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The world of metal packaging is like a tree, like a dense tree that grows as branches grows, each of these branches would be the different types of packaging and their manufacturing technologies. Over time some of them become old and dry, represent the models that are becoming obsolete and stop being sued. But others are appearing while the tree grows, new developments are incorporated into the market. Thus the life cycle of the tree continues, presenting a different aspect as it progresses in its life. The same could be said about the environment of the boats.
With its somewhat proverbial image, it seems that the "cans" are always the same, that they do not change with time. It is very common to think that the typical tomato canister or the traditional can of sardines have not changed over the years and the one we buy now in the supermarket is the same as the one our grandparents bought in the "grocery store". But it is not true, the packaging evolves and the current little resembles those that began to be manufactured almost two centuries ago.
The present work deals with the different types of cans that since its invention have been marking the history of canning. Some are just memories and are only found among the curiosities of collectors, some of them with a long life still in use and others being almost newcomers already pushing with the strength of youth. They all form the branches of this centenary tree.
We will describe in this chapter the cans that have already gone down in history, those that were used by the first generations of canners, who fulfilled their mission but for different reasons have disappeared from the market
1º.- APPLIED WITH SOLDED AND AGUJERED LID
It is the first type of can known professionally. It began to be manufactured in the first half of the 19th century. Practically it corresponded with the patented one by Peter Durand in 1810 and that was manufactured for the first time by Bryan Donkin and John Hall in 1813 in England. Its configuration was cylindrical and although developed in the United Kingdom, it soon spread throughout North America and Western Europe. Let's see what it consisted of and how it was made:
- It consisted of "three pieces" – this description will accompany from now on the packages composed of three elements – body, bottom and lid.
- The body of the can, cut by hand from a sheet of tin, was bent over a cylindrical mandrel, taking its shape. Their lateral ends were superimposed by 7 to 10 mm and this zone was soldered manually along the joint generatrix. This technique was designated by the name of "overlapped seam".
- Shortly thereafter, the body was rolled up by passing it through a pair of rollers and a bending sheet, it was the first type of manual winding machine.
- The bottom and lid, slightly convex to increase its resistance to internal pressure, were constructed from disks also cut by hand and with a diameter greater than that of the can in a couple of cm.
- On the end of the same mandrel and by beating the edges were folded forming a skirt that fitted externally on the ends of the body, being the same of a few millimeters in height. The assembly was then welded also manually.
- The lid had a hole about 38 mm in diameter, by which the canner introduced the packaged product, then covering it with a larger disk, also welded on the lid.
Drawing of a primitive overlapping can with a welded and perforated lid
Later – in the middle of the XIX century – rudimentary welding machines were developed, consisting of tin alloy baths, in which the end of the can was introduced with the lid – or the bottom – placed making it turn inclined, so that only submerged the bottom of the edge. As the assembly rotated, the entire perimeter of the lid-body joining area was progressively impregnated with welding.
Its manufacturing rate was very small, depending on the skill of the operator. At the beginning, when the whole process was handmade, it barely passed a few tens per person per day. Later, with the incorporation of the first elementary machines, productions of 1000 cans / operator / day were reached.
His life was extinguished with the nineteenth century, coinciding with the consolidation of the engargolado and soldier packaging, which allowed a higher manufacturing rate.
2º.- GOLDEN AND SOLDIER
In the second half of the nineteenth century this new type of packaging was developed, although it took a few decades to completely banish the previous one. It had a long life, since it was of normal use until the "seventies" of the twentieth century. The need to eliminate the tin and lead alloy – with which its side seam was welded – for sanitary reasons, meant its disappearance.
- The important step contributed by the new technique was to form hooks in reverse disposition – so that they could be linked – in the edges to be joined of the body. Once joined, they were soldered using a manual soldering iron. They gave more rigidity and security to the seam.
Section of a stitched seam
- It also meant a saving of material, since the length of the hooks was 2 to 3 mm. each. That type of union received the name of agraphated or engargolada seam.
- This work of forming hooks, was initially done in a folder, but soon gave way to more complex machines, which in a first operation doubled the ends, and in a second hooked and riveted the hooks on a bigornia. Thus the body remained cylindrically formed. These machines, which were manually operated, received the name of sequestering machines.
- Towards the end of the century, a new generation of equipment appeared, which were capable of doing all these operations automatically, from a pile of cut bodies. They were given the name of "bodymaker" and in Spanish "formadora".
- To reduce the thickness at the ends of the welded seam, – and thus facilitate the closure of the lid – the corners of the outer hook were cut at an angle and those of the inner hook were incised. Actually – in a more complex operation that omitted the details – the ends of the seam were not scribbled but overlapping.
- Soon after they placed the formers, the equipment that applied the molten tin-lead alloy on the seam. These equipments provided the welding on the outside of the seam, rubbing it against the generatrix of a steel roll of stepped profile that turned semi-submerged in a bath of the same. For its function, this machine was called "welder".
- The rest of operations – blinking and closing – were done with the same current techniques.
This manufacturing process already allowed to obtain cans in a non-cylindrical way. To do this, it was given the appropriate shape to the anvil on which the body was shaped at the moment of riveting its hooks.
The manufacturing speeds of the last equipment that was in operation were really high, reaching 500 cans / minute, being its mechanics of great precision.
3º.- ENGARGOLADO WITH THERMOPLASTIC CEMENT
It is a variant of the previous system. It began to be used at the beginning of the 20th century and although in a very limited way, it continues to be used today.
- Its origin was propitiated in the fact that certain types of cans, which were intended to contain products that did not require an autoclave – for example: paints, oils, varnishes … – served as simple hermetic cans. Therefore, at no time of their use they were subjected to internal pressure or elevated temperatures.
- In these cases the agrarian sewing was enough that it used as a sealing element – instead of a tin-lead alloy – a thermoplastic glue.
- This glue is applied fused by means of an injector in the same "formadora". It was positioned on the inner face of the inner hook, before the hooks were joined and riveted.
- This involved the elimination of the welding machine and a cheapening of the product
- The type of facilities that worked in this way received the name of "general lines" – "general lines" -. Over time, this concept encompassed a wide variety of cans, in various forms – round, rectangular, oblong, etc. -, with different accessories – handles, necklaces, plugs, etc. – and different applications – chemical products, paints, mineral and vegetable oils, etc. -. But all of them with a common denominator: the absence of a process after being filled.
Detail of the end of a cemented side seam
The production rates were moderate, without reaching the previous case, this moderation was not caused by technical problems, but by the needs of the target markets: flexibility, reduced runs, variety of formats, etc.
4th.- TOP COVERED (CLOSED)
It was one of the most decisive advances in the improvement of the metallic can. He had a progressive gestation. First there was a patent by the American Delawere in 1859. Later several developments took it to practice. Today there are several who attribute the paternity of what supposed the closing of cans – by means of suitable equipment – as it has arrived at our days. Thus it is worth mentioning as participants in its set-up to Europeans EL Bourgine (English), Henrik Jorgen Reinert (Swedish) and others. All of them set up "seamers" capable of achieving a proper top-body union. The truth is that at the end of the 19th century this decisive improvement was industrially available and since then it has been fully in force.
- The union of the body with the lid and the bottom is carried out from now on in an efficient and fast way, allowing an excellent hermeticity, achieving in addition to speed up the process. This was a big step in this industry.
- For this, the lid modifies its design, changing its configuration. It is provided with a recessed panel in relation to the edge of the can that is called a bucket. It is lodged in a closing plate. The edge of the cover is forming a horizontal plane in the form of "wing" and hence comes its designation. Subsequently part of this plane is folded into a curl, originating a new generation of nominated "curly wing" caps.
- The wing of the lid is snapped by means of a double hook to the end of the body, – which has also changed its shape, leaving the straight termination by another one in "flange" silhouette – using a pair of rollers (routines) with an adequate profile. The first roller folds the edge of the lid over the body and the second roller firmly crushes both.
Schematic of the latching operation – close – a lid
- To ensure tightness, previously a rubber has been applied on the area to be closed of the lid.
- This way of closing the cans gave rise a few decades later to a new generation of cans, which received the qualification of "sanitary". The delay in its use was due to the fact that at the beginning, the resulting union was not totally sealed when closing metal on metal. The development of sealing joints fifteen years later, made possible its full use. These joints – applied on the edge of the lid – initially were cellulose and later rubber.
The process, purely mechanical, allowed the automation of the operation, giving rise to some new equipment that starting from bodies and covers already prepared properly, fed them, superimposed and linked them, ejecting the set – can – already finished an evacuation channel. All this every time at higher speeds, getting its increase mainly based on increasing the number of closing heads. The seamers of boats were born, key team between the manufacturers of cans and canners, from then until today.
5th.- LEAVING
With the arrival of the "sanitary" can, the automation of the manufacturing process was increased. Not only the closing operation but in the different ways of making the body. Thus the overlapping bodies – which we have already described – maintaining their configuration, changed the way they were built, improving in quality and production cadence. With it they lived a second youth.
- The production of bodies was now done on rotary machines of step by step advancement – carousel type -. They had a series of arms each equipped with a "comb" gripper that grasped the lateral ends of the body, superimposing them but leaving a space between them to allow the passage of the welding tape.
- The bodies were introduced already curved and their feeding was manual. The welding process was carried out automatically, introducing a tin-lead alloy stripping tape between the areas to be joined, melting it by supplying heat by means of gas burners. Meanwhile, a pressure was applied through the "combs" on the welding area.
- The welding perfection improved significantly when the entire area of welded overlap was left. This technique was very used for short runs of sanitary cans, given the speed of preparation of the format change.
- Although the most usual form of the bodies made by this procedure was the cylindrical one, the system allowed other configurations (rectangular, oval, etc.)
Section of an overlapped seam
Its average speed was 30 cans / minute, although there were versions designed for small sizes of cans (fish) with automatic feeder bodies, which doubled this speed.
The equipment that made this new type of can possible started in the early twentieth century, had a long life – almost three quarters of a century – and was called "circular welders". Its use was much more widespread in Europe than in North America.
6º.- LATERAL OPENING WITH TONGUE
Packaging openers developed with some delay – in the second half of the 19th century – and presented some limitations in their use. For example, its use in cans for solid products – especially meat – the irregular edge left on the open area, once the lid was removed, acted as a stop that made it difficult to extract. In order to try to improve this operation, the first cans of lateral opening with key appeared in the market. Its first application was in the cans for "corned beef".
- About 15 or 20 mm from the top of the boat, the outer edge of the welded area of the body, was prolonged with a tongue.
- In the two points of connection of the same with the aforementioned edge were practiced notches, which would be the start of the opening tear.
- From these notches and parallel to the lid, two incisions were made along the entire outer perimeter of the can. The depth of the same was something more than 1/3 of the thickness of the material. The tear occurred along these incisions.
- It was frequent that in the area delimited by the two incisions two small cords were added to the outside and parallel to the aforementioned incisions. Its mission was to give rigidity to the torn strip and support the key during the operation.
- Sometimes the system, instead of presenting two incisions, was increased to four; beginning the tear by the two external ones. If along the route of the tear he withdrew from them, he always converged towards the two interiors that continued the function of facilitating the opening.
- To make the opening, a small wrench made of steel wire was used – which was supplied with the can, welded to the lid by a drop of solder, being easily peelable – that had a groove; which was introduced in the tongue described.
- By turning the key on itself, the tongue was folded and with a slight effort began the tearing of the body. Continuing the perimeter advance, the can was split into two asymmetrical half. In other words, the can opened on the body, the lid and bottom remaining intact – an effect similar to that of breaking an egg -. Thus the packaged solid product could be extracted without difficulty.
Can with tongue
As it has already been said, it was the "corned beef" the first product that used this system, with a type of can of prismatic or truncated-pyramidal form. Later it was applied to the whole range of solid or pasty meat products – mortadelas, "chopek" … – and of various shapes: cylindrical, rectangular …. This way of opening was linked from its beginning to overlapping side seam cans or also entangled – engargolada -. In this second type of seam, the area of the tongue should be overlapped, since the edge could not be folded to form the outer joining hook. The procedure was very complex, similar to the one used for the aerosol cans, which had a seam divided into several overlapping and alternately engargolados sections.
With the advent of electric welding technology, its realization was complicated both by the way of welding and by the effort necessary to initiate the tearing, so that after a life of almost a century, it has practically disappeared from the market.
7º.- NORWEGIAN OPENING
In the northern area of Europe, a very important application of packaging was the fish canning industry. This conserve demanded cans of little height and a rectangular base to allow horizontal positioning of the fish – so as not to deteriorate it. Norway – which was where this system originated – also had a strong tradition in the semi-conserve of fish. Semi-preserved products are those products that have been prepared prior to packaging and therefore do not undergo any process inside the can. For its conservation, it is required to resort to cold during its useful life inside the can. This is the case of typical anchovies or smoked.
This last market developed a new form of openness. It was characterized by the following:
- It used rectangular cans, in which the body and the bottom were normal.
- The lid had a tongue on one of the smaller sides as an extension of the wing of said lid.
- On the panel of the lid and parallel to the profile of the tray, an external incision was made that connected with the base of the tongue
- When closing the lid, there was logically no lid hook in the area of the tongue. When closing, there was only an effect similar to a "false closing" (failure in the closure when the lid and body hooks do not fit together), therefore, although the pressure in this area was intended to be strong, no a 100% water tight seal could be guaranteed.
- Therefore, this system was not valid for processable products. Hence its use only in semiconservas.
- The can was opened with the help of a key that was supplied loose – in cartons – or welded to the bottom of the can, fixed to it by a drop of solder.
- As you can see, the system was similar to the one used for a lateral opening with a key, transferring to the lid what in the other was done on the body. This was so because in the body, being of very low height, there was no space to mount this means of opening.
Rectangular inlay can with tab for Norwegian opening
The Norwegian opening was widely used in Northern and Western Europe (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, France, Spain and Portugal) but with the arrival of the easy opening lid, it became obsolete.
8º.- DECOLLAGE
Europe at the beginning of the 20th century continued to create its own style of boats. A very interesting example of this was the development in France during this period of "decollage" type packaging. These cans were used exclusively for fish, since they, due to their low height, made the use of the classic can opener very uncomfortable. The difference between them was not so much in the form, which could be round, rectangular or oval (although the non-round predominated) but in the way of opening.
- In these cans, the lid had a tongue, which was positioned well in a corner or in the center of one of the smaller sides thereof.
- This lid, instead of being joined to the body by a conventional closure was welded to it.
Boat to decollage
- For this purpose, a pair of superposed flat and parallel surfaces formed on the edge of the lid and at the end of the body. That is, the lid had a flat wing and the body had a flange – also flat – towards the inside
- On the outer surface of the body, the weld alloy was applied by means of a semi-submerged roller train in a molten alloy tank.
- In the next step, both surfaces were joined together and the whole was consolidated. To do this, the lid-body assembly was passed, subjected to a strong pressure, through a tunnel with a high temperature. Thus, the alloy previously applied on the flange of the body was remelted, producing a firm union of both. This equipment was called "rectilinear welder".
- The "decollage" cans were the first ones that did not need a classic opener for their opening, although they had to be provided with a small wrench made of wire to separate the lid. The key was inserted into the tongue and making it turn on itself was taking off the lid.
- For the manufacture of these cans it was possible to start from bodies with side seams overlapped or engargolada.
Detail of the body-lid welding area of a decollege can
Manufacturing speeds depended on the type of seam used. So in lines of overlap was 60 cans / minute and engargolado lines could reach 220. Almost all of French origin.
It was a first conatus easy to open and enjoyed great acceptance in France, Spain, Portugal and North Africa. They had a long life, as they continued to be used in the preserved fish market until well into the '70s of the 20th century. Its disappearance was linked to the prohibition of the use of the tin-lead alloy as welding for sanitary reasons.
9º.- "CONOWELD" WELDING
In the "60s" of the twentieth century, health knowledge verified the negative incidence of lead in the body, beginning to apply limitations in its use for those cases that could be ingested by man. For this reason, soon began to question the use of tin-lead alloys as welding in the sewing of cans for food. The industry began to study alternative systems to solve this situation.
In principle, in the USA – 1970 – a solution was found that had the great advantage of being able to continue using the previously modified equipment. This made the conversion of the facilities cheaper. It consisted in transforming the old "bodymakers" (manufacturing) of the body of the can, incorporating to them an electric welding equipment and thus, changing the seaming system engargolada (interlaced of two hooks) and welded by tin-lead alloy by an overlapped seam and electrically welded. The serious problem to be solved was that the low temperature of fusion of the tin in relation to the steel, caused that before reaching the sufficient temperature to weld the two edges of the body of the can already the tin of the coating of the tin plate had melted, contaminating the welding electrodes. This caused that their life was very short, making the procedure unfeasible.
The solution found was to remove the tin from the area to be welded prior to the welding station. The equipment developed for this type of sewing was formed as follows:
– It was based on a conventional trainer.
– Of the same one of eliminated the part of formation of hooks and the station of engargolado complete – wings, bigornia and matillo – was modified.
– In the old hook-forming area, small "strawberries" were incorporated which, rotating at high speed, scraped the tin from the extreme areas of the body – solder-free solder reserves.
– An electric welding equipment was installed on the arch of the former.
– In the old area of engargolado the welding electrodes were mounted, consisting of a pair of adequately profiled copper rollers that rotated synchronized with the advance of the body.
Thus a finished body was obtained that could continue its advance through the rest of the machines -which had not been modified- until its total completion. Therefore, conventional lines were affected in the modification of the former and in the elimination of the welder by tin-lead alloy.
Its advantages were:
– Removal of tin-lead solder alloy.
– Economy of material when removing the hooks from the seam.
– Greater space for welding, reducing reserves.
– Elimination of the operation – of the equipment – of alloy welding
The packaging obtained had a very similar appearance to the one we are now accustomed to with the electric welding techniques put in place by the Soudronic house, with two appreciable differences: 1) larger lithography reserves; 2º) "Steel" color of the same, due to the absence of tin and the presence of the trace that the "strawberries" – starting tools – had left on their surface.
Obviously it was essential the outer and inner rebarnizado of the area of the welding in the absence of protective tin to avoid the rapid oxidation of steel.
The conoweld welding was not consolidated in part because the transformation of the equipment was not easy and being a development of a metal company – Continental Can – was not available to the market in general. The appearance shortly after the technology developed by Soudronic, which brought more advantages, relegated it to a marginal situation. However, it continues to be used as the only solution to be able to weld bodies of cans made with TFS, since it allows to eliminate the surface chromium in the welding zone.
10º.- MIRASEAM
While Continental Can was developing the "conoweld", the other major American multinational, American Can, was fine-tuning its own procedure to achieve similar goals, that is, to find a solution to the elimination of tin-lead alloy welding. He found it in the welding "miraseam". This consisted of making an overlapping type of welding, gluing the superimposed parts with a special cement. This cement was a thermoplastic polyamide (plastisol) applied in a thin layer.
Its advantages were analogous to those already indicated for "conoweld" welding. The manufacturing speed was lower than that of a traditional bodymaker and also required a rebarnizado of the union stuck.
Old promotional "meraseam" can
The development that initially captured the interest of the market, soon saw its penetration in the same limited by the appearance of the electric welding that gathered more advantages than this development. It only had an important acceptance in the Japanese market for unprocessed products, drinks type. Its use disappeared in the last decade of the 20th century.
11º.- BOX BANDE
It was the last conatus to facilitate the opening of a can, before the easy to open ring covers burst. It was also a French development carried out at the beginning of the "seventies" of the twentieth century. It was a very interesting type of opening, which, unlike the previous ones, did not require a key or any instrument to open the boat. It was an invention that came late to the market, because shortly after its implementation, the legislation that prohibited the use of tin-lead alloys came into force, leaving it out of play. If not for that, it would have had a lot of acceptance and possibly many years of validity. Its essential characteristics were the following:
- The bottom of the can was conventional.
- The body, engargolado and obtained by the classic system, incorporated a reduction of diameter in the end to unite with the cover. That is to say, it underwent a notching process, analogous to the current stackable cans. This reduction in diameter was made at a height of approximately 8 mm. and the decrease in the value thereof was twice the thickness of the lid material. At this end of the body no tab was formed for the closure, but remained straight.
- The cover consisted of a panel and a vertical side skirt of the same height as the reduced part of the end of the body, on which it adjusted smoothly, since its internal diameter coincided with that of the notched part of the body. In other words, it acted as a cover closing to external pressure. The outer diameter of the lid coincided with that of the exterior of the body, that is to say there was a continuity along the height of the can,
- Once the cover was mounted on the body, a metal tape – very thin and flexible – was applied to cover the joint area. Therefore this tape covered the contact circumference between the lower edge of the skirt of the lid and the shoulder of the notch of the body.
- This tape had a tin-lead alloy applied on its inner face. Applying heat to the assembly the alloy was melted, welding the lid to the body through the tape and also achieving a tight seal. The tape had a length greater than the development of the body, leaving the excess part loose, in the form of a tongue
- The team that performed the operation of joining the body-cap, applying the tape and welding the assembly, had a circular, rotating design, step by step, in a horizontal plane. All this very sophisticated and complex.
- For the opening it was enough to pull firmly from the free end of the tape, it was peeled off and then the lid could be removed by hand. It was a process similar to opening a pack of cigarettes.
Can with opening type "box bande"
There was no place to develop a certain variety of equipment. Those that were available were devised by Franpac – the inventor of the system -. The maximum speed reached was 200 cans / minute.
There is a group of cans that have been in use for a long time – some of them are much earlier than some of those written in the previous chapter and are no longer used – they enjoy good health and due to their good qualities they will continue to provide service to the consumer during time In this second chapter we will detail the most significant ones.
1º.- EMBUTIDO
The appearance of double effect and long stroke presses allowed the manufacture of a new type of packaging very different from the previous ones. This happened already at the beginning of the 20th century. It is the embossed or "two pieces" boat. It consists of two elements: the cover – normal and therefore equal to that used for the "three pieces" – and the body that incorporates the bottom.
- The body is actually an extension of the bottom, made with the same material and in the same production operation. For this, the metal has to have special characteristics, such as greater ductility and less hardness so that it can withstand a drawing process without breaking.
- The press where this operation is carried out needs:
- A) A greater stroke of the car, of the order of three times the height of the can to be manufactured, which allows sufficient travel to stuff and eject the boat.
- B) A lower device – under the table – that generates a pressure as uniform as possible along the advance of the drawing to ensure the ironing of the metal and thus prevent the formation of wrinkles to deform it. This is what we might call a "double effect", although this designation is also used for secondary actions in other types of presses.
- The used die has analogies with the one used up to now for the manufacture of flat wing covers, but of greater height and with higher demands in precision and quality of materials. Its design allowed the can to be punched in its final dimensions, including its flange but with an irregular finish on its edge and in oversize.
Rectangular inlay can
- A production line consists of:
- a) ) A main press, which had to meet the aforementioned characteristics where starting from material cut into bands with manual feed and later automatic, the can was die-cut.
- ) An auxiliary press that trimmed the excess material from the edge, leaving the finished body with its corresponding tab to measure.
- Years later – in the second half of the twentieth century – dies were developed capable of doing in a single press the two operations of drawing and trimming but they were useful for frequent and complicated maintenance so they were not fully successful. On the contrary, it was generalized the use of double, double – punching tools – capable of punching two cans per press stroke, expanding with time to a greater number of punches.
To be able to count on materials of sufficient properties and with presses and suitable tools, the metal industry soon offered in the 20th century this type of can that had some advantages over the previous ones such as: Lower risk of leakage by eliminating the closure of the bottom, simplicity in manufacturing equipment, simple technology …
On the contrary, it also had certain limitations. The materials and processes were only able to reach drawing heights approximately equal to half the diameter of the can. This forced to center its use in small boats, of low height. Also the use of the raw material was lower.
However, the new packaging was very useful for a range of products sold in small contents: food such as fish or pates; other more general uses such as cosmetics and pharmacy. So much so that continues to be used in modern times.
The normal production rates for this type of packaging were – and is – 60 hits / minute of press, which must be multiplied by the number of "punches" that the die has.
2º.- CLOSURE TO FRICTION
Certain uses of packaging involve only partially using the product it contains, and must be designed to keep the part that will be consumed later in good condition. In other words, it must be possible to close the boat again. Logically they must be products that do not decompose once opened with the passage of certain time. Let's give some examples: milk powder, butters and jellies in food; waxes, paints and varnishes in general-purpose products.
All have in common that they are prepared before canning and therefore the can is not subjected to any treatment that generates internal pressure.
Also, in almost all cases, an instrument – spoon, brush – is needed for its use.
To all these conditions, a type of can complied with the type of "general lines" that began to be manufactured very soon by the metal industry. It treats of the cans with closing to friction or also called to pressesure.
It is a four-piece boat. The background and the body can be defined as normal or usual in other uses, but the lid is broken down into two elements:
- a) A ring – or ring – that is attached to the body by a normal closure and that has a large central hole.
- b) A plug that adapts to the hoop hole
Ring-stopper assembly of a simple friction closure
To attach the plug on the ring requires a certain effort – or pressure – as it fits tightly into it. The friction force originated between them keeps them firmly united. From this effect derives its name.
Within this model of packaging, according to the design of the part in contact between ring and stopper, has given rise to several types of closure under pressure.
In the oldest, the friction is done on a single vertical wall. It was the one defined by the hoop hole, which had a skirt several millimeters high, on which the outer wall of the stopper was fitted. The risk of loss of tightness existed, since any failure or imperfection in this wall broke it.
That is why its improvement was sought with double pressure closure. In it the sealing area has a "U" shape, therefore there are two vertical surfaces that rub, the two walls of the "U". For this, both the ring and the stopper must be given this form. At the bottom of the "U" there is no contact between the two.
Ring-stopper assembly of a double friction closure
These two elements are made in several operations in special press dies, at least two in each case. Because of the double folding of the material it is required that it be the same of a low hardness.
There is a variety of this type of closure where a new improvement is provided, consisting of achieving a third adjustment surface, resulting in what is called "triple friction". This third closing is done by adding a half-round to the cap, concentric to the "U" and smaller diameter than it. The inner edge of the ring is embedded in this half-round. Sometimes, to improve this third contact a joint – compound – is applied in this half reed so that the edge of the ring is keyed in it, achieving a perfectly hermetic closure.
Example of triple friction closure
The invention of the "triple friction" closure was subsequent to the others and took place in the United States in the middle of the 20th century. This presents some advantages in relation to the other types, in addition to the improvement of the airtightness, as it is to prevent the exposed steel edge – without tin protection – from coming into contact with the product. For products that contain water, it is important because it eliminates the possibility of iron oxide formation, which can affect the presentation.
A variant of the closure to fraction consists of applying a warranty seal under the hoop. This seal is usually made of aluminum foil and its mission is to ensure the inviolability of the product, since to access it requires tearing it.
Its use is indicated for food contents of great sanitary responsibility such as powdered milk for babies and dietetic products.
There are special equipment that punches the seal from aluminum coil and inserts it on the ring previously manufactured. The ring-seal assembly is placed on the body by means of a normal closure, although the seamer has to have a special feeder for these elements.
All these types of closures raise the price of the can in relation to a normal lid for obvious reasons:
Greater consumption of raw materials as they are one or two pieces more.
Use of more expensive raw materials, due to special hardness
Manufacturing of the most complex components – several operations – and slow
However, its advantages for certain uses are so evident that its use is widespread.
There is still another type of pressure closure very different from the previous ones. This is the "external pressure closure". In the ring is removed and the plug fits directly on the upper part of the body.
In this case the end of the body is adequately reinforced by means of a folding of its edge normally towards its interior. This provides sufficient rigidity to maintain a "mouth" on which the cap fits. The latter consists of a simple panel with an outer skirt, which acts as a closing surface. Sometimes the lid and the body are joined by means of hinges.
Its use is indicated to contain products that do not require sealing, such as: chocolates, sweets, pastries, etc.
Curiously, this type of closure was the first used in the manufacture of packaging. In fact, its first application dates back to the eighteenth century, long before the discovery of Nicolas Appert. It was used in the small tin boxes that the English aristocrats kept in the pocket of their waistcoats and contained monkfish to suck.
3º.- BRASS
Metal cans lend themselves to multiple uses. In addition to the most common such as to contain processed foods, household products or beverages, they are also used as cans for liquids.
A subject unrelated to this work would be the large capacity drums, which although their manufacturing process is similar, the raw material is different and they deviate from our course. But there is an intermediate link between cans and drums, which is the making of "brass", which are cans of a certain capacity – between one and twenty liters approximately – that if they enter fully into this matter. In them, both the raw material and manufacturing equipment are part of the metal industry.
Its utilities are very varied. They are consumed in markets such as: lubricating oils, vegetable oils for food, chemical products, paints and varnishes for professionals, preserves of olives, etc.
They can be classified into two large groups:
- a) Brass of total opening. Fundamentally to contain paintings. In them, the upper part acts as a lid, being able to open without destroying it, allowing its later use. This type of opening leaves the entire mouth of the body free, allowing the introduction of a tool such as a roller or a brush to paint. The skirt of the cover is divided into a certain number of tabs that are graphed on the outer rim of the mouth of the body, achieving a hermetic seal thanks to the use of a special compound – very spongy – applied on a channel of the cover in the closing area.
In commerce this type of packaging is called "pails" and for its manufacture there are specialized lines. Its normal shape is that of inverted truncated cone, which allows it to be stacked one inside the other when empty. This saves a lot of storage space and transportation, a factor that is important due to their high capacity. The frustoconical shape is achieved by expanding the body that has initially been cylindrically formed. . These cans due to their weight, are provided with a handle for transport. It is usually made from wire to plastic and is fixed to the sides of the body by means of two opposed supports called "orejones".
- b) Brass with neck. To contain liquids. In these, the lid that is the same as the bottom and that is attached to the body by a standard closure, is equipped with a neck through which the liquid is poured. This neck is closed with a cap that also incorporates a guarantee seal.
There are a variety of types of necklaces: metallic, plastic, mixed … and also various ways to fix them to the lid: welded, pressure … The latter defines the filling and closing system of the can by the packer.
In the case of welded metal beads, the package is delivered with the same placed and filled through it, then covering it by means of the cap-seal. It is a procedure that is used less and less.
Brass with neck and handle
In the case of cans with plastic necks, two options are commonly presented: a)
The package is delivered with the lid, already equipped with neck, placed. In this case the packer fills the bottom and closes it by means of a conventional seamer. b) The brass is supplied with the bottom and the cover already placed, but the latter without neck. It is filled by the hole intended to receive the neck and subsequently it is mounted on it.
Plastic necks are usually telescopic, so when they are not used they can be picked up, not exceeding in this position the edge of the closure. This allows the cans to be stacked without the neck posing an obstacle.
Brass with neck are almost always rectangular, which saves space. They are also provided with a wire handle fixed by means of a hinge, which allows it to remain in the "lying down" position, facilitating its stacking.
The manufacture of brass with neck follows the usual technique of the other cans, having only of particular: 1) the preparation of the housing hole thereof. This supposes an additional operation of punching in the cover once finished. 2º) The welding of the handle to the lid, which is done by the technique of spot welding.
There are other brass variants of the above, such as those intended to contain olives, which have a handle or neck, closing and opening like a normal can.
4th.- CAPS FOR BOTTLES
The covers for bottles are a very specialized product within the metal industry. They have the raw material in common with the packaging, but its manufacture is very different. Within the market of covers for bottles and jars of glass there is a great variety, certain types have already gone down in history. Without pretending to be exhaustive, we will mention some of them that continue to be used.
Crown plug : It is the oldest, dating back to 1892. They are the popular "plates" used in beer bottles and drinks. Initially, it is formed by a metallic shell with a series of corrugations and a cork disk that made a tight seal. Currently the cork has been replaced by a sealing compound, a distant relative of that used in can closures.
Section of a crown cap
The crown plug was a big step in the packaging of carbonated drinks because it allowed – besides getting a tight seal – to facilitate the automation of the processes.
Its manufacture is carried out on lines basically formed by:
A multipunzón press – at least of fifteen punches – that punches the shells and that is fed by whole leaves.
A team applied the rubber by injecting a drop of it, subsequently molded to the appropriate configuration.
A compound drying oven.
The crown plug has suffered a significant reduction in consumption with the expansion of beverage cans.
4th.- CAPS FOR BOTTLES
The covers for bottles are a very specialized product within the metal industry. They have the raw material in common with the packaging, but its manufacture is very different. Within the market of covers for bottles and jars of glass there is a great variety, certain types have already gone down in history. Without pretending to be exhaustive, we will mention some of them that continue to be used.
Crown plug : It is the oldest, dating back to 1892. They are the popular "plates" used in beer bottles and drinks. Initially, it is formed by a metallic shell with a series of corrugations and a cork disk that made a tight seal. Currently the cork has been replaced by a sealing compound, a distant relative of that used in can closures.
Section of a crown cap
The crown plug was a big step in the packaging of carbonated drinks because it allowed – besides getting a tight seal – to facilitate the automation of the processes.
Its manufacture is carried out on lines basically formed by:
A multipunzón press – at least of fifteen punches – that punches the shells and that is fed by whole leaves.
A team applied the rubber by injecting a drop of it, subsequently molded to the appropriate configuration.
A compound drying oven.
The crown plug has suffered a significant reduction in consumption with the expansion of beverage cans.
Tapas "twist-off"
They are round caps with a diameter generally comprised between 35 to 110 mm. that are provided with nails that allow their fixation on the mouth of francs equipped with threads.
American development, from the "40s" of the last century, have become the most widespread closure in glass jars for jams, mayonnaises, sauces, etc. They are also used for classic preserves such as vegetables, legumes, fruits …
Section of a twist-off lid
These covers consist essentially of:
A central panel almost flat, which has a projection on its outside to accommodate the compound.
A vertical fault.
A curled inward edge of the skirt.
A series of nails – depending on the design and size – formed on this edge.
Area – coinciding with the mouth of the franc – on which a compound is applied
5º.- AEROSOLS
An aerosol is defined as the set of particles suspended in a gas that is called propellant. It can occur in nature, although it is normal to obtain it artificially. It is an ideal way to apply an atomized product evenly on any surface.
The way to generate it using a can was first devised by the Norwegian Eric Rotheim in 1929. The basic idea is to contain in a can a liquefied gas at high pressure and dispersed or dissolved in it a product that is the active or useful component . When the contents of the can are brought into contact with the atmosphere, an escape occurs in the form of a gas that incorporates the active principle in the form of particles. The can always remains under internal pressure, since as it is consumed the liquid phase of it, part of the gas evaporates keeping the interior pressure practically constant
Its massive application did not arrive until the years "40" of the last century when in North America its use was commercialized after the success obtained during World War II during which it was used by the American army to fight the diseases caused by insects in the Pacific.
Its first application was for insecticides but soon spread to lacquers, deodorants, etc … At the end of the "70" there was a strong controversy in its use, since the propellant normally used was composed of ClFDs, which attacked the layer of ozone. The industry little changed the formulations, eliminating these gases and today again enjoys a good prestige in the home, pharmacy, perfumery …
The cans used to contain products that are applied in aerosol form must be designed to withstand high internal pressures. Therefore, the thicknesses of metal used are greater than in other cases. The aerosol cans, in addition to the body, bottom and lid, are provided with a valve mounted on the lid that, when activated, allows the product to be released – mixture of propellant and active component. Most valves have a "fishing tube" that guarantees to take the product from the bottom of the can, where the liquid phase is located. The valve is protected with a plastic cap.
The bottoms and covers, to adequately support the internal pressure, have a spherical cap shape, concave in the case of the bottom and convex in the cover that receives the name of cupola, cupel or cone. In its center there is a hole on which the valve is mounted. There is a wide variety of valve types that adapt to the characteristics of the product and the way it is applied.
Spray type can
The bodies must have a welded seam of high quality to ensure its resistance to internal pressure in addition to its tightness. Precisely for this, before the use of electric welding was generalized, a special type of weld seam was used with lead tin alloy, specific for this type of cans, in which overlapping sections were alternated with other engargolados – agrafados-.
Aerosol cans made of tinplate, usually have a reduction in diameter at their ends, so that once made the closures of the bottom and dome, they are aligned with the rest of the cans. This makes the overall appearance of the packaging more attractive, similar to those produced by aluminum extrusion.
Finally, in this final chapter we will discuss the types of cans that have been developed in the last third of the last century and are now being used massively. They are manufactured with complex technologies and represent the young face of this sector, which will allow to maintain activity in the same in the coming decades, until new advances make them obsolete again.
1º.- ELECTRIC WELDING
We have already seen in the previous chapters as the normal system throughout the 20th century of welding the lateral seam of the bodies, welding with tin-lead alloy, began to be seriously questioned by the health authorities due to its contribution of lead to food from the "60" years. Said metal is toxic and difficult to eliminate by the human organism. Soon, the prohibition for alimentary uses of this technique was generalized in most of the countries, being replaced by electric welding.
Electrical welding by points, was a technique commonly applied in the industry in general and had already found some applications in the manufacture of packaging, especially in those for industrial use, as for example in welding the sewing of large capacity drums , soldier of handles and supports of boats for paintings, etc. Let's see the basics of this technique.
In electric welding, the welding point is obtained between two metal parts without any external contribution other than the passage of an intense current through these parts at the point considered. The welding energy is produced by the resistance that opposes the material to the passage of this current at that point. A continuous welding line is achieved by means of a succession of points that are produced between two metal parts, subjected to the pressure of two circular electrodes, animated by a turning movement. The basic principles of electric welding are contained in Ohm's law (I = V / R) and in Joule's law, which determines the amount of heat produced. In the case of an alternating current, each frequency change generates two welding points, one for each semisenosoid, hence the need to increase as much as possible the frequency of this current, reaching up to 500 hertz.
Initially, the first applications based on fixed copper electrodes allowed a low rate of work. Due to the low melting temperature of the tin, it caused these electrodes to be coated with this metal after a few cycles, altering the working conditions. A Swiss company (Soudronic), began the manufacture of some machines that were going to give the ideal solution to these problems. Founded in 1953 in a town near Zurich, Soudronic began to build very simple hand-feed welding machines, which solved the problem of contamination of the electrodes, getting them to be continuously renewed, using a copper wire moved at the same speed as the can to be welded. The success was total and in a few years the technique improved a lot, allowing to put on the market equipment capable of working at the same speed as the old "bodymakers", and even overcome it. Soudronic became the world leader in this technological change, basing its policy on a great effort in research and development, which led it to patented a number of novelties and improvements, which revolutionized the technique of forming bodies of metal cans.
Detail of an electric welding
The advantages of this new technique in relation to the previous ones are several:
– Reduction of raw material consumption. The necessary development of the bodies was reduced by at least 6 mm.
– Reduction of lithography and varnish reserves, which improves packaging presentation
– Elimination of toxic metals (Lead)
– Improvement of the mechanical strength of the joint (side seam)
– It facilitates later operations such as cordoning the bodies.
– Improvement of lid and bottom closures by reducing the thickness of metal in the area of the joint.
At present, this technique has displaced all previously used and is the generalized in the manufacture of three-piece cans.
2º.- EASY TAPAS OPENING
The idea of facilitating the opening of a can without having to resort to the typical can opener is not new. Its history goes back many years with the use of covers that in some way favored the opening as the "decollage" type, cans with lateral opening by means of tongue in the body (the typical "corned beef"), opening "Norwegian "," Box bande "(lateral opening by tape) and others. Most of them we have dealt with before. With the arrival of this new type of tapas to the market, designs are developed that have nothing to do with those and that in all cases eliminate the use of any auxiliary instrument.
It was the year 1959, when in Dayton – North America- Ernie Fraze, a former Alcoa technician, well versed in the properties of aluminum and also an expert in die-cutting, had the first prototype of easy opening covers ready. The first industrial versions are presented beginning of the "sixties" and develop rapidly.
The basic idea was to make an incision on the outer face of the cover that delimited an area of the cap and that would be the one that would come off in the opening. To start this area, a ring was attached to the lid – fixed to it by means of a rivet made with the same material as the lid – that had at its end a pointed area – called a nose – that when raising the ring pushed down the area weakened causing its tear. The shape of the opening had in principle the shape of a water drop and was intended for emptying liquids, occupying only a small part of the total surface.
Primitive lid design for drinks
Little by little and over several years it began to be used in beverages such as colas and beers, reaching at last a total success.
Soon it was thought of a variant of it that would allow to open the entire surface, destined for food. The first designs ripped the circular panel into a strip shape following a spiral configuration. The incision with the naked eye resembled three concentric "C" s, which, when disengaged, had the appearance of a "pig's tail". Over time it was replaced by a simpler one with an incision in the shape of a circle.
Several American companies offered, in a short term, tools and equipment suitable for the manufacture of easy opening covers. The tools required a very high design and precision. To work with them, high reliability presses were required. The material used in the United States was – and still is – aluminum, which is logical in a country where energy is cheap. Europe, where energy is expensive, soon changed to tin in the case of total openness. This meant a reworking of equipment and tools, quite complex. In addition, he applied this technique to non-round shaped covers (rectangular and oval) for the fish market.
The easy-open lid was gaining market safely. Today, 100% of the cans for beverages use these caps and also a very high percentage of food cans.
3º.- DRD PACKAGING
The sausage packaging presented the serious limitation of its low height, as we have already mentioned. For this reason the markets of great consumption of food preserves, that traditionally used higher formats – for example "1/2 kg." – were not within reach.
At the beginning of the last third of the 20th century, both the quality of the base steel used in tinplate, as well as the precision of tools and equipment, were at an adequate level to be able to develop a new drawing technique that would overcome the barrier of the low depth of the can. This technology was based on making the stamping step by step, that is, in a staggered way. In each step the diameter is reduced and the height of the piece obtained in the previous one is increased. This technique of successive embossments was called "embutición-rembutición" taking the designation "DRD" of this name expressed in English
The manufacturing is done on multi-station presses, transfer type or circular table. The material is usually fed from coil. Normal press operations are usually:
– Flat disk cutting from coil
– First drawing of a sketch from the flat disk
– Second stuffing – more – to reach the desired diameter and height
– Configuration of the can's bottom
Subsequently, the irregular material is cut out from the can edge and the flange is formed on it. You can also cordon off your body, try, etc.
Due to the great deformation that the material undergoes, it is not possible to lithograph it flat, although it can be varnished, although it is possible to decorate after its formation or to label it. Due to the high cost of lithography installations on shaped packaging and its low versatility, the most widespread solution is that of labeling. This type of cans are capable of supporting both the vacuum and the internal overpressure as the walls maintain a thickness very close to the initial and are designed for foods that need sterilization process.
Market penetration of this type of packaging by countries is uneven. Thus in the United States and Central Europe it is important while in the Mediterranean Zone it is marginal. The reason is not only in the high cost of the installation, but also in the little flexibility of the same for change of format. Therefore, it is justified only for large runs of very common sizes that have application in different or very large markets.
4th.- DWI CANS
The second variety of two-piece cans of a certain height are those made with the DWI technique. These acronyms come from the English words "embutido, stretched ironed", that define the process followed in its manufacture.
In this case, the first operation is the simple drawing of a "cup" of little height and diameter greater than the definitive one. For this, the coil is split and the operation is carried out in a multipunzón press. In the following it is subjected to a series of stretched and pressed, until the final shape is obtained. This stretching and ironing is done in a special machine – which is called a trainer or "bodymaker", in memory of the primitive three-piece. To achieve the stretching of the material, the "cup" – pushed by an inner mandrel – is passed through a succession of rings, each of which has a slightly smaller diameter than the previous one, causing a rolling of the metal by its external face
This achieves a very thin wall with optimal use of the material. This technique achieves that the residual thickness of the walls of the can is less than one third of its original value. On the contrary, the thickness of the background remains practically unchanged. They are designed to withstand only internal pressure and are the typical beverage cans of the current market.
The facilities are extremely complex and specialized, with no flexibility, so they are dedicated to the manufacture of a single can size. This is almost always the one used for drinks, 33 cl. of capacity and nominal diameter 65 mm. All the cans used in this market are lithographed, an operation that is carried out after the forming and after a severe washing, for the elimination of the lubricant used necessarily for the stretching and ironing process. The bottled beverages, especially the tails, are highly aggressive towards the metal, so a perfect interior varnish – two layers – is required at the end of the manufacturing process.
The DWI cans are the new wise that has brought a strengthening of the sector when it seemed that it was doomed to languish.


text:
- Xbox Series X
- Xbox One
- Nintendo Switch
- Nintendo 3DS
- Digital
By: n/a | Platform: Nintendo 3DS | Rating: PEGI-3
Stock status: Out Of Stock
Price: £14.85Stock Alert
Mario and Luigi embark on the adventure of their dreams in an hilarious action RPG that combines the resort world of Pi'illo Island with the wild landscapes of Luigi's imagination, where anything can happen! Meet a host of hilarious characters as you strive to rescue Princess Peach and help Prince Dreambert free his petrified Pi'illo people from the bat king Antasma's curse.
Opening with a sightseeing trip for Princess Peach, along with her entourage and Mario and Luigi, the story follows the events that follow Dr. Snoozemore's mysterious invite to Pi'illo Island. All seems to be well at first, with the doctor extending an absent but hospitable welcome to his island, until things take a turn for the worse. Princess Peach is snatched and dragged into a strange Dream World by the ghostly bat king Antasma.
This new and enigmatic foe needs to be stopped, so Mario decides he must rescue Princess Peach by entering the Dream World – through the sleeping consciousness of his brother. It seems Luigi's brain is tuned into the same wavelength as Pi'illo Island's population, so Mario will need to negotiate the real world and the perils of Luigi's imagination if he is to succeed in his quest!
Master two worlds by switching between controlling both brothers.
It is this mixture of the real world and the Dream World that defines much of the game, with our hero having to navigate the Pi'illo Island environment before slipping back into his sibling's dreams. Of course, Luigi will have his own role to play, as not only will the pair need to combine their trademark Bros. Moves in the Dream World, but Luigi will also have to support his brother in other ways. This is done through Luiginary Works, magical ways in which to interact with Luigi's sleeping mind, like tweaking his moustache or scratching his nose.
If you're looking for something to show off the full capabilities of your Nintendo 3DS, 3DS XL, or 2DS, you can expect something very special when you buy Mario & Luigi: Dream Team Bros. In the game's Dream World battle sequences, you'll witness a horde of Luigis power up Mario and lead to some powerful Luiginary Attacks that differ greatly from traditional Bros. Attacks in the real world. All of these make full use of the console's 3D and motion control capabilities in original ways. For example, there's one Luiginary Attack that will get Mario riding on top of a ball made up of Luigis &ndahs; all you'll need to do is use your motion controls to navigate the ball and crush all the enemies that are in your way. In addition, you'll be able to more accurately judge actions thanks to the system's stereoscopic 3D screen.
Spawn hundreds of Luigis that mould into different forms to help Mario in the Dream World.
Fans of role-playing games who buy or download Mario & Luigi: Dream Team Bros. will love the levelling up mechanic that has been included in the game, which follows the classic RPG formula of clocking up points and improving common attributes like health and power levels. You'll also see classic franchise attributes like Bro Points that will be required for special attacks, as well as STACHE, which influences whether Mario or Luigi will be able to score a critical hit during battle. This option has once again been included in this latest installment of the series, as has the badge reward system which lets you find or buy badges in the game to earn useful rewards.
Solving tricky puzzles, battling fierce enemies, and interacting with the sleeping mind of Luigi makes Mario & Luigi: Dream Team Bros. an original and fantastic title that visits all new territory for the famous brothers.
The game offers various support features, like a Hint System and an Easy Mode
Features of the game:
Spawn hundreds of Luigis that mould into different forms like bouncy towers, wrecking balls, and giant hammers for special attacks or to pass obstacles.
Poke, tickle, and move a sleeping Luigi on the lower touchscreen to alter the Dream World on the upper screen.
Master two worlds by switching between controlling both brothers when battling in the real world and controlling Mario and an army of Luiginoids in Dream World battles.
With the Nintendo 3DS system turned sideways like a book, experience larger-than-life Giant Battles with a gargantuan Luigi on one screen and the enemy on the other screen.
Find new items and gear to customise Mario and Luigi to fit your play style.
To help players through the adventure, the game offers various support features, like a hint system that offers tips on surviving a particular engagement, and an easy mode to make a particular battle easier.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
DNN® is the leading open source web content management platform (CMS) in the Microsoft ecosystem.http://dnnplatform.codeplex.com/
|dotnetnuke dnn cms community-edition
Designed by Oliver Hine to enable all the capabilities inside DotNetNuke® Community Edition. It first started with adding the additional permissions, and then included what was missing to enable the advanced content approval workflow in the Text/HTML module.community dnn dnn-extension dotnetnuke dotnetnuke-module dotnetnuke-provider
DNN Azure Accelerator is a project to publish the famous DNN Content Management System (formerly DotNetNuke) on the Windows Azure Platform as a Cloud Service.dnn azure dotnetnuke accelerators cms community dotnetnuke-azure
DotNetNuke is the most widely adopted web content management system (WCM or CMS) and application development platform for building web sites and web applications on Microsoft .NET.cms content-management-system
The latest source for the DNN® Text/HTML module, building off of the Code Endeavors Template which utilizes the MSBuild Community Tasks to auto-package and version each release. We are currently not adding any additional features, only publishing the missing source code.dnn dnn-extension dotnetnuke dotnetnuke-module msbuild
This DevPCI module - DDT_Org_Chart for DotNetNuke 6.2.4 + is based on Telerik Org Chart (google it to see demos on Telerik website) for his View.devpci dnn dnn-community-free dnn-platform dotnetnuke org-chart organisation-chart
This project is for helping you with the process of converting from CommunityServer to DotNetNuke. Currently it provides SQL Scripts for CS 2.1 to DNN Forum 5.0.0, in the future we might support Blog, Photo and File conversion as well.community-server dnn dotnetnuke communityserver conversion cstodnn dnn-forum-module
DNN Module Creator allows you to simply and easily create custom DotNetNuke modules directly from within the DotNetNuke CMS environment.development dnn dotnetnuke
Tidy is a responsive DotNetNuke skin originally created by Adam Humphrey for DotNetNuke World 2012 training.cms design dnn dnn-skin dnn6 dnn7 dotnetnuke
C# DNN Module Development template for Visual Studio 2010 Get a head-start on DNN Module development. Whether you're a pro or just starting with Dotnetnuke development, you'd find DNNModule template helpful in many ways. Works on any version of VS2010. C#only.Coded for DNN 5.0+dnn dnn-development dnn-module-template dotnetnuke dotnetnuke-developme dotnetnuke-module module-template
DotNetNuke® Forum is a full featured module used for managing forums and email notification of posts on your DNN site.dotnetnuke forum dnn community forums messaging
DotNetNuke® Skins are packaged versions of the default skins that are (or have been) distributed with the project.dnn skins cms dnn-skins dotnetnuke
eCommerce on DotNetNuke is now powerful, flexible and free with the Nevoweb.com NB_Store module suite.dnn ecommerce dotnetnuke cms dnn-nb_store nb-store
Active Forums for DotNetNuke CMSdnn dotnetnuke cool discussion dnnsoftware
it is the module CMS for dotnetnuke 4.x, very simple, very easy to use, essayez vous!dotnetnuke dnn
A Dotnetnuke module for classified listings. Developed in .NET 2.0dotnetnuke dnn classifieds ajax cms
This is a twitter client that can function inside of DotNetNuke websites.cms dnn dotnetnuke dotnetnuke-module jquery-ui module
Dotnetnuke Content Localization Tools makes it easier for site administrators to update there muli-language dnn website.dnn dnn-extension dotnetnuke dotnetnuke-module
This module allows you to work around the 150 character limitation of DotnetNuke. Just add the module to the page, edit the module and let the magic begin.custom-header-module dnn dnn-custom-header dnn-header-tags dnn-module dotnetnuke-module gp-hosting
A set of Code smith templates to generate a c-sharp project as a DotNetNuke module. Your module first version is ready as early as you run the script successfully. DNN Version: 4.9.5 compatible Language of output files: C Sharpdnn dnn-automation dotnetnuke dotnetnuke-module
A DotNetNuke Design Challenge skin package submitted to the "Personal" category by Jon Edwards of SlumtownHero.co.za. This package uses totally tableless CSS layout and jQuery. This skin and container set uses the Core DNN Navigation Provider.dnn-skins dnn dotnetnuke dotnetnuke-skins
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Monday, February 23, 2015
Podcast: All the Grey Hairs
Download the MP3, stream directly on Stitcher, or subscribe via iTunes!
All the Grey Hairs
Length: 00:42:51
Synopsis: On this week's podcast, we take a look at our stray grey hairs and how they got there. Making tough decisions never gets any easier, but it's an important part of a creative lifestyle, and Lindsay, Chris, Francesca, and Jenny discuss a few moments that gave us serious pause, and how in the end the risks are worth a few grey hairs.
Show Notes:
GUTS Call for Art!
Cosmos Call for Art!
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happy room


text:
Veronica is my evil twin/alter ego and queen of Tarot. She has everything I don't….copious cleavage, hordes of boy toys trailing after her and a hankering for day drinking. The only thing I have in common with her is we both write about Tarot for this blog!
Does being tied up and blindfolded actually turn you on? Or are you just looking for a good excuse not to do anything today?
The Eight of Swords is all about lying to yourself that your hands are tied and you have no choice, because you don't really want to be powerful right now. It just feels a little too….difficult.
I hear you! Living your dreams and transforming the planet is kind of exhausting at times. But guess what?
You didn't come here to watch Vampire Diaries re-runs, munch banana-caramel-crunch-chocolate bars and buy stuff on Amazon.
Oh, wait. That's what I did all day yesterday. Let me rephrase that.
You didn't come here to only do those things. You are capable of so much more. So untie those wimpy ropes that represent bullshit excuses and lift that blindfold so you can see things clearly – you've got places to be!
Tell me (in the comments below)…..what non-lazy thing will you be doing this weekend?
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text:
This month, we're highlighting a special member of our community who has experienced an incredible transformation. Barbara Russell-Mahoney has shed weight, gained muscle, and is now in the running to win Ms. Health & Fitness.
"I no longer dwell in the past and think of myself in terms of what I USED to be. I no longer fear growing old. I don't even think I miss running anymore! I am proud of who I am NOW, and what I can accomplish as an athlete on the GO."
Mike Ruffolo, an ElliptiGO enthusiast, is responsible for the visibility of our bikes in Naples, Florida. This month, we shine a spotlight on Mike, how he built a dynamic community of ElliptiGO riders in his city and how you can too.
When Lou Panaccione learned that his colleague and friend Duncan Finigan had been diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer, he was drawn to help. Lou, CEO and co-founder of OOFOS and a lifelong athlete, knew that a long distance event could be a great means of fundraising for cancer research. Duncan suggested the Pan-Mass Challenge -- and that they complete it on ElliptiGO bikes!
What if you were told you could no longer do the thing you loved most? Todd Williams was informed he could no longer run after sustaining serious injuries.
"I needed to run, but running wasn't possible." How did Cary Craig go from almost quitting to racing the IRONMAN World Championship?
Looking for the perfect gift for the fitness enthusiast, runner or cyclist in your life? Look no further than our Ultimate ElliptiGO Gift Buying Guide!
Sayuri Raftogianis was a dedicated runner, until a serious accident changed everything. What followed was years of crippling knee pain and two ACL reconstructive surgeries.
Norm Markowitz loved running and basketball, but his knees suffered from the impact. He began to endure meniscus injuries, and soon the cartilage in his knees wore away, leaving bone-on-bone contact. He needed to find a way to maintain his lifestyle.
Read the final installment of John Pilkington's blog series covering his epic 1,250 ride along the coast of California.


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Need a steampunk shirt for your more casual days? Then this is the shirt for you! Available in many colours and sizes. Buy a steampunk shirt today!
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.: Light fabric (5.3 oz/yd² (180 g/m²))
.: Tear away label
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ooma office supplies from TheOfficePanda! Free home phone service with Ooma; Free calling in the U.S. to any phone number; caller-ID, call-waiting and 911 included; No computer or headset required; Option to keep your existing phone number; Low-cost international rates starting at pennies per minute
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Works with any corded or cordless phone; easy installation with no computer required. Not compatible with Ooma Scout.
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Includes everything needed for installation; backed by 30-day money-back guarantee and extendable 1-year warranty


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Food Corporation of India puts creative & media in play
Steve's breakdown: The account size is Rs 30 crore. The PSU is learnt to be planning to empanel four to five agencies with the objective of changing its brand identity and logo.
NEW DELHI, India: The Food Corporation of India (FCI) has called for a creative and media pitch. Many leading creative and media agencies are participating in the pitch. The account size is Rs 30 crore. The PSU is learnt to be planning to empanel four to five agencies for a period of two years subject to satisfactory performance.
FCI plans to undertake a change in its brand identity and go in for a new logo. The company will be advertising in print and TV, and revamp its website.
The scope of work involves releasing advertisements/tender notices in different newspapers after designing and formatting the creative in a specific space. The media agency should have valid INS accreditation for press advertisements.
FCI was set up under the Food Corporation Act 1964 in order to fulfil the objectives of the food policy for effective price support operations to safeguard the interests of farmers, distribution of foodgrain throughout the country under the public distribution system and maintaining satisfactory levels of buffer stocks to ensure a viable National Food Security plan.


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Yesterday, Tuesday 24th of April, the second edition of the Argentine film week "Argenfilmska", organized by the Argentine Embassy in Sweden, was inaugurated.
This year the exhibition will be held simultaneously in Stockholm and Gothenburg.
Until Sunday 29th of April, the films "El bonaerense", "Mundo grúa" and "Elefante blanco" by Pablo Trapero and "La niña santa" by Lucrecia Martel will be screened.
Book your ticket here:
Klarabiografen: http\://kulturhusetstadsteatern.se/Film/Evenemang/2018/ARGENFILMSKA-2018/
Zita: http\://zita.se/argenfilmska
Hagabion: https\://hagabion.se/serie/argenfilmska/


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Instead of deleting the email from your Inbox and thinking that the problem has been solved, you should take the necessary steps to unsubscribe from the list so that you will never get bothered again.
If you want to be notified when this rule is updated, please enter your email address:
Nothing great is easy. The SSW rules are a great resource for developers all around the world.
However it's hard to keep rules current and correct. If you spot a rule that is out of date, please email or if you are cool tweet me,or one of the people in above acknowledgements.
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Hi Peeps,
I saw a site the other day ( http://www.schmidtfoto.de/ ) and was wondering whether anyone could point me in the right direction.
The site is a photo galley and when each photo loads up. The box that surrounds it automatically re-sizes to fit the picture exact(landscape or portrait).
Can anyone tell me how this is done?
Thanks Tony


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Dimensions: 130-108-117
Turn Radius: 27 meters @ 187CM
The Ramblin' Jack 108 serves as our go-to backcountry ski that can handle an enormous variety and snow types. With a healthy 108mm waist dimension and a generous tip splay, this ski will not leave you wanting for more. Unlike most of our models, we've designed this ski with a boot center that substantially further back so those techy kick turns in the backcountry can be made with ease. Add a mostly-flat and pinner tail, and you've got the makings of an amazing all-mountain backcountry tool that will make your friends jealous and you cruise easily up and down any mountain.


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President Trump's travel ban is already headed back to the Supreme Court after a Hawaii judge late last week put severe limits on the administration's ability to enforce the ban, forcing the Mr. Trump to seek again the help of the high court.
Attorney General Jeff Sessions called Judge Derrick Watson's ruling a severe blow to basic constitutional divisions of power, saying the judge — who'd already been overturned in a previous travel-limits ruling — was trying to substitute his own national-security judgments for those of the president.
Mr. Sessions said it will be up to the justices to revive the policy and deliver yet another blow to Judge Watson, who just last month saw a previous anti-Trump ruling on limits on refugees and travel limits from six majority-Muslim nations overturned by the Supreme Court.
"The Supreme Court has had to correct this lower court once, and we will now reluctantly return directly to the Supreme Court to again vindicate the rule of law and the Executive Branch's duty to protect the nation," the attorney general said.
The Justice Department filed briefs late Friday night with the Supreme Court, which gave travel ban opponents until noon Tuesday to file their own response.
It's the latest round in a legal battle that's now stretched nearly six months, to the first days of the Trump administration. It's also become a major early test of how the courts are treating the new, unconventional president.
Judges appointed by Democrats have been almost universally skeptical of Mr. Trump's actions, digging behind them to try to spot Mr. Trump's motives, while Republican appointees have been willing to take his executive orders on their face, finding they are similar to actions past presidents have taken.
The Supreme Court last month cut a middle ground, ruling 9-0 that Mr. Trump did, in fact, use valid, wide-ranging powers to decide who should be excluded from the U.S. But the justices said in cases where a potential traveler has "close" ties to the U.S., either through family or a business or school relationship, the U.S. persons' rights must also be respected.
The court, with only vague guidance, left it to the administration to decide what those close relationships were.
Trump officials said only parents, children, siblings and engaged couples' relationships qualified as "close" family. Opponents were furious and Hawaii went back to the same court that had earlier ruled against Mr. Trump — and been overturned by the Supreme Court.
Judge Watson initially said that it was up to the Supreme Court to clear up its ruling, but late Thursday he issued a new opinion ruling that the administration's latest policy was too strict. He said grandparents, uncles, aunts, nieces, nephews and even cousins all count as "close" family and cannot be blocked from entering the U.S.
"Grandparents are the epitome of close family members," the judge wrote.
He also ruled that potential refugees whose files have been shared with resettlement agencies in the U.S. are considered to have a "close" relationship and must be admitted, despite the country already having hit the 50,000 cap Mr. Trump imposed on refugees this fiscal year.
Andrew R. Arthur, a former immigration judge and now resident fellow at the Center for Immigration Studies, said under Judge Watson's vision, it would be hard not to qualify for an exemption because of the ease of finding a family tie that would be approved.
"Judge Watson's order does not limit this relationship to first or even second cousins," he wrote in an online analysis. "Judge Watson's order renders the Supreme Court's decision all but a dead letter."
In its legal filing late Friday, the Justice Department said Judge Watson's ruling badly misconstrues the Supreme Court's decision last month.
In that ruling the justices sought to strike a middle ground balancing Mr. Trump's powers versus the rights of a select group of people in the U.S. Justice Department lawyers, though, said if Judge Watson is right, almost everyone can continue to travel to the U.S. despite the ban.
The Supreme Court was already slated to take up the case in October, but the Justice Department says it should step in earlier and "clarify" how far Mr. Trump can carry the travel ban now.
© Copyright (c) 2017 News World Communications, Inc.
This content is published through a licensing agreement with Acquire Media using its NewsEdge technology.


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My Meraki Box Spoiler March 2017
My Meraki Box Spoiler March 2017
My Meraki Box is a new Canadian Jewelry Subscription Box. Based on your choices of color, gemstones or metals, they work hard to create the perfect handmade jewelry pieces to amp up your own personal style. Each box contains 2-3 pieces handmade, just for you.
The Theme for the month of March is: The Matte Collection
They have shared the following Spoiler with us:
Balance Mala Bracelet
Spoiler Details: Balance Mala Bracelet is part of the Mala collection. Each bracelet has a sterling silver lotus charm and is made with Picasso Jasper, Ebony wood, hematite, onyx and lava which can be used for placing essential oils in. Every March Box will receive this bracelet.
Bonus Item: In the top left you'll see a simple pair of white turquoise earrings. Those will be the thank you gift/bonus item for the month.
And just when you think it can't get any better…..
They have provided our viewers with the following Coupon Code:
Use Coupon Code AYOBSpoiler to save 15% off your first box
Box Details: Every month My Meraki Box will contain 2-3 brand new Wristicuffs designs jewelry pieces handcrafted in their studio with a minimum $100 retail value.
Thoughts: That bracelet is so gorgeous and with essential oils being so huge right now this is the bracelet to have!
Question: What do you think of March's Spoiler?
Join Today!
One comment on "My Meraki Box Spoiler March 2017"
Love the pieces! Quality workmanship and stunning designs!
Sorry, only registered users are able to leave comments! Please register to A Year of Boxes to leave comments!


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Holiday Mouse Door Knob Hanger
You're smart, down to earth and would like to welcome guests to your humble abode this holiday. Print and hang this door knob hanger on your front door. Maybe they'll notice your character with that.
#Prints: 688
Click for Printing Tips
Click for Printing Tips
Similar Printables


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Hello, i'm trying to get video playing full screen automaticaly after clicking on the button or icon and after video ends tunrs back to home/main scene. Is the way how to do it?
Thank a lot.
Hello, i'm trying to get video playing full screen automaticaly after clicking on the button or icon and after video ends tunrs back to home/main scene. Is the way how to do it?
Thank a lot.
The short answer is yes this should be possible.
But you have not given much away in your question which leaves us assuming things like the device you are using and what you have working if anything and what you can already do within what you are trying to do and the bit/s you are struggling with.
There are plenty of examples on the Forum that show how to listen for video events and when the event happens, use that notification to trigger functions
I'm working on some video presentation witch will run offline. On main scene I have a small images as a video thumbials. On these thumbials each are the functions "Jump to scene" linked to the scenes with videos. Each video is in another scene. It is working now. But if I want to get video full screen, I have to click on the full screen icon in the player and than I have to click Play.
I would like to click on the thumbial on main scene and then will video start playing full screen automaticly. When the video finishes, automaticly turns back to main scene.
I was looking for some codes but I dont have much skill with coding.
Is this on desktop. Smart phone, iPad ???.
So you want the first click not go to a new scene but just play the video in fullscreen.
On desktop, yes click to play the video in fullscreen
Can you help me with this please? Do you have any idea how to do it?
Cool your jets!!
I assure you @MarkHunte will have plenty of ways of how to do it!! He's probably busy.
I'll chime in as it seems important for you to have this done asap
If I am understanding you correctly. You have an initial scene with some elements that when clicked will take you to the corresponding scene that has a video on it.
A few things:
That being said … Here is an explanation of how I would do it.
###Step 1.
Name my scenes.
###Step 2.
On the video1 scene I have a dragged in video from the resources.
In the Element inspector I turn off autoplay and controls and in the Identity inspector I give it an ID of video1 (same as the scene name this is important)
###Step 3.
In the Scene inspector I create a New Function… on Scene load.
Call it whatever I want and place this in it:
var el = hypeDocument.getElementById(hypeDocument.currentSceneName()); //
if (el.requestFullscreen) {
} else if (el.webkitRequestFullscreen) {
el.onended = function () {
if (el.requestFullscreen) {
} else if (el.webkitRequestFullscreen) {
hypeDocument.showSceneNamed('home', hypeDocument.kSceneTransitionInstant)
You can then repeat Steps 2 and 3 to add more videos. And on the home scene add the appropriate elements that link to the scenes.
Thank you very much.
Now is playing full screen automaticly. But when the video finished full screen exit to video scene, does not jump back to home scene. I followed your instuctions, it looks I have everything ok (my home scene is called "home") so I don't know what is wrong.
Sorry. Typo in code above. It has now been changed
hypeDocument.showSceneNamed('home', sceneNameDocument.kSceneTransitionInstant)
is now
hypeDocument.showSceneNamed('home', hypeDocument.kSceneTransitionInstant)
Perfect!! it's working great now.
Many many thanks.
Yep I was. Thanks for chipping in @DBear
Hey DBear,
thanks for this info. Works fine in iOS but not in Android.
I am working on a mobile Banner Ad with a button linked to a trailer, which should start in fullscreen mode…
Any idea?
Hi @saico it's possible that in your situation rather than call the function on scene load you should call it on a touch (click) event. At least in Chrome for Android. So perhaps call the function on a click action.
Hi @DBear when I add the function to a click than it does not open anything.
You can test the working version for iOS which does not work on Android here
attached is the file withe the funcion on click.
mobile_banner.hype.zip (1.8 MB)


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Decorative and practical finds for furry, four-legged friends...
They give you their loyal love all year round, so why not treat your pet to something extra special this Christmas in return for all that unconditional love they've given you for the past 12 months?
This Christmas, spoil your treasured pet to a whole host of gorgeous gifts that will ensure they are looking and feeling cuter than ever.
We've rounded up 10 top gifts for your well-deserving – and maybe also a little spoiled – pet that promise purrs and tail wags in return.
From the deepest depth of the Amazon forests we bring you Buddy's Peruvian collection, a fresh and exotic collection of leads and collars made from plaited cotton and leather.
Treat your beloved pet to a little piece of luxury; this fine bone china dog bowl has been hand decorated with artist Isobel's detailed dog drawings.
Give your dog a fashionable update with a simple bandana. We love this design made from original Liberty fabrics.
Made from 100% natural dyed cotton thread and hand tied, Melvin the Alligator rope toy makes a great chewy companion for dog's and puppies. He also likes a game of tug so no need to be shy – he doesn't bite….
Developed by aromatherapy experts using geranium and lemon essential oils, this salon-worthy shampoo will make your dog's coat feel soft, glowing and smell of a beautiful tranquil spa – the oils have a calming effect on their mood, too.
It's time to discard those open, half-empty treat bags and empty them into one of these stylish, hand painted ceramic jars instead. The perfect place for storing your dog's favourite treats. Looks good on the kitchen countertop too.
Does your kitty have a sweet tooth? These new Cheshire & Wain toys are in the form a pick 'n' mix favourite – sugar mice!
Made from recycled wool, velvet backed and hand embroidered, the mice are stuffed with high strength organic catnip for their off-the-wall moments!
Don't leave your pet out when it comes to Christmas crackers; Annabel James has a whole variety of crackers to please your pooch.
For the dog with an eye for style and a taste for luxury, the Mungo & Maud Classic Dog Bed takes napping to a whole new level. Upholstered in a luxurious woven cotton and featuring linear stitched edges and a quilted cushion base, this classical bed is sure to be a hit.
Part of the luxe Caviar Collection, this eye-catching leather cat collar is embossed with a 'caviar grain' pattern, offset with complementary suede lining and it comes presented in a beautiful 'Caviar' gift tin.


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韓国・成均館大学校のS. W. Kim准教授と共にThe 1st Korea-Japan Bilateral Workshop on Functional Materials Science – Thermoelectrics, Spintronics, Low-dimensional Materials, and Soft Matter – を開催しました。
Workshop date: 1st August, 2014
Workshop venue: RIES, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Kita, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
Language: English
09:00 – 09:05 Opening Address: Prof. Hiromichi Ohta (RIES, Hokkaido Univ.)
Session1 Thermoelectrics (Chair: Prof. Hiromichi Ohta)
09:05 – 09:35 Prof. Ichiro Terasaki (Nagoya Univ., Japan), "Anomalous charge transport in Sr3-xCaxYCo4O10.5"
09:35 – 10:05 Prof. Kyu Hyoung Lee (Kangwon National Univ., Korea), "Nanostructuring for Bi-Te-based thermoelectric materials"
10:05 – 10:35 Prof. Sung Wng Kim (Sungkyunkwan Univ., Korea), "Bulk thermoelectrics; Beyond nanostructuring by grainboundary engineering and 2D electron confinement"
Session 2 Spintronics (Chair: Prof. Ichiro Terasaki)
10:50 – 11:20 Dr. Takayuki Nozaki (AIST, Japan), "Towards the realization of voltage-driven spintronics"
11:20 – 11:50 Prof. Taro Nagahama (Hokkaido Univ., Japan), "Spienl ferrites as spintronics materials"
11:50 – 12:20 Prof. Michihiko Yamanouchi (Hokkaido Univ., Japan), "Current-induced domain wall motion for spintronics devices"
Session 3 Nanomaterials (Chair: Prof. Sung Wng Kim)
14:00 – 14:30 Prof. Takeshi Yanagida (Osaka Univ., Japan), "Material design of metal oxide nanowires and their promises"
14:30 – 15:00 Prof. Taishi Takenobu (Waseda Univ., Japan), "Novel functional devices of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers"
15:00 – 15:30 Prof. Naoya Shibata (Univ. Tokyo, Japan), "New possibility of atomic-resolution STEM with segmented annular all field detector"
Session 4 Soft Matter (Chair: Prof. Takeshi Yanagida)
15:45 – 16:15 Prof. Jun Terao (Kyoto Univ., Japan), "Synthesis of functionalized insulated molecular wires"
16:15 – 16:45 Prof. Kaori Kamata (JST-ERATO & Tokyo Inst. Tech., Japan), "Electromagnetic chiral response of one-handed metallic microcoil fabricated by biotemplating process"
Poster session
P1 Eun Sung Kim (Sungkyunkwan Univ., Korea), "Fabrication of hybrid nanostructured thin-film for thermoelectric properties on graphene"
P2 Kenji Endo (RIES, Hokkaido Univ., Japan), "Electric-field induced hydrogenation of VO2 thin film transistor for modulation of metal-insulator phase transition"
P3 Gang Hee Han (Sungkyunkwan Univ., Korea), "Continuous growth of hexagonal graphene and boron nitride in-plane heterostructures by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition"
P4 Takayoshi Katase (RIES, Hokkaido Univ., Japan), "Epitaxial film growth of ferromagnetic semiconductor Sr4-xRxCo4O10+δ (R = Y, Er) by pulsed laser deposition"
P5 Hosung Yu (Sungkyunkwan Univ., Korea), "Large work function difference driven electron transfer from electrides to single-walled carbon nanotubes"
P6 Yuna Kim (RIES, Hokkaido Univ., Japan), "Rewritable photon-mode color recording based on cholesteric liquid crystal"
P7 Hyun Kim (Sungkyunkwan Univ., Korea), "Confined growth of tungsten diselenide nanotube"
P8 Sumito Mori (RIES, Hokkaido Univ., Japan), "Spin quantum cross devices utilizing stray magnetic field"
P9 Jongho Park (Sungkyunkwan Univ., Korea), "Structural and electrical properties study of the two-dimensional electride, dicalcium nitride"
P10 Xu Shi (RIES, Hokkaido Univ., Japan), "Plasmon-induced light energy conversion on gold nanoparticles/semiconductor system"
P11 Sang Hoon Chae (Sungkyunkwan Univ., Korea), "Transferred wrinkled Al2O3 for highly stretchable and transparent graphene–carbon nanotube transistors"
P12 Han Yu (RIES, Hokkaido Univ., Japa), "Near field and dynamics in gold nanoparticles probed by photoemission electron microscopy"
P13 Seok Joon Yun (Sungkyunkwan Univ., Korea), "Synthesis of large-scale transition metal dichacogenides using chemical vapor deposition"
P14 Takuya Takagi (Hokkaido Univ., Japan), "Fabrication of LiTi2O4 thin films and CoFe2O4/LiTi2O4 multilayers by molecular beam epitaxy"
P15 Si Young Lee (Sungkyunkwan Univ., Korea), "Overcoming trade-off between on/off ratio and mobility in semiconducting carbon nanotube network thin film transistor"
P16 Nozomi Takahashi (Hokkaido Univ., Japan), "The magnetic tunnel junctions including spinel ferrite layers"


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Kathmandu, Sep 22 (IANS): A confident India U-18 football team will be looking to open their campaign in the SAFF U-18 Championship on a winning note when they take on Bangladesh in their opening match here on Monday.
Bangladesh sit pretty with a 3-0 victory over Sri Lanka in the opening encounter of the group, and India U-19 Head Coach Floyd Pinto is quite aware of the threats the Bangladesh team possess.
"We watched them in their first match against Sri Lanka. Their physical presence and strength is remarkable. They are also really good on set pieces," Pinto told www.the-aiff.com.
"All of that means that we need to be on the top of our game. It will be quite a test for us. But we are ready for the challenges. We need to maintain the focus, and the intensity and play the same way as done before," he added.
Assistant coach Mahesh Gawli also highlighted that the SAFF Championship will be the indicator of the team's strengths, and weaknesses as they prepare for the eventual test - the AFC U-19 Qualifiers slated in November.
"The SAFF Championship is extremely significant. We have done well in the 3 exposure tours where the boys faced international oppositions and performed very well," Gawli, touted as India's best-ever defender since the 1990s, said.
"The boys look focussed, and very sharp in training."
The U-19 boys headed to the SAFF Championship on the back of a successful outing in Vanuatu, where they had finished in first place.
Floyd insisted that they will be "taking one match at a time."
"We have to take one game at a time. We also have to maintain the right level of focus, and let our football do the talking. Only what we do on the pitch will matter," he maintained.
Goalkeeper Prabshukhan Singh Gill felt there is no dearth of leadership in the team.
"We have a lot of leaders in the team who can guide in pressure situations. Bangladesh have a good squad. They had reached the finals in the last edition. The SAFF is a tough tournament. But we are here to win it," he quipped.
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