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Two years ago, our annual Canada Day special report compared Canada with its bête noire and sibling to the south, and we liked, and were sometimes surprised, by what we found. Last year, we tested Canada against the wider world and again performed impressively. In this edition, we turn inward, using the same evolving array of studies, surveys, and census information to compare the provinces to each other on various economic, social, and medical metrics.
The differences, in many cases, are jarring. We have grown accustomed to startling economic disparities among the provinces: the survey confirms, for example, that Alberta has the country's highest labour-force participation and its highest weekly wage, though it serves to add the valuable caveats that Albertans spend the second most amount of time at work and are the least likely of all Canadians to have a pension plan. What's perhaps more interesting is the subtler ways in which the basic texture of life differs between provinces (and the territories, by no means forgotten, but left aside from our charts, with regret, because their small populations and unique socio-economic structures produce volatile, extreme data).
What mysterious virtue, for example, makes Nova Scotians devote 20 per cent more of their time to volunteering than Saskatchewanians? How can one part of the country (Newfoundland and Labrador) have literally twice as many heart attacks as another (B.C.)? How is it that nearly 20 per cent of the workforce is self-employed in B.C. when the number is closer to 10 per cent in New Brunswick?
The simple variables in our charts conceal worlds of complexity. The three-year gap in life expectancy between Newfoundland and B.C. doesn't look like much, for example, but it is almost as large as the four years of life Canadians would gain from the overnight elimination of all cancer. Health-wise, the figures suggest that B.C. is among the world's most favoured jurisdictions, while Newfoundland lags behind Greece or Costa Rica.
It is tempting to explain the gap by pointing to other charts that show Newfoundland's high rates of obesity and smoking, but are these numbers merely manifestations of underlying socio-economic variables? According to recent Canadian research, one can predict premature death in a region or community pretty well knowing only a handful of "deprivation" factors. If you can count the number of single-parent families and persons living alone on one hand, and measure employment, income, and education on the other, you can do a pretty good job of guessing population health without looking at any other behavioural or genetic factors. (Newfoundland probably derives a significant health benefit from having a large number of people in their twenties living with their parents (52.2 per cent)—if you leave aside the likelihood that they're doing so because they're broke and can't find work.)
There may not be any number in these charts that isn't connected to some equally fascinating matrix of cultural processes. New houses in Quebec are the smallest in the country: this points to an urbanized, dense, aging population where the mean family size is (despite recent gains) significantly smaller than anywhere else in Canada. Quebec's lingering attachment to TV and its relatively slow acceptance of the Internet tell the tale of a besieged linguistic culture where old media are much more than just a buffet of amusements. Homicide rates, which are lowest in Canada's Atlantic provinces, ostensibly defy explanations based on poverty, but the disturbingly simple linear relationship between homicide rates and Aboriginal population ratios tells a story behind the story.
Striking, persistent differences such as these will seem objectionable to those who think of Canada as progressing continually toward homogeneity. One thing we know pretty confidently about the economic differences is that labour mobility intensifies them, rather than reduces them. We live in a free, decentralized federation wherein people are at liberty to migrate from place to place. That's good for the economy overall; considering labour strictly as a commodity, we all benefit when it flows to where it is needed and where it will be most productive. But the result is to make the provinces less equal, as human capital departs the less productive regions and puts them at risk of entering a downward spiral.
That's a major reason we have interprovincial equalization, and it's one argument for our relatively open-door immigration policy, since inbound foreign labour tends to counterbalance the inequality effects of migration within Canada. Canadians may rarely see raw counts of interprovincial migrants, and the numbers are slightly surreal. In the 2006 census, 852,580 Canadians reported that they had changed provinces in the prior five years. Of these migrants, 226,865, or more than one-quarter, had ended up in Alberta. Ontario had 185,785; B.C., another 164,710, including nearly 63,000 from Alberta itself. The old story is not over yet: Canada's centre of gravity is still moving westward.
It is perhaps counterintuitive that a nation-building project like Confederation still looks like such a crazy quilt. Even the bits of Canada entirely planned and settled by other bits of Canada don't look that much alike. Nothing but a north-south line on a map separates Alberta and Saskatchewan; that line could have been put somewhere else or drawn east-west, and the two provinces could have been left as one or turned into four. Yet barely 100 years after they were arbitrarily divided, "Albertans" and "Saskatchewanians" differ discernibly and are not shy about pointing out those differences.
Canada was designed with centralization and homogenization in mind, but the designers were 19th-century classical liberals who couldn't foresee the "mixed economy" and welfare state of the 20th. Health, welfare, and education, not yet presumptively considered the state's business in 1867, were left to the provinces as local, marginal matters. Unexpectedly, those concerns grew to swallow the state, turning Canada's political history into an unceasing, ill-planned struggle for relevance between the federation and its components.
The neurotic nature of our arrangements is well symbolized by the fact that our provinces are called "provinces." In familiar federations like the U.S., Australia, and Mexico, the components are called "states," a word denoting dignified sovereignty. Switzerland has highly autonomous "cantons." We are at least as decentralized as almost any of these countries, but our regional political units are called by a name more typically used in unitary states to denote purely administrative components, ones that can be erased or rearranged at the whim of the central government. And colloquially, in England or France, the phrase "the provinces" refers to the rustic hinterland beyond the limits of the metropolis. Almost everywhere on earth, to be "provincial" is an insult.
But Canadians? We're all provincial. (Except for those of us who are territorial.) In American history, nine of the 13 colonies that seceded from the British Empire, including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts Bay, were formally considered "provinces." The word denoted that these tracts were no longer the private property of some mighty subject, but chartered self-governing polities answerable to royal authority. "Province" was a step between "colony" and sovereign "state." That is the step we never officially took, yet our provinces are more powerful than U.S. states.
The process by which this came about could fairly be called passive or even accidental. And everybody can agree that the result is something of a mess. The federal government uses its spending power to obtrude upon the managerial responsibilities of the provinces; the provinces acquiesce or resist, doing so with little regard to principle and much to perceived self-interest. (As the current debate over the creation of a national securities regulator shows.) Our judiciary, left with a mixed and confusing heritage of precedent, remains unable to offer a clear, predictable, objective norm for settling power disputes where the Constitution falls short.
We try to get along, in a friendly and respectful way, with national round tables on this and national councils on that. Confederation is a pretty good machine for creating talking shops and information-gathering apparatuses, where some good can be done by them. But meanwhile, programs like the federal Millennium Scholarships for education pop into existence suddenly and vaporize equally suddenly.
The thickets of internal trade and interprovincial labour certification are hacked away at, slowly. Somehow, we grow ever more allergic to broad constitutional reform as Meech Lake and Charlottetown fade further into the past. Even an institution as unpopular as the Senate resists change. Meanwhile, more Canadians than ever are living in cities, giving us a third species of identity that is arguably more genuine than any purely provincial attachment, but much less well reflected in our fundamental political arrangements.
So does this antiquated, curious formula actually work? Consider the evidence turned up by Ontario's Mowat Centre think tank in February, when it commissioned a Pollara survey on Canadians' attitudes toward Confederation. The Centre found that Ontario, traditionally the one refuge from feelings of grievance toward Confederation, is gradually becoming a source of complaints just like any other. (But it also suggested that few Canadians outside Quebec put their provincial identity ahead of their national one. Only 19 per cent of respondents were "province-first" or "province-only" patriots, a figure markedly lower than the 26 per cent reported by the Dominion-Historica Institute and Ipsos-Reid in 2007.)
Pollara asked 2,697 Canadians from across the country how much influence they thought their province has on "important national decisions." Overall, the number answering "More than its fair share": a mere nine per cent. The number answering "Less than its fair share" was a whopping 45 per cent. Even in Ontario, the "lesses" outnumbered the "mores" nearly two to one (28 per cent to 15 per cent). In B.C. and the territories the margin was 62 per cent to two per cent. In Saskatchewan and Manitoba, it was 62 per cent to one per cent. In Atlantic Canada, 65 per cent to one per cent.
Meanwhile, every province, by about the same margin, is convinced that it is getting cheated economically as well as politically. Pollara asked, "Thinking about all the money the federal government spends on different programs and transfers to the provinces, do you think your province receives" more than its fair share, less, or about the right amount? Fifty-two per cent of all Canadians said "less," and just five per cent said "more," with the ratio about the same everywhere one looks. "Less" won over "more" 40 per cent to 11 per cent in Quebec, and 57 per cent to four per cent in the Atlantic provinces.
This might seem to add up to earth-shattering, horrifying news for Confederation. Equalization's beneficiaries seem at least as resentful as its contributors. Either an overwhelming number of Canadians everywhere are convinced they are losers in a zero-sum contest between provinces, which can't literally be true, or nearly everybody agrees that Ottawa is denying them a voice and wasting their money, which would seem to leave the very legitimacy of Confederation on a shaky basis.
The punchline, of course, is that when Pollara asked people directly about whether Canadian federalism "has more advantages than disadvantages," it did pretty well. Nationwide, 48 per cent agreed with the statement, and only 33 per cent disagreed. "Agree" won the day almost everywhere, even in ever-contentious Quebec (48 per cent to 42 per cent). Only in grouchy Alberta did it lose, 36 per cent to 43 per cent; and even Albertans express a robust, aggressive patriotism by other measures, suggesting that they may think the game is rigged against them but they're still happy to remain at the table. The consensus seems to be Canada may be a rip-off, but it's our rip-off and we love it.
Click below for the provincial leaders and basement-dwellers in each of the following categories:
Family Life


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Villa Emilios is located in the outskirts of Vingla and just over Kalami Corfu. It is about 5 minutes drive from Kalami bay and looks out at Kouloura, Kalami and Agni bay. Its extensive views stretch out towards the Ablanian mountains, the Greek mainland and the dividing sea.
This detached vacation rental property is air-conditioned and sleeps up to 6 people with 3 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms along with private swimming pool and sea views.
A popular destination for couples, Kalami is also ideal for a family holiday with tavernas, safe swimming, water sports and boat hire – everyone is catered for!
The living room has sofas, WiFi Internet, Satellite TV, DVD player, dining area and ornamental fire place. There are patio doors to the pool terracealong with sea views.
The kitchen features: full oven, cooking hob, fridge/freezer, microwave, dishwasher, washing machine, filter coffee machine, toaster and kettle. There is also a Barbecue.
Villa Emilios has 3 air conditioned bedrooms. Bedroom 1 is air conditioned with a double bed. Bedroom 2 is air conditioned with 2 single beds. En suite bathroom. Bedroom 3 is air conditioned with 2 single beds.
Villa Emilios has 4 Bathrooms. Bathroom 1 is a family bathroom, bath with shower. Bathroom 2 is a family bathroom with shower.
Bathroom 3 is a family bathroom with shower. Bathroom 4 W/C.
Maid service, bath towels and hand towels are included.
The pool is private and designed to take full advantage of its south-facing aspect. There is plenty of room around the pool terrace for sunbeds and parasols.
There is a games room with table tennis situated in the basement, as well as a laundry room.
Taxi transfer can be arranged for you on your arrival. The taxi driver will welcome you either at the airport or at the port, holding a sign with your full name and 'Villa Emilios' written on it. .
Using the bus service is another option. Make sure you get to the 'green bus station', though, in order to catch the right bus.
Renting a car is by far the best choice. We make sure that you will have absolutely no difficulty reaching Villa Emilios, since we provide you with detailed driving instructions.

subset: commoncrawl


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Click on the badge to see which holiday character you are!
Thursday, December 13, 2007
oh this is so fun, do try it if you have time!
Click on the badge to see which holiday character you are!
10 comments:
- Shalita said...
I am Buddy, the Elf! What a fun quiz! I do not have a lot of time to comment right now because I have to go put on my elf costume and see how I can help Santa!
- December 13, 2007 at 2:18 PM
- Jodi said...
Aunt Laine,
Our tree really is about 7 feet tall. Tim is on his knees. Deceptive camera angle.
Our tree is very hodge-podge as well. And I love it too!
How's life going for y'all lately?
- December 13, 2007 at 4:26 PM
- Journey to Lilly! said...
How fun!! I am buddy from Elf!! I love the season! Well, I have to go be happy somewhere!!
lv ya,
- December 13, 2007 at 4:28 PM
- Pandamonium Mom said...
Fun! It says I am Frosty the Snowman! not really sure what to make of that! ha!
- December 13, 2007 at 10:12 PM
- The Ferrill's said...
DeEtte how funny! Rob is Frosty too!
- December 13, 2007 at 10:23 PM
Just call me Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer. Let me guide your sleigh, Have a safe weekend.
- December 13, 2007 at 10:39 PM
- Keisha said...
Laine...guess who I am????
So...can we ummm....go to "Wally World" together this summer...???
- December 14, 2007 at 10:27 AM
- wareaglefam said...
Shalita...we are "Buddys!" That is too funny! I got a kick out of that one.
I tried to call Karla today, but I never got her. I see that Ariel is on hold. I hope that she gets a wonderful forever family!
Tracy The Elf
- December 14, 2007 at 6:02 PM
- Linda ★ Parker's General said...
I guess I'm joining you at Wally World. That is too funny!
- December 17, 2007 at 1:37 PM
- Trace Car Driver said...
i am ALSO clark griswold. how funny ;) and i love love love your tree... looks a lot like ours, but probably about 3 foot taller! ha. ornaments are my favorite, i tell myself i'll just put up my favorites, but they all end up on the tree!!
- December 19, 2007 at 10:04 AM


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Fritters are usually flattened, round shaped patties, which are generally served in a sort of sandwich or hamburger. Fritters can be eaten with salad or single by using a knife and a fork. Here is a simple fritter recipe, which is made with tuna.
- Tuna – 2 cans (6 ounce)
- Dijon mustard – 2 tsp.
- Butter – 1/2 tsp.
- Olive oil – 2 tbsp.
- Egg – 1
- White bread (torn into small pieces) – 1/2 cup
- Lemon zest – 1 tsp.
- Lemon juice – 1 tbsp.
- Water – 1 tbsp.
- A couple squirts of Crystal hot sauce
- Fresh chives, green onions, or shallots (chopped) – 2 tbsp.
- Fresh parsley (chopped) – 2 tbsp.
- Freshly ground black pepper – to taste
- Salt – to taste
- Place tuna in a medium bowl and add olive oil, mustard, lemon juice, bread, parsley, zest, water, chives, hot sauce, salt and pepper. Mix them to combine.
- Season with ground black pepper and salt. Mix the egg.
- Divide the mixture into four parts and form a ball with each part. Then flatten it to shape like a patty. Place the patty on a paper lined baking tray and refrigerate for 1 hour.
- Heat olive oil with a little butter in a non-stick frying pan over medium heat. Place them in the pan and cook for 3-4 minutes or until browned on each side.
- Place the patties in a serving dish and serve.
You can also bake them in the oven or grill instead of pan frying, simply place the patties onto a baking sheet and bake for about 15 – 20 minutes at 350° F.
Related Searches
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Culture Trip stands with
Black Lives Matter
Originally reserved for the plebeians (the poorest and lowest class of Roman citizen), the fifth and highest tier is more than 120 feet above ground, making it hard to see the action down below. While the noble classes sat on marble benches close to the warring gladiators and wild animals, the plebs had to make do with standing in the nosebleeds.
'The noise and the smell would have been hellish,' Rossella Rea, the director of the Colosseum, told The Telegraph. 'The wild animals were kept in underground tunnels. They were not fed for days. So when they were hoisted up from the darkness to the arena in cages, they would have been terrified. The carnage was terrible.'
Also accessible for the first time in 40 years is the fourth level – originally reserved for the shopkeepers, merchants and traders of ancient Rome. They might have once been considered the cheap seats but those who climb to the top levels today are rewarded with stunning views across the Roman Forum and Palatine Hill.
To see these previously restricted areas, visitors must book online in advance and pay €9 on top of the regular €12 entrance fee. Guided tours take place in groups of 25 in English, Italian or Spanish.
The chance to visit the previously closed fourth and fifth tiers of the ancient monument comes in the midst of a major restoration project sponsored by luxury shoemaker Tod's.
The five-year, multi-million-euro project has so far included extensive cleaning of the travertine exterior, replacement of worn-out gates and barriers, and strengthening of the iconic arched façade.
Future plans include a new visitor centre and the renovation of the underground level where gladiators once waited to go into battle. Refurbishment of the arena floor could also open up the possibility of concerts and events taking place inside the Colosseum again.


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amazing murals
Create fantastic focal points and motivational environments for walls inside and outside.
I work with selected children for ideas and drawings and then translate the ideas into a wide range of artworks which can be designed to suit any space.
Popular projects include The Land that time forgot, People who help us, Fabulous Fairy tales, Sensational Story telling and the Broadway Boulevard which resulted in the longest artwork in the UK: over 100m long and double sided!


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This hand-dyed linen has a mottled minty green color. The variations in tone across the fabric gives a marbled look that adds texture and interest to your project. The green color is the equivalent of DMC embroidery floss #3813.
The fabric is 28 count. Linen is commonly stitched over 2 threads, which would give you 14 stitches per inch, the equivalent of 14-count Aida. You can also stitch over 1 thread for 28 stitches per inch.
Fabric cuts:
* 9 inches x 13 inches
* 13 inches x 18 inches
* 18 inches x 26 inches
(Please note the color shown may vary depending on your computer screen. The DMC floss equivalents are provided to help you assess the true color of the fabric.)


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The History
In 1945, just after WWII, the two superpowers, the USSR and the USA, become embroiled in a cold war that lasted until the early 2000s. The first major event was in the 1950's, when multiple Communist nations in Asia agreed to join the USSR, to create the new ESR (Eurasian Socialist Republic). Despite repeated inventions by the United States, much of rest of Asia also agreed to join their new, powerful neighbor out of fear.
As the new ESR continued to expand, America was continuing to shrink. Civil unrest, anti-war sentiments and corruption.
n continued to weaken the nation. However, there was still hope for the free world, because Europe had remained largely anti-Soviet. In response to the growing power of the ESR, America, Canada, France, Great Britain, Spain, and Mexico created the UFW (Union of the Free World), with headquarters in New York City.
It seemed that the two powers, the ESR and the UFW, were at a stalemate. The ESR controlled much of Asia and the Middle East, and the UFW occupied Western Europe and North America. The rest of the world was fair game, and the largest battleground was Africa, whose rich natural resources could be a game-changer for whoever controlled them. The first major African advance came from the ESR in the year 1956, when they tried to take control of Madagascar and the South African area. This didn't last long, however, because constant rebellions and revolutions forced the ESR to retreat entirely after only two years. However, this was enough to scare the UFW into action. After pressuring much of Western Africa to join the UFW, a successful military campaign took control of the rest of North Africa for the UFW in 1960. It seemed as though the Soviets would be losing their chance to take Africa, so they turned elsewhere, allowing the UFW to further strengthen their position in Africa. Southern Africa remained free as the Free Republic of Africa (FRA). They retained close ties to the UFW.
The ESR began to look to South America as a potential target, and such a close-to-home threat might scare the UFW into action. This campaign was much more successful, lasting from 1962 to 1965, and allowed the ESR to take control much of South Africa. Alarmed by this, the Mexican representatives of the UFW urged action to be taken. Although the other members agreed, they thought that securing control over Africa was the more pressing matter. Talks began in 1970 of the FRA joining the UFW entirely, but the ESR intervened and tried to scare them into joining the ESR by placing nuclear missiles at the border.Scared by this threat and disappointed at the inability of the UFW to stop ESR advances in South America, The FRA joined the ESR to create the new USS (United Soviet States) in 1973. This was a major loss for the UFW, and a major victory for the new USS. The world seemed split between the UFW in the North and the USS in the South and East. However, an ambitious general named Vladimir Akintor in the USS military sought to change that. Under the auspices of the Soviet government, he launched a massive, surprise assault on Eastern Europe in 1975, taking land in Turkey, Greece, and the Balkans. This scared the European members of the UFW so much that they built a wall from the Czech Republic to Germany to try and halt the advances. It seemed as though the Soviets were on their way to victory will the recent success. Akintor continued to advances, however, into North Africa, making him the first Soviet to capture part of Africa by military means. This invoked a response from the UFW, who sent personnel, drones, and bombs into North Africa in an attempt to reclaim it. This was partially successful, with the lines being drawn about half-and-half in the year 1977. For the first time, the USS was beginning to wholly overtake the UFW in terms of military might as well as economic strength. Recent victories had boosted investor and consumer confidence in the USS, and new land acquisitions caused agricultural output to soar, lowering food costs. In the UFW, however, food prices were on the rise, poverty was common, and there was a 10% unemployment rate. It seemed that the conflict would end soon, especially as small independent states such as The Guam Republic or The Falklands joined the Soviets. By 1980, the situation was dire. Food prices continued to sore, defeat after defeat lowered the morale of UFW military, and the credit rating had been reduced to a CCC. It seemed hopeless. The Soviet pressure continued, until the tipping point finally came, and Mexico unanimously voted to join the USS in 1985. Soon, European countries followed suit, until it was just the small American-Canadian Union (ACU) and the Canadian Alliance left. The Canadian Alliance held Alaska and most of Northern North America, and the ACU held land around the Great Lakes and the East Coast. The Soviets had extended their control over California, Texas, Nevada, and Oklahoma. The ACU and Canadian Alliance were still relatively safe, however, because they still possessed nuclear weapons.
By 1990, even these unions had disintegrated into warring states after food shortages and corruption led to revolutions and revolts. Each state wanted to control the nukes, and therefore be safe from the Soviets. Religion was mostly gone from the region and had been replaced by mysterious, anti-Soviet cults as well as cults which worshiped the nuclear devices as divine protectors. Over the next ten years, the Soviets would continue to inch their way into the region, producing a world superstate which was named the United Socialist States of Earth, commonly called the Fourth Reich.


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In this paper, I am going to focus on the descriptions of regions and regionalism, regions and its various definitions will be given in the first chapter, then some basic origins and theories, which are necessary to explain the foundations of regions, will be mentioned in the first chapter as well. Regions and regionalism has been linked to each other in terms of international relations, they are interwoven norms to explain the area of the world, we can call them in short narrowing of the boundaries. The dynamics which generates the regions in the origin and the requirements to being a region will be explained.
Throughout the history regions and regionalism have been improving by empires, states, groups, treaties, alliances, trade routs and also wars. Nowadays we say that the regions and regionalism as a concept is useful to understand international system and its subsystems, to analyze all regions is one of the most difficult things in international relations, so world must be divided as regions, I would rather to say in practice regions become regionalism, the theories transformed into a reality as tangible and a process of integration in practice.
The second part will be analyzing of definition of regionalism and how they perceived from a theory and what kind of actors or theories support to the regionalism processes on the world, Federalism, institutionalism, neofunctionalism will be analyzed in this section according to liberalist perspective. I would like prefer to use liberalist perspective to explain regionalism because of liberalism promotes the basic principles of those new currents.
In conclusion, I will focus the relations between regions and regionalism process, they are not separable things and directly linked to integration process regarding to analyze world parts, but also they are useful to draw boundaries for academic research and to notice that international relations is also generated from those type of interactions in deep.
Key words: Regions, regionalism, institutionalism, liberalism, international system
1. The Definition of Regions
Throughout the history regions have been seen as subsystems of larger communities such as hegemony, empires, Westphalian system, even in antiquity it can be seen that Caesar and Gaul, Greek city-states, The clear-cut identification of region is not possible to describe because there is also some alternatives, regions can be occurred as various forms of created union according to below elements. In today's world, subordinate and subsystems appeared with nation states, they are both proximate and they need not be contiguous.[1] Regions can be described smaller than states, nevertheless, the obstacle element for this definition is that this definition degrades the regions to relatively microscale and creating regions by states is ignored by this definition so, the main idea of this chapter focused on the definition of regions in general.
The classical definition of region is that bounded segment of earth space, a segment limited or by physical obstacles. We cannot have all regions in one region. Regions, for certain reasons, we will mention these reasons in the text, and the process which starts after being accepted as a region will create the types and characteristics of the regions. Those dynamics have to be taken into consideration because of affecting the establishment process of regions. According to social constructs, if anybody decides somewhere is a region, then it becomes a region. Generally many agree upon regions are based on territorial system which means the subsystem of international system.[2]
On the other hand regional culture and culture of any region constitutes an identification for social groups living in that regions,[3] broadly speaking, this identities create another part and of regions that means society. To identify a society, the main definition tool would be regions and its features. Identity is crucial for being a regions in terms of interests, common habits etc.
Furthermore, regions can be understood as human constructions during the historical period, because political and economic events led a phrase, which was created by humans. On the other hand cultural events had a major role in this process of creating regions. The most crucial thing is that the regions should be cover some parties who has common cultural, economic, political and geographic features in that region. Imaginary ways to create the regions had been used by humans as well[4] like imagined communities, regions can be imagined and created by human beings.[5] These imagined communities not only do not need to have any boundaries but also do not require any concrete evidence.[6]
Regions are determined by:[7]
- Cultural and economic centers and internal connections.
- Integrations
- Self-Organizations
- Multi-dimensional homogeneity.
According to geographer regions can be divided into three categories and they characterized the regions under certain titles:[8]
Instituted: Those types created by some authorities within same organization, nation states, governments, religious dominations, corporations such as multinational or relatively big size companies. When they are established by authorities, these regions are recognized as existing borders they are clearly seeable and if it is not on the land, probably everyone will accept them.
Objectively denoted: These regions are mostly regions created by academics or social scientists to reduce the complexity of the world, they can separate events, simirlarities, differences to reach their aims and to reduce the complexity of science. This category is divided into two groups; formal and functional recognitions. Formal recognition means that we can call them uniform regions such as slavic world, Protestantism, sunnis, etc… Those regions generally characterized by people and their strong belongings, homogeneous appears as important factor for formal type of regions. Functional is mostly understood as region in cooperation or organization level and generally tied to some central and nodal place by the movement of people, ideas and so on, such as Corn Belt, Shanghai Cooperation Organizations.
Natively Perceived: These regions are completely different than objectively denoted and instituted regions because the identity and native progress is critical here, they both have major role in naively perceived region. This type of regions comes from directly people and the history they are created historically and institutionalized over time. Confucianism area, Arab world, Mesopotamia are natively examples of perceived regions and they were created by identifying, belongings, religions, geography.
As it can be understood from above, in fact regions are foundation of regionalism and institutionalism process. Those phases are generated from the regions and the beginning of the integration process can be called regional integration, the fundamental element of this process starts in region level by the people or governments exist in that region.
Regions have been described in many terms in international relations, varieties of elements for describing the region, have always been changed and to find appropriate definitions for regions. While there are many variables that can be considered, it would be useful to give a brief explanation of these variables. It will be appropriate to sort the issues to be dealt with without the definition of regions and to explain the different views that make up the region.
Those four elements can describe the foundations of regions as:
- Cultural
- Political
- Economic
- Geographic
1.1. Cultural Effects
Cultural effects can be formed by society while inventing the traditions of the society, it is a tradition of observing them and the following process is a basic step for the formation of cultural norms, and the next phase will be spill-over effect as Ernst Haas used as a political and economic concept, but I will use it as a cultural concept, after the spill-over process, communities or nations affected by the spreading of culture and are beginning to create a culture-based region during the formation of these regions, common interests are recognized by themselves and culture plays a unifying role among those states or communities.[9]
1.2. Political Effects
Politics and its effects can directly influence on describing regions, to some extent political interests can keep nations states together and they are controlled by common interests, political aims allow to bring local supranational authority between states, especially when they have to act collectively against a political conflict.
1.3. Economic Effects
Economy is the fundamental element for every regions or regionalism process in the world. The most remarkable point is regions can be easily under influence of economic situations and interest, economy can lead the nation states to cooperate and build a region on their land. Economic areas can be defined as economic regions even inside of the states. In the world economic areas contains of certain parts and lands, to describe those kind of regions is really difficult.
1.4. Cultural Effects
Referring to Huntington cultural elements carry a significant role for each region. They are constructed by people who has different cultures and theory basically based on cultural differences according to Huntington, cultural differences describe the regions, Culture is broad term to use, first better to explain what kind of elements creates culture. At first glance culture is more like a term that contains of traditions but traditions contain of many detailed dynamics, which directly affects to culture. Language, religion, the way of living, belongings, beliefs etc… create the culture itself, when culture needs to be explained we have to directly address to elements which create culture. How can we divide the world according to culture, according to Huntington there is a strict distinction between regions such as confucianist region, islamic region, western side, Japan (he says that this is completely another civilization.). They created in harmony with their cultural dynamics and Huntington called them civilizations, in his opinion the world was made entirely of civilizations by culture.[10] Identity plays a major role on creating sense of belonging and identity means the core value for each region and identity creates the common culture and culture generates the region itself natively.
To define the regions there are three main theories to differentiate regions according to their purpose and the first one materialistic theory concentrates on geographic markings, as Nadine Godehart says, historically, academically, politically have been used as a delineation of the world and geographically bounded their borders. Ideational theory generally focuses on the idea of social contract and asserts that regions are created by interests of nation states and they must be recognized as contracts. The main example of this theory would be the European Union, which has binding contract with its society and member states. Shangai Cooperation Organizations would be another example of this theory in terms of social contracts. OECD may be included into this theory because of their role of advisor for nations states to improve their development levels in many fields. Behavioral theory contains of human political and economic practices, in this theory humans' activities and creations can be understood as part of differentiation of regions. Human activities or leaders' activities can directly affect on regions to separate them from the other regions, In addition, it can take place within the behavioral theory of the organizations established by the leaders in the same line of thought, the main reason for this is that the leaders' ideas come into existence within a certain region and they are created together with the common interests, as well as transnational or regional actors.
Referring to Lewis and Wigen refer to Arnold Toynbee better approach to understand how regions were created by different perspectives, the British historian highlights that the 'two traditional Hellenic geographical names "Europe" and "Asia" were transferred from "the mariner's chart to the publicist's political map and to the sociologist's diagram of the habitats of cultures.[11]
From different perspective of Arif Dirlik, regions can be defined as a broader term to explain the international system of the world. Arif Dirlik advocates that the there is two blocks; Soviet and Western side but he asserts that there is a region called the Third World, which should be taken into consideration.[12]
2. The Definition of Regionalism
The brief historical background of regionalism and giving some examples would be the effective and useful to understand the fundamental beginnings of regionalism. The 19th century is a good example of examples of regionalization. Certain alliances in this century and certain political associations established will constitute serious and important examples of regionalization. This military-political partnership, which started in Europe in 1815 as the European Harmony 1 and addressed the military unity and political attitude against Napoleon, can be cited as the first regional integration movement. The importance of this is that the common political and economic interests have ensured the cooperation of states against a common enemy and limited it to a region.European Harmony 2 was also a continuation of this process, and the states were oriented towards political and military cooperation. Regionalism emerged a very specific historical context between World War II and the late 80's: Cold War and the integration of ECSC. State security would replace by old terms and notions.
On the other hand economic cooperations organizations have key role for regionalism and also integration processes such as ASEAN, Shanghai Cooperation Organizations. Their first purpose to reach economic integration in the region, as all beginnings of regionalism processes.
Furthermore, after the completion of economic integrations the next step is to implement policies of political integrations for particular regions such as European Union, the union is very close to complete the economic union and advance to the political integrations to some extent, actually the idea of military of Europe, and the representation of the union in political conflicts are the most crucial signs of political integration process. Regionalism is also directly positive impacts on members' living standards.[13]
Regionalism is not linked to geography to some extent but after a while cultural interests lead to regionalism process, regionalism usually requires international governance and international actors, whose decision are binding for member states, during the regional integrations.
Regionalism is considered a unity of nations according to:
- Cultural interests
- Economic interests
- Political interests
- National interests
Integrations is part of regionalism concept and integration levels basically:
- Economic
- Cultural
- Political
Affects on the regionalism process, integration starts with economic interests and followed by cultural combination, the last part of this regionalism process is that political integrations, political integrations means that certain regions unifies with each other to build another political unit, which is over the nation state level.
Regionalism has many dimensions, The multidimensionality of regionalism allows it to be derived not only from a structure but also from many dynamics. The notion of regionalism corresponds with the notion of region, somehow emerges from it.[14] Regionalism should be considered as process, outcomes of economic, political, social (cultural) integration.
2.1. The Various Forms of Regionalism
Regionalism in international relations can be varied
2.1.1. Federalism
Federalism is a form regionalism, because how nation states can create a regions among each other, federalism also suggested by Altiero Spinelli and he said that nation as the root of evil. Regional organizations should be reconstructed as a federation, which means political unity with strong constitutional and institutional background.
Federalism also splits into 3 groups:
- Supranational Bodies
- National Bodies
- Sub-national Bodies.
Idea of the constitutionalism remains integral to both state building and regional integrations, principle of legal federalism, idea of international law. United States of Europe can be significant example for federalism and its understanding. On the other hand Thera two more ways to understand federalism.
- Centralization on higher level on administrative and political power, it removed the decision makin from local, national level.
- Dispersion of authority decentralization and devolution of government.
2.1.2. Instituionalism – Functionalism
According to David Mitrany Westphalian system as outdated. Peace attainable though law. League of Nations failed because of it did not help to control all over the world in a single power. Regionalism as counter productive is better than nation states system. Solution should be searched in international agencies, what kind of benefits do they have?
Benefits of international agencies according to functionalist theory:
- Functionally constituted.
- Authority over specific issue taken over from the state.
- Performing very specific tasks.
- Transcending national borders.
- Eventually a network of organizations.
- Governments turn obsolete.
- More of a globalism than regionalism theory.[15]
2.1.3. Neo-functionalism
As I mentioned in my previous article those statements are remarkable and it is requirement to mention it once again.
Ernst Haas gives us different point of view and neo–functionalist thinker proposed spill-over effect that means people build nation states and then they need to create companies, institutions which can regulate all process of the world. Those who creates companies or institutions, after a while realize that their devotion gravitates towards to this institutions rather than their nation states. Basically this propagation is circle and always benefits to the theory of spill-over. He also says that spill-over cannot be automatically and it needs to have some institutions that will be regulate and organize it. The opinions of Haas and Mitrany are essential to take into consideration and it is directly connected with geography, for instance Western unions such as European Union and United Nations. European Union and the other regional integrations by creating institutions can be defined limited integrations and struggle to pass to political level of integration, regional integrations had spill-over effect, therefore integration of all states were affected by this spill-over[16]
First of all, the whole NGOs, companies, etc. have to be taken into consideration. Agencies and these kind of organizations can implement the spill-over effect on the whole world by their sub-organs.
Although some damages and risks of the theory, in positivist way there are some advantages for both countries and societies, global governance may create global civil society referring to Hedley Bull, building of international society needs to be governed by international united powers which contains of nations states and that means there is a theory beyond nation states.
To sum up, the theory is still disputable, regionalism and the idea of liberalism support each other to promote the level of international governance and in case of globalizations, they are all part of those wider integrations.
2.2. The New Regionalism
According to Bjorn Hettne there are some elements that specify the qualities of a region to be effective actor an meaningful entity. Björn Hettne is the founder of new regionalism theory and NRT based on the the multidimensional result of the process of regionalisation of a particular geographic area.[17] The theory mostly concentrates on the regional space, regional complex, regional community and regional society, those varieties specify the regionness, the new era of regionalism is also indicates main points:
- Anarchy among states is the main problem.
- Regionalism directly linked to international system and order.
- Regionalism linked to globalization processes.
- International order concerned with political, economic, social organization of the international arena. Norms, regimes and sub-institutions can be rebuilt in accordance with the new regionalism process.
Geographical barriers and ecological characters, security of society in other words safety feelings of states, regionalism provides, community, economic, political, security cooperation among states, on the other hand regionalism movements at international levels could be the deterrent power on the possible misuse power of hegemonic state or superpowers.[18]
To describe new regionalism and give the specific differences between old regionalism and new regionalism[19] it is necessary to explain how it occurs in today's world, firstly world order has been changing from bipolar world to multipolar structure. Secondly, new regionalism focuses on developments, processes and developments. Old regionalism was protectionist and inward-oriented, nevertheless new regionalism focuses of the openness process and region which society oriented.[20]
To sum up, the brief importance of both terms carry significant while regions and regionalism are of great importance in the context of international relations, theories that form themselves are fundamental building blocks for better understanding of regions and for understanding all processes that may occur after. In the context of regions and regionalism, culture, politics, economy, interests and many other international societies and factors that directly affect international cooperation will play a key role in regionalization processes. In many of the academic studies on regionalization, attention should be paid to the development of the regions not only in countries at a small level, but also in regions as larger structures. In fact, when regions develop and enter into integration processes, they become stronger and become involved in international relations as transnational actors. The process of economic integration is followed by cultural and political integration and with the help of common interests, these processes are developing rapidly. Whether an international government is established by nation-states or discussed by supranational organizations is still a question, regionalization processes provide a positive field for such developments.
Regionalism should be considered as a cooperation of different regions to reach or gain the same interests, (economic, political or cultural) sometime the targets and the main purpose would be the higher level such as European Union, Shanghai Cooperation Organization or United Nations like in the past Warsaw Pact, NATO, League of Nations etc.
Regions generates the regionalism and the process itself the crucial things is how regions can shape themselves, the remarkable answer would be that they regions could be seen as regional units, unions which are created by states in that region, there is ne necessity to recognize the region smaller units than state. Regionalism is that process which has been started and promoted by nation states activities, regions and regionalism interwoven terms in international relations and they will be more integrated in the future but there is something to remember is that current international system is still based on nation state centered and nations states allow international or transnational actors to make policies on behalf of them, this authorization is limited to some extent, still there is disputable dynamics upon who controls whom?
Anderson Benedict, Imagined Communities, Verso Press, London, New York, 2006 p. 6-37
Beşen Atilla Arda, Immanuel Kant's Perpetual Peace Theory and Its Practice In Case of United Nations, History Economics and Politics Research Association, p. 9.
Haas, Ernst, "International Integration: The European and the Universal Process," International Organization, Volume 15, No.3, 1961, s.366-392.
Dirlik, Arif, Spectres of the Third World: Global Modernity and The End of the Three Worlds, Carfax Publishing, Third World Quarterly Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 131-139.
E. Baldwin Richard, The Causes of Regionalism, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1997, p. 865
Fawcett Louise, Exploring Regional Domains: A Comparative History of Regionalism, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 80, No. 3, Regionalism and the Changing International Order in Central Eurasia (May, 2004), pp. 429-446.
Godehardt Nadine, The Chinese Constitution of Central Asia, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, p. 3-46
Hettne Björn, The Europeanisation of Europe: Endogenous and Exogenous, Dimensions.' European Integration 24 (S4), pp. 325–340.
Hettne Björn, Theories of the Rising of Regionness, Contribution to New Political Economy, Vol 5, No 3 (December), p. 457-473.
J. Cantori Louis, and L. SpiegelSteven, The International Relations of Regions, The University of Chicago Press Journals, Polity, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Summer, 1970), p. 400.
Ostergren Robert, Regionalism in the Age of Globalism Volume 1: Concepts of Regionalism, edited by: Lothar Hönnighausen, Marc Frey, James Peacock, and Niklaus Steiner, Section: Concepts of Region: A Geographical Perspective, University of Wisconsin Press, 2005 p. 1.
P. Huntington, Samuel, Clash of Civilizations and The Remaking of World Order, Simon & Schuster Press, 1996, pp. 125-139.
Świątkiewicz Wojciech, Region and Regionalism Culture and Social Order, Section: The Regions and Regionalismn as Cultural Values, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Press, p. 20.
Toynbee, A. J. (1957). A Study of History. Abridgement of Volumes VII–X. by D.C. Somervell. Oxford etal.: Oxford University Press, p. 239 &Lewis, M. W. and Wigen, K. E. (1997). The Myth of Continents. ACritique of Metageography. Berkeley at al.: University of California Press. p. 21.
[1] Louis J. Cantori and Steven L. Spiegel, The International Relations of Regions, The University of Chicago Press Journals, Polity, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Summer, 1970), p. 400.
[2] Björn Hettne, Theories of the Rising of Regionness, Contribution to New Political Economy, Vol 5, No 3 (December), p. 12.
[3] Wojciech Świątkiewicz, Region and Regionalism Culture and Social Order, Section: The Regions and Regionalismn as Cultural Values, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Press, p. 20.
[4] Robert Ostergren, Regionalism in the Age of Globalism Volume 1: Concepts of Regionalism, edited by: Lothar Hönnighausen, Marc Frey, James Peacock, and Niklaus Steiner, Section: Concepts of Region: A Geographical Perspective, University of Wisconsin Press, 2005 p. 1.
[5] Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, Verso Press, London, New York, p. 6.
[6] Ibid, p. 140.
[7] Ibid, Wojciech, p. 22.
[8] Ibid, Ostergren, pp. 2-5
[9] Samuel P. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations and The Remaking of World Order, Simon & Schuster Press, 1996, pp. 125-139.
[10] Ibid, Huntington, p. 129-135
[11] Toynbee, A. J. (1957). A Study of History. Abridgement of Volumes VII–X. by D.C. Somervell. Oxford et al.: Oxford University Press, p. 239 & Lewis, M. W. and Wigen, K. E. (1997). The Myth of Continents. A Critique of Metageography. Berkeley at al.: University of California Press. p. 21.
[12] Arif Dirlik, Spectres of the Third World: Global Modernity and The End of the Three Worlds, Carfax Publishing, Third World Quarterly Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 131-139.
[13] Richard E. Baldwin, The Causes of Regionalism, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1997, p. 865
[14] Ibid, Ostergren, Ewa Budzyńska, Regionalism – Identity – Pro Social Attitude, p. 34-35.
[15] Atilla Arda Beşen, Immanuel Kant's Perpetual Peace Theory and Its Practice In Case of United Nations, History Economics and Politics Research Association, p. 9.
[16] Ernst B. Haas, "International Integration: The European and the Universal Process," International Organization, Volume 15, No.3, 1961, pp. 366-392; Ernst B. Haas, Beyond the Nation-State: Functionalism and International Organizaton, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1964.
[17] Björn Hettne, Theories of the Rising of Regionness, Contribution to New Political Economy, Vol 5, No 3 (December), p. 3.
[18] Louise Fawcett, Exploring Regional Domains: A Comparative History of Regionalism, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 80, No. 3, Regionalism and the Changing International Order in Central Eurasia (May, 2004), pp. 430.
[19] Björn Hettne, The Europeanisation of Europe: Endogenous and Exogenous, Dimensions.' European Integration 24 (S4), pp. 23-24.
[20] Nadine Godehardt, The Chinese Constitution of Central Asia, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, p. 27.


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Owner Builders Construction and Public Liability Insurance >>>
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Insurance to protect against Structural Defects that arise after completion for up to 10 years.
It is the nature of construction projects that faults and defects caused by failures in design, workmanship or materials, may not become apparent or detectable (even with the exercise of reasonable care) until many years after completion of the project, long after the end of the defects liability period. Latent Defects can be extremely expensive and disruptive to rectify.
Latent Defects Insurance indemnifies the insured for the cost of rectification up to the Indemnity Limit of the policy, for repairs to damage caused by the structural defect and is available for 10 years from the date of completion.
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What Will We Cover
- Apartment Buildings
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Who Will the Policy Protect ?
- Builder when noted as an insured
- Developer when noted as an insured
- The owner, either initial or future owner
Benefits of the Policy:
- 10 year policy from completion
- Non-cancellable
- Insurance is assignable to subsequent owners
- Insurer is certain underwriters at Lloyd's
- Insurer will pay a legitimate claim before seeking defect responsibility
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- Costly litigation is avoided by the insured
- Financiers clients have a policy that responds to the defect and not to litigation to seek the culprit
- Purchaser/Owners have a policy to protect them in case of an unforeseen structural defect
- Designed to protect asset and doesn't rely on proof of negligence only proof of Structural Defect
- Removes the fear of a tradesman or Building suppliers insolvency
Residential Builders:
What is the difference between Builders Warranty and Structural Defects Insurance. Builders Warranty is activated if you the builder dies, disappear or becomes insolvent. Structural Defects Insurance activates if an unforeseen structural defect occurs after Completion for up to 10 years from that date.
Builders are liable for up to 10 years for defects! Under the Building Act. However Latent Latent Defects insurance is triggered by a Structural Defect for which Insurers manage the claim under the policy,validate the claim and fix the problem.
Plus there is no need to prove negligence from a contractor or place the blame on anyone. Once the structural defects is proven, Latent Defects Insurance is activated to fix your client's problem. It removes costly time delays and legal costs on proving fault and pursuing relevant parties to fix the defects.
And the best part of Latent Defects Insurance is that as an insured party you are NOT responsible to fix the problem.
Why? You and the Owner/developer are the named insured, therefore you are the party to be protected. The insurer will look to those responsible who caused the Structural Defect – NOT YOU!
And if you are thinking of retiring in the next 10 years, the last thing you want is to be in litigation 8-10 years into your retirement. Buildsafe Latent Defect Insurance takes away that problem so you relax in retirement.
Sales Advantage:-
When quoting on jobs you now have the advantage of offering to the homeowner a 10 year Structural Defects Insurance policy that in the event of a structural defect occurring the homeowner is protected and it is transferable plus it is underwritten by certain underwriters at Lloyd's, the world's oldest and most recognized insurance company established in 1688.
- There is no requirement for the policyholder to establish fault or negligence.
- Costly, burdensome, and time-consuming litigation does not need to take place before repairs can be carried out, which enables the structure to be returned to use speedily and with the minimum of interruption.
- Tenants can be more attracted to a building where Latent Defect Insurance has been arranged than to one where this protection does not exist.
Commercial Builders :
Commercial developments are generally large projects with considerable funds at risk for the builder/developer. Latent Defect Insurance activates after completion, it is a 10 year policy. You must to contact us before construction has commenced as it is important to have the policy in place prior to commencement and meet the Insurers ongoing requirements.
Latent Defect Insurance gives comfort to the financier the owner, developer and can be transferred with the sale of the building for up to 10 years. This will give confidence to any purchaser.
And the best part of Latent Defects Insurance is that as an insured party you are NOT responsible to fix the problem.
Why? You and the Owner/developer are the named insured, therefore you are the party to be protected. The insurer will look to those responsible who caused the Structural Defect – NOT YOU!
And if you are thinking of retiring in the next 10 years, the last thing you want is to be in litigation 8-10 years into your retirement.
Buildsafe Latent Defect Insurance takes away that problem so you relax in retirement.
When Should Cover be arranged?
The best time to contact us for a quotation is at the earliest stage in the project before construction has started which will ensure that you receive the best possible quotation. After work has started, the costs of the policy will increase as there will be elements of the project which the Insurers have not had the opportunity to check and verify.
Go to our downloads page. Choose which category of builder you are, the form is interactive and once we receive the form together with the documents required we will be back to you with the price. Be careful and fully complete the form and attach the required documents (listed on the form). Otherwise you will hold up the application.
5 Benefits for Builders:
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- No personal guarantees.
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- Policy responds once a structural defect has been validated, where the owner does not have to take legal action as the policy activates in favour of the insured
- 10 years policy transferable to a new owner
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- Certain underwriters at Lloyd's
- Increases the sales value of the building
- Increases the opportunity to acquire a better financial out come when seeking construction finance
- Less risk for occupier as in the event of a legitimate defect the Latent Defects policy will activate
- There is no need to prove negligence
Inspectors, architects, building designers, tradesmen can make mistakes and there can be fault with the building materials. Latent Defect Insurance covers you against these potential risks.
- As a Builder to obtain cover for your project you will need to register if your Turnover is over $3 Million or if you are under $3 Million you can register and complete the project application form. Please refer to our Downloads page for the correct forms.
Once we receive the forms we will be in contact with more details.
The problem is these or any major structural Defects may happen in 3 – 4 – 8 – 10 years time, are you willing to take the risk ?
Got a Question about Latent Defects Insurance? We've got the Answer!
Latest News
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As a new / emerging entrepreneur, let's be honest, your budget is oftentimes pretty tight; however, that does not mean you must sacrifice quality. There are many tools that I utilize on a DAILY basis that help me produce high quality work without busting my bank account.
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text: Separation of duties for routine bookkeeping and other accounting functions are imperative. Although a charity pharmacy may have a small staff size, accounting policies should require that financial tasks be spread across multiple staff members or volunteers. For example, incoming mail may be received and opened by an office manager or administrative designee. Incoming bills and outgoing invoices could be reviewed and signed by the executive director or board treasurer. The bills and invoices will then be posted to the accounting records by an accountant or another staff/volunteer. Any outgoing payments will require the signature of the executive director, board treasurer, or both. Separating financial duties across multiple staff or volunteers eliminates opportunity for fraud or errors, as all as provides a layer of protection to staff or volunteers in the event an error or misdeed is identified. See Appendices\Finance for examples of financial policies adopted by other charity pharmacies.


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PAR Pay Transaction Processing SolutionGateway architecture provides real-time transaction visibility through a cloud-based portal.
ParTech Inc. (PAR), a global provider of point-of-sale (POS) and workforce efficiency solutions to the restaurant and retail industries, introduces PAR Pay, a SaaS-based EMV enabled transaction processing solution for credit, debit and stored value cards. PAR Pay is seamlessly integrated as an extension of all PAR POS software solutions and supported by the PAR service infrastructure, according to the company. PAR Pay's gateway architecture provides real-time transaction visibility through a cloud-based portal, allowing anywhere access to view non-sensitive transaction and settlement details, analyze payment trends, reconcile payments, and manage chargebacks across all stores securely from the cloud. PAR Pay is also device agnostic, providing merchants with a long-term, low-cost, flexible solution for processing payments, the company noted. PAR Pay will be available to all Brink and PixelPoint clients beginning in June 2018.


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Funny cat videos | Funny cats Compilation [most see] Funny animals videos
Cats have a high breeding rate. Under controlled breeding, they can be bred and shown as registered pedigree pets, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control the breeding of pet cats by neutering and the abandonment of former household pets has resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, requiring population control
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Vishal Bhardwaj and Ketan Mehta quarrel over 'Rani' for Deepika Padukone's film
Vishal Bhardwaj keen to name his Deepika Padukone and Irrfan Khan film Rani, Ketan Mehta refuses to part with title
For an industry that popularised the phrase, naam mein kya rakha hai, Bollywood has seen a fair share of quarrels over film names recently. The newest entrants on this list are Vishal Bhardwaj and Ketan Mehta, who find themselves at loggerheads over the name Rani. Bhardwaj has his heart pinned on the title for his upcoming Deepika Padukone and Irrfan Khan-starrer. However, with the ownership rights of the name resting with Mehta, Bhardwaj finds himself in a tight spot.
Deepika Padukone
A source says, "Vishal has been asking Ketan for the title since the past six months. But, Ketan is not budging. This is precisely why Vishal is taking so long to announce the film's name." Bhardwaj confirmed the developments to mid-day. Buzz is, Mehta had purchased the titles, Rani and Jhansi Ki Rani, for his Rani Lakshmibai biopic with Kangana Ranaut. However, even though Ranaut parted ways with him over creative differences, Mehta still intends to make the film. "This is why Ketan doesn't want to give up the title. In fact, he had initially hoped to rope in Deepika for the role, but since she was busy filming Padmavati, things didn't materialise."
KetanâÂÂMehta and Vishal Bhardwaj
Marking the return of the celebrated jodi after their successful act in Piku (2015), Bhardwaj's film is apparently a fictional account. The venture, currently referred to as Sapna Didi, is not a biopic, as had been previously reported. There were suggestions that the film is an adaptation of journalist-turned-author Hussain Zaidi's book, Mafia Queens Of Mumbai. Although sources now speculate otherwise, Zaidi's involvement in the project hasn't been refuted.
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By entering the External Site, you further acknowledge and agree that the disclaimer of warranties and limitations of liability set out in this disclaimer shall apply regardless of the causes, circumstances or form of action giving rise to the loss, damage, claim or liability. The waiver and release specifically includes, without limitation, any and all rights and claims pertaining to the processing of personal data, including, but not limited to, any rights under any applicable data protection statute(s).
If in any jurisdiction, any part of this disclaimer is held to be unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, such part of this disclaimer shall be restricted or eliminated to the minimum extent and the remaining disclaimer shall otherwise remain in full force and effect.
This Interactive Data Centre includes measures that do have a standard meaning under International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") to serve as supplementary information that management believes may be useful to investors to explain Teranga's financial results. These measures are intended to provide additional information only and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. Such non-IFRS measures include, "total cash costs", "total cash costs per ounce sold", "all-in sustaining costs" ("AISC"), "AISC (excluding cash / (non-cash) inventory movements and amortized advanced royalty costs)", "AISC per ounce", "AISC (excluding cash / (non-cash) inventory movements and amortized advanced royalty costs) per ounce", "average realized gold price", "earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization" ("EBITDA"), "free cash flow", "adjusted net profit attributable to shareholders" and "adjusted basic earnings per share". The measures are not necessarily indicative of operating profit or cash flow from operations as determined under IFRS. Other companies may calculate these measures differently.
Beginning in the second quarter of 2013, we adopted an "all-in sustaining costs" measure consistent with the guidance issued by the World Gold Council ("WGC") on June 27, 2013. Teranga believes that the use of all-in sustaining costs is helpful to analysts, investors and other stakeholders of Teranga in assessing its operating performance, its ability to generate free cash flow from current operations and its overall value. This measure is helpful to governments and local communities in understanding the economics of gold mining. The "all-in sustaining costs" is an extension of existing "cash cost" metrics and incorporate costs related to sustaining production.
"Total cash costs per ounce sold" is a common financial performance measure in the gold mining industry but has no standard meaning under IFRS. Teranga reports total cash costs on a sales basis. We believe that, in addition to conventional measures prepared in accordance with IFRS, certain investors use this information to evaluate Teranga's performance and ability to generate cash flow. Accordingly, it is intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. The measure, along with sales, is considered to be a key indicator of a Company's ability to generate operating profits and cash flow from its mining operations.
Total cash costs figures are calculated in accordance with a standard developed by The Gold Institute, which was a worldwide association of suppliers of gold and gold products and included leading North American gold producers. The Gold Institute ceased operations in 2002, but the standard is considered the accepted standard of reporting cash cost of production in North America. Adoption of the standard is voluntary and the cost measures presented may not be comparable to other similarly titled measure of other companies.
The WGC definition of all-in sustaining costs seeks to extend the definition of total cash costs by adding corporate general and administrative costs, reclamation and remediation costs (including accretion and amortization), exploration and study costs (capital and expensed), capitalized stripping costs and sustaining capital expenditures and represents the total costs of producing gold from current operations. All-in sustaining costs exclude income tax payments, interest costs, costs related to business acquisitions and items needed to normalize profits. Consequently, this measure is not representative of all of Teranga's cash expenditures. In addition, the calculation of all-in sustaining costs and all in costs does not include depreciation expense as it does not reflect the impact of expenditures incurred in prior periods. Therefore, it is not indicative of Teranga's overall profitability.
Teranga also expands upon the WGC definition of all-in sustaining costs by presenting an additional measure of "all-in sustaining costs (excluding cash / (non-cash) inventory movements and amortized advanced royalty costs)". This measure excludes cash and non-cash inventory movements and amortized advanced royalty costs which management does not believe to be true cash costs and are not fully indicative of performance for the period.
"Total cash costs per ounce", "all-in sustaining costs per ounce" and "all-in sustaining costs (excluding cash / (noncash) inventory movements and amortized advanced royalty costs)" are intended to provide additional information only and do not have any standardized definition under IFRS and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. The measures are not necessarily indicative of operating profit or cash flow from operations as determined under IFRS. Other companies may calculate these measures differently. The following tables reconcile these non-IFRS measures to the most directly comparable IFRS measure.
"Average realized price" is a financial measure with no standard meaning under IFRS. Management uses this measure to better understand the price realized in each reporting period for gold and silver sales. Average realized price is calculated on revenue and ounces sold to all customers, except Franco-Nevada, as gold ounces sold to Franco-Nevada is recognized in revenue at 20 percent of the prevailing gold spot price on the date of delivery and 80 percent at $1,250 per ounce. The average realized price is intended to provide additional information only and does not have any standardized definition under IFRS; it should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. Other companies may calculate this measure differently.
"Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization" ("EBITDA") is a non-IFRS financial measure, which excludes income tax, finance costs (before accretion expense), interest income and depreciation and amortization from net profits. EBITDA is intended to provide additional information to investors and analysts and do not have any standardized definition under IFRS and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. Management believes that EBITDA is a valuable indicator of our ability to generate liquidity by producing operating cash flow to: fund working capital needs, service debt obligations, and fund capital expenditures.
"Free cash flow" is a non-IFRS financial measure. Teranga calculates free cash flow as net cash flow provided by operating activities less sustaining capital expenditures. Teranga believes this to be a useful indicator of our ability generate cash for growth initiatives. Other companies may calculate this measure differently.
Starting in 2018, Teranga adopted "adjusted net profit attributable to shareholders" and "adjusted basic earnings per share" as new non-IFRS financial measures. These non-IFRS financial measures are used by management and investors to measure the underlying operating performance of Teranga. Presenting these measures from period to period is expected to help management and investors evaluate earnings trends more readily in comparison with results from prior periods.
Teranga calculates "adjusted net profit attributable to shareholders" as net profit attributable to shareholders adjusted to exclude specific items that are significant, but not reflective of the underlying operations of Teranga, including: the impact of unrealized and realized foreign exchange gains and losses, gains and losses on derivative instruments, accretion expense on long-term obligations, impairment provisions and reversals thereof, and other unusual or non-recurring items. During the second quarter of 2018, Teranga also excluded the impact of foreign exchange movements on deferred taxes and other non-cash fair value changes from adjusted net profit attributable to shareholders as management does not believe these factors to be reflective of the underlying performance of Teranga.
"Adjusted basic earnings per share" is calculated using the weighted average number of shares outstanding under the basic method of earnings per share as determined under IFRS.
At every stage of the mine life cycle, our activities can have a long-lasting impact on our communities and the environment. Our duty, as guests in the countries where we operate, is to align ourselves with the best international practices in order to avoid, reduce, mitigate and compensate our impacts. Our objective is to create long-term sustainable benefits such that the communities and other stakeholders we impact are better off after we have left than before we arrived.
of directors, officers and employees undergo training on our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
of our Board of Directors and executives are women and/or visible minorities
lost-time injuries during construction of Wahgnion; remained LTI free for first five months of operation in 2019
of Senegal and Burkina Faso employees are national residents
Promising outcomes from the six-year Livelihood Restoration Plan at Wahgnion
expert reviews of tailings dams conducted at both operations
Economic contribution to Senegal's economy
Economic contribution to Burkina Faso's economy
Women benefitting from income-generating market gardens
In partnership with the United Nations Development Programme, the "It's Africa's Time" television series traveled to our Sabodala mine to discover firsthand the impact of mutually beneficial programs and partnerships developed in collaboration with the near-mine communities.
Teranga has published nine annual sustainability reports since 2011 showcasing our overall sustainability strategy, annual achievements, specific performance indicators, and guiding frameworks. All sustainability reports can be found in both English and French.


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Learning to paint with art glasses
PUBLISHED: 11:59 05 February 2019
Art and a glass are on offer at The Granary in Sudbury with Paint Brush 'n Bubbles.
The classes have been organised by artist Anna Boon, who said the aim was to encourage people to give people a relaxed environment and encourage them to develop their skills.
"Everything is set up for when people arrive. You do't need any experience, all they need to do is follow me as I run through each step and they should end up with a painting," she said.
"It's a bit of fun that gives you something to take home."
All materials are provided, including aprons, paints, easels and the canvas. The finished canvas is then yours to take home safely, in a bag provided.
Originally from Cornwall, Anna settled in Suffolk 20 years ago with her young family. She graduated from Colchester School of Art with a Fine Art Degree in 2008 and since then has honed her artistic skills whilst teaching drawing and acrylic painting.
The next evening takes place on Thursday February 7. The sessions cost £30.
For more details go to the Paint Brush 'n Bubbles page on Facebook.


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Black Pudding in the Spotlight
We've just started drafting a post about our new Directory. As part of the preamble we added a 'short' section titled Black Pudding in the Spotlight. … …Read More
Fresh or Dried: Which Blood Type Are You?
Which blood type are you?: We asked Stuart Mason of Welsh Mangalitza, a farmer and artisan producer of fresh blood puddings, to share his views on the subject.Read More


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$ 60.00
Aniani (A nee A nee) - Mirror, glass; cool, refreshing.
Gorgeous gold threader earrings. These gold dangle earrings feature shimmery gold sequins for a minimal and edgy look.
Handmade on Maui, Hawaii.
✧ 2.25" Length.
✧ 14kt gold filled.
✧ This Ke Aloha Jewelry piece arrives in a tiny corked glass bottle beautifully packaged, ready for gift giving.


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Generals Get Walk-Off Winner in Opening Round Opener
The (RV) LSUA softball team stayed locked in a scoreless pitcher's duel in the first game of the Lawrenceville Bracket in the NAIA Softball National Championship Tournament Opening Round against Truett-McConnell, but it would be one mishap by the Bears in the final inning that provided the winning run for the Generals as LSUA upset #12 Truett-McConnell 1-0 Monday at the Grizzly Softball Complex on the campus of Georgia Gwinnett College.
The Generals were able to wiggle out of early trouble to keep Truett-McConnell off the board. In the first inning, a lead-off single was erased as part of an inning-ending double play, and in the second inning, a lead-off double was kept there as three straight infield pop outs retired the side. The Bears really threatened in the top of the third inning as a line drive was misjudged, allowing the lead-off hitter to go all the way to third base. However, the Generals got out of that jam as well as Abbey McMillian came on out of the bullpen and struck out the first three batters she faced to strand that runner at third base.
After being kept off the bases through the first three innings, the Generals got their first base runner of the game to lead off the bottom of the fourth inning as Bailey McCleary rolled a ground ball towards the hole at shortstop, and it couldn't be fielded cleanly which allowed McCleary to reach safely. McCleary got to second on a sacrifice bunt, but an infield pop fly and a line drive to first base kept McCleary at second when the inning ended.
Both teams had chances with runners in scoring position and two outs in the fifth inning, but a strikeout ended Truett-McConnell's threat while LSUA was kept scoreless by a ground ball back to the circle for the inning's final out.
LSUA finally got its first base hit of the game with one out in the bottom of the sixth inning as Bailey McCleary flared a fly ball towards the right-center gap that fell just out of the reach of the diving Bear center fielder, allowing McCleary to get to second base for a double. But the Generals couldn't make it hurt as a ground ball and a liner to center kept the game scoreless.
With the Bears going up and down in order in the seventh, the Generals had a chance to walk the game off, and they would take advantage and wouldn't let Truett-McConnell bat again. Emily Daniel led off the inning by poking a base hit into center field to give LSUA a runner on first base with no outs. With Morgan Berry taking over on the base paths, Shelby Brown was asked to sacrifice herself to get Berry in scoring position. But that plan worked much better than expected as the bunt was laid down, but the Bear catcher went to get Berry at second base. However, the throw went way wild, not just sailing into the outfield, but also rolled past the onrushing center fielder all the way to the fence, allowing Berry to round third base and come home for the game's only run, ending the contest.
Abbey McMillian (13-6) picked up her sixth win since the start of the RRAC Tournament last weekend, going five innings in today's contest and allowed just one hit and no runs with two walks and seven strikeouts. RyLeigh Rutherford started the contest and gave up just two hits with no runs, walks, or strikeouts in two-plus innings of work.
Bailey McCleary was one of three at the plate with a double. Emily Daniel had LSUA's only other hit, going one of three as well, while Haylee Tidwell drew LSUA's lone walk in the contest. Morgan Berry scored the game's only run, and since the run scored on an error, there was no RBI.
The (RV) Generals (34-14), who are the three seed in the Lawrenceville Bracket, move on in the winner's bracket contest on Tuesday against the Bracket's top-seed and host, #8 Georgia Gwinnett. Georgia Gwinnett advanced with a 4-1 win over the four-seed Rio Grande Red Storm in Monday's final game. First pitch between the Generals and Grizzlies (40-14) is set for 11:00 A.M. central time at the Grizzly Softball Complex.


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Mirena IUD Gaining Popularity, Despite Potential for Mirena Side Effects and Mounting Lawsuits
A new report from USA Today indicates that the Mirena IUD is becoming more and more popular among young women seeking a reliable and convenient form of birth control. Unfortunately, the same report made little mention of the potential for serious Mirena side effects, or the increasing number of Mirena IUD lawsuits that have been filed in recent months by women who claim they sustained serious injuries as a result of the device.
According to USA Today, a decade ago, long-acting birth control methods like the Mirena IUD were only used by 2.4% of U.S. women who used contraceptives, but by 2009, they had caught on with 8.5%. What's more, the Mirena IUD and similar long-acting contraceptives are expected to become even more popular, now that federal law requires insurers to cover all contraceptive methods, eliminating the high upfront costs associated with methods like Mirena.
Proponents of the Mirena IUD tout it as a convenient way to effectively prevent pregnancy. But according to a number of Mirena IUD lawsuits pending in New Jersey Superior Court, Mirena has allegedly caused a number of serious injuries, including uterine perforations, bleeding, inflammation, and infection. They further allege that Bayer, the maker of the device, concealed its serious risks and failed to provide users with adequate warnings about Mirena side effects.
Many Mirena complications, including uterine perforations and ectopic pregnancy can permanently harm a woman's fertility, and even endanger her life. Unfortunately, Bayer has been accused in the past of downplaying the potential for life-changing Mirena injuries. In December 2009, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) sent Bayer a letter warning that its Mirena marketing "overstates the efficacy of Mirena, presents unsubstantiated claims, minimizes the risks of using Mirena, and includes false or misleading presentations regarding Mirena." Among other things, the FDA took issue with Bayer's claims that using Mirena would help a woman "look and feel great." In fact, the FDA pointed out that many women who use Mirena experience loss of libido, irregular bleeding, ovarian cysts, pack pain, weight gain, breast pain and tenderness, and severe bouts of acne. Sounds attractive, right?
Bayer recommends Mirena for women who have had at least one child. But according to the USA Today report, some in the medical community see the Mirena IUD as an ideal contraceptive for women in their late teens or early 20s who are sexually active, but don't want children for many years. It's a bit puzzling, to be honest.
It's too early to tell how large the litigation for Mirena IUD lawsuits is likely to grow. But according to court records, Bayer may be anticipating a large number of claims. In August, the company's attorneys petitioned the New Jersey Supreme Court for the consolidation of all Mirena IUD lawsuits filed in the state in a single proceeding in Middlesex County.


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Back to presentations: Meadow management at Wakehurst Place
Iain Parkinson, Conservation and Woodlands Manager, Wakehurst Place
Iain is responsible for managing Wakehurst's unique tree collections, nature reserves and woodlands. Iain has worked at Wakehurst for the past 28 years helping to restore the tree collections following the Great Storm in 1987. He has a particular interest in traditional woodland management and more recently has been involved in restoring and creating a suite of quintessential Wealden meadows across the Wakehurst estate. He enjoys the challenge of developing the botanic tree collections whilst protecting the inherent natural beauty of Wakehurst.


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Austin, Texas
June 14, 2009
June 14, 2009
June 17, 2009
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
14.264.1 - 14.264.9
ATIC: A Program to Energize University-Industry Collaborations Abstract: Assessment of entrepreneurship courses/curricula/programs:
The Advanced Technology Innovation Center (ATIC) was established in the fall of 2006 at the ASU Polytechnic campus with its foremost mission of creating collaborations between industry, specifically small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and ASU faculty and students. Several barriers exist that stifle a close research and discovery based relationship between a university such as ASU and industry. Some of these are perceived while others are real. To highlight some: Any projects associated with ASU must have large dollar figures. At ASU we lack (with regards to SMEs) flexibility and rapid response capability. Projects incur large overhead which makes sense for federal projects but not for SMEs. Intellectual Property (IP) issues and the negotiation process are overwhelming for an SME and the faculty. To overcome these barriers we developed the concept of ATIC with the following objectives as they relate to SMEs. ATIC is a vehicle that: Advances life-cycle applied interdisciplinary research: from conceptualization through development. Advances development of economic affairs by connecting small and medium size (technology) industries with ASU. Is small in "R", large in "D" and enormous in applied knowledge. Promotes the concept of technology embeddedness in the community. Taps into an underutilized knowledge capital (faculty and students) at ASU and is a revenue mechanism for ASU. Acts as a funnel for incoming technology requests from SMEs. Creates an umbrella or federation of participating labs with a uniform front and back end (contracts, IP, etc.). Networks and provides outreach in the SME community to raise awareness. Creates a transdisciplinary environment to encourage labs to participate/collaborate together in solving project problems. ATIC emphasizes deliverables such as product development, prototyping, product focus group studies among other things. ATIC is an umbrella organization with links to faculty and facilities throughout ASU. In the short time that ATIC has been in existence we have executed thirty-five (35) industry related projects and landed the first SBIR/STTR in collaboration with a local company. ATIC's success has been both at the local and the national level. Through this paper we would like to describe the ideas behind establishing ATIC, the challenges of execution and share some of the early successes that the program has enjoyed. 1 Introduction One of the major catalysts in technological advancements in the 20th century has been close working relationships between universities and industry both in the United States and Europe. There have been many successes including major hits such as drug discoveries, information technologies, new materials and efficient processes. Yet, the relationship between the two, in
Laux, J., & Razdan, A. (2009, June), Atic: A Program To Energize University Industry Collaborations Paper presented at 2009 Annual Conference & Exposition, Austin, Texas. 10.18260/1-2--5322
ASEE holds the copyright on this document. It may be read by the public free of charge. Authors may archive their work on personal websites or in institutional repositories with the following citation: © 2009 American Society for Engineering Education. Other scholars may excerpt or quote from these materials with the same citation. When excerpting or quoting from Conference Proceedings, authors should, in addition to noting the ASEE copyright, list all the original authors and their institutions and name the host city of the conference. - Last updated April 1, 2015


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This post is part 2 of The Art of Life-Styling series. If you missed part 1, head here to read it before you dive into this article.
So without further ado, let's dive in…
At the end of the day, without your health you have nothing. It's the foundation for everything and absolutely crucial if you want to live your life anywhere near your full potential. But despite being so freaking important, it's often the first thing that gets pushed to the bottom of our priority list. We are so quick to let it come second (or twenty-second!) to emails, social media, household chores, our family, our work — and the list goes on! But the simple truth is that if you aren't thriving and well, you can't show up to those things at your fullest. I learned this the hard way, landing myself in hospital with no candle left to burn, all because I continually failed to honor my body's needs.
For me, this was a pattern that started right out of the gates. All my life, I witnessed the women around me put everyone else before themselves. It seemed so normal to put your own needs last — it was just the way things were done — so it was no wonder I became brilliant at it too. I had no idea what taking care of myself actually looked liked and no idea what self-care or self-love truly were. They were all things I had to discover and learn as an adult (if only they taught this stuff in schools).