SCI Overview The priorities have been changing in the observatory since entering into operations. This transition has lead to a reduction in the technical time both for software testing and engineering tasks such as maintenance and hardware integration in benefit of having more time for science operations, and this tendency will increase in the following year. The previous reasons have lead to realize one of the weakest areas in the existent infrastructure for software testing: The simulation environment of the ALMA software.


Abstract A definition of structural defects in amorphous solids in terms of the distribution of the internal stresses on the atomic level and of the symmetry of the environment of individual atoms is introduced. This definition does not require an ideal reference structure. The concept of the internal stresses on the atomic scale has been previously applied to describe the core structure of crystalline dislocations. In this paper it has been applied to the model amorphous structure generated by a computer simulation. It was found that there is a significant variation in the magnitude and direction of internal stresses, and that there are regions of 10 to 20 atoms over which the stresses remain either high or low. A method of calculating the symmetry coefficients at atomic sites has been proposed, and applied to the same system. It has been shown that there are significant correlations between the internal stresses and the local symmetry. The low-stress, high-symmetry regions resemble microcrystalline clus...


Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a high molecular polymer, has good barrier property, acid or alkali resistance and degradability, which could be used as personal radiation protective equipment and pollution control articles in the nuclear industry, resulting in degradable radioactive technical wastes after use. The degradation treatment process of PVA degradable technology waste can realize validity separation of radionuclides and reduce the output of radioactive solid waste. In this study, MnxOy/γ-Al2O3, CuxOy/γ-Al2O3, FexOy/γ-Al2O3 and FexCuyMnzOw/γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles were prepared by the impregnation-calcination method, which were used as catalysts for the oxidative degradation of ultra-high concentration PVA organic waste solution, and the effects of initial pH of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dosing, catalyst dosing and initial concentration of PVA solution on the degradation of PVA were analyzed. The results showed that the best overall degradability was achieved by using FexCuyMnzOw/γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles as catalysts with the initial reaction concentration of PVA at 1%, the initial pH of the solution at 3, the reaction temperature at 60 °C, the catalyst dosage at 0.5 g/L and the H2O2 dosage at 60 mL/L. At this time, the concentration decrease rate of PVA could reach more than 95 %, the viscosity average molecular weight of degradation products reached 1395, the molecular weight decrease rate reached 99 %, and the degradation products mainly included butanone, benzaldehyde, hexanal, acetic acid and other unsaturated small molecules. In addition, the mechanism of hydroxyl radical generation by nanoparticles catalyzing hydrogen peroxide was discussed, and the reaction pathway of oxidative degradation of PVA macromolecules by hydroxyl radicals was proposed, which provided a reference for volume reduction treatment of PVA degradable waste in nuclear industry.


The complete Joule–Thomson inversion curve for hydrogen sulphide is determined via molecular simulations in adiabatic ensembles. In addition to NpH Monte Carlo simulations, two new versions of the density-of-states simulations are applied for smoothly scanning relevant thermodynamic ranges. With the use of realistic site–site intermolecular potential models the calculations yield good agreement with the accessible experimental data.


This paper examines developments in language policy planning in New Zealand over the last 20 years. The paper begins with a description of the New Zealand educational context, the country's changing demographics, and the uptake for learning languages as an elective in schools. The historical and sociopolitical contexts for language planning are described. The paper explores the nature of the curriculum as policy, using examples from a range of languages to support its line of argument. The paper presents curriculum reform as a site for enquiry and subsequent potential for change within changing sociocultural contexts and educational expectations. Some concluding remarks highlight the need to attend to the 'policy carriers' at the local level, if language policy planning, in whatever form it may take, is to be effective.


This paper presents the results of electromyographic investigations of quadriceps femoris muscle in 30 patients with recurrent anteromedial knee instability. The study was carried out on Neuroscreen electromyograph (Tonnies, Germany) according to standard protocol. Local electromyography with the use of concentric needle electrodes was carried out. Identified changes of the motor unit potentials in needle electromyography of quadriceps femoris muscle are most common for hypotrophy due to inactivity. The highest reduction of the indices of maximum free activity was detected in medial quadriceps femoris muscle. The optimal period for revision plasty of popliteal cruciate ligament is the time up to 180 days from the date of the recurrence of instability, when forces of the active stabilizers are not reduced to low levels.


This article was planned prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Just a few months before, Lidyja Romanenko, Ukraine's Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) national coordinator, and Olga Shelmekevych shared with us the details about the BFHI implementation in their country. We decided to publish it to showcase Ukraine's outstanding example of a country's commitment to the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) recommendations about breastfeeding support and protection in maternal and child health facilities. Ukraine has successfully implemented the BFHI for many years now, and the Initiative is, at present, completely integrated into Ukraine's healthcare system. It started in 1995 with Ukraine's Minister of Health (MoH) launching a 5 year program called "Supporting breastfeeding for infants in Ukraine." There were three editions of this program. In October 2011, the 28.10.11# 715 Expansion of the BabyFriendly Hospital Initiative in Ukraine national law was approved. It regulates breastfeeding promotion and support activities and requires all facilities serving mothers, infants, and children to achieve Baby-Friendly accreditation regardless of the type of service being offered (in-patient, outpatient, or antenatal care). It requires compliance with the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding in addition to asking for yearly assessments of Code compliance (named Step 11). It also asks for the implementation of mother friendly practices (named Step 12) in accordance with the WHO's 2009 BFHI guidance (WHO, 2009). A national BFHI Coordinating Committee under Ukraine's Ministry of Health, and a BFHI National Methodological and Monitoring Center (BFHI MMC) oversee and coordinate the implementation of the BFHI throughout the country. Counting on UNICEF's support, national and regional centers responsible for planning, monitoring, and assessing BFHI implementation activities locally, were created. Organizational changes in the healthcare system starting in 2018 and the COVID-19 pandemic slowed down BFHI certifications, recertifications, and assessments. Still, 95% of maternity facilities and 65% of children's hospitals remained accredited Baby-Friendly (BF) and 84% of births took place in BF hospitals, in 2020. According to their annual online national breastfeeding survey the exclusive breastfeeding rate among infants less than 6 months was 54.9% in 2020. The Code has not yet been included in Ukrainian laws and while healthcare institutions abide by it, teaching institutions and the media are not obliged to respect its requirements. In Ukraine, the La Leche League, local breastfeeding mother's support groups (Milky Rivers), the International Baby Food Action Network, and healthcare workers, including International Board Certified Lactation Consultants, all offer support and guidance on breastfeeding. Mother-tomother support groups are numerous and very active throughout the country even though the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected their activities. Telephone and online resources are widely available. World Breastfeeding Week is jointly celebrated by these groups and healthcare institutions yearly. When political powers decide to wage war or invade countries, the most vulnerable suffer the most, and women and children are at the top of this list. The BFHI Network wishes to express its strongest condemnation of wars of any kind and condemn in particular the war that started February 24 this year with Russia invading Ukraine. We hope the war ends soon.


The Air Force installations on the continental United States as well as Alaska and Hawaii, were evaluated as to the possibility of utilizing geothermal energy to develop electricity, produce process steam, or heat and/or cool buildings. Twenty-five bases have suspected geothermal resources available. Because of either need or available technology seven installations were rated priority I, six were rated priority II and priority III and IV totaled ten. Geological and geophysical data indicated further investigation of the priority I installations, Saylor Creek Range, Idaho, Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota, Charleston AFB, South Carolina, Kirkland AFB, New Mexico, Vandenberg AFB, California, Luke AFB, Arizona, and Williams AFB, Arizona, should be accomplished as soon as possible. The use of geothermal energy will decrease the need for fossil fuels by the USAF and during times of short supply allow such fuels to be used for the Air Force's primary mission, military defense.


Since borosilicate glass has been chosen as the primary matrix for the immobilization of radionuclide waste, study of the chemistry of actinides such as uranium in this glass network is essential for the design, construction, and optimization of advanced vitrification processes. In this work, the fluorescence and UV-vis properties of uranium doped in various glass matrices have been investigated. Results show that the fluorescence spectra as well as the lifetime distributions can be used to study the fundamental chemical properties of actinides in molten glasses such as the local structural heterogeneity. In addition, the fluorescence lifetime distribution of uranium can be used as an in situ optical sensor to determine its concentration in the immobilizing glass matrix. Study of the redox chemistry of uranium in the borosilicate glass suggests that the redox state of uranium is controlled by the basicity of the network as well as the imposed oxygen fugacity. The decomposition equations proposed in this paper can well explain the equilibria of uranium in molten glasses. These findings will have a broad impact on understanding the chemistry of uranium in glass melts and improving the current immobilization process.


Silvia Masiero explores the computerisation of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in Karnataka, and details the assumptions and food security policy that is being advanced by the adoption of technology.


This work presents a macro model for discrete-time sigma‒delta modulators, which can significantly reduce the simulation time compared to transistor level circuits. The proposed macro model is realized by effectively combining active and passive ideal circuit components with Verilog-A modules. As such, since the macro model is a true representation of the actual transistor level circuit, a moderately good accuracy can be obtained. In addition, the proposed macro model includes the major amplifier, comparator, and switch‒capacitor non-idealities of the sigma‒delta modulator such as amplifier DC gain, GBW, slewrate, comparator bandwidth, hysteresis, parasitic capacitance, and switch-on resistance. The results show the simulation time of the proposed macro model sigma‒delta modulator is only 6.43% of the transistor level circuit with comparable accuracy. As a result, the proposed macro model can facilitate the circuit design and leverage non-ideality analysis of discrete-time sigma‒delta modulators. As a practical design example, a second order discrete-time sigma‒delta modulator with a five-level quantizer is realized using the propose macro model for GSM and WCDMA applications.


In the previous work on Lillie's nerve model, we found that the law of isolated conduction holds very good in the model (Yamagiwa 1)), that is, the cores appear as if they were independent from and indifferent to each other as far as the activation conduction is concerned. In fact, however, they cannot be quite so, because they are not isolated electrically and the activation current emanating from an activated core flows really into the others. The point is that the current is of such a small intensity that it cannot activate them in the usual conditions. The object of the present work is to examine the effects of this weak electric current penetrating the neighbouring cores upon their activation conductions. The true object lies of course in the hope that it may help us more or less in the studies on, or in the understanding of, nervous conduction, where the electric interaction among the fibres must be playing a role as in the model. As to the influences of active fibres upon the neighbouring resting ones, we have had rather few informations. If we exclude those on the non-isolated conduction, which were quoted in the former report (Yamagiwa 1)), we have perhaps only those of Otani 2), Katz and Schmitt 3), Blair and Erlanger 4), Renshaw and Therman 5), and Marrazzi and Lorente de Nð®.6) They are all concerned with the change of excitability of the resting fibres, except that of Katz and Schmitt, which dealt also with the effect upon the conduction velocity. They discovered the phenomenon of •gsynchronization•h of the impulses in two adjacent nerve fibres of slightly different conduction velocities, and also the phenomenon of •gslowing•h of the impulses, when they are advancing entirely •gin step•h. The present work, which was performed independently during the war time without being aware of their work, resulted partly in reconfirming their important findings and also in revealing some other facts, which will be described briefly in the following pages.


The sol-gel process was applied for the preparation of neodymium (Nd 3 + ) containing silica gel. Two different procedures have been studied using two different precursor materials (TMOS) and (TEOS), giving silica gel and silica containing Nd 3 + of type I and type II, respectively. The absorption edge was determined. The normal transmission was measured using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer FTIR. Raman analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were carried out to determine the crystal structure of the prepared samples. The thermally treated sample microstructures were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscope. Microheterogeneities with amorphous nature are found at lower temperature, where crystalline phase appeared at higher temperature. Also DTA and TGA characteristic techniques were used. The photoluminescence PL measurements were carried out.


We investigate the type-III seesaw fermionic charged triplet (Σ±) production in the process e+e− → Σ+Σ− at International Linear Collider (ILC), with further decay of Σ to Wv and to Hμ. The final state decay distributions of triplets are analysed in order to check the sensitivity of their mixing with SM leptons and to understand their properties. The triplet state (Σ) having mass around 200 GeV, will be produced in large numbers at ILC with centre of mass energy of 500 GeV and a moderate integrated luminosity of 50 fb−1.


Part 1: Introduction Part 2. The Collection of Nature and the Nature of Collecting Revealing the Social and Spatial Dynamics of CollectingCollecting as Simple Acquisition: Decontextualization and ExoticizationCollection as Concentration and ControlCollection as Recirculation and RegulationNew World CollectorsPart 3: Speedup: Accelerating the Social and Spatial Dynamics of Collecting Retheorizing Life Forms: Material and Informational?The Rise of the Information and Bio-Information EconomiesEmerging Markets: The Regulation of Trade in Bio-InformationPart 4: New Collectors, New Collections "When the world was a kinder and gentler place": Early Players and Vacation Pursuits"An historic revival of collecting"Impetus for the Revival: Technological ChangeThe Biodiversity Convention: New Protocols and New RationalesGATT TRIPs: New Protections, New IncentivesThe Practice and Process of CollectingPart 5: The Fate of the Collections From Reproduction to Replication"Build it for us"Combinations and PermutationsThe Diminishing Role of in situ CollectingThe Advent of MicrosourcingRe-mining ex situ CollectionsThe Emerging Trade in Collected Genetic and Biochemical MaterialsHire Plants: Renters and BrokersTransacting Bio-Information: Licensing and "Pay-per-View"Part 6: Taming the Slippery Beast: Regulating Trade in Bio-Information Compensatory Agreements: The Rise of a Proto-Universal Culture of Regulation?Networks, Capillaries, and the Geography of Knowledge SystemsCompensatory Agreements: Investigating Terms and ConditionsInfrastructural Support and Technical TrainingFuture Benefits: Royalty PaymentsTaming the Slippery BeastRegulating the Unlicensed Copying of Bio-InformationConcentration and Control: Patenting Collected MaterialsThe Complexities of "Co-Inventorship"Part 7: Back to the Future


The interfacial reaction of Ta thin films on (100) Si was investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. An amorphous layer was observed at the as-deposited Ta/Si interface. A phase of Ta5Si3 was first found to form at the interface between a Ta overlayer and the amorphous layer after annealing at 560 °C for 1 h. Annealing at 630 °C for 1 h led to the formation of another interlayer due to the outdiffusion of Si between the amorphous layer and Si. The phase in this interlayer transformed from a metastable one to TaSi2 due to annealing at 680 °C for 1 h. The first nucleation of Ta5Si3 at the interface between Ta and the amorphous layer implies that the initially formed amorphous layer has a metal-rich composition close to Ta5Si3. The formation of the interlayer between the amorphous layer and Si prior to the nucleation of TaSi2 was considered as a result of a kinetic constraint to favor the nucleation of TaSi2.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The benefits of wind energy had previously been captured in the literature at an overview level with relatively low transparency or ability to understand the basis for that information. This has limited improvement and decision-making to larger questions such as wind versus other electrical sources (such as coal-fired plants). This research project has established a substantially different approach which is to add modular, high granularity life cycle inventory (lci) information that can be used by a wide range of decision-makers, seeking environmental improvement. Results from this project have expanded the understanding and evaluation of the underlying factors that can improve both manufacturing processes and specifically wind generators. The use of life cycle inventory techniques has provided a uniform framework to understand and compare the full range of environmental improvement in manufacturing, hence the concept of green manufacturing. In this project, the focus is on 1. the manufacturing steps that transform materials and chemicals into functioning products 2. the supply chain and end-of-life influences of materials and chemicals used in industry Results have been applied to wind generators, but also impact the larger U.S. product manufacturing base. For chemicals and materials, this project has provided a standard format formore » each lci that contains an overview and description, a process flow diagram, detailed mass balances, detailed energy of unit processes, and an executive summary. This is suitable for integration into other life cycle databases (such as that at NREL), so that broad use can be achieved. The use of representative processes allows unrestricted use of project results. With the framework refined in this project, information gathering was initiated for chemicals and materials in wind generation. Since manufacturing is one of the most significant parts of the environmental domain for wind generation improvement, this project research has developed a fundamental approach. The emphasis was place on individual unit processes as an organizing framework to understand the life cycle of manufactured products. The rearrangement of unit processes provides an efficient and versatile means of understanding improved manufactured products such as wind generators. The taxonomy and structure of unit process lci were developed in this project. A series of ten unit process lci were developed to sample the major segments of the manufacturing unit process taxonomy. Technical and economic effectiveness has been a focus of the project research in Task three. The use of repeatable modules for the organization of information on environmental improvement has a long term impact. The information developed can be used and reused in a variety of manufacturing plants and for a range of wind generator sizes and designs. Such a modular approach will lower the cost of life cycle analysis, that is often asked questions of carbon footprint, environmental impact, and sustainability. The use of a website for dissemination, linked to NREL, adds to the economic benefit as more users have access to the lci information. Benefit to the public has been achieved by a well-attended WSU conference, as well as presentations for the Kansas Wind Energy Commission. Attendees represented public interests, land owners, wind farm developers, those interested in green jobs, and industry. Another benefit to the public is the start of information flow from manufacturers that can inform individuals about products.« less


Comparative law and economics is an interdisciplinary research field in which differences among legal systems are analyzed from an economic point of view. The papers in this path-breaking collection illustrate those differences, describe their economic effects and discover which legal rules or systems are optimal from an economic viewpoint.


Objective. Rehabilitation after laryngectomy often includes the use of a shunt valve and a tracheostoma valve to restore voice. To improve the fixation method of these valves, a new tissue connector (TC) has been developed. 1

Materials and methods. The TC consists of a quarter of a titanium ring fixed to a polypropylene mesh. In the first series of four goats, polypropylene mesh was implanted around the trachea. In the second series, the complete TC was implanted in the trachea with the titanium rig penetrating the trachea. All TCs were removed after 12 weeks.

Results. No infection or severe inflammation reaction was detected. The spaces in the polypropylene mesh were filled with soft tissue in both series. In the second series, the titanium ring was overgrown with mucosal tissue in three of the four goats.

Conclusion. The TC seems appropriate for its intended use, but more research is necessary to prevent mucosal overgrowth.


Approximate Entropy (ApEn) provides a new dimensionless factor to denote the irregularity of time series from the view of complexity measuring. Only short time series are needed to calculate the ApEn of random signal or ascertain signals with high anti interference ability. The conception, nature and a practical fast algorithm are introduced. Successful application has been achieved to analyze the looseness fault in bearing bushing of turbo generator set. The results show that ApEn has high ability to quantify the complexity of signals, thereby providing an effective technology for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of mechanical equipment.


This paper presents the design of double closed-loop security control structure. This structure is divided into two parts. First of all, sensor-controller-actuator loop completes the transmission of control signal output and measurement signal feedback. During the transmission process, the effects of uncertainties, perturbations, faults and attacks are coupled. Further, controller-detector loop is adopted to detect the faults and attacks due to their actual effect on NCSs. In addition, a novel anti-attack framework is proposed based-on the adversary's behavior and effects on NCSs. By this framework, system security conditions are obtained, and two algorithms are design to determine the attacks during the output and feedback channels, flow charts of algorithms are presented as well.


Sinusoidal steady-state field exists widely in power transmission and transformation system and other practical engineering. In the case of two dimensions (2-D), the calculation formula for the maximum of the field vector has been proposed and the study on the endpoint trajectory of field vector has been completed. However, further research on three dimensional (3-D) Sinusoidal steady-state field vector is required to compute the maximum and understand the endpoint trajectory. In this paper, analytical formulas for the maximum and minimum of 3-D sinusoidal steady-state field vector have been deduced based on phasor. It is demonstrated that the endpoint trajectory is an elliptical orbit in 3-D space by coordinate transformation. The availability of the formulas is verified by comparing the numerical method and the formula results. The application of the formulas presented here results in important computation convenience and time savings.


Wuhan connects theeast and the west because of itsposition,economy and cultureadvantages. On the basis of na-tional regional strategy layout,aging industry structure anddeficiecy of institution inovationetc., Wuhan is faced with greatchallenges against its own devel-opment and regional role. Withthe viewpoint of macroeconomyharmony , the article tells us thatWuhan should make use of advan-tages and shun harm to play a spe-cial part in the regional economylayout.


By 2008 ice storm conditions and status of Guizhou electric power communication network for analysis, clear communication networks in Guizhou power problems while on public telecommunication resources of that network communication using public resources for diversification,improved three - dimensional Guizhou power communication network against major natural disasters is an effective complement to further pointed out that the three - dimensional development of the need for electric power communication network.


Summary Safety is a basic human need. It is a condition, which gives a sense of confidence and assurance in behaviour and also provides an opportunity for improvement. Therefore, it is appropriate to conduct research in this area with the aim of securing such a condition. For this reason the article describes characteristics of selected empirical methods, which are applied in research concerning safety. Such methods facilitate examination of processes with the aim of drawing conclusions and ultimately securing a safe existence for all. The article describes research methods such as: observation, experiments, interviews, expert methods and modelling. Supplementing theory with empirical methods creates an opportunity for securing reliable data, which can provide the basis for avoiding risk situations, which threaten stability.


Welcome to the tenth annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Career Panel. The questions answered by this panel address many of the issues that graduate students and recent graduates have about entering the Human Factors field. The goal of this panel is to help individuals interested in becoming Human Factors professionals prepare for their career. This year the panel members each prepared a brief paper to help individuals plan for, prepare for, and commence their careers. During the HFES meeting panel session, the panel will focus on questions from the audience.


Abstract For production of the medically interesting β+-emitter 55Co (T1/2=17.6 h) via the 54Fe(d,n)-reaction, 91.6% enriched 54Fe2O3, mixed with Al powder, was pressed to a pellet which could be irradiated with 14 MeV deuterons at 4µA in a water-cooled target system. A separation method was developed which led to >99.9% pure 55Co and allowed a recovery of the enriched target material. For a target thickness of Ed=12.6 → 5 MeV, the experimental thick target yield of 55Co after chemical separation amounted to about 13 MBq/µA·h, which is about 60% of the theoretical value. In a 3 h irradiation at 4µA, the batch yield of 55Co achieved was 160 MBq (4.3 mCi). An 8 h irradiation could lead to a batch yield of about 400 MBq. The 54Fe(d,n) reaction leads to the highest purity 55Co but it is essential that the isotopic enrichment of the target is not less than 90%. In addition to the production work, cross sections were measured for the 54Fe(d,t) 53Fe and 54Fe(d,α)52mMn reactions using the standard stacked-foil technique and high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. The cross section ratio for the isomeric pair 52m,gMn is discussed in terms of the spins of the two states involved and the increasing projectile energy.


Social capital plays an urgent role in building and maintaining elan vital of student bodies which are up to some level fragmented into subcomponent labels and step down into internal frictions. The social capital should emerge and be maintained in any activity of students organi zations and interrelation among them. Student boards and also lecturers should have conscious ness to raise and increase the social capital.


Based on sample evaluation, this article investigates didactic actions and the display of expertise within the field of popular music-related online tutorials distributed on YouTube. In a first step, didactic activity and musical expertise are discussed with reference to institutional, interactional and media aspects in order to gain a comprehensive image of what influences the teaching of popular music. By means of the sample evaluation – the sample concentrates on highly-requested YouTube channels – basic insights into the specificity of the didactic situation induced by popular music-related online tutorials are to be provided. The analysis pays particular attention to the interlacing of knowledge organization, performance and audio-visual production. Overall, it can be shown how specific rules regarding the representation and gratification of expertise emerge in the YouTube media environment, examples of which are the "professional" appearance of the instructors and the compartmentalization of popular music-related cultural knowledge.


© 2007 The Authors Journal compilation © 2007 Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia suppress the senses, and petrify the boundary between the world and the self. Education in any creative field today has to begin from the questioning of the absoluteness of the world and with the re-sensitization of the boundaries of self. The main objective of artistic education is not directly in the principles of artistic making, but in the personality of the student and his/her self-image in relation to the world and the traditions of art. Educational change concerning the significance of the sensory realm is urgently needed to enable us to discover ourselves as complete physical and mental beings, to fully utilize our capacities, and to make us less vulnerable to manipulation and exploitation. Even more importantly, an unbiased and full understanding of human existence is a prerequisite for a dignified life.


PISP1, a heteropolysaccharide isolated from fruiting bodies of Phellinus igniarius by hot aqueous extraction and purified by DEAE-Sepharose anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography, is composed of fucose, galactose, mannose, and 3-O-Me-galactose in a ratio of 1:2:1:2. Methylation, monosaccharide analysis, and NMR studies (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY-45°, TOCSY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC) revealed that PISP1 had a backbone consisting of 1,6-disubstituted-3-O-Me-α-D-galactopyranosyl residue, 1,3,6-trisubstituted-α-D-manopyranosyl residue, 1,4-disubstituted-α-D-galactopyranosyl residue, and 1,2-disubstituted-α-D-galactopyranosyl residue, and had a 1-substituted-α-L-fucopyranosyl terminal attached to O-3 of a manopyranosyl residue. Preliminary bioactivity tests conducted in vitro revealed that PISP1 stimulated the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes.


▪ Abstract The status of searches for gravitational microlensing events of the stars in our galaxy and in other galaxies of the Local Group, the interpretation of the results, some theory, and prospects for the future are reviewed. The searches have already unveiled ∼ 100 events, at least two of them caused by binaries, and have already proven to be useful for studies of the Galactic structure. The events detected so far are probably attributable to the effects of ordinary stars, and possibly to substellar brown dwarfs; however, a firm conclusion cannot be reached yet because the analysis published to date is based on a total of only 16 events. The current searches, soon to be upgraded, will probably allow determination of the mass function of stars and brown dwarfs in the next few years; these efforts will also provide good statistical information about binary systems, in particular their mass ratios. They may also reveal the nature of dark matter and allow us to detect planets and planetary mass objects.


Objectives: To determine if I/A Methotrexate is effective in rheumatoid arthritis.Material and methods: this study was conducted in medical B unit of postgraduate medical institute, lady reading hospital and a private rheumatology clinic in Peshawar.A total of 40 rheumatoid arthritis patients who were resistant to patients who were I/A steroids were included in the study. At first visit 12.5 mg intra-articular Methotrexate with lignocaine was injected with aseptic technique. Twenty eight patients completed follow up and again 12.5 mg I/A Methotrexate was given. Clinical improvement was assessed with visual analogue scale (VAS) and parameter like pain, swelling, flexion and ESR. Patients with septic joints, sepsis around the joint, I/A steroids within last three months and bleeding disorders were excluded from the study.Results: A total of 28 patients completed twice follow up one for re-injection and other for response analysis. Eighteen (64.3%) were females and 10 (35.7%) males. The age range was from 40 to 50 years with mean age of 45.9643 +3.21 SD years. No response was received from 11 patients 6 females and 5 males with VAS 10/10 for pain and swelling, flexion up to 30 degree and ESR>60mm/hr. Partial response was recorded in 11 patients 7 females and 4 males, with VAS 5-10/10 for pain and swelling, flexion 30-90 degree and ESR 41-60mm/hr, Good response (VAS 0-4 /10 for pain and swelling) was noted in 6 patients with flexion >90 degree and ESR 20-40mm/hr.Conclusion: Our studyresponse ratewas 6/28 (21.42%) which is encouraging besides our patients received only two injections I/A MTX and is much better than as reported in very few studies from abroad. It is the first ever study on I/A Methotrexate from NWFP and probably from Pakistan.


With the prospective of developing an integrated monitoring system aimed at assessing whether a landing gear has experienced hard impact during the approach, a dedicated method is developed aimed at determining vertical speed by means of strain measurement via FBG strain sensors. Representative impacts on simple structural elements have been reproduced in laboratory, as aluminum slender beams of different lengths were dropped from given heights onto a steel plate base. Contact velocities have been estimated by deformations detection.


International law developed originally as a body of norms concerning, and for the benefit of, States and governments. The protection of the rights of the individual was of secondary concern in its early history. Even today, most of its basic premises, rules and principles are still shaped by the inter-State system characterising contemporary international relations. However, in modern times, there has been rising global insistence that States, governments, institutions and laws exist to serve the people and there is a persistent, universal outcry for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of the individual to be respected and assured. The human factor is emerging, at last, as the factor which should govern in every situation. With this objective in mind, the norms of international law are coming under persistent scrutiny from the point of view of whether they are conducive to the promotion and protection of the rights of the individual. And where the law has not yet developed responses for dealing with problems, old or new, affecting the rights of the individual, the international community expects of it that it should quickly show its capacity for imaginativeness and innovation and that it should demonstrate its ability to discharge its basic function: respecting, ensuring and advancing the dignity and rights of individuals throughout the world.


The incidence of obesity in the United States has increased dramatically along with its associated comorbidities (eg, heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes) and mortality risk.1 Bariatric surgery has surfaced as one effective method to counteract morbid obesity. Compared with complete gastric bypass surgery, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) has become more popular because of its reversibility and association with a shortened hospital course and fewer complications.2 Complications from LAGB are typically device-related; however, recent reports of pseudoachalasia have surfaced.


BMJ reporters Gareth Iacobucci and Abi Rimmer spoke to junior doctors on the picket line at the Royal London Hospital during the 24 hour strike across England on Tuesday 12 January


We consider a loop-quantum gravity inspired modification of general relativity, where the Holst action is generalized by making the Barbero-Immirzi (BI) parameter a scalar field, whose value could be dynamically determined. The modified theory leads to a nonzero torsion tensor that corrects the field equations through quadratic first derivatives of the BI field. Such a correction is equivalent to general relativity in the presence of a scalar field with nontrivial kinetic energy. This stress energy of this field is automatically covariantly conserved by its own dynamical equations of motion, thus satisfying the strong equivalence principle. Every general relativistic solution remains a solution to the modified theory for any constant value of the BI field. For arbitrary time-varying BI fields, a study of cosmological solutions reduces the scalar-field stress energy to that of a pressureless perfect fluid in a comoving reference frame, forcing the scale-factor dynamics to be equivalent to those of a stiff equation of state. Upon ultraviolet completion, this model could provide a natural mechanism for k inflation, where the role of the inflaton is played by the BI field and inflation is driven by its nontrivial kinetic energy instead of a potential.


I declare that I have authored this thesis independently, that I have not used other than the declared sources / resources, that I have explicitly marked all material which has been quoted either literally or by content from the used sources and that this work has not been submitted, either in part or whole, for a degree at this or any other University. A conference submission based on parts of this thesis has been prepared in cooperation with my supervisor, Dr. Yannick Versley. The paper titled Subsentential Sentiment Analysis on a Shoestring: A Crosslingual Analysis of Compositional Classification has


ABSTRACT Purpose: Topical formulations are less effective in treating retinal inflammatory diseases due to poor avaliability of drug at target tissues. Nanofibers due to their unique structural features show great promise for drug delivery to retinal segment following topical application. Aim: The aim of the present study was to design preservative free controlled release ocular drug delivery system for improved drug availability at the target site with higher patient compliance. Materials and Methods: The fluocinolone acetonide-loaded PCL nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning technique. Optimized formulation was chosen on the basis of outcome of inclusive in-vitro characterization, SEM, FTIR, XRD, in-vitro release, isotonicity, sterility, and biodegradibility. The relative efficacy of optimized formulation was investigated in rabbits against its marketed counter part. Results: The prepared fibers were sterile, smooth, non-woven and they showed extended drug release behavior. Ocular and plasma kinetics showed therapeutic levels at the target site while minimizing systemic distribution. Conclusions: Preclinical results established that PCL nanofibers serve as a promising drug carrier for retinal segment.


This article describes the recent experiences of the School of Medical Education, at the University of New South Wales, in working with Pacific Island countries, and draws those experiences together with some lessons from the published literature to propose a set of key principles that relate to capacity building.


High-cycle-fatigue/creep experiments were performed on a 9%Cr-1%Mo temperered marten-site ferritic steel at 873 K in air. The stress ratio R=σmin/σmax ranged from-1 ("pure" fatigue) to 1 ("pure" creep). The maximum stress σmax was kept constant at 240 MPa. The lifetime depends on the stress ratio R in a non-monotonic way.

In the stress ratio interval 0.6 < R < 1.0 both the creep strain rate and the lifetime are controlled by mean stress σmassof the stress cycle. In the stress ratio interval — 1 < R < 0.2 the lifetime is controlled by the stress amplitude na. The fatigue/creep interaction occurs in between these intervals.

The fatigue/creep loading induces transformation of the tempered martensite ferritic structure into an equiaxed subgrain structure. The resulting subgrain size depends strongly on the stress ratio.


We reported experimental results of the resonant scattering of light from a system prism-glass/Ag/MgF2/air in the ATR-Kretschmann configuration, for p-polarized light incident by the glass side. The thickness of the dielectric film is chosen in such a way that in the absence of roughness the system supports 3 transverse magnetic (TM) guided modes, at a wavelength λ = 632.8 nm of the incident light. The scattering is due to the natural roughness of each interface of the system, while the resonant character of the scattering is due to the excitation of the guided modes and their interaction with the interfaces roughness. The scattered light shows six peaks at angles given by θ1 = ± 61.65 0, θ2 = ± 53.69 0, and θ3 = ± 43.40 0, for any angle of incidence. These angles correspond to the excitation of the guided modes. The scattering response is enhanced when the angle of incidence is equal to one of the angles of excitation of the guided modes.


Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly important role in medicine, especially in the field of medical imaging. It can be used to diagnose diseases and predict certain statuses and possible events that may happen. Recently, more and more studies have confirmed the value of AI based on ultrasound in the evaluation of diffuse liver diseases and focal liver lesions. It can assess the severity of liver fibrosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver, differentially diagnose benign and malignant liver lesions, distinguish primary from secondary liver cancers, predict the curative effect of liver cancer treatment and recurrence after treatment, and predict microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. The findings from these studies have great clinical application potential in the near future. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively introduce the current status and future perspectives of AI in liver ultrasound. Core Tip: Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly important role in medicine, especially in the field of medical imaging. Currently, there is a need of a comprehensive review to introduce the application of AI based on ultrasound in diffuse and focal liver lesions. In this article, we introduce the application of AI in the assessment of liver fibrosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver and the differentiation of focal liver lesions. In addition, we discuss the performance of AI based on ultrasound in predicting curative effect, prognosis and microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Lastly, we illustrate the future prospect of AI in liver ultrasound.


5545 Background: With the December 19, 2018 regulatory approval by the US FDA of olaparib tablets as maintenance therapy for women with deleterious or suspected deleterious germline or somatic BRCAmut advanced ovarian carcinoma, it becomes important to clarify the role of PARP inhibitors in this disease. We evaluated cost-effectiveness of olaparib in the upfront (SOLO1) versus the recurrent maintenance setting (SOLO2). Methods: Data were obtained from SOLO1, the phase 3 placebo-controlled randomized upfront maintenance study among gBRCAmut patients [median PFS greater than 49.8 vs 13.8m: HR 0.30; 95% CI, 0.23-0.41; p < 0.001, NCT01844986] and SOLO2, the phase 3 placebo-controlled randomized maintenance study among gBRCAmut patients with platinum-sensitive recurrence and at least two prior lines of therapy [median PFS 19.1 vs 5.5m: HR 0.30; 95% CI, 0.22-0.41; p < 0.0001, NCT01874353]. Investigator-assessed median PFS and toxicity data from the trials were incorporated in a Markov model which transitioned patients through response, hematologic complications, non-hematologic complications, progression, and death. Using TreeAge Pro 2015, the costs of pre-treatment testing (eg. gBRCAmut), medications, and management of adverse effects were analyzed. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per month of life gained and individual PFS-life year saved (PFS-LYS) were also calculated and compared. Results: In SOLO1, cost prior to progression was 1.7x that of SOLO2 ($937,440 vs $564,451). With the extended, estimated median PFS of at least 49.8m for SOLO1 and 19.1m for SOLO2, upfront maintenance therapy was more cost-effective. SOLO 1 was associated with $312,480 PF-LYS per individual patient, while SOLO2 demonstrated $498,045 PF-LYS. Maintenance olaparib was found to be more cost-effective in the 1st-line setting, with an ICER of $12,149 per month of life gained when compared directly to SOLO2. Conclusions: Although the higher cost associated with olaparib in SOLO1 reflects the longer time patients stay on drug due to extended PFS, the ICER supports early use in the disease course as first-line maintenance therapy among women with gBRCAmut advanced ovarian carcinoma.


Multiple hereditary exostoses is a rare autosomal dominant condition that affects approximately one in 50,000. The genetic mutations leading to multiple hereditary exostoses are located in the EXT1 or EXT2 genes, which are in part responsible for the heparan sulfate chain elongation or formation. The type of genotypical abnormality may have direct influence in the phenotypical appearance of the affected children. The literature is filled with studies on the etiology and genetics of this condition. There are also several reports on different surgical techniques for osteochondroma removal and for reconstruction of secondary deformities resulting from the osteochondromas. There is, however, a paucity of studies on the natural history of the disease and the quality of life of these patients as it relates to development and growth, physical activities, integration into society, and the presence of symptoms, such as pain. The study by Goud et al. aimed at evaluating the natural history and impact of multiple hereditary exostoses on the quality of life of patients as they reach adulthood. They analyzed 283 patients with multiple hereditary exostoses in the Netherlands and utilized selfassessment tools for children and adults. Among the children, approximately 60% played sports, but another almost 30% had stopped because of the multiple hereditary exostoses. The older the kids, the more likely they were to stop. Half of the children attending school had complaints, most related to physical activities but also including difficulty writing and using computers or being bullied. Approximately 60% of the children had pain (usually associated with a more negative perception of their disease), problems at school, and a greater number of surgical procedures. Among adults, approximately 50% had to stop playing sports because of the multiple hereditary exostoses. Although 65% of the adults were employed, almost 30% had to change or tailor their jobs, which included making modifications to their workplace, because of their disease. Older patients tended to have insurance-related problems, such as higher premium payments. Approximately 80% of the adults had pain. Pain was worsened by activities such as walking or lifting heavy objects, and a third of the patients needed pain medications regularly. The presence of pain related to problems at work. Almost 90% of the adults compared with less than half of the children needed at least one surgical procedure. Darilek et al. showed in their cross-sectional study that the prevalence of pain (diffuse, not necessarily over an exostosis) in children and adults with multiple hereditary exostoses reached approximately 80%. Approximately 80% of the patients in their study needed surgical treatment. The authors also reported a correlation between pain and the need for surgery or the presence of complications related to multiple hereditary exostoses, such as muscle or tendon impingement. Over 70% of the study cohort used some pain medication. While multiple hereditary exostoses may be seen as a disease of the growing skeleton, it is evident that the burden of this condition extends beyond childhood and adolescence, and this burden may actually worsen throughout life. Despite the possible cultural differences between the patient population studied by Goud et al. and the patient population in North America, this study shows that there is an increase in the prevalence of pain, childbearing complications, and need for surgery throughout adulthood. These findings highlight the need for adequate counseling, long-term follow-up, and measures to improve the quality of life of patients with multiple hereditary exostoses. Alexandre Arkader, MD* Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California


The traditional approach to civil engineering contracts is set out in the following documents (which were published during the 1970s and early 1980s):
■ General Conditions of Contract for Use in Connection with Works of Civil Engineering Construction (fifth edition) (GCC 1982).
■ South African Association of Consulting Model Form 1 All Disciplines, Articles and Conditions of Agreement
■ Civil Engineering Quantities (third edition) (CEQ73)
■ SABS 1200, Standardised specification for civil engineering construction
■ SABS 0120, Code of practice for use with standardised specifications for civil engineering and contract documents


Proton exchange membrane (PEM)-based water electrolysis currently requires the use of iridium (Ir) as the anodic catalyst. Among the various iridium-based electrocatalysts, ultrafine metallic Ir nanoparticles have gained considerable attention...


LITERARY NOTES. THE current number of the Quarterly Reviewv contains an interesting and well-documented article on Leprosy by Mr. George Bernet. Speaking of the leprosy of the Bible, he says that it has been doubted whether the word Caracuth means true leprosy. " The leper white as snow " was suffering more probably from leucoderma, which has nothing to do with leprosy. Leucoderma, says Mr. Pernet, is not contagious,butit is difficult to understand why such minute directions for disinfection and segregation should have been given in the Old Testament in the case of a non-contagious disease. In Western India two kinds of leprosy are popularly recognized. One is called black leprosy, or, in Marathi, raktapiti ; the other, white leprosy, goesby the name of kod. The former is true leprosy, but the latter is now, and corresponds, no doubt, to leucoderma or vitiligo, which has nothing whatever to do with leprosy. The word Caraath perhaps included leucoderma and other nonleprous. diseases, such as the itch, but possibly true leprosy also. According to the late Sir Richard Burton, leprosy was regarded by Moslems as a scriptural malady on account of its prevalence among the Israelites, " who, as Manetho tells us, were expelled from Egypt because they infected and polluted the population." The Arabs also distinguish two kinds of leprosy-bahakl or baras, the common or white, and juzam, the black or true leprosy, which latter in Morocco goes by the name of djdem. But, according to a recent writer, baras in Morocco includes vitiligo, cicatricial conditions, morphoea, and so forth; in Algeria it applies to leprosy. In Morocco there is also a word used for pigmented or black s.pots.-namely, behegh. Again, in Turkestan, two diseases are dis.tinguished-machan, or true leprosy, and pjes'j or vitiligo (leucoderma). Mr. Pernet shows that the statement often made, that leprosy was imported into Western Europe by the Crusaders, is incorrect; but he says it cannot be doubted that there was a recrudescence of the disease and an increase in the number of lepers about that period. One important statement made by Mr. Pernet may be commended to the careful attention of Mr. Hutchinson: About the end of the fifteenth century leprosy was subsiding in Europe, and by the sixtqenth it had lost its endemic character. This fact alone knocks the bottom out of Mr. Hutchinson's extraordinary theory that the cause of the disappearance of leprosy was the abolition of fish-eating on days of fasting and abstinence at the Reformation. Mr. Pernet strongly combats the fish theory on scientific and clinical grounds. The article is well worth reading by all who are interested in leprosy, whether from the pathological or the historical point of view. The Cornhill Magazine is publishing a series .of articles entitled Prospects in the Professions. In the June number medicine is dealt with. The article is, on the whole, sound and sensible. We hardly think, however, that the DirectorGeneral of the Army Medical Service would agree with the writer that "the army has now no difficulty in getting its' pick of some of the best men in the schools." The writer also paints the prospects of the Indian Medical Service in too roseate hues when he says that "with an ample pension and the accumulated profits of a good civil practice it is not surprising to find many officers of the Indian Service returning to England in middle life in affluent circumstances." The time was when an Indian career was a short way to fortune for many; now this is only for the few, and the outlook for the many becomes greyer year by year. Speaking of the consultant branches of the profession, the writer says: Thanks to the competition that exists for hospital positions, they are able to command from year's end to year's end the assiduous and devoted services of their large staffs of highly-trained visiting physicians, surgeons and specialists, and of a brigade of junior officers waiting for promotion and eager to prove their parts, practically without paying anything at all for them. It has been plausibly estimated that the existence of the medical schools, most of which are in themselves selfsupporting, virtually adds the value of 5so,oco a year to the charitable resources of London, and the estimate is probably within the mark. We invite the Hon. Stephen Coleridge to read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest this estimate of the financial value of medical schools to the hospitals with which they are connected. In the Pall Mall Magazine for June "One who has been Cured" gives an account of the open-air treatment of coneumption as carried out in a sanatorium situated in the Highlands of Scotland. The following passage throws an instructive sidelight on the system "made in Germany," as to the merits of which perhaps more than enough has been heard: "Now let me emphatically state that the enormous stuffing which originated with a well-known German institution, and which many have asked us to believe is essential to successful treatment, found no favour here. Here there was no occasion for indulging in any highly scientific system of pocketing food in order to get it out of the sight of the inexorable doctor." The writer further sounds a note of warning which we fully agree with him is rendered necessary by the sensational article entitled "The Cry of the Consumptives," published in the Nineteenth Century for January, I899. He says: "I That article did untold good, in so far as it directed the attention of the public to the curability of phthisis by open-air treatment. But it also did untold harm, and led to much painful disillusionment on the part of those who, accepting its oversanguine anticipations, put the directions of its author to the test and found them wanting." Our own opinion is that any good Mr. Gibson may have done by calling attention to a fact which had often been impressed on the public mind before was far more than counterbalanced by his absurd overstatement of his case, and -by the unfounded hopes raised thereby in the hearts of many sufferers whom neither the Mecca in the Black Forest nor its prophet could cure. The Memoires et Bulletins de la SocidtW de Midecine et de Chirurgie de Bordeauxv for I902, just published, contains among much other interesting matter a report of the address delivered by Dr. Pitres on January 2nd, 1902. on his installation as President in succession to M. Hirigoyen. Finding no inspiration in any matter of actualite, he turned to the records of the SociWt6 de Medecine de Bordeaux, from which the Societd de M6decine et de Chirurgie is lineally descended, to see, as the fashion is nowadays, what its members were busying themselves about just a hundred years before. He found, however, that in the first week of January, 1802-or, to use the style then in use in France in Niv6se of the year X-the official record laconically stated that no meeting was held because the weather was bad, and the President, the secretaries, and many other members were ill. The illness was dofubtless, said M. Pitres, due to the great epidemic of influenza which raged all over Europe from 1799 to I803. In the winter of I80I-2 it caused a veritable panic at Bordeaux, which, it is comforting to read, was not shared by the medical profession. The President of the Societywas Pierre Guerin, Mastery in Surgery, and the author of treatises on ophthalmology. The assistant secretary, Caillau, was a man of learning and a poet, who was awarded a piize by the Toulouse Academy of Floral Games. In the reports the discourses of the presidents are invariably described as " eloquent," an epithet which even at the present day is generally held to belong to a presidential address by the same prescriptive right as the title of "swift-footed' belongs to Achilles. Of the discussions of the Society several examples are given by M. Pitres. The reigning epidemic in the beginning of I802 furnished the theme. It was debated whether the influenza


Abstract This work proposed a conceptually simple and computationally straightforward clustering algorithm based on the Cauchy-type distance for data clustering. It was demonstrated that the proposed approach does not require the priori number of clusters and the convergence of the proposed algorithm was proved. The experiment results showed that the proposed clustering algorithm was superior to other compared algorithms. Computational complexity was also provided. A real dengue gene expression dataset was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


The paper reports comparative assessment of some phytochemicals in four (4) varieties of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) merr) peels / rinds. These varieties were Native Pineapple (A), Queens Pineapple (B), MD-2 Pineapple (C), and Smooth Cayene pineapple (D). The pineapples were collected, properly washed, and the peels were processed. After that, the peels were pulverized and oven-dried at 50 OC for 48 h. Chefman 500 W Blender was used to blend these dry samples into 0.5 µm sizes. The resulting peels were used for the analyses of alkaloid, tannin, phytate, oxalate, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, total phenolic, and βeta- carotene using standard reported procedures. The results implied higher levels of flavonoid and total phenol in the varieties C and D than for the varieties A and B. The levels of β-carotene and cardiac glycoside were found to be significantly different (p <0.05) amongst the different peels. However, it was observed that there was no significant difference (p <0.05) in tannin and phytate contents of these rinds. There was also no significant difference in the oxalate contents of varieties A and B; but difference in the oxalate levels of varieties C and D was significant (p <0.05). Like the varieties A and B, the difference in alkaloids content of varieties C and D was not significant (p <0.05). These peels can be blended into our diets because of the presence of these phytochemicals The paper reports comparative assessment of some phytochemicals in four (4) varieties of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) merr) peels / rinds. These varieties were Native Pineapple (A), Queens Pineapple (B), MD-2 Pineapple (C), and Smooth Cayene pineapple (D). The pineapples were collected, properly washed, and the peels were processed. After that, the peels were pulverized and oven-dried at 50 OC for 48 h. Chefman 500 W Blender was used to blend these dry samples into 0.5 µm sizes. The resulting peels were used for the analyses of alkaloid, tannin, phytate, oxalate, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, total phenolic, and βeta- carotene using standard reported procedures. The results implied higher levels of flavonoid and total phenol in the varieties C and D than for the varieties A and B. The levels of β-carotene and cardiac glycoside were found to be significantly different (p <0.05) amongst the different peels. However, it was observed that there was no significant difference (p <0.05) in tannin and phytate contents of these rinds. There was also no significant difference in the oxalate contents of varieties A and B; but difference in the oxalate levels of varieties C and D was significant (p <0.05). Like the varieties A and B, the difference in alkaloids content of varieties C and D was not significant (p <0.05). These peels can be blended into our diets because of the presence of these phytochemicals.


The statistical characteristics of 169 patients referred for office consultation over five years have been presented, and compared with the 1971 community mental health clinic statistics of the Province of Ontario. Some of the less well-known factors in managing such a practice are discussed.


Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Canada, the United States, and Mexico continue to maintain their own distinct tax regimes, jealously guarding their sovereign right to do so. At times, these different tax systems harm the economic welfare of the trade bloc by imposing barriers to cross-border flows of capital. In NAFTA Tax Law and Policy, Arthur J. Cockfield analyzes these different tax systems and proposes a number of recommendations to reduce the harm caused by these barriers. Cockfield argues that it is unrealistic to expect the NAFTA countries to negotiate comprehensive reform efforts such as full-fledged tax harmonization. Rather, a strategy of heightened multilateral tax coordination is the appropriate solution as it permits the countries to maintain national tax differences, but strives to smooth over many of the problems created by the interaction of the tax regimes. The NAFTA countries should promote binding arbitration for transfer pricing disputes, multilateral tax treaty negotiations, the elimination of parent/subsidiary dividend withholding taxes, and enhanced administrative cooperation to reduce tax compliance costs for multinational firms. Only then, can NAFTA function in the way it was designed to. Contents: Chpt. 1 Introduction; Chpt. 2 Background Issues; Chpt. 3 The Tax Systems; Chpt. 4 Tax Coordination; Chpt. 5 Taxes and Cross-border Investments; Chpt. 6 The Impact of U.S. Dividend Tax Reform; Chpt. 7 Lessons from Europe; Chpt. 8 E-commerce Tax Policy; Chpt. 9 Balancing Economic and Sovereignty Interests; Chpt. 10 Modelling NAFTA Tax Competition; Chpt. 11 Recommendations; Chpt. 12 Conclusion


Iron is essential to the majority of microorganisms ; it is an important cofactor in many cellular proc esses and enzymes. However in an aerobic environment and at biological pH, iron is primarily found as insoluble oxyhydroxides and is unavailable to microorganisms. Many bacteria have the ability to produce sideroph ores, low molecular weight compounds that have a high affinit y for Fe 3+ . Siderophores are part of a multi-component system that actively transports the iron-siderophore ,cath echol complex into the cytoplasm.The different mic roorganism sp. are characterized by their ability to fix nitrogen for the host plant and the plant provides the micr oorganism with nutrients. Under iron-limiting conditions, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. , Yeast sp., Rhizobi um and Azotobactorsp .are known to produce siderophores. Rhizobium sp.produces Catechol type,dihydroxamate or trihydroxamatesiderophore. ; Bacillus sp. produces Iron-Percholate, dihydroxamate or a trih ydroxamate type siderophore; Yeast sp. produces Catechol type siderophore ; Psedomonas sp. produces Iron type siderophore ; Azotobactorsp produces Iron type siderophore.This siderophores h ave been purified and chemically characterized. Results indicate that this strain is producing diff ererent co factors, which has not been described in a member of the different microorganism family.


The following are the recommendations and supporting discussion for breast fine‐needle aspiration biopsy developed and approved at the National Cancer Institute sponsored conference, Bethesda, MD, September 9‐10, 1996, with representatives from the American Society of Cytopathology, Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology, American College of Radiology, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Society of Surgical Oncology, American Academy of Family Physicians, College of American Pathologists, National Consortium of Breast Centers, International Academy of Cytology, American Society of Clinical Pathologists, American Cancer Society, American College of Surgeons, and the American Society for Cytotechnology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 16:295–311, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The study focuses on the effects of periodic markets on socio-economic development of Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Purposive sampling and Random sampling technique were used to sample four periodic markets and 437 respondents in the study area. Data were collected using questionnaire focusing on participants from the four different periodic markets across Giwa Local Government Area. The data was analysed using both descriptive and multiple regression analysis. The study revealed that periodic markets have significant effect on the socio-economic development of the study area as confirmed by the regression analysis which were significant at 5% level through increase in trader's income (0.000), with 24% of the traders earning above N 30,000 monthly, and creation of job opportunities (0.000) like head loaders, carriers, shoe makers road transport workers, grain mill, welding, telecommunication business etc,. It is concluded that, periodic markets have tremendous effects on the socioeconomic development of Giwa Local Government Area. It is recommended that, there should be establishment of financial institutions in the study area which will help traders to have access to loans to enable them expand their business to earn more income.


The role of traffic information services in reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and emissions of carbon dioxide is important. Traffic information is classified into two types: temporal information and spatial information. Temporal information denotes forecast technologies, and spatial information corresponds to traffic congestion mapping. The Vehicle Information and Communication System (VICS) is well-known as a traffic information service in Japan. VICS gathers the traffic information from roadside sensors and provides it to drivers. VICS is very useful to provide traffic information, but a huge capital investment in roadside sensors is essential. The floating car system is an effective method of reducing this capital investment. Floating cars measure the travel time along road links using Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors and other methods. With the floating car system, it is unnecessary to install sensors at the roadside. However since floating cars are very few in number, it is difficult to estimate traffic congestion only from Floating Car Data (FCD). One commonly-used method to interpolate traffic conditions is by statistical analysis. This method uses statistical data for the time-sliced average of past FCD from road links. At present, the number of floating cars providing data that covers the same time and conditions is very few, and the sampling errors are very large. The pheromone model (1)-(3) is used to make up the deficit in FCD, with deposit, propagation, and evaporation as the pheromone parameters. While the pheromone model is normally used as a forecast technology, it can be used for interpolation. The pheromone intensity depends on the velocity of the traffic, and changes through a mechanism of propagation and evaporation. Thus traffic congestion can be estimated from the pheromone intensity. But the pheromone parameters are determined by human experience, and therefore it is difficult to determine them objectively. The Feature Space Projection (FSP) method (4),(5) has been proposed as a method to interpolate the traffic conditions, with the feature being obtained by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with missing data. The PCA method without missing data is commonly used for multivariate analysis. But in this case, the probability of getting simultaneous FCD from two road links is very small, and so a method of using PCA with missing data is essential for this calculation. A method of solving these problems has been proposed. (6),(7) Learning agents calculate the weight value corresponding to the pheromone parameters, and estimation agents make up the deficit in FCD. In other words, the interpolation accuracy can be improved by collaboration between the estimation and learning agents. The Coefficient of Determination (CD) and Mean Square Error (MSE) are used to evaluate the progress of learning. In this study, the performance of the spatial interpolation system has been improved. Learning agents calculate the weight value by the velocity of the reference road links, which are stored in the learning database. As a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is used for the learning database, the HDD access is the bottleneck in this system. The size of the learning database is too large to store it in the memory of a PC. The velocities for the road links, however, can be stored in the memory of the PC when compressed, which greatly improves the performance of the system.


The Chinatown Night Market is held in Vancouver's downtown historic Chinatown. Iconic elements of Taiwan and Hong Kong, night markets have a specific sensorial design created by tightly packed crowds, loud music, Chinese dim sum, and vendors selling pop culture goods. The Chinatown Night Market represents an urban landscape shaped by both the expansion of capital markets in devalued inner urban areas and the emerging consumption preferences of the new middle class. In the case of the former, culture is produced to raise real-estate values. In the case of the latter, urban developers and city managers are engaged in promoting and producing consumptionscapes that cater for the live-work-play philosophies of baby boom professionals and the creative class. Since its inception, the Chinatown market has served as a safe night-time gathering place for the area's Chinese community, while catering for tourists, and attracting suburban families and local residents. Increasingly, it provides seasonal ambiance for the leading edge of gentrification in the inner city. Drawing on interviews with consumers, vendors, city officials, and market administrators, as well as participant observation in the markets, this paper connects the concept of inclusivity and the current cultural conceptualization of consumption space to the future and fate of Vancouver's Chinatown. The Chinatown Night Market is produced for consumption to serve revitalization goals. Ultimately, a sense of long-term inclusivity is overlooked in the hopes of future economic success.


preserving in data mining refers to the area of data mining that seeks to safeguard sensitive information from unsolicited or unsanctioned disclosure and hence protecting individual data records and their privacy. Data perturbation is a privacy preservation technique which does addition / multiplication of noise to the original data. It performs anonymization based on the data type of sensitive data. Generalization is a technique were quasi identifiers data are replaced by some other more general term. In this paper privacy protection is applied to high dimensional datasets like Adult and Census. For ranking the attributes, information gain feature subset selection method is used. The high ranking attributes with sensitive information are set as quasi identifiers of the datasets. A hybrid perturbation technique is used to perturb categorical and numeric attributes of both the datasets and the utility of the datasets is measured using accuracy on data mining functionalities. The data distortion is measured using maintenance of Rank of Features (CK) between the original and perturb datasets. Experimental results show that utility of the perturbed datasets comparable with the original dataset and the Census dataset has comparable CK value than adult dataset.


This paper is a detailed study on homothetic motions, surfaces and Lie groups by considering the product and addition rules and conjugates of the tessarines which is given according to the arbitrary unit i#8321. To do these, we define a matrix that is similar to Hamilton operators and give some algebraic properties of this matrix. And then, we introduce different the surfaces and different hyperquadrics . Also by using the homothetic motions we give some special subgroups of Lie groups and reparametrize the surfaces

nbsp


The culture of Christendom. Essays in medieval history in commemoration of Denis L. T. Bethell. Edited by Marc Anthony Meyer. Pp. xxii + 303. London-Rio Grande: Hambledon Press, 1993. £37.50. 1 85285 064 7 Denis Bethell died tragically in middle age in 1981 with many projects in progress and no major one completed. It is a mark of how deeply his personal and intellectual influence was felt in Britain and the United States that fifteen colleagues and friends have contributed to a volume published more than a decade after his death. The resulting book is unusual among modern publications of its type in that it has no obvious central theme; the contributors have written essays on subjects of their choice usually to aspects of topics on which they have published elsewhere which have been brought together under the broad title The culture of Christendom. Given that Bethell's own publications were devoted to the history of the Church in the central Middle Ages, it is inevitable that many of the articles in the book are devoted to ecclesiastical subjects. Among the papers, much the most important, to my mind, is Henry Mayr-Harting's cogent attempt to re-date and redefine the purpose of Odo of Deuil's Deprofectione. There is promise too in Robin Fleming's publication of several Canterbury obit lists, sources which merit much fuller exploration than is possible within the format of a short article. Valerie Flint's attempt to link Hincmar of Rheims with the celebrated Lothar Crystal is intriguing if, inevitably, speculative and a spirited essay by Edward James suggests a more serious interest in medicine and science on the part of Gregory of Tours than is usually thought. Publisher and editor cannot be allowed to escape uncensured for their extraordinarily silly inability to spell their dedicatee's name correctly. More seriously, I cannot help but feel that there was also a stronger Irish dimension to Bethell's influence to which the volume could have given fuller recognition.


A new bit synchronization method based on phase difference was proposed to achieve bit synchronization of the signals from global position system(GPS) satellites in high frequency offset.The method analyzes the phase difference between adjacent correlations,and finds out the bit boundary position where a maximal phase difference is detected.Furthermore,the method is optimized to improve the bit synchronization performance in extra high frequency offset by frequency compensation,and the optimized method can get the precise frequency estimation simultaneously.Analysis and simulation showed that the method not only has good performance in frequency synchronized situation,but also solves the GPS bit synchronization problem with high frequency offset.


Low-cost Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are devices of very limited computational capabilities, where only 250-3K logic gates can be devoted to security-related tasks. Many proposals have recently appeared, but all of them are based on RFID tags using classical cryptographic primitives such as PRNGs, hash functions, block ciphers, etc. We believe this assumption to be fairly unrealistic, as classical cryptographic constructions lie well beyond the computational reach of these constrained systems. A new approach is necessary to tackle this problem, so we propose a real lightweight mutual authentication protocol for low-cost RFID tags that offers an adequate security level and can be implemented even in the most limited systems, as it only needs around 300 gates.


Relative capacity of an implicit system of ethics laws in ancient China occupies a very important position,it is not only conducive to social harmony and stability,but also conducive to intimacy and human rights protection.Unfortunately,the capacity of today's society as an implicit system was completely abandoned the feudal legacy.In view of the emergence of any system has its own specific characteristics of the times and social background,so the capacity of an implicit evaluation of the system should not adopt a completely positive or completely negative.Concealment system was able to pass in the history of our country for thousands of years,it must have the rationality of its existence,it is necessary to its legal value implied in-depth analysis to further explore the system of the present society.


With the exception of small inlier areas along the axes of Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Ridge anticlines, the Upper Devonian rocks of southwestern Pennsylvania are concealed beneath a mantle of Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian sediments. Thus, the study of this very important group of rocks becomes a problem for the subsurface stratigrapher over a third of the surface area of Pennsylvania. Drilling, in recent years, along Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Ridge anticlines, and also in the broad plateau area between Laurel Ridge and the Allegheny Front, has yielded many excellent sections based on detailed examinations of drill cuttings. Some of these sections, in a generalized graphic form, together with additional ones located in the oil- and gas-producing area west of Che tnut Ridge, are assembled into cross sections which illustrate the facies variations in the Upper Devonian sediments of southwestern Pennsylvania. The Conewango (uppermost Upper Devonian) age of the Devonian rocks exposed in the inlier areas of Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Ridge anticlines is confirmed. With the exception of the Huntersville chert and Oriskany sandstone, which are Lower Devonian in age, the producing sands of southwestern Pennsylvania all appear to be younger than the highest sub-Catskill marine beds exposed along the Allegheny Front, which are generally considered as being late Chemung in age. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2161------------


Three studies demostrate that role-playing can be used to obtain data in a regular survey. Most respondents can do it; it is easy to train interviewers to administer; it is quinckly and reliably scored; and it provides valid results. The data gathered by role-playing may prove better than traditional interview procedures where the inquiry is concerned with the respondent's behavior under stress, when he is strongly affected by his perception of other roles, the others' reactions, and personality variables.


The Highway Patrol periodically places a radar speed display on residential roads. The device shows motorists how closely their speed matches the posted 20-mph limit. This speed display illustrates the concept of biofeedback: the display of information about biological activity (speed) back to an individual (a motorist) to improve performance. Defined broadly, the biological activity we feed back can be about muscle action potentials, the position of a limb, or driving speed.


.................................................................................................................7 ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................8 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................9 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ..............................................................................11 ANATOMY OF THE FACE .......................................................................................11 FACIAL INJURIES ...................................................................................................12 Types of fractures ...........................................................................................12 Soft tissue injuries ...........................................................................................14 Related injuries ...............................................................................................14 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY OF FACIAL TRAUMA ..................................15 DIAGNOSIS OF FACIAL TRAUMA ........................................................................16 Trauma resuscitation and treatment ...............................................................16 Clinical diagnosis of facial trauma ...................................................................17 Diagnostic imaging of facial trauma ................................................................18 Radiography ...........................................................................................18 Computed tomography and multidetector computed tomography ........19 Cone-beam computed tomography .......................................................20 Magnetic resonance imaging .................................................................21 Ultrasound ..............................................................................................21 Radiation dose .......................................................................................22 AIMS OF THE STUDY ..............................................................................................23 I FALLS FROM HEIGHTS .......................................................................................23 II FALLING ACCIDENTS .........................................................................................23 III VIOLENCE............................................................................................................23 IV MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS ........................................................................23 V COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF FACIAL FRACTURE FIXATION ................23 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................................24 I-IV FALLS FROM HEIGHTS, FALLING ACCIDENTS, VIOLENCE, MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS .......................................................24 V COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF FACIAL FRACTURE FIXATION ................26


The invention discloses a blocking overflow dam structure and belongs to the technical field of design and manufacturing of hydraulic structures. The blocking overflow dam structure is low in requirement for infrastructures, simple in construction and low in building manufacturing cost. The blocking overflow dam structure comprises stone blocks and a meshed permeable framework, the stone blocks are arranged in the meshed permeable framework, and the blocking overflow dam structure is fixed in a river way or a ditch where the blocking overflow dam structure needs to be arranged outside through the meshed permeable framework; water flowing along the river way or the ditch permeates gaps between the meshed permeable framework and the adjacent stone blocks so as to flow through the blocking overflow dam structure, and solid matter or bed load mixed in water flow is filtered by the blocking overflow dam structure and is blocked at an upstream face of the blocking overflow dam structure.


KT-I is one of the most important oil bearing series in M block of Pre-Caspian basin.The reservoir spreading is not clear understanding with varied types of facies belts,severe heterogeneity and limestone interbedded with mudstone.In terms of high-frequency sequence stratigraphy,the feasibility and thought of tract system division in high-frequency sequence and super sequence is put forward.And the drowning unconformity plays an important part as carbonate sequence boundary.On this basis,by the recognition of sequence boundary,such as drowning unconformity and exposed punctuated surface,KT-I member has been for the first time divided into 3 fourth level sequence and 9 fifth level sequence and the system tract of high-frequency sequence has also been done.The system tract model of high-frequency sequence on rapid transgression(equivalent to drowning unconformity) and slow transgression condition has been established.Then,the developing features of strata and the reservoir spreading in study area have been clear.The application of drowning unconformity and the system tracts of high-frequency sequence in carbonate petroleum exploration has been summarized at last.


The aim of this study was to generate maps of intense rainfall equation parameters using interpolated maximum intense rainfall data. The study area comprised Espirito Santo State, Brazil. A total of 59 intense rainfall equations were used to interpolate maximum intense rainfall, with a 1 x 1 km spatial resolution. Maximum intense rainfall was interpolated considering recurrence of 2; 5; 10; 20; 50 and 100 years, and duration of 10; 20; 30; 40; 50; 60; 120; 240; 360; 420; 660; 720; 900; 1,140; 1,380 and 1,440 minutes, resulting in 96 maps of maximum intense rainfall. The used interpolators were inverse distance weighting and ordinary kriging, for which significance level (p-value) and coefficient of determination (R2) were evaluated for the cross-validation data, choosing the method that presented better R2 to generate maps. Finally, maps of maximum intense precipitation were used to estimate, cell by cell, the intense rainfall equation parameters. In comparison with literature data, the mean percentage error of estimated intense rainfall equations was 13.8%. Maps of spatialized parameters, obtained in this study, are of simple use; once they are georeferenced, they may be imported into any geographic information system to be used for a specific area of interest.


Babies born before they reach full-term are at an increased risk of long-term complications. Currently, there are no accurate ways to predict when preterm birth (PTB) will occur. The cervix, which plays an essential role in maintaining a pregnancy to term, has to remain closed throughout gestation. However, for birth to occur, it has to shorten, soften and dilate. This crucial remodeling process appears to be linked to variations in the arrangement of collagen. Previous in vitro work using X-ray diffraction suggests that collagen fibers exhibit a preferential orientation in the non-gravid cervix: adjacent to the endocervical canal and in the outermost areas, fibers are mainly arranged in a longitudinal fashion whereas in the middle area they are circumferentially organized. We proposed using a potentially non-invasive imaging technique, polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), to detect the changes in the collagen arrangement of human non-gravid cervix (n=10). Qualitatively, we found that PS-OCT is capable of discriminating between the three cervical regions. Quantitatively, the apparent birefringence of these areas is significantly different across all samples (p<0.05). As expected, apparent birefringence is much lower adjacent to the endocervical canal and in the outermost areas. PS-OCT also seems to be capable of estimating the thickness of the cervical epithelium. Our study, therefore, shows that PS-OCT can assess the microstructure of the human cervical collagen in vitro and holds the potential to help us better understand cervical remodeling prior to birth and develop more timely identification and prevention of PTB pending the development of an in vivo probe.


The embedment of the invention provides a channel estimating method, a data transmission method and data transmission equipment. The channel estimating method comprises the steps of: receiving the data sent by equipment at a transmission side through a resource block pair, wherein the resource block pair is shared by a control channel and a data channel; if the value of a codebook subset limiting signaling is more than 4, estimating the control channel through a way that pilot frequency symbols more than two layers are provided on the same pilot frequency and time frequency resources in the resource block pair; and if the value of the codebook subset limiting signaling is not more than 4, estimating the control channel through a way that pilot frequency symbols not more than two layers are provided on the same pilot frequency and time frequency resources in the resource block pair. By adopting the channel estimating method provided by the embodiment of the invention, the actual channel can be accurately estimated through the equipment at the receiving side under the condition that the control channel and the data channel share the same source block pair, so that the control channel can be accurately demodulated.


This paper presents a basic but functional Perceptual User Interface (PUI) controlled immersive environment (IE) on an electronic learning platform (e-Learning) in order to deliver educational material relating to the NADA (National Acupuncture Detoxification Association) protocol for acupuncture. The purpose of this study is set out a proposed process for evaluating the learning efficacy of the PUI IE e-Learning application when compared with a typical Graphical User Interface (GUI) e-Learning IE application. Both are to be compared to a more traditional learning method. This paper evaluates user interface (UI) sentiment of the systems in advance of this proposed evaluation.


Based on a detail SPA analysis of the sameness d ifference and opposition of the buttoning-up-the-ball results of four strong in the 2003 Switzerland Woman Volleyball Elite Match, it was pointed out that bo th the advantages and disadvantages of the Chinese women volleyball team in the respect aspects. Evidence showed that ever since the failure in Sydney Olympic g ame and that in the 2002 Women Volleyball World Championships, Chinese woman vol leyball team had been starting making progress, especially in No. 2 buttoning up -the-ball, while still lagging behind European counterparts in strong offensiv e and rear offensive. Suggestions were put forward in order to promote the succe ss rate of buttoning up the ball.


Purpose :
Reports a service ecosystem in FM as a basis for understanding peoples' roles Theory :
The service ecosystem model Design/methodology/approach :
Interpretive, but realistic, qualitative research into perceptions of FM excellence Findings :
The importance of perceptions and narratives in shaping FM services.
Originality/value,
Presents the first mapped example of a service ecosystem and shows how it can be used in practice.


A Generating system of unsteady flow rate for gas using an isothermal tank is proposed. With the servo valves installed at upstream and downstream of the isothermal tank, the unsteady flow can be completely controlled. Moreover, by analyzing the characteristics of the servo valve, a feed forward compensator is designed to improve the response of the system. A fuzzy-PID controller is introduced for the high nonlinearity of compressible fluids control system. Differential operation is involved in the control process, which may amplify the noise greatly. Hence a disturbance observer is employed to reduce the noise to a permissible range. The experiment shows that the frequency of the unsteady flow rate obtained from the generating system is up to 10 Hz.


An innovation wall system with a reinforced concrete cantilever wall (or T wall) with mechanically stabilized backfill is proposed. The wall system, briefed as hybrid T wall (or HTW) retains the positive and removes the negative aspects of the performances of both reinforced concrete walls and MSE wall systems. HTW and its optimal dimensions were obtained inductively using the nonlinear finite element analyses through the seismic responses of six different wall types and varied HTW dimensions. Accelerograms of none strong earthquakes of magnitudes between 6 though 8 Richter scale were used in the seismic response analyses of HTW. The strength of correlation between the seismic performances of HTW and earthquake strong motion parameters was investigated. The HTW performances were then expressed as the function of ground motion parameters with strong correlation through regression analyses for predicting the performance of HTW with known ground motion parameters and wall height. A comprehensive study is required to improve the wall performance prediction models.


Abstract This article explores how gendered body ideals are constructed and negotiated among 12 competitive youth swimmers in three Swedish clubs. Of particular interest are the ways boys and girls negotiate body ideals inside and outside of swimming contexts and how they shift gendered symbolic boundaries. The paper is framed by gender theory, and it draws on concepts of sport culture and social culture as well as symbolic boundaries. Interpretative repertoires were analysed to explore the language use in swimmers' conversations related to the body and body ideals. Data were produced through interviews with competitive youth swimmers. My findings show that both girls and boys negotiate body ideals. The functional body was an interpretative repertoire important in the negotiations and shifting of gendered boundaries between the athletic body in sports and the aesthetic body in society. Swimmers also used an interpretative repertoire of similarity to negotiate symbolic gender boundaries. Furthermore, both identifying with a group and being accepted in that group are suggested to be important factors involved in shifting symbolic boundaries.


ADP-induced platelet aggregation was studied in 442 patients with vertigo and equilibrium dysfunction and enhanced platelet aggregation was noted in most of the patients. This result suggested that higher platelet aggregation was "a risk factor" for vertiginous disease. Therefore, we administered Ticlopidine (Panaldine), a suppressant of platelet activity, to 33 patients and evaluated its clinical effectiveness on their subjective symptoms and objective findings. The following results were obtained. 1) Ticlopidine was effective in 24 of the 33 cases (72.7%). 2) Ticlopidine reduced vestibular subjective symptoms, but its effect on cochlear symptoms was limited. 3) Among the objective findings, Ticlopidine was effective on nystagmus (gaze, positional and positioning nystagmus), but less effective on the caloric nystagmus test,


Breast cancer is the leading cause of deaths among female cancer patients. Breast cancer can be diagnosed in several ways such as imaging or mammography, clinical breast exam, breast self examination and surgery. In breast cancer diagnosis, the radiologist mainly uses their eyes to discern cancer when they screen the mammograms. Mammography is the most effective technique for breast cancer screening and detection of abnormalities. Calcification and masses are most common abnormality found in breast cancer. The aim of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive review of mammogram image enhancement methods to early detection of breast cancer. Keywords—Mammogram enhancement, Image calcification, detection,Breast mass detecion, Dyadic wavelet transform, image enhancement and denoising, Microcalcification detection.