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Insects searching for resources are exposed to a complexity of mixed odours, often involving both attractant and repellent substances. Understanding how insects respond to this complexity of cues is crucial for understanding consumer-resource interactions, but also to develop novel tools to control harmful pests. To advance our understanding of insect responses to combinations of attractive and repellent odours, we formulated three qualitative hypotheses; the response-ratio hypothesis, the repellent-threshold hypothesis and the odour-modulation hypothesis. The hypotheses were tested by exposing Drosophila melanogaster in a wind tunnel to combinations of vinegar as attractant and four known repellents; benzaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, geosmin and phenol. The responses to benzaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol and geosmin provided support for the response-ratio hypothesis, which assumes that the behavioural response depends on the ratio between attractants and repellents. The response to phenol, rather supported the repellent-threshold hypothesis, where aversion only occurs above a threshold concentration of the repellent due to overshadowing of the attractant. We hypothesize that the different responses may be connected to the localization of receptors, as receptors detecting phenol are located on the maxillary palps whereas receptors detecting the other odorants are located on the antennae.
Before an organism can locate a resource it is usually exposed to a mixture of odours1,2. While attractive compounds in a mixture usually evoke movement towards the odour source, repellent compounds can instead impede the organism from moving towards it3. A solution to this problem is that the selection of resources generally depends on antagonistic, non-additive interactions among individual odour components4,5,6. Especially for insects, mixtures of attractive and repellent odorants can have interactive effects on the success of finding food7,8, mates9,10, or oviposition sites11,12. Consequently, combinations of attractants and repellents have been used for human benefits to mask human odours from disease vectoring insects13,14, to disturb mating of agricultural pest species15,16, or to lower the attraction to economically important plants3. While all these cases distract insects through the presence of unattractive or masking odorants, the general behavioural principles underlying the combined effect of attractants and repellents on search behaviour are relatively poorly understood. For instance, it is unclear whether attraction to a resource depends on the absolute quantity of individual odorants or on the combined, non-additive effect of the attractants and repellents.
The effects of attractants and repellents depend on how the sensory system detects and processes the different components of an odour mixture. In insects, the olfactory receptors and olfactory receptor neurons (ORN), housed in the sensilla of the peripheral olfactory organs, are the first level where odorants interact17,18. Here, repellents may interact with attractants when they activate additional receptors dedicated to repellents19,20, or when repellents inhibit the activation of receptors dedicated to attractants21,22,23. Further interactive effects can occur in the antennal lobe, the primary olfactory processing centre in the insect brain, where each functional subunit, or glomerulus, receives signals from specific classes of ORNs18,24. At this level, the simultaneous activation of several glomeruli25,26, or the concentration dependent activation of specific glomeruli27,28,29, affect how the combination of signals are relayed by projection neurons to higher brain regions: the mushroom body for experience-dependent responses30,31,32, and the lateral horn for innate responses26,33,34. While the lateral horn broadly categorizes signals into regions according to their behavioural valence35,36,37, innate attraction and avoidance are processed in parallel pathways which may be responsible for interactive effects between odours37,38. Consequently, combined effects of attractants and repellents will depend on the activated receptor18,24, the downstream pathway from the ORNs25,39,40, and the specific areas in the lateral horn processing the signal41.
We have formulated three general hypotheses concerning the relationship between innate responses to mixed odours and the concentrations of attractants and repellents present in a mixture. The first hypothesis, which we coin the response-ratio hypothesis, assumes that the behavioural response depends on the ratio of attractants and repellents. This assumption implies that insect responses are equally affected by the proportional increase in the concentration of repellents as by the proportional decrease in attractants (Fig. 1A). We based the shape of the behavioural response for this hypothesis on two observations. Firstly, there has to be a maximum response at a high ratio of attractant to repellent where all responding insects are attracted. Secondly, electrophysiological measurements on insect antennae have indicated that the probability to detect an odorant increases with the square-root of the odour concentration, rather than proportionally with the concentration of the odour source42. Including these two factors in a quantitative relationship results in an S-shaped function in which the maximum response is determined by the concentration of the attractant and where the slope decreases along the increasing concentration of the repellent (Fig. 1A).
The second hypothesis, which we coin the repellent-threshold hypothesis, differs from the response-ratio hypothesis by assuming that repellent odours are only perceived above a threshold concentration and that the behavioural responses will not depend on concentration ratios below that threshold43,44. Below the threshold, the response instead only depends on the concentration of the attractant due to overshadowing of the repellent odour (Fig. 1B). The third hypothesis, which we coin the odour-modulation hypothesis, also assumes overshadowing, but through a different mechanism where repellents and attractants have non-additive effects on the behavioural response for all odour concentrations and not only at a threshold. Consequently, the shape of the dose response to one odorant changes with the absolute concentration of the other odorant along the whole concentration gradient. This results in a shift in the steepness of the S-shaped dose response curve of the repellent at different concentrations of the attractant (Fig. 1C). A similar hypothesis was suggested by Schröder and Hilker (2008), who argued that the ability to detect a specific odorant may depend on other odours present in the background.
We translated our hypotheses to statistical models by treating the landing rates of individual insects on a mixture of an attractant and repellent as binomial events. When the landing rates are independently related to the attractant and repellent odorants, as in the response-ratio hypothesis, the expected relationship between the landing rates and the odour concentrations can be modelled in a binomial generalized linear model (GLM). Alternatively, the repellent-threshold hypothesis predicts a more stepwise relationship between the landing rate and the concentration of the repellent odour. Because stepwise relationships result in a nonlinearity between the predictive factors and the odds ratio, such relationships are not properly modelled with a GLM. Therefore, we compared the fit of the GLM to the fit of a binomial generalized additive model (GAM), which allows for non-linear relationships. Finally, the odour-modulation hypothesis deviates from both previous hypotheses by predicting that the relationship between landing rates and one odorant depends on the concentration of the other odorant. This would show up in the GLM as an interactive effect between the attractant and repellent. To further explore the shape of the dose response, we also evaluated the magnitude of the slope. Previous work predicts that the length of the odour plume, and thus the detectability of odorants by the insect's peripheral olfactory organs, relates to the square-root of the odorant concentration at the odour source42,46, resulting in a power relationship with a slope of 0.5. By assuming that plume finding is the rate limiting step in finding an odour source, we expect the slope in the relationship between landing rates and odour concentrations to equal 0.5 in a binomial GLM.
To evaluate the three hypotheses, we quantified the landing rates of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae), as a model organism for olfactory-mediated behaviour, using known attractants and repellents in a wind tunnel. We combined two concentrations of vinegar as an attractant8, with five concentrations of benzaldehyde47, 1-octen-3-ol48, geosmin19 and phenol49 as repellents. Whereas benzaldehyde and 1-octen-3-ol activate several broadly tuned receptors47,50,51, geosmin and phenol are detected by narrowly tuned odorant receptors19,49. We evaluated the predictions of our hypotheses in three steps for each combination of odours. First, we tested the odour-modulation hypothesis by testing for the presence of an interactive effect between the repellent and attractant on the landing rates in a GLM. In the absence of a significant interaction, we removed the interaction term and then tested the repellent-threshold hypothesis by determining if a GAM had a better fit than the GLM. In case of a better GAM fit, we modelled the landing rates at low and high concentrations of the repellent separately with GLMs. If these separate analyses would show that the landing rates are affected by the repellent odorant at high concentrations, but not at low concentrations, the behavioural response would fit the repellent-threshold hypothesis. Alternatively, when the GAM did not fit the data better, we concluded that the behavioural response validated the response-ratio hypothesis.
Material and Methods
Drosophila rearing
We used 3-day old Canton-S Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) females that were reared under controlled conditions (25 °C, 50% RH, 12:12 L:D) in 28.5 mm × 95 mm rearing vials containing a standard diet of corn syrup (115 mL/L), yeast (26 g/L), soy flour (15 g/L), cornmeal (110 g/L), agar (8.5 g/L) and propionic acid (7 ml/L). We anesthetized the flies with CO2 on the day of eclosion and transferred the females to rearing vials containing 1% agar (VWR International AB, Sweden) to starve them for 48 hours prior to the experiments. On the day of the experiments, we transferred individual females into glass tubes (ø 1.5 cm × 10 cm) without anesthetization, closed the glass tubes with humidified cotton balls, and acclimatized the flies to the experimental conditions for at least one hour before testing them.
Wind tunnel
Our experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel with a 30 cm × 30 cm × 100 cm glass flight section (W x H x L). We used a centrifugal fan to blow air through a filter unit (CamCube CC-0505 - Camfil AB, Sweden) equipped with a pre-filter (Ecopleat 3GPF-F7 - Camfil AB, Sweden), four cylindrical activated carbon filters (Camcarb CG 2600 - Camfil AB, Sweden), and after-filter (Ecopleat 3GPF-F8 - Camfil AB, Sweden), producing a filtered and homogenized airstream of 25 cm/s. To prevent the occurrence of visual disturbances, the wind tunnel was diffusely lit from above by LED-lights set at 7 lux. All the experiments were conducted under controlled environmental conditions (25 ± 1.5 °C, 60 ± 5% RH). We introduced the odours into the flight section through a customized glass Pasteur pipette (ø 1.5 mm) placed in a 30 cm × 30 cm × 20 cm compartment separated from the flight section by a fine metal mesh (pore size 0.63 mm). The Pasteur pipette was placed in an upright position, reaching a height of 7.5 cm, and was connected with Teflon tubing (ø 3 mm) to an odour delivery system that simultaneously blew carbon filtered air (Darco 12–20 mesh; Sigma-Aldrich AB, Sweden) through a 250 ml gas washing bottle containing vinegar, and a customized 50 ml pear-shaped flask containing a repellent. When testing combinations of an attractant and repellent, the airflow from the two bottles were combined by a Y-split to reach the glass pipette at a rate of 0.4 L/min as a single treatment (Model E - Kytola Instruments Oy, Finland). By visualizing the odour plume with titanium tetrachloride (CAS: 7550-45-0 - Merck KGaA, Germany) we found that the plume bent at a height of 15 cm directly above the glass pipette and followed a laminar path reaching a maximum diameter of 15 cm at the downwind end where the flies were released.
We exposed individual flies 100 cm downwind from the odour release point to the different odour treatments by placing the glass tube, in which the flies previously acclimatized, at a release height of 15 cm (Fig. 2A). We firstly tested the attraction rates to 50 ml of 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% balsamic vinegar diluted in distilled water (Acetone balsamico di Modena, Urtekram AS, Denmark). We tested these concentrations to ensure that we would not test vinegar concentrations that are inherently repellent. Previous studies showed that D. melanogaster has a dose dependent attraction rate to vinegar. While low concentrations of vinegar activate the DM1 and VA2 glomeruli, the additional activation of the DM5 glomerulus at higher concentrations can lead to aversion7. While vinegar is composed of a mixture of olfactory compounds7,52, we preferred to use vinegar over single compounds due to the low response rate to single attractants in wind tunnels53. We found the biggest differences between 1% and 5% vinegar and used these two concentrations as our attractants throughout the rest of the study. Subsequently, we tested the attraction rate to 1% and 5% vinegar in combination with 500 μl of a repellent diluted in Paraffin oil (CAS: 8102-95-1 - Sigma-Aldrich AB, Sweden; see Supplementary Information Fig. S1).
For each repellent we tested five concentrations; 10−5 till 10−1 of benzaldehyde (CAS No.: 100-52-7, Purity ≥ 99.5% - Sigma-Aldrich AB, Sweden) and 1-octen-3-ol (CAS No.: 3391-86-4, Purity ≥ 98% - Sigma-Aldrich AB, Sweden), 10−6 till 10−2 of phenol (CAS No.: 108-95-2, Purity ≥ 89% - Sigma-Aldrich AB, Sweden) and 10−9 till 10−5 of geosmin (CAS No.: 16423-19-1, Purity ≥ 97% - Sigma-Aldrich AB, Sweden). For each treatment, we tested the landing rate of 25 individually released flies which were given 10 minutes to respond to the odour treatment. If the fly would not take off, or land beyond the reach of the odour plume, we would terminate the trial and consider it as non-landing. As a selection criterion for the concentrations we decided that the second highest concentration of the repellent odour should result in at least three landings (out of the 25 tested flies) on the odour release point. This allowed us to determine the shape of the behavioural response to combinations of attractants and repellents irrespectively of D. melanogaster's sensitivity to the specific compound. Finally, we tested the attraction rate to the second highest concentration of each repellent on its own as control treatments (Fig. S1). We used the odours for a maximum of 45 min, after which the odours and glassware were replaced. We considered a fly to be successfully attracted when it landed on the metal mesh, placed in front of the odour delivery compartment, within a 2.5 cm vicinity of where the odour plume bent in the downwind direction. No additional visual markers were used to enhance landing on the mesh, ensuring that the flies only relied on olfactory cues to make their landing decision. After testing ten consecutive flies, we stopped the odour release for approximately 5 minutes to purge the odours from the wind tunnel.
Statistical analysis
The predictions of our hypotheses were evaluated in three steps for each combination of attractant and repellent. Firstly, to compare the landing rates of D. melanogaster on the combination between vinegar and the repellent, we used a generalized linear model (GLM) with a binomial error distribution that included the log vinegar concentration, the log transformed repellent concentration, and an interaction between vinegar and the repellent as explanatory factors. If the interaction between vinegar and the repellent was not significant we removed it though step-wise backward selection based on χ2 likelihood ratio tests to refute the odour-modulation hypothesis. Secondly, we compared the GLM with a generalized additive model (GAM), that included a smoothing term (k = 3) and an unpenalized upper limit of the degrees of freedom, with the previously explained GLMs excluding the interaction between vinegar and the repellent. The comparison of the GLM with the GAM effectively shows whether the behavioural response is better explained by the response-ratio hypothesis (no difference between GLM and GAM) or the repellent-threshold hypothesis (GAM outcompete the GLM). When the GAM fitted the data better, we modelled the landing rates at low and high concentrations of the repellent separately with GLMs. As our visual inspection of the data suggested a landing threshold around 10−4 for phenol, we split the data set at this concentration into a low (10−6 till 10−4) and high concentration data set (10−4 till 10−2). Finally, to further explore the shape of the dose response curve in the binomial GLM, we evaluated the magnitude of the slope, for which we expect the parameter describing the relationship between landing rates and odour concentrations to be equal to 0.5. The model assumptions were checked by estimation of overdispersion and inspections of model residuals. All analyses were carried out in R (v. 3.5.0; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, AT). The GLMs were performed using lme454, the GAMs with mgcv55, and model comparison on χ2 likelihood ratios with car56. The binomial analysis of the landing rates was visualized with ggplot257.
We first tested the landing rates of individual Canton-S females to 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% vinegar to ensure that we would not compare landing rates on vinegar concentrations that may cause repellency (Fig. 2A). We found that the landing rate on 10% vinegar was 12% lower than on 5% vinegar (Fig. S1), suggesting that 10% vinegar may be inherently repellent to D. melanogaster. By comparing the other vinegar concentrations, we found the largest difference between 1% and 5% vinegar, with landing rates of 48% and 75% respectively (GLM: χ21,48 = 3.04, P = 0.08; Fig. 2B).
Subsequently, we combined 1% or 5% vinegar with five concentrations of benzaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, geosmin or phenol as repellents. For benzaldehyde (Fig. 2C), no interactive effect was found between the vinegar and benzaldehyde concentrations (GLM: χ21,246 = 0.73, P = 0.39), refuting the odour-modulation hypothesis. In the second step, we removed the interaction term and compared the GLM and GAM model fits for the same data. As this comparison showed no evidence for an improved GAM fit (GAM vs. GLM: Δdf = 1, Deviance = 1.17, P = 0.28), we rejected the repellent-threshold hypothesis and instead concluded that the response-ratio hypothesis was best supported for the behavioural response to benzaldehyde. We also found that the parameter for vinegar did not deviate from the predicted value 0.5 (0.46 ± 0.18; Table S1).
For 1-octen-3-ol (Fig. 2D), we found no support for either the odour-modulation hypothesis (GLM interaction: χ21,246 = 0.16, P = 0.69) or the repellent-threshold hypothesis (GAM vs. GLM: Δdf = 1, Deviance = 0.09, P = 0.76), suggesting that the response-ratio hypothesis best supported the behavioural response to 1-octen-3-ol. Furthermore, the parameter value for the relationship between vinegar and the landing rates fell in the range of the predicted value of 0.5 (0.37 ± 0.19, Table S1). For geosmin, we lowered the tested concentrations (Fig. 2E; see methods) to account for D. melanogaster's high sensitivity to this compound19,53. We found no significant interaction between geosmin and vinegar (GLM: χ21,246 = 0.06, P = 0.8), and the GAM did not improve the model fit (GAM vs. GLM; Δdf = 1, Deviance = 1.92, P = 0.17), suggesting that the response-ratio best supported the behavioural response to geosmin. The parameter value for the relationship between vinegar and the landing rates also fell in the predicted range of 0.5 (0.36 ± 0.19, Table S1).
For phenol, we found no evidence for the odour-modulation hypothesis as there was no interaction between vinegar and phenol on the landing rates (GLM: χ21,246 = 0.49, P = 0.48; Fig. 2F). As the comparison between the GLM and GAM showed an improved GAM fit (GAM vs. GLM; Δdf = 1, Deviance = 7.61, P = 0.005; Fig. 3), the analysis suggested that the response-ratio hypothesis is less relevant for phenol. As the data instead suggested a threshold at the 10−4 concentration, we split the data set at this concentration. We then found that the landing rates at low phenol concentrations (10−6 till 10−4 - Fig. 3) were only affected by the vinegar concentration (GLM: χ21,147 = 9.78, P = 0.002) and not by the phenol concentration (GLM: χ21,147 = 0.39, P = 0.53). For the high phenol concentration (10−4 till 10−2 - Fig. 3), landing rates were affected by both vinegar (GLM: χ21,147 = 4.5, P = 0.03) and phenol (GLM: χ21,147 = 22.79, P < 0.001), providing support for the repellent-threshold hypothesis. The parameter value for the relationship between vinegar and the landing rates at high phenol concentrations did not deviate from the predicted 0.5 (0.57 ± 0.27).
Understanding how insects integrate attractants and repellents, which presumably provoke opposite behavioural responses, is crucial for understanding consumer-resource interactions. Yet, current research focusses on the identification and practical applications of repellents58,59, and less on the quantitative responses by insect to odour mixtures. Therefore, we formulated the response-ratio hypothesis (Fig. 1A), the repellent-threshold hypothesis (Fig. 1B) and the odour-modulation hypothesis (Fig. 1C), as alternative quantitative responses by insects to odour mixtures. We used Drosophila melanogaster, as a model organism, to connect the observed behavioural responses in mixed odour environments to our hypotheses, using four known repellents in combination with an attractant. Our experiments provided strong support for the response-ratio hypothesis, which assumes that the behavioural response depends on the ratio between attractants and repellents, for benzaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol and geosmin. However, the response to phenol rather supported the repellent-threshold hypothesis, where aversion only occurs above a threshold concentration of the repellent compound. Finally, we found no support for the third hypothesis, the odour-modulation hypothesis, which assumes that the tested repellents and attractants have an interactive effect on the behavioural response.
The different responses to the combined odours are likely the result of the ecological relevance and involved sensory pathways, suggesting that further studies of the neuroethological mechanisms are needed to understand insect responses to combined odours. As we did not measure neurological responses in this study, we can only use previous work to speculate about potential mechanism that deserves further investigation. First, for the compounds that supported the response-ratio hypothesis, the most likely hypothesis is that the proportional decrease in landing rates rely on parallel or concentration dependent activation of different glomeruli dedicated to attractants or repellents7,27. This process could underlie the proportional decrease observed for the response-ratio hypothesis when it leads to a proportional change in signals with the ratio of the different odorants. This response would depend on the activation of an increasing number of glomeruli that proportionally decreases the activation within the individual glomerulus27, resulting in the normalization of the overall activity in the antennal lobe18,29,60, or in higher brain centres like the lateral horn26,33,34.
While we cannot rule out the involvement of concentration depended activation of glomeruli, we hypothesize that the behavioural response to phenol necessitates a different mechanism. The observation that phenol is only repellent above a certain threshold concentration suggests some type of overshadowing, where vinegar only affects the behavioural response to phenol at low concentrations. Although phenol binds to a narrowly tuned olfactory pathway49, we cannot exclusively connect such pathways to the repellent-threshold hypothesis. Considering that geosmin also binds to a narrowly tuned olfactory pathway19, a more likely hypothesis concerns the different peripheral binding sites. While phenol binds to receptors on the maxillary palps, the other repellents bind to antennal receptors. Therefore, a potential cause for the response to phenol is that lateral inhibition between glomeruli activated by ORNs on the antenna and maxillary palps may be stronger than lateral inhibition between glomeruli activated by ORNs from the antenna alone. Consequently, the antennal responses may have overshadowed the responses from the maxillary palps below the threshold we observed for phenol (Fig. 3).
While we did not find any evidence for the odour-modulation hypothesis, we expect that this hypothesis occurs when an enhanced contrast between specific odorants reduce the activity of neighbouring glomeruli18,27,61. In this case, some odorants should overshadow the signal produced by other odorants present in a mixture in a concentration-dependent manner40, rather than normalizing the activity between different neural regions. This alternative type of overshadowing seems to be involved in learned host selection by flower visiting insects62,63, where the ability to detect a specific odorant depends on the olfactory background45. This finding suggests that the odour-modulation hypothesis may be more applicable for experience based olfactory behaviour rather than the innate behavioural responses tested in our experiments.
It should be noted that translating our results to natural conditions requires additional information on the olfactory cues emitted by different resources (e.g. volatility and complexity of natural mixtures) and the response of insects to variations in odour concentrations. Previous studies have shown that the length of the odour plume increases with the square-root of the odour source concentration42,46, resulting in a power relationship with a slope of 0.5, such that a four times higher odour concentration produces an odour plume that is twice as long. Further studies using trapping methods have found the same quantitative relationship between odour concentrations and trapping rates64. In this study, we found the same quantitative relationship of 0.5 for the attractant odour, suggesting that the behavioural responses are explained by the probability of finding the odour source, making it likely that detection of repellent odours similarly depends on the length of the odour plume. Although a wealth of studies have indicated possible ways in which different odours are integrated in the neural system4,5,6, we are still at an early stage in understanding how this integration translates to quantitative insect responses to odour mixtures. Moreover, it cannot be excluded that mechanisms not governed by neural processing (such as molecular interactions prior to reception) may, at least partly, play a role in our observed interactions. Instead, our study provides a first glimpse to motivate further research into this area. This information will be essential for the development of models that predict how insects behave in mixed plant communities and for the development of sustainable pest-control strategies65,66. We believe that the combination of neuroethological studies, behavioural experiments and quantitative modelling is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying difference in the distribution of olfactory oriented insects in field situations.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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This research was funded by grants VR-2012-3578 and VR-2015-4232 (to PAH) from the Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet. Open access funding provided by Stockholm University.
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Verschut, T.A., Carlsson, M.A. & Hambäck, P.A. Scaling the interactive effects of attractive and repellent odours for insect search behaviour. Sci Rep 9, 15309 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51834-1
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Buck Rogers in the 25th Century: The Complete Series (1979)
Friday 9th March 2018
The year is 1987 and NASA launches the last of America's deep space probes. Aboard this small starship a lone astronaut, Captain William Buck Rogers (Gil Gerard). In a freak mishap Ranger 3 and its pilot are blown out of their trajectory into an orbit which freezes his life support system and returns Buck Rogers back to Earth 500 years later.
Forced to readjust to a new world and its people who blame his generation for a nuclear holocaust which left the earth a radioactive wasteland. Buck is soon enlisted to help save the Earth from an alien threat, working with Colonel Wilma Deering (Erin Grayand) a robot-droid known as Twiki. They roam space and planets to welcome back the lost and dispossessed.
Fully restored and in hi-definition, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century: The Complete Series is released on Blu-ray 2nd April 2018 from Fabulous Films Limited.
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By Sundar A S • December 30, 2014
I had high fever and had to be admitted in a local hospital during Sep 2014. In the room where we were staying, there was another bed occupied by a poor student who was admitted for some problem. He was put on oxygen the whole night and surprisingly there was no attender to help him in any way. Obviously his parents were staying elsewhere. He was all alone. The next day, after the oxygen was removed, we saw few of his friends visiting him and we heard them speak in a language we didn't understand . All that we could understand was that he was anxious about something and was frequently getting calls. We heard the nurse compelling him to go for a bottle of blood infusion against his wish. The student demanded discharge against medical advice. We called the nurse and enquired about what was happening. The nurse was telling us that he was suffering from a rare disease called Sickle Cell Anemia. This disease leads to extreme weakness and loss of memory even. However he refused treatment as he had no money to pay even for the treatment already undergone. The Doctors feared the risk of death if sufficient food and blood infusions are not given. However at his request they agreed to discharge him provided he pays the dues of INR.4000/-. All that his friends could raise was only INR.2000/-.We found this student sitting on a chair very upset, holding his heads and weeping for the balance amount. He didn't have money to even buy his food. For his medical condition, food was very important.
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By Gajas
On the sunny June card my father got remarried 25 years ago, just a relatively short time before the ceremony, I was at Belmont Park betting horses with him and his friend Bruce, a gentle soul who, for his keen and obsessively practiced handicapping skills, had been given by my father the tongue-in-cheek nickname the Shark.
He assured me http://crazyslot.online/gambling-card-games/gambling-card-games-granddaughter-card.php would leave after the next race. You end up in some interesting places at interesting times when you know gamblers, and the gamblers themselves are often good company. These facts alone are salutary. But gambling itself — investing gambling chance — is an activity that president to be rehabilitated as much as recommended.
In a book I recently read, it was casually grouped in with other bad habits like smoking, card and cheating. Few subjects inspire stronger games in those who dislike it. Terror is another. Admitting that you enjoy occasionally risking your hard-earned money on the flip of a card or the outcome of a football game being played free, miles away is, to some cautious ears, akin to saying that on weekends you unwind today playing in highway traffic.
The most obvious and probably most dangerous appeal of gambling is the pure feeling of undeserved reward. Crossword years ago, with friends at a casino, I quickly found myself up several hundred dollars at a roulette table.
The delight of rare moments like that one, I trust, is clear without my enthusiastic annotation. Game loss is also a counterintuitively alluring draw. Not to recklessly court it, but to inoculate yourself with it from time to time rather http://crazyslot.online/buy-game/buy-a-game-meaningful-card.php trying to avoid it altogether.
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Letter of Recommendation: Gambling.


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NEET: Soyeb Aftab, Akansha Singh rating full marks however there's one topper. Here is why
The Nationwide Testing Company (NTA) on Friday introduced the outcomes of medical entrance examination NEET. At the least two candidates secured the proper rating, nonetheless, the winner needed to be one. Odisha's Soyeb Aftab and Delhi's Akansha Singh scored 720 out of 720 marks. So, who was declared the topper and why?
Soyeb Aftab it was. Motive?
Age, subject-wise marks and variety of incorrect solutions are among the elements taken under consideration below the "tie breaking coverage" of the Nationwide Testing Company. Citing that Aftab is older than Akansha, the NTA introduced him because the topper.
An official mentioned that the rating of a candidate is initially decided based mostly on the scores obtained in Biology and Chemistry. "In instances the place the candidates can't be shortlisted utilizing the scores obtained within the examination, candidates are additional shortlisted bearing in mind the variety of solutions which might be incorrect, following which they're then shortlisted relying on their age. The elder one will get the desire," an official informed information company PTI.
The testing company, actually, used the identical tie-breaking coverage for deciding additional ranks. Telangana's Tummala Snikitha, Rajasthan's Vineet Sharma, Haryana's Amrisha Khaitan, Andhra Pradesh's Guthi Chaitanya Sindhu scored 715 out of 720 marks. Nonetheless, they have been ranked third, fourth, fifth and sixth respectively. These ranked from eighth to 20th scored 710 marks and people ranked from 25th to 50th scored 705 out of 720 marks.
In the meantime, topper Soyeb Aftab mentioned he by no means anticipated to bag the primary rank although he was optimistic. The son of homemaker Sultan Razia and Sheik Mohammad Abbas who owns a small enterprise, Soyeb mentioned it was his mom who motivated him to aspire for changing into a physician.


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In my contribution to the transversal reflections concluding this Routledge Handbook of International Political Sociology, I wish to dwell on the place of the commercial in International Political Sociology (IPS) 1 and use this reflection to make a commercial of sorts for IPS. This reflection began as a concern with the commercializing (or perhaps commodifying or neoliberalizing) of just about everything. 2 Even sleep – that "uncompromising interruption of the theft of time from us by capitalism" – is transformed by a 24/7 obsession of a "world disenchanted in its eradication of shadows and obscurity and of alternative temporalities" (Crary 2013: 10 and 19). We will therefore soon be able to discuss most topics adding the qualifier 'Inc.' as titles such as 'Democracy Inc.' (Wolin 2008), 'Lifeworld Inc.' (Thrift 2011) or 'Militainment Inc.' (Stahl 2009) remind us. Or perhaps we will not be able to discuss commercializing of everything.
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Psalm 142, Ecclesiasticus 39: 1 – 11 and Acts 1: 1 – 8
The righteous will surround me, for you will deal bountifully with me. Psalm 142: 7b
He preserves the sayings of the famous and penetrates the subtleties of the parables …. He travels in foreign countries, learning at first hand human good and human evil …. When he goes to his long rest, his reputation is secure. Ecclesiasticus 39: 2, 4b and 11b (REB)
In the first book, Theophilus, I wrote about all that Jesus did and taught from the beginning until the day when he was taken up to heaven, after giving instructions through the Holy Spirit to the apostles whom he had chosen. Acts 1: 1 – 2
Today we observe St. Luke's Day. Without Luke we would lack from our Bibles the gospel book that casts Jesus in the most empathetic way, that shows his compassion for the sick with a doctor's eye for medical detail, and was most accessible to contemporary audiences who were not of a Jewish background. Perhaps most significantly, had Luke not chronicled the early history of mission activity by Peter and then Paul, we would have a very sketchy idea how the gospel spread from Judea (as commanded by Jesus) towards the goal of reaching the ends of the earth. If you look at the thickness of the pages taken up by Luke's gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, you might be surprised to find Luke was responsible for over a quarter of the New Testament, only equalled by all Paul's epistles and then followed by John's writings.
Who was Luke? We have only a few definite facts about his life. We know he was Greek and wrote for the benefit of a Greek readership. It is also known that he accompanied Paul on some of his Mediterranean travels, as a helper and chronicler of events, because of the sudden change in Acts 16: 11 where Luke starts writing 'we', denoting he was actually there with Paul on his second missionary journey from Troas. Paul refers to Luke's presence with him in three of his epistles (Colossians 4: 14, 2 Timothy 4: 11 and Philemon v 24), so he was an eyewitness to many of the events, and could draw on first-hand witness accounts from Paul and other contemporaries to fill in the earlier detail. Tradition has it that Luke was a doctor and may have been an early member of the church in Antioch. Less certain is a suggestion that Luke knew Jesus personally and was one of the 72 disciples sent out on the trial mission in Luke 10, or even that Luke was one of the travellers who met Jesus on the Road to Emmaus. Whatever the details of his life, he was an accomplished writer who could paint beautiful word-pictures to describe the teaching and miracles of Jesus, along with all the human interest. Luke was also particular about accuracy, clearly wanting his accounts to stand scrutiny, because archaeologists have verified places and events described in Acts.
Luke had a clear objective in writing. His gospel opens by mentioning the many who had tried to compose an account of Jesus' life, and that he wanted to do the same, in an orderly and accurate fashion, so that Theophilus (a Gentile government official) might know the truth. The introduction to the Acts of the Apostles continues in the same vein, with a repeat account of the Ascension as a bridge to the real starting point as the Holy Spirit comes at Pentecost. In his Gospel, Luke placed an emphasis on the themes of prayer, the Holy Spirit and mercy, suggesting he himself was a compassionate, spiritual man. Although apparently writing to Theophilus personally, Luke had a bigger objective in showing the truth of the gospel to a much wider Gentile audience, showing Jesus' openness and mercy. His account in Acts of Peter grasping the significance of Gentiles being included in the offer of salvation (Acts 10) was an invitation to all people to come to faith. In Luke's attention to detail, he does not avoid describing the sufferings of Paul and his companions as they were imprisoned and mistreated. But he also describes the miracles and the wide response from the most hostile and unlikely people, as the Church took root. Tradition has it that Luke did not marry and died at the age of eighty-four.
May we be thankful for the dedication of Luke and others like him, who faithfully recorded so much of what Jesus said and did, and later recounted the experiences of some of the Apostles, as the Holy Spirit opened the way for the gospel to be propagated. Without these records it would be much harder for us to know about both the truth of Jesus and the salvation he offers, and that work of the Holy Spirit in overcoming fierce opposition to go on transforming lives and defending Christians down through the ages.
Kevin Boak
Lay Reader


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- Arts and Crafts hosted by Silvi's Art Studio
- Food service from three great food trucks - Mommalicious and Mobile Chef for dinner (featured recently on KDKA!) and we'll have Funnel Cakes and Fresh Lemonade for your sweet tooth
- Trunk or Treat (wear your costume!)
Place: South Hills Church of the Nazarene
Address: 5601 Library Rd, Bethel Park, PA 15102
Date: Saturday, October 24th
Time: 3pm til 7pm
We are observing all local, state, and federal health guidelines and regulations to protect your safety and the safety of our volunteer team.
Pre-registration is not required but please do consider it to let us know you'll be joining the fun!


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Benchmark Senior Living are currently looking for a Front Desk Receptionist, if you are interested, check below for full details.
The Front Desk Receptionist serves as the information referral center for all residents, families, potential residents, staff, guests, community contacts, and others visiting the community. S/he must be aware of all daily activities, administrative staff, and management company roles and responsibilities and direct or answer questions accordingly. In addition, the Front Desk Receptionist shall provide support for some computer processing duties as appropriate.
- Demonstrates basic understanding of emergency call system and nurse paging system
- Greets visitors immediately upon arrival
- Professionally handles all phone calls and routes callers or answers questions in a timely and courteous manner
- Offers refreshments (coffee, water, etc.) to visitors, where applicable
- Greets all residents, associates, and visitors with a warm smile and pleasant tone of voice
- Manages doctor appointment book
- Manages beauty and barber appointment book
- Acts as concierge for residents (calling taxis, handling telephone and/or cable problems, checking newspaper deliveries, etc.)
- Keeps lobby clean and neat, free of clutter and trash
- Reports any mal-functioning equipment to maintenance
- Assists the Community Sales Team, led by the Executive Director, with sales and marketing programs and initiatives
- Develops and practices the "30 second commercial" to be used when greeting visitors
- Participates in in-service trainings as required by state regulations
- High school diploma or equivalent certificate preferred.
- Possesses expert knowledge of telephone system and capable of teaching others
- Possesses expert knowledge of telephone system and capable of teaching others
- Demonstrates proficient computer skills (word processing, email, internet, Excel, etc.)
- Maintains awareness of all daily activities (and changes)
- Has full knowledge of the administrative staff, ownership, and management company
- Possesses excellent verbal communication skills
In addition to offering competitive pay Benchmark also offers a wide variety of benefits, incentives, and professional development opportunities:
- Tuition reimbursement
- Mileage reimbursement for trainings & other work-related travel
- AT&T cell phone discount
- SitterCity
- BJ's Warehouse discount
- Brooks Brother's discount
- Adoption Assistance
- Group, Auto, & Home Insurance
- Pet Insurance
- Community bonus opportunities
- Career development programs
- 401k with company match
Job Link expired…


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Two weeks after his 13th French Open title, Rafael Nadal proved his prowess in another sporting arena when he finished tied sixth in the Balearic... ...https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/golf/top-stories/rafael-nadal-nets-sixth-place-in-mallorca-golf-tournament/articleshow/78883597.cms
The 33-year-old Djokovic has been the top-ranked player at the end of a season five times: in 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2018. He shares that mark... ...https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/novak-djokovic-eyes-amazing-pete-sampras-year-end-world-number-one-record-in-vienna/articleshow/78866056.cms
Rafael Nadal will swap his rackets for his golf clubs on Saturday and play in the Balearic Championship in Mallorca, according to a report in... ...https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/rafael-nadal-to-play-professional-golf-tournament-in-mallorca/articleshow/78822666.cms
Novak Djokovic said he hopes to play next year's Australian Open in a bid to chase Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal's record Grand Slam titles. ...https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/novak-djokovic-hoping-to-play-australian-open-bidding-to-be-historic-best-2314317
Rafael Nadal announced on Tuesday that he will compete in the Paris Masters next month, despite previously saying he might not play again this season. ...https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/rafael-nadal-to-play-paris-masters-next-month/articleshow/78771732.cms
1 Followers
1 Followers
1 Followers
4 Followers


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China Small Crusher Machine, Small Crusher Machine ...
China Small Crusher Machine manufacturers - Select 2019 high quality Small Crusher Machine products in best price from certified Chinese Crusher Part manufacturers, Crush Machine suppliers, wholesalers and factory on Made-in-China.comGet Price
Mobile Crushing - RUBBLE MASTER
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Jaw crushers are the work horse of the crushing industry for mining, construction, and demolition recycling. Mt. Baker Mining and Metals' jaw crushers are industrial grade, continuous duty machines. They take large pieces of rock, ore, concrete, or other materials, and crush them down to smaller sizes, for further processing in a ball or ...Get Price
Small Crusher Machine, Small Crusher Machine Suppliers and ...
Alibaba.com offers 51,435 small crusher machine products. About 45% of these are crusher, 13% are plastic crushing machines, and 7% are feed processing machines. A wide variety of small crusher machine options are available to you, such as hammer crusher, jaw crusher, and cone crusher.Get Price
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5 Best Ice Crushers - Dec. 2019 - BestReviews
Mid-range models, between $50 and $100, include electric crushers that can handle a modest amount of use. These are ideal additions to home bars that cater to many parties. At the top of the range, ice crushes between $100 and $200 are sophisticated and well-engineered machines that toe the line of genuine small appliances. They're equipped ...Get Price
CRUSHERS - Compactors Inc
Please click on a category below to view our full line of crusher machines: Glass Crushers. Through our line of ten Glass Crushers, we provide solutions to most industries including bars, restaurants, laboratories, recycling centers, hotels, casinos and many more. View the Machines.Get Price
Mini Rock Crusher - 911Metallurgist
The 1" X 2" 911MPEJAC12 Small Rock Crusher is designed to finely crush rock and stone like aggregates or your favourite ore type (gold, silver, copper, etc.) from 3/4" (20mm) feed size down to a D50 - 50% passing 50 Mesh (300um). This also correspond to a crushed products P80 size of 80% passing 1.5mm or 14 mesh. This small jaw crusher and its miniature opening gape of 25 mm X 50 …Get Price
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Asphalt Crusher - RUBBLE MASTER
Demolition, asphalt and concrete have been among the services this company offers for a long time. We have expanded our business operations by recycling asphalt, concrete and C&D waste using a mobile crusher. The investment in the RM 70GO! quickly turned into a profit and saved us expensive depot fees.Get Price
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Crusher - Wikipedia
A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or rock dust.. Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of waste materials so they can be more easily disposed of or recycled, or to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in rock ore), so that pieces of different composition can be differentiated.Get Price
Small Glass Crusher for home use and minor recycling ...
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Crushers For Sale - Equipment Trader
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Small Jaw Crusher - 911Metallurgist
The 911MPEJAC23 is a Small Jaw Crusher of 2.25" X 3" manufactured to easily crush any rock from 2" (50mm) down to a D50 of 700 micron (28 Mesh) which also correspond to a crushed discharge P80 size of 80% passing 1400 microns or 14 mesh. The discharge opening (closed-side-setting) of this 55 mm X 75 mm "big-small crusher" you can adjusted with a wrench.Get Price
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The disadvantage of this type of crusher, when high capacity is required, is the relatively small discharge width, limiting the capacity as compared with the discharge circuit of a gyratory crusher. Jaw crushers are mainly used in plants producing up to approximately 1600 t/h. Primary crushing with gyratory crushersGet Price
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Mini-Crusher - Hire Now from Jewson
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Course Partnerships
New Course Partnership
We are always excited to talk about the FIZ and how Our Makerspace can help your class. If you are teaching a course and would like to learn how the FIZ can be utilized for projects, resources, or activities please contact us via email at email@example.com to schedule a time to plan and discuss.
Existing Partnerships
If you are familiar with the process of partnering with the FIZ and are ready to have your class utilize the FIZ. Please look in this compressed file for forms to establish accounts for each student group to utilize the FIZ. These accounts will allow student groups to make purchases and utilize FIZ employees up to a set amount that you specify. You can also contact us via email at firstname.lastname@example.com to discuss your needs.
During the Remote Coug Experience, FIZ employees will do the work, students in a course will act as project managers.


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Overseas Women's Day: 5 things you d. The holiday that is global the social, financial, social and governmental achievements of women global.
Delighted Overseas Women's Day! International Women's Day (IWD) happens to be seen going back 109 years, honoring how long the women's rights motion has arrived, while rallying for an even more future that is equitable.
In honor for the special event, listed here are five facts you do not find out about the March 8 observance.
1. It started in 1911. Russian females on Overseas Women's in 1925 day.
(Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis via Getty Pictures)
The IWD that is first held in 1911, celebrated in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland on March 19 by over one million people. Formal activities into the celebration that is inaugural women's legal rights to vote, work and hold general public workplace, while denouncing discrimination, the corporation reports.
Tragically, lower than 1 week later on, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire advertised the everyday lives of over 140 women that are working new york. The tragedy raised knowing of labor guidelines into the U.S. And unjust working conditions, further fueling IWD's mission in many years that adopted. Czytaj więcej O tej wersjiOverseas Women's Day: 5 things you d. The holiday that is global the social, financial, social and governmental achievements of women global. …


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Kathleen Antczak (nee Sheehan)—Beloved wife of the late Fred; loving mother of Cindy (Rich) Leick, Karen, and Theresa (Dan) Reyes; grandmother of Steven, Amanda, and Abbey Leick, Ryan (Lisette) and Samantha (Joey) and the late Rebecca, and Anna and Melody Reyes; great grandmother of Elliot; fond sister of Nancy Lykowski, Susie Parks, Michael Sheehan, and the late Gail Szurdarski; loving aunt of many nieces and nephews. Visitation will be held on Friday at Immaculate Heart of Mary Church from 9:00 A.M. until time of Mass at 11:00 A.M. Interment Maryhill Cemetery. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, Mass will be limited to family, and they ask that you sign the guestbook online at www.cooneyfuneralhome.com In lieu of flowers, donations to Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation are appreciated. For information please call 773-588-5850
Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation
13770 Noel Rd., Suite 801889, Dallas TX 75380
Web: https://ww5.komen.org/donate/donate.html


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Downloading RealFlow RenderKit For 3D Studio Max
The program can not be downloaded: the download link is not available. External download links have become invalid for an unknown reason. Sorry, but we cannot ensure safeness of third party websites.
Often downloaded with
- Maxwell for Rhino x86 Maxwell Render™ is a new render engine based on the physics of real light. Its... $995 DOWNLOAD
Apps for Mac
Sound Studio 3
System Optimization
Sweet Home 3D
Viewers & Editors
Latest updates
Trend Day Finder
AI Suite 3
System Optimization
P-208II CaptureOnTouch
Device Assistants


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Patrick Scott Armstrong hosts a podcast from Austin, Texas. He invites famous guests from the worlds of music, film, TV, arts, sports, entertainment, activism and business for engaging conversations about their careers, food and everything Texas.
Today I'm talking to the owner of Austin's Crux Climbing Center, Kevin Goradia, and he tells me how the pandemic has hit the climbing world.


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Beautiful and well maintained ranch style home with two car garage and rv parking. This home is situated close to schools and parks. The main level of the home has many upgrades and features the living room, kitchen with newer GE appliances, dining room with built in kitchen table with underneath storage, three bedrooms and 1 bathroom. The lower level of the home is newly renovated and presents two additional bedrooms, one bathroom and a large family room. The exterior of the home was recently painted for a charming appeal. The lush backyard has a large wood deck great for entertaining, new concrete patio and large grass area surrounded by mature trees. Call or text Tiffany Cordova (307) 389.1103 with Overman Realty, LLC to schedule your showing.
Information deemed reliable but not guaranteed. All properties are subject to prior sale, change or withdrawal. The data relating to real estate on this web site comes in part from the Wyoming MLS Internet Data Exchange Program. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than the listing office named are marked with the Wyoming MLS IDX logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing broker. The information being provided is for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Updated: 22nd October, 2020 6:24 AM


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- Sponsored -
Shah Rukh Khan reveals AbRam is a confused kid and why!
Kapil Sharma is back with a bang and yes, he had Shah Rukh Khan supporting him to all the glory. The first show of the brand new, 'The Kapil Sharma Show', went live yesterday with King Khan, Shah Rukh, gracing the stage and oh boy! we were left in splits. Literally, the two hours of madness had our jaws paining with laughter. As the event was organized in Delhi, the punches and one-liners revolved around Arvind Kejriwal, water cuts in Delhi, JNU no more being a lovers park and so on and of course, Shah Rukh Khan's recently released 'FAN' too was a topic of discussion on the evening. In one such instance, Kapil, being his usual comedian self, asked SRK why did he name his character in the film as Aaryan, which is the name of his eldest son, and why not AbRam Khan? To this, SRK gave the wittiest answer we have ever heard and called AbRam a confused kid.
Watch the video to know what he has to say…


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Aaliyah White Top
Aaliyah, a mesh panel fitted top. A HMcA classic top with full-length mesh sleeve and mesh top yoke in luxe jersey. Part of the HMcA 52 weeks trans-seasonal collection.
Care Instructions
Grace White Top
Grace, a long sleeve white T-shirt, with a deep back vee-detail. Pairs with the Charlize palazzo pant, Jill pant or Carol pant, for night or day, work or play, a simple but refined staple. Part of the HMcA 52 weeks trans-seasonal collection.
Gina White Top
Gina, a fluid T-shirt with a clean crew neck, made to be worn oversized for slouchy ease. Part of the HMcA 52 weeks trans-seasonal collection, fabricated in a machine washable jersey.
Subscribe to our newsletter and you'll be the first to know about our newest arrivals, special offers and store events.


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Noor Aldeen Najdeah
Mechanical Engineer | Solar Energy Engineer
About me
My name is Noor Aldeen Najdeah
MY Education
BA in Mechanical Engineering
Year 2017
Rate: Very Good
Rank: 2nd on the batch
Work experience
Najdeah has worked as a solar energy engineer in 2017 for a Related company in Amman Specialized in RE and Training.
His responsibilities were:
Site survey and study to give the best design for the projects, taking measurements, pictures and preparing site reports.
Design the PV projects & produce the best energy solution for individual cases.
Preparation of Tenders. After 1 year he moved to another company also specialized in the same industry as projects engineers and Technical Support
Also Eng. Najdeah Provide several designs of PV systems for some Arab countries such as:
Saudi Arabia
The systems have been designed varies from small to Large scale. The design of the systems includes Mechanical (structure Part) and Electrical Design.
Eng. Najdeah Trained Nearly 2000 students around the world in the Solar energy field through several courses in this field like:
Solar energy system design
SketchUp Modelling for PV system
SketchUp & AutoCAD For PV structure Shop Drawings
Advance PVSYST Design Course
Professional site survey to prevent design mistakes
Also Eng. Najdeah Has some online Courses Like:
Solar System Design
Some of the course Free and others paid
Eng. Najdeah also worked as a lecturer for some Mechanical Engineering materials in some Academies in Amman Jordan in 2016 until 2018
I believe that real excellence is not the achievement of degrees and certificates, but the exchange of experience and gain the necessary skills at each stage, and continuous development.
I was also part of a group of teachers in mechanical engineering and student projects in more than one educational center
Because i am very interested in education, I started giving free and paid courses in this field


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Collection by Sally Parsons
Isa's hare - Ann Sotheran Glass Artist
This item is unavailable | Etsy
Find the perfect handmade gift, vintage & on-trend clothes, unique jewellery, and more… lots more.
The Beauty of Wildlife
Brown Hare by Simon Litten
Iris Milward, poetry tiles, poems, 45 Southside, Gallery, Greeting Cards,
Range of greeting cards taken from ceramic poetrytiles by Iris Milward. Available wholesale or retail.
Wildlife Photographic Journals
Chilled Hares I love to photograph Brown Hares during the late summer. This is a quiet time of year for bird photography as many birds are...
Staande Belgische Haas - Brons - Nanouk Weijnen
life size hares
Explore Joe lawrence art work's photos on Flickr. Joe lawrence art work has uploaded 229 photos to Flickr.


text: Frisky Kitten And Darling Dalmatian Playing Is The Cutest! By The Animal Rescue Site News Not only is this kitten a sweetie but watch as this dog rolls onto her back, happily, to show it's safe to play. Who says cats and dogs can't be best friends? That's just silly!!! <3 Help Rescue Animals Provide food and vital supplies to shelter pets at The Animal Rescue Site for free! → Whizzco


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The Beauty Spot
Men's Treatments
Take some time out with a visit to The Beauty Spot. With a professional, experienced and welcoming team, we provide a range of beauty treatments; including hair removal, facials and body treatments.
Men's Treatments and Massage
You can find the Beauty Spot in Rotherham, near Wickersley in South Yorkshire, you will find us at 3-4 Listerdale Shopping Parade, Bawtry Road, Brecks S65 3JA. The Beauty Spot offers a range of beauty treatments and massages for men, by our experienced, qualified and insured team for men and women of all ages and we will cater to your specific relaxation and beauty needs. To make an appointment, please feel free to call our salon on 01709 542 605
Treatments for Men
We welcome gentlemen into our salon. It is a common misconception that beauty salons are exclusively for women. We understand your needs will be different and will do our best to make you feel relaxed, refreshed, and invigorated with our wide range of therapeutic treatments. Including men's massage, hair removal, eyebrows facials and Microdermabrasion
The team at The Beauty Spot in Rotherham, offer a selection of massage treatments specially designed for men. Our selection of massages are perfect for muscular tension, stress related conditions and just for pure indulgence.
Bamboo massage- recover & release tensions
Our Unique bamboo massage is unlike anything you will have experienced before, as the bamboo canes replace the therapist hands , allowing a deeper firmer massage, designed to relieve stress, muscle tension, aches and pains.
Men's Full Body Massage
Excellent to relieve aches and pains. Also aids for the tone and relaxation of the muscles.
Men's back, neck and shoulder massage
A deep tissue massage will release tension in back or shoulders. Perfect for joint or muscle pain relief.
Men's Microdermabrasion
What is microdermabrasion? Deep exfoliation treatment using crystal skin peeling techniques. Improve and renew the texture of your skin, great for reducing blocked pores and makes the skin look younger and smoother.
Intensive Energising Face Treatment
This is the ultimate spa facial for men. It includes a 15 minute back massage and you can add an extra 15 minutes back massage for £12. The decléor products are selected according to your individual skin requirements. Total rejuvenation – pure bliss.
Waxing and hair removal
If you require permanent hair removal please visit our electrolysis page for more information
Body hair removal. Much more effective than shaving and will leave your skin feeling smooth.
Grooming and shaping men's eyebrows using wax. A quick and gentle procedure giving your eyebrows symmetry.