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Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds, that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is the most important.[1] Vitamin A has multiple functions: it is important for growth and development, for the maintenance of the immune system and good vision.[2] Vitamin A is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of retinal, which combines with protein opsin to form rhodopsin the light-absorbing molecule,[3] that is necessary for both low-light (scotopic vision) and color vision.[4] Vitamin A also functions in a very different role as an irreversibly oxidized form of retinol known as retinoic acid, which is an important hormone-like growth factor for epithelial and other cells.[5]
In foods of animal origin, the major form of vitamin A is an ester, primarily retinyl palmitate, which is converted to retinol (chemically an alcohol) in the small intestine. The retinol form functions as a storage form of the vitamin, and can be converted to and from its visually active aldehyde form, retinal. The associated acid (retinoic acid), a metabolite that can be irreversibly synthesized from vitamin A, has only partial vitamin A activity, and does not function in the retina for the visual cycle. Retinoic acid is used for growth and cellular differentiation.[2]
All forms of vitamin A have a beta-ionone ring to which an isoprenoid chain is attached, called a retinyl group. Both structural features are essential for vitamin activity.[6] The orange pigment of carrots – beta-carotene – can be represented as two connected retinyl groups, which are used in the body to contribute to vitamin A levels. Alpha-carotene and gamma-carotene also have a single retinyl group, which give them some vitamin activity. None of the other carotenes have vitamin activity. The carotenoid beta-cryptoxanthin possesses an ionone group and has vitamin activity in humans.
Vitamin A can be found in two principal forms in foods:
- Retinol, the form of vitamin A absorbed when eating animal food sources, is a yellow, fat-soluble substance. Since the pure alcohol form is unstable, the vitamin is found in tissues in a form of retinyl ester. It is also commercially produced and administered as esters such as retinyl acetate or palmitate.[7]
- The carotenes alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, gamma-carotene; and the xanthophyll beta-cryptoxanthin (all of which contain beta-ionone rings), but no other carotenoids, function as provitamin A in herbivores and omnivore animals, which possess the enzyme (15-15'-dioxygenase) which cleaves beta-carotene in the intestinal mucosa and converts it to retinol.[8] In general, carnivores are poor converters of ionone-containing carotenoids, and pure carnivores such as cats and ferrets lack 15-15'-dioxygenase and cannot convert any carotenoids to retinal (resulting in none of the carotenoids being forms of vitamin A for these species).
The discovery of vitamin A may have stemmed from research dating back to 1816, when physiologist Magendie observed that dogs deprived of nutrition developed corneal ulcers and had high mortality rate.[9] In 1912, Frederick Gowland Hopkins demonstrated that unknown "accessory factors" found in milk, other than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were necessary for growth in rats. Hopkins received a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1929.[9][10] By 1917, one of these substances was independently discovered by Elmer McCollum at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Burr Osborne at Yale University who studied the role of fats in the diet. The "accessory factors" were termed "fat soluble" in 1918 and later "vitamin A" in 1920. In 1919, Harry Steenbock (University of Wisconsin) proposed a relationship between yellow plant pigments (beta-carotene) and vitamin A. In 1931, a Swiss Chemist Paul Karrer described the chemical structure of vitamin A.[9] Vitamin A was first synthesized in 1947 by two Dutch chemists; David Adriaan van Dorp and Jozef Ferdinand Arens.
Equivalencies of retinoids and carotenoids (IU)
As some carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A, attempts have been made to determine how much of them in the diet is equivalent to a particular amount of retinol, so that comparisons can be made of the benefit of different foods. The situation can be confusing because the accepted equivalences have changed. For many years, a system of equivalencies in which an international unit (IU) was equal to 0.3 μg of retinol, 0.6 μg of β-carotene, or 1.2 μg of other provitamin-A carotenoids was used.[11] Later, a unit called retinol equivalent (RE) was introduced. Prior to 2001, one RE corresponded to 1 μg retinol, 2 μg β-carotene dissolved in oil (it is only partly dissolved in most supplement pills, due to very poor solubility in any medium), 6 μg β-carotene in normal food (because it is not absorbed as well as when in oils), and 12 μg of either α-carotene, γ-carotene, or β-cryptoxanthin in food.
Newer research has shown that the absorption of provitamin-A carotenoids is only half as much as previously thought. As a result, in 2001 the US Institute of Medicine recommended a new unit, the retinol activity equivalent (RAE). Each μg RAE corresponds to 1 μg retinol, 2 μg of β-carotene in oil, 12 μg of "dietary" beta-carotene, or 24 μg of the three other dietary provitamin-A carotenoids.[12]
|Substance and its chemical environment
|Micrograms of retinol equivalent
per microgram of the substance
|beta-carotene, dissolved in oil
|beta-carotene, common dietary
|alpha-carotene, common dietary
|gamma-carotene, common dietary
|beta-cryptoxanthin, common dietary
Because the conversion of retinol from provitamin carotenoids by the human body is actively regulated by the amount of retinol available to the body, the conversions apply strictly only for vitamin A-deficient humans. The absorption of provitamins depends greatly on the amount of lipids ingested with the provitamin; lipids increase the uptake of the provitamin.[13]
The conclusion that can be drawn from the newer research is that fruits and vegetables are not as useful for obtaining vitamin A as was thought; in other words, the IUs that these foods were reported to contain were worth much less than the same number of IUs of fat-dissolved oils and (to some extent) supplements. This is important for vegetarians, as night blindness is prevalent in countries where little meat or vitamin A-fortified foods are available.
A sample vegan diet for one day that provides sufficient vitamin A has been published by the Food and Nutrition Board (page 120[12]). On the other hand, reference values for retinol or its equivalents, provided by the National Academy of Sciences, have decreased. The RDA (for men) of 1968 was 5000 IU (1500 μg retinol). In 1974, the RDA was set to 1000 RE (1000 μg retinol), whereas now the Dietary Reference Intake is 900 RAE (900 μg or 3000 IU retinol). This is equivalent to 1800 μg of β-carotene supplement (3000 IU) or 10800 μg of β-carotene in food (18000 IU).
Recommended daily intake
Vitamin A
Dietary Reference Intake:[14]
|Life stage group
Adequate intakes (AI*)
|Upper limit
0–6 months
1–3 years
9–13 years
9–13 years
<19 years
<19 years
(The limit is for synthetic and natural retinol ester forms of vitamin A. Carotene forms from dietary sources are not toxic.[15][16])
According to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, "RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98%) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data prevents being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake."[17]
Vitamin A is found naturally in many foods:
- cod liver oil (30000 μg)
- liver (turkey) (8058 μg 895%)
- liver (beef, pork, fish) (6500 μg 722%)
- liver (chicken) (3296 μg 366%)
- dandelion greens (5588 IU 112%)[18]
- sweet potato (961 μg 107%)
- carrot (835 μg 93%)
- broccoli leaf (800 μg 89%) – According to USDA database broccoli florets have much less.[19]
- broccoli florets (31 μg 3%)
- butter (684 μg 76%)
- kale (681 μg 76%)
- spinach (469 μg 52%)
- pumpkin (400 μg 41%)
- collard greens (333 μg 37%)
- Cheddar cheese (265 μg 29%)
- cantaloupe melon (169 μg 19%)
- egg (140 μg 16%)
- apricot (96 μg 11%)
- papaya (55 μg 6%)
- mango (38 μg 4%)
- pea (38 μg 4%)
- milk (28 μg 3%)
- tomatoes
- Seaweed
Note: data taken from USDA database bracketed values are retinol activity equivalences (RAEs) and percentage of the adult male RDA, per 100 grams of the foodstuff (average).
Conversion of carotene to retinol varies from person to person and bioavailability of carotene in food varies.[20][21]
Metabolic functions
Vitamin A plays a role in a variety of functions throughout the body, such as:
- Vision
- Gene transcription
- Immune function
- Embryonic development and reproduction
- Bone metabolism
- Hematopoiesis
- Skin and cellular health
- Antioxidant activity
The role of vitamin A in the visual cycle is specifically related to the retinal form. Within the eye, 11-cis-retinal is bound to protein "opsin" to form rhodopsin in rods[3] and iodopsin (cones) at conserved lysine residues. As light enters the eye, the 11-cis-retinal is isomerized to the all-"trans" form. The all-"trans" retinal dissociates from the opsin in a series of steps called photo-bleaching. This isomerization induces a nervous signal along the optic nerve to the visual center of the brain. After separating from opsin, the all-"trans"-retinal is recycled and converted back to the 11-"cis"-retinal form by a series of enzymatic reactions. In addition, some of the all-"trans" retinal may be converted to all-"trans" retinol form and then transported with an interphotoreceptor retinol-binding protein (IRBP) to the pigment epithelial cells. Further esterification into all-"trans" retinyl esters allow for storage of all-trans-retinol within the pigment epithelial cells to be reused when needed.[22] The final stage is conversion of 11-cis-retinal will rebind to opsin to reform rhodopsin (visual purple) in the retina. Rhodopsin is needed to see in low light (contrast) as well as for night vision. Kühne showed that the regeneration of rhodopsin only occurs when retina is attached to retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE).[3] It is for this reason that a deficiency in vitamin A will inhibit the reformation of rhodopsin and lead to one of the first symptoms, night blindness.[23]
Gene transcription
Vitamin A, in the retinoic acid form, plays an important role in gene transcription. Once retinol has been taken up by a cell, it can be oxidized to retinal (retinaldehyde) by retinol dehydrogenases and then retinaldehyde can be oxidized to retinoic acid by retinaldehyde dehydrogenases.[24] The conversion of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid is an irreversible step, meaning that the production of retinoic acid is tightly regulated, due to its activity as a ligand for nuclear receptors.[22] The physiological form of retinoic acid (all-trans-retinoic acid) regulates gene transcription by binding to nuclear receptors known as retinoic acid receptors (RARs) which are bound to DNA as heterodimers with retinoid "X" receptors (RXRs). RAR and RXR must dimerize before they can bind to the DNA. RAR will form a heterodimer with RXR (RAR-RXR), but it does not readily form a homodimer (RAR-RAR). RXR, on the other hand, may form a homodimer (RXR-RXR) and will form heterodimers with many other nuclear receptors as well, including the thyroid hormone receptor (RXR-TR), the Vitamin D3 receptor (RXR-VDR), the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (RXR-PPAR) and the liver "X" receptor (RXR-LXR).[25] The RAR-RXR heterodimer recognizes retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) on the DNA whereas the RXR-RXR homodimer recognizes retinoid "X" response elements (RXREs) on the DNA; although several RAREs near target genes have been shown to control physiological processes,[24] this has not been demonstrated for RXREs. The heterodimers of RXR with nuclear receptors other than RAR (i.e. TR, VDR, PPAR, LXR) bind to various distinct response elements on the DNA to control processes not regulated by vitamin A.[22] Upon binding of retinoic acid to the RAR component of the RAR-RXR heterodimer, the receptors undergo a conformational change that causes co-repressors to dissociate from the receptors. Coactivators can then bind to the receptor complex, which may help to loosen the chromatin structure from the histones or may interact with the transcriptional machinery.[25] This response can upregulate (or downregulate) the expression of target genes, including Hox genes as well as the genes that encode for the receptors themselves (i.e. RAR-beta in mammals).[22]
Vitamin A, and more specifically, retinoic acid, appears to maintain normal skin health by switching on genes and differentiating keratinocytes (immature skin cells) into mature epidermal cells.[26] Exact mechanisms behind pharmacological retinoid therapy agents in the treatment of dermatological diseases are being researched. For the treatment of acne, the most prescribed retinoid drug is 13-cis retinoic acid (isotretinoin). It reduces the size and secretion of the sebaceous glands. Although it is known that 40 mg of isotretinoin will break down to an equivalent of 10 mg of ATRA — the mechanism of action of the drug (original brand name Accutane) remains unknown and is a matter of some controversy. Isotretinoin reduces bacterial numbers in both the ducts and skin surface. This is thought to be a result of the reduction in sebum, a nutrient source for the bacteria. Isotretinoin reduces inflammation via inhibition of chemotactic responses of monocytes and neutrophils.[22] Isotretinoin also has been shown to initiate remodeling of the sebaceous glands; triggering changes in gene expression that selectively induce apoptosis.[27] Isotretinoin is a teratogen with a number of potential side-effects. Consequently, its use requires medical supervision.
Retinal/retinol versus retinoic acid
Vitamin A deprived rats can be kept in good general health with supplementation of retinoic acid. This reverses the growth-stunting effects of vitamin A deficiency, as well as early stages of xerophthalmia. However, such rats show infertility (in both male and females) and continued degeneration of the retina, showing that these functions require retinal or retinol, which are intraconvertable but which cannot be recovered from the oxidized retinoic acid. The requirement of retinol to rescue reproduction in vitamin A deficient rats is now known to be due to a requirement for local synthesis of retinoic acid from retinol in testis and embryos.[28][29]
Vitamin A deficiency is estimated to affect approximately one third of children under the age of five around the world.[30] It is estimated to claim the lives of 670,000 children under five annually.[31] Approximately 250,000–500,000 children in developing countries become blind each year owing to vitamin A deficiency, with the highest prevalence in Southeast Asia and Africa.[32]
Vitamin A deficiency can occur as either a primary or a secondary deficiency. A primary vitamin A deficiency occurs among children and adults who do not consume an adequate intake of provitamin A carotenoids from fruits and vegetables or preformed vitamin A from animal and dairy products. Early weaning from breastmilk can also increase the risk of vitamin A deficiency.
Secondary vitamin A deficiency is associated with chronic malabsorption of lipids, impaired bile production and release, and chronic exposure to oxidants, such as cigarette smoke, and chronic alcoholism. Vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin and depends on micellar solubilization for dispersion into the small intestine, which results in poor use of vitamin A from low-fat diets. Zinc deficiency can also impair absorption, transport, and metabolism of vitamin A because it is essential for the synthesis of the vitamin A transport proteins and as the cofactor in conversion of retinol to retinal. In malnourished populations, common low intakes of vitamin A and zinc increase the severity of vitamin A deficiency and lead physiological signs and symptoms of deficiency.[22] A study in Burkina Faso showed major reduction of malaria morbidity with combined vitamin A and zinc supplementation in young children.[33]
Due to the unique function of retinal as a visual chromophore, one of the earliest and specific manifestations of vitamin A deficiency is impaired vision, particularly in reduced light – night blindness. Persistent deficiency gives rise to a series of changes, the most devastating of which occur in the eyes. Some other ocular changes are referred to as xerophthalmia. First there is dryness of the conjunctiva (xerosis) as the normal lacrimal and mucus-secreting epithelium is replaced by a keratinized epithelium. This is followed by the build-up of keratin debris in small opaque plaques (Bitot's spots) and, eventually, erosion of the roughened corneal surface with softening and destruction of the cornea (keratomalacia) and leading to total blindness.[34] Other changes include impaired immunity (increased risk of ear infections, urinary tract infections, Meningococcal disease), hyperkeratosis (white lumps at hair follicles), keratosis pilaris and squamous metaplasia of the epithelium lining the upper respiratory passages and urinary bladder to a keratinized epithelium. With relations to dentistry, a deficiency in Vitamin A leads to enamel hypoplasia.
Adequate supply, but not excess vitamin A, is especially important for pregnant and breastfeeding women for normal fetal development and in breastmilk. Deficiencies cannot be compensated by postnatal supplementation.[35][36] Excess vitamin A, which is most common with high dose vitamin supplements, can cause birth defects and therefore should not exceed recommended daily values.[24]
Vitamin A metabolic inhibition as a result of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is the elucidated mechanism for fetal alcohol syndrome and is characterized by teratogenicity closely matching maternal vitamin A deficiency.[37]
Vitamin A supplementation
Global efforts to support national governments in addressing vitamin A deficiency are led by the Global Alliance for Vitamin A (GAVA), which is an informal partnership between A2Z, the Canadian International Development Agency, Helen Keller International, the Micronutrient Initiative, UNICEF, USAID, and the World Bank. Joint GAVA activity is coordinated by the Micronutrient Initiative.
While strategies include intake of vitamin A through a combination of breast feeding and dietary intake, delivery of oral high-dose supplements remain the principal strategy for minimizing deficiency.[38] A meta-analysis of 43 studies showed that vitamin A supplementation of children under five who are at risk of deficiency reduces mortality by up to 24%.[39] About 75% of the vitamin A required for supplementation activity by developing countries is supplied by the Micronutrient Initiative with support from the Canadian International Development Agency.[40] Food fortification approaches are becoming increasingly feasible[41] but cannot yet ensure coverage levels.[38]
The World Health Organization estimates that Vitamin A supplementation has averted 1.25 million deaths due to vitamin A deficiency in 40 countries since 1998.[42] In 2008 it was estimated that an annual investment of US$60 million in vitamin A and zinc supplementation combined would yield benefits of more than US$1 billion per year, with every dollar spent generating benefits of more than US$17.[43] These combined interventions were ranked by the Copenhagen Consensus 2008 as the world's best development investment.[43]
Since vitamin A is fat-soluble, disposing of any excesses taken in through diet takes much longer than with water-soluble B vitamins and vitamin C. This allows for toxic levels of vitamin A to accumulate.
In general, acute toxicity occurs at doses of 25,000 IU/kg of body weight, with chronic toxicity occurring at 4,000 IU/kg of body weight daily for 6–15 months.[44] However, liver toxicities can occur at levels as low as 15,000 IU per day to 1.4 million IU per day, with an average daily toxic dose of 120,000 IU per day, particularly with excessive consumption of alcohol .[citation needed] In people with renal failure, 4000 IU can cause substantial damage. Children can reach toxic levels at 1,500 IU/kg of body weight.[45]
Excessive vitamin A consumption can lead to nausea, irritability, anorexia (reduced appetite), vomiting, blurry vision, headaches, hair loss, muscle and abdominal pain and weakness, drowsiness, and altered mental status. In chronic cases, hair loss, dry skin, drying of the mucous membranes, fever, insomnia, fatigue, weight loss, bone fractures, anemia, and diarrhea can all be evident on top of the symptoms associated with less serious toxicity.[46] Some of these symptoms are also common to acne treatment with Isotretinoin. Chronically high doses of vitamin A, and also pharmaceutical retinoids such as 13-cis retinoic acid, can produce the syndrome of pseudotumor cerebri.[47] This syndrome includes headache, blurring of vision and confusion, associated with increased intracerebral pressure. Symptoms begin to resolve when intake of the offending substance is stopped.[48]
Chronic intake of 1500 RAE of preformed vitamin A may be associated with osteoporosis and hip fractures because it suppresses bone building while simultaneously stimulating bone breakdown.[49]
High vitamin A intake has been associated with spontaneous bone fractures in animals. Cell culture studies have linked increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation with high intakes. This interaction may occur because vitamins A and D may compete for the same receptor and then interact with parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium.[45] Indeed, a study by Forsmo et al. shows a correlation between low bone mineral density and too high intake of vitamin A.[50] Sufficiently high levels of vitamin D may be protective against the bone density lowering effects of high vitamin A, while inadequate levels of vitamin D may exacerbate those effects.[51][52][53][54]
Toxic effects of vitamin A have been shown to significantly affect developing fetuses. Therapeutic doses used for acne treatment have been shown to disrupt cephalic neural cell activity. The fetus is particularly sensitive to vitamin A toxicity during the period of organogenesis.[22] These toxicities only occur with preformed (retinoid) vitamin A (such as from liver). The carotenoid forms (such as beta-carotene as found in carrots), give no such symptoms, except with supplements and chronic alcoholism, but excessive dietary intake of beta-carotene can lead to carotenodermia, which causes orange-yellow discoloration of the skin.[55][56][57]
Hepatic (liver) injury has been found in human and animal studies where consumption of alcohol is paired with high dose vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation.
Researchers have succeeded in creating water-soluble forms of vitamin A, which they believed could reduce the potential for toxicity.[58] However, a 2003 study found water-soluble vitamin A was approximately 10 times as toxic as fat-soluble vitamin.[59] A 2006 study found children given water-soluble vitamin A and D, which are typically fat-soluble, suffer from asthma twice as much as a control group supplemented with the fat-soluble vitamins.[60]
In some studies, the use of Vitamin A supplements has been linked to an increased rate of mortality,[61] but there is minimal evidence to show this.[62]
Vitamin A and derivatives in medical use
Retinyl palmitate has been used in skin creams, where it is broken down to retinol and ostensibly metabolised to retinoic acid, which has potent biological activity, as described above.
The retinoids (for example, 13-cis-retinoic acid) constitute a class of chemical compounds chemically related to retinoic acid, and are used in medicine to modulate gene functions in place of this compound. Like retinoic acid, the related compounds do not have full vitamin A activity, but do have powerful effects on gene expression and epithelial cell differentiation.[63]
Pharmaceutics utilizing mega doses of naturally occurring retinoic acid derivatives are currently in use for cancer, HIV, and dermatological purposes.[64] At high doses, side-effects are similar to vitamin A toxicity. Severe side effects related to vitamin A toxicity, and a small optimal range of use are key obstacles in developing vitamin A-derived pharmaceutics for therapeutic use.[verification needed]
- ↑
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ Carolyn Berdanier. 1997. Advanced Nutrition Micronutrients. CRC Press, ISBN 0849326648, pp. 22–39
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2
- ↑
- ↑ Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20 USDA, Feb. 2008
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Chapter 4, Vitamin A of Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, 2001
- ↑
- ↑ Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine. National Academies. (2001) "Dietary Reference Intakes"
- ↑ Dandelion greens, raw. NutritionData.Self.com.
- ↑ The RAE value in the USDA data for broccoli leaves is similar to the IU value for broccoli florets, which implies that the leaves have about 20 times as much beta-carotene.
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6
- ↑
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2
- ↑ 25.0 25.1
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ World Health Organization, Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995–2005, WHO global database on vitamin A deficiency.
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 UNICEF, Vitamin A Supplementation: A Decade of Progress, New York, 2007, p.3.
- ↑ Mayo-Wilson E et al. [1]. Vitamin A supplements for preventing mortality, illness, and blindness in children aged under 5: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ 2011;343:d5094
- ↑ Micronutrient Initiative, Annual Report 2009-2010, p. 4.
- ↑ Golden Rice is an effective source for Vitamin A, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, June 2009.
- ↑
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Copenhagen Consensus 2008, Results, press release, May 30, 2008.
- ↑
- ↑ 45.0 45.1
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ AJ Giannini, RL Gilliland. The Neurologic, Neurogenic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders Handbook. New Hyde Park, NY. Medical Examination Publishing Co., 1982, ISBN 0-87488-699-6 pp. 182–183.
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ Science News. Water-soluble vitamin A shows promise.
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ American Cancer Society: Retinoid Therapy
- ↑
Further reading
- UNICEF, Vitamin A Supplementation: A Decade of Progress, UNICEF, New York, 2007.
- Flour Fortification Initiative, GAIN, Micronutrient Initiative, USAID, The World Bank, UNICEF, Investing in the Future: A United Call to Action on Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies, 2009.
External links
- The Micronutrient Initiative
- Helen Keller International
- World Health Organization Database on Vitamin A Deficiency
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text:
DW Duke is a Los Angeles attorney with a double major in economics and psychology from the University of Michigan and a Doctor of Jurisprudence from Washington University School of Law in St. Louis, Missouri. In addition to his work in law, he is a lecturer focused on human rights in the Middle East. He is also a musician and a fourth-degree black belt in Tae Kwon Do. He is the author of six books.
"Not without a Fight: A Polish Jew's Resistance" is based on the true story of Casimir "Cass" Bieberstein, a young member of the prominent Bieberstein family. Despite their affluence and influence in Poland, with the invasion by the Nazis they were eventually forced to decide, fight or flee. Family friends Sarah and Rachel Goldstein were sent to the Treblinka concentration camp, while the Biebersteins were forced from their home with little more than the clothes on their backs.
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text:
One in three women still die of heart disease, despite strong efforts in recent years to warn them of the risk. Thursday night, J.C. Blair Memorial Hospital will reach out to women with its twelfth annual Wear Red event.
On Wednesday, WTAJ stopped by the hospital's cardiac rehabilitation unit. We learned that despite the fact that the program is recommended for both genders, women only make up 20 percent of the patients.
Women still don't realize how serious their risk from heart disease is, according to Denise Sheffield, R.N., J.C. Blair Cardiac Rehabilitation Nurse Manager.
"It's not a man's disease and sometimes we think it happens to the elderly. It doesn't happen to the elderly. My youngest cardiac patient was 24-years-old when she had her cardiac event," Sheffield says.
She adds that in the past year, she's worked with three 40-year-old women who suffered serious heart problems.
Sheffield says it's important for women to know that their heart symptoms may differ from those of men. Instead of suffering chest pain, they may feel pain in the middle of the back between their shoulder blades. Other typical symptoms for women include nausea, vomiting, extreme fatigue, or weakness.


text:
The number of Covid-19 exceeded 48,000 in Pakistan on Thursday after 2,193 new cases appeared in the last 24 hours.
The total number of infections in the country is 48,091, Pakistan's health ministry said. The death toll reached 1,017 with 32 new deaths, he added.
Sindh reported a maximum number of 18,964 cases, followed by 17,382 in Punjab, 6,815 in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, 2,968 in Balochistan, 1,235 in Islamabad, 579 in Gilgit-Baltistan, and 148 in Kashmir occupied by Pakistan.
A total of 14,155 patients have recovered so far, officials said.
A total of 15,346 coronavirus tests, the highest in a day, were carried out in Pakistan in the past 24 hours, health officials said. The authorities have carried out 4,29,600 tests so far.
The number of daily tests increased after Planning Minister Asad Umar on Tuesday said that 30,000 tests per day would be enough for Pakistan to control the spread of the deadly virus.
Pakistan is in a position to carry out more than 25,000 tests per day, he said, expressing hope that by the end of May or early June the country would be able to do 30,000 tests per day.
Meanwhile, a report released by the Federal Federation of Pakistan Journalists (PFUJ) said that Covid-19 had claimed the lives of three mediapersons in the country and infected 156 others.
The report released on Wednesday highlighted that cameramen and photojournalists have been the biggest sufferers since the pandemic struck the country, Dawn news reported.
Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan said on Wednesday that people "must learn to live with the corona virus until the vaccine is developed". Khan spoke at the inauguration of the Telehealth Covid-19 Portal in Islamabad to help people get medical services by telephone.
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Attorney General No.
Secretary of State No.
JOINT CHILD CUSTODY. INITIATIVE STATUTE. Requires court to order joint legal custody with joint and equal physical custody to both parents in any case involving child custody unless written agreement between parents to the contrary exists or court, in its discretion, finds child at risk due to: felony conviction of parent; child abuse, abandonment, failure by parent to provide child with basic necessities; or, a substantiated claim of substance or alcohol abuse. Court may modify parenting time when formal written criminal complaint has been filed against parent. Makes repeat violations of court-adopted parenting plan punishable as misdemeanor willful cruelty. Summary of estimate by Legislative Analyst and Director of Finance of fiscal impact on state and local governments: This measure would result in unknown net costs to the state related to court activities for child custody proceedings. The net costs are probably not significant in the context of total court expenditures. The measure would also result in unknown state and local costs -- potentially over $10 million annually to the state and in the millions of dollars to the counties --- because of a decline in child support obligations and payments.
Henry Gamboa Susan Stivers James P. Stivers Jay Bowden Kirk W. Rinella Michael A. Salatino William W. Marckwardt California Family Law Reform Act, P.O. Box 704, La Mesa, California 91944 (619) 465-2328
Document Type
Failed to Qualify
Recommended Citation
Joint Child Custody. California Initiative 797 (1998).


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Jingwen Yang
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Jingwen Yang is a PhD candidate at the Bangor Business School in the field of Accounting and Finance. Jingwen completed her Master's degree at the University of Bangor in 2014 and bachelor degree at Lancaster University in 2013. Her current research interests include International financial reporting and earnings quality.
Academic Qualifications
- MSc Accounting and Finance, Bangor university
- BSc Accounting and Finance, Lancaster University
Research Interests
- International financial reporting
- Earnings quality
Current Research
Jingwen's PhD research explores the degree of earnings quality for private versus public firms domiciled in the EU, and in doing so, to assess whether determinants of earnings quality are similar for both types of firms.
Professor Aziz Jaafar; Professor Lynn Hodgkinson


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Greater Rhea
|Greater Rhea
|Character Data
|Animal Data
|Greater Rhea
|Nexon Game
Greater Rhea is a type of Friend that appeared in the original Kemono Friends mobile game.
Greater Rhea has orange eyes and short white hair, it fades to black on her middlemost bang to resemble a beak, and a portion of hair on the upper side of her head is gray in color and has a cowlick at the top. She wears a golden circlet with a red jewel, while she also has the characteristics of a Bird Friend, such as the pair of wings and the very big animal tail, both being gray tipped in white, and ending in a black color.
Greater Rhea wears a white ripped bare midriff shirt with a sailor collar and a pink ribbon tie, a long scarf that is black in the middle and changes to white on the sides, and a pair of black arm sleeves with golden decorations on the ends. On her lower body she wears a long skirt that is white on top, black on the middle and then ends with a pink fur, all being held by a black belt with a gold buckle. White leggings and a pair of black Mary Jane shoes complement her attire.
In Real Life
Male greater rhea will become territorial and solitary during the breeding season in spring. They build big nests and try to attract female mates by dancing and calling. The females will each lay an egg into one males nest every other day for a few days until they move to the next nest. The eggs will hatch after about 35-40 days and they will follow the male, who will take care of them for around 6 months. The males will be very territorial and protective of their young during that time. The young are ready for breeding with 2 years of age for females and 3 years for males.
During winter, the greater rhea lives in groups of around 30 birds who will graze along other herds of animals, like deer and domestic animals, in order to look for more food and protection from predators. Both the greater rhea and its eggs are used for food, its skin as leather and feathers for feather dusters. The bird is seen as a pest for farmers even though they benefit farming by eating insects and weeds from the crops. Though they like crops, habitat loss for farmland is a major issue for the greater rhea populations in south america; overall, the bird is still classified as near threatened.
- In 2000, a group of 7 greater rheas, consisting of 3 males and 4 females, escaped a private enclosure near Lübeck, Germany. Due to the sparsely populated area which was difficult to access, the birds managed to escape officials long enough for them to give up, expecting the rheas to be unable to survive the German climate and die off. However, the birds seem to thrive in the area, current population estimates are at 220 specimen living in a 150qm area east of the Ratzeburger See in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. conservationists are concerned about the invasiveness and impact of the greater rhea on native fauna, flora and crops but evidence suggests there is next to no negative impact. The species is still on the "grey list", meaning they will be observed for their invasive potential. By law, the bird has acquired the status of native species (by surviving for 3 generations without human help) in Germany and qualifies for special protection.


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The state of the humanitarian system
Every two to three years, ALNAP produces a report on the state of the humanitarian system with each version providing a more detailed and revealing portrait of the system than its predecessor, drawing more and more on the voice and experiences of affected populations to provide legitimacy to its findings.
We would like you to read specifically the 24 page summary section of the 2018 State of the Humanitarian System report. The main findings of the 2015 report are presented within the following presentation:
State of the Humanitarian System 2018
Your task
Review this summary document and building upon your own experience and reflections on the course to date, discuss with your fellow learners.
How far this report reflects the realities of organisations or humanitarian contexts familiar to you?
If you have alternative experiences and views please share them with your fellow students
ALNAP (2018) State of the Humanitarian System 2018. London: ALNAP
© Coventry University. CC BY-NC 4.0


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Gwyneth Paltrow Continues To Be A Ridiculous Person
Do you ever get the feeling that asshole expert (takes one to know one) Gwyneth Paltrow is just super-bored and actually just engaged in a trolling long game? Maybe all of her foolishness is an effort to combat the ennui that stems from being a rich white lady with very little adversity in her life? No, she's not bright enough for that and is probably really this annoying. It was bad enough that she's fancied herself "Gwyneth Paltrow, Cooch Counselor" for the past couple of years.
Now US Magazine reports that she's lecturing depressed people on how to deal with their illness. (I'd rather undergo sex therapy with Dr. Phil.) In a post on her digital house of idiocy website, GOOP (via US Magazine), Gwyneth writes that the remedy for depression, insomnia and a host of other medical ills is something called "earthing." Translation – walk barefoot outside. But what if I live in an urban area? There could be broken glass or vomit on the sidewalk. What if I don't have feet? I hate you, Gwyneth.
Earthing therapy rests on the intuitive assumption that connecting to the energy of the planet is healthy for our souls and bodies, the article begins, noting that there's a "scientific angle" to the theory. Several people in our community (including GP) swear by earthing — also called grounding — for everything from inflammation and arthritis to insomnia and depression.
Please understand that you can not "earth" (is she for real?) indoors. If you merely walk barefoot on your interior floors, you won't get the same effect as walking outside barefoot and risking stepping in dogshit.
It does, however, require that you go outside. "Walking barefoot in your home, where minimally conductive or nonconductive materials like concrete foundations and hardwood floors insulate us from the earth's electric potential, will not have the same effect," the expert explained.
Justice would be a legion of women eventually gathering to march in protest on Gwyneth's luxury brownstone to condemn her and all of her elitist douche evil. Women who have steamed their vaginas to amazon rainforest-levels of strength-zapping, sultry jungle heat for naught. Women whose depression was not suddenly lifted by walking on lawns. Women ready to #OccupyGOOPsFrontYard in hovels built from bullshit jade pussy eggs!
Pic: WENN


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Article content
At a glance
- The annual cost of motor insurance fraud in the UK has reached £775m, according to latest figures
- Fraudulent claims lead to steeper car insurance premiums for honest customers
- We look at how motor fraud is evolving and how technology can help to detect and deter fraudsters
Motor fraud is a significant challenge for the insurance industry, and ultimately leads to honest customers paying more for their premiums.
Zurich and its industry partners take a proactive approach to tackling motor insurance fraud, using a range of investigative techniques and technologies. However, with fraudsters continuing to refine their strategies, the industry must always be thinking about how to respond to these evolving threats.
The evolution of motor fraud
"Motor fraud is in many ways an industry within an industry," says Scott Clayton, Head of Claims Fraud at Zurich. "For the last 12 years or so, we've been dealing with crash-for-cash claims, which have typically involved organised gangs taking to the road and either crashing into each other or inducing a commercial vehicle to crash into them. This has flooded the market with personal injury claims."
Motor fraud has continued to evolve, posing challenges for the industry. As Scott explains: "Many people will have received a text or a phone call asking whether they have been in a recent road traffic accident. These are driven by claims farmers looking for a non-fault claim.
"What often happens following a collision is that a claims company will contact a non-fault victim repeatedly until they are persuaded, often reluctantly, to submit a claim alleging they were injured."
Unchecked, this sort of action leads to a motor insurance market contaminated by fraud, which results in steeper premiums.
"Down the line, with developments such as autonomous vehicles, we expect the nature of motor fraud to keep changing. It is important that the industry keeps working to spot trends early and combat new fraud techniques."
How technology is detecting and deterring motor fraud
In-vehicle technologies, such as telematics systems and dashcams, have an important role to play, as Scott explains: "These are fantastic investigative tools and they are getting more advanced all the time. Modern telematics systems, for example, can provide an exact speed at the point of impact. If someone is alleging they suffered whiplash when the telematics indicates an impact of 3mph, this provides a good indication that there is a claim to defend.
"Dashcams can offer an independent view of an incident. Previously, if a commercial vehicle driver claimed that a crash was caused by the vehicle ahead slamming on the brakes, defending the claim would have been difficult."
As well as in-vehicle technology, developments in data analytics have been crucial in advancing anti-fraud detection techniques.
A major step forward has come with Zurich's investment in NetReveal software, which will be used to detect suspicious claims patterns across Zurich's entire portfolio.
Scott says: "Through complex algorithms and data analytics run across different business lines, NetReveal can help uncover individuals trying to hide their real identity to avoid traditional detection techniques. For example, we can quickly identify when an individual who has been investigated for a suspicious household claim appears on a commercial vehicle claim."
Technology enables cross-industry anti-fraud collaboration
"As an industry, we rely on industry-wide data for fraud detection," says Scott. "Things such as the Claims and Underwriting Exchange database have been around for decades, but with the power of data analytics and big data aggregation, bodies like the Insurance Fraud Bureau can identify individuals perpetrating fraud with other insurers."
Industry collaboration, supported by technology, is also helping to block known fraudsters from buying policies. The Insurance Fraud Register – the industry's repository of known fraudsters – can be downloaded by insurer members and compared against internal data sets, allowing for rapid identification that can reduce the chances of motor fraud being committed.
The role of brokers and customers in detecting fraud
While technology is playing a crucial role in helping to detect and deter motor fraud, brokers and customers also have an important role to play.
Scott explains: "We rely on commercial customers to flag suspicious cases. If a fleet driver, for instance, thinks that something is not quite right about the behaviour of another driver or drivers at the scene of an accident, we would encourage them to notify their broker, and ultimately Zurich. The earlier we get sight of a suspicious claim, the better chance we have of defending it, which benefits brokers and customers alike."
For more information on the issues discussed in this article, please get in touch with your local Zurich contact.
This article counts towards accumulating your annual CII CPD structured learning hours for Claims.
By reading this article, and correctly answering the three questions below, you will have achieved the following learning outcome:
Summarise latest claims trends and identify how the insurance market is responding
Counting the cost of car insurance fraud
Research by the Association of British Insurers, published last year, found the total cost of detected fraudulent motor insurance claims reached £775m in 2017.


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President Obama's address at the National Prayer Breakfast this week was exactly right. On two issues his words hit the nail on the head. The President explained, "Central to [human] dignity is freedom of religion—the right of every person to practice their faith how they choose." Second, he charged, "Killing the innocent is never fulfilling God's will. In fact, it is the ultimate betrayal of God's will." Unfortunately, his words are not matched by the actions of his administration.
The mandate of the Department of Health and Human Services remains that all health insurance plans cover contraception, sterilization and abortion-inducing drugs. The president's administration continues to promote abortion on demand and even the barbaric practice of partial-birth abortion.
The president should be commended for his frank remarks standing for religious freedom and human dignity. He will find a friend in the Catholic Church in this regard. However, one wonders how serious the administration is about supporting religious freedom when Catholic religious sisters may be forced out of work in hospitals and schools because they don't want to pay for contraception or abortion-inducing drugs. Similarly, one wonders how seriously the administration takes the issue of human dignity given its indifference at the killing of the unborn.
Vocal support for religious freedom and human dignity is all well and good. But the president's words are not matched by his actions. The President is wrong on these issues and right-minded people will call him out on it.


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Around the beginning of April the Tax Credits people send out renewal packs for every one who is receipt of Tax/Child Credits to fill in. You can't renew till you have the renewal pack actually in your hand. Its a pain but got to be done as other wise you could be paid too much and you would have to pay that back. Of course it can go the other way and they haven't being paying you enough and they pay you what you are owed.
With the renewal packs are lots of warnings about what happens if you don't send it back by the deadline of 31st July. Your money will stop and to sort it out you have start all over again.
They do say they once the renewal pack has been completed and sent back they will send you your award notice for the coming year in about 5 weeks. I can understand this as there are a lot of people on credits and it it must be a nightmare.
What I don't understand is why after 18 weeks I am still waiting for my award notice. 18 weeks. I completed mine as soon as it came and phoned it through. Knowing the system I rang about 6 weeks in as I hadn't heard anything. They confirmed they had my renewal pack and it would be dealt with. Every week for the past 12 weeks I have been calling and been given the same update…..yes they have it and it will be dealt with.
I dont know if I owe them money or they owe me? Am I suddenly going to get a huge bill ?
I cant get any answers I just have to wait….and wait.


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Hello everyone here is another awesome tool developed by John Esmail.This tool is completely free for all user if you have any Mi Phone on Account lock condition, or if you want to unlock OEM or if you need a unlock calculator then this tool is for you, download this tool here and tell me results after use. Tool password is : john .
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Purchase this listing to upgrade the plastic hardware on your collar for silver metal hardware (buckle, d-ring and slide adjuster). The collar is SOLD SEPARATELY. If purchasing more than one collar, please specify which collar the upgrade belongs to.
This upgrade can ONLY be added to fabric collars.
Note: This listing is to upgrade your collar having metal hardware. This is not a supply listing and must be purchased along with a collar. This listing cannot be purchased by itself.


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Mystery of History You'll Love It
Posted by Michelle Osborn on
Welcome to Yellow House Book Rental! We are primarily a homeschool curriculum, rental service. However, we offer a variety of services. You can compare each one, at Yellow House Book Rental, and decide which is best for your family.
The Mystery of History will save you time and stress!
I have been privileged to write a Mystery of History Review post over at Just a Simple Home. Terryn has put together some really helpful guest post reviews in her Wading Through the Curriculum series.
Here is just a teaser for you. Read the entire post by clicking here.
I stumbled upon Mystery of History after I started my online homeschool curriculum rental business, Yellow House Book Rental. Wanting to know more about it before I started renting and selling it at Yellow House Book Rental, I incorporated it into our Sonlight curriculum, and we loved it. My two oldest had graduated and I used it with my younger two, ages 11 and 13.
Linda Hobar, the author of this world history series, states,
"World history is far more than what man has or has not accomplished! From a biblical worldview, history tells us a bigger story, and one that is far grander than man can conceive. His-story is the slow, steady revelation of God to man, and mankind's mixed response—some bow down to Him, some don't. But the sovereign plans of the Lord remain the same, as Jesus Christ came 'to seek and to save that which was lost.' " (Luke 19:10)."....
What I love most about Mystery of History is that the author doesn't leave the Bible, God, and the Israelite nation out of history. What a different view from most world history curriculums! We enjoyed learning what God was doing through his people, judges, and kings at the same time other historical events around the world were happening. I never knew how they coincided until Mystery of History.
The Mystery of History has so much to offer the student and the child. I have enjoyed learning along with my children and I know you will too with Mystery of History.
...... continue reading the rest of my guest post on Just a Simple Home
Enjoying the journey,
Hi! I'm Michelle, the owner and founder of Yellow House Book Rental, specializing in providing homeschool curriculum for rent or purchase, as well as counseling and guidance for homeschool families. I'm a wife of 29 years, a 22-year homeschool veteran, and mom of four amazing children ranging from 18-26. We are just about to empty the nest. Oh, how time flew! My husband and I are excited to see how the Lord will use us in this new phase of life. I'd love to be friends! Send me an email, or connect with me on social media and tell me about yourself.
Yellow House Book Rental links to many different sources within our blogs. A link does not equal an endorsement. We cannot guarantee the content of each site (especially its ads).
Visit our sponsors! We receive a small commission when you purchase through these links. Thank you, the purchases do not cost you more but help support our business and ministry. We only promote those that we love and believe in!
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text: Honda and Yamaha have partnered with Saitama City, Japan to evaluate and test electric motorcycles. The pilot is part of the city's E-Kizuna Project, which aims to promote the spread of EVs. Evaluation testing will utilize Honda and Yamaha's electric technology and Saitama City's existing infrastructure. Electric motorcycles will be tested in the Class 1… Read more »


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Stripe Grace Dress
$60.00 $159.00
or make 4 interest-free payments of $15.00 AUD fortnightly with More info
This pop of statement stripes includes flashes of bright bold colours bouncing off a deep black background.
This classic dress has everything you have been asking for! The length is just below the knee with an A-line fit for comfort and a flattering sleeve. This dress is definitely one you will discover you can't live without this Summer.
This garment is made from 100% Crepe Rayon.
Cold hand wash.


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The central document used against George Galloway this week by the US senate committee investigating Iraq's oil for food programme is a forgery. Socialist Worker can reveal that evidence crucial to the alleged case against the Respect MP is fake — created after the fall of Baghdad in 2003.
The allegations are another desperate attempt to smear the opponents of the war on Iraq, and to make them appear as the corrupt hirelings of tyranny.
In Britain the material is another dirty weapon to be employed in an effort to destroy George Galloway and halt the rise of Respect.
Most of the accusations hurled against George Galloway by the senate committee on investigations this week were based on testimony that was supposedly freely given by former officials in Saddam Hussein's regime who are now held by US forces.
In many cases these sources are not even named.
But there is one piece of evidence that at first glance seems persuasive. It is in the findings of the Duelfer Report — the conclusions of the Iraq Survey Group headed by Charles Duelfer which last year admitted Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction.
The senate committee's document says, "According to the evidence in the Duelfer Report, the Hussein regime granted Galloway six oil allocations totalling 20 million barrels of oil."
Annexe B of the section of the Duelfer Report on "Regime finance and procurement" lists what it claims are "Known oil voucher recipients".
According to Duelfer, "This annexe contains the 13 secret lists maintained by vice president Taha Yassin Ramadan al-Jizrawi and the minister for oil, Amir Rashid Muhammad al-Ubaydi. A high level Iraqi State Oil Marketing Organisation (SOMO) official provided the Iraq Survey Group with both English and Arabic versions of these lists on 16 June 2004. The lists reproduced here are the original SOMO translations in English."
The list contains hundreds of names of individuals and corporations, many of which, according to Duelfer, legally dealt in Iraqi oil under the UN's oil for food programme.
The first mention of George Galloway is contract M/09/23. This alleges that 1.014 million barrels of oil were allocated to "Mr Fawwaz Zurayqat — Mr George Galloway — Aredio Petroleum (French)".
Look closely at the entry, which is reproduced above.
- The typeface (font) used for "Mr George Galloway" is different to the rest of the line. Indeed the only time this font is used in the entire document is where George Galloway's name appears.
- "Mr George Galloway" does not line up with the rest of the words in the entry. It is at an angle to the other words.
- The spacings between "Mr George Galloway" and the rest of the words are inconsistent.
- The dash after the words "Mr George Galloway" touches the following word.
- The words "Mr George Galloway" are at a different type density (lighter) than the rest of the line.
The most likely explanation is that the words "Mr George Galloway" have been added after the list was prepared, perhaps stuck on and then photocopied to produce the list in the Duelfer Report.
Elsewhere the Duelfer Report revisits this same contract note and, citing an internal Iraqi document, says the allocation was to "Fawaz Zuraiqat — Mariam's Appeal".
Was this the original name, which was then changed in order to smear George Galloway?
For links to video footage of Galloway's defence of himself in the US senate go to www.respectcoalition.org/?ite=781
Annexe B of the Duelfer Report is available online as a PDF from www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/pdf/duelfer1_eab.pdf [12.8MB]


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We are each elements in the structure of the atom that is the Universe. The atom is energy surrounded by more energy. Protons, neutrons and electrons. Every cell in our body is also composed of many atoms. All of the atoms in the Universe are held together by vibrational energy that forms matter. This concept is very spiritually meaningful to me. In that knowledge is the understanding of manifestation of one's desires. I haven't got it mastered yet but I'm working on it. Work on it with me!! I know you can. P.S. The vibrational energy that runs in and through everything is called God, The Almighty, Source, etc.
On top of that knowing your soul, spirit, non-physical part of yourself never dies and is always connected to All that is...i.e., every other atom in the Universe...a big gulp to take in...but understanding that is also necessary.
Getting into harmony with your non-physical self and your physical self, i.e., loving your non-physical self with your physical self and vice versa is how you get in harmony. Then understanding the emotions your physical self feels is like feeling a pain from a nerve that's been injured, telling you to fix something. i.e., to work your thought process from the feeling of fear, doubt, worry to a more positive place. The first time is hard, but it gets easier and easier, faster and faster. Keep working on it. Nothing is impossible and it's always too soon to give up.
Jana Lynn ShellmanIN GOD WE TRUSTAuthor of The Wish Factory: How to Make Wishes Come Truehttp://www.thewishfactory.com/ My Blog http://www.twitter.com/wishladyaInstructor at Creating CharactersVisit my Facebook Jana Shellman MySpace.com


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text: Hill Country feat. Zane Williams & Paul Eason Saturday, January 18th, 2020 6 PM $15.00 Sales Ended Ages 21+ ShareShare with Friends FacebookTwitterEmail Add To Calendar Add to Calendar iCal Google Zane Williams and Paul Eason join forces and have started a new band, Hill Country. Venue Information:The Saxon Pub .1320 S Lamar Blvd1320 S Lamar BlvdAustin, TX, 78704


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This blog is an educational hub for our growing user community, as well as for those of you who are first-time visitors that wish to learn more about invoicing for your business. Here you'll find a body of useful resources on topics like online invoices, invoicing essentials, starting a new business, accounting, payments and so on. Even if you've never read about those topics before or you feel that finances are not your strong suit, you'll find that our articles are clear, to the point and easy to understand.
In this blog, you'll find updates about our online invoice generator, a thorough invoice guide, guides on using the invoice generator's various features, tips for effective invoicing, definitions of invoicing terms, etc. As we strive to help new businesses starting out, you will also find here guides on starting a new business, financing your business, maintaining a positive cash flow, writing up a business plan, defining business objectives, etc. We hope to make this blog your one-stop-shop when you're looking for solutions, tips and guides on various aspects of your business.
Are you having difficulties finding articles on a certain topic? Do you have an idea for more topics we should write about? We are constantly trying to improve our blog so we'd love to hear from you! Hop over to our "Contact Us" page and share your thoughts with us.


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N&C Decorative Stone - Avoca Granite
Part of the N&C Decorative Stone range.
Avoca granite is a bright silver granite with grey and blue flecks with a slight sparkle. Attractive to have on paths and ground cover. Quite contemporary and modern. A hard angular material used in Oriental gardens with great effect as a background to rocks and water features. Quite special and not your everyday gravel.
Standard bag (25kg approx) available in our Kilkenny store. Jumbo bag (1ton approx) available to order.
*14mm size only


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Oct 232018
Russ Zimmer reports:
On July 10, the Middletown government received a public records request seeking all the names and email addresses of people who had voluntarily turned over this contact information to the town in order to receive emergency alerts and updates on local happenings.
Ten days later, Middletown gave "[email protected]" — the requesting party that provided no name or mailing address — all of those email addresses.
That might have been where the story ended, except that on Sept. 29 an email, purporting to be from a grassroots organization that doesn't appear to exist, landed in the inboxes of seemingly everyone who was on the township's email list.
Read more on app.
Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.


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Price: €40.00
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In-depth exploration of Dutch media art from 1985 onwards from many different perspectives. Through early access to the Internet, state subsidies and dedicated ..(read more)
Messages collects the personal and lyrical films of Guy Sherwin, one of the pre-eminent British film artists of the past forty years. The DVD features one of Sh..(read more)
Already in 1996 the French free experimental rock group Soixante Étages that had already been around since the 80s handed over a bunch of cassettes with unrele..(read more)
Third instalment in the "MM Bad" compilations of highlights from his "career", one that spans no less than 4 decades!! With diverse stud..(read more)
Trio Strakke Lucht was a short-lived ensemble of experimental composers/musicians from Rotterdam with (I think) their one and only album from 1997. Strakke Luch..(read more)
Just re-discovered this album from 1998. A solid rock band (duo?), reminiscent of bands like Helmet and Rocket From The Crypt. Twelve songs, expertly recorded a..(read more)
I re-discovered this great recording from 1993! Bass-driven punk/impro, a bit like The Ex, with a large number of musicians. To name a few: Godevil, The Parking..(read more)
"Believe me, when you get to be his age you begin to realize that you really are a genius & that most other people are never going to understand that ..(read more)
September 2009 release, being a reissue of a 1990 compilation (orig. Midas music) of Dutch and international noise put together by Jac van Bussel, covering a se..(read more)
In Italian. The first Open Source novel, a mutant writing project from 2002 where a book, a CD-ROM and a website (www.ilSognodiEliza.com) interacted while remai..(read more)


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CINCINNATI — Hydration has long been known to help prevent and shorten colds, flus and viruses. While it can be difficult to drink increased fluids when feeling under the weather, hoist, a rapid hydration beverage, allows consumers to hydrate faster while consuming less liquid. A perfectly isotonic beverage, hoist is absorbed directly into the human bloodstream to hydrate the body immediately.
As Hoist continues to bring oral electrolyte hydration solutions beyond the infant aisle, it's easier for adults to get through cold and flu season unscathed or at least with less downtime.
Hoist continues to expand, with shelf space in more than 10,000 stores across the country, including 450 CVS Health stores. Throughout cold and flu season, Hoist is utilizing various social media channels to geofence a one- to three-mile radius around CVS stores selling Hoist to help raise awareness as well as target and educate consumers on the benefits of maintaining optimal hydration levels.
"We're constantly looking for new ways to help and hydrate consumers, and educating those within a quick walk or drive to Hoist on shelves during one of the most important times of the year to stay hydrated is a win-win for us and consumers" said Kelly Heekin, president of Hoist. "Hoist offers an easy way to stay hydrated without a lot of effort or excess fluid consumption."
Proper hydration is key to overall health and has been known to help increase recovery from illness, eliminate toxins from the body and increase the immune system's ability to fight off infection and viruses. Dehydration, on the other hand, can lead to fatigue, memory loss and the inability to concentrate.
You can find Hoist at a store near you using Hoist's store locator. Flavors include Dragonfruit, Watermelon, Strawberry Lemonade, Orange and Lemon Lime. For more information, visit www.drinkhoist.com.
About Hoist
Founded in 2009, Hoist was developed to fill a void in the adult hydration marketplace. Hoist's formula is perfectly isotonic, meaning the formula's density matches that of the human bloodstream and thus has the ability to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream, hydrating the body immediately. Without any added colors, high fructose corn syrup, dyes or artificial sweeteners, Hoist offers consumers a way to hydrate faster while consuming less calories and less volume. Hoist is currently available at 10,000 store locations across the country. For more information, visit www.drinkhoist.com. You can also find Hoist on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube.


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|36 Victoria Street, Armagh
|Last listed at Offers over £125,000
|EPC Rating
|Sale Agreed
Distinctive Victorian Property located on the edge of Armagh City Centre. Currently this property is in residential condition however planning approval has been granted to covert the building to a commercial office space with the benefit of private parking to the rear. There are a number of business' already trading on this street and is just around the corner from the famous Mall. For plans or viewings please contact our Armagh Office on 028 37515949.
Star Features
Entering through the blue front door is a warming vestibule with high cornice ceilings, ceiling rose and church style ceramic flooring,
Entrance Hallway
Original flooring and again high cornice ceilings, Victorian carpeted staircase leading to second and third levels.
Reception / Office 3.74m x 4.65m
Bay front aspect allowing lots of natural light to flow throughout, original solid flooring with double glass panel doors leading to 2nd reception. Wood fire surround with cast iron open fire inset and slate hearth, high ceilings with cornice and ceiling rose.
Reception 2 / Office 3.28m x 3.14m
Terracotta floor tiles with brick feature fireplace opening, sleeper mantel, 3/4 panelling, door leading to kitchen/dining area.
Kitchen/Dining / Office 8.20m x 2.75
Fitted high and low level units with ceramic floor tiles, side and rear aspect, wooden door exit to rear yard with oil tank and burner located within brick surrounded wall. Small store shed. A wooden gate takes you to a raised patio area and tiered rockery/vegetable garden.
First Floor
Feature stained glass window on landing area and carpet.
Bathroom 1.68m x 2.70m
White 3 piece suite to include pedestal wash hand basin with brass antique style taps, tongue and groove bath panel, pine ceiling, ceramic floor and wall tiles.
Bedroom 1 / Offcie 3.81m x 2.70m
High ceiling and original dado rail, open tiled fireplace, rear aspect, carpeted flooring.
Bedroom 2 / Office 3.10m x 3.22m
Double room with open fireplace, carpet flooring and side aspect.
Bedroom 3 (master) / Office 5.21m x 4.72m.
Grand master bedroom with front bay aspect, carpet flooring and open fire with marble fire surround tiled insert and hearth. Featured high cornice ceiling and centre rose.
Second Floor
Feature stain glass window and carpet flooring.
Shower room / Office 3.51m x 1.97m
Shower enclosure, hot-press access, white pedestal wash hand basin and WC. Ceramic wall and floor tiling. Pine ceiling.
Bedroom 4 / Office 2.68m x 3.81m
Open fireplace with cast iron surround, High ceilings, rear aspect carpeted flooring.
Third Floor
Bedroom 5 / Office 5.21m x 3.56m
Open fireplace with cast iron surround, front aspect and carpeted flooring.
Bedroom 6 / Office 3.05m x 3.23m
Double dormer style bedroom with arched front aspect.
Externally offers an enclosed rear yard and private parking to the rear of the property.


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Hedge mower
The hedge mower is suitable for mowing and pruning back the woody growth of hedges and trees with a diameter of up to 35 mm. Inside the mower body there are two mower blades, each driven by its own hydraulic motor to cut the vegetation.
Another set of rotating blades cut the clippings in even smaller pieces. The hedge mower can mow in front of, above or behind the hedge because it has a triple rotating head. This rotating head can rotate (HD90), oscillate (HW180) and tilt (HK).


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JOHN SCOTT MSP for Ayr and farming spokesperson for the Scottish Conservatives, has committed his life to serving the agricultural community both in the field and in Parliament – here he tells us where his drive comes from
MICHAEL GOVE might have outlined the UK Government's vision of a 'green' Brexit for the agricultural industry, with a strong emphasis on satisfying southern voters' environmental demands – but Scottish Conservatives are determined to make sure Scotland's voice is heard in the negotiations.
John Scott, the farming spokesperson for the Scottish Conservatives, is committed to ensuring the best possible outcome for Scotland and has declared himself willing to work with anyone who champions the best interests of the rural community.
A born and bred farmer from Ballantrae, Mr Scott brings both passion and a wealth of experience to his role in parliament and a lifetime committed to agriculture has given him the foresight to draw on memories of the sector and to identify best practice moving forward.
Sitting down with The Scottish Farmer at his Balkissock Farm, in Ballantrae, I asked Mr Scott – as a hill farmer well versed in the current struggles facing the industry – how will the Scottish Conservatives press Westminster to value the sector and commit to future LFASS funding?
"There is an absolute need for a continuing commitment to hill farming in Scotland and a continuing commitment to LFASS, and certainly the Scottish Conservatives are committed to that as well," he replied.
"Michael Gove set the tone at the Oxford Farming Conference and there needs to be a delivery of public goods, but first we need to ensure the security of food supply, hill farming and farming across the whole of Scotland, always remembering that 85% of Scotland is LFA," said Mr Scott.
Following on from Mr Gove's address at the OFC, agri-environment schemes are very much the flavour of the month, but it has been suggested to the detriment of Scottish livestock production. Will too much prominence on rewilding our landscape have a detrimental impact on the future of the agricultural sector?
Mr Scott was keen to explain the importance of balance in ensuring future working landscapes. "There have been agri-environment schemes for a long time now under Pillar 2 payments and these must continue, but a balance has to be struck. I want to see working landscapes across Scotland; there has to be food production, land available for forestry but also land available for environmental enhancement and we are determined all of these things are not mutually exclusive but can be delivered in a working landscape," said Mr Scott.
"The Conservatives in Scotland are in favour of managed landscapes because these require people in those landscapes to manage them, whether that's in a hill farming sense regarding beef and sheep production or in a hill farming sense in terms of environmental enhancement and delivery of public goods which is also vitally important.
All of these things have to be balanced and managed together," stressed Mr Scott.
The important link between consumers and producers is becoming lost along the supply chain, and there is a clear need to rebuild the public's faith and value in Scotland's food and drink production and place more prominence on provenance.
Mr Scott was part of the movement to strengthen the relationship between farmers and the public thorough the establishment of farmers markets and stressed the importance of acknowledging where your food comes from.
"Scotland is a relatively small place but that is one of its enormous strengths; the fact you can pick up the phone to speak to almost anyone directly in the supply chain, certainly helps the delivery of food production. Scotland Food and Drink has an amazing record, and we are now producing around £14bn of food and drink, and one of the ways to continue to grow this sector will be through collaborative working.
A BORN and bred farmer from Ballantrae, John Scott has been farming at Balkissock Farm for over 46 years and was a founder of the Scottish Association of farmers markets
"I was a founder of the Scottish Association of farmers markets a long time ago and stood behind a stall one Saturday a month for 13 years selling lamb and was very proud to do so. However, nowadays provenance is vitally important, and it is one of the remarkable things that has happened since farmer's markets were established in 1999 against the backdrop of BSE, when consumers had lost confidence in beef production and they threatened to lose confidence in sheep production as well.
"Now, what has grown from farmer's markets is that they have re-sparked an interest in local food and consumers felt safe then and now with knowing they were buying food from farmers they knew and trusted. I think we need to make Scottish people more aware of the provenance of local food, when we have fantastic healthy produce here in Scotland," said Mr Scott.
We pride ourselves as a nation which produces high quality products and maintains strict high standards in the process. If we lose access to the single market in Brexit negotiations, could we open the door to trade from countries who don't aspire to such strict standards creating an uneven playing field?
I challenged Mr Scott as to whether Westminster will allow imports from countries like Argentina and Brazil which could damage our meat industry?
"As of yet, trade deals with those countries have not been established or defined. I think we should continue to produce to the highest standard as there will always be a market for quality. Peter Chapman and I will continue to make Michael Gove aware of the importance to Scotland's future of our ability to produce and sell high quality produce whilst making a profit from it," stressed Mr Scott.
I asked Mr Scott about the relationship between the UK Government and the Scottish Conservatives and whether he would be prepared to take farmers concerns to Westminster and ensure they were heard.
"David Mundell, our Secretary of State, meets regularly with Michael Gove and, as a representative of a farming constituency, he is very aware of their farming needs. I have been a farmer since 1972 and I'm still farming here at Balkissock, 46 years committed to farming, man and boy.
"The UK Government is already facing extreme pressure to deal with the NHS crisis, with A and E services at breaking point. I asked whether the Treasury will ever seek favour with farming when public stresses are placed in other sectors?That is the difficult decision of balancing priorities that governments must make, but it is easy to say food production is not important on the basis of having a full belly, but there are times in our history where we have not – 100 years ago, at the end of the First World War there was not enough beef to feed the people of Britain. This was the same after the Second World War and that is why historically there was determination across all UK governments that food security was of absolute paramount importance. After we joined Europe, food production went rather too well and suddenly we had butter mountains, milk lakes and wine lakes. Britain has depended on Europe for much of its food imports and access to food imports since, and it may become more expensive, or not, as we move towards Brexit. But we should not lose sight of our ultimate requirement of farmers that they produce food for our nation." - John Scott
"I have been a politician for almost 18 years and it is a privilege to be firstly a farmer and then to represent farmers as I have done since the mid-1980s through the NFU. I was the NFU hill farming convener in the 1990s and led protests and demonstrations to Westminster. The Conservative government at Westminster was prepared to listen back then and support Scottish agriculture and I believe the current Conservative government still is," confirmed Mr Scott.
As consumers, we take for granted year-round access to food produce which can be linked to driving demand for imports from abroad. In order to promote and support local farmers I challenged Mr Scott whether we could we ever go back to being a nation of seasonality?
"I don't think it is somewhere our valued consumers want to go, as they like to be able to buy strawberries and blueberries all year round and I don't think we will get to a position where that is a reality which will be forced upon us by imports becoming too expensive.
"Seasonality would only be a position of last resort and consumers rightly expect and have become used to a wide range of food from all over the world, whether that is grapes from Israel or South Africa or blueberries from Spain or Argentina, and again I want to see that choice continuing to be available to Scottish and British consumers," said Mr Scott.
One of the biggest challenges facing the future of our sector is the maintenance of a workforce, the industry is facing a substantial labour crisis with less people coming into the sector to work and more reliance being placed on immigrant workers to fill gaps in the labour market.
Dependence on EU workers, particularly in processing factories and abattoirs, is a grave concern, with the likes of 96% of vets working in abattoirs coming from the EU, mainly Spain. If we no longer have free movement of people post Brexit, I asked Mr Scott how roles will be filled locally here?
MR SCOTT reminds us that it wasn't too long ago, after the Second World War, where we struggled to meet food production demands as a nation and that the Government must always value food security moving forward
"I'm a co-convener of the Cross Party Group on Food in parliament and we have a member of that group saying he had 50 acres of broccoli left in the field last year as he had no workers to harvest it. We must try and establish a seasonal workers scheme like we had in the past.
"I asked a question about that recently to encourage the government to speak to Westminster to put every pressure they could on them, and that this is part of the thinking in the Brexit negotiations, not just in Scotland but across the whole of the UK.
"I am optimistic that the UK Government will reinstate a seasonal workers scheme or similar, and it is important we now get clarity over what plans they have. It is vital that particular sectors such as agriculture, have an arrangement that is best suited to its needs," said Mr Scott.
"Failing that, I'm not sure how we encourage our own young people into seasonal work, as we have such low levels of unemployment that young people are not available to go into that type of job. We need to make sure we do what we can to encourage young people, but if we are unable to then one of the answers will be mechanisation and developing new technologies.
"Having spent time discussing this with researchers who are looking to build sophisticated machinery, we are still some time away from creating machines which can identify and pick fruit, for example.
"We are dependent on Spanish vets in abattoirs and it is also the case we are having enormous difficulty getting people to work in the abattoir sector as a whole. We are also having difficulty finding people to work on our fish processing lines for fish farming units, and filling roles in these two areas is proving difficult," stressed Mr Scott.
Although there are some great organisations working to bring more young people into the agriculture sector there is room for improvement in the schooling structure, where more prominence needed to be placed on valuing agricultural roles. I challenged Mr Scott as to how we can get young people into the industry who aren't born to farming families and what schools can do to educate their pupils about the industry.
"I feel there is room for improvement in Scottish education in this regard. We need to develop a lifelong interest in agriculture with children. I noticed that my colleague Kirstene Hair, the MP for Angus, highlighted her view that there should be a National 5 qualification in agriculture. I am completely behind that, as it is a positive way forward in attracting new entrants.
"When I was young, domestic science was taught in schools and it was seen as important to know how to grow your own food as you might have needed to one day but also how to cook it. We need to teach people how to again have an interest in food, how to grow it, and cook it for themselves in a healthy way, as we are becoming a nation which is too overweight," said Mr Scott.
He went on to expand further on the government's target to promote healthier food choices moving forward but questioned whether they were perhaps unachievable.
"The Scottish Government has set ambitious targets to increase fruit and veg intake to deal with the growing obesity problem, but the issue isn't a lack of available healthy options, but more that people choose to follow an unhealthy lifestyle. For years we have seen the five-a-day concept presented to us, and it is not a new concept but not everyone adheres to it," stated Mr Scott.
As the interview draws to a close and I spy a Scotch lamb apron hanging proudly over Mr Scott's Aga, I ask him his thoughts on the rise of veganism and whether he could ever be tempted.
"It is part of a growing dietary choice that people make, and it is important to have a balanced diet but most of the research I am aware of suggests it is important to have red meat as part of a balanced diet.
"If all the nutrients people need for healthy living can be derived from veganism then that's a lifestyle choice, but I am firmly of the view that a balanced diet includes meat, fish, cheese, milk and eggs and all of these things produce healthy bodies, which has to be everyone's aim and objective.
"I can assure you I won't be turning vegan anytime soon, I love steak too much... served rare of course," Mr Scott laughs.


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Please visit The Deli's full web charts organized by genre and region.
If you've been plugged into the local Austin music scene, then you've heard of Christelle and you've witnessed her graceful come-up. She released Swim Team earlier this year and captivated everyone including the folks at Pitchfork who gave her album a glowing review. Since the album's release in May, she's toured, headlined her own show, and played fantastic sets alongside locals acts like Calliope Musicals at the Horror Disco this past Halloween, and now Levitation.
Bofale opened Thursday evening at Hotel Vegas, managing to facilitate an intimate performance in the midst a large-scale festival. The room was packed but her omnipresent vocals over the resounding chords made the room feel like a private show. Her songs sing of vulnerability and truth, for example, "Love Lived Here Once, speaks the universal language of heartache. Empathy brings us together, and so does Christelle's smile. Although her songs transport you to emotional landscapes, her joy is grounding.
Catch one of her shows when you can. We can't wait to see what gifts the universe holds for Christelle and her music in the near, near future. If you haven't listened to Swim Team yet, listen to it and be the first to show your friends.
-Mel Green
Philadelphia New Bands With Buzz


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Grace Note String Ensembles ~ Violin, Harp & String Trio & more
Ceremony Musicians, Ceremony & Reception
2 weddings, 1 rating, 1 review
1347 Rt 9 North
Cape May Court House, NJ, 08210
Classical or Contemporary Ceremony Music for your Beach, Church, Home or Yacht Club wedding at the Shore or beyond. VIOLIN, HARP, CELLO, the Grace Note STRING TRIO, ACOUSTIC GUITAR, TRUMPET, JAZZ PIANISTS & VIBRAPHONE, SUPERIOR ORGANISTS, HARMONIOUS VOICES all in good-spirit for your day. Ceremony choices include Solo, Duets, Trios...Classical, Jazz, or Contemporary or a mix to your liking. We do outdoor & on-beach weddings, as well as church and are experienced with Catholic Mass. Give us a call to discuss your music ideas! We'll make them happen. We would love to share your day. Grace Note String Ensembles ~~~ Check Us Out on FACEBOOK for more pictures, reviews and music clips.
Venues / Vendors Real Weddings Wedding Photos Wedding Q&A Change City
Click on each tool to see a sample.
Create an account to start using these tools and more!Create An Account
Or try out our world-famous wedding map without registering!
(it works great on mobile phones as well)


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Grit City Trees is the City of Tacoma's free street tree giveaway program, and applications for the 2019 season are being accepted now through Tuesday, Aug. 13, for individuals and Friday, Sept. 6, for group applications. The goal of the program is to increase tree canopy and beautify neighborhoods through community building by providing free street trees to Tacoma homeowners who are interested in planting in the right-of-way.
Individuals can submit applications; however, residents are encouraged to work with their neighborhoods to apply for trees as a group. Successful neighborhood group applications are eligible to have trees delivered in October. For those with successful individual applications, trees will be available for pick up at the City nursery in the fall.
Interested residents must fill out the Grit City Trees application form and the corresponding tree care agreement must be signed by all participating property owners. These trees are for planting in the right-of-way only and species availability is limited.
For more information, visit cityoftacoma.org/GritCityTrees, contact email@example.com or call (253) 502-2138.


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Hilltown Families presents…
"Puberty for Parents"
part of the Talking to Your Kids About Sex Series
of Community Conversations with Brooke Norton
Held at Cup & Top Café in Florence
Tuesday, May 21st from 6:30-8:30pm
Hilltown Families and Cup and Top Café are presenting a series of free talks for parents with Brooke Norton and Jane Fleishman, MS, Certified Sex Educators. Continuing with this series, the third talk, Puberty for Parents, will focus on the physical changes, social impacts and emotional aspects of puberty. Brooke and Jane will also touch upon sexual orientation and coming out, and what parents can teach their kids about consent.
"Puberty for Parents" will take place on Tuesday, May 21st after hours at the café from 6:30pm-8:30pm (1 North Main Street) in Florence, MA.


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Sina Mousavi
PhD - CIVE
PhD - CIVE
Jongwan Eun
Jongwan Eun
About Me:
I am a PhD student at University of Nebraska-Lincoln studying Geo-Environmental Engineering. I started my PhD at the spring of 2017. I received my master's degree at Tarbiat Modares University where I specialized in Civil and Environmental Engineering.
My current research focuses on coupled analysis of Thermal/Hydraulic/Mechanical and Biochemical properties of municipal solid waste where I have to conduct different tests in a column filled with solid waste, as well as to simulate the behavior of the MSW in landfill.
I am highly interested in the environmental aspect of civil engineering projects.


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It is frequently a challenge to see which product is best for your skin because of the large number of cosmetic products available. For those who are sensitive or allergic to ingredients commonly used by cosmetic companies, this problem is aggravated. You can avoid serious harmful reactions if you are aware of which ingredients are most problematic.
Hypoallergenic products are a good choice in protecting yourself as they do not contain ingredients found to irritate sensitive skins. These products have good availability range in creams and lotions, and are identifiable because they are labeled 'Hypoallergenic'.
A conservative called paraben is often used in products to inhibit bacteria and mold formations. Avoid these types of products. Skincare products that are paraben-free are lessothersome to a wider range of skin types. Numbers of Paraben varieties can be added to cosmetic products. These ingredients copy the female hormone estrogen, which is implicated in the forming of breast cancer. Irrespective of your own skin's sensitivity, paraben-free skincare is good advice for everyone.
Manufacturers that exclude paraben are now labeling their cosmetics 'paraben-free' to advertise this move due to adverse publicity. Choosing products has become an easier task for consumers because of this. Other nasty effects of paraben are:
- Potential dangers to the fetus in pregnant females.
- Sterility in males.
- Mothers breast-feeding male children risk giving their child too much estrogen as paraben is analogous to it.
Products made with plant based ingredients are the most hypoallergenic products. Below are some added measures you can take to make sure products are safer to use:
- Avoid: Methylparaben, propylparaben, isoparaben, and butylparaben (all parabens).
- Go to the manufacturer's website to check it out if parabens are not mentioned on the label.
- Question the manufacturer about their ingredients if you continue to have concerns.
A handful of responsibly minded companies who produce hypoallergenic skincare products are out there for you. These companies use less damaging preservatives and have improved packaging to make sure their products are safe to use and have a good shelf-life. If you need more information about paraben-free skincare, go to: www.Healthand-SkinCareSite.com . You will find more information about the above and other skincare topics.


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|Job I.D.
|Shipped From:
210A Silver
Came well packed, dead battery, without memory stick. The pegs inside of one ear are missing
Will not boot, needs a new battery. Startup with another battery: Has severe PAS/TAS jitteras and DHS as suspected (someone attempted to fix but failed) A bit dusty inside and out. On the weekend I will disassemble the head to see what to do.
Not yet weekend, but I'm curious. Head disassembling:
DHS – what is it?
Droppy Head Syndrome. It is usually caused by a "slip clutch" in the neck servo slipping. The clear signs of DHS are that AIBO's head will not lift up and/or when AIBO is trying to lift his head, a whirring sound is heard. Repair is commonly carried out by "pinning" the affected clutch body. In this case we have also a problem with the potentiometer. Aibo has extrem head shaking, maybe caused by oxidation on the rotary wiper. Will be the next step to check.
Head assembling and testing:
Rex! Where is the ball ?
I could fix the trembling leg too. It was not so bad as suspected. There was also a sound problem, Aibo could not speak. It turned out that someone tried to feed him with chocolate. I could clean the speaker and now he can speak again. Woff Woff ! Please keep your dog away from chocolate and coffee :-))
Acupuncture for dogs ?
Aibo's ears glued into place, with very little glue !
Rex wants to try his new card
DogsLife V.2.25e from Dogsbodynet
Doesn't he looks nice after cleaning. I could polish out the most scratches on the Visor.
Lets try 🙂
Rex got his new cells today. I thinks that's something that makes him happy 🙂
Running Recognition 🙂
Tested Rex on Recognition and DogsLife softwares. Works Great and ready to go home. 2017-12-22
I wish you a safe journey back home ! May it be smooth and may you enjoy your trip!


text: Did you know that a dog named Greyfriars Bobby was sat on his owner grave for 14 years in Scotland ? Yeah, its a remarkable historical story about an obedient dog. Over 150 years ago a dog named Greyfriars Bobby sat by his owner name John Gray's grave for 14 years until he eventually passed away. Boby & Jhon was worked for the Edinburgh City Police as a night watchman & the both were virtually inseparable for approximately two years. When jhon was die. his dog boby led his master's funeral procession to the grave at Greyfriars Cemetery & the dog refused to leave from jhon's grave. The little dog lay on the grave for 14 years until he passed away. At last there peoples built a shelter for Bobby and there he stayed, guarding Jhon Gray.


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This AR-15 300 AAC Blackout upper assembly in Black is made from the highest quality materials and every part is Made in the USA! This upper includes a Low Mass BCG which helps the cycling speed, improving the functionality of your 300 Blackout.
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