Array or variant type requires that type string be written, but end_struct was written.
The overall signature expected here was 'a(a(a(
s))a(a( s))ssssb) ' and we are on byte 16 of that signature.
service: Unable to append ([['some- id-for- trophy' , [['default', 'My Great Trophy'], ['fr-fr', 'Mon Trophie a la Magnifique']], [['default', "You must be really great! That's why you've got this trophy."], ['fr-fr', u'Vous \xeates tres magnifique!']], 'my-great- trophy- set', '/usr/share/ pixmaps/ apple-grren. png', 'gtk-info', 'application: //banshee. desktop' , True]],) to message with signature a(a(a(s) )a(a(s) )ssssb) : <type 'exceptions. TypeError' >: Unknown type '\x29' in D-Bus signature
- 12. By Seif Lotfy
add get_sets
- 11. By Seif Lotfy
added unaward_
trophies, award_trophies and delete trophies to datastore
- 10. By Seif Lotfy
implemented get_trophies_by_app and get_trophies_by_set
- 9. By Seif Lotfy
merge all basic DBus API methods
add DB fetching methods
- 8. By Seif Lotfy
added DB methods get_trophies and geT_awarded_
- 7. By Manish Sinha (मनीष सिन्हा)
Added method stubs in logic.py which needs to be used by DBus API calls
- 6. By Seif Lotfy
add trophy class
Branch metadata
- Branch format:
- Branch format 7
- Repository format:
- Bazaar repository format 2a (needs bzr 1.16 or later)


text:
Residents in Virginia Beach can take responsibility for cleaning up parks, streets and even waterways.
Now, they also can be responsible for stormwater drains.
The City Council approved an Adopt-a-Drain program this week that would make participating residents responsible for clearing debris from storm drains. Regular maintenance would still be handled by city crews.
It's a volunteer program, modeled after the Adopt-a-Highway program. Councilwoman Jessica Abbott suggested the idea and wants to start it before the end of the year.
"While a program like this will not solve our flooding problems, my hope is that it will serve as a way to continually bring awareness to the importance of maintaining our infrastructure and further engaging the community in finding new and creative solutions to localized flooding," Abbott said in a post on Nextdoor.
In the aftermath of Hurricane Matthew, which damaged hundreds of homes in the city, residents pushed the city to make major improvements in the hardest-hit neighborhoods.
Projects throughout the city received some funding in this year's budget, but were placed on a 15-year schedule.
In the meantime, residents have started grassroots efforts to do what they can in their own neighborhoods, including reporting blocked drains and clearing them when possible.
Today's Top Stories
Other cities, including Nashville and Seattle, have similar Adopt-a-Drain programs, sometimes administered through larger nonprofits. Abbott's idea puts the city in charge of the program.
In Virginia Beach, residents and local organizations already can adopt parks, streets, trails and waterways through the city's parks and recreation department.
That program requires at least six cleanups a year, and participants must file a report card after each cleaning.
In those programs, the city provides supplies for the cleanup and posts a sign noting who maintains the area.
It's unclear which department would handle an Adopt-a-Drain program.
If it requires new funding, Abbott requested it be brought before the council.
Mechelle Hankerson, 757-222-5124, email@example.com


text: eSports / Uncategorized 0 Comments213 Views September 4, 2018 by: Editorial Staff IOC president, Thomas Bach – The future of esports at the olympics Mounting pressure from the broader gaming community could see esports included at the Olympics in the near future, pending the removal of violence. International Olympic Committee (IOC) president, Th... This article is for subscribers only To continue reading, please choose one of the options below. FREE 2-Day Trial No credit card details required REGISTER NOW Become An Exclusive Ministry of Sport Member Get uninterrupted access to everything SUBSCRIBE NOW Already a subscriber? CLICK HERE to log in or enter your details below. Username Password Remember Me Forgot Password Share With: Rate This Article


text:
Oil prices have topped $80 a barrel for the first time in three years while wholesale gas costs have surged dramatically again – likely adding to pressure on drivers and household energy bills in the months ahead.
Brent crude rose for a sixth day in a row as concerns over global supply coincide with more countries, such as Japan, easing COVID-19 restrictions, which is likely to boost demand.
UK wholesale gas costs for October delivery were up 10% on Tuesday above 211p-per-therm – leaving the price 520% higher on the same month-ahead period a year ago, according to data from ICIS.
However, there was some rare cheer on the wider energy crunch later in the day as it emerged that the owner of the Stanlow oil refinery – which supplies about one-sixth of the country's road fuels – had struck a deal with HM Revenue & Customs over a big deferred tax bill to remove immediate questions about its future and ability to handle supplies.
The web of energy challenges facing the country are not exclusive to the UK but it is facing additional hurdles in the wake of Brexit as economies recover from the coronavirus-driven slump of 2020.
The pressures were also blamed for a hit to the value of the pound on Tuesday and 2% fall in the FTSE 250 share index as investors continue to fret over the prospects for UK growth.
Oil prices are rebounding after Brent crude dipped below $20 a barrel last year in the early days of the pandemic – and a separate US benchmark, WTI, even briefly turned negative.
Analysts warn the latest price shifts for oil and wider energy could add to accelerating price rises for UK consumers, at a time when inflation is already at a nine-year high and the Bank of England expects it to top 4% by the end of the year.
While Brent costs fell back below $79 later on Tuesday, motorists are currently enduring an eight-year high for fuel prices and a further headache as panic-buying – sparked by worries about a shortage of fuel tanker drivers – creates long queues at forecourts.
Follow the Daily podcast on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts or Spotify.
The RAC, the motoring organisation, has accused "a small number of retailers" taking advantage of the situation by hiking prices.
The government has said the army is on standby with soldiers at "increased preparedness" to help deliver fuel if necessary.
But ministers and petrol retailers are hoping that after motorists drained pumps in recent days there will be a return to calm.
The panic-buying has led to industries from taxi drivers to the meat processing sector – and even non-league football – facing difficulties and prompted calls for health workers to get priority.
It adds to a cocktail of supply chain problems already created by the HGV driver shortage as well as the gas price spike across Europe that has led to the collapse of a series of smaller energy companies.
Among the pressures on energy supply has been a lack of wind to generate renewable power, weak gas stocks after a cold end to last winter and stiff competition for raw energy globally – with some analysts accusing Russia earlier this month of being part of the problem by withholding some contracted gas stocks from Europe.
The gas price rise and petrol shortages were partly blamed for a hit to the value of the pound on Tuesday – falling more than one-and-a-half cents against the dollar to $1.35 – as they were seen as risks to the UK's growth expectations by financial markets.
Bank of England governor Andrew Bailey has warned the UK economy is entering "hard yards" as inflation pressures grow and the recovery weakens.
He joked that when notified of this latest setback on fuel he was tempted to ask "and when are the locusts due to arrive?".
The Bank governor acknowledged that recent evidence had strengthened the case for a "modest tightening of policy" – that is, raising interest rates or scaling back the Bank's £895bn bond purchasing programme to try to rein in inflation.
AJ Bell financial analysts, Danni Hewson, said of the situation: "What's rapidly dawning on many households is that the price pressures are only just making their presence felt.
"Companies have been talking for months about supply snarl ups, warning that the costs would have to filter through eventually, well eventually is finally here.
"And as often is the way, the hard stuff comes just as the support is drying up. Furlough has just days to run and whilst the fizzing jobs market does make the prospect slightly less daunting anyone facing the loss of a job will be nervous about what the future holds."
Source : skynews


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Current Articles
Final Briefs In Hawaii SCOTUS Case: Is The Hawaiian Homes Property Tax Exemption Racial Discrimination?
by Robert Thomas, InverseCondemnation
At its December 9, 2011 conference, the U.S. Supreme Court will consider whether to review Corboy v. Louie, No. 11-336 (cert. petition filed Sep. 15, 2011). That's the case seeking review of the Hawaii Supreme Court's opinion which concluded that challengers to the property tax exemptions conferred on lessees of Hawaiian Homesteads lacked standing to bring suit.
Some background. Only "native Hawaiians" are eligible to lease homestead land, and thus only those possessing the appropriate blood quantum are entitled to the property tax exemptions. The Hawaii court dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction, holding the petitioners lacked standing to challenge the exemption since they had not sought homestead leases (leases for which they were ineligible because they are not native Hawaiians).
The challengers filed a cert petition (posted here), asking the Court to review this Question Presented:
In Rice v. Cayetano, 528 U.S. 495 (2000), this Court held that a state classification of voters according to whether they are "any descendant of not less than one-half part of the blood of the races inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands previous to 1778" was an impermissible racial classification under the Fifteenth Amendment. Respondents have employed the same classification to determine whether a taxpayer is eligible for certain long-term leases that entitle lessees to significant tax exemptions. No equivalent exemption is available to petitioners because they do not fall within that racial classification.
Petitioners paid their taxes under protest and then sought refunds from their respective counties on the ground that their tax bills resulted from a racial classification inconsistent with the Constitution. The Hawaii courts declined to apply Rice or subject the classification to strict scrutiny. The question presented here is:
Whether the Hawaii courts erred in failing to recognize that petitioners have standing to seek a refund of their own taxes and that the Equal Protection Clause precludes a State or municipality from creating tax exemptions that are available only to members of a certain race
Because the petition draws into question the constitutionality of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act and the constitutionality of a part of the Hawaii Admission Act, the U.S. Solicitor General was served a copy, but the SG has not weighed in.
Here are all of the briefs filed in the case:
We'll keep following this case. Look for the results of the Court's conference on December 12, 2011.
Constitutionality of Admission Act: Supreme Court ruling shields Hawaiian Homelands and ceded lands revenue
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text:
REWIND: The Music Industry's Week In Review
Several sources have Spotify launching in the U.S. as early as next week with an aggressive goal of 50 million subscribers in its first year. A top Swedish music exec shared what the U.S. should expect from Spotify's launch.
- After Facebook's announcement of Skype video and group chat, a curious programmer found a secret Facebook music service called Vibe.
- After a 7 Yr decline U.S.music sales were up in the 1st half of 2011.
- Red hot Turntable.fm is raising money from VCs.
- ArtistData founder has launched musician site creator Onesheet.
- Amazon Cloud added free unlimited music storage.
- Jay Frank: What Does Apple's iCloud Really Mean For Music?
- How Many Sell-Outs Does It Take To Change A Music Business?
- Music Marketing News: T-Pain, Dead Kennedys, Jill Scott, Kings of Leon, James Brown & More
- Incubus is becoming the master of lasting fan connections.
- "Dancing With Digital Natives" Requires Going Beyond Responding to True Interaction
- Warner Music reportedly to offer $1.05 billion in junk bonds prior to sale.
- The Highway Girl: Building on What You Already Do.
- Reuters Says Bye Bye Billboard, Hello Wrap
- Artists & Social Networking: Is It About ME or WE?


text:
I Hate Your Boyfriend LyricsCan Someone tell me that really ain't a man I don't mean to be rude but there is no way in hell that that really is your dude Sorry to be a asshole but let me play my part But let me take you and him to a sudden change of heart You Might Say Whatever But I know you feel better when you leave the show with me And it's nice to stay together We Don't Even have to go to national T. V We could cut to the chase and right now you leave with me So Whaddya' Say? Look, I know I'm not the shit the hottest joint in the ashtray The Way Sad Shape Makes me leave you in a bad way I'm lookin' like you future and your man has passed a day So why don't you give him a pink slip Thank him for his time Give him a hug And let him know this is his last day [Chorus: AZ Lyrics.
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Lyrics to "I Hate Your Boyfriend" song by Murs: And This one Goes out to all the ladies Yes You The Ones at the Promenade out at the mall Holding Yo. And this one goes out to all the ladies, yes you / The ones at the promenade out at the mall / Holding your motherfucking punk ass boyfriend's hand! / The fuck. I Hate Your Boyfriend Songtext von Murs mit Lyrics, deutscher Übersetzung, Musik-Videos und Liedtexten kostenlos auf le-monde-pluriel.eu


text:
Translation by Institutional Advancement.
What makes a village a village? It's not the buildings that were made to stand there. These are not the attractions that the town offers you. No, these are the footprints of the people born and raised there, which makes the town.
And it's exactly those people and their stories that come to life in Afrikaans in the book, Stemme van Clarkson, written by Professor Vivienne Lawack. The book is a plea to Clarksonners to stand up and help themselves and not wait for the government or anyone else.
Clarkson, is a former Moravian mission station in the Eastern Cape about 40km from Humansdorp. Its history, as told by several residents, young and old, is the main focus of the book.
Various themes are introduced from the start of the book, with two that stand out clearly and form a central theme: the church and the school (and its origins).
The book explores how the two institutions have been central to the progress of the village.
It isn't unusual for "small" villages in the countryside for the church to play an extremely important role in it, especially as far as Moravian mission stations are concerned.
Voices of Clarkson takes you on a journey through the town along Church and Bazia Streets, with Dr Eldrid Uithaler explaining the first two chapters of the town's history.
If you are not from the Eastern Cape near Clarkson, the acronym of the town's name may come as a surprise to you, but for the people of the town, this (Afrikaans) acronym remains a signpost to this day: Christus Lankmoedig Almagtige, Regverdige Koning, Seën Ons Nederiges, CLARKSON (Christ Long-suffering Almighty, Righteous King, Bless Our Humble).
How many towns or cities in South Africa can boast such an acronym of their name? However, it also shows the all-important role that the church has played in the lives of the people of Clarkson since the beginning.
Then, of course, there are stories about the school, Clarkson Primary, among others from Meester Johnny (as Jonathan Lawack was known) and Juffrou "Torie" (Victoria Lawack). The school, which represents the other institution in the town, is where teachers and principals such as Meester Johnny, John Raymond and Walton Wolfkop helped build many Clarkson school careers.
And even when two veld fires partially destroyed the school and school hall, it did not have the community in sack and ashes, as Dr Uithaler tells.
Clarksonners used their skills both times the buildings along with the church building were restored in service to the community.
Clarkson Moravian Primary has sent many children on their way into the world. Teachers, nurses, law enforcers and lawyers, among others, came from this small town.
A comical chapter discusses Clarkson's people and their nicknames. What is a village without its nicknames? In Stemme Van Clarkson talks about some of the really strange ones: "Ou Oorlog", "Ou Trippies", "Ou Kriek", "Ou Perd", "Ou Tai Koepie", "Oom Madam", "Ou Ghoempie", "Pietman Waterkop", "Ou Fly" en "Hansie Boksak". These are just some of the funny nicknames - usually a reference to the person's appearance - given to people in Clarkson and can still be heard in the town today.
However, Stemme van Clarkson does not just tell stories of nostalgia and being homesick. The town is now more than ever plagued by poverty and unemployment. Social evils such as alcohol abuse are a major concern, and as it became more and more visible. The unity that once existed at Clarkson has also started disappearing, tells Bishop Rodger Ruiters in his story.
He, too, was born and bred in Clarkson. He knows Clarkson's past and present. It is difficult to witness the current situation in Clarkson, especially with the unemployment and moral decay of the town.
While the bishop remembers Clarkson as a place where young and old used to enjoy good company at church bazaars, school concerts, children's festivals, he can now stand outside his house and count three shebeens in Bazia Street alone.
The rugby and other cultural or social events died down completely. Where the town would stop on Saturdays for a rugby match of their beloved team, now, in the words of the bishop, it is "come from work and drink, Saturday drinking day, Sunday the best drinking day and then Monday again to work".
Even the church, which was the centre of Clarkson in earlier years, is struggling to fill its pews. Of course, as the bishop describes it, other denominations in the town play a big role in how many people are now involved with the church, but he also asks where everything went wrong for them.
Voices Of Clarkson was written by Prof. Vivienne Lawack with contributions by Dr Eldrid Uithaler, Jonathan Lawack, the late Miss Victoria "Torie" Lawack, the late Rev. Gedeon Cloete, sister Jenny Wolfkop, Antonio Lawack and Bishop Rodger Ruiters.
This article was first published in Rapport on 21 November 2021


text:
A FORMER Donegal taxi driver who has pleaded guilty to possession of child pornography will be sentenced on Friday.
David Martin (52), now of 78 Sylvan Park Letterkenny, was residing at 11 St Jude's Court, Lifford when Gardaí were alerted by the Online Child Exploitation Unit to someone using an IP address associated with that house posting child pornography images on Twitter.
Ms Fiona Crawford BL, prosecuting, said that Martin was arraigned and played guilty to the possession of child pornography at the April sitting of Letterkenny Circuit Court.
Detective Sergeant Michael Galvin said officers made a number of attempts to execute a search warrant at the address.
On October 6, 2016 at 9pm, Detective Sergeant Galvin said he and other officers met Martin at the address and seized a Zeus Storm Desktop computer, which was taken to the Garda National Cyber Crime Bureau for examination.
Ms Crawford said that six video files, including one that was over one hour long, were located in a folder on the computer, all of them Category 1, the most serious category.
The files, including some showing pre-teen children engaged in sexual activity with adults, had been downloaded on the night the search warrant was executed.
In a statement, Martin admitted downloading, viewing and possessing the images and also posting images on Twitter. Putting the images on Twitter, Detective Sergeant Galvin said, brought the matter to a head.
An application designed to hide online activity, an anti-forensic toolkit and an application used to delete user activity were also found on the computer. Those applications were used on October 6, 2016.
Martin told officers that he often used search engines for the dark web.
Detective Sergeant Galvin said that Martin co-operated fully and was contrite. He said the defendant's wife was also present and was 'shocked with what was transpiring'.
"It was quite an emotional event for all concerned," Detective Sergeant Galvin said.
"He was remorseful and ashamed."
Barrister for Martin, Mr Peter Nolan BL, said his client was 'curious what was on the dark web', came across child pornography and 'clicked out of curiosity'.
Mr Nolan told the court that Martin's marriage was over, the house had been sold and he is now living at a different address.
Mr Nolan said: "He has insight into what he has done and he now has a broken marriage and a lost house. He is now living in rented accommodation and some of his family find it difficult to have a relationship.
"He is anxious to put the matter behind him, he has no previous convictions and he pleaded at the first available opportunity. He has showed genuine remorse. He is a social pariah and will be after this. That is part and parcel of the offences that he has committed."
Mr Nolan told the court that his client had claimed to have been abused as a child by an uncle and an older brother. Martin, he said, had attended 16 psychotherapy sessions in Dublin.
Mr Nolan said that Martin's extensive heart issues made him unsuitable for community service and asked Judge John Aylmer to consider a non-custodial sentence.
Judge Aylmer adjourned the case until Friday morning for sentencing and remanded Martin on continuing bail.


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93 Bomb Blast Case: Yakub Memon Death Sentence Appeal Supreme Court Judgement: Part 044
Role of Police Officers:
458) In a civilized era, every country is governed by Rule of Law and the primary concern of the Rule of law is promotion of human rights of the people and protection of their civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights. The Constitution of our country has entrusted substantial duty to the impartial police department for safeguarding and upholding rule of law; whose essential duty is to preserve peace and maintain order in the society.
459) The role of police officials has become more vital in the present century owing to the frequent terror attacks occurring across the country. Terrorism is spreading across the border and there is increasing reliance on explosive devices to spread terror. It is important to take note of increasing use of explosive devices by the terrorists not only because of their high damage potential but also due to their easy mobility. Explosive devices can be manufactured, transported, handled and fitted with a variety of unsuspecting objects multiplying their potential manifold. Thus, the police have a specific and special role, a duty and a responsibility, to curb the conveyance of explosives by vigilant patrolling and search and seizure, if required. Section 20 of the Arms Act, 1959 empowers them to arrest persons conveying any arms or ammunitions under suspicious circumstances.
460) Unfortunately, in the present case the police officers themselves have taken active part in smuggling and transportation of arms and explosives in Bombay.
461) The twin duties of police are prevention of crime and maintenance of law and order. If crimes are prevented in time, the human rights of the people will be protected to a large extent. If the Bombay police officials had been able to curtail the conveyance of the contraband in January and February 1993, the occurrence of 12th March 1993 could have been avoided.
462) With regard to the facts and circumstances of the case in hand, the role played by police personnel of different ranks can be summarized as under:-
(1) A-116, who was Sub. Inspector Incharge of Shreevardhan Police Station and had jurisdiction over Shekhadi and Dighi Jetty, where illegal landings of arms and explosives took places and 7 Constables, viz., A- 101, A-70, A-110, A-99, A-83, A-84 and A-87, posted in the same Police Station, connived and took active part in smuggling of arms and explosives at Dighi Jetty on 09.01.1993.
(2) Confessions of A-30, A-82, A-134 and A-136 as also the depositions of PW-94, PW-97, PW-158, PW-159, PW-160, PW-161, PW-162 and PW-167 prove their role in the said landing and transportation of smuggled arms etc.
(3) A-116, alongwith 7 Constables intercepted the convoy carrying smuggled contraband, on the night of 09.01.1993. A-116 held negotiations with A-134 and A-136 with the help and assistance of A-30 and Customs Officer Gurav (A-82) and permitted them to proceed after retaining five silver bricks as security against the payment of Rs. 10 lacs.
(4) The bribe amount was paid later on, to A-116, who released the five silver bricks.
(5) The said bribe amount was distributed among all the Police Personnel on two occasions to Mahasala Police Station, Shrivardan Police Station and Borali Outpost.
(6) Substantial amounts have been seized from each of the above noted Police Personnel during investigation.
(7) A-14 and A-17, in their confessions, have also deposed about the payment of bribe amount to A-116 for allowing the said landings.
463) As mentioned earlier, the police officials are the foundation for the existence of the rule of law; if they collapse the whole system indeed breaks down. Hence, they have sensitive responsibility to defend the safety and security of the people at all times. Law empowers them with numerous powers to prevent and control crimes like terrorism affecting internal security. They should always remember that when they fail in their duty they eventually fail the society as a whole.
Role of Customs Officers:
464) The Customs officials primarily have a duty to prevent smuggling and ensure that everything that enters into or goes out of the country is brought or sent strictly in accordance with the provisions of the law for the time being in force. They are entrusted with powers of search and seizure and conduct of on-spot investigations. But when the officer of customs enters into or acquiesces in any agreement to abstain from doing or permits, conceals or connives at any act whereby any fraudulent import is affected, it can have a disastrous effect on country's security.
465) It is shattering to notice that all grades of customs officers, including the Commissioners of Customs played an active role as members of conspiracy and implemented the plan. Every kind of smuggling activity is devastating to the economy, but the smuggling of dangerous arms and ammunitions causes wreckage not only to the economy but also to people's lives.
466) The occurrence of Bombay Bomb Blasts brings us to the reality that such incidents take place along the Indian coastline irrespective of the numerous laws and safeguards provided due to the lack of moral ethics and misconduct on the part of the officials.
467) Custom being a significant source of government revenue, the officers of Customs Department must perform their respective duties honestly and diligently. Any act or omission on their part can have devastating consequences. The role played by the Customs Officers in pursuance of the conspiracy can be summarized as under:-
(1) A-82, A-90, A-102, A-112 and A-113, who were the Customs Officers at the relevant time in Bombay and Alibaug, have played an active role as members of the conspiracy.
(2) A-112 attended a meeting with Mohd. Dossa (AA) in Hotel President, Bombay about 6 to 8 months prior to the bomb blasts and discussed their smuggling plans.
(3) Confessions of A-82, A-90 and A-113 as also confessions of co-accused A-134, A-136, A-14, A-17 and A-30 prove the role played by the Customs officers in the conspiracy.
(4) On 06.01.1993, A-102 and A-90, with some other customs staff members, attended a meeting at Hotel Parsian Darbar, Panvel with Mohd. Dossa (AA), A-134 and A-136, where the Customs Officers agreed to charge Rs. 7 to 8 lacs from Mohd. Dossa group for each landing. (5) On 08.01.1993, A-102 and A-90 were informed by A-134 and Firoz Abdul Rashid Khan that landing would take place in the night. [Firoz Abdul Rashid Khan was absconding and has since been arrested on 06.02.2010] (6) A-82 played an important role in negotiations with Police Officers and A-116 and seven Constables when they intercepted the convoy carrying smuggled contraband on 09.01.1993. A-82 even permitted A-30 to drive a customs jeep when they went for negotiations. (7) Collector Customs (PW-470), on receipt of information from DRI, through a DO letter dated 25.01.1993, conveyed to all the Customs Officers (accused) and others that the ISI Syndicates located in Middle East may try to smuggle contrabands and arms along with silver bricks in the districts of Bombay, Raigarh and Thane and instructed them to be more vigilant. PW-470 also gave instructions to A-112 and A- 102 in this regard.
(8) PW-172, Customs Inspector, received information of landing of silver at Mhasala on 29th, 30th and 31st Jan. 1993. He conveyed this information to A-112 for taking suitable action. (9) A-112 deliberately kept a 'nakabandi' at the wrong place i.e. Puranphata and Dehanphata leaving one route open for the accused persons to carry the smuggled arms and explosives without any check. (10) When the subordinate Customs Officers suggested to keep 'nakabandi' at proper place i.e. junction of Sai Mobra-Mangaon Road and Mahasala- Goregaon Road, A-112 informed them that he had specific information that Tiger Memon would bring the contraband goods from that route only. PW-172 had not told A-112 that landing would be organized by Tiger Memon.
(11) Landing of arms and explosives did take place on the night of 2nd and 3rd Feb. 1993. Tiger Memon and other accused participated in the landing.
(12) When the landing was being done, PW-171 (another Addl. Collector of Customs) received information about it and conveyed the same over phone to A-112. On getting information from PW-171, A-112 sent a misleading wireless message to Marine & Preventive, Srivardhan to keep a vigil at Bankot, which is miles away from the place of landing. (13) When landing of arms and explosives was in progress at Shekhadi on the night of 02.02.1993, A-90 and A-82 reached the place of landing and met A-14 and Tiger Memon. They enquired from Tiger Memon whether the landing was for weapons. Tiger Memon replied in negative. (14) Another landing took place on the night of 7th and 8th Feb. 1993. A large quantity of arms and explosives were smuggled during this landing also. Tiger Memon and other accused participated in this landing.
(15) A-14, A-17 and A-30 have also spoken about the payment of illegal gratifications to Customs Officers for the landings.
468) From the above, it will not be an overstatement to state that if not for the help of the customs officials, they would not be in a position to smuggle the weapons required for the said blasts. A rationally structured and effective customs department is the need of the hour in order to curtail illegal imports which can have frightening ramifications upon the nation's economy and citizens' security. Corruption among public servants indicates a failure of our system where pursuit of personal gratification subdues public interest.
Lack of vigilance in the Indian Maritime Zone and Indifference on the part of Coast Guards:
469) India being a maritime nation, the role of coast guards is very vital for shielding the coast from external attacks. The coastal belt is surveyed by three teams of officers firstly, the Indian Navy who is responsible for overall seaward security of long coastline. Secondly, the coast guards who guard the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in order to prevent poaching, smuggling and other illegal activities in the EEZ. Lastly, the customs officials, who scrutinize and monitor every commodity which enters the Indian boundaries.
470) This triple-layered security system is created primarily to guard the Indian Coastline from maritime terrorism, piracy and to keep out foreign intruders. Hence, it is the paramount duty of all these officials to be vigilant, heedful and attentive to each activity which occurs in the sea and on the shore. However, the occurrence of Bombay Bomb Blasts on 12th March 1993 discloses the deficient performance of the officials.
471) Similarly, the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) was set up in 1978 as a paramilitary branch of the Indian Armed Forces primarily for surveillance of the India's Exclusive Economic Zone to prevent poaching, smuggling and other illegal activities in the zone. The Coast Guards being the strongest link in the security chain are bound to be vigilant at sea and should be in full command of the coast.
472) For the same, they are empowered to search and seize ships suspected of illegal activities. Besides, Section 14 of the Coast Guard Act, 1978 gives the ample scope for coast guards to assist the customs and other authorities in anti-smuggling operations necessary for protection of our long coastline.
473) As the perception of war is changing we should not overlook the role and the significance of the coast guards and the customs officials in combating terrorism. The role of the coast guards is as important as any military troops. Only well strategized coast guards and high morale customs officers can prevent any opportunity for the terrorists to attack on our country via our maritime boundary.
Quantum of Sentence:
474) After meticulous examination of confessional statements of the accused and the co-accused, the recoveries made, and other evidences it establishes undoubtedly the guilt of all the death convicts.
475) Before we deliberate and decide upon the role played by each of the appellants and their respective sentence, certain reference to the contextual developments over the epochs with regard to death sentence would be timely, which will assist us in determining the sentence in this case.
Evolvement of Law Relating to Death Sentence:
476) The constitutional validity of the death sentence has been brought under scrutiny from time to time to test the rationality of the death sentence with the emerging civilization. Though death penalty as a punishment is not abolished as yet, significant amendments have been brought in for limiting the usage of the punishment. It is manifest from the bare reading of judgments on death penalty from 1950 to till date that the judiciary has always exercised its discretion in awarding this extreme penalty with great circumspection, caution and restraint. The nature of this discretion bestowed on judges has been considered and reflected in the most celebrated Bachan Singh case (supra) in the following terms:-
"165….Cognizant of the past experience of the administration of death penalty in India, Parliament, in its wisdom thought it best and safe to leave the imposition of this gravest punishment in gravest cases of murder, to the judicial discretion of the courts which are manned by persons of reason, experience and standing in the profession. The exercise of this sentencing discretion cannot be said to be untrammelled and unguided. It is exercised judicially in accordance with well-recognized principles crystallized by judicial decisions, directed along the broad contours of legislative policy towards the signposts enacted in Section 354(3)." The dictum in Bachan Singh case paraphrases that the duty casted upon the judges in deciding the appropriate sentence is a matter of judiciousness and not of law.
477) Earlier, Section 3(2) of the TADA Act, 1985 stipulated mandatory death sentence for a terrorist act, which results in death. The challenge to this provision was mounted on the ratio of Supreme Court decision in Mithu vs. State of Punjab, (1983) 2 SCC 277 in which their Lordships struck down Section 303 of the IPC as unconstitutional, which provided for compulsory imposition of death sentence. As a result, the corresponding provision of TADA Act had also provided for the alternative sentence of life imprisonment thus bringing the provision in line with the provision of 302 of IPC. Section 3(2)(i) of TADA now prescribes death or life imprisonment in alternative as the penalty for a terrorist act. It is noticeable from the above transformation in the sentencing policy that the courts were required upon to look into each and every case on its own merits, to determine the appropriate sentence for the offender.
478) While so, the Code of Criminal Procedure signposts the court as to its application. The changes, which the Code has undergone in the last few decades, clearly indicate that Parliament is taking note of contemporary criminological thought and movement. For clarification, though TADA Act, 1987 is a special act the application of the Code of Criminal Procedure is permissible to the extent of its consistency with the act.
479) The very first case where the constitutional validity of capital punishment was vehemently discussed and decided was in Jagmohan Singh vs. State of U.P (1973) 1 SCC 20. This case was decided when the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (for short the old Code) was in force. Section 367(5) of the old Code provided that if an accused person is convicted of an offence punishable with death, but he is sentenced to a punishment other than death, the Court was required to state the reason why a sentence of death was not passed.
Section 367(5) of the old Code reads as follows:-
"If the accused is convicted of an offence punishable with death, and the court sentences him to any punishment other than death, the court shall in its judgment state the reason why sentence of death was not passed." Therefore, all the death penalty cases until 1973 were decided according to the principle that death sentence was the rule and life imprisonment was the exception. However, after the new Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 which came into force with effect from 1st April, 1974, the principle took a converse turn and it was stated that imprisonment for life would be the rule and a sentence of death was an exception.
Amended section 354(3) of the Code reads as follows:-
"When the conviction is for an offence punishable with death or, in the alternative, with imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term of years, the judgment shall state the reasons for the sentence awarded, and, in the case of sentence of death, the special reasons for such sentence." The Code effectively reversed the position as it existed under the old Code and also placed a rider that if a sentence of death is awarded, the court should record special reasons for awarding the same. As an outcome, the discretion to impose the sentence of death has been curbed to the extent of stating the 'Special reasons'. Presently, judges are left with the task of discovering the 'Special reasons'.
480) What are these 'Special Reasons' and does the provisions of the Code help us in discovery of these special reasons? A reference to Bishnu Deo Shaw vs. State of West Bengal (1979) 3 SCC 714 case would be helpful to understand what actually are these special reasons refers to.
Justice Chinnappa Reddy penning the judgment said as follows:
"26….Section 361 and Section 354(3) have both entered the Statute Book at the same time and they are part of the emerging picture of acceptance by the Indian Parliament of the new trends in criminology. We will not, therefore, be wrong in assuming that the personality of the offender as revealed by his age, character, antecedents and other circumstances and the tractability of the offender to reform must necessarily play the most prominent role in determining the sentence to be awarded. Special reasons must have some relation to these factors." It was further stated:
"27 Criminal justice is not a computer machine. It deals with complex human problems and diverse human beings. It deals with persons who are otherwise like the rest of us, who work and play, who laugh and mourn, who love and hate, who yearn for affection and approval, as all of us do, who think, learn and forget. Like the rest of us they too are the creatures of circumstance. Heredity, environment, home neighbourhood, upbringing, school, friends, associates, even casual acquaintances, the books that one reads, newspapers, radio and TV, the economics of the household, the opportunities provided by circumstances and the calamities resulting therefrom, the success and failure of one's undertakings, the affairs of the heart, ambitions and frustrations, the ideas and ideologies of the time, these and several other ordinary and extra-ordinary incidents of life contribute to a person's personality and influence his conduct. Differently shaped and differently circumstanced individuals react differently in given situations. A Judge has to balance the personality of the offender with the circumstance, the situations and the reactions and choose the appropriate sentence to be imposed. A judge must try to answer a myriad questions such as was the offence committed without premeditation or was it after due deliberation? What was the motive for the crime? Was it for gain? Was it the outcome of a village feud? Was it the result of a petty, drunken, street brawl, or a domestic bickering between a hapless husband and a helpless wife? Was it due to sexual jealousy? Was the murder committed under some stress, emotional or otherwise? What is the background of the offender? What is his social and economic status? What is the level of his education or intelligence? Do his actions betray a particularly callous indifference towards the welfare of society or, on the other hand, do they show a great concern for humanity and are in fact inspired by sum concern? Is the offender so perpetually and constitutionally at war with society that there is no hope of ever reclaiming him from being a menace to society? Or is he a person who is patently amenable to reform? Well, may one exclaim with Prof. Vrij "What audacity is involved in these three tasks : to interpret life, explain an act, predict the latest inclination of a human mind."
'Special reasons', we may, therefore say, are reasons which are special with reference to the offender, with reference to constitutional and legislative directives and with reference to the times, that is, with reference to contemporary ideas in the fields of Criminology and connected sciences. Special reasons are those which lead inevitably to the conclusion that the offender is beyond redemption, having due regard to his personality and proclivity, to the legislative policy of reformation of the offender and to the advances made in the methods of treatment etc.
481) In brief, Justice Reddy said that 'Special Reasons' necessary for imposing death sentence must relate, not to the crime as such but to the criminal. In the same line of thought in Rajendra Prasad vs. State of UP (1979) 3 SCC 646, this Court, by majority judgment, observed:
"83…. 'Special reasons' necessary for imposing death penalty must relate, not to the crime as such but to the criminal. The crime may be shocking and yet the criminal may not deserve death penalty. The crime may be less shocking than other murders and yet the callous criminal, e.g. a lethal economic offender, may be jeopardizing societal existence by his act of murder. Likewise, a hardened murderer or dacoit or armed robber who kills' and relishes killing and raping and murdering to such an extent that he is beyond rehabilitation within a reasonable period according to current psycho-therapy or curative techniques may deserve the terminal sentence. Society survives by security for ordinary life. If officers enjoined to defend the peace are treacherously killed to facilitate perpetuation of murderous and often plunderous crimes social justice steps in to demand penalty dependent on the totality of circumstances."
482) Subsequent decision, Dalbir Singh and Ors. vs. State of Punjab (1979) 3 SCC 745 also endorsed this view.
483) Now, we have a clue as to what these Special Reasons are. The next question that arises is:- Is there a comprehensive provision in the criminal procedure code, which enunciates the mechanism for collection and presentation of the social and personal data of the culprit to the extent required to decide the verdict on sentence?
484) There were no provisions as such until the Law Commission recommended in its 48th report observing that:-
"It is now being increasingly recognized that rational and consistent sentencing policy requires the removal of several deficiencies in the present system. One such deficiency is the lack of comprehensive information as to characteristics and background of the offender.
The aim of sentencing:— Themselves abscure becomes all the more so in the absence of information on which the correctional process is to operate. The public as well as the courts themselves are in dark about judicial approach in this regard.
We are of the view that the taking of evidence as to the circumstances relevant to sentencing should be encouraged and both the prosecution and the accused should be allowed to co-operate in the process."
485) By enacting Sub-section (2) of 235, the Parliament has actually acceded to the recommendations of the Law Commission. Enactment of this provision is an act of affirming the new trend in penology, which mandates the courts to consider various factors such as the prior criminal record of the offender, his age, employment, educational background, home life, sobriety and social adjustment, emotional and mental condition, and the prospects of his returning to normal path of conformity with the law etc… in deciding the quantum of sentence.
486) In this background of standards, the judiciary with the aid of Section 235(2) ascertained the 'Special Reasons' pertaining to the criminals as required by Section 354(3) of the Code to impose death penalty. Subsequently, the constitutional validity of Section 302 and the sentencing procedure embodied in sub-section (3) of Section 354 of the Code was challenged before a Constitution Bench in Bachan Singh (supra) wherein the need for reconsideration of Jagmohan Singh (supra), was felt necessitated due to subsequent events and changes in law. In addition, a query was raised whether dictum in Rajendra Prasad (supra) that "special reasons" necessary for imposing death penalty must relate not to the crime as such, but to the criminal was warranted by the law or not.
487) The principal questions, which were considered, in this case are:
I. Whether death penalty provided for the offence of murder in Section 302, Indian Penal Code is unconstitutional.
II. If the answer to the foregoing question be in the negative, whether the sentencing procedure provided in Sec, 354(3) of the Cr.P.C., 1973 (Act 2 of 1974) is unconstitutional on the ground that it invests the Court with unguided and untrammelled discretion and allows death sentence to be arbitrarily or freakishly imposed on a person found guilty of murder or any other capital offence punishable under the Indian Penal Code with death or, in the alternative, with imprisonment for life.
III. Whether the "special reasons" necessary for imposing the death penalty should relate to the criminal alone or even the crime.
488) The first main question was answered in negative, indicating that the constitutional validity of death penalty was upheld in the line of Jagmohan Singh (supra). The second question regarding the unguided and untrammelled discretion vested upon the judges to impose death sentence or imprisonment for life was answered in the following words:-
"161. A study of the propositions set out above, will show that, in substance, the authority of none of them has been affected by the legislative changes since the decision in Jagmohan's case. According to the then extant CrPC both the alternative sentences provided in Section 302, Penal Code are normal sentences, and the Court can, therefore, after weighing the aggravating and mitigating circumstances of the particular case, in its discretion, impose either of those sentences. This postulate has now been modified by Section 354(3) which mandates the Court convicting a person for an offence punishable with death or, in the alternative with imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term of years, not to impose the sentence of death on that person unless there are "special reasons" – to be recorded –
for such sentence….."
489) Accordingly, the second question was answered. With regard to the third question regarding what constitutes "special reasons", the majority view clarified that the expression "special reasons" will be in reference to the crime as well as the criminal thereby overruling Rajendra Prasad (supra) and Bishnu Deo Shaw (supra). It reads as follows:
"201. With great respect, we find ourselves unable to agree to this enunciation. As we read Sections 354(3) and 235(2) and other related provisions of the Code of 1973, it is quite clear to us that for making the choice of punishment or for ascertaining the existence or absence of "special reasons" in that context, the Court must pay due regard both to the crime and the criminal. What is the relative weight to be given to the aggravating and mitigating factors, depends on the facts and circumstances of the particular case. More often than not, these two aspects are so intertwined that it is difficult to give a separate treatment to each of them. This is so because 'style is the 'man'. In many cases, the extremely cruel or beastly manner of the commission of murder is itself a demonstrated index of the depraved character of the perpetrator. That is why, it is not desirable to consider the circumstances of the crime and the circumstances of the criminal in two separate water-tight compartments. In a sense, to kill is to be cruel and therefore all murders are cruel. But such cruelty may vary in its degree of culpability. And it is only when the culpability assumes the proportion of extreme depravity that "special reasons" can legitimately be said to exist." "163…..The present legislative policy discernible from Section 235(2) read with Section 354(3) is that in fixing the degree of punishment or making the choice of sentence for various offences, including one under Section 302, Penal Code, the Court should not confine its consideration "principally" or merely to the circumstances connected with particular crime, but also give due consideration to the circumstances of the criminal."
490) As a consequence, the majority view in Bachan Singh (supra), gave a wider interpretation to the term "special reasons" by embracing within its ambit both the circumstances connected with the particular crime and the criminal. Upshot of this interpretation is that the 'special reasons' required for confirming the death sentence under Section 302 or in the context of this case in Section 3(2)(i) of TADA will have to be identified by balancing the aggravating and mitigating or extenuating circumstances.
491) While determining the aggravating circumstances relative weight ought to be given to both criminal and the crime and an identical approach must be adhered to for ascertaining the mitigating circumstances. Since these two aspects are interwoven, it is difficult to segregate the two to state that all circumstances relating to crime will be aggravating, likewise all circumstances relating to criminal are mitigating. From the above conspectus, it is clear that the aggravating circumstances pertaining to both crime and criminal are the reasons, which can be against the accused; likewise the mitigating circumstances marshaled from both crime and criminal can be the reasons in favour of the accused.
492) For instance, the manner of commission of murder may not be brutal or diabolic or pre-meditated. This can be construed as a mitigating circumstance pertaining to crime and not the criminal. Hence, a careful evaluation of aggravating and mitigating circumstances pertaining to both criminal and crime is the approach to ascertain the special reasons for imposing the extreme penalty on a person.
493) Thus, the two cardinal factors, viz., one, the penalty imposed must be proportionate to the gravity of the crime and second, the degree of responsibility of the offender must be taken into account in determining the sentence for an individual accused in addition to aggravating and mitigating circumstances.
494) Now, straightaway we shall determine the sentence for the appellants within the boundaries prescribed by law, bearing in mind the purpose of punishment and taking into account all circumstances influencing the degree of severity (mitigating and aggravating circumstances) and, in particular the degree of criminal responsibility.
495) For convenience, we shall discuss Yakub Abdul Razak Memon's appeal discretely as against the other 10 appellants.
Criminal Appeal No. 1728 of 2007 Yakub Abdul Razak Memon (A-1) Before we shall enumerate the aggravating and mitigating circumstances for consideration on sentencing, we ought to find the degree of responsibility of A-1 for the occurrence of blasts on 12th March, 1993 in comparison with other appellants. Our legal system has always emphasized that the sentence shall reflect the relative significance of the accused's role.
496) A-1 is the younger brother of Tiger Memon, (AA), who is one of the masterminds behind the blasts. A-1 was in a position of authority, particularly, had played a significant role in the context of the blasts which is important while determining the sentence. The confessional statements of co-accused discussed in earlier part of judgment under A-1's appeal establish the dominating position of the appellant in comparison with other 10 appellants.
497) At the cost of repetition, we may reiterate the conduct of A-1, which may be very relevant for ascertaining his dominant position in commission of the crime.
498) The following conduct of the appellant (A-1) along with the co- conspirator family members may be relevant:-
a) The confessional statements of various co-accused make a mention that Tiger Memon has instructed them to stay in touch with A-1 for further instruction. Meaning thereby, A-1 assumed the role of Tiger Memon in India during his absence. As an outcome, Tiger Memon gave the commands to A-1, who in turn had passed them to other accused thereby signifying the trusted position that A-1 has obtained from Tiger Memon, apart from being just a younger brother.
b) Moreover, A-1's role was limited not only to the extent of correspondence between the masterminds and all other accused but he was also entrusted with task of handling the explosive bags and for their safe keeping, which is again revealed in the confessional statements of various co-accused persons.
c) Furthermore, he was actively involved in hawala transactions for the purpose of facilitating the blasts on 12th March 1993.
d) Besides, he acquired tickets both for Dubai and Pakistan for transporting the appellants to the respective places for the purpose of training and coaching them in envisaging their participation for the blasts in Bombay.
499) Essentially, A-1's deeds can't be viewed distinct from the act of Tiger Memon, hence, both owe an equivalent responsibility for the blasts. They were the architects of the blasts, without whom the plan would have never seen the daylight. From this conduct, it is not hyperbole to state that, he was one of the 'driving sprit' behind the plan of the 1993 blasts, whereas the other appellants played a far lesser role and thus a lesser contribution to the crimes resulting from this plan. To be clearer on the dominant position, the blasts on 12th March, 1993 was at the discretion of the masterminds, meaning thereby, they had the effective control over the incident. It is this effective control over the incident, which is absent in the role played by rest of the appellants.
500) Hence, there is a significant difference in the role played by A-1 and the rest of the appellants. It is difficult to rule out with certainty that if the absconding accused were to be brought to trial, they might have thrown further light at the role-played by A-1. Since A-1 as well as other absconders were the real conspirators who hatched the scheme for such a tragic act, the other 10 appellants i.e A-32, A-36, A-39, A-44, A-10, A- 29, A-9, A-11, A-12 and A-16 were mere subservient subordinates whose knowledge and acquaintance might have been restricted to their counterparts. If we say it in a metaphoric style, A-1 and all the absconding accused were the archers whereas rest of the appellants were the arrows in their hands.
501) We are mindful of the fact that there is no direct act attributed to A-1 as far as parking of the explosives filled vehicle in different localities are concerned. But we should recollect, that if, not for the planning of conspirators for which A-1 was a party too, the explosives and ammunition required for the execution wouldn't have entered into our country and as a consequence the execution itself wouldn't have materialized. Furthermore, it is not conceivable to envisage that these principal perpetrators will take the execution in their hands. So they targeted the meek souls who were underprivileged and easily impressible to accomplish their ulterior motive. It is also a proved fact that the Memon's family members including A-1 have fled the country anticipating detention for their illegal acts.
502) From this, it can safely be concluded that no offence might have taken place at all but for the instigation by the absconding accused and A-
1. Hence the dominant position of the accused is an aggravating factor by itself, as it gives the status of direct responsibility.
503) The following aggravating circumstances as against A-1 can be culled out:-
Aggravating Circumstances:
1. A-1 was one of the brains behind the hatching of larger conspiracy for the Bombay Bomb Blasts in 1993.
2. The dominant position and significant role played by A-1 is a factor that may aggravate his punishment.
3. The "vulnerability of the victims" and "the depravity of the crimes" constitute additional aggravating circumstances.
4. Crime of terrorism is in itself an aggravating circumstance as it carries a "special stigmatization" due to the deliberate form of inhuman treatment it represents and the severity of the pain and suffering inflicted.
5. He was part of the deliberate choosing of localities like Century Bazaar, Zaveri Bazaar, Katha Bazaar, Stock Exchange Building etc. where there was more prospect of public gathering. The manner of its execution and its design would put it at the level of extreme atrocity and cruelty.
93 Bomb Blast Case: Yakub Memon Death Sentence Appeal Supreme Court Judgement:
Part 001 / Part 002 / Part 003 / Part 004 / Part 005 / Part 006 / Part 007 / Part 008 / Part 009 / Part 010 / Part 011 / Part 012 / Part 013 / Part 014 / Part 015 / Part 016 / Part 017 / Part 018 / Part 019 / Part 020 / Part 021 / Part 022 / Part 023 / Part 024 / Part 025 / Part 026 / Part 027 / Part 028 / Part 029 / Part 030 / Part 031 / Part 032 / Part 033 / Part 034 / Part 035 / Part 036 / Part 037 / Part 038 / Part 039 / Part 040 / Part 041 / Part 042 / Part 043 / Part 044 / Part 045
Supreme Court Of India, Yakub Abdul Razak Memon, Death Sentence, Confirmed, Sentence, Appeal, Dawood Ibrahim, Tiger Momon, 93 Bomb Blast, Mumbai Bomb Blast, Don, Gangster, Mafia, Sanjay Dutt, Death Penalty, Serial Blast, Mumbai, maharashtra, India, State Of Maharashtra, CBI, Prosecution, Babri Masjid, Ayodhya, demolition, violence, terrorist, Bombay, arms, ammunitions, conspiracy, Dubai, Pakistan, training, Bombay Stock Exchange, Katha Bazaar, Sena Bhavan, Century Bazaar, Mahim Causeway, Air India Building, Zaveri Bazaar, Hotel Sea Rock, Plaza Theatre, Juhu Centaur Hotel, AirPort Bay-54, AirPort Centaur Hotel, terrorist attack, terror, RDX, Research Department Explosive, Md. Ahmed Dosa, Md. Salim Mira Moiddin Shaikh @ Salim Kutta, Md. Kasam Lajpuria, Ranjitkumar Singh Baleshwar Prasad, Md. Sultan Sayyed, Dighi Jetty, Raigad, Uttan,


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Friday, March 4, 2011
When one is Flat.
As an alto I am used to being largely ignored by the conductor as we sing our part seldom needing correction. The conductor's face does not turn our way often, and when it does it is usually of neutral expression. There are the rare occasions where we elicit rapture on his face, during certain passages in the Brahms Requiem for example, but mostly he is content that we are there and that is the end of it.
Not so tonight. There we were trying our best to bring a legato velvet sound to the Mendelssohn when his face did not so much turn towards us, as jerk with a painful wince. Several times he stopped us and inquired as to our inability to take a whole step up. Why did we think 3/4 step was enough? Hmm, well. I am beginning to doubt the veracity of his words those years ago. I am most sure it was I who was off as the alto section was singing as one voice and I was singing when his face contorted. To make it worse I could not even hear that we were flat even after he pointed this out.
What to do? Well I could try a smile which may remove constriction in the throat and that in turn may help me to avoid singing flat because it will require less air to produce the sound. Less air means less cord resistance which should lessen the chance of a note going slightly flat. On the other hand I could look like a crazed fool smiling through "Er zaehlet unsere traenen" or worse, my director may think I am trying to charm my way out of having to sing the right notes.
I could quit singing in choirs. Gulp! That is too much like saying I could quit living, and yet, do I want to be the person in the choir that is always flat? Maybe, I will try wearing higher shoes next time.
5 comments:
haha I think this is hilarious,ReplyDelete
Why do you think 3/4 step is enough?
I doubt that you will get that painful wince again. Priceless. I laugh at the thought of it even if I understand to you it is no laughing matter.
- AnonymousMarch 10, 2011 at 2:11 PM
Awww Lori .... surely it wasn't you!! It must have been someone else or perhaps the conductor had a gastric ailment that caused the wince. Yes, I do believe that must have been the reason!!ReplyDelete
Yes, Frieda, my conductor must have had a gastric ailment as he was not at rehearsal this week. Surely, it wasn't because he was avoiding the alto section.ReplyDelete
...most likely the fault of the person sitting immediately to your right...!! but I ACCEPT NO RESPONSIBILITY!!ReplyDelete
Oh my gosh, higher shoes! I can't wait to use that one on my director! I'm still laughing!ReplyDelete


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Owners of older Harleys can now have a magneto ignition that´ll out-start as well as out-spark any other. Regardless of motor size a normal kick is all that´s needed to start the beast. The G5 features a recoil spring which stores energy during cranking. Once the bikes tarts this system drops out and the timing automatically advances. The offset housing makes installation easy with no interference from pushrods and relay mount.
- fits OHV Big Twins 1936-1969
- billet aluminum, polished
Morris Magnetos
There are few products on the HD aftermarket which became iconic but Morris Magnetos certainly are among them and have been the favoured choice of sporting riders since decades. Magneto ignitions have a long tradition with Milwaukee's finest on both street and race motorcycles and in their heyday were considered as the performance ignition of choice. Admittedly, today with space age, programmable, digital multi-spark battery ignitions, magnetos appear somewhat outdated but if you are looking for a reliable, powerful and simple ignition system, a magneto is still an option. Besides, it looks as cool as cool can be. Battery ignitions depend on a charging system, battery and coil to create a spark, with wires scattered all over your motorcycle. In contrast, a Morris Magneto's charge comes directly from a self-contained spinning magnet - straightforward and effective.The W&W selection includes magnetos for a wide model range. Mag housings and, where applicable, the gear covers are machined from billet aluminum. All kits come complete with necessary hardware and mounting instructions.
Spare parts:
Kill Button for Magnetos
Rony L.L.C. Ignition/Starter Switch
Single Fire Adapter
See also:
Morris Sparky Tool
This tool has been calibrated specifically for magnetos, but will work on just about anything that sparks.
Have any questions?
Our service team will be glad to help out: Mondays - Thursdays 08:00-17:00 CET, Fridays 08:00-16:00 CET, Phone: +49 / 931 250 61 16, eMail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Barron Trump's school bans in-person learning amid COVID-19
Trump's youngest son will have to learn at home until at least October 1
Barron Trump's private school is banning in-person learning until October amid the controversy of President Donald Trump demanding that students return to school despite the coronavirus pandemic.
Montgomery County, Maryland issued a mandate last Friday that directed all private and parochial schools to remain until October 1, CNN reported. St. Andrew's Episcopal School, the private school Barron, 14, is set to attend as a ninth-grader in the fall is included in that mandate.
Read More: Trump threatens to cut federal aid if schools don't reopen
"Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have based our decisions on science and data," Montgomery County Health Officer Travis Gayles said in a statement.
"At this point the data does not suggest that in-person instruction is safe for students or teachers. We have seen increases in transmission rates for COVID-19 in the State of Maryland, the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Virginia, particularly in younger age groups, and this step is necessary to protect the health and safety of Montgomery County residents."
According to data provided by John Hopkins Hospital, there have been almost 90,000 cases of COVID-19 in Maryland and 3,506 deaths.
Maryland Republican Gov. Larry Hogan disagreed with Montgomery County's decision. He believes it's not the place of politicians to interfere with choices that should be left up to schools and parents.
"As long as these schools develop safe plans that follow CDC and state guidelines, they should be empowered to do what's best for their community. This is a decision for schools and parents, not politicians," he wrote.
Read More: Trump team eyes school funds boost in next virus aid bill
The county's mandate is also in sharp contrast to President Trump's desire that all students return to face to face learning for the fall semester. At one point, he threatened to withdraw federal aid for schools that did not reopen.
"Indefinite school closures will inflict lasting harm to our nation's children," Trump said last week during a press conference. "We must follow the science, get students safely back to school while protecting children, teachers, staff and family."
On Monday, the president tweeted that he wanted the schools to re-open. They were shut down earlier this year over concerns about COVID-19 and how close contact could spread the fatal disease.
Read More: Dr. Anthony Fauci says a coronavirus vaccine may be coming in 2021
"Cases up because of BIG Testing! Much of our Country is doing very well. Open the Schools!," he tweeted.
Many users on social media decried the president's demand that their children return to school without viable plans to ensure their health while his son is afforded the benefit of remote learning.
The White House has not yet commented on Montgomery County's decision.
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What Is The Teddy Bear Toss In Hockey?
The Teddy bear toss in hockey is an event in which fans bring teddy bears to throw onto the ice when the home team scores their first goal. The stuffed animals are then collected and given out to local charities and hospitals. Teddy bear toss games will be largely advertised to the public ahead of … Read more


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Criminal Minds season 13: Boss on Damon Gupton – Daniel Henney moves
When Criminal Minds season 13 premieres on CBS later this year, it's going to look and feel very much different than what it did for much of season 12. Damon Gupton, who was a part of much of the second half of this past season, is gone. Meanwhile, Daniel Henney of the Beyond Borders spin-off series, is officially coming on board. Matt Simmons is the latest series regular with the show.
So why make these changes now, especially since Gupton and his character of Stephen Walker were relatively new to the series? Speaking to TV Guide, the first thing that showrunner Erica Messer noted was that making these sort of moves is not something that she or anyone else behind the scenes takes lightly. There is a great deal of thought that ultimately goes into them:
"It was difficult … As you know, these decisions aren't made quickly or anything like that. Everything was a thoughtful decision."
Messer also revealed that a big part of the decision-making in regards to Henney joining the show came about not long after his previous program was canceled:
"The discussions were, 'Do you think Daniel would want to join Criminal Minds?' But of course to add one more that means someone's not coming back and that's never an easy thing when someone isn't returning to the show."
In the end, the producers decided to settle on Gupton, who was the most-recent arrival to the series and in that way, it made sense. Also, it seemed like the decision to bring him on was made more on a network level than a production level. We thought Stephen was a compelling character, but the good news here is that he's already got another job over on Black Lightning. He gets to move forward with an exciting new gig, while Criminal Minds as a show moves on with what should be a strong season for it. We liked Henney a lot over on Beyond Borders, and it should be great to see what he brings to the table here.
How is he coming on over to this show?
As previously reported, the move by Henney over to the new show seems to be coming as a result of a scandal that has hit the International Response Team. It is one that is serious enough that it is causing that division of the FBI to be split up. In the end, what matter is that Simmons has a new team in order to work with, and he carries with him a unique skill set that should prove to be rather useful to the rest of the crew at the BAU.
What do you want to see on Criminal Minds season 13, and are you happy to see Henney on board the show? Share in the comments!
Meanwhile, head over to the link here in the event you want some other news when it comes to the show. (Photo: CBS.)


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Crescent ♊ Gemini
Waxing Crescent is the lunar phase on . Seen from Earth, illuminated fraction of the Moon surface is 3% and growing larger. The 2 days young Moon is in ♊ Gemini.
Tuesday Tue
Wednesday Wed
Thursday Thu
Friday Fri
Saturday Sat
Sunday Sun
Monday Mon
Previous main lunar phase is the New Moon before 1 day on 4 May 2019 at 22:45.
Moon rises in the morning and sets in the evening. It is visible toward the southwest in early evening.
Moon is passing about ∠5° of ♊ Gemini tropical zodiac sector.
Lunar disc appears visually 1.3% narrower than solar disc. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1876" and ∠1902".
Next Full Moon is the Flower Moon of May 2019 after 12 days on 18 May 2019 at 21:11.
There is medium ocean tide on this date. Sun and Moon gravitational forces are not aligned, but meet at very acute angle, so their combined tidal force is moderate.
The Moon is 2 days young. Earth's natural satellite is moving from the beginning to the first part of current synodic month. This is lunation 239 of Meeus index or 1192 from Brown series.
The length of the lunation is 29 days, 11 hours and 16 minutes. It is 2 hours and 2 minutes longer than the next lunation's length. The lengths of the following synodic months are going to decreasing with the true anomaly getting closer to the value it has at the point of New Moon at perigee (∠0° or ∠360°).
The length of the current synodic month is 1 hour and 28 minutes shorter than the mean synodic month length. It is 4 hours and 41 minutes longer compared to 21st century's shortest synodic month length.
At the beginning of the lunation cycle the true anomaly is ∠263°. At the beginning of next synodic month the true anomaly is going to be ∠296.1°.
7 days after point of apogee on 28 April 2019 at 18:20 in ♒ Aquarius. The lunar orbit is getting narrow, while the Moon is moving towards the Earth. It will keep this direction over the next 7 days, until the Moon reaches the point of next perigee on 13 May 2019 at 21:53 in ♍ Virgo.
The Moon is 381 979 km (237 351 mi) away from Earth and getting closer over the next 7 days until the point perigee when Earth-Moon distance is going to be 369 017 km (229 297 mi).
10 days after descending node on 25 April 2019 at 15:02 in ♑ Capricorn. The Moon is located south of the ecliptic over the following 3 days, until the lunar orbit crosses from South to North in ascending node on 9 May 2019 at 18:50 in ♋ Cancer.
23 days since the beginning of current draconic month in ♋ Cancer, the Moon is navigating from the second to the final part of the cycle.
11 days since the previous standstill on 24 April 2019 at 21:22 in ♑ Capricorn when the Moon has reached South declination of ∠-22.125°, the lunar orbit is extending northward over the next 2 days to face maximum declination of ∠22.243° at the point of next northern standstill on 9 May 2019 at 05:46 in ♋ Cancer.
In 12 days on 18 May 2019 at 21:11 in ♏ Scorpio the Moon is going to be in a Full Moon geocentric opposition with the Sun and thus forming the next Sun-Earth-Moon syzygy alignment.


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Block Party No.2
3 Pack
0 in stock
Sizzling streets, drunk neighbors, rogue flip flops. All that's missing is our No.2 Wide "Block party" Uglybook, standing 5.75" tall and 8" wide with a hot red cover and mint green interior pages. Made right here in New York.
48 pages, 120gsm for the inner pages and 300gsm for the cover stock, 100% recycled pulp, acid-free


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The free volume of trehalose matrices was investigated using position annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). A study was performed to analyze the organization and mobility of water in amorphous and crystalline states. PALS method measured the free volume holes that existed between molecules in soft condensed molecules by formation and subsequent annihilation of ortho-positronium. This interaction captured water from the amorphous phase by locally forming a drihydrate, and a concentration-independent mobility of water along molecular channels in dihydrate. It allowed the crystallites to act as a sink and a source of water in low-moisture systems at ambient temperatures. It was found from nanostructural analysis that the anomalous properties of trehalose in anhydrobiosis arise from a combination of a high stability of the glassy state, and a specific structural interaction with water in the crystalline state.
|Original language
|English (US)
|Pages (from-to)
|Number of pages
|Nature Materials
|Issue number
|Published - Aug 21 2006
|Externally published
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
We thank M.-I. Alonso and J.-P. Marquet for technical assistance. This research was sponsored by a postdoctoral grant from Nestec Ltd to the University of Bristol (D.K.). Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.U.


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The Ministry of Education has long been on a mission to bridge the gap in education delivery between the Coast and the Hinterland of Guyana and this year continued to demonstrate its seriousness in this regard through a visit to Port Kaituma to determine its preparedness for the National Grade Six Assessment (NGSA).
The visit was conducted byAssistant Chief Education Officer (ACEO) – Primary (Ag) Ms. Carol Benn and National Parent Teachers Coordinator, Ms. Nadia Hollingsworth on Monday last. The officials met with teachers and parents of the community.
Specifically, the senior education officials wanted to ascertain whether schools in the community were on the right path in preparation for the 2019 NGSA, which is scheduled for the second week of April.
Moreover, Ms. Hollingsworth and Ms. Benn also met with Grade Six teachers to get an understanding of where NGSA preparations are and what can be done by the Education Ministry to help in this regard.


text:
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The spectator selects between a blue deck and a red deck of cards. Whichever one they choose goes into their pocket or is handed to a friend to hold (we'll use blue for this example).
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text: Keeping our New Year's resolutions is a difficult task! In fact, data shows that most resolutions are abandoned before February. Why are resolutions so hard to keep? How do Warrior Saints honor their words and commitments and accomplish their goals? It begins with a plan, small steps and a measurement. Watch the vid now to find out how to get some!


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This Introduce Vocabulary: Rap a Tap Tap (Dillon) lesson plan also includes:
- Activity
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- Join to access all included materials
Explore the dancing prodigy and Depression-era African-American icon Bill Robinson as scholars learn new vocabulary words in context. As you read Leo Dillon's Rap a Tap Tap they listen for six new words: clatter, greet, passion, pause, pleasure, and seldom. Each word comes with excellent connection questions to solidify meaning and promote connections with outside concepts. They listen for context clues and raise a hand when they hear one of the words come up in the text. Easily expand this strategy to use more words if you like.
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Enjoy a private transfer from Amsterdam to Antwerp in a luxury sedan or minivan.
About this activity
- Free cancellation
- Cancel up to 24 hours in advance for a full refund
- Reserve now & pay later
- Keep your travel plans flexible — book your spot and pay nothing today.
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- Special health and safety measures are in place. Check your activity voucher once you book for full details.
- Duration 1.5 hours
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- Wheelchair accessible
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