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Original Research ARTICLE
Single-unit activities during epileptic discharges in the human hippocampal formation
- 1Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, INSERM UMRS 975 - CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- 2Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- 3Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- 4Epilepsy Unit, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
Between seizures the brain of patients with epilepsy generates pathological patterns of synchronous activity, designated as interictal epileptiform discharges (ID). Using microelectrodes in the hippocampal formations of 8 patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, we studied ID by simultaneously analyzing action potentials from individual neurons and the local field potentials (LFPs) generated by the surrounding neuronal network. We found that ~30% of the units increased their firing rate during ID and 40% showed a decrease during the post-ID period. Surprisingly, 30% of units showed either an increase or decrease in firing rates several hundred of milliseconds before the ID. In 4 patients, this pre-ID neuronal firing was correlated with field high-frequency oscillations at 40–120 Hz. Finally, we observed that only a very small subset of cells showed significant coincident firing before or during ID. Taken together, we suggested that, in contrast to traditional views, ID are generated by a sparse neuronal network and followed a heterogeneous synchronization process initiated over several hundreds of milliseconds before the paroxysmal discharges.
Synchronization of local and distributed neuronal assemblies is thought to underlie fundamental brain processes such as perception, learning, and cognition (Varela et al., 2001). In neurological diseases, neuronal synchrony can be altered and in epilepsy may play an important role in enhanced cellular excitability (Jasper and Penfield, 1954). Besides ictal events or seizures, interictal discharges (ID) are a typical signature of abnormal neuronal synchronization, seen spontaneously between seizures in scalp and intracranial EEG. They are used as a clinical indicator for the location of the epileptogenic zone, the region that generates seizures. Furthermore, it is believed that this region contains both, the seizure onset zone and the surrounding "irritative zone," which generates ID and limits with normal tissue (Talairach and Bancaud, 1966). These transient epileptic synchronization events are characterized by a large-amplitude, rapid component lasting 50–100 ms that is usually followed by a slow wave of 200–500 ms duration (de Curtis and Avanzini, 2001). In some cases, they are associated with an oscillation in the high frequency range greater than 40 Hz (Bragin et al., 1999; Jacobs et al., 2011; Le Van Quyen, 2012). Despite their fundamental importance in diagnosing and treating epilepsy, little is known about the neurophysiological mechanisms generating these events in the human brain. Experimental work on animals and human tissue propose the paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS) as the cellular correlate of ID (Prince and Wong, 1981; Avoli and Williamson, 1996). This event is defined as a burst of action potentials on a large depolarization, followed by a longer hyperpolarization. However, in vivo human evidence is scarce, because of the limited opportunities to study the behavior of single neurons in human subjects. To overcome this difficulty, epilepsy patients suitable for surgical treatment are sometimes studied with intracranial depth electrodes in order to record EEG activity from deep cortical structures and accurately identify the regions originating seizures. Using depth electrodes specially adapted with microelectrodes (Fried et al., 1997; Figure 1A), ID can be studied by simultaneously recording action potentials from individual neurons and the local field potentials (LFP). Studies using microelectrode technology, have reported a variable and complex relation between ID and the activity of individual neurons, more heterogeneous than simple PDS (Babb et al., 1973; Wyler et al., 1982; Ulbert et al., 2004; Keller et al., 2010; Alarcon et al., 2012). In particular, a large diversity of neuronal response were found including an increase or decrease in their firing rates or even changes in firing that precede the defining interictal discharge itself. Most of these studies were performed on patients with neocortical epilepsy that exhibit a wide range of heterogeneity. In the present work, we recorded ID in the hippocampal formation of 8 patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Our objective is to describe firing patterns and neuronal synchronization of single-unit activities during spontaneous IDs.
Figure 1. (A) Macro- and micro-electrodes superimposed on a magnetic resonance imaging scan. Nine microwires (40 μm diameter) extend beyond the tip of each macro-electrode and record the hippocampal formation. (B) Interictal discharges (ID) recorded with microelectrode local field potentials from adjacent electrodes in the hippocampus of a patient. (C) Example of wide-band recording of an ID event with the corresponding extracted single unit activities. (D) Raster plot and peri-event histogram (bin size, 10 ms) of the single unit activity shown above. Note the strong changes in the firing rate and instantaneous frequency (red) during the ID.
Materials and Methods
Subjects were 8 patients [two female, mean age ± standard deviation (SD) 36.3 ± 10.5 years] with pharmacologically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy who were implanted with 8–14 intracranial depth electrodes in order to localize epileptogenic regions for possible resection. The placement of the electrodes was determined exclusively by clinical criteria (Fried et al., 1999). Extending beyond the tip of each electrode were nine Pt-Ir microwires (40 μm diameter) with inter-tip spacing of 500 μm, eight active recording channels and one reference. Each microwire was sampled at 28 kHz (Cheetah recording system, Neuralynx Inc., Tucson, AZ). Spatial localizations were determined on the basis of postimplant computed tomography scans coregistered with preimplant 1.5T MRI scans. Our results are based on microelectrode recordings located in the anterior hippocampus (n = 40 channels in 5 patients) and entorhinal cortex (n = 24 channels in 3 patients). The recording states were quiet wakefulness and slow waves sleep (stages 1–4). All studies conformed to the guidelines of the Medical Institutional Review Board at University of California, Los Angeles.
Spike Sorting
In order to detect single-units, all channels were high-pass filtered at 300 Hz and were visually examined for the presence of unit activities. In those microwires with clear unit activities, we performed spike detection (>4:1 signal to noise ratio) to obtain multi-unit activities (MUA). Single-unit activities were extracted with spike sorting using KlustaKwik 1.7 program (Software: http://klustakwik.sourceforge.net/; Harris et al., 2000) which employs the 10 principal components of the spike shape and an unsupervised Conditional Expectation Maximization (CEM) clustering algorithm (Hazan et al., 2006). After automatic clustering, the clusters containing non-spike waveforms were visually deleted and then the units were further isolated using a manual cluster cutting method. Only units with clear boundaries and less than 0.5% of spike intervals within a 1 ms refractory period are included in the present analysis. Typically we isolated 1 or 2 distinct neurons from each microwire, but in several cases we observed up to 4 distinct neurons from a single microwire. The instantaneous spike frequency was measured by convolving the timing of each unit with a Gaussian function of standard deviation of 20 ms (Ts = 1 ms), set close to the modal interspike interval (Le Van Quyen et al., 2008, 2010). This operation leads to an analog trace of the instantaneous firing rate (Paulin, 1996).
Oscillation Analysis
LFP are complementary to action potential information and have shown prominent oscillatory activity within the high-frequency frequency range from 40 to 300 Hz (Worrell et al., 2012). A wavelet time-frequency analysis was used to determine precisely the mean frequency, maximum amplitude and onset and offset of these LFP oscillations. The advantage of the wavelet analysis lies in the fact that the time resolution is variable with frequency, so that high frequencies have a sharper time resolution (Le Van Quyen and Bragin, 2007). The Complex Morlet wavelet was here applied that uses a wave-like scalable function that is well-localized in both time and frequency:
This wavelet represents the product of a sinusoidal wave at frequency f, with a Gaussian function centered at time τ, with a standard deviation σ proportional to the inverse of f. The wavelet coefficients of a signal x(t) as a function of time (τ) and frequency (f) are defined as: W(τ, f) = ∫+∞−∞ x(u) Ψτ,f(u)du. It depends solely on σ, which sets the number of cycles of the wavelet: nco = 6fσ. The value nco determines the frequency resolution of the analysis by setting the width of the frequency interval for which phase are measured. Here, we chose nco = 5. For baseline correction, the average and SD of power were first computed at each frequency of the baseline period. Then, the average baseline power was subtracted from all time windows at each frequency, and the result scaled by 1/SD, yielding baseline-adjusted Z scores. Significant increases with respect to baseline activity showed up as positive Z-values and tabulated probability values indicate that, for absolute values of Z > 3.09, we have P < 0.001. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was applied to assess the distribution normality of the wavelet coefficients, using a 0.05 probability level.
Spike Synchronization
Different measures exist to detect and quantify synchronization between spike trains (Brown et al., 2004; Kreuz et al., 2007). In this study, we used two complementary techniques: (1) Cross-correlation analysis was performed for cell pairs (Perkel et al., 1967; Amarasingham et al., 2012). To evaluate the significance of the correlation, we used a boot-strap method that accounts for the firing rate changes of the neurons (Hatsopoulos et al., 2003; Grün, 2009). Since the widths of the peaks in the original cross-correlograms were typically in the range of 5–30 ms (Krüger and Mayer, 1990), the spikes were jittered by adding a random value from a normal distribution with a 50-ms SD and 0 mean to the spike times. For each cell pair, 1000 jittered spike trains were created, and the expected cross-correlogram (and 99% confidence interval) was estimated on 1 ms time bins. For any given cell pair where at least one bin in the [1.5 ms, 30 ms] interval exceeded the 99% confidence interval, the interaction was considered significant. (2) A method for identifying statistically conspicuous spike coincidences was implemented to detect the number of quasi-simultaneous appearances of spikes over small coincidence windows, here of 5 ms (Gütig et al., 2002; Quian Quiroga et al., 2002). Their occurrence was then studied in relation to surrogate data generated by dithering the individual, original spike times within a given time interval. Here, each spike in the original data set was randomly and independently jittered on a uniform interval of [−5, +5] ms to form a surrogate dataset. By repeating the procedure 1000 times, the 99.9% confidence interval for each bin (p = 0.001) was calculated.
Microelectrode recordings were selected by an expert electroencephalographer to have very abundant and persistent ID in the hippocampus (5 patients) or entorhinal cortex (3 patients) during quiet wakefulness or slow-wave sleep (recording durations from 10 to 118 min; total recording time: 6 h). All ID were recorded in the epileptic zone and appeared as spatially synchronous patterns emerging at about the same time on the same bundle of microelectrodes (Figure 1B). A standard, threshold-based ID detector was performed to automatically detect, from the LFP, events showing a pointed peak with a large amplitude, large slope and duration of 20–100 ms, appearing at a frequency of 0.07 ± 0.30 Hz (range: 0.01–0.21 Hz). After expert visual confirmation, 862 ID were identified showing a large pattern of morphological characteristics typical for sharp waves, spikes and spike-wave discharges (Niedermeyer, 2005). Events were aligned by the sharpest peak of the discharge (Figure 1C). In order to analyze the patterns of neuronal activity around the discharge, we defined a baseline period (–600 to –300 ms), pre-ID period (–300 to –50 ms), the interictal discharge (–50 to 50 ms), the post-ID period (50–400 ms). The activities of different neurons per microelectrode were identified with a spike sorting algorithm and a total of 75 single units were selected for analysis. To visualize the discharge-related activity of single neurons, peri-stimulus raster plots and timing histograms were constructed for the period of 1 s before and after each event (Figure 1D).
During the ID period (–50 to 50 ms), we found that around 40% of the recorded units showed some change in firing, whereas 60% remain unchanged. About 32% increased their firing rate more than 2 times during ID relative to baseline epochs [Figure 2B; right-tail t-test: T(23) = 1.78; p = 0.04; an example of a cell can be seen in Figure 1D]. The firing rate of these cells showed a considerable degree of variability (range from 1.4 to 99 Hz) with a mean of 9.4 ± 19.7 Hz during ID (baseline: 2.7 ± 3.1 Hz). During the post-ictal period, 40% of units decreased firing by half [50–400 ms, mean firing rate: 1.8 ± 2.7 Hz and baseline: 7.0 ± 2.7 Hz, left-tail t-test: T(29) = −3.73; p = 4.1·10−4, Figure 2C]. In addition to this modulated single unit activity during ID, many units showed a significant change in firing preceding the interictal discharge. From 30% of single units that significantly changed during the pre-ID period, 12% increased [mean firing rate: 10.0 ± 13.5 Hz and baseline: 4.2 ± 5.8 Hz; T(8) = −3.45; p = 0.004] and 18% decreased [mean firing rate: 2.3 ± 7.0 Hz and baseline: 5.2 ± 11.6 Hz; T(13) = −1.64; p = 0.06] their firing rate (–300 to –50 ms, Figure 2A; examples are given in Figure 2D). On the corresponding channels, we were interested in the relationship between these pre-ID firing changes and LFP (<300 Hz). Spectral power was performed by using Morlet wavelet analysis (20–300 Hz) and pre-ID changes in LFP were tested for significant increases/decreases from baseline of specific frequency bands (p < 0.001). In 4 subjects we observed that pre-ID neuronal firing pattern was correlated with an increase in high-frequency oscillations between 40 and 120 Hz (mean peak from baseline SD: Z = 6.1, range from 4.3 to 9.1). Figure 3 shows average time-frequency representations around the ID for the two patients of Figure 2D. Main changes in spectral power can be seen in the LFP preceding the interictal discharge and correlate closely with the increase or decrease in neuronal firing.
Figure 2. (A–C) Peri-ID firing changes of single units defined as the ratio of changes in discharge probability between the baseline and pre-ID, ID or post-ID. (D) Examples of two units (Top: raw data; Bottom: Raster plots and peri-event histograms) recorded in different patients and showing significant decrease (a) or increase (b) during the pre-ID period (see arrows).
Figure 3. (A,B) Time-frequency representations of the LFP around the ID for two patients showing pre-ID changes in neuronal firing. Note the increase in LFP high-frequency oscillations between 40 and 120 Hz preceding the ID and closely correlated with the decrease (A) or increase (B) in neuronal firing (see arrows).
Finally, we analyzed unit synchronization during ID between pairs of units simultaneously recorded in two different microelectrodes. Because of the inter-tip spacing of 500 μm, the units are assumed to reflect adjacent but different neuronal populations. Two complementary methods have been used to address the synchrony between spike trains. First, analysis of cross-correlograms between pairs of units was performed for each cell pairs that showed a sufficient number of spikes (>100) during ID. The significance of the correlation was obtained by jittering each pair of spike trains and by computing the 99% confidence interval. Of the 120 cross-correlograms constructed, only 5 cross-correlograms (about 4%) had a significant peak that occurred within ±25 ms around the origin, indicating that these neuronal pairs were discharging in a correlated way. Figure 4 (top) illustrates examples of significant peaks in cross-correlograms of two units. In addition to cross-correlation analysis, we also analyzed the overall level of synchronicity from the number of quasi simultaneous appearances of spikes. In order to not overestimate the number of random synchronous spikes due to the elevated firing rate, we used jitter techniques to infer millisecond-precise temporal synchrony (Hatsopoulos et al., 2003). Here, spikes of one of the pairs of neurons were time jittered by ±5 ms to generate jittered peri-stimulus raster plots of unit coincidence that could be used to assess the statistical significance of bin fluctuations in the non-jittered spike series. Because the jittered data sets preserve firing rates on timescales much broader than that of the jitter interval (in this case, 5 ms), the overall effect of the analysis is to identify those pairs that showed excessive co-firing at short latencies that cannot be accounted for by firing rates varying at timescales of tens of milliseconds. Despite the strong increase in about 30% of the recorded units during ID, only a very small subset of cells (18 of 120 analyzed pairs, about 15%) showed significant coincident firing before or during ID. For two patients, Figure 4 (bottom) illustrates pairs of units that showed significant coincident firing (p = 0.001) during ID (A) and the pre-ID period (B).
Figure 4. Top: Cross-correlograms between pairs of units during ID in two patients (A,B). The blue lines are the significance levels computed from 1000 jittered spike trains. In both cases, the center peak exceeds the significance level (arrows) and the pairs of units are considered to be significantly correlated. Bottom: Unit synchronizations (red circles) were defined as coincidences between the two units (green and blue points) occurring over a 5-ms interval. Note the significant increase in coincidences during ID (A) and the pre-ID period (B), over the statistical threshold defined by a random jitter of the original data.
We found that a large subset of the recorded units showed significant changes in firing in or around ID in the hippocampal formation of patients with mesial temporal epilepsy. Around 30% of the unit increased their firing rate during ID while 40% showed a decrease during the post-ID period. This percentage of modulated neurons agrees with that described by Wyler et al. (1982), who found that 44% of recorded neurons showed primarily an increase in firing rate near the interictal discharge peak. Surprisingly, a subset of 30% of units showed significant firing rate variations several hundred of milliseconds before the ID. In a few patients, we observed that this neuronal firing pattern was related with elevated LFP oscillations at 40–120 Hz. Finally, based on two statistical methods that identify spike synchronization, we found that only a very small subset of cells showed significant coincident firing before or during ID.
Our observations of neuronal firing during the interictal discharge are consistent with the paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS) mechanism—a large depolarization phase followed by a long hyperpolarization—that have been studied in animal models of epilepsy (Matsumoto and Marsan, 1964; Prince, 1968). The first part of the depolarization phase is believed to be generated by intrinsic membrane conductance (de Curtis et al., 1999), and the later from feedback recurrent synaptic excitation mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptor subtypes, and glutamate receptor-coupled calcium conductances (Traub et al., 1993). Thus, PDS has been shown to be the result of giant excitatory postsynaptic potentials. The PDS is usually followed by a hyperpolarization, which represents GABA-mediated recurrent inhibition, as well as Ca2+-dependent K+ currents. Interestingly, consistent with in vitro studies on hippocampal slices from human patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (Cohen et al., 2002; Wittner et al., 2009), the presence of a similar suppression of unit activities in our in vivo data suggests that IDs can occur in cortical regions maintaining substantial inhibitory function.
However, in contrast to simple models of PDS and in line with other observations in human epileptic neocortex (Keller et al., 2010), we found that ID, rather than requiring a large synchronization of neurons, can occur with relatively sparse single neuron participation (estimated at about 30% of the cells). Furthermore, a small subset of the units significantly increased or decreased their firing well before ID. Concomitant with changes in firing rate for certain neurons, at least in some patients, high-frequency oscillations at 40–120 Hz can be seen in the LFP preceding the ID and correlate closely with the changes in neuronal firing. Because interneurons are involved in the generation of high frequency oscillations through mechanisms of post-inhibition resetting of neuronal firing (Cobb et al., 1995; Ylinen et al., 1995; Le Van Quyen et al., 2008; Le Van Quyen, 2012), it is here tempting to speculate that GABA-mediated events may contribute to enhance synchronization of local epileptic networks before ID. Interestingly, emerging evidence indicates that GABA promotes epileptiform synchronization (Pavlov et al., 2013). For instance, GABA receptor-mediated inhibition can facilitate thalamocortical processes leading to the occurrence of generalized spike and wave discharges that occur during absence seizures (Danober et al., 1998). Following a similar mechanism, ID may be caused by a rebound synchronization of cells that may start firing synchronously shortly after inhibition ceases and permit the fast component of the ID. Moreover, intense synaptic activation of GABAA receptors in the hippocampus can lead to a shift in GABAergic neurotransmission from inhibitory to excitatory, contributing to epileptic discharges (Kohling et al., 2000; Cohen et al., 2002). Interestingly, pre-event changes have also been seen in advance of seizures in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy (Bower and Buckmaster, 2008) and around seizure onset in human epilepsy (Babb and Crandall, 1976; Truccolo et al., 2011), suggesting a possible similar mechanism before seizures.
Taken together, our data suggest that ID in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy is not a simple paroxysm of hypersynchronous excitatory activity, but rather represents a heterogeneous synchronization process possibly initiated by GABAergic responses in small subsets of cells and emerging over hundreds of milliseconds before the paroxysmal discharges.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Catalina Alvarado-Rojas was supported by the Administrative Department for Science, Technology and Innovation (COLCIENCIAS), Colombia. Vincent Navarro was supported by a Contrat Inferface INSERM. This work was supported by funding from the program "Investissements d'avenir" ANR-10-IAIHU-06 and from the ICM and OCIRP.
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Wittner, L., Huberfeld, G., Clemenceau, S., Eross, L., Dezamis, E., Entz, L., et al. (2009). The epileptic human hippocampal cornu ammonis 2 region generates spontaneous interictal like activity in vitro. Brain 132, 3032–3046. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp238
Worrell, G. A., Jerbi, K., Kobayashi, K., Lina, J. M., Zelmann, R., and Le Van Quyen, M. (2012). Recording and analysis techniques for high-frequency oscillations. Prog. Neurobiol. 98, 265–278. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.02.006
Wyler, A. R., Ojemann, G. A., and Ward, A. A. (1982). Neurons in human epileptic cortex: correlation between unit and EEG activity. Ann. Neurol. 11, 301–308. doi: 10.1002/ana.410110311
Ylinen, A., Bragin, A., Nadasdy, Z., Jando, G., Szabo, I., Sik, A., et al. (1995). Sharp wave-associated high-frequency oscillation (200 Hz) in the intact hippocampus: network and intracellular mechanisms. J. Neurosci. 15, 30–46.
Keywords: interictal epileptiform discharges, microelectrode recordings, multiunit activity, temporal lobe epilepsy, spike synchronization
Citation: Alvarado-Rojas C, Lehongre K, Bagdasaryan J, Bragin A, Staba R, Engel Jr J, Navarro V and Le Van Quyen M (2013) Single-unit activities during epileptic discharges in the human hippocampal formation. Front. Comput. Neurosci. 7:140. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00140
Received: 31 May 2013; Accepted: 27 September 2013;
Published online: 18 October 2013.
Edited by:Ruben Moreno-Bote, Foundation Sant Joan de Deu, Spain
Reviewed by:Emili Balaguer-Ballester, Bournemouth University, UK
Abdelmalik Moujahid, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
Copyright © 2013 Alvarado-Rojas, Lehongre, Bagdasaryan, Bragin, Staba, Engel, Navarro and Le Van Quyen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Michel Le Van Quyen, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM UMRS 975 - CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris, Cedex 13, France e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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AJ Smith, Graduate of Central High, Class of 2017
My Davenport Schools Story, CTE Edition: AJ Smith
The following "My Davenport Schools Story" is taken from interviews with recent graduates of our or Career and Technical Education (CTE) programs here at Davenport Community Schools. To read through our "2019 Highlights: Career Exploration for Davenport Youth" flip book and PDF, which features other alumni stories and details our extraordinary CTE program offerings, please visit: http://www.davenportschools.org/career-exploration-for-davenport-youth-2019-highlights-flip-book-and-pdf/
AJ Smith, Central High Class of 2017
Studying Finance and International Business at The University of Iowa
AJ's high school field of study: Business/Finance
Reflections on college: I really enjoy the real life application of my business education. Every semester I learn something new about how the world works, and during every class I learn more about interacting and communicating with people from different backgrounds and walks of life.
His Davenport Community Schools advantage: My high school years refined the discipline and focus necessary for me to succeed in college. Hours spent studying for AP classes and Dual Enrollment courses translated into the practices I have continued into college, providing me with a competitive advantage in applying my coursework. My education strengthened my ability to effectively communicate and build relationships with people from all walks of life, a vital skill for success in college, in the business world, and in life. My favorite business class in high school was "Managing Your Personal Finances," taught by Mr. Ryan. This class introduced me to concepts such as assets, liabilities, investing, budgeting, and balancing a checkbook. I paid attention each and every day in that class, perhaps more than any other class, because I knew that I would be applying the lessons I learned someday in the future to my own life.

subset: commoncrawl


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Haaretz: Mideast Turmoil Boosts Iran's Regional Arms Smuggling
Iran has smuggled more weapons to Hizbullah, Syria, and Palestinian groups in recent months, taking advantage of the wave of unrest in the Middle East, reported the Israeli newspaper Haaretz on Friday.
Because international attention is focused mainly on regime changes and local intelligence services are busy protecting their rulers, the Iranians have been able to act with greater impunity, it said
According to western intelligence, only a relatively small quantity of smuggled Iranian weapons is currently being intercepted, it noted.
Senior Israeli government officials told Haaretz: "Iran is inciting the entire region, from Afghanistan and Yemen to Egypt and Morocco."
At least seven cases of weapons smuggling led by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards have been reported during the past two months.
In mid-March, Israel Navy commandos stopped the Victoria off the coast of Israel carrying weapons and ammunition sent from Iran and bound for Islamic Jihad activists in the Gaza Strip, the newspaper continued.
Shortly after the Victoria was intercepted, Turkey announced it had stopped two Iranian planes, one after the other announcing that the planes had been carrying mortars bound for Syria, Haaretz stated.
According to western intelligence sources, the weapons were bound for groups in Lebanon or Gaza.
In addition to the northern smuggling route via Turkey and Syria, Tehran is also operating a southern route, through Sudan and Egypt to Sinai and Gaza, it continued.
Despite the regime change in Egypt, the Egyptian security forces have been concerned enough over the smuggling (and particularly over the possibility that some of the weapons could be handed over to extremists within Egypt) to act against it.
The most recent incident took place last week in Sudan, when two people were killed in an air attack on the road between the Khartoum airport and the city of Port Sudan.
The Sudanese government accused Israel of being behind the attack, which Israel neither confirmed nor denied, said Haaretz.
According to a Kuwaiti newspaper report, one of the men was Abdul-Latif Ashkar, a Palestinian who played a central role in Hamas weapons smuggling and purportedly the successor to Hamas weapons procurer Mahmoud al-Mabhouh, whom Hamas accused the Mossad of assassinating in January 2010.
The Iranians are also smuggling large amounts of money to Hamas in Gaza.
Last month the Israel Air Force attacked a car carrying several Hamas operatives near Rafah. The car was carrying as much as $18 million, according to various sources.
Senior government officials in Israel told Haaretz: "Iran is inciting the entire region, from Afghanistan and Yemen to Egypt and Morocco."


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Executive Summary
This 95 key concrete and block building will serve as a sold foundation for the new flag and the new operator. The property is located on busy Hwy 50 in the south edge of the Hutchinson metro, on a growing interchange, including a newer LOVE's travel plaza. As an REO (lender owned) property, the lender does not wish to be in the hotel ownership business and is motivated to create a deal. The property was previously a Motel 6, and was converted to Rodeway in late Dec 2018, which has provided access to the Choice Hotel reservation system and at a reasonable cost. However, if one were to re-position the hotel, other flags are available, and the Owner has received PIPs for a Quality Inn and a SureStay conversion. Another consideration would be to reduce the room count in the new franchise agreement by reducing the room count and lowering the cost of renovation. Due to the foreclosure, the financial records on the hotel are incomplete prior to 2019. There is appears to be considerable upside to the deal, even if one were to bring the property to "even" with its compset. The Rodeway operates 25 occupancy points under its compset, and substantially below in ADR and RevPar.
The hotel was originally built as a full service hotel, with restaurant, a full bar and a meeting room. Those have been closed for a period of years, based on the limited service nature of the recent flags. However, these areas do offer additional space or could be refitted for lease. There appears to be a need, locally, for a solid F&B operator.
Hutchinson has historically been a strong hospitality town, and it appears that with the right re-flag, renovation, and re-position, this property could reclaim its position in the compset. The following are examples of the attractions that create demand:
- Cosmophere – one of the most complete space museums in the country
- Strataca – formerly the Underground Salt Museum, Carey Salt
- National JuCo basketball tournament
- Annual KS State Fair
Notable area businesses are:
- Hutchinson Regional Healthcare
- Dillons
- Tyson
- Siemens Wind Power
- Lowen Corporation
- Collins Bus Corporation


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This is where I get to share my enjoyment for card making and bits and pieces of other craftiness. I will endeavor to make my posts interesting (or at the least, informative). I would be delighted if you are inclined to join me as a follower. Thanks so much for popping by and do feel free to come again.
Wednesday, May 15, 2013
Flutter With Buttons
17 comments:
Very sweet card especially with the addition I'd the bow. Thanks for joining the Craft-Dee BowZ May challenge!ReplyDelete
Wunderful! A feast for the eyes!ReplyDelete
Blessings and Hugs,
Super cute...thanks for joining Brown Sugar!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMay 15, 2013 at 2:01 PM
oh this card is so striking! I love the DP and the black accenting is perfect.ReplyDelete
Thanks for joining our things with wings challenge at Creative Corner Challenges this week.
Tammy DT
Gorgeous card, thanks for sharing with us at Brown Sugar challenges and good luckReplyDelete
Julie x
So pretty Jenee, love this cute image and gorgeous colouring.Love the papers and design..beautiful card.ReplyDelete
Luv CHRISSYxx
Love the touch of black....really makes everything else stand out so beautifully....and I'm droolin' over that gorgeous button...it's perfect for this lovely creation!ReplyDelete
I share your love for ADFD images so don't stop using them!! You do have the perfect button and your coloring is so beautifully done!ReplyDelete
So pretty!! Love the colors!!ReplyDelete
Very sweet image and card.ReplyDelete
Thanks for joining us at Kaboodle Doodles this week.
very sweet. I love your coloring on the image and your layout is great.ReplyDelete
thanks for playing with us at Stampin for the Weekend.
Cute card! Thanks for joining us on the Kaboodle Doodles Challenge Blog!ReplyDelete
I absolutely love this card..and not because of the comment you said about casing it..this is much better than the cased card...much better!ReplyDelete
Oh Jenee, how gorgeous! I love that image and the papers are perfect with her!ReplyDelete
Your card is beautiful and you used the button wonderfully! Awesome!ReplyDelete
Very pretty! Love the delicate feel that the die cut gives your sweet image!ReplyDelete
This is beautiful, Jenee!! That fleur de lis die cut really makes the image stand out!!ReplyDelete


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The U.S. dollar edged lower as traders weighed weak labour data against positive remarks from Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell
The U.S. dollar was tad lower on Tuesday as labour data fell short of expectations. However, Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell sounded positive on the economy.
The U.S. dollar index, which measures the greenback against a trade-weighted basket of six major currencies, fell by 0.09% to 98.63.
We'll be watching this (coronavirus impact) carefully, Powell told lawmakers on the House Financial Services Committee.
But the Fed chief stopped short of hinting that any imminent action was needed, claiming he wanted to "resist the temptation to speculate" about the potential disruptions from the outbreak.
"'What will be the effects on the U.S. economy?' 'Will they be persistent?' 'Will they be material?' That's really the question," Powell said.
The Fed's current wait-and-see approach has continued to attract criticism, not least from President Donald Trump who continues to call on the central bank to cut rates.
In the lead-up to Powell's testimony, traders had to contend with softer labor market.
The U.S. Labor Department's latest Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) report, a measure of labor demand, showed job openings in January fell to about 6.43 million, missing expectations of 7 million.
The pound, meanwhile, continued to climb, keeping the dollar on the back foot following data showing the U.K. economy did not contract further in the fourth quarter of the year.
GBP/USD rose 0.33% to $1.2955.
EUR/USD gained 0.06% to $1.0915, with European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde adding to the chorus of calls for EU members to adopt more supporter fiscal measures.
More supportive fiscal measures, particularly from Germany, the powerhouse of the EU, will likely underpin growth in the economic bloc and support the single currency.
A potential shift to a looser fiscal policy stance in Germany could ultimately turn out to be more supportive for the euro further down the line, MUFG said in a note.
USD/JPY added 0.03% to Y109.78 and USD/CAD slipped 0.20% to C$1.3291, with the latter getting a boost from a rebound in oil prices on hopes that Russia may consider backing OPEC+ proposals for deeper production cuts.
This article is for information purposes only.
Please remember that financial investments may rise or fall and past performance does not guarantee future performance in respect of income or capital growth; you may not get back the amount you invested.
There is no obligation to purchase anything but, if you decide to do so, you are strongly advised to consult a professional adviser before making any investment decisions.


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Number 1 Stop Products
K&N Air Filter Stops
11x6DG fits Dominator Base $139.95
1x6SG fits 4150 Holley Base $139.95
This #1 Stop Air Filter features a 2" tall spun aluminum base. A K&N 11" dia. x 6" tall filter (filters from 2" to 8" are also available) and an 11" Extreme Top fits most S/C Dragster Scoops
11B6T x 9.5D $95.00
#1 Stop Air Filter 11B6x9.5D is a K&N 2 ply non-oiled high-flow filter to fit tapered scoop trays. Its comes complete with stainless steel stud and mounting hardware. The base is available for 4150 Holley (5 1/8 dia.) and 4500 Holley (7 5/16) dia.). The filter has an 11" dia. base tapering to a 6" dia. top and is 9.5" tall. The spun aluminum base is 2" tall.
11" Filter Base is 2" tall and fits Dom Carb (7 5/16" dia.)
Clears most tapered side scoop trays
11xD Base $30.00
11" Filter Base is 2 1/2" tall and fits 5 1/8" carb inlets (4150 Holley carbs)
Clears most tapered side scoop trays
11xS Base $30.00
We stock a large amount of K&N Race Filters in 9", 11" and 14" diameters with chrome tops and Extreme Filter Tops. The Bases fit 4150 style Holley's and 4500 Holley Dominators. The 9" dia. filters are available in 2" to 10" tall. The 11" dia. filters come in 2 1/2" to 8" tall. The 14" come in 2 5/16" to 6" tall. Call for info to fit your application and space requirements. We have been sizing K&N Race Filters since 1991 and guarantee our selection will not hurt the performance of your vehicle.


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Kangana and Rajkumar enjoying their shoot of 'MENTAL HAI KYA' in London
After the series of whacky posters released from the filmmakers of 'MENTAL HAI KYA', the actors Kangana and Rajkumar are enjoying their shoot in London, United Kingdom.
After the series of whacky posters released from the filmmakers of 'MENTAL HAI KYA', the actors Kangana and Rajkumar are enjoying their shoot in London, United Kingdom. 'Mental hai Kya' is thriller comedy movie directed by Prakash Kovelamudi and produced by Ekta Kapoor, Shobha Kapoor, and Shaailesh R Singh. Other than Kangana and Rajkumar, the movie is starring Jimmy Shergill, Kavi Shastri, Amyra Dastur, Vikrant massey, and NushratBharucha. The movie is set to hit the screens in February 2019.
Currently, the filmmakers and actors are busy shooting for the movie in London. Earlier, this month, a small video clip posted by Rajkumar about announcing the release date of the movie. According to Times of India, the two actors took a break from the shooting schedule to celebrate birthday of one of the people from the film production. Nowadays, a picture of kangana, Rajkumar, and Ekta Kapoor is surfaced on the internet in which they are seen enjoying some free time from the shoot. Three of them are seen clicking selfies and making weird faces.
Another poster was posted from the team handling the official Twitter account of Kangana where Rajkumar and Kangana are seen behaving abnormal. They captioned the picture as:
"When two mentals collide."
The story of the movie is not yet clear, but when the posters are so quirky then movie might be suffused with lot of weird incidents and circumstances. In the recent poster, you will see Kangana wearing orange sports wear and Rajkumar is seen wearing Purple suit. Totally weird combinations! Kangana took some time off from the shoot and went on to shopping on London streets. She is seen with her friend with shopping bags in her hands on the streets of London. The Kangana team has shared a picture and captioned it:
"Let's have some shopping smiles!! #KanganaRanaut spotted shopping in #London in between her #MentalHaiKya shoot. We say the breaktime is being perfectly utilized :p"


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Nollywood actress, Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde celebrated her 40th birthday recently and as part of the event, she took a trip to slave trade centre in Badagry, where she urged young people about freeing themselves from slavery.
While addressing the young people that went with her to the centre, the actress reiterated the reason slave trade was abolished, noting that it was because the blacks were no longer needed.
SEE ALSO: Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Speaks On Why She Has Been Doing A Lot Of Activism
She explained that even after then, slave trade never stopped because people were mentally enslaved.
She said,
So, the main end to slavery as we know it today, actually happened because we became useless to them. And that is to sink in, because there was an industrial revolution which is still mental for them. So, they continued to develop themselves while we continue to think that we could not develop.
We did not change the revolution or alter the time, it was because we were no longer needed and till today, the black man continues to suffer this fate, not necessarily in the hands of the white man but in the hands of ourselves.
Stop getting angry with the Freezes of this world. They are not your problem, they are trying to help you.
It might be wrong what he's saying, you may not agree with what he's saying, but you must agree with the spirit of which he is saying it. You need to wake up. You need to wake up Black people.
You need to wake up because nobody is going to hand it over to you. The slave masters never handed it over to you, so whatever your master is today, he's not going to hand you freedom. Freedom is not coming to you on a platter of gold.
You are going to have to wake up and stop being trivial. And stop talking about whether I like this person, or I don't like how he's delivering it, or I don't like his face or is he wearing Gucci belt.
We need to stop about fashion. Fashion is good. We all want to look good but at this point in our life, fashion is not important. Let the people who have conquered everything else talk about fashion. Fashion is not our problem right now. We have bigger things as our problems.
Young people wake up, don't be on social media buying data to be insulting celebrities. Or to be following celebrities and knowing what they wore last night, that's not your business.
SEE ALSO: The Things We Never Knew About Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde's Childhood Struggles
How many of these big labels anywhere are owned by Africans or Black people? Tomorrow you're wearing Ferragamo, next tomorrow you're wearing Gucci or you're using your Facebook or Instagram or whatever. They're all made by who?" the actress asked and her audience replied, "Whites."
And you need to stop blaming them. I always say, they are smarter. They were smarter. Is that up to you to decide if today they will remain smarter?


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Comprehensive care for girls and adolescents of limited resources in Carora, Venezuela
Hygiene, health and nutrition for 40 young people
The Asociación Civil Obra Misionera de Jesús y María is carrying out the project: "Comprehensive development of girls and adolescents of the Santa Maria Goretti Home" in Carora, Venezuela, with the support of Fundación MAPFRE. The aim of this project is to cover the hygiene, health and nutritional needs of young people of limited resources.
The project is carried out in the "Santa María Goretti Home" where 40 young people at risk of social exclusion, and who find themselves in situations of physical and/or affective abandonment, reside full-time. The home has bedrooms, bathrooms, changing rooms, a dining room, audio-visual and computer rooms and all the necessary services for the children's correct development.
The girls and adolescents attend nearby schools for their education and from there, they return to the "Santa María Goretti Home" where, in addition to lodging, they receive academic help, counseling, and advice on how to deal with possible behaviors which might affect their personal relationships.
The Asociación Civil Obra Misionera de Jesús y María is a non-profit organization which started in Venezuela in 1971. It aims to promote the development and maintenance of social and charitable works in favor of the needy. It also promotes free education for girls without economic means, as well as their well-rounded development, both spiritual as well as civic.


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Patent and License Department
Oleksandr O. Nakhaba +380 44 483-94-19
The patent and license invention department was set up as an independent subunit of the Institute in 1980. Prior to its establishment, the area of inventions and innovations was directed by Prof. B.А.Pelts (until 1975), chief patent expert, honored inventor of Ukraine А.H.Savenko, who headed the department between 1980 and 1989, and patent expert engineer Riazanova Liudmyla Ivanivna (1989-2008).
During the life of the department 208 certificate of authorship were awarded, patented in Russia, USA, Australia, Argentina.
At various times inventions by the Institute's workers won medals and diplomas at the USSR and International exhibitions.
The department has a patent pool numbering more than 250,000 descriptions of author certificates and patents of the USSR, about 200,000units of reference information on leading countries of the world.
The department provides scientific and medical guidance and is involved in patent-information studies at all R&D stages, find patentable engineering solutions, and ensures their legal protection.
The Department is located in the 1st (administrative and laboratory) building of Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute (see Institute scheme).
Content management: Anna Nikiforova
Content management: Tetyana Yovenko


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Laminin, the protein that holds you together, literally!
Surely you heard about Laminin and the astonishing similitude with the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, the fingerprint of God or just a wonderful coincidence?
Thinking on Colossians 1:17 we can learn a truly valuable fact, the fact that all creation was made through Christ, it was made for the glory of God and it holds together because Christ is alive! He holds everything in its place.
Let your worries and burdens behind, trust the One who knows you intimately and holds you in His loving arms.
Glory to God!


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How to Make It
Step 1
Combine first 3 ingredients in a large zip-top plastic bag. Add the turkey; seal bag, and shake to coat.
Step 2
Heat oil in a large ovenproof Dutch oven over medium-high heat. Add the turkey, and cook 5 minutes, browning well on all sides. Remove turkey from pan; set aside.
Step 3
Add broth and sherry to pan, and stir to deglaze pan. Return turkey to pan; add onion and garlic, and bring to a boil. Cover and bake at 350° for 1 hour and 15 minutes or until turkey is tender. Remove from oven, and let stand for 5 minutes. Stir in the sour cream, and serve over noodles.


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SOLD!!!!: NEW 2017 LUND Renegade 1775- $16,999.99 (Fort Myers)
2017 Lund Renegade 1775
17′-9″ Length
95″ Beam
2017 60HP Mercury
2017 Trailer Included
22 gallon fuel tank
1195/2322 lbs towed
4 person/ 1225 lbs capacity
8′ Rod Storage
Artic White
Come see it in person at our marine service center in Ft Myers!
Call 239-330-3387
The NEW 2017 LUND Renegade 1775 is full of fishing rich features and LUND's tradition of quality. It's the perfect aluminum fishing boat for targeting shallow water bass, trout, redfish, snook or crappie. This modified V aluminum hull (Mod V) fishing boat measures 17' 9" in length and has more fishing features than you'll know what to do with. The Renegade has something for every snapper or snook angler from it's bow rod locker (stores up to 8' rods) to it's rear tackle storage pods. With only an 11.5" draft, there won't be a snook or trout that can hide from your next fishing adventure.


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Locksmith near Me – What Is It?
Your locksmith should be someone you'll be able to rely on in your time of need to find the task done. In a moment, when you call, we'll get in touch with the locksmith in your region and get him to visit your location in a rush. It is preferable to look for a couple locksmiths in your region before you need one.
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At Cook Signs and Displays Inc, we are committed to quality customer service. We stand behind our work, delivering fantastic results in a timely manner. With a great price and friendly atmosphere, Cook Signs and Displays Inc is your one-stop-shop for all things signs. Give us a call today for a free estimate!
Affordable signage solutions
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We rent pallet wrapping machines on a short or long term rent to suit market requirements
Demand for these machines can be higher than the supply side.
So if you have a future need, please register your requirement and the dates, then we shall keep you informed of availability as it occurs.
We can also (lease out), pallet wrapping machines over a long term.


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Last update: Wednesday, Sep 16, 2020
The Extensible Common Data both reads from and writes to a variety of sources. In reading, it data from these sources into rows in a stream or table. In writing, it writes data from a stream or table into a variety of file formats.


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YOUNG people across Redcar & Cleveland are being urged to bring their cheerleaders to auditions that offer them the chance to show off their talents when Redcar's Christmas lights are switched on next month.
Mayor Cllr Brian Briggs will be chairman of the judging panel in the church hall at Christ Church in Coatham on Friday, October 16, Saturday October 17, and Friday, October 23, in X-Factor style auditions.
"Margaret and I are really looking forward to working with the young people of the borough," said Cllr Briggs.
"I'm sure it will be a fantastic atmosphere if family and friends support their favourites."
The shows start at 7pm, each with different age group auditions.
On Friday, October 16, there will be performances for Key Stage 3 (11 to 14-year-olds), on Saturday, October 17, it will be Key Stage 2 (for those aged 8 to 11) and on Friday, October 23, it will be Key Stage 4/College (14 to 21-year-olds).
The winners from each age group will be part of the lights switch-on on Saturday, November 21, when they will perform on the High Street stage, starting at 10am.


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Draftkings NBA Plays Friday Dec 27th
Friday we have 9 games being played. Draftkings Fantasy Millionaire NFL tournament has come and gone, and subsequently the tournament spread has improved a lot. There is some good value to be had with lots of injuries and good matchups. Here are my best plays.
Anthony Davis $8300
Davis's price is slightly depressed because of the time he was out with injury. He gets a really good matchup against Denver who gives up a lot of points to big men. I am a bit concerned because Kenneth Faried is out and he is a big reason why Denver has such bad D against bigs, but Davis is elite enough of a player where that shouldn't have a large effect on his performance.
Timofey Mozgov $3700
You would have to be crazy to not start this guy. Kenneth Faried is out for the Nuggets and Brian Shaw has chosen to move Hickson to PF and start Mozgov at Center. In the one game he has started, he scored 32 fantasy points in 32 minutes. Mozgov has had huge games when he has gotten minutes and draws a good matchup for him against Anthony Davis, who struggles for a guy his size to get rebounds. Best start of the day by far.
Arron Afflalo $6700
This is a sneakier pick. When Victor Oladipo got inserted into the starting lineup, Afflalo's stats got depressed. Oladipo is now riding the bench again and Afflalo has started to perform well again, averaging 38.4 FPPG in his last 3. Detroit is top 5 in fantasy points given up. Great play in GPPs as he shouldn't get many starts.
John Wall $9100
Last time Wall played the Timberwolves he had 16 assists but only 14 points. Minnesota is a fast paced team that gives up a lot of fantasy points and a lot of points to guards over big men. Pekovic and Love are great offensive players but just god awful rim protectors. That matches up very well for Wall who likes to run the floor, and who is relatively ineffective on drives to the hoop but should have easy pickings against Minnesota's front court.
Good luck!
DraftKings is offering a 100% deposit bonus up to $600 if you sign up through Fantasy Winners. With the NBA season just getting under way, now is a great time to get into fantasy NBA on Draftkings. Use our link to sign-up today!View all posts by Daniel Steinberg


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You're not big on telling everyone you meet how great you are? How about raising your visibility by writing—also without bragging? Let's see what Jack Appleman, author of 10 Steps to Successful Business Writing and a fellow introvert, says about that. As background, over the past few years his book has been required reading for a graduate course I teach on business writing and presentation skills at New York University.
NA: Writing is an often overlooked way for introverts to raise their career visibility. As a business writing author who teaches PR/communication at Manhattan College, you have a lot of tricks up your sleeve in that arena. How can introverts raise their profiles from the comfort of their keyboards and smart phones?


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Home > Ink Cartridges > Canon > Selphy Series > Canon Selphy CP530
Canon Selphy CP530 Ink Cartridges
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Canon Original KP-36IP Colour Ink & Paper Pack
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Canon Selphy CP530
The Canon Selphy is a printer that works on sublimation print technology and is capable of fulfilling the needs of today's busy office. It delivers printouts of professional quality with an impressive speed as well as resolution of 300 X 300 dpi for both colour and black printouts. It works on USB 2.0 port for easy and fast connectivity. It also posses various other excellent features compact design, light weight and many more to mention. The device from Canon is also very user-friendly that makes the printing fast and convenient.


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We all experience a little amount of stress in our day to day life. From your personal to professional life there are so many things to deal with. You feel stressed out due to several reasons. To elope from the stress you go on a walk, listen to music for hours or just scroll on the numerous videos to see what will work out for you.
The chaos of our daily lives creates a toil for our overall health. It creates an emotional burden as an immediate response to stressful situations. Lately, there are many physical problems associated with stress. Most common ones include headaches, upset stomach, sleep problems, fatigue etc. Ignoring the stress for a prolonged period can give us some serious ailments.
So you are taking additional stress now after reading what stress can do to your body? No need to worry as there are many ways to combat stress.
The most effective one turns out to be a stress ball according to Dr David Posen, a stress expert and the author of 'Is Work Killing You'?
Buy Book: Is Work Killing You? (Amazon)
Stress Ball Relaxation
When you are in the state if stress your body produces excess energy. The energy needs to be taken out somewhere. The release of the energy is often in the form of emotional outbursts. The energy gets released by crying or shouting or in any other violent way. The point is when you let go this stress energy in such ways, it always ends up in a negative way.
However, a physical release of that energy helps you calm down. Next time when you feel stressed, try to squeeze a stress ball. It will help you to relax. Squeezing a stress ball is not recommended as a long term solution. However, it will release the tension at the moment. It also helps to avoid other reactions of stress such as headaches or pain in other parts of the body.
Stress ball has many other benefits to offer apart from healing stress. Playing with a stress ball can heal damaged tissues in your hand. It strengthens the muscles of your hand. The ball improves your concentration.
According to a study, students who used stress balls are able to concentrate better than those who don't use stress balls.
Now, in a small corner of your mind, you might be still wondering that 'Is this all true'? To clear away the doubts I have tried to answer this question of yours in further paragraphs.
Do Stress Ball Work?
You may not confide in what I say. But the advantages of a stress ball is backed up by scientific reasons. Our brain has two channels, sensory channel and intellectual channel. The sensory channel consists of the senses of sound, sight, feel, taste and smell. Intellectual channel tries to put words to our feelings.
When you are stressed out your sensory channel gets blocked temporarily. Your thoughts become ambiguous. Your mind is preoccupied and is unable to concentrate on anything. That is why physical activity Like squeezing a ball helps you out of the situation.
What happens when you squeeze the ball?
The brain reacts to my stimuli quickly. When you squeeze the ball it sends a stimulus to the brain. The brain leaves whatever it is occupied with and works to send a reaction. That is why squeezing a stress ball is said to be effective. The brain uses its resources to focus on the sensation coming into your hands. This results in fewer resources to dedicate to stress. Your mind gets deviated from stressful thoughts. Hence, all your focus is redirected on the stress ball. It induces you to relax your mind.
Squeezing the stress ball is the simplest physical activity you may do anytime. Most of the offices have
If you get tired or stressed out in the office or school you cannot suddenly start dancing. But you can surely squeeze the stress ball and relax right at the moment.
How to squeeze the ball?
Take a ball in your hand firstly. Make your hand into a fist and squeeze the ball for 5 seconds.
Now relax your hand for a few seconds.
Start again by squeezing the ball another time.
But this time breath in when you clench your fists and exhale when you relax your hand.
Repeat it multiple times till you feel relaxed.
It is all about releasing tension. The feeling you get is known as muscular relaxation.
Do stress ball controls blood pressure?
More than one-third of all adults witness the problem of high blood pressure. This condition forces your heart to pump more blood. The pressure of blood flow in your veins increases. This further expands the chances of heart diseases and heart attacks.
The relation between stress and high blood pressure is a close one.
Read this 7 ways to reduce stress and keep blood pressure down.
When you are under any stressful situation your brain instructs your heart to pump more blood. The body is in a state of high alert and as a result, your blood pressure increases. If you are constantly in a state of stress your blood pressure is elevated for a prolonged period.
Read this How long can stress delay your period.
A study found that an association between stress levels and heart attacks. Increased stress directly results in heart problems and high blood pressure.
However, you don't need to worry about now. You can control your blood pressure by using stress balls.
How does the stress ball work to lower your blood pressure?
Scientists say stress ball boosts activity in the parts of your nervous system that controls blood pressure. This lowers blood pressure at the time of relaxation. It counteracts with your the sympathetic nervous system which raises the blood pressure in the first place.
There are many medicines to cut down the blood pressure. Excess use of medicines is harmful in the long run. On the other hand, the use of a stress ball is cost effective as well as harmless.
Squeezing the stress ball 10 minutes a day can do wonders for your health.
Regular exercises, jogging, dancing etc are the best ways to deal with blood pressure as suggested by the physicians. However, most of the patients of high blood pressure are of old age. They are too ill to go out and perform physical activities. Also, such activities involve high use of energy. Additionally, there are chances is a strain and other injuries.
On the other hand, gripping a ball in your fist will never cause any injury to you. Also, it does not require much energy. You do not have to plan out in advance the time and place as you have to do for other physical activities. All you need to do is just to take out a few minutes of your day.
Moreover, the stress ball is easy to carry. It can be used anywhere.
Does squeezing a stress ball burn calories?
Though the basic purpose of using a stress ball is to reduce stress, such additional benefit is like a cherry on the cake. Hand gripping exercise of squeezing the ball tones up the muscles in your hand. Your forearms look taller and better with time.
You burn around 150 calories for gripping the ball 100 times. Impressive, isn't it?
The other advantages along with the burning of calories include the better grip. Also, your hand strength increases when you train your hand in gripping exercises for a long time. Hand grips work on your fingers independently. The smoothness and skills of your finger increases. You get the extra benefit of your fingers if you are an artist or a musician.
However, you should not ignore the fact that the calories burned by the stress balls are obviously lesser as compared to other physical activities. So, use stress ball for its primary purpose and not as a means to burn calories.
What are the benefits of using a stress ball?
We have already looked at the many advantages of stress ball earlier. Now let's have a closer look at the most important benefits of a stress ball.
Relieve stress
Decreasing stress improves the quality of your life. No stress will lead to better sleep. Your concentration will be increased. The repeated pattern of grip helps to alleviate tension and stress. You feel healthy both mentally and physically. Your body remains in its natural state.
Physical Therapy
The muscles in your hand may become weak due to extra work. Maybe an injury might have occurred to you. Squeezing a ball will help you recover faster. Your hands will strengthen making your grip better. Better grip will increase your dexterity. You will recover from your previous strain or any other injury with the help of stress injury.
Better sleep
Stress causes sleep deprivation. The quality of your sleep degrades if you take stress continuously. If you are under stress you are unable to sleep properly. Problems such as hypersomnia or insomnia may develop which are very harmful to your overall health. Stress ball alleviates the stress and helps you sleep properly.
Read this How to Sleep Better if You're Stressed
Release of energy
Your body produces excess energy at the time of stressful situation. It is important to take out that energy positively otherwise it may burst out negatively. Squeezing the stress ball takes the energy out of your body. This way the energy gets released and your body comes back to its normal state.
Focus diversion
Sometimes you get lethargic working for long. Your mind starts focusing on the negative things. You start thinking more and get in the vicious cycle of stress. Use of stress ball diverts the focus of mind. It relieves your mind. Lately, you become more productive. Your concentration on your work comes back.
Historical evidence on the use of stress balls
The concept of using stress balls is not new. The evidence of the use of stress ball is traced for centuries. In China, wood and metallic ball are used for a hundred years. The balls weren't squeezy. You use them by rolling it in your hand. As you roll, the bells inside those hollow balls produce a sound. That sound was known as a very relaxing one.
However, it wasn't until the 1980s when stress balls began to be sold commercially. The balls used then were not squishy. Today, the balls are available in a variety of shapes and sizes.
Is using stress ball a permanent solution?
After knowing the number of benefits of stress ball you might have become a way too impressed. If you are thinking that now you will never face stress or anxiety then I must warn you. Stress balls offer a quick and temporary solution to your body. If you are in a state of prolonged stress then you might not totally rely on stress balls. Keep it handy to get rid of the day to day stress. A little ball on your table won't burn a hole in your pocket. Moreover, the advantages of it cannot be ignored.
If you feel stressed out for a long time try to confront and solve the problem. Use of temporary solution may alleviate tension in the short span of time. You should focus on your health as a long term plan.
So what are you wondering still? Go buy a comfy little stress ball for yourself.
Or else, if you want to have some fun you can even make your own stress ball too.
Then, keep it with you and let all your stress go away in the blink of an eye like magic. What else will relieve your stress this quickly? You will enjoy playing with it like a toy and it will do wonders to your entire body.
We make resolutions and plans to keep our body fit and healthy. We decide too much and do too less. And gradually, the plan we made is no longer processed. So why not try something different this time. Start by doing this little thing for your body. Don't forget, it's the little things that matter the most.