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Posted: Oct 18, 2016
Question: 1
Which two options are causes of out-of-order packets? (Choose two.)
A. a routing loop
B. a router in the packet flow path that is intermittently dropping packets
C. high latency
D. packets in a flow traversing multiple paths through the network
E. some packets in a flow being process-switched and others being interrupt-switched on a transit router
Answer: D, E
In traditional packet forwarding systems, using different paths have varying latencies that cause out of order packets, eventually resulting in far lower performance for the network application. Also, if some packets are process switched quickly by the routing engine of the router while others are interrupt switched (which takes more time) then it could result in out of order packets. The other options would cause packet drops or latency, but not out of order packets.
Question: 2
A TCP/IP host is able to transmit small amounts of data (typically less than 1500 bytes), but attempts to transmit larger amounts of data hang and then time out. What is the cause of this problem?
A. A link is flapping between two intermediate devices.
B. The processor of an intermediate router is averaging 90 percent utilization.
C. A port on the switch that is connected to the TCP/IP host is duplicating traffic and sending it to a port that has a sniffer attached.
D. There is a PMTUD failure in the network path.
Answer: D
Sometimes, over some IP paths, a TCP/IP node can send small amounts of data (typically less than 1500 bytes) with no difficulty, but transmission attempts with larger amounts of data hang, then time out. Often this is observed as a unidirectional problem in that large data transfers succeed in one direction but fail in the other direction. This problem is likely caused by the TCP MSS value, PMTUD failure, different LAN media types, or defective links.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/additional-legacy-protocols/ms-windows-networking/13709-38.html
Question: 3
Refer to the exhibit.
ICMP Echo requests from host A are not reaching the intended destination on host B. What is the problem?
A. The ICMP payload is malformed.
B. The ICMP Identifier (BE) is invalid.
C. The negotiation of the connection failed.
D. The packet is dropped at the next hop.
E. The link is congested.
Answer: D
Here we see that the Time to Live (TTL) value of the packet is one, so it will be forwarded to the next hop router, but then dropped because the TTL value will be 0 at the next hop.
Question: 4
Refer to the exhibit.
Which statement is true?
A. It is impossible for the destination interface to equal the source interface.
B. NAT on a stick is performed on interface Et0/0.
C. There is a potential routing loop.
D. This output represents a UDP flow or a TCP flow.
Answer: C
In this example we see that the source interface and destination interface are the same (Et0/0). Typically this is seen when there is a routing loop for the destination IP address.
Question: 5
Which three conditions can cause excessive unicast flooding? (Choose three.)
A. Asymmetric routing
B. Repeated TCNs
C. The use of HSRP
D. Frames sent to FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
E. MAC forwarding table overflow
F. The use of Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding
Answer: A, B, E
Causes of Flooding
The very cause of flooding is that destination MAC address of the packet is not in the L2 forwarding table of the switch. In this case the packet will be flooded out of all forwarding ports in its VLAN (except the port it was received on). Below case studies display most common reasons for destination MAC address not being known to the switch.
Cause 1: Asymmetric Routing
Large amounts of flooded traffic might saturate low-bandwidth links causing network performance issues or complete connectivity outage to devices connected across such low-bandwidth links.
Cause 2: Spanning-Tree Protocol Topology Changes
Another common issue caused by flooding is Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) Topology Change Notification (TCN). TCN is designed to correct forwarding tables after the forwarding topology has changed. This is necessary to avoid a connectivity outage, as after a topology change some destinations previously accessible via particular ports might become accessible via different ports. TCN operates by shortening the forwarding table aging time, such that if the address is not relearned, it will age out and flooding will occur.
TCNs are triggered by a port that is transitioning to or from the forwarding state. After the TCN, even if the particular destination MAC address has aged out, flooding should not happen for long in most cases since the address will be relearned. The issue might arise when TCNs are occurring repeatedly with short intervals. The switches will constantly be fast-aging their forwarding tables so flooding will be nearly constant.
Normally, a TCN is rare in a well-configured network. When the port on a switch goes up or down, there is eventually a TCN once the STP state of the port is changing to or from forwarding. When the port is flapping, repetitive TCNs and flooding occurs.
Cause 3: Forwarding Table Overflow
Another possible cause of flooding can be overflow of the switch forwarding table. In this case, new addresses cannot be learned and packets destined to such addresses are flooded until some space becomes available in the forwarding table. New addresses will then be learned. This is possible but rare, since most modern switches have large enough forwarding tables to accommodate MAC addresses for most designs.
Forwarding table exhaustion can also be caused by an attack on the network where one host starts generating frames each sourced with different MAC address. This will tie up all the forwarding table resources. Once the forwarding tables become saturated, other traffic will be flooded because new learning cannot occur. This kind of attack can be detected by examining the switch forwarding table. Most of the MAC addresses will point to the same port or group of ports. Such attacks can be prevented by limiting the number of MAC addresses learned on untrusted ports by using the port security feature.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/switches/catalyst-6000-series-switches/23563-143.html#causes
Question: 6
Which congestion-avoidance or congestion-management technique can cause global synchronization?
A. Tail drop
B. Random early detection
C. Weighted random early detection
D. Weighted fair queuing
Answer: A
Tail Drop
Tail drop treats all traffic equally and does not differentiate between classes of service. Queues fill during periods of congestion. When the output queue is full and tail drop is in effect, packets are dropped until the congestion is eliminated and the queue is no longer full.
Weighted Random Early Detection
WRED avoids the globalization problems that occur when tail drop is used as the congestion avoidance mechanism on the router. Global synchronization occurs as waves of congestion crest only to be followed by troughs during which the transmission link is not fully utilized. Global synchronization of TCP hosts, for example, can occur because packets are dropped all at once. Global synchronization manifests when multiple TCP hosts reduce their transmission rates in response to packet dropping, then increase their transmission rates once again when the congestion is reduced.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/12_2/qos/configuration/guide/fqos_c/qcfconav.html#wp1002048
Question: 7
Which two options are reasons for TCP starvation? (Choose two.)
A. The use of tail drop
B. The use of WRED
C. Mixing TCP and UDP traffic in the same traffic class
D. The use of TCP congestion control
Answer: C, D
It is a general best practice to not mix TCP-based traffic with UDP-based traffic (especially Streaming-Video) within a single service-provider class because of the behaviors of these protocols during periods of congestion. Specifically, TCP transmitters throttle back flows when drops are detected. Although some UDP applications have application-level windowing, flow control, and retransmission capabilities, most UDP transmitters are completely oblivious to drops and, thus, never lower transmission rates because of dropping.
When TCP flows are combined with UDP flows within a single service-provider class and the class experiences congestion, TCP flows continually lower their transmission rates, potentially giving up their bandwidth to UDP flows that are oblivious to drops. This effect is called TCP starvation/UDP dominance.
TCP starvation/UDP dominance likely occurs if (TCP-based) Mission-Critical Data is assigned to the same service-provider class as (UDP-based) Streaming-Video and the class experiences sustained congestion. Even if WRED or other TCP congestion control mechanisms are enabled on the service-provider class, the same behavior would be observed because WRED (for the most part) manages congestion only on TCP-based flows.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND/QoS-SRND-Book/VPNQoS.html
Question: 8
Refer to the exhibit.
While troubleshooting high CPU utilization of a Cisco Catalyst 4500 Series Switch, you notice the error message that is shown in the exhibit in the log file.
What can be the cause of this issue, and how can it be prevented?
A. The hardware routing table is full. Redistribute from BGP into IGP.
B. The software routing table is full. Redistribute from BGP into IGP.
C. The hardware routing table is full. Reduce the number of routes in the routing table.
D. The software routing table is full. Reduce the number of routes in the routing table.
Answer: C
Error Message C4K_L3HWFORWARDING-2-FWDCAMFULL:L3 routing table is full. Switching to software forwarding.
The hardware routing table is full; forwarding takes place in the software instead. The switch performance might be degraded.
Recommended Action: Reduce the size of the routing table. Enter the ip cef command to return to hardware forwarding.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst4500/12-2/31sg/system/message/message/emsg.html
Question: 9
Refer to the exhibit.
Which two are causes of output queue drops on FastEthernet0/0? (Choose two.)
A. an oversubscribed input service policy on FastEthernet0/0
B. a duplex mismatch on FastEthernet0/0
C. a bad cable connected to FastEthernet0/0
D. an oversubscribed output service policy on FastEthernet0/0
E. The router trying to send more than 100 Mb/s out of FastEthernet0/0
Answer: D, E
Output drops are caused by a congested interface. For example, the traffic rate on the outgoing interface cannot accept all packets that should be sent out, or a service policy is applied that is oversubscribed. The ultimate solution to resolve the problem is to increase the line speed. However, there are ways to prevent, decrease, or control output drops when you do not want to increase the line speed. You can prevent output drops only if output drops are a consequence of short bursts of data. If output drops are caused by a constant high-rate flow, you cannot prevent the drops. However, you can control them.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/routers/10000-series-routers/6343-queue-drops.html
Question: 10
Refer to the exhibit.
Which statement about the output is true?
A. The flow is an HTTPS connection to the router, which is initiated by 188.8.131.52.
B. The flow is an HTTP connection to the router, which is initiated by 184.108.40.206.
C. The flow is an HTTPS connection that is initiated by the router and that goes to 126.96.36.199.
D. The flow is an HTTP connection that is initiated by the router and that goes to 188.8.131.52.
Answer: A
We can see that the connection is initiated by the Source IP address shown as 188.8.131.52. We also see that the destination protocol (DstP) shows 01BB, which is in hex and translates to 443 in decimal. SSL/HTTPS uses port 443.
Question: 11
What is the cause of ignores and overruns on an interface, when the overall traffic rate of the interface is low?
A. a hardware failure of the interface
B. a software bug
C. a bad cable
D. microbursts of traffic
Answer: D
Micro-bursting is a phenomenon where rapid bursts of data packets are sent in quick succession, leading to periods of full line-rate transmission that can overflow packet buffers of the network stack, both in network endpoints and routers and switches inside the network.
Symptoms of micro bursts will manifest in the form of ignores and/ or overruns (also shown as accumulated in "input error" counter within show interface output). This is indicative of receive ring and corresponding packet buffer being overwhelmed due to data bursts coming in over extremely short period of time (microseconds). You will never see a sustained data traffic within show interface's "input rate" counter as they are averaging bits per second (bps) over 5 minutes by default (way too long to account for microbursts). You can understand microbursts from a scenario where a 3-lane highway merging into a single lane at rush hour – the capacity burst cannot exceed the total available bandwidth (i.e. single lane), but it can saturate it for a period of time.
Reference: http://ccieordie.com/?tag=micro-burst
Question: 12
Refer to the exhibit.
Which statement about the debug behavior of the device is true?
A. The device debugs all IP events for 172.16.129.4.
B. The device sends all debugging information for 172.16.129.4.
C. The device sends only NTP debugging information to 172.16.129.4.
D. The device sends debugging information every five seconds.
Answer: A
This is an example of a conditional debug, where there is a single condition specified of IP address 172.16.129.4. So, all IP events for that address will be output in the debug.
Question: 13
Which statement about MSS is true?
A. It is negotiated between sender and receiver.
B. It is sent in all TCP packets.
C. It is 20 bytes lower than MTU by default.
D. It is sent in SYN packets.
E. It is 28 bytes lower than MTU by default.
Answer: D
The maximum segment size (MSS) is a parameter of the Options field of the TCP header that specifies the largest amount of data, specified in octets, that a computer or communications device can receive in a single TCP segment. It does not count the TCP header or the IP header. The IP datagram containing a TCP segment may be self-contained within a single packet, or it may be reconstructed from several fragmented pieces; either way, the MSS limit applies to the total amount of data contained in the final, reconstructed TCP segment.
The default TCP Maximum Segment Size is 536. Where a host wishes to set the maximum segment size to a value other than the default, the maximum segment size is specified as a TCP option, initially in the TCP SYN packet during the TCP handshake. The value cannot be changed after the connection is established.
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_segment_size
Question: 14
Which two methods change the IP MTU value for an interface? (Choose two.)
A. Configure the default MTU.
B. Configure the IP system MTU.
C. Configure the interface MTU.
D. Configure the interface IP MTU.
Answer: C, D
An IOS device configured for IP+MPLS routing uses three different Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) values: The hardware MTU configured with the mtu interface configuration command
The IP MTU configured with the ip mtu interface configuration command
The MPLS MTU configured with the mpls mtu interface configuration command
The hardware MTU specifies the maximum packet length the interface can support … or at least that's the theory behind it. In reality, longer packets can be sent (assuming the hardware interface chipset doesn't complain); therefore you can configure MPLS MTU to be larger than the interface MTU and still have a working network. Oversized packets might not be received correctly if the interface uses fixed-length buffers; platforms with scatter/gather architecture (also called particle buffers) usually survive incoming oversized packets.
IP MTU is used to determine whether am IP packet forwarded through an interface has to be fragmented. It has to be lower or equal to hardware MTU (and this limitation is enforced). If it equals the HW MTU, its value does not appear in the running configuration and it tracks the changes in HW MTU. For example, if you configure ip mtu 1300 on a Serial interface, it will appear in the running configuration as long as the hardware MTU is not equal to 1300 (and will not change as the HW MTU changes). However, as soon as the mtu 1300 is configured, the ip mtu 1300 command disappears from the configuration and the IP MTU yet again tracks the HW MTU.
Reference: http://blog.ipspace.net/2007/10/tale-of-three-mtus.html
Question: 15
Which implementation can cause packet loss when the network includes asymmetric routing paths?
A. the use of ECMP routing
B. the use of penultimate hop popping
C. the use of Unicast RPF
D. disabling Cisco Express Forwarding
Answer: C
When administrators use Unicast RPF in strict mode, the packet must be received on the interface that the router would use to forward the return packet. Unicast RPF configured in strict mode may drop legitimate traffic that is received on an interface that was not the router's choice for sending return traffic. Dropping this legitimate traffic could occur when asymmetric routing paths are present in the network.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/web/about/security/intelligence/unicast-rpf.html
Question: 16
Which two mechanisms can be used to eliminate Cisco Express Forwarding polarization? (Choose two.)
A. alternating cost links
B. the unique-ID/universal-ID algorithm
C. Cisco Express Forwarding antipolarization
D. different hashing inputs at each layer of the network
Answer: B, D
This document describes how Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) polarization can cause suboptimal use of redundant paths to a destination network. CEF polarization is the effect when a hash algorithm chooses a particular path and the redundant paths remain completely unused.
How to Avoid CEF Polarization
Alternate between default (SIP and DIP) and full (SIP + DIP + Layer4 ports) hashing inputs configuration at each layer of the network.
Alternate between an even and odd number of ECMP links at each layer of the network.
The CEF load-balancing does not depend on how the protocol routes are inserted in the routing table. Therefore, the OSPF routes exhibit the same behavior as EIGRP. In a hierarchical network where there are several routers that perform load-sharing in a row, they all use same algorithm to load-share.
The hash algorithm load-balances this way by default:
- 1
- 7-8
- 1-1-1
- 1-1-1-2
- 1-1-1-1-1
- 1-2-2-2-2-2
- 1-1-1-1-1-1-1
- 1-1-1-2-2-2-2-2
The number before the colon represents the number of equal-cost paths. The number after the colon represents the proportion of traffic which is forwarded per path.
This means that:
For two equal cost paths, load-sharing is 46.666%-53.333%, not 50%-50%.
For three equal cost paths, load-sharing is 33.33%-33.33%-33.33% (as expected).
For four equal cost paths, load-sharing is 20%-20%-20%-40% and not 25%-25%-25%-25%.
This illustrates that, when there is even number of ECMP links, the traffic is not load-balanced.
Cisco IOS introduced a concept called unique-ID/universal-ID which helps avoid CEF polarization. This algorithm, called the universal algorithm (the default in current Cisco IOS versions), adds a 32-bit router-specific value to the hash function (called the universal ID - this is a randomly generated value at the time of the switch boot up that can can be manually controlled). This seeds the hash function on each router with a unique ID, which ensures that the same source/destination pair hash into a different value on different routers along the path. This process provides a better network-wide load-sharing and circumvents the polarization issue. This unique -ID concept does not work for an even number of equal-cost paths due to a hardware limitation, but it works perfectly for an odd number of equal-cost paths. In order to overcome this problem, Cisco IOS adds one link to the hardware adjacency table when there is an even number of equal-cost paths in order to make the system believe that there is an odd number of equal-cost links.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/express-forwarding-cef/116376-technote-cef-00.html
Question: 17
Which two mechanisms provide Cisco IOS XE Software with control plane and data plane separation? (Choose two.)
A. Forwarding and Feature Manager
B. Forwarding Engine Driver
C. Forwarding Performance Management
D. Forwarding Information Base
Answer: A, B
Control Plane and Data Plane Separation
IOS XE introduces an opportunity to enable teams to now build drivers for new Data Plane ASICs outside the IOS instance and have them program to a set of standard APIs which in turn enforces Control Plane and Data Plane processing separation.
IOS XE accomplishes Control Plane / Data Plane separation through the introduction of the Forwarding and Feature Manager (FFM) and its standard interface to the Forwarding Engine Driver (FED). FFM provides a set of APIs to Control Plane processes. In turn, the FFM programs the Data Plane via the FED and maintains forwarding state for the system. The FED is the instantiation of the hardware driver for the Data Plane and is provided by the platform.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/ios-nx-os-software/ios-xe-3sg/QA_C67-622903.html
Question: 18
Refer to the exhibit.
What is the PHB class on this flow?
B. none
Answer: D
This command shows the TOS value in hex, which is 80 in this case. The following chart shows some common DSCP/PHB Class values:
DSCP value
TOS value
Juniper Alias
TOS hexadecimal
DSCP - TOS Binary
Premium IP
101110 - 101110xx
001000 - 001000xx
100000 - 100000xx
Network control
110000 - 110000xx
Network control 2
111000 - 111000xx
Reference: http://www.tucny.com/Home/dscp-tos
Question: 19
Refer to the exhibit.
What kind of load balancing is done on this router?
A. per-packet load balancing
B. per-flow load balancing
C. per-label load balancing
D. star round-robin load balancing
Answer: A
Here we can see that for the same traffic source/destination pair of 10.0.0.1 to 184.108.40.206 there were a total of 100 packets (shown by second entry without the *) and that the packets were distributed evenly across the three different outgoing interfaces (34, 33, 33 packets, respectively.
Question: 20
What is the most efficient way to confirm whether microbursts of traffic are occurring?
A. Monitor the output traffic rate using the show interface command.
B. Monitor the output traffic rate using the show controllers command.
C. Check the CPU utilization of the router.
D. Sniff the traffic and plot the packet rate over time.
Answer: D
Micro-bursting is a phenomenon where rapid bursts of data packets are sent in quick succession, leading to periods of full line-rate transmission that can overflow packet buffers of the network stack, both in network endpoints and routers and switches inside the network.
In order to troubleshoot microbursts, you need a packet sniffer that can capture traffic over a long period of time and allow you to analyze it in the form of a graph which displays the saturation points (packet rate during microbursts versus total available bandwidth). You can eventually trace it to the source causing the bursts (e.g. stock trading applications).
Reference: Adam, Paul (2014-07-12). All-in-One CCIE V5 Written Exam Guide (Kindle Locations 989-994). Kindle Edition.
Question: 21
What is a cause for unicast flooding?
A. Unicast flooding occurs when multicast traffic arrives on a Layer 2 switch that has directly connected multicast receivers.
B. When PIM snooping is not enabled, unicast flooding occurs on the switch that interconnects the PIM-enabled routers.
C. A man-in-the-middle attack can cause the ARP cache of an end host to have the wrong MAC address. Instead of having the MAC address of the default gateway, it has a MAC address of the man-in-the-middle. This causes all traffic to be unicast flooded through the man-in-the-middle, which can then sniff all packets.
D. Forwarding table overflow prevents new MAC addresses from being learned, and packets destined to those MAC addresses are flooded until space becomes available in the forwarding table.
Answer: D
Causes of Flooding
The very cause of flooding is that destination MAC address of the packet is not in the L2 forwarding table of the switch. In this case the packet will be flooded out of all forwarding ports in its VLAN (except the port it was received on). Below case studies display most common reasons for destination MAC address not being known to the switch.
Cause 1: Asymmetric Routing
Large amounts of flooded traffic might saturate low-bandwidth links causing network performance issues or complete connectivity outage to devices connected across such low-bandwidth links
Cause 2: Spanning-Tree Protocol Topology Changes
Another common issue caused by flooding is Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) Topology Change Notification (TCN). TCN is designed to correct forwarding tables after the forwarding topology has changed. This is necessary to avoid a connectivity outage, as after a topology change some destinations previously accessible via particular ports might become accessible via different ports. TCN operates by shortening the forwarding table aging time, such that if the address is not relearned, it will age out and flooding will occur
Cause 3: Forwarding Table Overflow
Another possible cause of flooding can be overflow of the switch forwarding table. In this case, new addresses cannot be learned and packets destined to such addresses are flooded until some space becomes available in the forwarding table. New addresses will then be learned. This is possible but rare, since most modern switches have large enough forwarding tables to accommodate MAC addresses for most designs.
Question: 22
Refer to the exhibit.
Video Source S is sending interactive video traffic to Video Receiver R. Router R1 has multiple routing table entries for destination R. Which load-balancing mechanism on R1 can cause out-of-order video traffic to be received by destination R?
A. per-flow load balancing on R1 for destination R
B. per-source-destination pair load balancing on R1 for destination R
C. CEF load balancing on R1 for destination R
D. per-packet load balancing on R1 for destination R
Answer: D
Per-packet load balancing guarantees equal load across all links, however potentially the packets may arrive out-of-order at the destination as differential delay may exist within the network.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/modules/ps2033/prod_technical_reference09186a00800afeb7.html
Question: 23
What is Nagle's algorithm used for?
A. To increase the latency
B. To calculate the best path in distance vector routing protocols
C. To calculate the best path in link state routing protocols
D. To resolve issues caused by poorly implemented TCP flow control.
Answer: D
Silly window syndrome is a problem in computer networking caused by poorly implemented TCP flow control. A serious problem can arise in the sliding window operation when the sending application program creates data slowly, the receiving application program consumes data slowly, or both. If a server with this problem is unable to process all incoming data, it requests that its clients reduce the amount of data they send at a time (the window setting on a TCP packet). If the server continues to be unable to process all incoming data, the window becomes smaller and smaller, sometimes to the point that the data transmitted is smaller than the packet header, making data transmission extremely inefficient. The name of this problem is due to the window size shrinking to a "silly" value. When there is no synchronization between the sender and receiver regarding capacity of the flow of data or the size of the packet, the window syndrome problem is created. When the silly window syndrome is created by the sender, Nagle's algorithm is used. Nagle's solution requires that the sender sends the first segment even if it is a small one, then that it waits until an ACK is received or a maximum sized segment (MSS) is accumulated.
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_window_syndrome
Question: 24
Which statement is true regarding the UDP checksum?
A. It is used for congestion control.
B. It cannot be all zeros.
C. It is used by some Internet worms to hide their propagation.
D. It is computed based on the IP pseudo-header.
Answer: D
The method used to compute the checksum is defined in RFC 768:
"Checksum is the 16-bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of a pseudo header of information from the IP header, the UDP header, and the data, padded with zero octets at the end (if necessary) to make a multiple of two octets."
In other words, all 16-bit words are summed using one's complement arithmetic. Add the 16-bit values up. Each time a carry-out (17th bit) is produced, swing that bit around and add it back into the least significant bit. The sum is then one's complemented to yield the value of the UDP checksum field.
If the checksum calculation results in the value zero (all 16 bits 0) it should be sent as the one's complement (all 1s).
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol
Question: 25
Which statement describes the purpose of the Payload Type field in the RTP header?
A. It identifies the signaling protocol.
B. It identifies the codec.
C. It identifies the port numbers for RTP.
D. It identifies the port numbers for RTCP.
Answer: B
PT, Payload Type. 7 bits: Identifies the format of the RTP payload and determines its interpretation by the application. A profile specifies a default static mapping of payload type codes to payload formats. Additional payload type codes may be defined dynamically through non-RTP means. An RTP sender emits a single RTP payload type at any given time; this field is not intended for multiplexing separate media streams. A full list of codecs and their payload type values can be found at the link below:
Reference: http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/protocol/rtp.htm
Question: 26
Which Cisco IOS XE process administers routing and forwarding?
A. Forwarding manager
B. Interface manager
C. Cisco IOS
D. Host manager
Answer: C
Some of the processes are listed in the table below:
Affected FRUs
SubPackage Mapping
Host Manager
Provides an interface between the IOS process and many of the information-gathering functions of the underlying platform kernel and operating system.
RP (one instance per RP)
SIP (one instance per SIP)
ESP (one instance per ESP)
Interface Manager
Provides an interface between the IOS process and the per-SPA interface processes on the SIP.
RP (one instance per RP)
SIP (one instance per SIP)
The IOS process implements all forwarding and routing features for the router.
RP (one per software redundancy instance per RP). Maximum of two instances per RP.
Forwarding Manager
Manages the downloading of configuration to each of the ESPs and the communication of forwarding plane information, such as statistics, to the IOS process.
RP (one per software redundancy instance per RP). Maximum of two instances per RP.
ESP (one per ESP)
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/asr1000/configuration/guide/chassis/asrswcfg/Software_Packaging_Architecture.html
Question: 27
Which circumstance can cause packet loss due to a microburst?
A. slow convergence
B. a blocked spanning-tree port
C. process switching
D. insufficient buffers
Answer: D
Micro-bursting is a phenomenon where rapid bursts of data packets are sent in quick succession, leading to periods of full line-rate transmission that can overflow packet buffers of the network stack, both in network endpoints and routers and switches inside the network.
Symptoms of micro bursts will manifest in the form of ignores and/ or overruns (also shown as accumulated in "input error" counter within show interface output). This is indicative of receive ring and corresponding packet buffer being overwhelmed due to data bursts coming in over extremely short period of time (microseconds).
Reference: http://ccieordie.com/?tag=micro-burst
Question: 28
Which two statements about proxy ARP are true? (Choose two.)
A. It is supported on networks without ARP.
B. It allows machines to spoof packets.
C. It must be used on a network with the host on a different subnet.
D. It requires larger ARP tables.
E. It reduces the amount of ARP traffic.
Answer: B, D
Disadvantages of Proxy ARP
Hosts have no idea of the physical details of their network and assume it to be a flat network in which they can reach any destination simply by sending an ARP request. But using ARP for everything has disadvantages. These are some of the disadvantages:
It increases the amount of ARP traffic on your segment.
Hosts need larger ARP tables in order to handle IP-to-MAC address mappings.
Security can be undermined. A machine can claim to be another in order to intercept packets, an act called "spoofing."
It does not work for networks that do not use ARP for address resolution.
It does not generalize to all network topologies. For example, more than one router that connects two physical networks.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/dynamic-address-allocation-resolution/13718-5.html
Question: 29
Refer to the exhibit.
Routers R1 and R2 are configured as shown, and traffic from R1 fails to reach host 22.214.171.124.
Which action can you take to correct the problem?
A. Ensure that R2 has a default route in its routing table.
B. Change the OSPF area type on R1 and R2.
C. Edit the router configurations so that address 220.127.116.11 is a routable address.
D. Remove the default-information originate command from the OSPF configuration of R2.
Answer: A
Not sure that any of these answers are correct, it appears that this configuration is valid for reaching that one specific host IP. Answer A does have a route to that host so it would not need a default route to get to it. Choice B is incorrect as the area types have nothing to do with this. C is incorrect as that IP address is routable, and D is needed so that R1 will have a default route advertised to it from R2 so that it can reach this destination.
Question: 30
Which service is disabled by the no service tcp-small-servers command?
A. the finger service
B. the Telnet service
C. the Maintenance Operation Protocol service
D. the chargen service
Answer: D
The TCP small servers are:
Echo: Echoes back whatever you type through the telnet x.x.x.x echo command.
Chargen: Generates a stream of ASCII data. Use the telnet x.x.x.x chargen command.
DiscarD. Throws away whatever you type. Use the telnet x.x.x.x discard command.
DaytimE. Returns system date and time, if it is correct. It is correct if you run Network Time Protocol (NTP), or have set the date and time manually from the exec level. Use the telnet x.x.x.x daytime command.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ios-nx-os-software/ios-software-releases-110/12815-23.html
Question: 31
Drag and drop the extended ping command field on the left to its usage on the right.
Question: 32
Drag and drop the argument of the mls ip cef load-sharing command on the left to the function it performs on the right.
Question: 33
Which two Cisco Express Forwarding tables are located in the data plane? (Choose two.)
A. the forwarding information base
B. the label forwarding information base
C. the IP routing table
D. the label information table
E. the adjacency table
Answer: A, B
The control plane runs protocols such as OSPF, BGP, STP, LDP. These protocols are needed so that routers and switches know how to forward packets and frames.
The data plane is where the actual forwarding takes place. The data plane is populated based on the protocols running in the control plane. The Forwarding Information Base (FIB) is used for IP traffic and the Label FIB is used for MPLS.
Question: 34
Which option is the most effective action to avoid packet loss due to microbursts?
A. Implement larger buffers.
B. Install a faster CPU.
C. Install a faster network interface.
D. Configure a larger tx-ring size.
Answer: A
You can't avoid or prevent them as such without modifying the sending host's application/network stack so it smoothes out the bursts. However, you can manage microbursts by tuning the size of receive buffers / rings to absorb occasional microbursts.
Question: 35
Which two statements about packet fragmentation on an IPv6 network are true? (Choose two.)
A. The fragment header is 64 bits long.
B. The identification field is 32 bits long.
C. The fragment header is 32 bits long.
D. The identification field is 64 bits long.
E. The MTU must be a minimum of 1280 bytes.
F. The fragment header is 48 bits long.
Answer: A, B
The fragment header is shown below, being 64 bits total with a 32 bit identification field:
Reference: http://www.openwall.com/presentations/IPv6/img24.html
Question: 36
You are backing up a server with a 1 Gbps link and a latency of 2 ms. Which two statements about the backup are true? (Choose two.)
A. The bandwidth delay product is 2 Mb.
B. The default TCP send window size is the limiting factor.
C. The default TCP receive window size is the limiting factor.
D. The bandwidth delay product is 500 Mb.
E. The bandwidth delay product is 50 Mb.
Answer: A, C
1 Gbps is the same as 1000 Mbps, and 1000Mb x.0002 = 2 Mbps. With TCP based data transfers, the receive window is always the limiting factor, as the sender is generally able to send traffic at line rate, but then must wait for the acknowledgements to send more data.
Question: 37
Which two pieces of information does RTCP use to inform endpoint devices about the RTP flow? (Choose two.)
A. the transmitted octet
B. the lost packet count
C. session control function provisioning information
D. the CNAME for session participants
E. the authentication method
F. MTU size changes in the path of the flow
Answer: A, B
RTCP transports statistics for a media connection and information such as transmitted octet and packet counts, packet loss, packet delay variation, and round-trip delay time. An application may use this information to control quality of service parameters, perhaps by limiting flow, or using a different codec.
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTP_Control_Protocol
Question: 38
Drag and drop the argument of the ip cef load-sharing algorithm command on the left to the function it performs on the right.
Question: 39
Drag and drop the Cisco IOX XE subpackage on the left to the function it performs on the right.
Question: 40
Drag and drop each description of IPv6 transition technology on the left to the matching IPv6 transition technology category on the right.
Question: 41
How many hash buckets does Cisco Express Forwarding use for load balancing?
Answer: B
In order to understand how the load balance takes place, you must first see how the tables relate. The Cisco Express Forwarding table points to 16 hash buckets (load share table), which point to the adjacency table for parallel paths. Each packet to be switched is broken up into the source and destination address pair and checked against the loadshare table.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/express-forwarding-cef/18285-loadbal-cef.html
Question: 42
Which three features require Cisco Express Forwarding? (Choose three.)
B. AutoQoS
C. fragmentation
E. UplinkFast
E. BackboneFast
Answer: A, B, D
QoS Features That Require CEF
These class-based QoS features are supported only on routers that run CEF.
- Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR) provides intelligent network classification. For more information, refer to Network Based Application Recognition.
- The AutoQoS -VoIP feature simplifies and speeds up the implementation and provisioning of QoS for VoIP traffic. This feature is enabled with the help of the auto qos voip command. CEF must be enabled at the interface or ATM PVC before the auto qos command can be used. For more information about this feature and its prerequisites, refer to AutoQoS - VoIP.
From MPLS Fundamentals - Luc De Ghein
Why Is CEF Needed in MPLS Networks?
Concerning MPLS, CEF is special for a certain reason; otherwise, this book would not explicitly cover it. Labeled packets that enter the router are switched according to the label forwarding information base (LFIB) on the router. IP packets that enter the router are switched according to the CEF table on the router. Regardless of whether the packet is switched according to the LFIB or the CEF table, the outgoing packet can be a labeled packet or an IP packet
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/asynchronous-transfer-mode-atm/ip-to-atm-class-of-service/4800-cefreq.html
Question: 43
Which two options are interface requirements for turbo flooding? (Choose two.)
A. The interface is Ethernet.
B. The interface is configured for ARPA encapsulation.
C. The interface is PPP.
D. The interface is configured for GRE encapsulation.
E. The interface is configured for 802.1Q encapsulation.
Answer: A, B
In the switch, the majority of packets are forwarded in hardware; most packets do not go through the switch CPU. For those packets that do go to the CPU, you can speed up spanning tree-based UDP flooding by a factor of about four to five times by using turbo-flooding. This feature is supported over Ethernet interfaces configured for ARPA encapsulation.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/metro/me3400/software/release/12-2_50_se/configuration/guide/scg/swiprout.html
Question: 44
Which three options are sub-subfields of the IPv4 Option Type subfield? (Choose three.)
A. Option Class
C. Copied
E. Option Number
Answer: A, C, E
Each IP option has its own subfield format, generally structured as shown below. For most options, all three subfields are used. Option Type, Option Length and Option Data.
Reference: http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPDatagramOptionsandOptionFormat.htm
Question: 45
Which TCP mechanism prevents the sender from sending data too quickly for the receiver to process?
A. Congestion control
B. Error detection
C. Selective acknowledgement
D. Flow control
Answer: D
In data communications, flow control is the process of managing the rate of data transmission between two nodes to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver. It provides a mechanism for the receiver to control the transmission speed, so that the receiving node is not overwhelmed with data from transmitting node.
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_control_(data)
Question: 46
Which two packet types does an RTP session consist of? (Choose two.)
Answer: B, C
An RTP session is established for each multimedia stream. A session consists of an IP address with a pair of ports for RTP and RTCP. For example, audio and video streams use separate RTP sessions, enabling a receiver to deselect a particular stream. The ports which form a session are negotiated using other protocols such as RTSP (using SDP in the setup method) and SIP. According to the specification, an RTP port should be even and the RTCP port is the next higher odd port number.
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol
Question: 47
Which technology can create a filter for an embedded packet capture?
A. Control plane policing
B. Access lists
D. Traffic shaping
Answer: B
A filter can be applied to limit the capture to desired traffic. Define an Access Control List (ACL) within config mode and apply the filter to the buffer:
ip access-list extended BUF-FILTER
permit ip host 192.168.1.1 host 172.16.1.1
permit ip host 172.16.1.1 host 192.168.1.1
monitor capture buffer BUF filter access-list BUF-FILTER
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ios-nx-os-software/ios-embedded-packet-capture/116045-productconfig-epc-00.html
Question: 48
Which option describes a limitation of Embedded Packet Capture?
A. It can capture data only on physical interfaces and subinterfaces.
B. It can store only packet data.
C. It can capture multicast packets only on ingress.
D. It can capture multicast packets only on egress.
Answer: C
Restrictions for Embedded Packet Capture
In Cisco IOS Release 12.2(33)SRE, EPC is supported only on 7200 platform.
EPC only captures multicast packets on ingress and does not capture the replicated packets on egress.
Currently, the capture file can only be exported off the device; for example, TFTP or FTP servers and local disk.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/epc/configuration/15-mt/epc-15-mt-book/nm-packet-capture.html
Question: 49
Refer to the exhibit.
A Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switch experiences high CPU utilization. What can be the cause of this issue, and how can it be prevented?
A. The hardware routing table is full. Redistribute from BGP into IGP.
B. The software routing table is full. Redistribute from BGP into IGP.
C. The hardware routing table is full. Reduce the number of routes in the routing table.
D. The software routing table is full. Reduce the number of routes in the routing table.
Answer: C
FIB TCAM Exception - If you try to install more routes than are possible into the FIB TCAM you will see the following error message in the logs:
CFIB-SP-STBY-7-CFIB_EXCEPTION : FIB TCAM exception, Some entries will be software switched
%CFIB-SP-7-CFIB_EXCEPTION : FIB TCAM exception, Some entries will be software switched.
%CFIB-SP-STBY-7-CFIB_EXCEPTION : FIB TCAM exception, Some entries will be software switched.
This error message is received when the amount of available space in the TCAM is exceeded. This results in high CPU. This is a FIB TCAM limitation. Once TCAM is full, a flag will be set and FIB TCAM exception is received. This stops from adding new routes to the TCAM. Therefore, everything will be software switched. The removal of routes does not help resume hardware switching. Once the TCAM enters the exception state, the system must be reloaded to get out of that state. You can view if you have hit a FIB TCAM exception with the following command:
6500-2#sh mls cef exception status
Current IPv4 FIB exception state = TRUE
Current IPv6 FIB exception state = FALSE
Current MPLS FIB exception state = FALSE
When the exception state is TRUE, the FIB TCAM has hit an exception.
The maximum routes that can be installed in TCAM is increased by the mls cef maximum-routes command.
Reference: https://supportforums.cisco.com/document/59926/troubleshooting-high-cpu-6500-sup720
Question: 50
Refer to the exhibit.
Your network is suffering excessive output drops. Which two actions can you take to resolve the problem? (Choose two.)
A. Install a switch with larger buffers.
B. Configure a different queue set.
C. Reconfigure the switch buffers.
D. Configure the server application to use TCP.
E. Update the server operating system.
Answer: A, B
Installing a switch with larger buffers and correctly configuring the buffers can solve output queue problems.
For each queue we need to configure the assigned buffers. The buffer is like the 'storage' space for the interface and we have to divide it among the different queues. This is how to do it:
mls qos queue-set output buffers Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
In this example, there is nothing hitting queue 2 or queue 3 so they are not being utilized.
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text:
This essay might also be entitled, "How to Send an Email That No One Will Open". A few years ago, I began to meet a friend semi-regularly at Haulover Beach in North Miami Beach, FL. Warren was a fellow professor at the time. We often had similar schedules as well as a shared love of the beach. Both my wife and Warren's partner worked regular full-time jobs, so we took the opportunity to meet occasionally during the week for a beach day.
The biggest problem was that Warren lived in Miami and I lived in Coral Springs, just north of Ft. Lauderdale. We needed to find a beach somewhere in the middle. Haulover was a about an hour drive for each of us and Warren had been there often in the past. We both drove to past the Golden Glades interchange, a confluence of several major highways and met at a Dunkin Donuts, where one of us would leave our car and we would carpool for the remaining few miles. This would also save on parking.
One thing that Warren failed to mention on our first meeting at Haulover, was that it is a nude beach. I do not mean a topless beach, but a fully nude beach. While nudity is not required, it did seem as though not 'joining in' would be considered bad form. I considered several factors. While, I wear a size fourteen shoe, I probably do not 'measure up' to the stereotype that might convey. I am well past the age of worrying about a lack of control with regard to the relative erectness of my junk, if you will. I guess the tipping point for me was that I had developed a waistline that rendered the view of myself exactly the same, were I wearing pants or not. I figured anything there was about me for people to look at was completely their problem.
The next several years at Haulover provided a wide variety of stories, sights, and experiences which I will describe in more detail in subsequent essays. Sometimes, we provided our own fun. I'm not sure where I got this ridiculous idea, but one day, I took a washrag, a camera, and three of my kid's naked dolls to the beach. Taking a camera to a nude beach can be considered tasteless, so I was quite careful not to point it near any other patrons. Warren and I tended to go early in the day and sit on the less populous end of the beach, so we had no issues.
We took the dolls and posed them in several positions typical of beach-goers. Before your mind goes into a dark place, Haulover is a relatively non-sexual place. Barbie and Ken did nothing inappropriate. After taking the pictures, we sat the dolls out in front of us on the washrag as though it were a blanket. Many people walk back and forth along the beach, but it is also a place where few people make eye contact. It was quite hilarious watching people make sidelong glances at our miniature friends while passing by.
Upon my return home, I loaded the pictures on my computer and was pretty pleased with how they came out. Not being satisfied exposing myself (get it?) as a nutjob to naked strangers, I decided to email the pictures to several friends. I attached the pictures and tried to decide on an appropriate subject for the email. I decided on "Nude beach pics". I sent the email and waited for the usual snarky responses.
None were forthcoming. After a few days I reached out to a few of the friends I had sent it to. I reached my friend Tyrone at work. He is my best audience and I expected to hear his roaring laughter from 1700 miles away about thirty seconds after I hit "Send". He told me he didn't open it. "I don't want to see your naked ass at the beach", he said.
"Trust me, Ty. You won't be offended. I promise you won't see any part of me."
"Well, I can't open it at work."
"Dude, it's a bit. Just open it."
This was pretty much the story with everyone including friends, kids, in-laws. Apparently they were not offended with nudity per se, only the thought of my nudity. Tyrone eventually came around and laughed so hard at work that he had to slip into a faux coughing fit. It seems that laughter in his office is frowned upon. He later told me that it took him three weeks to get a friend to which he forwarded it to open it.
Ultimately, if you want to send an email that no one will open, I recommend this or at least a similar subject. Tyrone continues to open every email selling Viagra or from Nigerian princes, but treats mine as though he's on the bomb squad.
© Copyright 2015 – Robert O'Connell. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site's author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Robert O'Connell with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jimmy Kimmel has never missed an opportunity to sh*t all over Donald Trump for the many, many (MANY) terrible things he has done — both in and out of office. And it turns out that all that MAGA vitriol may have lost Kimmel about half his audience — a statistic the late-night host was proud to share while appearing on the Naked Lunch podcast last week.
When ABC executives reportedly asked Kimmel to tone down his anti-Trump rhetoric, he stood his ground and told them to replace him if they wanted.
While it's Kimmel who was the clear winner in his fight to do the show the way he wants to, Trump, meanwhile, has been taking a victory lap to celebrate how he "destroyed" late-night TV as we know it. And the former president has clearly been listening to Kimmel's response, because he mentioned him by name at a rally in Pennsylvania on Saturday night. "It turns out Fiberace gave me a shout-out during one of his blue-collar comedy tours," Kimmel explained on Monday night, "and I have to say: Sometimes it feels like he doesn't like me that much."
While stumping for his fellow Republicans in Latrobe, Pennsylvania over the weekend, Trump boasted about how "all these people who don't like us are dying. I saw Jimmy Kimmel said that his show is practically dead because nobody that likes Trump will watch. And guess what? That turned out to be a majority of the people. The show is dead. And so are the other ones." Which had Kimmel laughing, and ready to fire back:
That's right. Our show is dead. Our show is so dead he's going to bury it next to his ex-wife at one of his golf courses. You know what's dead? I'll tell you what's dead: All those endangered animals your chinless sons shot, that's what's dead. You know what's dead? The look in your wife's eyes when you beg her for sex on your birthday.
And I will say: In January, our show will have been on for 20 years. You got kicked out after four, ok? I'm on television; you're on the toilet at your golf club screaming at yours.
Kimmel also couldn't help but note the irony that Trump was calling him out while at a rally for Dr. Oz, who the host described as "a total phony." You can watch the full clip — including a personal story about a dinner Kimmel once had with Oz and a story he told him about Trump — above, beginning around the :30 minute mark.


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Very similarly to the kitchen garbage disposal, it's necessary for your shower drain to be free of any clogged material. The shower drain is extremely prone to clogging with the excess hair flowing down as well as the thick shower products that wash down as well. They tend to create a very "goopy" and thick blockage. A great practice is to have the shower drain snaked by a plumber after a tenant moves out to help avoid any complaints during the next tenant's stay.If you're on the market for finding a reliable and knowledgeable plumber in the San Diego area, call us at California Plumbing SD today! We help with all residential and commercial properties!
*This blog is for general understanding and educational purposes only and should not be used in place of professional advice. Please contact a professional at California Plumbing SD for a consultation.


text:
Learn How To Draw Hair in 4 Simple Steps
Learning how to draw hair can seem like an overwhelming task. With so many strands of hair, it's difficult to know where to begin! In this tutorial, I'll show you how to draw hair in four simple steps. This easy-to-follow process will take the stress out of drawing realistic hair.
Drawing supplies for this project:
- 2H pencil (for light sketching)
- 2B pencil (for shading and detail)
- Sketchbook paper
- Eraser (for rubbing out sketch lines)
- Optional: Blending stump or Q-tip (for blending shading)
Step One: Focus on shapes
The bulk of the hair consists of thousands of individual strands. Even if we could see all the strands, they would be very time-consuming to draw. The key to drawing hair is to break it down into simple shapes.
First, lightly draw the outline of the hair's overall shape using a lighter pencil like a 2H. Then, draw the shapes that make up the sections of hair. Sections of hair form when the individual strands clump together in curls or waves. For long wavy hair, these sections often look like long 's' shapes. If you are working from a photograph, take your time and draw the main shapes that you see. Think of the sections as puzzle pieces that fit together.
Last Updated September 2022
Create portraits that actually look like the person you are drawing! | By Emily ArmstrongExplore Course
Step Two: Show the direction of the hair
Now, add the direction of the hair inside each shape. Use the flicking motion with your pencil to add a few lines that follow the flow of the hair in each section. This will help to create the natural waviness and movement of the hair. It is important to keep your lines very light until we add shading in the next step.
How to use a flicking motion:
Draw long fluid lines, working from your elbow to move your hand smoothly across the paper. Allow your pencil marks to fade to a thin point as you release the pencil from the paper at the end of each line ending with the "flick" motion.
Step Three: Find light and dark areas
At this point, we can start adding some simple shading. To create depth in the hair, we need to shade light, middle, and dark tonal values. First, draw shapes for the highlights (where the light hits the hair directly). Leave these highlighted areas blank so the white of paper comes through. Next, find the mid-tones and dark areas of the hair to shade. Use a 2B pencil to shade with. If you prefer a smooth look, you could use a blending stump or Q-tip to soften your shading. In our example, the darkest areas are around the face and directly under the layered hair sections.
Top courses in Drawing
Don't worry about it looking perfect yet. We can call this the "ugly stage" of the drawing! Our goal is to add in the values by using simple shapes that show white highlights, the gray middle areas, and the really dark areas as shapes.
Step Four: Add pattern to show the texture of the hair
Once we have depth in the hair, then we can think about how to show the strands of hair. Instead of drawing single hairs, we can use a pattern to create the illusion of lots of strands of hair. Use a sharp 2B pencil for this step to create darker details over your shading.
Use a flicking motion to add lines that start from the darkest areas and fade out in the lightest areas. Follow the direction of the hair. As your pencil leaves the page at the end of each "flick," it should leave a narrow, sharp point. Don't overdo the pattern, and make sure each section still has a highlight area.
Add more shading to the hair as needed. Be careful to keep the light and dark values in the correct place. If the hair is brunette or black, add light shading to the highlight areas and heavier shading to the shadow areas. This will help the viewer understand that the hair color is darker.
To finish, add a few light flyaway strands of hair for a natural and more realistic look.
I hope this tutorial has shown you that drawing hair doesn't have to be an intimidating process! You can use these steps to draw all different kinds of hair: short, long, blonde, black, straight, curly, or wavy! The steps are essentially the same. However, the shapes and the tonal values will vary. Be sure to check out these famous drawings of hair by other artists: Leonardo DaVinci and Albrecht Durer. Keep practicing, and if you want to learn more about how to draw other elements of a portrait, check out these tutorials on how to draw lips and eyes. You can also check out my other blog article on how to draw realistic noses or watch the YouTube tutorial below. Plus, there are many other drawing courses available to take through Udemy.


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2020 ,مارچ 17
Prime Minister Imran Khan on Tuesday urged the nation not to panic, telling them to act responsibly as the novel coronavirus continues to spread across the country. Telling the nation not to panic, the prime minister said that the virus was dangerous for old people since it attacked their already-weakened immune system. PM Imran urged people not to panic, saying that 97% of the affectees recovered from the virus. He paid tribute to the Government of Balochistan and the Pakistan Army for ensuring that pilgrims arriving from Taftan were quarantined. PM Imran said that the government was following the coronavirus situation closely.
The prime minister spoke about the coronavirus situation around the world, saying that the US, Italy and England have reacted differently to the virus. However, he said that Pakistan cannot afford the same response as European countries. "Our economic situation is very fragile," he said. "If we close down the country, what will happen to the poor? People will die of hunger here," he said. PM Imran said that his government took the difficult decision to prohibit public gatherings and ban events where public showed up in huge numbers such as the Pakistan Super League 2020.
Put it in your heads, the coronavirus will spread: PM Imran
The prime minister said that while the government and people will have to take precautions, he said that people should know that the virus will spread. "Get it through your heads, the virus will spread," he said during the address.
The prime minister said that an economic committee will determine how the government can cope with the coronavirus situation. PM Imran said that he feared food prices will once again rise as profiteers and hoarders will once again resume illicit activities. "I want to warn these people [profiteers, hoarders] not to make money from the people's misery," he said. "The state will take stern action against you."
He said that the virus was spreading in countries and the government was studying responses of other governments and how they were acting to eliminate the pandemic. Be responsible; avoid large gatherings and shaking hands: PM Imran
The prime minister urged people to join hands with the government in its 'war' against the novel infection and act responsibly. He urged people to avoid large gatherings and refrain from shaking hands with each other. PM Imran urged the nation not to panic and said that every person should not get himself/herself tested based on only mild flu symptoms. He said that testing kits should be used for only people who were really suffering from the novel virus. "Aap ne ghabrana nahi hai [You don't need to panic]," he said. "It is our belief that life and death are in the hands of Allah." He praised the efforts of doctors and nurses and said that the government will help them in their 'Jihad' against the coronavirus. PM Imran said that he understood the plight of overseas Pakistanis at this hour, especially the Pakistani students who were stranded in Wuhan. The prime minister addressed the country's Ulema and said that it was their responsibility to play a positive role in the crisis.


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(WXYZ) — Canterbury Village in Lake Orion is trying something new amid the coronavirus pandemic. Beginning Thursday, they'll start drive-in movies.
According to Canterbury Village, people can come enjoy movies from their car with adequate social distancing between cars.
The village said that only 165 cars will be allowed and each car will be given a 20-foot wide space to keep a safe distance between them. The movies will be played through your car radio.
There will also be food for sale from the C Pub that can be delivered right to your car.
Tickets will go on sale at 6 p.m. Monday and are available online only. They will be available at the Facebook event page, and are $20 per car, per movie shown. After each showing you must exit to get ready for the next showing.
More details on the Facebook event page.
Here's a list of the movies and showtimes for this week:
Thursday April 30
2:00 Jumanji - The Next Level
5:30 The Lion King (SOLD OUT)
8:15 Jumanji - The Next Level (SOLD OUT)
Friday, May 1
1:00 Frozen II
3:20 Secret Life of Pets 2
5:30 Secret Life of Pets 2 (SOLD OUT)
8:15 Spider-Man: Far From Home (SOLD OUT)
Saturday, May 2
10:15 AM Dolittle
1:00 Avengers: Endgame
5:00 Dolittle (SOLD OUT)
8:00 Knives out (SOLD OUT)
Sunday, May 3
10:15 AM Toy Story 4
1:00 Star Wars - The Rise of Skywalker
5:00 Toy Story 4 (SOLD OUT)
7:30 Captain Marvel (SOLD OUT)
Monday, May 4
5:00 Dolittle
8:00 Knives out
Tuesday, May 5
5:00 Toy Story 4
7:30 Captain Marvel
Due to overwhelming demand, Canterbury added two more shows.
10:15 AM Dolittle
10:15 AM Toy Story 4
Additional Coronavirus information and resources:
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Today being the last day of the year and all I took a leisurely morning. First of all I woke up late, we're talking 9:45 late, took my shower and then had an extra cup of coffee while reading the papers. I watched the birds from the window. It was like a convention of birds. One feeder had five goldfinches while other birds hovered just outside of it waiting for their seats at the counter. I felt bad for the doves as I had nothing for them. I have to go to Agway later to get Gracie food, sunflower seeds and thistle so I'll also pick up a bag of assorted seeds to throw down for the doves. I'm so glad I filled the feeders the other day as the birds aren't likely to find anything to eat with the snow.
Nope, I haven't made a single resolution. Last year was a great year, and I didn't make any resolutions then either. I'll just let my life meander. That seems to work just fine.
I would like a trip this new year, but I have to go somewhere close and cheap. The last two Ghana trips depleted my savings, and I need some time to rebuild. Also, I'd like one more trip to Ghana, probably my last, in a couple of years, and that's another reason for close and cheap. My friends Bill and Peg are going back to Ghana and Bolga in the fall. They mentioned that Duane, another volunteer with us from way back, would also like to go Ghana but he hasn't yet planned the when. He was posted about 100 miles from us in Tamale, and I used to see him on my trips there, to the "big" city. He'll have a bit of culture shock when he sees how big Tamale has gotten. It even has a store which sells real cheese.
I have no plans for tonight. My sister and I were laughing about that. In the old days, neither one of us would have been caught dead at home on New Year's Eve. We'd be partying some place or many places, and we'd be wearing those silly hats and blowing horns. Tonight I'll celebrate at home and be quite content. I'm thinking a bit of champagne and maybe even some shrimp. Just because I'm home doesn't mean I can't spoil myself!
Happy New Year, my friends. May this year be the best year!


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Before I start rambling, I realise that this is highly irregular for thoughtsramble to even consider recapping an American series. But there you have it, I'm all ready to start rambling (in fact I'm reallyyy impatient to do so). I understand that most recaps are out there already, since this episode was released quite some time ago, and fans should be ready to watch it the moment it's uploaded, but whatever, I figured that I need a place to rant and fangirl, so yup!
And omg I loveeee this episode. If you have watched it already, comment! If not, WHAT ARE YOU WAITING FOR:D
The episode starts out with the four girls doing their community service, and some jibes from the other girls doing the service revealed to the audience that the police couldn't do anything with the evidence because it was insufficient to prove that the girls were guilty. One of the girls commented that the police was stupid and Emily pricked, but Spencer told her not to talk to the girls. Emily told her that she would talk to who she wanted to, and asked if she had given thought to her idea.
Basically, Emily's for making a deal with A with the solid evidence that they had. Spencer, Aria and Hanna wanted to keep their way out of this whole A thing since they didn't need any more mess. Emily started insulting Spencer in a not so subtle manner, that her parents wouldn't stop at pinning the blame on the three girls just to save Spencer's innocence. This got Emily and Spencer into a fight and they got two more weeks of community service tagged.
Hanna stalked out from her kitchen when Emily entered and Ashley commented gently that she thought the tension should have thawed after a month, but Emily replied she didn't think Hanna and the other girls wanted that. A fax came in for Emily and she smiled after reading what was on the papers.
Mike and Aria were walking on the streets and Mike was happy about his new therapist. They ran into Ezra and Aria got Mike to throw her finished cup of coffee into the bin while she made use of the chance to talk to Ezra. The thing is, she had been kind of avoiding him in that month and Ezra wanted to know what's wrong. She told him she didn't want him to be in trouble and then Mike came back, so they went on their separate paths.
Spencer saw Garrett and commented that "Timing is everything." Garrett asked if she meant something else, and she feigned ignorance while continuing that it's just how strange that after they were found with the shovel, Garrett and Jenna held hands and made their relationship public. Garett replied, "Just because two things happen at the same time doesn't mean that they are connected." "Oh yeah you would know about connections." "Again, is that supposed to mean something?" Spencer hinted not-so-subtly at the connections between him, Jenna, Jason and Ian, "like a club." She asked about Jason, and we realise that Jason had disappeared in that month.
Still believing that Spencer was the one with Ezra, Aria's mum was very cold towards Spencer when she handed in her extra credits report. Spencer knocked into Emily and didn't apologise very sincerely, so Emily knocked over her stack of books too. They almost started fighting, then Aria's mum stopped them and they picked up their history books in a grumpy silence. Then, Emily got a text, "You were always my favourite. Want to make a deal?" — A. Emily walked up to the board and circled the word, 'Yes'.
Aria confided in Hanna about how she couldn't talk to Ezra when she ran into him, and Hanna comforted her by saying that they had to slay one dragon at a time. They ran into Emily, but didn't exchange any greetings.
Emily walked back to her locker, and read a note hidden inside the history book. It said, "10 tonight," and the book belonged to Spencer Hastings. Aha, I knew something was up. There was definitely no way you could pull these four girls apart so easily like that.
Lucas had been helping Hanna get rid of all the photos online, showing her in the orange jumpsuit picking rubbish. She wanted Lucas to show her, but turned away and said she couldn't do it.
Before turning back and getting Lucas to show her. Hahaha, my favourite character.
Lucas cheered her up by saying that everyone just wanted to look at a pretty girl and Hanna retorted that she didn't look pretty. Lucas replied that she did, in a post-apocalyptic manner. Lol~
Spencer returned home to find Toby waiting for her.
Toby was so sweet!!! Toby made a rocking chair, just for her, but Spencer, while visibly touched, didn't want to take it and told him to worry about his sister and the cop boyfriend, instead of worrying over her. Toby was hurt and he drove away in silence.
Emily went to the greenhouse that night, and she shone her light around. Aria appeared and so did the other girls. It was a trick! They pretended that Spencer and Emily were quarrelling with each other, just so that A would take the bait and try to make a deal with Emily.
They couldn't believe they succeeded, and Hanna's worried that Emily was doing this alone, but Aria said that the three of them would be waiting outside. The four of them talked about a plan which was going to happen the next day and would make A believe that Emily had the evidence that Jason had. Hanna expressed doubts that A would follow Emily but Spencer replied, "Absolutely." Emily smiled, "I'm the weakest link, and the weakest link wants some pay back."
Oooooh I lovee it. I was totally going I KNEW IT and I'm excited to see what pretence they are going to play the next day.
Hanna came home with Lucas, and saw Caleb.
And er she ran towards him happily and started kissing him.
And they just kept going on
and on, while Lucas stared awkwardly. I went YAYYY at the sweet romance and awww with Lucas.
At the swim meet, Toby came to ask Emily what's wrong with her and Spencer but Emily told him to ask Spencer herself and walked away. Toby grabbed her arm, "Emily, don't you shut me off too…" Aww D: She told him that she's not shutting him out.
"It's just not a good time for any of us, Toby" I love it that Toby really treasures the friendship he has with Emily, because to me, friendship is just as important as romance. I almost didn't root for Toby x Spencer because I thought he was going to forget about Emily!
Aria went into Ezra's office to return a book and took out the piece of paper she had originally left inside. Jackie came up from behind her and Aria told her she was just returning a book. She smiled fake-ly, "Returning a book. I saw," and took the paper from her, "I can show this to your father too. You think I won't do what I promise? This is your game. You picked the rules." The door slammed and there was Ezra, looking furiously at Jackie.
Phew. Finally, some action in Ezra. This relationship is going too slow for my liking.
Ezra finally realised why Aria avoided him all month and Aria told him that she was afraid for him since Jackie threatened to destroy him. He told her that he should have tried harder to tell her mother the other time at the station but Aria understood that he had tried his best. She touched his face gently, and told him she had to go. Ezra said, "I'm not going to let Jackie destroy anything or anybody" Aria turned and replied that Jackie meant what she said, but Ezra looked at her, "You still trust me?" "Yeah I do…" "Then there's something you and I need to do this afternoon."
Yess finally.
Swim meet began, Caleb came out to find Lucas being intolerant to the chlorine.
Lucas asked about his family and Caleb said that it still felt like an exchange but he liked them and they liked him so it's good. "So are you moving back?" "Hmm, it's complicated." He told Lucas that he wanted to finish the school year in Rosewood and Lucas said he's welcome to stay with him, "I'm just wondering how long you will be around." and that "You don't owe me anything." Caleb was like, "Are you kidding, if not for you, none of this would have happened."
He assured Lucas that any plans he made, he would know, and that he didn't need to worry about Hanna.
Hmm, this feels vaguely like a triangle romance like all dramas. Except I loveee the main couple and that I like the second lead (Lucas) too, and there's no way Lucas is ever going to forget Hanna completely but he's kinda buddies with Caleb. What a situation!
The swim meet ended and Hanna came out asking Spencer where Aria was. Aria came to them and just right on timing, Emily came out of the doors and went up to Spencer, "Okay, it's every man for himself. I want the box that Jason gave Aria." Spencer told her that she's not going to get it, "It's hidden, and it stays hidden until I want it found."
Is it just me who loves it that while this was going on, Lucas, Caleb
And Toby all saw and heard it??
Okay, there was Garrett too.
I don't know, I love it because I really want to see any of the guys being involved in the secret. I would love for them to find out themselves or for the girls to confide in them. It wasn't as if being privy to the 'quarrel' would bring them any closer to the secret, but I just like it that Caleb and Toby are now more part of it, than simply the girls' boyfriends.
Emily smiled at Spencer, "You forget, we all learn how to keep secrets from the same person. Good luck," and she walked away. A few seconds later, she received a text, "See you tonight, BFF!" — A.
Ezra finally stood in front of The Parents, and told them that he loved their daughter.
Aria went forward and stood next to him, while the parents got increasingly angry. Aria's dad asked Ezra to leave the house, "End of conversation," but Ezra kept trying. Aria wanted her dad to just listen and then the mum joined in, "No Aria." It looks like Fitz and Montgomery were going to get into a fight, and Mike knew it too so he stepped in and punched Ezra. Aria told Ezra that it was better he leave.
That night, the parents talked over it and Aria's mum questioned aloud what Aria was thinking to get together with a teacher (hinting at the affair that her husband had). Aria's dad was like this wasn't about Aria but about what Ezra did, and "he should have ended it." Aria's mum gave him a pointed look and he shut up. Exactly. Dude, I shall not be understanding and putting myself in your shoes here. Just let me be a whiny viewer: Hello?? You had an affair with your own student. Worse still, you had an affair with your STUDENT while you had a wife and two kids. And now you want to kick up a fuss because Ezra loves Aria and she loves him?
Aria came down and told them not to decide anything in one night, over something she herself hadn't yet figured out. She told them that she loved them, and "I love him too." They sent her back into her room for the night. Hanna called Spencer to tell her that Emily had left her house ten minutes ago. Spencer opened her door and Toby walked in. Hanna walked to her door, and her mum told her she couldn't leave because her father's here and wanted to talk to her.
While Emily drove to the meeting point (thinking that she had the three others to back her up), Toby told Spencer, "You can't treat Emily like that." "What is going on, is between me and Emily, so just forget it–" "Forget it? I'm just going to watch two people I care about rip into each other?" Spencer told him to just stay out of it, and he got frustrated, "Stay out what? After everything that has happened, how can you just stand there and tell me that there's something that I'm not supposed to know about." He asked her about the night she found the shovel and told her he believed her when she had said that someone had tricked them into finding it. Seeing the four of them quarrel that day, he felt like Ali was still running things and that Spencer sounded exactly like her. "Jenna always said that you wanted to get Ali down, replace her. I didn't believe her, until now."
She told him that she couldn't deal with it now and that "Don't ask me now, ask me after the night." "What changes is one night going to make??" "It could change everything and I need you to promise me that you won't follow me." She looked into his eyes with determination.
I love this quarrel. It's really intense, good acting&music and it shows how much Toby cares for Spencer.
Ashley congratulated Hanna's dad on his marriage and he informed her that they were going to move back into Rosewood. Hanna couldn't believe it, "Kate is going to be in Rosewood?" "Yes she is." "Dad, how can you do this to me?"
Ashley said that it was because Tom loved her and wanted to be near her, but Tom didn't make any reply.
Emily went into the greenhouse first and after a while, Spencer sent a text telling her not to go in yet. She continued flashing her light around and we see a shadow dart around the greenhouse. Aria needed to get her way out of the house and Mike brought her to his room. He showed her his secret escape route from his window and apologised for hitting Ezra's face, "When I saw Dad's face, I figured…better me than him." Whoo, I knew it, that Mike's gonna be a lovable character.
Emily turned around to take out the box and when she turned back, the figure was there. She walked towards him/her and her eyes darted to the side. She talked to the person, saying that he/she was afraid that they had found something in the box. "Something about you. Do you want to know what we found? Do you want to see what you are afraid of?"
Aaahh Emily's thinking that the three girls were just out there, but they were not! So thinking that they were going to pop out saving her, she continued, "Nothing. We found nothing. We lied to you and you believed us. That, was your mistake."
The figure started attacking Emily and she ran away, only to be throttled by him/her. Luckily, Aria and Spencer came in time and they cornered him/her. S/he was smart and threw a pot up towards the roof, so that it would break and shatter the glass upon Aria and Spencer. They quickly ran after him and as the music builds to a climax, the person ran out and got knocked by Hanna's car. S/he was fine though and continued running, while the four girls gave chase but they lost him/her in the end. Spencer was frustrated, "We got nothing! We got nothing!"
Hanna asked if it was Garrett or Jenna and Emily said she didn't know. "A boy or a girl?" "I don't know!" "Okay, any sense of boobs?" "Hanna!" "What! It could be important!"
Spencer saw something on the ground and her face froze.
As her flashlight picked up a cell phone on the ground, she walked around it and said it wasn't hers. The other girls replied the same thing, and Aria asked, "Do you think, when the person bounced off Hanna's car…" Spencer continued with an excited smile, 'That's A's cell phone."
And we see A finally realising that s/he dropped the phone. S/he was furious.
-the end-
I love this episode!! I didn't mean to write in so many details but I just couldn't help myself. And is it me just thinking too much or what, because I'm starting to wish that they finding the cell phone means that Caleb's going to be involved in this. There's going to be a password to crack and everything, and Caleb's thereeee to help them! Of course I wouldn't want Caleb to be dead, oh no, but this is so exciting!
This episode moves the plot by leaps and I really love the bit how the four girls are keeping a secret to the entire public, even to their parents. They pretend so well that Spencer and Emily are at odds, but they are actually working together, stronger than ever. And there's nothing I like more than to see strong friendship, if you haven't figured that out yet:P
I'm not sure if I will continue doing this, but I enjoy writing about it. So we shall see!
And it's sooo awesome to see Caleb and Hanna again. Toby's just plain sweet! I love how he stood up for Emily but aww, I hope he's not too disappointed in Spencer.
Next week!


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Awesomenovel Cultivation Online update – Chapter 425 Core Disciple earn effect to you-p1
Novel–Cultivation Online–Cultivation Online
Chapter 425 Core Disciple sleep decide
"W-How come you thanking me? I barely educated you a single thing. The truth is, I ought to be the 1 thanking you…" Elder Shan was used aback.
"All the best available, Yuan, and even more importantly, keep protected." Elder Shan believed to him.
Lengthy Yijun reported since he retrieved a group of outfits designed for Key Disciples and inserted it on the kitchen table ahead of him.
Elder Shan then switched to check out Yuan's vanishing determine in the yardage.
Xuan Wuhan sighed, "It really is just what is it… We have already mentioned my goodbyes. Even I don't get the guts to method him soon after what actually transpired just now. I am going to need to have not less than a few months to recoup."
"Haha… You underestimate him, Wuhan. Yuan… He's a special other who's also quite naive and harmless. He probably won't know the that means behind your actions if you do not show him direct."
"Below to mention farewell?" Elder Xuan welcomed him with a smile on the front door.
"I might give you a farewell surprise, nevertheless i really don't understand what to offer you, as nearly anything I give you would end up outdated or ineffective right away understanding your insane skills and development, especially when you visit the Character Heavens."
Ultimately, Yuan came back towards the Sect Master's head office.
"Listed here to mention adios?" Elder Xuan welcomed him that has a laugh in the front door.
"Disciple Yuan? Are you needing anything from me? And you also don't have to worry about distressing us. I'm not really lecturing them," she believed to him.
"Have a great time available, Yuan, and above all, remain safe." Elder Shan thought to him.
If she acquired these kinds of boldness, what could her problem be like right this moment?
If she experienced these kinds of boldness, what can her condition be like today?
Xuan Wuhan sighed, "It is actually what is it… I had already stated my goodbyes. Even I don't hold the guts to strategy him after what happened just now. I am going to require not less than a few months to recuperate."
"Master… what was that about? Why did he ensure it is appear like he'll be abandoning the sect?" One among her disciples inquired.
Yuan and Elder Xuan proceeded to invest a short while chatting collectively.
At some time afterwards, Yuan attended go to the other substantial-position sect elders despite spending very little time together.
Prolonged Yijun's voice resounded just after Yuan knocked about the doorstep.
Scouting with Daniel Boone
In the meantime, Yuan attended locate Elder Shan with the Blossom Maximum.
Elder Shan couldn't assist but laugh following listening to Yuan's thoughts, and she spoke in a enchanting voice, "Have you been attempting to courtroom me before you leave? It's operating pretty very well. But alas, only if I found myself just a little more radiant."
Elder Shan suddenly stepped forward together with her hands distributed.
"Eh?" Yuan was confused by her words. What have she imply by 'courting' her?
"Do whatever you desire, I guess…" Elder Xuan said to her, and immediately after finis.h.i.+ng his herbal tea, he left her position.
Xuan Wuhan sighed, "It is exactly what is it… We have already explained my goodbyes. Even I don't provide the guts to method him just after what actually transpired just now. I will will need at the least a few months to recuperate."
Prolonged Yijun investigated the uniform for just a moment well before speaking with a smile on his face, "Ensure that it stays."
Elder Shan then converted to view Yuan's vanishing physique on the range.
"Disciple Yuan? Do you need everything from me? So you don't have to bother about unsettling us. I'm certainly not lecturing them," she believed to him.
"You don't need to deliver everything. I had already obtained enough of your stuff and everybody else in this particular sect."
"W-Exactly why are you saying thanks to me? I barely trained you everything. In reality, I ought to be the a single thanking you…" Elder Shan was consumed aback.
Long Yijun's voice resounded soon after Yuan knocked over the front door.
"Master… what was that about? Why does he make it feel like he'll be leaving the sect?" One of her disciples requested.
"I really hope to check out you at least one additional time before you leave to the Nature Paradise," she explained.
"Hahaha… I've only delivered you to sites, and also it was my occupation. You don't have to give thanks to me."
'The girls during the farming world… They can be truly bold…' Meixiu sighed inwardly.
Lengthy Yijun's speech resounded immediately after Yuan knocked in the doorstep.
"Will you be sure about this conclusion?"


text:
My mission was two-fold. Hike up a small mountain and capture a one minute video to post on a work website next week, and retrieve a game camera so we can download the photos and then place in a different location.
And so it was that on this brisk morning, snow-capped Mount Washington greeted me. If you zoom in, you might see the buildings at the summit.
Because I was at a different summit that I frequent, I knew I had to check on the activity of the local residents and wasn't disappointed. First, I followed their trails, where leaves are well packed. Those led to trees, but no downed nip twigs as one might expect. That could only mean one thing–there are still plenty of acorns on the ground for them to eat. Because I was searching, however, I was thrilled to discover one sign that the season is changing. I knew that by the five layers I was wearing, but the stripped bark and cambium layer of a birch indicated the same. A porcupine's diet varies with the offerings and part of their winter dining includes just this. Notice, too, the pattern of the incisor marks. Such a design thrills me no matter how often I encounter it.
One of the porky trails led into a crevice below where I stood. It was there that I caught the first glimpse of icicles and knew I had to climb down. My route wasn't the same as the porcupine's for I'm not quite as nimble on rocks and slippery leaves.
But, with grace, I descended and made the surprise discovery of Mount Rushmore East. At least, that's how the rock faces looked to my eyes.
But seriously, I wanted to spy the icicles from below and they became the inspiration for next week's GLLT Moment.
That wasn't all I wanted to spy and I wasn't disappointed for the trail of scat indicated one potential den site.
And more scat led to another. I suspect those aren't the only two, but I wanted to keep moving, such was the temp.
That said, right beside the second porcupine den, I found a small hole in the ground capped in hoar frost and suspected that someone was inside. It seemed a bit larger than a chipmunk hole. Maybe a squirrel? Or a weasel? Or even, the porcupine's den vent?
While those choices rolled around in my brain, I climbed up the ledges and made my way down the trail until it intersected with another. Eventually, water once again stopped me as it often does.
Only two weeks ago the temperatures in western Maine were in the 60˚s and 70˚s, but the past few days have been chilly and already dancing elephant legs are forming over sticks that dangle above moving streams.
Even the froth created by the friction of the stream's movement had frozen in place.
I stopped a few more times, but finally reached the spot that was my second intention of the day. While exploring in this area a couple of week's ago with several Greater Lovell Land Trust docents, we noticed beaver trees. The work looked rather recent and so we set up a game cam in hopes of getting a view of the perpetrator.
Today's visit, however, showed no fresh work on this tree.
And a skim of ice indicated no one had recently walked out of the water. I snagged the camera and dropped it at the office so the photos can be downloaded. I hope they reveal more than a few test pics of us homo sapiens.
It was while heading back to my truck that this splash of color caught my attention. Notice the Striped Maple leaf on the mushroom–they are like a matched set. I've been torn in my identification between an Artist's Conk and a Red-belted Polypore, whose belt is not always red.
But more important than identification was presentation. And the knowledge that the middle mushroom grew when the tree was still standing, while the others fruited after the tree had fallen, for mushrooms must always orient toward the ground, the better to spread one's spores, of course.
My final sighting of the day, that still has me smiling, occurred in the middle of the adventure, but I wanted to save it for last. Do you see what I saw?
How about now?
Surely now you can.
Who cooks for me? I wish this Barred Owl would, for I must now prepare dinner. But that's okay because I'll take him with into the kitchen in spirit and give thanks that I had the opportunity to spend a few minutes with him . . . all in a day's work.


text:
Certified Tutor
Hello! My name is Sai and I am a sophomore at Emory University studying Economics and Global Health. I am a native of Edison, New Jersey and a graduate of John P. Stevens High School. Going through the college application process is nothing if not stressful, but after a few years of analyzing my mistakes and observing others, there are many things that I wish I had known earlier. I am here to provide assistance to high school students looking to excel and meet their goals. It is difficult to meet the expectations of top colleges and universities, but with me in your corner, I hope that burden gets a little lighter.
Undergraduate Degree: Emory University - Bachelor of Science, Economics
ACT Composite: 35
ACT English: 36
ACT Math: 36
ACT Reading: 35
ACT Science: 33
Global health, basketball, House of Cards, Game of Thrones, Bojack Horseman, A Capella group (No Strings Attached), breakdancing, reading
ASVAB Prep
Elementary School Writing
High School Economics
High School English
High School Writing
Vocal Training


text:
Vertical lines. Wood and concrete, moss. Sun and shadow. Where am I?
Let's pull back a little. Grids. A window. Am I? Am I?
I am! I'm at my favorite pair of garages on a cold but sunny winter morning.
Scratcher of heads, rubber of bellies
Starting to get some nibbles in the job search but all so far will require a move, the odds that we can stay in our house aren't zero but nearly so. One thing we'll likely get no matter where we end up is a double-car garage, something I've missed in the last 16 years as we have a small single-car garage. Many houses in this old neighborhood don't have garages at all, but this is one of the rare doubles. I'm rather worn out from the job search, compounding the emotional toil is the time investment for researching these opportunities, I haven't taken a full day off in a while. I haven't been out hiking since the layoffs at the start of November but I'm hoping that will change if not this week than the next.
My favorite pair of garages, I've photographed them before in spring and winter, now the fall.
The evidence doesn't lie.
There are a bunch of courtyard dwellings in our neighborhood that were apparently built in the heyday of the streetcar era. It's interesting how they adapted as we gave our cities over to the automobile, Avon Manor (which I think was built in the late 1920's) is fairly unique in having a central garage with a shared entrance that sits just below street level. I love the archway and the little bits of art, but it was especially beautiful on this snowy winter day.


text:
Meet Teresa Lebowitz
I am the Glenn College representative in the Undergraduate Student Government (USG).
As a senator in USG's General Assembly, I represent the policy interests of the undergraduate Glenn student population, meet with my constituents and cast votes on resolutions in a way that will benefit my constituency. I also write resolutions based on the needs and wants of Glenn students.
I am a third year student majoring in Public Management, Leadership and Policy
I love the Glenn College because it truly feels like a community. Everyone within Page Hall is enthusiastic about their policy interests and willing to transcend great lengths to enact change. Being in classes with such extraordinary people is a constant inspiration for me, and a reason I love representing Glenn Students.
Get Involved in USG
USG is a wonderful place to meet with like-minded people and work on policy initiatives.