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Time of Erection. Noticed in the Beauties. St. Andrew's church,
{P.57–58. Newcastle ............ S Church of Hexham....
am Reigns of Henry I. P. 161 – 164, with a
and Henry II... { print.
Southwell Minster ...................................P: 257–262.
Church of Einpingham ............................P. 95, with a print.
of Tickencote, / (parts of chancel).... } ****
{P.97-98. of Little Caster. Probably the reign Spu ton, (nortb aisle)...... of Henry II. 1 ." .
Remains of the Abbey 2 church of Shrews.
...P. 90-92, with a print. bury ........... Church of St. Mary,
SP. 100-105, with a Shrewsbury..............)
? print. Parish church of Wen
P. 202. lock ........................ S Church of Shiffnal.............. .....................P. 304.
Church of Churcb.
churches, besides those noticed as conspicuous instances. Among such must be mentioned the churches of Castor ; Burnack; Earlo-Barton; Burnwell: Twywell, and Spritton.
• This county affords several specimens of Anglo-Norman ecclesiastical architecture. The following churches are noticed by Mr. Wilkins, in the twelfth volume of Archæologia: Westall; Cookley; Walpole ; Mettingham; Herringfleet; and Gisleham. In the same volume are engraved detailed specimens of various parts of those structures ; geometrical plans, and sectional forms of the mouldings, &c.
+ Mr. Warton (Hist. of Kiddington, edit. 2nd p. 4. and note) presents some observations respecting this church which it may be desirable to transcribe ;-" The old Norman built parochial churches seldom consisted of more than one aisle, or pace. The most curious one with aisles that I recollect, I mean as complete in its first plan, although small, is the church of Steyning, Susser. The middle aisle has on each side four Norman round arches, zig-zagged, surmounted with as many round-headed small windows The two side aisles are much, and disproportionately, lower, as was the custom. The roof is of rafter." In the Beauties for Sussex, the church of Steyning is said to be in the Saron style. This is one of the numerous misrepresentations arising from the want of a clear and established Nomenclature of our ancient architecture.
Time of Erection. Noticed in the Beauties. St. John's church, De) Probably in the SP. 425 - 428, with a vizes,(chancel,tower,
tower, 1 reign of Henry I.) and transept) .........)
print. St. Mary's church, De- Probably soon after {P. 428_429.
vizes, (chancel)....... ) the Conquest. ? Church of KingtonSt. Michael ...........
....... } P. 576-577. Malmsbury Abbey
church,' (already
modes are blended). Church of Little Bed.) win ....................... S
......................... 3 P. 692. Avebury church...........
..........P. 714-715. Calne church ....................................
Parts of Ripon Minster............ ..............P. 685-689.
of Halifax (some > Probably in the So, parts). ..... ............ / reign of Henry I. 1"."
• This large and fine county contains numerous specimens of Anglo-Norman architecture ; but the difficulty of compressing various particulars of in. formation into the comparatively small compass necessarily prescribed by the design of the " Beauties of England," has prevented the author from en. tering into minute architectural disquisitions.
Time of Erection. Noticed in the Beauties. Trinity Church, Sher-IR field ..................... }
" Reign of Henry 1. {P. 817—818. Church of St. George, į Supposed of the į P. 849 – 850, with a
Doncaster (east end). ) age of William I. { print.
Llanercost Priory, ?
SP. 124 – 126, with a CUMBERLAND ....... 3
print. St. Botolph's_Priory, 1 1103-1116.
į P.' 315 – 317, with a Colchester, Essex...
print. St. Augustine's Abbey, I
SP. 882 – 889, with a Canterbury, Kent.. )"
{ print. Horton Priory, Kent........
P. 1131. Croyland Abbey, Lin.) Probaby
{P. 745-749. COLNSHIRE,(part of). } 1113-1150. Priory of St. Leonard's, near Stamford, Lin
P. 797. colnshire ............... Llanthony Abbey, 3 12th century
SP. 80–85, with two en. MONMOUTHSHIRE ..
2 gravings. Castle Acre Priory,
Part 1085
SP. 300 - 301, with a NORFOLK ............... - 1148. 2 print. Walsingham Priory,
P. 312 - 314, with a Norfolk (part)........
? print. Binham Priory, Nor. Probably in the Ť
folk....................... reign of Henry I. 3 P. 315, with a print. Lindisfarne monastery,'
} P. 228- 230. NORTHUMBERLAND. Brinkburn Priory, Nor
{P. 190. thuinberland .......... S Priory of Tynemouth, í Greater part in the SP. 80 - 87, with a
Northumberland ..... ) 12th century. I print.
1080. P. 200. . SHIR....................) Buildwas Abbey,Shrop-i 1135 probably SP. 193 — 195, with a shire..................... S
to 1160.
? print. Haughmond Abbey,
SP.' 179 – 182, with a Shropshire .............. S
"7 print.
• According to a currection appended to the fourth volunue of Britton's Architectural Antiquities, Lindisfarne should be described as situated in the sonnty of Durbam.
Time of Erection. Noticed in the lieuuties. Glastonbury Abbey, 7 Probably about SOMERSETSHIRE(SI.
P. 502, with a print.
1150. ) Joseph's chapel)......) Kirkstall Abbey, 1153, probably to / P. 798 -- 801, with a
YORKSHIRE........... 1190 ..............? print.
The ecclesiastical archilecture of WALES so closely assimilates, in progressive character and improvement, with that of England, that it scarcely requires separate notice in an endeavour to investigate the rise and history of the different styles of building observable in this island. On the subject of such an approximation, Sir Richard C. Hoare (our most judicious writer on the antiquities of this truly interesting principality) affords the subjoined comprehensive remarks:-"From the affinity of Eng. land to Wales, architecture seems to bave been nearly upon a level in each kingdoin; for as a particular species of this art rose up with us in England, imitations were very soon introduced into the neighbouring principality. This circumstance need not create much surprise, when we consider the near connexion that took place betweou the two countries, when our ancestors sojourned with the Welsh, we will not say, as absolute conquerors, but as authoritative visitors. Hence it becomes evident, how so great a similarity in architecture should prevail in both regions, thongh ever divided in private sentiments, if not in public professions ; . for in Cambria we find the saine mode of design, the saine de. grees of fine workmanship, the same decorative display, and the same good taste. Indeed, did we not know how the hearts of each peopled land were estranged by an original and deep-rooted hatred, we might, in considering the near-joined principle of art in each country, conclude, that in the pursuit of documents to illustrate this our architectural system, we traversed one and the same land."'*
Hoare Giraldus, VOL. II. p. 411.


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If I knew exactly what I know now and had it to do over, I'd be a switch hitter. No telling what I could have done. /exactly/ Hank Aaron quotes
To despise is not for everyone. [10/03/2020 12:10:23] More
Do not be economical with the kind words for friends, and lead - for enemies. [10/21/2020 06:10:13] More
Passion is looking for a way to bed, and love - the warmth and comfort of the hearth. [09/24/2020 11:09:33] More
Beauty has the name of a loved person; for a child, beauty is a mother, and for a man, beauty is a beloved woman. [10/12/2020 05:10:52] More
If you have, from destiny, got something, you must share it [09/25/2020 06:09:08] More

subset: commoncrawl


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Downloadable slot systems, which have been touted as the next great advancement in electronic gaming, could finally begin field trials in Nevada by the second half of 2006.
Nevada gaming regulators have produced a draft of technical standards that would govern the use of server-based gaming, which are posted on the Gaming Control Board's web site.
Public workshops on the technical standards were held at the end of 2005, and approval of the standards should come within the next few months.
Nevada officials point out, however, that nothing relative to server-based or "central determination" gaming has so far been approved.
They concede, however, that manufacturers have submitted server-based systems for review, but comments or even confirmation of the companies will not be forthcoming, not until their systems or devices have been approved by regulators.
Casino officials got a sneak preview of some of the downloadable systems at last September's Global Gaming Expo in Las Vegas.
IGT and Alliance Gaming unveiled a line of downloadable slots as part of a prototypical server-based gaming system. And WMS Gaming has struck a deal to acquire Cyberview Technology's cutting-edge server-based and downloadable gaming systems.
Unlike traditional slot machines, downloadable games use generic "terminals" that look like slot cabinets, but contain no game computers, EPROM chips or random number generators (RNGs).
Instead, slot games are downloaded into the terminals from a central server system. The technology allows the casino operator to choose from a library of hundreds of games, as well as a multitude of denominations and payback percentages.
Operators can also customize their game content by offering special incentives and bonuses to, say, slot club members, special customers and VIPs.
Some systems even allow the operator to pre-schedule what games he wants on the slot floor, depending on the time and day of the week, and what the player demographics are at various times during the week.
Server-based gaming is being used in venues outside the United States, including in about 9,000 terminals operated by Hilton Hotel casinos abroad.
Nevada's technical standards define central determination systems as either "system supported" or "system based" games. The standards also identify the generic terminals as "client stations," and lists rigorous standards about how software is transmitted to and from the stations.
Security and reliability have always been the major concerns of any server-based system, and the Nevada technical standards list a variety of checks and double-checks, firewall systems, authorization codes, secure interfaces, encrypted information, and other technological and accounting standards.
The ability to instantaneously change a slot terminal's content and alter the nature of the games has been an issue of concern for regulators, who need assurances that the system would not unfairly deceive players about what games they are getting.
Regulators are also concerned that central-server systems could be vulnerable to computer hacking or other interruption in their operation.
Thus the need for a comprehensive body of technical standards, which can be altered by regulators in the wake of public hearings.


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Wednesday, October 21, 2020
Alien Tort Statute lawsuit filed based on killing of Jamal Khashoggi
Cengiz v. Bin Salman was filed yesterday in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. The suit is based on the killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi in 2018. The plaintiffs invoke, among other things, the Alien Tort Statute and the Torture Victim Protection Act.
Spencer Hsu and Kareem Fahim have this story in the Washington Post.
Here's the full complaint:
Download Cengiz Complaint (D.D.C.)
October 21, 2020 in Federal Courts, In the News, International/Comparative Law | Permalink | Comments (0)
Monday, October 19, 2020
Interesting Issues in Today's SCOTUS Cert Grants
Today's Supreme Court order list contained some high-profile grants of certiorari that include some interesting federal courts issues.
Wolf v. Innovation Law Lab involves a challenge to the Trump administration's "Remain in Mexico" policy, which had been enjoined by lower federal courts. One of the four questions presented is "[w]hether the district court's universal preliminary injunction is impermissibly overbroad."
Trump v. Sierra Club involves the Trump administration's diversion of Department of Defense (DoD) funds to build portions of a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border. The first question presented is whether the plaintiffs "have a cognizable cause of action to obtain review of the Acting Secretary's compliance with Section 8005's proviso in transferring funds internally between DoD appropriations accounts."
Here's where you can check out the cert-stage briefing and follow the merits briefs as they come in:
Supreme Court website:
October 19, 2020 in Current Affairs, Federal Courts, Recent Decisions, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Friday, October 16, 2020
SCOTUS Will Hear Census Case This November
Today the Supreme Court set oral argument in Trump v. New York for Monday, November 30. Here are the questions presented, which include a question on the lower court's authority to grant relief under Article III:
Congress has provided that, for purposes of apportioning seats in the House of Representatives, the President shall prepare "a statement showing the whole number of persons in each State * * * as ascertained under the * * * decennial census of the population." 2 U.S.C. 2a(a). It has further provided that the Secretary of Commerce shall take the decennial census "in such form and content as he may determine," 13 U.S.C. 141(a), and shall tabulate the results in a report to the President, 13 U.S.C. 141(b). The President has issued a Memorandum instructing the Secretary to include within that report information enabling the President to implement a policy decision to exclude illegal aliens from the base population number for apportionment "to the maximum extent feasible and consistent with the discretion delegated to the executive branch." 85 Fed. Reg. 44,679, 44,680 (July 23, 2020). At the behest of plaintiffs urging that the exclusion of illegal aliens would unconstitutionally alter the apportionment and chill some persons from participating in the census, a three-judge district court declared the Memorandum unlawful and enjoined the Secretary from including the information in his report. The questions presented are:
(1) Whether the relief entered satisfies the requirements of Article III of the Constitution.
(2) Whether the Memorandum is a permissible exercise of the President's discretion under the provisions of law governing congressional apportionment.
Here is the lower court's opinion. You can follow the merits briefs as they come in at SCOTUSblog and at the Supreme Court website.
October 16, 2020 in Federal Courts, Recent Decisions, Standing, Subject Matter Jurisdiction, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Monday, October 5, 2020
October Term 2020 SCOTUS Arguments Begin Today (Remotely)
The Supreme Court begins oral argument by telephone conference this morning. If you want to listen in, here's some information from the Supreme Court's press release:
The Court will hear oral arguments by telephone conference on October 5, 6, 7, 13, and 14. In keeping with public health guidance in response to COVID-19, the Justices and counsel will all participate remotely. The oral arguments are scheduled to begin at 10 a.m. On days when more than one case will be heard, there will be a three minute pause before the second case begins.
The Court will provide a live audio feed of the arguments to ABC News (the network pool chair), the Associated Press, and C-SPAN, and they will in turn provide a simultaneous feed for the oral arguments to livestream on various media platforms for public access. * * *
The oral argument audio and a transcript of the oral arguments will be posted on the Court's website following oral argument each day.
Today's arguments include Carney v. Adams, which presents some interesting standing and severability issues.
October 5, 2020 in Federal Courts, Recent Decisions, Standing, State Courts, Subject Matter Jurisdiction, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Friday, October 2, 2020
SCOTUS Cert Grant on Appellate Jurisdiction in Baltimore Climate Change Lawsuit
Today the Supreme Court granted certiorari in BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore. (We covered earlier the Fourth Circuit's decision from last March.)
The question presented involves the permissible scope of an appellate court's review of a district court's order remanding a case to state court. From the cert. petition:
Section 1447(d) of Title 28 of the United States Code generally precludes appellate review of an order remanding a removed case to state court. But Section 1447(d) expressly provides that an "order remanding a case * * * removed pursuant to" the federal-officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. 1442, or the civil-rights removal statute, 28 U.S.C. 1443, "shall be reviewable by appeal or otherwise." Some courts of appeals have interpreted Section 1447(d) to permit appellate review of any issue encompassed in a district court's remand order where the removing defendant premised removal in part on the federal-officer or civil-rights removal statutes; other courts of appeals, including the Fourth Circuit in this case, have held that appellate review is limited to the federal-officer or civil-rights ground for removal. The question presented is as follows:
Whether 28 U.S.C. 1447(d) permits a court of appeals to review any issue encompassed in a district court's order remanding a removed case to state court where the removing defendant premised removal in part on the federal-officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. 1442, or the civil-rights removal statute, 28 U.S.C. 1443.
You can find all the cert-stage briefing—and follow the merits briefs as they come in—at SCOTUSblog and at the Supreme Court website.
October 2, 2020 in Federal Courts, Recent Decisions, Subject Matter Jurisdiction, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tuesday, September 29, 2020
Steinman on Appellate Courts and Civil Juries
I posted on SSRN a draft of my article, Appellate Courts and Civil Juries. Here's the abstract:
In federal civil litigation, decisionmaking power is shared by juries, trial courts, and appellate courts. This article examines an unresolved tension in the different doctrines that allocate authority among these institutions, which has led to confusion regarding the relationship between appellate courts and civil juries. At base, the current uncertainty stems from a longstanding lack of clarity regarding the distinction between matters of law and matters of fact. The high-stakes Oracle-Google litigation—which is now before the Supreme Court—exemplifies this. In that case, the Federal Circuit reasoned that an appellate court may assert de novo review over a jury's verdict simply by characterizing a particular issue as legal rather than factual. But this approach misperceives the approach demanded by Rule 50 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which permits judicial override of a jury's verdict only when "a reasonable jury would not have a legally sufficient evidentiary basis" to reach such a verdict.
Rule 50's reasonable-jury standard does not permit de novo review of a jury's verdict on a particular issue. Rather, it requires deference to the jury's conclusion on that issue unless the reviewing court can explain why principles of substantive law or other aspects of the trial record render that verdict unreasonable. This deferential standard of review faithfully implements the text and structure of the Federal Rules and respects the jury's role in our federal system. Yet it also preserves appellate courts' ability to provide meaningful clarification that will guide future decisionmakers.
As the abstract indicates, the Supreme Court may be wrestling with this issue this coming Term in Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc., which is scheduled for oral argument (telephonically) next Wednesday.
Thanks to the Southeastern Association of Law Schools for letting me present an earlier draft of this paper back in July at the SEALS 2020 Annual Conference Federal Courts and Procedure Panel. I got a lot of great feedback.
September 29, 2020 in Conferences/Symposia, Federal Courts, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Recent Scholarship, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Friday, September 18, 2020
Trump Files Cert Petition in Emoluments Case
Last week, Donald Trump filed a petition for certiorari challenging the Fourth Circuit's en banc decision in In re Trump. That case arises from a lawsuit filed in Maryland federal court alleging violations of the Emoluments Clauses. As covered earlier, the Fourth Circuit ultimately allowed the lawsuit to proceed, refusing to grant Trump a writ of mandamus directing the district court to dismiss the case.
The pending Supreme Court case is captioned Trump v. District of Columbia, and the questions are focused on appellate jurisdiction:
- Whether a writ of mandamus is appropriate because, contrary to the holding of the court of appeals, the district court's denial of the President's motion to dismiss was clear and indisputable legal error.
- Whether a writ of mandamus is appropriate, contrary to the holding of the court of appeals, where the district court's refusal to grant the President's motion to certify an interlocutory appeal was a clear abuse of discretion under 28 U.S.C. 1292(b).
You can follow the Supreme Court filings at the Court's website or at SCOTUSblog.
If folks are interested, I talk about some of these issues in a recent article Appellate Jurisdiction and the Emoluments Litigation, which was part of the Akron Law Review's recent symposium on federal appellate procedure.
September 18, 2020 in Federal Courts, In the News, Subject Matter Jurisdiction, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Wednesday, September 9, 2020
Interesting 11th Circuit Decision on Qualified Immunity
Last week the Eleventh Circuit issued a decision in Cantu v. City of Dothan, reversing the district court's grant of qualified immunity. Judge Ed Carnes' opinion for the panel begins with a quote from Rick Bragg's The Prince of Frog Town:
When Rick Bragg wrote about "a gothic story" in which "you can see the bad luck tumbling, as if the devil himself had shaved the dice," he was talking about his father's tragic life, but those words could also describe Robert Earl Lawrence's effort to help a stray dog he found in a Walmart parking lot.
The introductory paragraphs describe the events that would lead to Lawrence's death:
When the backup officer arrived at the shelter parking lot, still more words were exchanged. That officer told Lawrence that if he didn't stop talking he was going to jail. Lawrence didn't stop talking and the backup officer, with the assistance of the other two officers on the scene, attempted to arrest and handcuff him. Lawrence would not submit and resisted –– not aggressively, but vigorously. He refused to put his hands behind his back as ordered, he struggled, and twice he temporarily freed himself from an officer's grip and ran around the car trying to get away, but officers caught up with him. In the last moments of the encounter, while trying to get free from three officers again, he put his hand either on an officer's taser, or on the officer's wrist or hand that was holding the taser. In response, an officer pulled her service weapon and without warning, and to the surprise of the other two officers, shot Lawrence while he was being held. He was taken to a hospital where he died from the gunshot wound.
The district court granted summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds to the officer who shot Lawrence. But the panel unanimously reverses and remands for further proceedings:
Taking the facts in the light most favorable to [the plaintiff], a reasonable jury could find that Woodruff violated Lawrence's clearly established constitutional rights by shooting him. As a result, Woodruff is not entitled to summary judgment based on qualified immunity or based on state agent immunity.
September 9, 2020 in Federal Courts, Recent Decisions | Permalink | Comments (0)
Thursday, September 3, 2020
Freer on Diversity Jurisdiction
Rich Freer has posted on SSRN a draft of his article, The Political Reality of Diversity Jurisdiction, which is forthcoming in the Southern California Law Review. Here's the abstract:
Diversity of citizenship jurisdiction has been a staple of federal civil dockets since 1789. In the mid- to late-twentieth century, academics and some high-profile federal judges led a significant effort to abolish diversity jurisdiction. They were confident that diversity had outlived its purpose, which, they said, was to provide a federal court for out-of-state litigants who feared bias in the local state courts.
But diversity survived. Today, it represents a burgeoning percentage of the federal civil docket and is supported by an efficiency rationale that did not exist at the founding. Academics and judges seem relatively ambivalent toward, and even accepting of, this form of federal jurisdiction. We are in the midst of a resurgence of academic interest in diversity – not to abolish it, but to rationalize the various threads of its doctrine.
These efforts should be informed by the lessons that should have been learned by those who sought to abolish diversity jurisdiction. First, diversity is not a free-standing phenomenon. It is part of a carefully constructed constitutional plan intended to promote the free flow of commerce and a national identity. Second, what is usually presented as the traditional justification for diversity is sclerotic and understates the value of diversity jurisdiction. Third, as a matter of political power, the bar embraces diversity jurisdiction and will fight to keep it. At one level, we retain diversity for raw political reason. But the bar's embrace is important for another reason: it likely manifests rational choices made in the interests of litigation clients. At least, the embrace should spur meaningful study of the interests served by diversity jurisdiction (study that remains to be done). And that study must appreciate that, over two centuries, an elaborate legal culture has emerged concerning the relations of state and federal courts.
September 3, 2020 in Federal Courts, Recent Scholarship, Subject Matter Jurisdiction | Permalink | Comments (0)
Monday, August 31, 2020
En Banc DC Circuit Denies Mandamus in Flynn Case
We covered earlier the D.C. Circuit's grant of a writ of mandamus in In re Flynn, which involves the federal government's Rule 48(a) motion to dismiss the criminal charges against Michael Flynn. Today the en banc D.C. Circuit reversed course, denying Flynn's request for a writ of mandamus by an 8-2 vote.
From the court's per curiam opinion:
As to Petitioner's first two requests—to compel the immediate grant of the Government's motion, and to vacate the District Court's appointment of amicus—Petitioner has not established that he has "no other adequate means to attain the relief he desires." Cheney v. U.S. Dist. Court for D.C., 542 U.S. 367, 380 (2004) (quoting Kerr v. U.S. Dist. Court for N. Dist. of Cal., 426 U.S. 394, 403 (1976)). We also decline to mandate that the case be reassigned to a different district judge, because Petitioner has not established a clear and indisputable right to reassignment. See id. at 381. We therefore deny the Petition.
August 31, 2020 in Federal Courts, In the News, Recent Decisions, Subject Matter Jurisdiction | Permalink | Comments (0)
Friday, August 28, 2020
Second Circuit En Banc Decision on Standing in the SDNY Trump Emoluments Suit
Last week the Second Circuit denied President Trump's petition for en banc rehearing in CREW v. Trump. This left in place the panel decision (953 F.3d 178) reversing the district court's dismissal for lack of standing.
Here's a link to the en banc ruling, which features several separate opinions and statements:
José A. Cabranes, Circuit Judge, dissents by opinion from the denial of rehearing en banc.
Steven J. Menashi, Circuit Judge, joined by Debra Ann Livingston and Richard J. Sullivan, Circuit Judges, dissents by opinion from the denial of rehearing en banc.
John M. Walker, Jr., Circuit Judge, filed a statement with respect to the denial of rehearing en banc.
Pierre N. Leval, Circuit Judge, filed a statement with respect to the denial of rehearing en banc.
August 28, 2020 in Federal Courts, Standing, Subject Matter Jurisdiction | Permalink | Comments (0)
Wednesday, August 26, 2020
Higginbotham, Rosenthal & Gensler on the 12-person civil jury
Judge Patrick Higginbotham, Judge Lee Rosenthal, and Professor Steve Gensler have published Better by the Dozen: Bringing Back the Twelve-Person Civil Jury in the latest issue of Judicature. Their article begins:
A jury of 12 resonates through the centuries. Twelve-person juries were a fixture from at least the 14th century until the 1970s. Over 600 years of history is a powerful endorsement. So too are the many social-science studies consistently showing that a 12-person jury makes for a better deliberative process, with more predictable (and fewer outlier) results, by a more diverse group that is a more representative cross-section of the community. To that, add the benefit of engaging more citizens in the best civics lesson the judiciary offers. To all of that, add our common sense telling us that 12 heads are better than six, or eight, or even ten.
History. Social science. Civics. Common sense. That's a powerful quartet. And yet, most federal judges today routinely seat civil juries without the full complement of 12 members. Why? Because in 1973 the United States Supreme Court said it was okay. Since then, the smaller-than-12-person jury has become a habit. For many courts, it has become the default.
August 26, 2020 in Federal Courts, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0)
Monday, August 17, 2020
Federal Circuit Ruling on PACER Fees
Earlier this month, the Federal Circuit issued its decision in National Veterans Legal Services Program v. United States. Judge Hughes' opinion begins in the style of Goldilocks:
These interlocutory cross-appeals challenge the district court's interpretation of a statutory note to 28 U.S.C. § 1913 permitting the federal judiciary to charge "reasonable fees" for "access to information available through automatic data processing equipment." Plaintiffs contend that under this provision unlawfully excessive fees have been charged for accessing federal court records through the Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) system and that the district court identifies too little unlawful excess. The government argues that the district court identifies too much (and also that the district court lacked jurisdiction). We conclude that the district court got it just right. We therefore affirm and remand for further proceedings.
Here's coverage from Debra Cassens Weiss (ABA Journal).
(H/T Roger Baron)
August 17, 2020 in Federal Courts, Recent Decisions | Permalink | Comments (0)
Monday, August 10, 2020
Of Pleading Standards and Erie Guesses: Ninth Circuit Decision in Judd v. Weinstein
The Ninth Circuit recently issued its decision in Judd v. Weinstein. Judge Murguia's opinion reverses the district court's dismissal of Ashley Judd's state-law sexual harassment claim against producer Harvey Weinstein.
In doing so, the court confronts an issue of "first impression under California law" and proceeds to "predict[] how the California Supreme Court would resolve it." The court also finds that Judd's complaint passes muster under Iqbal, despite Weinstein's argument that she failed to adequately allege a professional relationship at the time of the alleged harassment:
Judd sufficiently alleged a "business, service, or professional relationship" at the time of the alleged harassment: Judd alleged that she established a professional relationship with Weinstein after working on the 1995 Miramax film Smoke, and went to the Peninsula Hotel in hopes of building upon that existing relationship to discuss future professional endeavors. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) ("A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged."). Moreover, Judd alleged that "at the time of the harassment, [she] was discussing potential roles in films produced or distributed by Weinstein or Miramax." This is more than enough to allege a professional relationship at the time of the alleged harassment.
(H/T: Aaron Caplan)
August 10, 2020 in Current Affairs, Federal Courts, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Recent Decisions, Twombly/Iqbal | Permalink | Comments (0)
Friday, July 24, 2020
Second Circuit Decision on the Rules Enabling Act and State Anti-SLAPP Statutes
Last week, the Second Circuit issued its decision in La Liberte v. Reid. Judge Jacobs' opinion addresses a thorny question that has divided the circuits—whether state anti-SLAPP statutes apply in federal court under the Erie doctrine/Rules Enabling Act framework. The specific state provision in this case is California's "special motion to strike" procedure. Here are some highlights:
The test is whether "a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 'answer[s] the same question' as the [special motion to strike]." Abbas, 783 F.3d at 1333 (alteration in original) (quoting Shady Grove Orthopedic Assocs., P.A. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 559 U.S. 393, 398–99 (2010)). If so, the Federal Rule governs, unless it violates the Rules Enabling Act. Id. Applying that test, we first conclude that the special motion to strike in California's anti-SLAPP statute answers the same question as Federal Rules 12 and 56.
* * *
Since Rules 12 and 56 answer the same question as California's special motion to strike, they "govern in diversity cases in federal court, unless Rules 12 and 56 violate the Rules Enabling Act." Abbas, 783 F.3d at 1336. "So far, the Supreme Court has rejected every challenge to the Federal Rules that it has considered under the Rules Enabling Act." Id. Neither Reid nor amici curiae invite us to deviate. Still, we briefly address the question for the sake of completeness. The test is "whether a rule really regulates procedure,--the judicial process for enforcing rights and duties recognized by substantive law and for justly administering remedy and redress for disregard or infraction of them." Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., 312 U.S. 1, 14 (1941). Like the Eleventh Circuit, "[w]e have little difficulty concluding" that Rules 12 and 56 "comply with the Rules Enabling Act," particularly because they "'affect[] only the process of enforcing litigants' rights and not the rights themselves.'" Carbone, 910 F.3d at 1357 (second alteration in original) (quoting Burlington N. R.R. Co. v. Woods, 480 U.S. 1, 8, (1987)). Accordingly, federal courts must apply Rules 12 and 56 instead of California's special motion to strike.
H/T: Howard Wasserman
July 24, 2020 in Federal Courts, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Recent Decisions | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tuesday, July 21, 2020
First Circuit Finds Amazon's Arbitration Provision Unenforceable in Class Action by Last-Mile Drivers
On Friday, the First Circuit issued its decision in Waithaka v. Amazon.com, Inc. Judge Lipez's decision begins:
This putative class action requires us to decide whether employment contracts of certain delivery workers -- those locally transporting goods on the last legs of interstate journeys -- are covered by the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA" or the "Act"), given its exemption for "contracts of employment of seamen, railroad employees, or any other class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce." 9 U.S.C. § 1. * * * After close examination of the text and purpose of the statute and the relevant precedent, we now hold that the exemption encompasses the contracts of transportation workers who transport goods or people within the flow of interstate commerce, not simply those who physically cross state lines in the course of their work.
Plaintiff-appellee Bernard Waithaka, a so-called "last mile" delivery driver for [Amazon] falls within this category of transportation workers whose contracts are exempt from the FAA. Hence, we conclude that the FAA does not govern the enforceability of the mandatory arbitration provision of his employment agreement with appellants. Because that provision prohibits proceeding on a class basis, either in the arbitral or judicial forum, we also agree with the district court that the arbitration provision is unenforceable under state law.
July 21, 2020 in Class Actions, Federal Courts, Recent Decisions | Permalink | Comments (0)
Friday, July 10, 2020
AALS Federal Courts Section: Calls for Nominations
Below are two announcements from the AALS Section on Federal Courts:
AALS Federal Courts Section - Daniel J. Meltzer Award: Call for Nominations
The AALS Section on Federal Courts is pleased to announce that it is seeking nominations for the Daniel J. Meltzer Award, which is designed to honor the life and work of the late Professor Meltzer. The Award recognizes a professor of Federal Courts who has exemplified over the course of their career Professor Meltzer's excellence in teaching, careful and ground-breaking scholarship, engagement in issues of public importance, generosity as a colleague, and overall contribution to the field of Federal Courts.
Eligible nominees are those who are full-time faculty members at AALS member or affiliate schools, have not previously won the award, and have not served as an officer of the Federal Courts Section in the two previous years. It is not required that the award be given out in any particular year, and it may not be given out more frequently than every three years.
Nominations (and questions about the award) should be directed to Prof. Seth Davis at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law (email@example.com). Without exception, all nominations must be received by 11:59 p.m. (EDT) on September 15, 2020. Nominations will be reviewed by a prize committee consisting of Professors Seth Davis (Berkeley), Gillian Metzger (Columbia), James Pfander (Northwestern), and Carlos Vázquez (Georgetown). If the committee decides to make the award, it will be announced at the Federal Courts section program at the 2021 AALS Annual Meeting.
AALS Federal Courts Section - Best Untenured Article on Federal Jurisdiction: Call for Nominations
The AALS Section on Federal Courts is pleased to announce the annual award for the best article on the law of federal jurisdiction by a full-time, untenured faculty member at an AALS member or affiliate school—and to solicit nominations (including self-nominations) for the prize to be awarded at the 2021 AALS Annual Meeting.
The purpose of the award program is to recognize outstanding scholarship in the field of federal courts by untenured faculty members. To that end, eligible articles are those specifically in the field of Federal Courts that were published by a recognized journal during the twelve-month period ending on September 1, 2020 (date of actual publication determines eligibility). Eligible authors are those who, at the close of nominations (i.e., as of September 15, 2020), are untenured, full-time faculty members at AALS member or affiliate schools, and have not previously won the award.
Nominations (and questions about the award) should be directed to Prof. Seth Davis at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law (firstname.lastname@example.com). Without exception, all nominations must be received by 11:59 p.m. (EDT) on September 15, 2020. Nominations will be reviewed by a prize committee comprised of Professors Samuel Bray (Notre Dame), Seth Davis (Berkeley), Allison Orr Larsen (William & Mary), Marin Levy (Duke), and Leah Litman (Michigan), with the result announced at the Federal Courts section program at the 2021 AALS Annual Meeting.
July 10, 2020 in Conferences/Symposia, Federal Courts | Permalink | Comments (0)
Thursday, July 9, 2020
Interesting End of Term Cert Grants
This morning featured some important decisions from the Supreme Court, but everyone knows the real action is at the after party. Here are some interesting grants of certiorari from this afternoon's order list:
AMG Capital Management, LLC v. FTC and FTC v. Credit Bureau Center, LLC involve the extent to which § 13(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act's authorization for district courts to issue an "injunction" permits monetary relief such as restitution or the return of unlawfully obtained funds.
Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski presents the question "whether a government's post-filing change of an unconstitutional policy moots nominal-damages claims that vindicate the government's past, completed violation of a plaintiff's constitutional right."
Here's where to go if you want to find the cert-stage briefing and follow the merits briefs as they come in:
AMG Capital Management: Supreme Court website; SCOTUSblog
Credit Bureau Center: Supreme Court website; SCOTUSblog
Uzuegbunam: Supreme Court website; SCOTUSblog
July 9, 2020 in Federal Courts, Recent Decisions, Subject Matter Jurisdiction, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Monday, July 6, 2020
SCOTUS Decision on Severability: Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
Today the Supreme Court issued its decision in Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants, Inc., holding that the government-debt exception to the TCPA's prohibition on robocalls to cell phones violated the First Amendment. The Court was sharply divided, as the breakdown indicates:
KAVANAUGH, J., announced the judgment of the Court and delivered an opinion, in which ROBERTS, C. J., and ALITO, J., joined, and in which THOMAS, J., joined as to Parts I and II. SOTOMAYOR, J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment. BREYER, J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment with respect to severability and dissenting in part, in which GINSBURG and KAGAN, JJ., joined. GORSUCH, J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part, in which THOMAS, J., joined as to Part II.
The lack of a majority opinion will surely be of interest to Marks-rule enthusiasts. Readers may also be interested in the Justices' severability analysis. Seven Justices (Roberts, Ginsburg, Breyer, Alito, Sotomayor, Kagan & Kavanaugh) conclude that the unconstitutional government-debt exception is severable from the rest of the TCPA. Gorsuch's opinion, joined by Thomas, disagrees: "Respectfully, if this is what modern 'severability doctrine' has become, it seems to me all the more reason to reconsider our course."
July 6, 2020 in Federal Courts, Recent Decisions, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Erbsen on Erie
Allan Erbsen has posted on SSRN a draft of his article, A Unified Approach to Erie Analysis for Federal Statutes, Rules, and Common Law, 10 U.C. Irvine L. Rev. (forthcoming 2020). Here's the abstract:
This Article proposes overhauling the Supreme Court's approach to choice of law under Erie and Hanna. It develops three primary points.
First, Hanna's "unguided" "twin aims" of Erie test for resolving conflicts between federal common law and state law is irredeemably flawed. The test is a canon of interpretation masquerading as a choice-of-law rule and fails at both tasks. The Hanna approach:
(1) relies on an arbitrary distinction between federal common law and statutory law that elides the indeterminate boundary between lawmaking and interpretation;
(2) fails to directly confront questions about federal common law's validity and scope;
(3) cannot rely on the oft-cited but inapposite Rules of Decision Act; and
(4) ignores the judiciary's authority to fill gaps in procedural codes with federal common law.
This Article is also the first to extensively explore how FRCP 83's authorization of gap-filling undermines Hanna's approach to choice of law.
Second, preemption doctrine implementing the Supremacy Clause should fill the choice-of-law role that courts mistakenly assign to Hanna. Under the Supremacy Clause, valid federal law — including federal common law — preempts state law on matters within the federal law's scope. The "unguided" Hanna inquiry is misguided because it invents a distracting alternative to preemption analysis.
Third, reframing choice of law in terms of preemption spotlights policy questions that courts applying Hanna overlook. Preemption can occur only when a particular federal law is a valid exercise of federal lawmaking power and encompasses a disputed issue. Courts considering whether to apply federal law — including federal common law — must therefore assess the federal law's validity and breadth. Relevant questions include:
(1) whether the federal government has authority to create law covering the issue;
(2) if so, which federal institutions — Congress or the judiciary — can create law; and
(3) whether federal courts should interpret the ensuing federal law broadly or narrowly to embrace or avoid conflict with state law.
These sensitive policy questions would benefit from direct attention and should not be blurred with Hanna's tangents.
This approach would make choice of law analysis more coherent, enhance understanding of federal common law, and require courts to directly engage the federalism and separation of powers concerns at Erie's core.
July 6, 2020 in Federal Courts, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0)


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Even my mother knows I am wasting my time there. Counselor- What makes you dis-like school and hate everyone? Tina- I just do. Everyone picks on me and bullies me. I don't fit in. No one cares what happens to me. Counselor- Well what makes think you don't fit in? Tina- I don't get along with anyone. I think the kids don't like me because I am fat. Counselor- So that's why you don't think you fit in with your peers.
Tina- SILENCE Yeah, I am always late, I am in trouble all the time, and dumb.
I am overweight and so is my family. It's really embarrassing cuz (because) they don't care about anything, especially me. Counselor- I see talking about your family makes you really upset. Have you talked to your mom about how you feel about school? Tina- No. Not really. Counselor- Maybe you can sit down and talk to her about your grade and how you feel.
Tina- Why should I talk to her about school and what I feel when she doesn't even show up for parent teacher meetings? Counselor- Has she told you why she does not go to the meetings. Tina- Yeah, she told me she is too ill to go and I am just fine at home.
Counselor- Would you like to do better in school and go on to the 8th grade. Tina- No, I give up with school.
Counselor- What would you do if you dropped out? How would you get a job? Tina- I do not know. I would become a hair dresser; you don't need school for that. Counselor- Is that what you want to do? Tina- Yeah, I like doing hair. Counselor- Did you know that you need a high school diploma for beauty school? Tina- Really?? No I didn't know. Counselor- So how do you think you will get in if you don't finish seventh grade. Tina- I guess I do need to finish seventh grade.
Counselor- Alright, how about we look for a good technical school that offers cosmetology so you can work on becoming a hair dresser? Does that sound like a good idea? Tina- Yeah that sounds good, I like that idea. Counselor First we need to get through the end of 7th grade and move on to 8th. Tina- I can do that, but getting to school is difficult. Counselor What about getting up one hour earlier and getting mom up as well? Tina- Maybe, I do only get up 5 minutes before I school starts. Counselor- So getting up earlier and going to bed a little earlier is a goal you can work on. Tina- Ok, I would like that. I need to go to bed earlier.
I am actually really excited. I can't wait to go home and look up beauty schools and new styles. Then maybe I can make some new friends to because I can do their hair. Counselor- I am glad you have something you aspire to. You have a great positive attitude. I could see you making a great beautician. I am looking forward to hearing about some research you did and new hair styles you have looked at. I would like to work on getting your grades up so you can get into that technical school. Are you wanted to tell mom what you want to do when you pass? . Tina- Yeah, I cannot wait to tell her. I think she will be excited with me. Thanks.
Cite this essay
High School and Tina. (2018, Aug 26). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/high-school-and-tina-essay


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FAIRFIELD (BCN) — Police are investigating after a man was fatally shot late Thursday in a Fairfield parking lot.
Five people were gathered at the lot in the 1200 block of Horizon Drive about 11:20 p.m., when the suspect drove up and started to argue with one of them, Fairfield police said Friday.
The suspect then fired several times at the group and hit one man, who was taken to North Bay Medical Center and later died from his injuries.
Fairfield police said the suspect was male but a detailed description wasn't available.
Anyone with information regarding the case is asked to contact our Investigations Bureau at (707) 428-7600.
Copyright © 2020 by Bay City News, Inc.
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"Pennies for Haiti, Billions for Israel, Egypt" published on a CBS blog! Final last words?
Israel decided to open a dam without bothering to tell the Gazans it flooded.
Title for the ages: "US troop landings delay Haiti aid". It looks like the troops are there solely as security guards to protect U. S. corporate interests.
Another good title.
Crusader sights.
An admission from a Bliar's chief of staff that the attack on Iraq had to happen quickly to avoid the danger that WMD would not be found: "More time would have achieved nothing." In other words, the war never had anything to do with weapons of mass destruction. See here and 3.50pm and 3.53pm here.
'One Word for This: Vandalism': Six Days Before Election, Trump Finalizes Plan to Decimate Largest National Forest - Andrea Germanos, staff writer "Destructive development in the country's largest national forest—such as extractive logging and expansive road building—will ...
19 minutes ago


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BCH is still falling and very bearish at the moment. While he remains in this downward trend, there is absolutely no reason to think about the rally in the near future. He also fell out of this bear flag, and again began to accelerate. The purpose of H & S, which I published in my previous analysis still has not been achieved and is around 700/800. For those who shorted it out with the highs, always good to lock in some profit. Only rally above 1000 can cool things and maybe to change something.
Home Cryptocurrency The Analysis of the Cash Bitcoin / U.S. Dollar from botje11


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U4 Brief | Feb 2020
Networks of anti-corruption authorities. Living up to their aspirations?
Networks of anti-corruption authorities pursue cross-border collaboration and joint capacity building, and sometimes even joint principles, joint policy making, and harmonization of national laws. Information about these activities and their outcomes is scarce, but it is clear that most of the networks are not yet reaching their political and technical potential. Networks of accountability organisations in other fields provide examples of what the anti-corruption networks, with appropriate support, might yet achieve.
See also:
Journal Article | Oct 2020
Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Environmental and Resource Management
Luca Tacconi, David Aled Williams
Annual Review of Environment and Resources
U4 Brief | Sep 2020
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in a context of nationalist oligarchy: Lessons from Indonesia
Aled Williams
U4 Issue | Aug 2020
A Theory of Change for the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Designing resource governance pathways to improve developmental outcomes
Philippe Le Billon, Päivi Lujala, Siri Aas Rustad


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To take on Thiem in Sunday's showpiece
New York: Alexander Zverev recovered from two sets down to defeat Spain's Pablo Carreno Busta in a scrappy encounter and reach the US Open final on Friday.
The German fifth seed beat the 20th seed 3-6, 2-6, 6-3, 6-4, 6-3 in 3-hour-23-minute inside Arthur Ashe Stadium to set up his first ever Grand Slam final. He will play second seed Dominic Thiem in Sunday's showpiece. It marked the first time in the 23-year-old Zverev's career that he came from two sets down to win.
Zverev had reached his first Grand Slam semi-final at the Australian Open this year. He now becomes the first German man to reach the final of a tennis major since Rainer Schuttler at the 2003 Australian Open.
This year's US Open field has been depleted by the absence of Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal.
The tournament was blown wide open by the disqualification of world number one and heavy favourite Novak Djokovic in the last 16 for hitting a line judge with the ball.
Thiem beat Medvedev
In another semi-finals, Dominic Thiem of Austria defeated Russia's Daniil Medvedev in straight sets to reach the final of the US Open on Friday. The second seed beat the third seed 6-2, 7-6 (9/7), 7-6 (7/5) in 2-hour-56-minute.


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However, those who start home-based businesses with the end in mind, realize that in addition to making better decisions, they are going to have to invest some serious time. They realize that a month is not long enough to see any real kind of success, so they don't give up just because it seems to be going slow. They realize that success in a home-based business tends to start off slow and then build up just like compound interest. They realize if they stick it out, before they know it, a financial avalanche occurs!
On a more positive note, the odds aren't heavily stacked against you at most casino games. Casino games are designed to give the house a small edge. This means you won't instantly lose everything all at once. You might even finish the night a big winner.
online gambling While this does not really have an impact on the probability of winning, it does affect the amount of prize which you will be getting if you do win. Obviously, the portion of prize which you'll be getting would be much smaller because you have to share with so many other winners! That is why it is not wise to go for popular numbers.
Funding your online wagering is a matter of using a credit card or setting up a prepaid "e-wallet" to use on a site. Remember that using your credit card at an online casino is like getting a line of credit from the casino. You risk spending more if you sign up with a credit card. Signing up with a prepaid e-wallet is safer for those who worry that they could get carried away gambling, because once your e-wallet is empty, you can't gamble again until you replenish it.
Social networks could also tap into this booming market. Networks like Facebook, MySpace, Google+, etc could create an app for easy access to online gambling. Their software will put them in the prime spot to create users for online gambling. These social network already is linked with many business for easy access. Facebook IPO will really blow up if this is the case.
If you are really looking for a serious online poker tournament then the best option is casinos. They can meet all of your demands very easily and quickly. You just need to find out an casino by doing a little bit research on that according to your choice and the budget of your bet. After finding the right online casino you just need to register there and then you can start playing.
For many years, many lottery players have manually done their lotto research. Fortunately with the help of new technology, now you have the opportunity to get all the lotto research with just one click of a button by using a lotto prediction software.
This is a mental-health problem and there are many people who suffer from it. There are no more or less risky games. Everything depends on the person and his or her mental peculiarities. You may engage in sports betting, lottery, poker, slots, roulette and many other games. Moreover, while many people prefer gambling in a casino, the other are fond of online gambling and the number of players who have online gambling addiction continues to increase. The first reason is raise of Internet use in general.
However, there is still the question on whether there is a strategy in winning on gambling. In gambling, you have to remember that this is a game of chance. There is no guarantee that you will win and unless you can see the future, you will experience losing in gambling. There are theories existing on how to win in different gambling games. But, the real strategy in gambling is that you should never expect to win every time.
Set your goals and keep them. Decide on an amount that you can afford to lose, as the bankroll for that day. Don't hold out hope of increasing that 100 fold or more…that's unrealistic. Set a more realistic goal like…doubling the money say. And make sure that you stop playing as soon as you have achieved it.
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All knitwear has some stretch and we recommend going with your standard as-usual size. For more sizing information see below.
Because our products have a lot of stretch to them, you may find that you can fit multiple sizes. Which size you prefer will depend on how much compression and "tightness" you like in your bralettes. If you are unsure or in between sizes, we suggest you size up. If your girls are +DD and above a 34 band size, we recommend trying a Large or X-Large for more coverage.
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Customer ReviewsWrite a review
I love this bra!!!! And so I bought another one in a different color. So very comfortable, flattering... I'm a 34b and the medium fit perfectly.
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Love this bra. I don't sweat in it, it's not binding, and it doesn't get stinky. It's a tiny bit itchy, but only at first. After 5 minutes it's fine. I'm a 36 DD and the large fits perfectly.
Got my first bralette in the mail, and I am soooo impressed. Fit is spot on, size chart is very accurate (I am 5,3, 130 pounds with 34b cup size and ordered a medium). It is very soft and stretchy with adjustable straps that you can cross on the back if needed. Quality seems to be good. I am definitely ordering more! Only thing, I probably would not recommend this bra for ladies with large cup size. Picture shows that it is pretty much a full coverage bralette, but I found it to be a bit more open, especially on the sides. I feel like there might be some spillage issues with bigger boobs.
I like that this is made of wool and that its stretchy. I also like the straps are adjustable. But The wool is a little scratchy. I have extremely sensitive skin so this might not be a problem for other people. Another thing it doesn't cover my breast completely or fit well. some of my breast is being pushed out the side and they are squished together and my nipples are just covered. I wear a 28G in uk sizes just for reference. I go by uk measurements because US bra sizes don't make any sense. I definitely won't buy it again, but I am glad they a give teacher discounts so that's nice.


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Cheesy cauliflower soup
Collection by Heather Johnston
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Thai Chicken Ramen (So Easy!) - Cooking Classy
Thai Chicken Ramen | Cooking Classy With a link to buy the delicious ramen noodels- no dries top ramen here!
Singapore Chili Prawns Recipe
As you probably already know, I am a bit of a shrimp fanatic and I am always looking for tasty new ways to enjoy shrimp. I recently came across a really interesting recipe for Singapore
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Cheesy Bacon Quiche Lorraine
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Spicy Shrimp Pho (Ready in under 30 minutes!) - Chef Savvy
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Copycat Panera Broccoli Cheese Soup Recipe
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Cheesy Cauliflower Soup Recipe - Delicious Cauliflower Soup
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The EASIEST one-pot tomato tortellini soup made with fresh herbs and three-cheese tortellini! So easy you can even make it in your slow cooker!
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Perfect Cheeseburger Soup
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Legacy: Lord Alba - LightNovelsOnl.com
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Whereas Alexander was indifferent to killing because in his previous life he had killed countless people which don't mean he couldn't understand how she felt and somehow he didn't want her to become someone like him, So he explained: "He would be a dead man anyway, If I didn't kill him then old Walter would have done it when he finds out that he had lost his cultivation but before that he would have reported what had happened here and exposed us, the same way he disclosed where Walter's treasure was, now do you understand, it was inevitable. I know you don't like to kill and I don't expect you to become a cold-blooded killer either, but you have to know that sometimes it's necessary to kill."
Audrey could only nod, although she did not want to understand what her young master meant, she knew he had said those words for her own sake so she would remember those words forever.
Alexander turned around leaving Audrey alone with old man's corpse while saying "Keep stealing, I'll go for the old Walter's gold, Remember to take everything and leave nothing behind."
"yes" Alexander only heard those words, then he speed towards the back of the warehouse, Following the instructions of the old man he found an elevator that took him to an underground room, Alexander on seeing what was in front of him could not help but put a bitter smile as his face contracted, "This is only a quarter of all his fortune? You have to be kidding, I had not seen so much money even in my previous life."
What was in front of him were miles upon miles of money. normally people use five different denominations of coins: Iron, Bronze, Silver, Gold, and White Gold.
This was standardized throughout the countries all over the continent commenced by the Transcendent powers who ruled this continent because only a few could mint the coins with respective symbols of the country in their currency, Currently Alexander did not know which power ruled the continent of Auphera but normally there is always more than one transcendent power on every continent.
Each denomination is worth a hundred times more than the previous one, i.e. 100 iron coins are equivalent to 1 bronze coin. In addition during the times of war, many countries collect iron and bronze coins exchanging them for silver and gold, to melt them into weapons or armor. Because of this, there rarely a lack of weapons for war as no one could diminish the supply of iron and bronze.
In his previous life, Alexander only used spirit stones for trading so he never had so much gold in his possession but what he saw now seemed absurd for a desolate land.
Inside the subterranean room there were crystals that dimly illuminated everything around it, Alexander perceived that this room was just as big as the store above, Inside it there were several mountains of gold, hundreds of silver, thousands of bronze and countless of iron, In addition to that one could see a small chest that surely contained white gold coins.
This amount of wealth, it's impossible to acc.u.mulate it in a desolate land, unless one does illegal business or other illicit acts.
Alexander immersed in his thoughts could only sigh, "Well, it's not worth thinking about it, all this wealth would be mine from now anyway," Then he proceeded to store everything inside his rings, it was only after half an hour that he left the room now empty. Looking up to the ceiling, He knew that the crystals were a treasure but in the end, he thought: "let's leave it to old Walter, he's lost a lot today I can't be so cruel."
The truth was It was going to take him a lot of time and effort to remove the crystals from the ceiling, Besides that, he did not need them therefore although they were worth something, for him it was not worthwhile to bother doing something so useless. So he went to the elevator and went back to the warehouse where Audrey was waiting for him.
When Alexander came out of the elevator, he was speechless, as found the warehouse completely empty, not even the shelves were left out, This woman took his words very literally.
"Did you find anything good?" Alexander heard those words just after he was out of the elevator as a shadow approached him, This, of course, was Audrey.
Alexander could not understand what was going through her head as she even stole some useless shelves, on the other hand, Audrey asked impatiently: "What's wrong?"
Alexander, recalling the past, spoke quickly: "Nothing, down there where tons of money more than a mortal can spend in his entire life, with this loot even if the king bar's the allowance of my mother, it will not affect us a bit.
Audrey hearing those words was very excited as from onwards they would face no more money problems, With this even if Mrs. Anna's business was to fail they would be fine.
Alexander was already tired so he said, "It's enough for one night, Remember I'm still a growing child who needs to rest, so let's go home."


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Help Topics
- Scoring a Pairs Event
Frequently Asked Questions
Playing Bridge Online
EBU Virtual Clubs on BBO
Help Topics
Frequently Asked Questions
Playing Bridge Online
EBU Virtual Clubs on BBO
This is an old revision of the document!
What are BB$ and where do we buy them?
BB$ is the online currency used by BBO. BB$1 is equivalent to 1 US Dollar or currently about 80p. BB$ can be purchased here here. BB$ should not be purchased through the BBO app as a surcharge will be applied.
Our club members are concerned about buying BB$, is there another option?
How long will we have to play each board and what happens if we run out of time?
Is there a partnership desk?
What happens if there's a half table?
How do we find the event for our club?
If a pair have registered but then miss the start will their entry fee be refunded?


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i'm on the pill and i still have 5 more active pills on the pack, but today i saw some brownish discharge with a bit of blood when i wiped. it comes and goes throughout the day. i was intimate on Sunday and condom slipped. Didn't make a big deal out of it because i am on the pill, but now i'm being paranoid that it's implantation bleeding. is this normal? Also thinking about the time i took my pill 8 hours late, but it was 8 days before i was intimate. i'm very regular with the pill, take it at 9pm everyday. i am my own worst enemy right now. maybe the sex was too rough? Any reassuring messages or similiar experiences?
ETA: i am on Yasmin and regarding the 8 hour delay, pamphlet says if it's 12 hours or more late the pill is considered missing and need backup method for a week. i think i am safe on that front but still can't be sure. i've been newly sexually active and changes in my body keeps making me paranoid.
ETA2: update for panicky people like me; went to the doctor's to get checked for possible infections because i was convinced something was going on. Nothing. Just breakthrough bleeding and a lot of stress. Had my period today, a day earlier than normal with mild cramps and all.


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Duffle Bag - Take Me Away
Premium quality! A perfect gift for your favorite friend or family member with serious wanderlust. This weekender duffle is perfect for short trips or as a carry-on! Vacation selfie ready - this bag is so fun!
Color: Mint / Grey / Pink
Dimensions: 21" x 11" x 11.5"