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Govt accepts review advice on after-hours GP care
- Details
- Written by Staff
The closure of the Labor-initiated After Hours GP Helpline, managed by the government's HealthDirect scheme, will help fund a new payment model aimed at encouraging GPs to treat patients outside of business hours.
Announced by Health Minister Sussan Ley on 22 May, the new model will encourage practices to apply for a Practice Incentives Programme (PIP) after-hours incentive from the Federal Government.
The new model will "build on existing infrastructure and provide general practices with a nationally consistent, streamlined, less administratively burdensome way to receive funding for delivering after hours services".
Read more: Govt accepts review advice on after-hours GP care
Chairman's Report - Winter 2015
- Details
- Written by David Guest
Every episode of the TV series Six Feet Under begins with a death. Some are tragic, some banal. The series is set in a funeral home in Los Angeles and follows the lives of the Fishers who own and run the family business. We follow each of the protagonists as they negotiate their life's journey, a journey which each episode reminds us will come to an end.
Statistics show that in 2010 some 70% of Australians died in hospital despite most preferring to die at home surrounded by family and friends. Atul Gawande in his latest book Being Mortal (reviewed page 27) describes the phenomenon, as a country's economic and health systems grow and become more capable, of being increasingly likely to be admitted to hospital for terminal care. However, beyond a certain point it becomes clear that no medical intervention makes a significant difference to the number of months remaining. In our dying days we hope to be pain free but yearn for peace. Dr Gawande was able to achieve this for his father dying from a spinal tumour.
Tim Kent - Clinical Exercise Physiologist
- Details
- Written by Jesse Morgan, Embrace Exercise
Tim has been part of the Embrace Exercise Physiology team since 2012 and covers the Gold Coast, Tweed Heads and Pottsville areas.
Tim specialises in the fields of rehabilitative services for musculoskeletal conditions and chronic disease management with an emphasis on developing sustainable behaviour change. He focuses on in-home services for 'at risk' individuals, aiming to improve symptoms and quality of life for debilitated and elderly individuals.
Tim also has a strong interest in working with patients looking to improve their life through sustained weight loss. He believes that good health is earned every single day and that we should not take it for granted.
When not working, Tim enjoys competing in his weekly basketball competition and exercising at the gym.
To refer a patient for in home treatment please contact Tim by phone on 0432 401 328 or send a fax to 07 5636 1012.
NZ's first regional electronic Shared Care Record
- Details
- Written by Jayden MacRae, CEO Patients First
Jayden MacRae is the CEO of Patients First, the New Zealand organisation charged with improving both the quality and ease of transmission of data in the New Zealand health sector. In this article he highlights the importance of face to face conversations with practices in the successful implementation of the NZ's "Shared Care Record".
The need to win the hearts and minds of GPs one-at-a-time and face-to-face was one of the key lessons I learned while leading one of New Zealand's first regional electronic Shared Care Record (SCR) implementations.
I spent the better part of 18 months having practice meetings in early mornings, lunch-times and after work across close to 100 practices that covered 450,000 patients and a geographical region of 15,500 km2.
Read more: NZ's first regional electronic Shared Care Record
From darkness to the light
- Details
- Written by Robin Osborne
Therapy through art for self-confessed 'doodler'
Michael Philp, a Bundjalung man who grew up in the Tweed, pulls no punches when describing his childhood and adolescence. His "mongrel of a father", a non-Aboriginal fisherman, was a violent drinker who badly mistreated Michael's mother and showed little emotion towards the children.
Although they lived in a beautiful part of the coast, it was a tough upbringing and there was little escape for Michael except music on the radio: he yearned to be a rock star, and would go on to formally study music.
But by the time of his teens, he had begun a descent into drugs and alcohol that would last twenty years.
"I spent those years playing with fire," Michael told a Lismore Regional Gallery talk to mark the opening of an exhibition spanning his past 15 years of sobriety.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Modern capacitors, by a cm rule.
|Ewald Georg von Kleist (October 1745)
|Electronic symbol
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference (voltage) exists across the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. The effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called plates.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.
In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania in Germany found that charge could be stored by connecting a high voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar.[1] Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors and the jar as a dielectric (although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time). Von Kleist found that after removing the generator, touching the wire resulted in a painful spark. In a letter describing the experiment, he said "I would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France."[2] The following year, the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a similar capacitor, which was named the Leyden jar, after the University of Leyden where he worked.[3] Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a "battery" to increase the charge storage capacity.[citation needed]
Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and proved that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed.[citation needed] He also created the term "battery",[4][5] (as in a battery of cannons), subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells.[6] Leyden jars were later to be made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils.[citation needed] The earliest unit of capacitance was the 'jar', equivalent to about 1 nanofarad.[citation needed]
Leyden jars or more powerful devices employing flat glass plates alternating with foil conductors were used exclusively up until about 1900, when the invention of wireless (radio) created a demand for standard capacitors, and the steady move to higher frequencies required capacitors with lower inductance. A more compact construction began to be used of a flexible dielectric sheet such as oiled paper sandwiched between sheets of metal foil, rolled or folded into a small package.
Early capacitors were also known as condensers, a term that is still occasionally used today. The term was first used for this purpose by Alessandro Volta in 1782, with reference to the device's ability to store a higher density of electric charge than a normal isolated conductor.[citation needed]
Theory of operation
A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region.[7] The non-conductive substance is called the dielectric medium, although this may also mean a vacuum or a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no influence from an external electric field. The conductors thus contain equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces,[8] and the dielectric contains an electric field. The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits.
An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them:[7]
Sometimes charge buildup affects the mechanics of the capacitor, causing the capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:
In SI units, a capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device.[9]
Energy storage
Work must be done by an external influence to move charge between the conductors in a capacitor. When the external influence is removed, the charge separation persists and energy is stored in the electric field. If charge is later allowed to return to its equilibrium position, the energy is released. The work done in establishing the electric field, and hence the amount of energy stored, is given by:[10]
Current-voltage relation
The current i(t) through a component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of change of the charge q(t) that has passed through it. Physical charges cannot pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor, but rather build up in equal and opposite quantities on the electrodes: as each electron accumulates on the negative plate, one leaves the positive plate. Thus the accumulated charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current, as well as being proportional to the voltage (as discussed above). As with any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to represent the initial voltage v (t0). This is the integral form of the capacitor equation,[11]
- .
Taking the derivative of this, and multiplying by C, yields the derivative form,[12]
- .
The dual of the capacitor is the inductor, which stores energy in the magnetic field rather than the electric field. Its current-voltage relation is obtained by exchanging current and voltage in the capacitor equations and replacing C with the inductance L.
DC circuits
A series circuit containing only a resistor, a capacitor, a switch and a constant DC source of voltage V0 is known as a charging circuit.[13] If the capacitor is initially uncharged while the switch is open, and the switch is closed at t = 0, it follows from Kirchhoff's voltage law that
Taking the derivative and multiplying by C, gives a first-order differential equation,
At t = 0, the voltage across the capacitor is zero and the voltage across the resistor is V0. The initial current is then i (0) =V0 /R. With this assumption, the differential equation yields
where τ0 = RC is the time constant of the system.
As the capacitor reaches equilibrium with the source voltage, the voltage across the resistor and the current through the entire circuit decay exponentially. The case of discharging a charged capacitor likewise demonstrates exponential decay, but with the initial capacitor voltage replacing V0 and the final voltage being zero.
AC circuits
Impedance, the vector sum of reactance and resistance, describes the phase difference and the ratio of amplitudes between sinusoidally varying voltage and sinusoidally varying current at a given frequency. Fourier analysis allows any signal to be constructed from a spectrum of frequencies, whence the circuit's reaction to the various frequencies may be found. The reactance and impedance of a capacitor are respectively
where j is the imaginary unit and ω is the angular velocity of the sinusoidal signal. The - j phase indicates that the AC voltage V = Z I lags the AC current by 90°: the positive current phase corresponds to increasing voltage as the capacitor charges; zero current corresponds to instantaneous constant voltage, etc.
Note that impedance decreases with increasing capacitance and increasing frequency. This implies that a higher-frequency signal or a larger capacitor results in a lower voltage amplitude per current amplitude—an AC "short circuit" or AC coupling. Conversely, for very low frequencies, the reactance will be high, so that a capacitor is nearly an open circuit in AC analysis—those frequencies have been "filtered out".
Capacitors are different from resistors and inductors in that the impedance is inversely proportional to the defining characteristic, i.e. capacitance.
Parallel plate model
The simplest capacitor consists of two parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric with permittivity ε (such as air). The model may also be used to make qualitative predictions for other device geometries. The plates are considered to extend uniformly over an area A and a charge density ±ρ = ±Q/A exists on their surface. Assuming that the width of the plates is much greater than their separation d, the electric field near the centre of the device will be uniform with the magnitude E = ρ/ε. The voltage is defined as the line integral of the electric field between the plates
Solving this for C = Q/V reveals that capacitance increases with area and decreases with separation
- .
The capacitance is therefore greatest in devices made from materials with a high permittivity.
- For capacitors in parallel
- Capacitors in a parallel configuration each have the same applied voltage. Their capacitances add up. Charge is apportioned among them by size. Using the schematic diagram to visualize parallel plates, it is apparent that each capacitor contributes to the total surface area.
- For capacitors in series
- Connected in series, the schematic diagram reveals that the separation distance, not the plate area, adds up. The capacitors each store instantaneous charge build-up equal to that of every other capacitor in the series. The total voltage difference from end to end is apportioned to each capacitor according to the inverse of its capacitance. The entire series acts as a capacitor smaller than any of its components.
- Capacitors are combined in series to achieve a higher working voltage, for example for smoothing a high voltage power supply. The voltage ratings, which are based on plate separation, add up. In such an application, several series connections may in turn be connected in parallel, forming a matrix. The goal is to maximize the energy storage utility of each capacitor without overloading it.
- Series connection is also used to adapt electrolytic capacitors for AC use.
Non-ideal behaviour
Capacitors deviate from the ideal capacitor equation in a number of ways. Some of these, such as leakage current and parasitic effects are linear, or can be assumed to be linear, and can be dealt with by adding virtual components to the equivalent circuit of the capacitor. The usual methods of network analysis can then be applied. In other cases, such as with breakdown voltage, the effect is non-linear and normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used, the effect must be dealt with separately. There is yet another group, which may be linear but invalidate the assumption in the analysis that capacitance is a constant. Such an example is temperature dependence.
Breakdown voltage
Above a particular electric field, known as the dielectric strength Eds, the dielectric in a capacitor becomes conductive. The voltage at which this occurs is called the breakdown voltage of the device, and is given by the product of the dielectric strength and the separation between the conductors,[14]
The maximum energy that can be stored safely in a capacitor is limited by the breakdown voltage. Due to the scaling of capacitance and breakdown voltage with dielectric thickness, all capacitors made with a particular dielectric have approximately equal maximum energy density, to the extent that the dielectric dominates their volume.[15]
For air dielectric capacitors the breakdown field strength is of the order 107 V/m and will be much less when other materials are used for the dielectric. The absolute breakdown voltage of most capacitors is nowhere near such a high number because of the very small distance between the plates. Typical ratings for capacitors used for general electronics applications range from a few volts to 100V or so. For high voltage applications physically much larger capacitors have to be used. In this field, there are a number of factors that can dramatically reduce the breakdown voltage below that to be expected by considering the breakdown field strength of the dielectric alone. For one thing, the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts (plates and connecting wires) is important. In particular, sharp edges or points hugely increase the electric field strength at that point and can lead to a local breakdown. Once this starts to happen, the breakdown will quickly "track" through the dielectric till it reaches the opposite plate and cause a short circuit.[16]
The usual breakdown route is that the field strength becomes large enough to pull electrons in the dielectric from their atoms thus causing conduction. Other scenarios are possible, such as impurities in the dielectric, and, if the dielectric is of a crystalline nature, imperfections in the crystal structure can result in an avalanche breakdown as seen in semi-conductor devices. Breakdown voltage is also affected by pressure, humidity and temperature.[17]
Equivalent circuit
An ideal capacitor only stores and releases electrical energy, without dissipating any. In reality, all capacitors have imperfections within the capacitor's material that create resistance. This is specified as the equivalent series resistance or ESR of a component. This adds a real component to the impedance:
As frequency approaches infinity, the capacitive impedance (or reactance) approaches zero and the ESR becomes significant. As the reactance becomes negligible, power dissipation approaches PRMS. = VRMS.² /RESR.
Similarly to ESR, the capacitor's leads add equivalent series inductance or ESL to the component. This is usually significant only at relatively high frequencies. As inductive reactance is positive and increases with frequency, above a certain frequency capacitance will be canceled by inductance. High frequency engineering involves accounting for the inductance of all connections and components.
If the conductors are separated by a material with a small conductivity rather than a perfect dielectric, then a small leakage current flows directly between them. The capacitor therefore has a finite parallel resistance,[9] and slowly discharges over time (time may vary greatly depending on the capacitor material and quality).
Ripple current
Ripple current is the AC component of an applied source (often a switched-mode power supply) whose frequency may be constant or varying. Certain types of capacitors, such as electrolytic tantalum capacitors, usually have a rating for maximum ripple current (both in frequency and magnitude). This ripple current can cause damaging heat to be generated within the capacitor due to the current flow across resistive imperfections in the materials used within the capacitor, more commonly referred to as equivalent series resistance (ESR). For example electrolytic tantalum capacitors are limited by ripple current and generally have the highest ESR ratings in the capacitor family, while ceramic capacitors generally have no ripple current limitation and have some of the lowest ESR ratings.
Instability of capacitance
The capacitance of certain capacitors decreases as the component ages. In ceramic capacitors, this is caused by degradation of the dielectric. The type of dielectric and the ambient operating and storage temperatures are the most significant aging factors, while the operating voltage has a smaller effect. The aging process may be reversed by heating the component above the Curie point. Aging is fastest near the beginning of life of the component, and the device stabilizes over time.[18] Electrolytic capacitors age as the electrolyte evaporates. In contrast with ceramic capacitors, this occurs towards the end of life of the component.
Temperature dependence of capacitance is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm) per °C. It can usually be taken as a broadly linear function but can be noticeably non-linear at the temperature extremes. The temperature coefficient can be either positive or negative, sometimes even amongst different samples of the same type. In other words, the spread in the range of temperature coefficients can encompass zero. See the data sheet in the leakage current section above for an example.
Capacitors, especially older components, can absorb sound waves resulting in a microphonic effect. Vibration moves the plates, causing the capacitance to vary, in turn inducing AC current. Some dielectrics also generate piezoelectricity. The resulting interference is especially problematic in audio applications, potentially causing feedback or unintended recording. In the reverse microphonic effect, the varying electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force, moving them as a speaker. This can generate audible sound, but drains energy and stresses the dielectric and the electrolyte, if any.
Capacitor types
Practical capacitors are available commercially in many different forms. The type of internal dielectric, the structure of the plates and the device packaging all strongly affect the characteristics of the capacitor, and its applications.
Values available range from very low (picofarad range; while arbitrarily low values are in principle possible, stray (parasitic) capacitance in any circuit is the limiting factor) to about 5 kF supercapacitors.
Above approximately 1 microfarad electrolytic capacitors are usually used because of their small size and low cost compared with other technologies, unless their relatively poor stability, life and polarised nature make them unsuitable. Very high capacity supercapacitors use a porous carbon-based electrode material.
Dielectric materials
Most types of capacitor include a dielectric spacer, which increases their capacitance. These dielectrics are most often insulators. However, low capacitance devices are available with a vacuum between their plates, which allows extremely high voltage operation and low losses. Variable capacitors with their plates open to the atmosphere were commonly used in radio tuning circuits. Later designs use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates, with no significant air space between them.
Several solid dielectrics are available, including paper, plastic, glass, mica and ceramic materials. Paper was used extensively in older devices and offers relatively high voltage performance. However, it is susceptible to water absorption, and has been largely replaced by plastic film capacitors. Plastics offer better stability and aging performance, which makes them useful in timer circuits, although they may be limited to low operating temperatures and frequencies. Ceramic capacitors are generally small, cheap and useful for high frequency applications, although their capacitance varies strongly with voltage and they age poorly. They are broadly categorized as class 1 dielectrics, which have predictable variation of capacitance with temperature or class 2 dielectrics, which can operate at higher voltage. Glass and mica capacitors are extremely reliable, stable and tolerant to high temperatures and voltages, but are too expensive for most mainstream applications.Electrolytic capacitors and supercapacitors are used to store small and larger amounts of energy, respectively, ceramic capacitors are often used in resonators, and parasitic capacitance occurs in circuits wherever the simple conductor-insulator-conductor structure is formed unintentionally by the configuration of the circuit layout.
Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer. The second electrode is a liquid electrolyte, connected to the circuit by another foil plate. Electrolytic capacitors offer very high capacitance but suffer from poor tolerances, high instability, gradual loss of capacitance especially when subjected to heat, and high leakage current. The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures, which increases equivalent series resistance. While widely used for power-supply conditioning, poor high-frequency characteristics make them unsuitable for many applications. Tantalum capacitors offer better frequency and temperature characteristics than aluminum, but higher dielectric absorption and leakage.[19] OS-CON (or OC-CON) capacitors are a polymerized organic semiconductor solid-electrolyte type that offer longer life at higher cost than standard electrolytic capacitors.
Several other types of capacitor are available for specialist applications. Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy. Supercapacitors made from carbon aerogel, carbon nanotubes, or highly porous electrode materials offer extremely high capacitance (up to 5 kF as of 2010[update]) and can be used in some applications instead of rechargeable batteries. Alternating current capacitors are specifically designed to work on line (mains) voltage AC power circuits. They are commonly used in electric motor circuits and are often designed to handle large currents, so they tend to be physically large. They are usually ruggedly packaged, often in metal cases that can be easily grounded/earthed. They also are designed with direct current breakdown voltages of at least five times the maximum AC voltage.
The arrangement of plates and dielectric has many variations depending on the desired ratings of the capacitor. For small values of capacitance (microfarads and less), ceramic disks use metallic coatings, with wire leads bonded to the coating. Larger values can be made by multiple stacks of plates and disks. Larger value capacitors usually use a metal foil or metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film to make the plates, and a dielectric film of impregnated paper or plastic – these are rolled up to save space. To reduce the series resistance and inductance for long plates, the plates and dielectric are staggered so that connection is made at the common edge of the rolled-up plates, not at the ends of the foil or metalized film strips that comprise the plates.
The assembly is encased to prevent moisture entering the dielectric – early radio equipment used a cardboard tube sealed with wax. Modern paper or film dielectric capacitors are dipped in a hard thermoplastic. Large capacitors for high-voltage use may have the roll form compressed to fit into a rectangular metal case, with bolted terminals and bushings for connections. The dielectric in larger capacitors is often impregnated with a liquid to improve its properties.
Capacitors may have their connecting leads arranged in many configurations, for example axially or radially. "Axial" means that the leads are on a common axis, typically the axis of the capacitor's cylindrical body – the leads extend from opposite ends. Radial leads might more accurately be referred to as tandem; they are rarely actually aligned along radii of the body's circle, so the term is inexact, although universal. The leads (until bent) are usually in planes parallel to that of the flat body of the capacitor, and extend in the same direction; they are often parallel as manufactured.
Small, cheap discoidal ceramic capacitors have existed since the 1930s, and remain in widespread use. Since the 1980s, surface mount packages for capacitors have been widely used. These packages are extremely small and lack connecting leads, allowing them to be soldered directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards. Surface mount components avoid undesirable high-frequency effects due to the leads and simplify automated assembly, although manual handling is made difficult due to their small size.
Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors (or varicaps), which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage. They are used in phase-locked loops, amongst other applications.
Capacitor markings
Most capacitors have numbers printed on their bodies to indicate their electrical characteristics. Larger capacitors like electrolytics usually display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 μF). Smaller capacitors like ceramics, however, use a shorthand consisting of three numbers and a letter, where the numbers show the capacitance in pF (calculated as XY x 10Z for the numbers XYZ) and the letter indicates the tolerance (J, K or M for ±5%, ±10% and ±20% respectively).
Additionally, the capacitor may show its working voltage, temperature and other relevant characteristics.
A capacitor with the text 473K 330V on its body has a capacitance of 47 x 103 pF = 47 nF (±10%) with a working voltage of 330 V.
Capacitors have many uses in electronic and electrical systems. They are so common that it is a rare electrical product that does not include at least one for some purpose.
Energy storage
A capacitor can store electric energy when disconnected from its charging circuit, so it can be used like a temporary battery. Capacitors are commonly used in electronic devices to maintain power supply while batteries are being changed. (This prevents loss of information in volatile memory.)
Conventional electrostatic capacitors provide less than 360 joules per kilogram of energy density, while capacitors using developing technologies can provide more than 2.52 kilojoules per kilogram[20].
In car audio systems, large capacitors store energy for the amplifier to use on demand. Also for a flash tube a capacitor is used to hold the high voltage. In ceiling fans, capacitors play the important role of storing electrical energy to give the fan enough torque to start spinning.
Pulsed power and weapons
Groups of large, specially constructed, low-inductance high-voltage capacitors (capacitor banks) are used to supply huge pulses of current for many pulsed power applications. These include electromagnetic forming, Marx generators, pulsed lasers (especially TEA lasers), pulse forming networks, radar, fusion research, and particle accelerators.
Large capacitor banks (reservoir) are used as energy sources for the exploding-bridgewire detonators or slapper detonators in nuclear weapons and other specialty weapons. Experimental work is under way using banks of capacitors as power sources for electromagnetic armour and electromagnetic railguns and coilguns.
Power conditioning
Reservoir capacitors are used in power supplies where they smooth the output of a full or half wave rectifier. They can also be used in charge pump circuits as the energy storage element in the generation of higher voltages than the input voltage.
Capacitors are connected in parallel with the power circuits of most electronic devices and larger systems (such as factories) to shunt away and conceal current fluctuations from the primary power source to provide a "clean" power supply for signal or control circuits. Audio equipment, for example, uses several capacitors in this way, to shunt away power line hum before it gets into the signal circuitry. The capacitors act as a local reserve for the DC power source, and bypass AC currents from the power supply. This is used in car audio applications, when a stiffening capacitor compensates for the inductance and resistance of the leads to the lead-acid car battery.
Power factor correction
In electric power distribution, capacitors are used for power factor correction. Such capacitors often come as three capacitors connected as a three phase load. Usually, the values of these capacitors are given not in farads but rather as a reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (VAr). The purpose is to counteract inductive loading from devices like electric motors and transmission lines to make the load appear to be mostly resistive. Individual motor or lamp loads may have capacitors for power factor correction, or larger sets of capacitors (usually with automatic switching devices) may be installed at a load center within a building or in a large utility substation.
Supression and coupling
Signal coupling
Because capacitors pass AC but block DC signals (when charged up to the applied dc voltage), they are often used to separate the AC and DC components of a signal. This method is known as AC coupling or "capacitive coupling". Here, a large value of capacitance, whose value need not be accurately controlled, but whose reactance is small at the signal frequency, is employed.
A decoupling capacitor is a capacitor used to protect one part of a circuit from the effect of another, for instance to suppress noise or transients. Noise caused by other circuit elements is shunted through the capacitor, reducing the effect they have on the rest of the circuit. It is most commonly used between the power supply and ground.An alternative name is bypass capacitor as it is used to bypass the power supply or other high impedance component of a circuit.
Noise filters and snubbers
When an inductive circuit is opened, the current through the inductance collapses quickly, creating a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch or relay. If the inductance is large enough, the energy will generate a spark, causing the contact points to oxidize, deteriorate, or sometimes weld together, or destroying a solid-state switch. A snubber capacitor across the newly opened circuit creates a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points, thereby preserving their life; these were commonly found in contact breaker ignition systems, for instance. Similarly, in smaller scale circuits, the spark may not be enough to damage the switch but will still radiate undesirable radio frequency interference (RFI), which a filter capacitor absorbs. Snubber capacitors are usually employed with a low-value resistor in series, to dissipate energy and minimize RFI. Such resistor-capacitor combinations are available in a single package.
Capacitors are also used in parallel to interrupt units of a high-voltage circuit breaker in order to equally distribute the voltage between these units. In this case they are called grading capacitors.
In schematic diagrams, a capacitor used primarily for DC charge storage is often drawn vertically in circuit diagrams with the lower, more negative, plate drawn as an arc. The straight plate indicates the positive terminal of the device, if it is polarized (see electrolytic capacitor).
Motor starters
In single phase squirrel cage motors, the primary winding within the motor housing is not capable of starting a rotational motion on the rotor, but is capable of sustaining one. To start the motor, a secondary winding is used in series with a non-polarized starting capacitor to introduce a lag in the sinusoidal current through the starting winding. When the secondary winding is placed at an angle with respect to the primary winding, a rotating electric field is created. The force of the rotational field is not constant, but is sufficient to start the rotor spinning. When the rotor comes close to operating speed, a centrifugal switch (or current-sensitive relay in series with the main winding) disconnects the capacitor. The start capacitor is typically mounted to the side of the motor housing. These are called capacitor-start motors, that have relatively high starting torque.
There are also capacitor-run induction motors which have a permanently-connected phase-shifting capacitor in series with a second winding. The motor is much like a two-phase induction motor.
Motor-starting capacitors are typically non-polarized electrolytic types, while running capacitors are conventional paper or plastic film dielectric types.
Signal processing
The energy stored in a capacitor can be used to represent information, either in binary form, as in DRAMs, or in analogue form, as in analog sampled filters and CCDs. Capacitors can be used in analog circuits as components of integrators or more complex filters and in negative feedback loop stabilization. Signal processing circuits also use capacitors to integrate a current signal.
Tuned circuits
Capacitors and inductors are applied together in tuned circuits to select information in particular frequency bands. For example, radio receivers rely on variable capacitors to tune the station frequency. Speakers use passive analog crossovers, and analog equalizers use capacitors to select different audio bands.
The resonant frequency f of a tuned circuit is a function of the inductance (L) and capacitance (C) in series, and is given by:
where L is in henries and C is in farads.
Most capacitors are designed to maintain a fixed physical structure. However, various factors can change the structure of the capacitor, and the resulting change in capacitance can be used to sense those factors.
Changing the dielectric:
- The effects of varying the physical and/or electrical characteristics of the dielectric can be used for sensing purposes. Capacitors with an exposed and porous dielectric can be used to measure humidity in air. Capacitors are used to accurately measure the fuel level in airplanes; as the fuel covers more of a pair of plates, the circuit capacitance increases.
Changing the distance between the plates:
- Capacitors with a flexible plate can be used to measure strain or pressure. Industrial pressure transmitters used for process control use pressure-sensing diaphragms, which form a capacitor plate of an oscillator circuit. Capacitors are used as the sensor in condenser microphones, where one plate is moved by air pressure, relative to the fixed position of the other plate. Some accelerometers use MEMS capacitors etched on a chip to measure the magnitude and direction of the acceleration vector. They are used to detect changes in acceleration, e.g. as tilt sensors or to detect free fall, as sensors triggering airbag deployment, and in many other applications. Some fingerprint sensors use capacitors. Additionally, a user can adjust the pitch of a theremin musical instrument by moving his hand since this changes the effective capacitance between the user's hand and the antenna.
Changing the effective area of the plates:
- Capacitive touch switches are now used on many consumer electronic products.
Hazards and safety
Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment. For example, even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable camera flash unit powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery contains a capacitor which may be charged to over 300 volts. This is easily capable of delivering a shock. Service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high-voltage capacitors. Capacitors may also have built-in discharge resistors to dissipate stored energy to a safe level within a few seconds after power is removed. High-voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted, as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption.
Some old, large oil-filled capacitors contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). It is known that waste PCBs can leak into groundwater under landfills. Capacitors containing PCB were labelled as containing "Askarel" and several other trade names. PCB-filled capacitors are found in very old (pre 1975) fluorescent lamp ballasts, and other applications.
High-voltage capacitors may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating, or as they reach their normal end of life. Dielectric or metal interconnection failures may create arcing that vaporizes dielectric fluid, resulting in case bulging, rupture, or even an explosion. Capacitors used in RF or sustained high-current applications can overheat, especially in the center of the capacitor rolls. Capacitors used within high-energy capacitor banks can violently explode when a short in one capacitor causes sudden dumping of energy stored in the rest of the bank into the failing unit. High voltage vacuum capacitors can generate soft X-rays even during normal operation. Proper containment, fusing, and preventive maintenance can help to minimize these hazards.
High-voltage capacitors can benefit from a pre-charge to limit in-rush currents at power-up of high voltage direct current (HVDC) circuits. This will extend the life of the component and may mitigate high-voltage hazards.
See also
- ^ Henry Smith Williams. "A History of Science Volume II, Part VI: The Leyden Jar Discovered". http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolumeII/chap49.html.
- ^ Houston, Edwin J. (1905). Electricity in Every-day Life. P. F. Collier & Son. http://books.google.com/books?id=ko9BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71&dq=jar+%22von+Kleist%22&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=aniTR_uCJ5HwsgOQ5bU4#PPA71,M1.
- ^ Dorf, p.257
- ^ Isaacson, Walter (2003). Benjamin Franklin. Simon and Schuster. p. 136. ISBN 0684807610, 9780684807614. http://books.google.com/books?id=oIW915dDMBwC&lpg=PA135&ots=6ZvKwVdZQe&dq=%22benjamin%20franklin%22%20leyden%20jar&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ Franklin, Benjamin (1749-04-29). "Experiments & Observations on Electricity: Letter IV to Peter Collinson" (PDF). pp. (page 28). http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Franklin-1749/Franklin-1749-all.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
- ^ Morse, Robert A., Ph.D. (Sept. 2004). "Franklin and Electrostatics—Ben Franklin as my Lab Partner" (PDF). Wright Center for Science Education. Tufts University. pp. (page 23). http://www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/personal_pages/bob_m/04_Franklin_Lab_Part_IV.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-10. "After Volta's discovery of the electrochemical cell in 1800, the term was then applied to a group of electrochemical cells"
- ^ a b Ulaby, p.168
- ^ Ulaby, p.157
- ^ a b Ulaby, p.169
- ^ Hammond, P, Electromagnetism for Engineers, pp44-45, Pergamon Press, 1965.
- ^ Dorf, p.263
- ^ Dorf, p.260
- ^ "Capacitor charging and discharging : DC CIRCUITS". All About Circuits. http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_6/chpt_3/17.html. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ^ Ulaby, p.170
- ^ S. T. Pai and Qi Zhang (1995). Introduction to High Power Pulse Technology. World Scientific. ISBN 9810217145. http://books.google.com/books?id=spZ_H4nwIN0C&pg=PA47&dq=breakdown+field+energy-density+dielectric&ei=bUGySNuEB4XWsgPf_4W8BA&sig=ACfU3U2ooCfDPKtlcl-yPee-vr_jMt6W3A.
- ^ Scherz, P, Practical Electronics for Inventors, p100, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006, ISBN 0071452818.
- ^ Bird, J, Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology, p501, Newnes, 2007, ISBN 075068139X.
- ^ Ceramic Capacitor Aging Made Simple
- ^ Ask The Applications Engineer - 21 , Steve Guinta, Analog Devices
- ^ Next-gen car solution? Scientists expand uses for electrostatic capacitor
- Dorf, Richard C.; Svoboda, James A. (2001). Introduction to Electric Circuits (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. ISBN 0-471-38689-8.
- Ulaby, Fawwaz T. (1999). Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics (1999 ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-011554-1.
- Zorpette, Glenn (2005). "Super Charged: A Tiny South Korean Company is Out to Make Capacitors Powerful enough to Propel the Next Generation of Hybrid-Electric Cars". IEEE Spectrum 42 (1): 32. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2005.1377872. ISSN 0018-9235. http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/jan05/2777.
- The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs (68th ed.). Newington CT USA: The Amateur Radio Relay League. 1991.
- Huelsman, Lawrence P. (1972). Basic Circuit Theory with Digital Computations. Series in computer applications in electrical engineering. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-057430-9.
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society LXXII, Appendix 8, 1782 (Volta coins the word condenser)
- A. K. Maini "Electronic Projects for Beginners", "Pustak Mahal", 2nd Edition: March, 1998 (INDIA)
- Spark Museum (von Kleist and Musschenbroek)
- Biography of von Kleist
External links
|The Wikibook Electronics has a page on the topic of
|Look up capacitor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Capacitors
- Capacitance and Inductance - a chapter from an online textbook
- Howstuffworks.com: How Capacitors Work
- CapSite 2009: Introduction to Capacitors
- Capacitor Tutorial - Includes how to read capacitor temperature codes
- Capacitor Converters and Calculators

subset: commoncrawl


text:
110V Power Supply
110 Volt AC Adapter for use with all SIDEBAR Beverage Systems. Power Supply includes SIDEBAR's 5 pin wiring harness.
This power supply delivers the required amperage and voltage for your SIDEBAR System and has an LED indicator confirming power is being delivered. Plugs into a standard US household outlet.
|Technical Details and Specs
|Power Requirement
|PART NO. IP119 SIDEBAR Beverage Systems 110V Power Supply Unit w/ 5 pin direct wire harness. - INPUT VOLTAGE: 120V AC (110-130V AC) - FREQUENCY: 60Hz - OUTPUT VOLTAGE: 12VDC - RATED LOAD OUTPUT: 5 AMP - OVERLOAD PROTECTION: 7A Short Circuit Protection - OPERATING TEMP: 0-128F - CABLE LENGTH: 5 FEET - UL /cUL / FCC APPROVED Includes SIDEBAR Beverage System's 5 Pin Wire Harness for all systems (1993 or newer).
- Stock: In Stock
- Model: IP119


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Emakina Group in exclusive negotiations for the acquisition of Azur Digital
– Commercial information –
Emakina Group has entered into exclusive negotiations to acquire Azur Digital FZ-LLC through its subsidiary Emakina.AE in Dubai. Azur Digital is a pioneer in the Middle East and Africa in the field of digital transformation consulting, with offices in Dubai and Mauritius.
The 10 experts of the Omnichannel Consultancy Azur Digital are specialized in e-commerce and digital marketing projects. They have built an excellent reputation in CRM, loyalty programs, digital customer experiences, and omnichannel change management. With this acquisition, Emakina Group would once more strengthen its position in the Gulf region, and add a new pillar to its digital capabilities, complementing its existing presence.
Azur Digital helps large groups in the Middle East and Africa and international brands to master their digital transformation, from strategy to execution. They are known for their ability to optimize sales and lifetime customer value, and successfully lead numerous projects in retail, malls, distribution, banking, and automotive.
Azur, a pioneer in e-commerce in the Middle East and Africa
Stephane Paraiso co-founded Azur Digital in 2013 and the company has become one of the most in-demand consultancy agencies for digital commerce and transformation projects in the GCC region.
The team executed more than 80 major projects for renowned clients such as ABC, Byblos Bank, Carrefour, Céline, Emaar, ENL, HSE24, IBL, LVMH, Majid Al Futtaim, Naos, Sephora, Virgin Megastore and Zadig&Voltaire in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Turkey, and Mauritius.
Karim Chouikri, CEO of Emakina Group:
'This potential acquisition is to be approved after final negotiations by the DED and TECOM and the Emakina Group Board. It would once more confirm Emakina as the digital powerhouse that companies in the GCC region should call for their major e-commerce and marketing challenges. Our combined strengths could give their business a big boost, from vision and strategy on board-room level to fluent support at every step of their business-critical digital transformations. We hope to add this exceptional expert team showing true leadership in the region to our group, and further develop our very constructive collaboration.'
Stéphane Paraiso, co-founder and MD of Azur Digital:
'Emakina and Azur are complementary beyond our skills and our respective service lines. We could offer a unique end-to-end offer in our markets as omnichannel specialists, thanks to the added expertise of 1,000 Emakinians. This acquisition would help to accelerate the digital transformation of our customers, by introducing new experiences and services across all channels. It would also strengthen our commercial, strategic, operational and international reach.'


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FIM-E Championship 2016 : Round 1 Report from the Main Event
FIM-E European Dragbike Racing Championship
Santa Pod Raceway
May 27-30, 2016
Story and photos by Ivan Sansom and Rose Hughes
Thanks to TSI Timers (Europe) for the timing data
The Main Event – Round One
The three round FIM-E European drag racing championship opened up with The Main Event at Santa Pod Raceway. The venerable facility is celebrating its fiftieth year of operation is probably in finer fettle than it has been in its five decades as the leading venue in European drag racing whilst retaining a lot of its old school atmosphere. One of the off track (indeed up in the sky) highlights was the first appearance of the RAF Red Arrows overhead for the first time since the 1980s, although the low cloud base (that ironically lifted shortly after the squadron of Hawks had departed over the horizon) prevented a full display of aerobatic excellence, and the rest of 2016 promises a notable season ahead, not least come September when the European tour returns to Santa Pod for the FIM-E Finals.
Top Fuel Bike
A very healthy entry of eleven bikes were aiming for the eight spots in the raceday field, but almost from the off the story of the class looked like it would be a tale of two with Ian King in imperious form onboard the Gulf Oil/Grand Prix Originals Puma, ripping off a 5.9508/239.85 to open his 2016 season before improving his career ET to a 5.8172/233.77 to head the qualifying sheets by a bunch.
In second spot at 6.4420/202.45 was class veteran Steve Woollatt whilst in third (at 6.4763 with a slow 177.84 terminal) was the other class story of the event with Rikard Gustafsson debuting his nitro fuelled Puma in competition after a fabulous run over the years on his world beating Funnybike bike.
Low ET of the opening round of eliminations went to Gustafsson with superb (and early shutoff) 6.042/212.92 to defeat Stuart Crane, whilst King shed a chain (damage to the sprockets from a repeatedly stretching chain being the main issue for the team over the course of the event) on a 6.459 win over Glenn Borg.
In the semis, King was back in the fives with a 5.904/228.93 when opponent Fil Papafilippou failed to stage and Gustafsson defeated Woollatt in a troubled 8.5 to 12.2 second match-up, both hitting shake with Rikard being the only one to stab the throttle a couple of times to light the win light.
The transmission problems that reared their head in the final four stopped Gustafsson in the final, possibly robbing us from a first side by side five second bike race in Europe, but King's solo didn't disappoint with a 5.893/239.95 that should reset the European speed record.
Super Twin Bike
Although a short field, it was not without significance to see the return of two familiar faces from the Nordic countries to the FIM-E Super Twin mix in the shape of past champion Samu Kemppainen and class stalwart Hans Olav Olstad.
After four rounds of qualifying, Kemppainen had lowered his ET best to a 6.5015/223.29mph from the Skull Racing injected V60, whilst last season's champion Martijn de Haas sat in second with a 6.8329/205.13.
Eliminations would see the pair work their way through to set up a Finland v Netherlands final, despite Kemppainen taking out the timing blocks on a first round solo that would have delivered the six forty he was looking for at the outset of the event, before outrunning Chris Hannam at the semi-final stage, whilst de Haas worked his way past the blower bike of Olstad and the injected V60 of Czech racer Roman Sixta at the quarter and final four stage respectively. The final didn't disappoint with Kemppainen rumbling to a 6.587/220.04 whilst de Haas taking the runner-up spot with a 6.798/210.12.
FIM-E Pro Stock Bike
Last year's championship runner-up Gert-Jan Laseur headed up qualifying with 7.1761/182 from his Eurol Oil/Zodiac Buell with tuning guidance provided by a visiting Jackie Bryce over the weekend.
Alex Hope rolled into second spot with a 7.2244, whilst Kenneth Holmberg's event pretty much started and ended with a 7.2988 that gained third on the ladder but a lot of shrapnel from the crank, sleeves, valves and top end. Defending champion Fredrik Fredlund was also struggling, mainly with transmission problems that dropped him to
Defending champion Fredrik Fredlund was also struggling, mainly with transmission problems that dropped him to fourth spot. The quarter finals saw Laseur, Fredlund (with a 7.214/187.33 for the quickest run of eliminations), Hope and Mark Smith progress to the final four. Fredlund appeared to have put his qualifying woes behind him in the top half semi opening out a visible gap over Laseur at the startline that was growing before the PAF Suzuki smacked the finish line blocks.
On the lower side, the all British match up had Smith out of the gate first but was overhauled by Hope's 7.250. Final time and Hope left Laseur snoozing at the start (0.041 to 0.115 rts respectively) and out ran the Dutchman with a 7.304 to a 7.341 to pick up his first (and we wager not the last) FIM-E PSB event win.
FIM-E Super Street Bike
It was a meeting of highs and lows for the Ven Racing father and daughter duo in Super Street Bike. Steve with a fair few new bells and whistles on his DME Hayabusa crushed the rest of the field on a 6.9355/206.03 in the second qualifying session; the quickest pass in Europe.
In the third session Jemma (having failed to set a number to that point) provided the low with a wheelie getting large and flipping over, fortunately the bike not collecting her on the way so injuries were restricted to a few bruises. Fourth qualifying session and Steve was back on his Busa and carding a 7.0355/210.10mph for a new class speed record.
Second on the ladder was Rick Stubbins with a 7.1040/203.26, with the sixteen bike eliminator boiling down to an all British final four with Ven defeating last year's series winner Garry Bowe who left a bunch early, whilst Richard Hann fell to Stubbins when Hann's 7.3203/198.04 failed to catch up with an early shut-off 7.3036/182.84.
Thus, in common with the Top Fuel and Super Twin trophy runoff between the two top qualifiers, and Ven carded a 7.005/208.00 to a 7.149/200.68 to reverse the outcome of the 2015 Main Event final.
2016 FIM-E Championship schedule
27th-30th May Main Event, Santa Pod Raceway, England
12th-14th August Kunmadaras, Hungary [Super Street Bike Cup only]
19th-21st August NitrOlympX, Hockenheim, Germany
8th-11th September FIA/FIM Finals, Santa Pod Raceway, England
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text: The journey from the world of finance and international banking to the inner world of spirituality and meditation has been a fascinating experience for Amar Ochani. As he reminisces "Like most people, I spent a substantial part of life with the feeling that something is missing. This feeling stayed with me until I realized that meditation and spirituality interested me more than money and recognition did." Amar is a keen practitioner of Vipassana meditation, which he learned from renowned Vipassana teacher, the late S. N. Goenka. He did his post-graduation in political science from Bombay University and led various inspirational seminars for the Landmark Forum in India. He lived and worked in London, UK before moving to Canada. He now lives in Coquitlam, BC. Inner Explorations of a Seeker is his debut book


text:
President Trump Just Epically Trolled Democrats And The Media (9 Pics)
President Donald Trump is one of a kind in every way, in particular the way he trolls Democrats and the media every chance her gets.
As the world waits with baited breath to see what President Trump will say about the completion of the Mueller investigation he broke his silence.
And he broke his silence in the most President Trump way possible. By getting on Twitter and tweeting the most bland statements he could think of.
"Good Morning, Have A Great Day!" he said in one tweet and "MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN!" he said in another.


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I'm sure one would have to use javascript to center a screen or add a full screen option. Any tips for the best practice or method on doing this? Would be nice if the screen was already centered when exported from SpiderBasic.
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest


text:
Story by Reuters
The U.S. shale oil industry may have forever abandoned its heavy-spending ways in the face of sliding crude prices, Schlumberger Ltd (SLB.N), the world's No.1 oilfield services provider, said on Monday.
Spending cuts already announced by producers – to the tune of 25 to 60 percent – have dropped the rig count by 45 percent since late 2014, and output will soon decline or flatten out so prices can recover, Schlumberger Chief Executive Paal Kibsgaard said.
U.S. oil prices (CLc1) have fallen by 50 percent since June to below $50 per barrel as growing supplies of tight oil from shale and oil sands in North America overwhelm weak global demand.
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries has refrained from cutting output to lift prices, a move Kibsgaard said may be part of an effort to test the resilience of higher cost producers.
At the time of $100 oil, some highly-leveraged U.S. players were known for their intensive capex budgets. That has changed.
"Going forward, we believe financial prudence, where investments are limited to the cash flow generated by production, will be the new normal for U.S. tight-oil developments," he said at the Scotia Howard Weil Energy conference in New Orleans.
Outside of North America, Schlumberger expects the oil and gas industry's international spending on exploration and production to drop by 10 to 15 percent in 2015, continuing a trend seen last year.
He said this is related to a "sharp reduction" in deepwater exploration activity that could delay the sanctioning of new developments, adding that the company is seeing lower activity and pricing pressure in the Gulf of Mexico.
That means, he said, "the global oil market is clearly heading for a tightening … in the second half of this year."
The rebalancing would come in part from less supply but also stronger demand in a market currently oversupplied by about 1 million barrels per day.
Schlumberger, which has seen its share price fall by about a third since July, would be positioned to take advantage of any uptick in demand for its range of oilfield services, from drilling to fracking, Kibsgaard said.
He emphasized that Schlumberger has been generating more free cashflow than its two main competitors, Halliburton Co (HAL.N) and Baker Hughes Inc (BHI.N), which are in the process of merging.
But he also acknowledged that the industry is going through a rocky downturn.
"In the short term, activity visibility still remains limited as many of our customers are making drastic and
sometimes unpredictable cuts to protect margins and cash flow," he said.


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Sunnyfield Greenhouse and Garden Center
Business Name: Sunnyfield Greenhouse and Garden Center
Sunnyfield Greenhouse and Garden Center is both for the casual and serious gardener. You will make it a yearly visit because you will find things not grown in your backyard seriously! Walkways are lined with a unique selection of more than 3,000 varieties of annuals, perennials, vegetables including 25 heirloom tomatoes, and other ornamentals. The garden center offers an array of already potted plants with an artistic flair, the inspiration for roof-top gardening projects, and colorful, inviting garden plots. Garden art from local artists abounds featuring metal, stain glass, and wood creations. Find the new and unusual at Sunnyfield this year.
Category(ies): Farmers Market, Greenhouses, Shopping, Specialty Shopping
Send Message to listing owner
Listing Title: Sunnyfield Greenhouse and Garden Center


text: Awkward Easter Invitation – Skit Guys adminMarch 25, 2016 No comment needed, I think. Share this:TweetEmailPrint Related Leave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment Name * Email * Website Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.


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Quick Facts
- Price Range
- Below $100k - Low $100s
- Home Types
- Single-Family
- Number of Homes
- 700
- New/Resale
- Resale Homes Only
- Age Restrictions
- 55+
- Gated
- No
- Construction Dates
- 1996 - 2003
- Builder
- Cherry Developers
- 7 reviews
Cherrywood Overview
Cherrywood is an active adult community located in Ocala, Florida, about five miles south of Highway 22. Cherrywood enjoys easy access to Interstate 75 and is only minutes away from restaurants, shopping, and hospitals. This makes for the perfect combination of country living with nearby city conveniences. Cherrywood is a smaller community, but with larger lots than most nearby 55+ communities.
Since beautiful weather is the norm in this region, residents get to make the most of all the outdoor amenities offered in this 55 and over community. Residents with animals need not worry, as pets are welcome at Cherrywood. There are plenty of areas to exercise them and the association allows fences to be built to keep pets happy and safe while enjoying the Florida sunshine with their beloved owners.
Cherrywood Amenities
The Cherrywood clubhouse features a fitness center which hosts a variety of exercise classes, such as stretch 'n tone, Pilates, and aerobics. There are also a variety of hobby rooms for cards, sewing, and arts and crafts. Billiards and a library serve for some welcome rest and relaxation. A ballroom with stage plays host to a variety of year-round social events.
Outdoors, a swimming pool with a spa as well as a picnic area set the stage for relaxation and social events. For activities, there are tennis courts, shuffleboard courts, bocce ball courts, a basketball court and horseshoe pits.
Cherrywood Homes & Real Estate
Construction at Cherrywood started in 1996 by Cherry Developers and was completed in 2003. A total of 700 single-family homes make up this 55 and over community. Residences are available on a resale basis and range in sizes from 800 to 2,281 square feet. All homes in Cherrywood are concrete block and stucco and sit on nicely sized lots - most of them are about quarter-acre in size.
Cherrywood Lifestyle
The low homeowners' association fee includes common area maintenance, basic cable, and curb side trash pick up. For a smaller community, Cherrywood in Ocala has many clubs and events. Some of the clubs are accordion, tennis, bowling league, needlecraft, poker, mah jongg, crocheting, chess, songbirds, quilting, and Veterans club. It has its own newsletter, which is very in-depth and comes complete with a monthly calendar of scheduled events.
Some of the events that take place at Cherrywood are blood drives, casino trips, AARP driver safety program, bingo, holiday dances, and singles dinners. Birthdays, anniversaries, and other announcements are included in the Cherrywood newsletter.
Ocala, Florida is a very family-friendly city only minutes away from Cherrywood and offers countless options of different restaurants and ongoing events. For family entertainment, Ocala features year round theater performances, concerts, public festivals, dance recitals, and special museum exhibits. Picnics and hikes in Ocala's parks, or carriage tours, are a very inexpensive way to enjoy life. The Ocala National Forest, the Marion Theater, the Appleton Museum of Art, the Don Garlits Museum of Drag Racing, and the Howard Academy Community Center are also worth checking out.
For a change of scenery, both Florida coastlines are about an hour's drive away from Ocala. When the grandchildren come to visit, Orlando beckons with Disney World, Universal, Sea World, and Busch Gardens, which are only an hour away as well. Well-built homes in a great low-maintenance community brings active adults from across the country to Cherrywood in Marion County, Florida.
Cherrywood Amenities
- Clubhouse
- Fitness Center
- Ballroom
- Card Room
- Arts & Crafts Studio
- Sewing Studio
- Library
- Billiards
- Outdoor Pool & Spa
- Picnic Area
- Tennis Court
- Basketball Court
- 3 Bocce Ball Courts
- 3 Shuffleboard Courts
- 3 Horseshoe Pits
Cherrywood Clubs, Groups, Activities & Classes
There are plenty of activities available in Cherrywood. Here is a sample of some of the clubs, activities and classes offered here.
- Accordion
- Aerobics
- Billiards
- Bingo
- Bowling
- Chess
- Crochet
- Democratic
- Dominoes
- Ladies Billiards
- Ladies Luncheon
- Line Dancing
- Mah Jongg
- Needlecraft
- Painting
- Pickleball
- Pilates
- Ping Pong
- Pinochle
- Pokeno
- Poker
- Quilting
- Tennis
- Travel
- Shuffleboard
- Singles
- Songbirds
- Veterans
Single Family Homes
Price Range: Below $100k - High $100s
Single-family homes offered in Cherrywood are available on a resale-only basis. These homes range from 800 to 2,281 two to four bedrooms, one to three bathrooms, and an attached one to three-car garages. These low-maintenance homes are perfect for active adults.View Floorplans
|Model Name
|Sq. Ft.
|Blue Jay
|Cardinall II
|3 + Den
|2 + Den - 3
|Dove II
|Sail Fish
|2 + Den
|Sword Fish
Cherrywood Reviews
- Don W.|September 13, 2020Wow. Been here a year. The place is in shambles, from the people that live here to management.
- leann l.|September 2, 2018I've moved in a year ago, and am very happy here there is quite a bit to do and everyone is happy to let you join in. The only time I've been unhappy when the pool pump went out and it took longer to fix then it should have. All in all I think the fees are reasonable compared to other 55 communities. I'd rebuy here in a heart beat!
- Happy d.|May 23, 2016My mother lives in Cherrywood and is very happy. She has more friends than I do! The club house and pool are nice. My kids love coming to visit and swim. The yards are all well kept and the neighbors seem to really look out for one another.
- Hugh A.|April 12, 2015I am a resident for 17 years. The services provided are not worth the fees.
The present Home Owners Association is a social club and has no power over fees but only
social, recreational, and educational powers. At the present time the Home Owners
Association is not functional as has been so since 2005. The original Home Owners
Association which had legal and financial powers changed its name to Harwood Properties.
The officers of that association is the present owners of Cherrywood Estates. Look else where
to buy and you will have far less problems.
- P |March 20, 2015Yes I'm a resident. However there is much discrimination against renters here. Yes the amenities are nice but renters do not have the use of the fitness rooms, are not included in their directory and a few other privileges. People are not every friendly. If you are looking for quiet this is the place to be.
- Susan L.(Resident/Homeowner)|July 14, 2013I have been at Cherrywood for a few years and like how quiet and casual this place is. My house was priced good so I don't have to worry about living beyond my means here. I play bocce and pickleball, poker and dominos. Living here keeps me busy and I enjoy spending my time with the people here.
- Joe I.|December 17, 2011I feel you should have photos of all the areas you offer such as the fitness center inside and out, and all the other activity areas. I only saw 3 phots on your web site.
The information on this page is aggregated from third-party sources and presented as-is for your convenience. It has not been verified or approved by the developer or homeowners association. 55places.com does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of information or assume any liability for its use. 55places.com is not affiliated with the builder, developer, or HOA of any communities displayed on this website.
55places.com is not affiliated with the developer(s) or homeowners association of Cherrywood. The information you submit is distributed to a 55places.com Partner Agent, who is a licensed real estate agent. The information regarding Cherrywood has not been verified or approved by the developer or homeowners association. Please verify all information prior to purchasing. 55places.com is not responsible for any errors regarding the information displayed on this website.


text:
- Food
- Ayurvedic Products
- Homeopathy Medicines
- Health Drinks
- Beauty
- Grocery
- Return Gifts
- Home Decor
- Kitchen
- Women
- Men
- Spirituality
- Books
- Games
- Rakhi
- More
Sold by: Genie India Fulfilled by: Genie India
Sri Sri Tattva Deva Vati is an all- natural herbal medicine. This is an Ayurvedic formulation. The medicine is made with effective herbs.
Form: Capsules
Suitable for: Adults
Type: Ayurvedic supplement
Gender: Both men and women
Package content: 60 tablets in an airtight jar
Sri Sri Tattva Deva Vati is made with herbal extracts. The key ingredients in this herbal potent are
• Katuki
• Bhringraj
Sri Sri Tattva Deva Vati is a detoxifier. The medicine comes with the following properties.
• Antioxidants
• Anti- inflammatory
• Hyperacidity
• Intestinal colic
• Boosts appetite
• Aids in digestion
• Cleanses the bowel
• Immunity modulator
• Prevents and reliefs constipation
Sri Sri Tattva is a well known brand in the market of herbal beauty and wellness products. The company is in this market for past 4 decades. Sri Sri Tattva Deva Vati
• Is made with high quality ingredients
• Is available in an airtight, travel friendly jar
Sri Sri Tattva Deva Vati should be consumed after consulting a physician. Follow the below steps to have the herbal potent.
• Have 1 tablet at one time
• Have the medicine 2 times in a day
• Have the medicine either with water or warm milk
• For best results, the 3 months course should be completed
Sri Sri Tattva Deva Vati stays fresh and usable for long if the following tips are followed.
• Keep the lid closed
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Lots of fun trick or treating over the weekend. The fun began Friday afternoon with trick or treating at the Consulate. DiploTot wanted to wear her cowgirl outfit from last year. DiploBoy stayed home napping to help get ready for Saturday.
Saturday, the trick or treating was in the neighborhood. All the kids meet at the club house and then the ravaging horde gets set out all at once. The place was crawling with kids and there was even a party afterwards at the clubhouse, complete with a DJ and burgers and tacos. The kids stayed up late, due in no small part to the sugar coursing through DiploTot. I think DiploBoy was enjoying all the music.


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September's Property of the Month
Autumn is upon us, children are back at school and we are hard at work letting more properties to wonderful tenants.This month's property is on Laxton Drive in Meden Vale and we attracted a number of viewers.
Autumn is upon us, children are back at school and we are hard at work letting more properties to wonderful tenants. This month's property is on Laxton Drive in Meden Vale and we attracted a number of viewers providing us with a good pick of the bunch! The property was listed at £595pcm which is yet another rental we have listed higher than the surrounding competition which are priced between £540 - £570pcm.
We have rented a number of properties in this popular residential area that has a real sense of community spirit. The local amenities and school services just Meden Vale so we have found that the people interested in this area already have family members or friends that live nearby which allows for further potential increases in the rent.
In our experience the families who have enquired for properties in this area either work towards Worksop/Sheffield or in Mansfield and the surrounding areas, which is really beneficial when it comes to finding working tenants.
This property was purchased in 2007 for £97,200 which was a time where prices peaked before the UK housing market took a significant hit. 10 years have passed and I would say that the asset price has recovered so we could be looking at a value around the £100k mark, additionally, our client is going to be enjoying a gross 7% yield on this property. The main reason we were able to achieve a higher than normal rental and attract the number of enquiries we did is because our client allowed the pets to be in the property.
We have found that a lot of enquiries include having a pet and as most do not want to rehome the animal (which is entirely understandable) the supply of properties that suit their requirements is low. We have procedures in place to protect a landlord when pets are allowed, for example, the tenant must have liability insurance which covers accidental damage to a property.
There is this property up for sale which includes a large garden, utility and detached garage, plus a D grade for the EPC. If an appropriate discount is secured to compensate for the dated interior that will need to be modernising, this could be a property that would achieve in excess of £600pcm; providing pets are allowed. A client of ours purchased a property on the same road with similar features for £82,500 allowing for a complete refurb to be made and £595 was achieved grossing a 7.5% yield.
Do you know what your property is worth? Give us a call on 01623 427 777 or email firstname.lastname@example.com!


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Nothing is constant in life except for taxes and death, as the saying goes. Like many other Illinois residents, you may have already taken care of your tax and inheritance matters by creating an estate plan. However, what happens if you get a divorce?
As you may already know, it is important to update your will, trust and other estate planning elements if you have a significant life change, such as a marriage, the birth of a child or the wish to add or disinherit someone. A divorce can be especially challenging when it comes to changing your estate plan. Rather than waiting for your divorce to be final, there are numerous things you should do during the divorce process to protect your estate planning interests, explains Forbes. The following are some good examples:
- Find out what the state requires you to leave your spouse and decide if you want to leave him or her the legal requirement or disinherit your spouse – which can result in an inheritance dispute.
- You might not want your spouse to represent your health care needs if you are incapacitated, so update your health care proxy.
- Remove your spouse as the executor of your will.
- Change your power of attorney so in the event you are incapacitated, your spouse does not have access to assets that belong solely to you.
- Name an alternate guardian for your children if both you and your spouse die before the divorce is final, since your guardianship choice may be different now.
You will want to look over your estate plan again after your divorce is final. Since this can be a complex topic, this information is not intended as legal advice.


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Shadow's Keep: A Novel by Meghan O'Flynn
My rating: 5 of 5 stars
I am truly amazed by this author. Everything I read by her keeps getting better and better. Shadow's Keep by Meghan O'Flynn follows Deputy Sheriff William Shannahan. When he finds the body of a child in the woods while he was running William is determined to find the actual killer, especially when the Medical Examiner advises that the child was killed by a dog. However, this animal would have had to have very large paws and be able to remove the child's eyes. This story also follows William's girlfriend Cassie. Cassie has a son about the same age as the victim. Cassie has some underlying issues that have been pushed far back in her mind and when this murder happens, those issues come out. The only thing for William to do is to protect her and her son while the investigation takes place because there is a lot that is discovered and comes out. Both of these characters have their own personalities that make this story even more interesting. I love the way that this author writes. She is so completely descriptive that it is entirely captivating. She sucks you in and the only way out is to finish this book. Yes, it's a page turner that has lots of twists and turns that you can imagine. I cannot wait to read the next book from this author. She has become one of my favorite writers and will definitely recommend this book and any others by her.
Review by @vegasdaisie


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The Morbidly Beautiful writing staff shares their favorite horror film recommendations to fuel your month-long Halloween movie marathon. 31 Great Horror Films (Plus 5 …continue reading 31 Days of Horror: Halloween 2018 Viewing Guide
Nearly 40 years later, and John Carpenter's iconic horror/slasher classic, Halloween (1978), continues to rise up and strike fear. Haddonfield, Illinois is a sleepy, …continue reading Reel Review: Halloween (1978)
Blood, Guns and Demon Nuns Filled with demon nuns, guns, gore, comedy and a cameo from Coolio, THE CONVENT is a film that will satiate …continue reading Reel Review: The Convent (2000)
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Anyway to change the Flaky tests analyser settings? Follow
Are there any settings, at the server or configuration/project level, that change the behavior of the Flaky tests analyser? I could not find any documentation and the plugin code seems to indicate al settings are hardcoded.
Hi Denis,
Some of our TC users ask me if they could reset or fine tune flaky test detection, as it was not working from them (read the feature was not performing as expected). As I have server admin access, and they don't, I had a look if at the values could be reset or the detection tuned, but from what I found online that doesn't seems to be the case. Hence my question to get this confirmed.
I don't know the details of their setup, so it is hard for me to comment on how it is not exactly working for my colleagues.
If I look at the flaky test detection for the projects I'm involved with I also notice too much incorrect detections, mainly because it seems to look at all failing runs of a tests, even out-side of the scope of the project... we have a setup where we build a project and test it, we test sub-components of the project, some still in development, so ok to fail, others in release state. We (re)use the same test to test the different sub-components, organized in TC in different test configurations, but still the flaky test detection seems to report the flip rate based on the results of all sub-component test runs.
Example: we have test foo, for sub-project A, B and C. A should not fail as we plan to release it, For B the test should work, but fails from time to time, so the test is not muted, but it is also not a priority to get it fixed at this point in time (component is still in development). For C, which is also in development it fails 100% of the time, it is muted.
- Flaky test of TC sub-project A shows that foo has 17 failures, with as flip rate of 18%. The test history of A alone is 92% (94 runs/7 fails)...
- Flaky test of TC sub-project B shows that foo has 17 failures, with as flip rate of 18%. The test history of B alone is 63% (27 runs/10 fails)...
- Flaky test of TC sub-project C shows that foo has 17 failures, with as flip rate of 18% and that the test is muted. The test history of A alone is 0% (23 runs/23 fails)...
For C it would have been nice to have had the option discard muted tests from the list (by default).
I assume the results of A and B get summed, but the are independent as the are in separate sub-projects. That the get summed for the parent project is ok, but not for the sub-project as it yields the check useless to us.
Hi Roger,
sorry, I should have added the link there: https://confluence.jetbrains.com/display/TCD18/Configuring+TeamCity+Server+Startup+Properties#ConfiguringTeamCityServerStartupProperties-TeamCityinternalproperties
Hi Hans,
could you be explicit as to what you would like to change? At the moment it's pretty rigid, but we can check whether there are any possibilities, either present or future if you are more specific.
We are experiencing a similar setup.
Also, we have tests running in cloud-setups, which sometimes fails due to environment conditions.
We would like to be able to "trust" the flaky-identification again, but we cannot find a good way to reset the flaky detection. I.e. "reset flaky history and keep an eye on the future only".
Hi all, sorry this fell through the cracks. There are some options using internal.properties, basically:
(a) change the size of the sliding window (via teamcity.flakyTestDetector.timeFrame.days, the default is 7).
(b) disable some of the heuristics ("time frame", via teamcity.flakyTestDetector.enabled.heuristics, the default is DifferentStatusAtSameVcsChangeHeuristic,FlakyFailureHeuristic,FlippedInBuildWithoutChangesHeuristic,FlipRateTooHighHeuristic)
Beyond that, please forward any suggestions to our issue tracker: https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issues/TW
Denis I would like to make use of the internal.properties you have described - can you tell me how/where these need to be configured?
Please sign in to leave a comment.


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I have a thing for big cities; a thing for organised chaos and for places that might seem daunting at first. "Cairo? Loved it! Los Angeles? Much better than San Francisco! Staying in the hipster district of Johannesburg? Hell yeah!!"
No wonder that the huge metropolis of Mexico City and I hit it off! From the moment I surfaced from the metro station onto Zócalo, the city's main square, I felt "yep, this is going to be my kind of place!"
But the city is big: there's the historical centre, the skyscrapers, the village neighbourhoods, …
Find out where to stay in Mexico city and discover the places you shouldn't miss!
Safety in Mexico City
Crime ridden narco-related violence is often synonym with Mexico, so first-time visitors are usually quite wary to venture into the city on their own. I arrived in Mexico City by bus and on the busy motorways around the city, big billboards were advertising that the murder rate was decreasing. Where I come from, that is a strange way of advertising a city… But you know what? I never truly felt unsafe. I was travelling on my own and felt totally comfortable walking around Zócalo in the evening. I am sure that there are areas where you wouldn't walk about at night (Plaza Garibaldi looked a bit dogdy), but then again, is that really different from any other city? Normal safety precautions like not flaunting jewellery or displaying a big stash of cash are valid everywhere else in the world too.
Where to stay in Mexico City?
1. Centro Histórico
Probably the most photogenic part of CMDX and definitely THE place to visit and stay in for culture buffs and history enthusiasts! It's the most obvious place to start your explorations. The historical district is built on the ruins of the old Aztec Empire, with the Templo Mayor being the best proof. The temple is situated on the Zócalo, Latin America's biggest square. Touring over it are the majestic cathedral and the Palacio Nacional. From the Zócalo, the Centro Histórico spreads its wings in all directions, all the way to the Alameda Central. Admire some of the beautiful façades on the pedestrian Avenida Madero or check out the scribes and the church on the peaceful Plaza Santo Domingo. In the evening, venture to Plaza Garibaldi to hear the mariachis sing. Looking for street art and a nice bar vibe? Then Calle Regina is your spot! And if you're on the lookout for some quality souvenirs, head over to the Mercado La Ciudadela!
Accommodation in this area tends to be very reasonably priced.
2. The green lung of Chapultepec
The pollution in Mexico City is not a myth. If you feel like some respite from the car fumes and the crowds, head over to Bosque de Chapultepec, Mexico's largest park that covers over 4 sq km. It feels miles away from the hustle and bustle! You might want to avoid Sundays though, that's when all Mexican families gather to row on the big lake and vendors take over the main paths with food, souvenirs, fake tattoos, … Not a lot of peace and quiet then, but a great atmosphere! On any other day, you can enjoy a picnic on the park's grounds or walk up to the Castillo. History buffs should not miss the Museo Nacional de Antropología.
If you need your early morning jog or you simply want to stay as close to nature as possible, then this is your area! Be aware that there isn't much to do in the evening though.
3. My personal favourite: Coyoacán
Ten kilometres south of downtown CMDX, as Mexico City is also called, lies the village-like district of Coyoacán. Narrow streets, cute little plazas and a vibrant atmosphere make this one of the must see areas of the city. On a Sunday, you can see Aztec dancers on the Plaza Hidalgo, while the Parque Allende is taken over by salsa-dancing couples and an open-air arts and crafts market. Coyoacán is also home to Frida Kahlo's Blue House. Make sure you book tickets in advance if you want to avoid huge queues!
Accommodation ranges from hostels to moderately priced guesthouses.
4. Bohemian Roma and Condesa
Roma and Condesa are often named and visited together, since they are only a few blocks apart. They are considered to be the bohemian and hipster parts of CDMX. There aren't any big monuments or museums here, instead you'll find a lot of streetart, especially in Roma, while dog walkers and roller-bladers take over the tree-lined streets of Condesa. The area is really small, just a few blocks, but taking time to linger in one of the many coffee shops or restaurants is what it's all about here! The best time for a visit is late afternoon when people start taking over the café's pavements. If you're looking for nightlife at your doorstep, then these areas are a good base for your stay in Mexico City. You'll find a few budget hostels here, as well as fancy boutique hotels.
5. The modern skyline
Take the elevator to the top of the Torre Latinoamericana and you'll get a good idea of the modern sprawling skyline of Mexico City. From the Alameda Central park, home to the beautiful Palacio de Bellas Artes, all the way to the Bosque de Chapultepec, lies the main thoroughfare of Paseo de la Reforma, modelled after the big European boulevards. Wide footpaths make it easy enough to admire some of Mexico's tallest buildings and ornamented roundabouts. If you can, go on a Sunday when the whole avenue is closed off for vehicles and given over to cyclists, roller-bladers and dog walkers!
The Paseo de la Reforma is home to big hotel chains like Sheraton, Barceló, Hilton or Marriott and the area tends to quieten down after dark. This area is more geared towards business travellers.
Getting around in Mexico City
I walked A LOT in Mexico City, it is pretty straight forward to walk between the Centro Histórico and Alameda Central. From there on, if you feel energetic, you can walk to the Chapultepec area with a detour to Roma and Condesa on the way.
But you don't need to walk all that distance. I found the metro service the quickest way to get around Mexico City. It has nearly 200 stations on 12 different lines and is very cheap. It comes in very handy if you want to visit Coyoacán or San Angel.
Uber is widely spread too.
It's safe to say that Mexico City really surprised me! I was expecting a huge, crowded, polluted city, but found it to be very manageable and diverse. There are still a few areas that I would've loved to explore like San Angel and Xochimilco, but that'll have to wait for a next visit.
Next stop: the Mayan ruins of Yucatán!
So tell me, have you been?
Which ones do you consider to be the best neighbourhoods to stay in Mexico City?