On June 19, 1905, on Smithfield Street in Pittsburgh, a vaudeville entrepreneur, Harry Davis, and his partner, John P. Harris, opened a theatre devoted to the showing of motion pictures. Audiences on that opening night sat in seats salvaged from a defunct opera house and, for their five-cent admission charge, watched The Great Train Robbery unroll on the screen to piano accompaniment.1 There was little more to the performance. The Nickelodeon, as the theatre was called, could boast only ninety-six chairs, a piano, projector, and screen. Yet, with the possible exception of Koster and Bial's Music Hall, the Nickelodeon Theatre is the most famous theatre in which motion pictures were shown prior to 1914. It was here, according to most film historians, that movies in America entered a new era. Inside this dingy little storefront and the thousands like it which, we are told, sprang up in the wake of its success, the motion picture found its own exclusive exhibition outlet and a new audience of working-class Americans. The movies had outgrown their role as minor adjuncts to vaudeville performances, and, while the middle-class patrons of variety snubbed their noses at this upstart amusement, the nickeloden proceeded to revolutionarize American mass entertainment in only a few years' time.2 Most students of American film history are familiar with the descriptions of nickelodeons in secondary sources. "Concentrated largely in poorer shopping districts and slum neighborhoods," writes Jacobs, "nickelodeons were disdained by the well-to-do. But the workmen and their families who patronized the movies did not mind the crowded, unsanitary, and hazardous accommodations most of the nickelodeons offered."3 Sklar locates the nickelodeons ("crowded, dark, and smelly rooms") in working-class neighborhoods and says their programs of films and illustrated songs "lasted no more than fifteen or twenty minutes."4 Hampton also describes nickelodeons as "crowded, poorly ventilated" places in which film programs lasting approximately twenty minutes were given.5 North places the nickelodeons mostly "in big industrial cities with large foreign populations of poorly paid laborers."6 Sklar and other film historians maintain that a large portion of the nickelodeon audience was made up of newly-arrived


The article covers basic aspects of the formation of the social and political image of Russian workers in the end of the XIX early XX centuries. The author analyzes main characteristics of workers of Central Black Earth Region in that period.


This Article evaluates the uncertain legal status of two ministerial declarations approved at the Doha Conference. The Article proceeds by explaining the broad meaning and purpose of ministerial declarations, as well as the specific implications of the Doha Declarations. I conclude that the Doha Declarations may be considered either (1) the political statements or moral commitments of trade ministers or (2) as part of the constitutive process of decision-making by the WTO organization. Under the first view, the WTO Declarations are analogous to G-7 Declarations or the Malmo Declaration of environmental ministers. Under the second view, the Ministerial Conference can exercise its constitutional authority to set WTO policy, or perhaps to enact secondary law.


IN A previous article' analyzing the rate clauses of the post-war railway legislation in France, attention was drawn to the lack of action on the part of the state in the face of rapidly mounting railway deficits. It was pointed out that the Convention of I92I, which established a new financial and administrative regime, had broken down under the weight of depression deficits, and that revision was essential if the credit of the state and of the railways was to be preserved.2 Since its appearance, new legislation has been passed to deal with the railway problem, providing the raison d'e'tre for this additional note. At the end of I932 the cumulated deficit of the seven large railway systems amounted to Fr. 9,750 millions, including Fr. 1,789 millions for I930, Fr. 3,025 millions for I93i, and Fr. 4,000 millions for I932. According to the Convention of I92I, these deficits in the common fund were to be covered temporarily by state advances, to be made up by subsequent rate increases. The latter have been impossible in the face of depression conditions, and the state has consequently borne the whole burden, borrowing the necessary amounts on long-term credit. This capitalization of annual losses has piled up a huge burden of debt requiring an annual charge of Fr. 500 millions. Like the "rule of ratemaking" in our Transportation Act of I920, the Convention was designed to fit relatively stable conditions, but has proved inapplicable


Cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder) for gallbladder pain is the most common elective abdominal operation performed in the western world. However, the outcome is not entirely satisfactory as the mechanism of gallbladder pain is unclear. We have developed a mechanical model of gallbladder aiming to understand its mechanical behaviour. To apply this model to clinical situations, it is often necessary to estimate the material properties from non-invasive medical images. In this work, we present a non gradient-based optimization inverse approach for estimating the elastic modulus of human gallbladders from ultrasound images. Two forward problems are considered. One utilizes a linear orthotropic material model and tracks the Elastic moduli in the circumferential and longitudinal directions. The other is a nonlinear Holzapfel-Grass-Ogden model in which two families of fibres are embedded circumferentially in an otherwise homogeneous Neo-Hookean elastin matri x. These forward problems are solved using the finite element package Abaqus, and a python/Matlab based optimization algorithm is developed to search the global minimum of the error functional, which measures the difference in geometries from the numerical predictions and images. We will compare and analyse the results for six gallbladder samples, and discuss the outstanding challenging issues.


Flood plains develop naturally, contain nutrient-rich soil and reduce flood hazards in the downstream, Human interference by encroaching upon the natural flood plains has been causing serious damage to the stable ecosystem. Much of the enormous monsoon surplus waters of the north and East Indian Rivers mostly go waste to the sea after destroying agriculture and habitats in the transit. On the other hand, the south Indian rivers mostly have inadequate water. This had originated the idea of linking of north and south Indian rivers long ago. The concept is yet to take a firm footing due to several reasons. This paper discusses other complimentary activities to manage flood plains through a watershed approach, ensuring remunerative production from such areas.


Design reporting in the senior Process Design course is discussed in this paper. Class discussions allowed students to recognize the importance of each section of a design report, to identify who in the business/engineering organization might be most likely to read/review a particular section, and to identify specific elements that were critical to formulation of a particular section. With multiple projects completed over the course of a semester, it was possible to include only 3 to 4 sections in the first design report (selected by the instructor). Each subsequent report incorporated additional sections. The final project report included all sections typically found in an engineering design report. This staged approach to design reports has benefits realized by both the students and the instructor. The staged approach, where emphasis was placed on specific sections of the report, allows students to hone their skills in reporting/crafting each specific section. They also were able to incorporate feedback from previously submitted reports on relevant report sections. This approach also benefited the instructor through focused grading activities and reduced load as the instructor had to focus attention primarily on those sections new to the given project/report. Those sections that were not new to the specific report were typically of higher quality and required little critique as students had successfully incorporated feedback from the graded previous report. This approach could be implemented in any senior capstone design course or laboratory course where multiple projects/reports are performed over the course of a semester.


In an effort to address the NCLB-mandated testing process, one of the issues to be considered is how best to configure student populations to maximize all aspects of the educational setting while simultaneously maximizing student achievement; one aspect is grade span configuration. We examined the relationship between the grade span configuration of all schools in Arkansas attended by sixth-grade students and the academic achievement of the combined population of students as measured by the Arkansas Benchmark Examination. We found no relationship between grade span configuration and academic achievement as measured by the Arkansas Benchmark Examination for sixth-grade students. However, the nonsignificant findings do not negate the importance of the study. The results imply that there are other factors that are affecting scores in the middles grades. The results of the study also revealed that over the time span examined, mathematics Benchmark achievement rose but the results for literacy were stagnant. These results suggest that newly implemented practices or other factors may have improved mathematics achievement, but not achievement in literacy. Grade span configuration alone does not account for sixth-grade students' academic achievement as measured by the Arkansas Benchmark Examination. Decisions about campus configurations include other factors such as projected enrollments, transportation costs, size of schools, school goals, fiscal constraints, political tensions, geographic realities, and financial accountability. As student populations shift, educational leaders can look for grade span configurations that best fit their community culture and current facilities, focusing financial resources on other means of improving academic achievement.


The first case of benign fibrous histiocytoma of the renal capsule is reported in a male aged 44 years. The tumor had its point of origin in the renal capsule. Histologically, the tumor was composed of intersecting fascicles of fibro‐blastic cells forming a loose crisscross or "storiform" pattern. Electron microscopic studies of tumor cells revealed intermediate filaments and membrane‐bound collagen fibers which continued to extracellular collagen bundles. This deep‐seated fibrous histiocytoma had a more prominent storiform pattern and fewer secondary elements such as xanthoma cells than cutaneous ones. Acta Pathol Jpn 42: 217 220, 1992.


As one of the five non-destructive testing methods, ultrasonic testing is widely used because of its accurate positioning, high sensitivity and simple operation, but the method is still difficult to locate and quantify complex shape defects. The large amount of data required for ultrasonic imaging leads to low detection efficiency. Based on this, the article establishes an inversion system for evaluating complex shape defects, which includes ultrasonic A-scan technology, BP neural network, image processing technology and signal processing technology. The system is verified by simulation and experiment. The results of the defect inversion are as follows: the similarity coefficients are all greater than 0.89, the maximum value can reach 0.95; the area error is less than 11%, the minimum value can reach 1.2%; the centroid x error is less than 12%, the minimum value can reach 1.58%; the centroid y error is less than 11%, the minimum value can reach 2.15%. The result of defect inversion further verifies the accuracy and reliability of the complex defect inversion system.


Along with boosting of "Reform Opening Policy" in China,many contradictions and problems related with safe operation of enterprise are exposed.Because of lack on experiences of effective united monitoring management of safe operation,the situation of safe operation is always unsatisfactory.Some problems existed in safe operation monitoring management system are pointed out,and recommendations for solving such problems are made.


The effects of four water reducerscalcium lignosulfonate (CLS), amino-sulfonic based superplasticizer (ASP), sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde (FDN) and sulfonated melamine urea formaldehyde resin (SMUF) on the hydration behavior of portland cement were researched. The results show that, with the increase of CLS and ASP, the peak hydration temperature of cement was reduced and the age required to reach the peak temperature and maximum hydration degree was delayed. FDN and SMUF had little impact on the peak hydration temperature and the age required reaching the peak temperature and maximum hydration degree. The hydration rate during the hydration starting period is accelerated and the hydration induction period is extended by the four water reducers. FDN promotes initial hydration best and increases the first hydration peak rate from 12—60 kJ/(kg·h) at dosages from 0—0.6% during the hydration starting period. Because CLS increases the length of the induction period and greatly reduces the second hydration rate peak of cement paste. With the dosage of CLS from 0—0.6%, the hydration induction period of cement paste is extended from 11—40 h, and the second hydration rate peak is reduced from 49.8—29.5 kJ/ (kg·h). The induction period is also extended by ASP from 7—29 h at a dosage of 0.6%, but the second hydration rate peak does not reduced. With the addition of FDN and SMUF, the induction period is slightly extended. This effect on the hydration behavior of cement in plasticizer is favorable for improving the dispersive action of cement and affecting the hydration products.


Nansha District plays a leading role in the strategy of southward expansion of Guangzhou City.To keep the balance between wetland conservation and Urban Development is vital for the Sustainable Development of Nansha District.The characteristics and current situation of wetland in Nansha District were reviewed.The trend of changes in wetland area and underlying causes were analyzed and suggestions for wetland conservation were proposed.


In this thesis the aim is to question the extent to which different pedagogies used in teaching entrepreneurship education influence individual skill development, and how this translates into a likelihood of entrepreneurial intention. A quasi-experimental design and analysis of interview data, shows that although a student-centered approach is widely accepted practice in western education, a teacher-centered approach is more effective in Malaysia due to the system of collective culturally based education.


With the help of a large sized finite element general program MSC/NASTRAN the dynamic characteristics of the shrouded blades of a steam turbine are studied and the treatment of boundary conditions, the "tenseness" between shrouds as well as the load bearing conditions of the blades discussed. In addition, the analysis of a specific example is conducted to expound the above cited points.


Daplex is a functional-style data manipulation language for functional data model databases, which combines a declarative approach to the speciication of sets of database objects with side-eeecting actions and database updates. In order to reconcile these apparently connicting ideas, the semantics of Daplex has both a declarative aspect, in which state is not required, and a procedural aspect, in which state changes are taken into account. This report describes both kinds of semantics and how they interact. The declarative semantics are described in terms of functions mapping states to sets of database values, and the procedural semantics as functions mapping states to states.


A film for protective film formation, which contains an energy ray-curable compound (B) and has the characteristics described below, and which is used for the purpose of forming a protective film on the back surface of a semiconductor wafer or a semiconductor chip.
If a cured product is obtained by curing this film for protective film formation by means of energy ray irradiation, the cured product has a Young's modulus of 500 MPa or more and an elongation at break of 8% or more.


In a musical performance, musician, instrument and room form a closed feedback loop that continuously shapes the generated sound. A virtual acoustic environment was developed to study performance adjustments systematically. In formal experiments, 11 trumpet players were recorded while performing several pieces with multiple auralized versions of real spaces. A set of 44 low level audio features was computed for each of the 364 final recordings. A Dual Multiple Factor Analysis (DMFA) was performed, reducing the data dimensionality to four dimensions related to musical aspects: Level/Timbre, Dynamics, Overall Tempo and Tempo Variations – accounting for 58% of the explained variance. Correlation analysis revealed a moderate effect of temporal (EDT, RT60) and energy (G) room acoustic parameters on performance level and timbre. Additionally, in an environment with considerably stronger energy, players tended to decrease the overall tempo of the performance. However, most of these effects were highly individual, and a further analysis was performed to assess the behavior of each player. To investigate the perceptual impact of performance adjustments on listeners, an online listening test was conducted. The results revealed that listeners are able to consistently perceive level and timbre variations induced by stage acoustic conditions. Results further suggest that the perception of dynamics or tempo variations cannot be fully described by single values and a multi-dimensional characterization is necessary.


Correction notice: The Funding section mentions grants of the European Research Council; their correct numbers are: ERC-2014-AdG-671084 INSOMNIA and ERC-2016-PoC-737634 INSOMNIA BEAT IT.


A key result underlying the theory of MCMC is that any η-irreducible Markov chain having a transition density with respect to η and possessing a stationary distribution is automatically positive Harris recurrent. This paper provides a short self-contained proof of this fact.


Abstract : Paper considers whether recently amended Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act constitutes viable strategic tool in combating terrorism, or whether it is domestic law giving plaintiffs judgments they might never recover on or, lastly, that it might be a strategic tool, but one too troublesome in terms of foreign policy to be useful to government strategists. Paper concludes with judgment that a better strategic mechanism would allow an international judicial body to hear cases based on an UN treaty, thereby reducing strains on comity and reciprocity resulting from having domestic law impact international relations. Conclusion is based on recent trends and developments in international law, as well as need for government to resolve inconsistency in terms of putting interests of U.S. citizens in opposition to national foreign policy concerns.


Various Co-loaded ZSM-5 zeolites (Co-ZSM-5) were prepared and the details of their structural, morphological and elemental properties characterized by different conventional methods. A flat glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with the Co-ZSM-5 (150%-loading) materials to obtain a sensor for hydrazine (Hyd) which displays improved sensitivity, a large dynamic range and good long-term stability. The calibration plot (best acquired at a voltage of +0.4 V) is linear (r2 = 0.9968) in the 0.01 nM to 0.01 mM Hyd concentration range. The detection limit is as low as 9.1 pM, and the sensitivity is ∼31.6455 μA μM−1 cm−2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the determination of Hyd using a Co-ZSM-5 (150%-loading)/Nafion/GCE combination with the I–V method for environmental approaches and it has been applied in real industrial effluents and water from the Red Sea with satisfactory results.


Convergence as a function of the number of states is studied and demonstrated for the Poet-Temkin model of electron-hydrogen scattering. In this Coulomb three-body problem only the l=0 partial waves are treated. By taking as many as thirty target states, obtained by diagonalizing the target Hamiltonian in a Laguerre basis, complete agreement with the smooth results of Poet is obtained at all energies. We show that the often-encountered pseudoresonance features in the cross sections are simply an indication of an inadequate target state representation.


We discuss memory effects in the conductance of hopping insulators due to slow rearrangements of many-electron clusters leading to formation of polarons close to the electron hopping sites. An abrupt change in the gate voltage and corresponding shift of the chemical potential change populations of the hopping sites, which then slowly relax due to rearrangements of the clusters. As a result, the density of hopping states becomes time dependent on a scale relevant to rearrangement of the structural defects leading to the excess time dependent conductivity.


Fly ash contents in fume and the calcium contents in ash having increased for gushing the calcium desulfuration technology within the stove.and have effect on the coal ash fusibility.Appending calcium base sorben in several kinds of power uses coal,then study on the ash component and their fusibility.Fit and calculation on ash fusion point after appending calcium base sorben,and support a kind of computing method for addition calcium base sorben.The result indicates: different kinds of coal holding sulfur component diversity,ash fusibility change is neither identical with the fact that Ca/S diversity.According to 20 groups of datas,use regression method fitting equation to being fit to add calcium base sorben,fitting result notable is high,shows that different coal ash fusibility is changed along the different calcium base sorben,and can forecast coal ash fusibility along with adding calcium base sorbent.


The main parts of scientific archives administration in academy include the management of achievements in scientific research, scientific documents and research project materials. There are some problems in archives administration, such as incomplete files, lack of systematic and complete institution. The improvement of archives administration should be carried out from the aspects of enhancing the quality of practitioner, improving working procedure and reinforcing the hardware construction, etc. And these will make a better utilization of scientific archives administration and promote its development.


A s i n g l e t s i n g l e t model f o r induced magnetism i n amorphous systems is developed by assuming a gauss ian d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e energy s p l i t t i n g . The s u s c e p t i b i l i t y , t h e spontaneous magnet izat ion and t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t a r e computed i n a molecular f i e l d approximation and a r a t h e r s a t i s f a c t o r y agreement i s found with experimental d a t a i n Pr amorphous a l l o y s .


This article examines the procurement practices of Canada s three largest electric power utilities, Ontario Hydro, Hydro Quebec, and B.C. Hydro in terms of their impact on the technological development of the electrical power equipment industry in Canada. The theoretical underpinnings of this analysis are that under certain economic, technical and institutional conditions, procurement as managed by large publicly owned corporations with a high level of technical capacity can be a powerful instrument of industrial innovation. The paper describes how in the face of weakening market power following the twenty-year expansion phase in the industry (1960–80) and global restructuring among electrical power equipment suppliers, the three utilities have been forced to reassess conflicting commercial and technological objectives. The authors point to Hydro Quebec's signing of a recent series of strategic production agreements with key suppliers as an example of a new approach lo procurement through concentrated use of limited market power in critical product areas. The paper concludes that the distribution of risks involved in technology development between buyers and sellers is dependent on market structures. Secondly, the nature of these client-supplier interactions in management of risk will reflect the internal coherence of an organization's commercial and technological strategies.


The primary and permanent teeth in humans may show anomalies related to numbers and morphology of crown and roots. There can be a variation in morphology, location, and prevalence of accessory cusps that can often lead to dental problems. The present case report is of a 9-year-old child exhibiting multiple accessory cusps on the occlusal surface of maxillary primary second molars and maxillary permanent first molars. This article highlights the clinical implications of condition and the associated problems.


In recent years, video has become a tremendous growth of media in the content delivery network (CDN) coupled with the enormous increase of users. However, it leads to new challenges including an explosion of data demand on networking resources, backhaul bottleneck, and many congestions between transmissions in the network. To address these network congestions and minimize the content download latency, an LEO Satellite-based overlay system in CDN is proposed. A Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite network, where the user equipment (UE) is covered by multiple satellites, is an important solution to the wireless communication network in the future. To ensure the quality of the service of the LEO satellite network, the handover problem and caching problem need to be considered. The paper focuses on a wireless network consisting of various caching nodes to serve users' requests supported by an LEO satellite-based overlay system. Our goal is the maximization the number of UEs covered by a Satellite by considering the location of users and the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of users to select the best action. The Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) with multi-agent Q learning algorithm and Caching update algorithm with the popularity parameters are proposed to solve Problem statements of our System Model.


Noise is a mixture of sounds of various frequencies that irritate human beings. Today, noise is considered an "invisible" pollutant that raises great concern, especially in cities. Prolonged exposure to noise, either in everyday life or at the workplace, may cause health problems including high blood pressure and heart diseases. Noise may have negative impacts on reading, attention, problem-solving, and memory. One of the solutions to this problem is the reduction of the decibel level (dB). This article studies the noise-absorbing characteristics of polymer materials used in shoe sole production. The authors suggest producing noise-absorbing caps from the FLEX material. Additive technologies were used in cap production. This article presents the results of the research on the use of the FLEX plastic for noise-absorbing shoe heel caps. When using the shoes with heel caps made of FLEX plastic, the noise level on porcelain stoneware reduced 5.61 times, and 12.79 times on laminate flooring. The authors prove that noise-absorbing heel caps can reduce the noise levels at workplaces and public organizations, which may have a positive effect on the environment.


The collection of data for geographic and planning research by means of interviewing is a time-consuming and costly affair. A new method of interviewing, computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI), makes it possible to reduce labour input and financial costs. Programs to carry out CATI on microcomputers were developed by the Department of Geography at Utrecht University. The technique was applied to collect data for research projects on retailing and commuting in a planning context. As an example, it is demonstrated how the collected data were used in a shopping model of spatial interaction type in order to make conditional forecasts of retail spending in the province of Utrecht, Holland.


In response to the modeling difficulties and low search efficiency of traditional weapon-target assignment algorithms, this paper proposes a deep reinforcement learning-based intelligent weapon-target assignment method. A weapon-target intelligent assignment model with strong decision-making capabilities (RL4WTA) is obtained by training. Firstly, a multi-constraint weapon-target assignment optimization model is established to discretize the dynamic weapon-target assignment problem into a static weapon-target assignment problem. Furthermore, a planning and solving environment for the weapon-target assignment (WTA) problem is designed, and a Markov Decision Process (MDP) for WTA tasks is constructed based on the planning and solving model. This provides a foundation for solving the WTA problem using reinforcement learning algorithms. Additionally, a reinforcement learning-based WTA-solving model is proposed in this paper. By utilizing a multi-head Q-value network, the complex joint decision space is decoupled, thereby improving the efficiency of the WTA model. The use of a masking mechanism allows for inferring valid actions that satisfy the constraint conditions under the current situation, reducing uncertainty during the reinforcement learning training process. Experimental results show that the proposed model, RL4WTA, can generate satisfactory solutions adaptively in both small-scale and large-scale scenarios. Compared with traditional optimization algorithms, the model is superior in adaptability and computational efficiency, meeting the requirements of making optimal decisions for weapon-target assignment problems.


When on November 4, 1979 a number of armed individuals (a group later called Daneshjouyan-e Khat-e Emam or "Students of Imam [Khomeini]'s Line") took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, few people knew that this was the second invasion of the U.S. Embassy since the Revolution that unseated the Pahlavi dynasty. The first occupation occurred on February 14, only three days after the Pahlavi regime was overthrown. That takeover was initiated by militant members of the Marxist–Leninist group Fadaiyan-e Khalgh, established a decade earlier and dedicated to guerilla attacks against the Pahlavi regime as well as U.S. interests in Iran. 1 That day, the group issued a communique stating that the overthrow of the regime was the first step of the revolution that had to be continued until the elimination of capitalism in Iran and that American imperialism will be the most important force opposing this event. 2 The clergy and the "Revolutionary Council" condemned the action and, following a meeting with the provisional government's foreign minister, Ebrahim Yazdi, the group accepted to leave the premises peacefully. The resolution of the crisis took only half a day. The second takeover lasted longer: a number of Embassy staff were taken hostage for 444 days. At the beginning of the seizure, it seemed that the new hostage takers did not know exactly what they wanted. Abbas Abdi, an eminent member of the group, admitted eight years later that they had responded to Imam Khomeini's speech on November 1, when he asked "students, collegians as well as students of theological schools to expand their struggle against America to force return the Shah" 3 who had recently been admitted to a hospital in the United States for treatment against cancer. He said


The tube conialmng three-dimensional ribs has great influence on LrBr--H2O's upwardflow boiling. Heat transfer coefficient AF is about 1.5~2.6, it is mainly edicted by specificrate of heat flow, pressure and east quality. In the range of experimental parameter, theauthor regresses the heat transfer equation of LiBr--H2O.


With nationality problems continuing to occupy a prominent place in both international and municipal practice, expressions of opinion of our highest tribunal upon the subject are received with peculiar interest. This is particularly true where the rule announced is one which governs the validity of naturalization judgments. In a recent sweeping naturalization decision which upholds the government's views at every point, the United States Supreme Court has again stressed the rule that when doubt exists concerning a grant of citizenship, the statutes must be strictly construed in favor of the United States and against the alien. On October 22, 1928, the court handed down its opinion in the case of Anna Marie Maney, Petitioner, v. The United States of America, in which it affirmed, on writ of certiorari, the judgment of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. The latter court had directed the cancellation of the applicant's certificate of naturalization as having been "illegally procured" because of her failure to file, at the prescribed time and in the required manner, the certificate of her arrival in the United States.


Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) has potential to improve thermal efficiency for gasoline engine due to the similar formation of mixture between HCCI and traditional spark ignition mode. High reactivity fuel combined with gasoline is used to achieve HCCI combustion with a relative low compression ratio. Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) is a kind of low-carbon fuels with unique molecule structure, which is beneficial for carbon neutral. The intermediate products of PODE are different from those of long-chain alkane such as n-heptane and diesel. In this paper, the difference in spark-assisted HCCI (SA-HCCI) combustion combined with spark ignition and EGR between PODE/gasoline and n-heptane/gasoline under different operating conditions were investigated. The results illustrated that PODE/gasoline was more suitable for SA-HCCI combustion due to the positive relation between thermal efficiency and gasoline percentage, which can significantly improve the thermal efficiency while suppressing knock. Although the cetane number of PODE is greater than the n-heptane, the SA-HCCI combustion was more violent fueled with n-heptane/gasoline than that of PODE/gasoline. Low NOx and PM emissions are achieved for SA-HCCI combustion especially for PODE/gasoline. The advancing spark timing reduced the incomplete combustion and shortened the combustion duration, thus reducing the THC and CO emissions, especially fueled with PODE/gasoline. Although a low EGR rate can slightly improve the THC and CO emissions, violent combustion can be significantly improved. In general, high efficiency and low emissions could be achieved by PODE/gasoline and spark ignition combined with EGR. The brake thermal efficiency for SA-HCCI combustion fueled with PODE/gasoline increased by 30% compared with DISI mode under the same loads.


This paper proposes a parallel architecture for motion estimation using the enhanced successive elimination (Enhanced SE) algorithm. The basic idea of this algorithm is to estimate the motion of an object by eliminating repeated access of search blocks, intense storage and computation, for all search blocks, thereby reducing power. Therefore, a parallel architecture employing this algorithm is more energy efficient as it is not as computation intensive as other block matching algorithms. Further, an architecture is used that prevents redundant memory accesses. The simulation and synthesis were carried out using Cadence tools, NcSim and RTL Compiler respectively, with 90 nm libraries. Low power, Multi VT and DFT flows have been executed. Logic equivalence has also been checked


1. Histological and experimental observations were made on the gastric secretion of the Australian lizards Tiliqua nigro-lutea and Tachysaurus rugosus, and on the tortoise Testudo grœca. In Tiliqua nigro-lutea a permanent fistula with an indwelling cannula was inserted into the stomach for the collection of gastric juice from the unanaesthetized animal.

2. Histologically, the gastric gland cells of these animals contain granules that resemble mammalian pepsinogen granules, but there is no cell in the glands that can be identified with the mammalian parietal cell.

3. The effects of food, of drugs and of vagal stimulation on the secretion of gastric juice were observed. In spite of histological differences from the mammalian stomach, the stomach in these three species produces a gastric juice that in essentials resembles that of mammals.


The forecast and early warning platform of sand-dust weather in Dalian had been developed in order to improve the forecast and early warning service in the lower reaches of sandstorm region.Based on the introduction of design idea,structure and feature of the platform,the forecast and early warning flow of sandstorm was described.The principles such as early warning causing sand-dust and fuzzy discriminant analysis were discussed,and its test results were analyzed.The results show that the platform is practical,whose running flow is in accord with the forecaster′s work flow.It can be applied in real time operation.It could satisfy the demand of sand-dust weather forecast in Dalian,and provide strong technical support for the forecast and early warning service of sand-dust.


The key factor in the production of pulp and periapical inflammation is represented by the presence of bacteria in the root canal system and the outcoming toxins. Bacterial biofilm is identifiable in the various areas of the endodontic space, but due to the complexity of the internal anatomy of the root canal, bacteria removing is yet difficult to obtain, a particularly important step for treatment success representing the medication choice. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity spectrum of microbial strains isolated from chronic apical periodontitis teeth microbiota to different antimicrobials used in the chemomechanical disinfection stages: irrigants, local antiseptics, antibiotics.Material and Methods. Following tooth extractions, there were taken evidence of apical lesions chronic from twenty-nine patients; the identified microbial strains were identified based on the colony character, Gram stain, conventional biochemical tests and API kits. The isolated microbial strains were tested for susceptibility to different antibiotics and antiseptic substances, as well as irrigants of dental usage by using an adpated diffusion method. Results: Our study revealed that some of the analyzed strains were totally susceptible to conventional antiseptics. Analysis of irrigants inhibiton action and medicinal dressings currently used in endodontic practice (sodium hypochlorite 2.5% and 3%, 5.25%, 2% chlorhexidine gel and solution, EDTA) showed that strains isolated from chronic apical periodontitis were generally susceptible to their action. Disinfectants presented a lower level of antimicrobial effect in comparisson to that observed within antiseptics.Conclusions: Different types of microbial agents action is generally different depending on their type (antiseptics, chelating agents, irrigants, calcium hydroxide). Antiseptics presented the most efficient antimicrobial action. It was found that various antimicrobial agents had variable effects on different tested strains and generally, antiseptics exhibited a superior antimicrobial effect than the tested disinfectants.


.................................................................................................................................. ii PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... viii GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................. xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... xiv DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................xv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................1 1.1 The Curriculum Challenge ..............................................................................................1 1.2 Clarifying Intentions, Study Purpose and the Research Questions .................................2 1.3 About Pharmacy Programs in Canada ............................................................................4 1.4 The Study ........................................................................................................................6 1.5 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................8 1.6 Researcher Background...................................................................................................9 1.7 Organization of Thesis ..................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 2: PHARMACY PRACTICE .................................................................................15 2.1 Society and the Professions ...........................................................................................15 2.2 What is a Profession? ....................................................................................................16 2.3 Sociology and Pharmacy ...............................................................................................19 2.4 A Brief History of the Professionalization of Pharmacy in Canada .............................28 2.5 Canadian Pharmacy Today, the Blueprint for Tomorrow and this Study .....................33 CHAPTER 3: PHARMACY EDUCATION .............................................................................39 3.1 Professionalization, Specialized Knowledge and Pharmacy Education .......................39 3.2 What is Curriculum? .....................................................................................................41 3.3 Conceptualizing Curriculum and Educational History .................................................46 3.4 A Brief History of Pharmacy Education and Curricula in Canada ...............................52 3.5 Pharmacy Education Today, the Blueprint for Tomorrow and this Study ....................60 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND METHODS ..............................................................63 4.1 Why Case Study? ..........................................................................................................63 4.2 Pragmatics of the Study.................................................................................................72 Conceptual Structure of the Case Study ...................................................................72 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................75 Study Setting and Case Context ................................................................................76 Study Participants, Recruitment and Consent ..........................................................77 Data Collection Procedures .....................................................................................80 Data Analysis and Interpretation .............................................................................88 vi Data Management and Procedural Auditing............................................................91 Trustworthiness and Issues of Generalizability ........................................................92 Ethical Considerations .............................................................................................94 Limitations ................................................................................................................94 CHAPTER 5: SCOPE AND DEPTH OF THE BASIC PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES .....................................................................................................................................................100 5.1 Historical Document Analysis ....................................................................................101 Curriculum Development Timelines .......................................................................101 The Empiricist Apprentice Curriculum...................................................................109 The Pharmacist Basic Scientist Curriculum ...........................................................111 The Pharmacist Pharmaceutical Scientist Curriculum ..........................................117 The Pharmacist Clinician Curriculum ...................................................................123 Program Enrollment and Roster Analysis ..............................................................131 CHAPTER 6: ROLE AND STATUS OF THE BASIC PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES .....................................................................................................................................................134 6.1 Introducing the Study Participants and Prefacing Role and Status .............................135 Congruency on What Constitutes the Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences ..................137 Pharmacy Practice Experience and Teaching Practices: Emerging Differences ..138 Congruency on the Blueprint for Pharmacy and the Future of the Profession ......142 6.2 Faculty Perspectives on Role: Growing Solitudes ......................................................143 Exploring Role With the Basic Pharmaceutical Scientists .....................................144 Exploring Role from the Clinical and Practice Faculty Perspective .....................147 6.3 Faculty Perspectives on Status: Recognition and Convergence .................................151 Status and the basic pharmaceutical scientists.......................................................152 Status and the Clinical and Practice Faculty .........................................................157 CHAPTER 7: CURRICULUM AND PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICES OF THE BASIC PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENTISTS ......................................................................................162 7.1 Curriculum and Pedagogical Practices: Exploring Broadly ........................................163 Setting the Stage......................................................................................................163 Approaches to Course Design ................................................................................166 A Closer Look at Content Selection: Exploring Issues of Scope and Depth ..........169 Use of Objectives ....................................................................................................174 Teaching Methods and Active Learning Strategies ................................................175 Assessment Practices ..............................................................................................177 7.2 Curriculum and Pedagogical Practices: Experiencing the Specific ............................179 Three Classes in a Week .........................................................................................179 Monday, 9-10am, IRC 6: Ian's Class .....................................................................180 Wednesday, 3-4pm, IRC 2: Lindsey's Class ...........................................................185 Thursday, 10-11am, IRC 6: Brad's Class ..............................................................189 7.3 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................191


This disclosure pertains to a content supply device, a content supply method, a program, and a content supply system that enhance DASH adaptive streaming technology such that broadcast distribution as well as multicast distribution can be used. The content supply device of the first aspect of this disclosure supplies content streaming data in accordance with adaptive streaming technology, said content supply device comprising: an HTTP distribution unit for HTTP distribution of segment files, which are obtained as a result of making a file for each segment of the streaming data, over a two-way communication network; a multicast distribution unit for multicast distribution of the segment files; and a meta-file generation unit for generating meta files in which information for receiving the segment files distributed by HTTP or distributed by multicast is described. This disclosure can be applied to systems that distribute content by streaming.


Sub-mm CMUT annular arrays are very attractive for generating high quality imaging beams with a small channel count for intravascular imaging. In this work, we analyzed the performance of 840 μm diameter, 40 MHz CMUT annular arrays using analytical and FEA methods. We experimentally characterized several types of RTV films at high frequencies as protective coatings and evaluated their effect on the annular array performance through FEA. The FEA of the CMUT array was conducted using ANSYS and the analytical calculations were based on the Rayleigh integral. To accurately model the effects of RTV layers in ANSYS with the FLUID79 element, the frequency dependent attenuation of ~1 mm thick RTV-60 and RTV-615 samples were measured using two high frequency CMUT arrays in water. The attenuation of the RTV samples was fit to the relation α~Bfn (Np/m) over the frequency range of 5 MHz to 30 MHz with excellent agreement (B= 2.46E-9, n=1.67 for RTV-60, B=2.13E-4, n= 0.956 for RTV-615). With these measurements, attenuation was included in the FEA for 5-15 μm thick RTV layers and the resulting fields were subsequently propagated into the fluid via post processing in MATLAB. The frequency domain and transient pressure fields for both focused and unfocused operation were obtained using axisymmetric models. An ideal equal area annular piston array, CMUT piston array, CMUT array, and an RTV coated CMUT array were considered. Initial hydrophone results with annular arrays are presented showing a loss in bandwidth when coated with RTV-615, in agreement with simulations.


Most fluxes and their flux residue are corrosive, and their presence on the surface of assemblies may cause reliability concerns due to electrochemical migration. This study firstly refers to the test method IPC-TM-650 2.3.32D and 2.6.15C and the requirements in J-STD-004A to evaluate flux-induced corrosion and the corrosivity of their flux residue. Then thermogravimetric analysis is used to evaluate the flux residue level after soldering under identical conditions. These comparison data can be utilized to compare flux performance of solder pastes. For the cleanliness evaluation after flux cleaning, the qualitative analysis refers to IPC-A-610G and adopts optical inspection to observe the flux cleaning effect. The quantitative analysis refers to IPC-TM-650 2.3.28B ion chromatography test method to analyze the level of ionic species after flux cleaning. In addition to IPC-TM-650 2.3.28B ion chromatography method, the effectiveness of other methods has been well demonstrated to characterize the fluxes and their flux residue in clip bonding assembly.


The utility model discloses an experimental apparatus used for simulating the ocean tidal-current power generation, which comprises a support, a water trough is formed on the support, a water baffle plate is arranged on one side of the water trough, a water-level regulating plate is arranged on the other side of the water trough, the side where the water-level regulating plate is arranged is connected with a water tank through a water pipe, a valve and a water pump are arranged on the water pipe, the water tank and the water pump are arranged below the support, a flexible rotor is fixed in the water trough through a rotor field spider and a fixture, is connected with an engine through a belt pulley and a speed increaser and comprises two supporting plates and a grid plate, wherein, the supporting plates are fixed at the two ends of the grid plate, blades are arranged on the grid plate, a rotating axle penetrates the supporting plates and is arranged in the center of the grid plate, one end of the rotating axle is fixed through a check nut, the other end of the rotating axle is connected with a circular disc through a cam plate by using a key, and a bearing and a belt pulley are arranged on two sides of the rotating axle. The utility model can qualitatively and quantitatively research the problem to solve in the tidal-current power generation and has the advantages of small occupied area, compact structure and higher applicability.


The first-frequency method of estimating the fatigue serviceability is discussed in this paper through four piece test beam. The test results of high performance concrete bridge of different percent fly ash under fatigue load show that the serviceability of 32m beam under designing load meet the requirement of design, and at the same time the first-frequency method on estimating the serviceability of bridge structure is convenience and accurary. It can be used widely in civil engineering.5figs.,4tabs.,6refs.


There has been a steady growth in the applications and breadth of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) since the 1980's [1]. At that time, the procedures to carry out meaningful experiments were described (e.g. [2]) but it was thought that high voltage TEM and thick specimens were required to reproduce bulk behavior. However, in a series of studies, we established that this was not necessarily the case and that even high resolution TEM recordings could be made in real time, in situ and that the atomic behavior associated with materials reactions at interfaces could be deduced (e.g. [3, 4]). Moreover, with the advent of thin film and nanotechnology, the investigation of thin and nano-scale materials became a necessity (e.g. [5]). In recent years, there has been an additional proliferation, most notably from in situ TEM in controlled environments such as in gases and liquids (e.g. [1], [6]).


The master programme – EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY OF PRESCHOOL AND PRIMARY SCHOOL offered and still offers a valuable and almost unique niche in the training and educational market provided by higher education institutions beside other public or private providers. In the context of European and national policy implementation regarding early childhood education field, the master enables graduates to be much more competitive in labor market. Alongside the skills developed by completing the training program, the master gives the possibility of establishing a group of experts in early childhood education and eligible to work in the public and private contexts. This qualitative research included the analysis of graduates' reflections on the journey of learning alongside the two-year master program and self-management in terms of quality of learning.


The MRC AML15 Trial is primarily for patients with any form of AML who are under 60 years. One of the questions addressed was whether the addition of the immunoconjugate, Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin (GO) to induction (course 1) and/or consolidation (course 3) is beneficial. In induction patients are randomised to receive either DA (Daunorubicin/Ara-C) or ADE (Ara-C/Daunorubicin/Etoposide) or FLAG-Ida (Fludarabine/Ara-C/Idarubicin/G-CSF) and in consolidation either MACE (Amsacrine/Etoposide) or HD Ara-C (3.0g/m2 or 1.5g/m2 per dose). Our prior pilot trial had shown that GO 3mgs/m2 could be safely added to day 1 of each of these treatments (Kell et al Blood102, 4277–4283). Here we report the preliminary results of the effect of combining GO with induction chemotherapy. This randomisation achieved its recruitment target and was closed on 30 June 2006. All other comparisons in the trial, including GO in consolidation, remain open. Patients: A total of 1115 patients were randomised between July 2002 and June 2006. The median age was 49 (range 0–71) years: 53% of patients were male: 92% (n=1027) had de novo disease: 95% had WHO performance score of 30 x 109/l and LFT's > normal were initially excluded but admitted from March 2004. APL patients were not eligible for entry. 15% of patients with data had favourable 71% intermediate, and 14% adverse cytogenetics. Over 83% were CD33 positive. Results: The overall remission rate was 85% with no differences between the arms for GO vs no GO in CR (85% vs 85%) induction death (8% vs 7%) or resistant disease (7% vs 8%). There was a modest increase in mucositis on the GO arm in course 1 only (p=0.04) and increased AST and Alt toxicity in C1 (p=.002; p=.03) but no difference in bilirubin grades. GO patients used more platelets (19 vs 14; p


This paper investigates the effect of product market competition on a firm's tax avoidance behavior. We develop a theoretical model showing that a greater product market competition could increase the managerial incentive of tax avoidance due to a "threat-of-punishment" effect but decrease shareholders' incentive of tax avoidance due to a "value-of-tax-saving" effect, resulting in an inverted U-shape relationship between product market competition and tax avoidance. Moreover, the turning point of the inverted U-shape relationship is a function of a firm's productivity and corporate governance. Empirically, we find consistent evidence that the effect of product market competition on a firm's tax avoidance has an inverted U-Shape and such an effect varies across firms with different productivity and corporate governance. Our analysis highlights the complex effect of product market competition on a firm's tax avoidance activities.


To determine the reputation of these objects using an object identification report from a plurality of clients via a plurality of reputation system. Using the information determined from these reports to generate confidence metrics for these clients. Confidence measure indicates the value for the confidence of the authenticity of these reports. Using reports from these clients and these clients for the confidence measure to calculate credit scores more objects. Associated confidence measure and store credit scores associated with identifiers of these objects. In response to a request, the reputation score of a target provided to a client.


We propose a joint inter-channel nonlinearity equalizer based on Volterra series for polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) transmission. The equalization effectiveness is validated through numerical simulation of 20Gbit/s PDM-16QAM Nyquist single carrier frequency division equalization (SCFDE) systems.


Overwhelming scientific evidence shows agriculture is heavily impacted by negative climate change effects. While agriculture is affected, the sector is also the second-largest contributor to climate change, creating challenges in adaptation and mitigation strategies. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a holistic approach to managing landscapes, utilized to guide farmers in the context of a changing climate. CSA is an attractive option for Vietnam, an agricultural country extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Farmers and communities in Vietnam are facing significant risks. Changes in farming conditions, climate, and productivity threaten agriculture and livelihoods. The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of climate change on the people and agricultural systems in Thuong Bang La (TBL) commune, Vietnam, utilizing climate-smart agriculture rapid appraisal (CSA-RA) tools. The results indicated that agricultural production has been negatively impacted, with erratic and varied weather patterns causing outbreaks of disease, and reductions in the yield and productivity of livestock and cropping systems. Disasters including flooding, storms, and droughts are a prominent threat, leaving farmers unsure of how to cope. Through a showcase of CSA technologies, farmers were able to highlight their preferences for practices including mulching, drip irrigation and conservation agriculture in orange groves, bio-fertilizers and integrated pest management (IPM) in rice production, and using biological bedding in chicken raising. The study showed immediate openings to initiate context-specific CSA interventions and building the resilience of the agricultural systems in the development of one of the first climate-smart communes in Vietnam.


The taxonomical identification of the charcoal and wood particles, discovered on site no. 8 at Szczepanki as well as pollen studies were conducted. The studied peat-bog archaeological site was occupied from the Late Palaeolithic until the Late Neolithic but most intensively in the time of the paraNeolithic Zedmar culture. The analysis proved the strong dependence of the number of charcoal and wood fragments on the settlement intensity, confirmed by the archaeological data. On site 12 different taxa of tree and shrub remains were registered. Among them alder was the most frequently identified taxon. In the time of the Zedmar culture, an essential growth of the taxonomic diversity of charcoal and wood particles was noted. Frequencies of oak and ash particularly increased that suggests the stronger exploitation of trees with a durable wood.


Several clinical studies have uncovered a negative correlation between baseline tumor burden and the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. This study aimed to uncover the specific mechanisms underlying the difference in sensitivity to ICI treatment between tumors with high (HTB) and low (LTB) tumor burden.


If one were to single out the most pressing issue concerning the textual transmission of Cicero's post-exile orations (Red. Sen., Red. Quir., Dom., Наг. Resp., Sest., Vat., Cael., Prop. Cons., Balb.), it would certainly have to be the question of the authenticity of London, British Library, MS Harley 4927 (H), s. xii1.1). MS Harley 4927 alongside Paris, B.N., MS lat. 7794 (P), s. ixmed-, on the one hand, and Brussels, BibL Royale, MS lat. 5 345 (G), s. xi1, together with its sister copy Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibl., MS lat. fol. 252 (E), s. xii1, on the other offers one of the three main avenues of access to the lost archetype (A), the main source of these orations2. The precise value of H, however, is still open to debate. It is not easy to determine to what extent its testimony reproduces the readings of (A), and this uncertainty has been reflected in the fluctuations of scholarly opinion regarding its worth. H's influence on Cicero's orations was secured as soon as the manuscript was acquired by Petrarch before the middle of the fourteenth century in France3), for subsequently it was copied into a number of the recentiores4). In printed editions,


We studied the volatility of commercial search engines and reflected on its impact on research that uses them as basis of algorithmical techniques or for user studies. Search engine volatility refers to the fact that a query posed to a search engine at two different points in time returns different documents. By comparing search results retrieved every 2 days over a period of 64 days, we found that the considered commercial search engine API consistently presented volatile search results: it both retrieved new documents, and it ranked documents previously retrieved at different ranks throughout time. Moreover, not only results are volatile: we also found that the effectiveness of the search engine in answering a query is volatile. Our findings reaffirmed that results from commercial search engines are volatile and that care should be taken when using these as basis for researching new information retrieval techniques or performing user studies.


Background:The World Health Organization considered obesity as a medical condition that may lead to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. While much of the focus on the impairments caused by obesity is on somatic health, recent data suggest that reproductive health may also be impacted. Objective:To quantify the relation between obesity and the reproductive hormones. Methods:This cross-sectional study was carried out at nutrition clinic in three teaching hospitals and one obesity clinic in a medical college in Baghdad. The body mass index (BMI) calculation, blood sugar, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, testosterone, prolactin, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured. Results:Ninety-five adult obese males participated in this study. Serum testosterone had significant negative correlation with BMI, weight, serum cholesterol, and serum triglyceride while serum LH had significant positive correlation with BMI (p value was 0.013), weight (p value was 0.027), and serum triglyceride (p value was 0.049). Conclusion:Male obesity has significant effect on serum level of testosterone and LH. Keywords:Obesity, reproductive hormones Citation:Abdul-Rahman IM., Abdul-Ameer AJ. Reproductive hormonal assay of a sample of Iraqi obese males. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(2): 114-119. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.2.4


Oxbow says: This thesis re-examines evidence for the distribution of hominin populations focusing particularly on the period 1.8-0.6 million years ago in Africa. Various theories and scenarios are assessed as MacDonald takes an evolutionary and ecological approach to interpreting hominin geographic ranges. The challenges and problems in studying this subject are discussed and the utility of comparative analyses being used to fill in the gaps in archaeological data are considered in theory and in practice (comparisons are made with the distribution of modern primate species and of African mammal taxa).


An analysis of housing issues in the city of Canela (RS, Brazil) has been made in 2008 as part of the development of the Master Plan for Housing. The present paper deals with one component of this analysis, which is the assessment of urban accessibility for low-income population, and its consequences on the treatment of the problem of current shortage of low-income housing and the future demand from population growth until 2020. A three steps method is applied: (i) urban mobility is assessed and mapped on the basis of the road system and the routes of public transport; (ii) accessibility to different urban services, such as public education and health, recreation, consumption and jobs are measured and mapped considering the location of urban facilities, population distribution divided by income and age, and urban mobility; (iii) one map for urban accessibility is produced as a result of the weighted combination of accessibility to different urban facilities. This final urban accessibility map is then overlayed to empty urban lots with size and land value appropriate to low-income housing, and a simulation of their development over the future has been made. The lots with higher accessibility were selected, and the impact of urban development was assessed on the capacity of education facilities. Based on this study, we made some preliminary suggestions for widening places in some schools, the need for a new education facility (location and size) and the extension of public transport for an area with low accessibility.


We describe the synthesis of (–)-5-O-diphenyl-t-butylsiloxymethyl-5H-furan-2-one (4) from D-ribonolactone; conversion of this chiral butenolide into (+)-(IR,6S,7S)-7-diphenyl-t-butylsiloxymethyl-8-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]non-3-en-9-one (10)(by means of a Diels-Alder reaction with butadiene); and thence via an efficient six-step sequence into (+)-(IR,2S,5S)-2-diphenyl-t-butylsiloxymethyl-3-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-7-one (15). A structure proof for this final product was provided by X-ray structural analysis. The crystals are triclinic, space group P1 with Z= 2, a= 8.351(9), b= 17.400(8), c= 8.591 (8)A; α= 77.8(1), β= 71.1(1), γ= 93.8(1)° 3423 Independent reflections were measured on a diffractometer and the structure has been refined to R 0.069. In the two independent molecules, the 3-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-7-one fragments have strikingly different conformations.


Kano Tadao's With Mountains, Cloud and Aborigines (1941) is primarily a record of Kano's travels in the mountains of Taiwan in 1931, and is considered a masterpiece of Nature Writing in Modern Taiwanese Literature. The fact that this text now has been translated, reprinted and republished after having disappeared for sixty years bears witness to the complex political, economic and cultural changes in Taiwanese society during that period. Re-evaluation of this pre-WWII work reflects the local and global communities' anxiety about environmental destruction, civil society's introspection on capitalist ideology, Taiwanese society's efforts to retrieve historical memories, and Nature writers' ultimate concern with ecological problems. Focusing on "Nature" itself, this paper examines the historical construction of modern knowledge and aesthetic expression in Kano's writing. To explicate the nuances of nature in his work, the discussion is divided into two parts: the Japanese Empire's development of science and Kano's unique travel writing style. The first part examines how modern knowledge of natural history in Taiwan has been formulated in relation to Western and Japanese scientific development. The second part analyzes Kano's ecocentric approach and literary aesthetic, which finally transforms and transcends the colonial imagination of "barbaric" Taiwanese mountains and aborigines.


DARLING (1938) suggested that synchrony of laying in colonial birds is stimulated by interaction between the birds, and the larger the colony, the greater the stimulus. Hence the laying in larger colonies will be more synchronized than that in small ones. In Darling's words, "the degree of breeding synchrony by social stimulation may be densityrelated" (Darling 1938: 53). Since then various authors have examined these ideas for different species of birds. Some students found such density correlated onset of laying to occur (Coulson and White 1960 in the Black-legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla; Horn 1970 in the Brewer's Blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus; Nelson 1967 in the Gannet, Morus bassana), while others found that they could not confirm the phenomenon in various species of gulls, Larus [spp.] (MacRoberts and MacRoberts 1972 in L. argentatus and L. fuscus; Vermeer 1963 in L. glaucescens; Weidmann 1956 in L. ridibundus). In addition to these observations, Ashmole (1963), Hailman (1964), and Harris (1970) suggested that "display interaction" or "social stimulation"' cause breeding synchrony in some "'non-annual breeders" (the Sooty Tern, Sterna fuscata, and the Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus furcatus, respectively). Darling (1938) suggested that synchronous laying decreased predation, and Brown (1967), Parsons (1971), Patterson (1965), and Kruuk (1964) proved that Herring, Lesser Black-backed, and Black-headed Gulls (Larus argentatus, L. fuscus, and L. ridibundus respectively) that breed at the peak of the breeding season had better breeding success than individuals that breed earlier or later than the peak. Patterson (1965) also showed that Black-headed Gulls that breed outside or on the edge of a colony were more vulnerable to predation and thus less successful than birds in the center. "Edge effect" (i.e. lower breeding success on the edge of a colony) was reported for the Gannet (Nelson 1967) and the kittiwake (Coulson and White 1956). Horn (1968) found that "clumped nesting in Brewer's Blackbird improves foraging efficiency and predation avoidance only when the colony is built in a large expanse of nesting habitat, surrounded by abundant, but patchily distributed, food." All the species mentioned breed in dense colonies, where the distance between the closest nest is rarely more than a few meters, but there is no reason why territorial species should not synchronize breeding in order to benefit in the way that some colonial birds do. For example,


The influence of mesencephalic structures on the hypothalaraus-anterior pituitary-adrenal cortex system was investigated in rats subjected to midbrain section by observing the adrenal ascorbic acid response to the stresses of ether anesthesia, unilateral adrenalectomy and abdominal surgery. There was no response indicative of increased secretion of ACTH whereas intact rats, sham-operated rats, and rats with the spinal cord sectioned at C7 responded with a marked fall in adrenal ascorbic acid. The defect in the rats with midbrain sec-tion was not at the adrenal cortical level, since the response to injected ACTH was normal, nor did the anterior pituitary appear to be insensitive, since there was a significant although diminished response to administered Pitressin. It was concluded that the midbrain lesion had interfered with some neural mechanism which has the capacity of activating the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary system.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to define and develop digital products market segments in Tehran based on consumers' buying decision-making styles (CDS) and testing applicability of Sproles and Kendall's model [consumer style inventory (CSI)] for this steady growing market in Tehran and contributing to theories of market segmentation.

Design/methodology/approach
This research used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to explore and identify digital products shoppers CDS. In addition, to determine whether the selected items and factors loaded, measured the identified CDS correctly, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to substantiate the number of explored CDS. Then, cluster analysis was executed to pinpoint decision-making groups and demographic characteristics such as gender, marital status, age, education and digital shopping experience to profile the diagnosed clusters.

Findings
Five CDS were distinguished for digital products customers (four former styles and one new one's named "Premeditated buying") through EFA and CFA analysis as a tool for segmenting; four clusters are, namely, "Best Seekers", "Premeditators", "Innovation Seekers", and "Price Insensitive".

Practical implications
It will be beneficial to companies focussing on the Iranian digital market. This study identifies each cluster behaviour based on demographic data too.

Originality/value
This is the first study focussing on market segmentation using extracting digital products decision-making styles. As the new shopping style, "Premeditated buying", has been explored from this analysis and due to the nature of digital products, this CDS has not been found in previous studies and is unique to Iranian digital products shoppers.


The mood-creativity relation has received much attention in the past several decades. However, according to the current results, the effect of negative moods on employee creativity has not reached ...


Studied is fracturing charge burning mechanism under the condition of top packer and influence factors of top packer in complex perforation.According to different distances of packer positions to function formations,we divide the top packer into near function formation packer and far function formation packer,based on which established is a mathematical model to calculate the force that acts on packer according to the packer characteristic respectively.Last,through an example computation and further analysis,the results show that the near function formation packer is comparatively suitable to less quantity of fracturing charge,when the quantity of fracturing charge is much more,we should use the far function formation packer,moreover,we should carefully consider the reasonable packer location so to ensure the fracturing effect consistent with the theoretical design.


The reactions of 33 clones of  Hevea to various  M. ulei isolates collected from rubber plantations in different regions of Brazil were studied. Isolates were inoculated with a concentration of 2 x 10 5 conidia/ml with 70% - 80% of germination rate. The subculturing was made with a 12-day old culture macerated in distilled sterilized water. The reaction presented by clones of Hevea spp varied with isolates and with clones. Most of the clones showed complete resistance to some of the isolates, but the same clones were susceptible or highly susceptible to the others. Some clones showed complete resistance and varying levels of incomplete resistance. It was verified that both the latent period and the diameter of lesions may be related to rubber tree resistance to  M. ulei , but these two parameters are not sufficient to explain this resistance. The association of various resistance components is needed. Among these components, the "sporulation on the lesions" is the most important. The incubation period and number of lesions are not good parameters for analyzing the rubber tree resistance to  M. ulei .


Cyrtonota montana n. sp. is described from southern Ecuador. It belongs to C. compulsa group, characterized by extremely tuberculate elytral disc.


This study aimed to evaluate the association between an anxious/avoidant attachment style and psychosocial variables in patients with cancer and their caregivers.


summaRy Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link has been collected in the northeast of Buenos Aires province, Argentina, in urban areas, confirming its existence in the country as was predicted by Pedersen's contribution to the Flora Ilustrada de Entre Rios. This is a rare species in the United Kingdom, but classified as harmful plant in Spain


In this article, electrochemical investigation of the transfer reaction of ionizable cefotiam (CTM), an antibiotic molecule across a polarized water/1,2-dichloroethane (water/1,2-DCE) interface was studied. Ion partition diagram providing the preferred charged form of CTM in either water or 1,2-DCE phase was established via the voltammetric evaluation of the transfer process of differently charged CTM species depending upon the pH variation of aqueous solutions. Thermodynamic information including the formal transfer potential and formal Gibbs transfer energy values in addition to important pharmacokinetics including partition coefficients of ionizable CTM were also evaluated. In particular, the current associated with the transfer of CTM present at pH 3.0 aqueous solution proportionally increased with respect to the CTM concentration which was further used for developing CTM sensitive ion sensor. In order to improve the portability and convenient usage, a single microhole interface fabricated in a supportive polyethylene terephthalate film was used of which hole was filled with a polyvinylchloride-2-nitrophenyloctylether (PVC-NPOE) gel replacing 1,2-DCE, a toxic organic solvent. A dynamic range of 1-10 μM CTM was obtained.


Leadership has always been an unresolved problem across time or space. Balancing destructive leadership practices is essential especially in the context of religion and the state. Changes in models occur to answer the need for effective and relevant leaders. Various models of leadership are attested including servant leadership, transactional leadership, supportive leadership, laissez-faire leadership, transformational leadership and other positive leadership. The importance of a positive model in bringing full awareness to leaders in carrying out the leadership mandate is emphasised in this essay. The study focuses on the definition of destructive leadership and destructive leadership models practised by Israelite leaders during the ministry of Prophet Hosea in the eighth century B.C.E based on the text of Hosea 7:1-16. A destructive leader is described as one who negatively influences his followers. The negative influence may lead to the destruction of the organisation he/she leads. The destructive leadership model found in Hosea 7:116 is not integrity-oriented but power-oriented and individual-oriented. Three factors characterise it-the leader, the followers and the environment.


The results of a laboratory study of hydraulic jumps on corrugated beds are presented. Experiments were performed for a range of Froude numbers from 4 to 10. Three values of the relative roughness t/ y 1 of 0.50, 0.43, and 0.25 were studied. It was found that the tailwater depth required to form a jump was appreciably smaller than that for the corresponding jumps on smooth beds. Further, the length of the jumps was about half of those on smooth beds. The integrated bed shear stress on the corrugated bed was about 10 times that on smooth beds. The axial velocity profiles at different sections in the jump were found to be similar, with some differences from the profile of the simple plane wall jet. The maximum velocityum at any section in terms of the velocity U1 of the supercritical stream was correlated with the longitudinal distance x in terms of L, which is the distance where um50.5U1 , and this relation was the same as that for jumps on smooth beds with the difference that L/ y 1 was much smaller for jumps on corrugated beds. The normalized boundary layer thickness d/b, where b is the length scale of the velocity profile, was equal to 0.45 for jumps on corrugated beds compared to 0.16 for the simple wall jet. The results of this study show the attractiveness of corrugated beds for energy dissipation below hydraulic structures.


The agent for treating bacterial enteritis in animals, for internal administration to liquid feed once a day for three to five days at a dose of from 0.5 to 1.0 ml per 1 kg of body mass, comprising enrofloxacin and auxiliaries, characterized further comprising humates peat or sapropel, the following ratio of the component, wt.%:


The Foreigner's Gaze A barbershop in a small Midwestern town. A patron, waiting to be shaved, holds forth about the need for a law that would ban radical ideas in schools. Another customer, the local teacher, reminds him: "It's not possible to get a law that denies the right to say what one believes. In peace-time, anyway." The patron looks stunned and asks: "Who says so?" The teacher replies: "The Constitution of the United States." "You should read it sometime," interrupts the elderly barber in heavily accented English. "You would be surprised. I had to read it to become an American. You never had to because you were born here." This telling exchange occurs in Fury, Fritz Lang's first American film, which opened on June 5, 1936 at The Capitol, one of New York's largest movie palaces. The scene suggests that foreigners know the basics of the U.S. Constitution, while natives do not. Holding a straight razor, the immigrant barber hovers over the local customer who sits immobilized in


In working out his demythologized version of the Resurrection, which he interprets as an expression of the triumphant significance of the Cross,I Bultmann insists more than once that the Resurrection is not a miraculous proof on which an inquirer might confidently base his belief in the salutary significance attributed to the Cross. The purpose of the narrative of the Resurrection in the Kerygma of the New Testament is to direct attention to the fact that the judgment of God, which is given a temporal expression in the Cross, is not merely a condemnatory judgment but a liberating judgment. The Cross is the salvation-event, the death of Christ is the triumph over the power of sin and death. The proclamation of the Resurrection is not to be understood as the narrative of an independent, objective fact, a miracle which would provide an unquestionable guarantee of the salutary power of the Cross. The Resurrection is not, therefore, an event of mythical character that could make credible the significance of the Cross ; rather, it is a matter of faith just as much as the significance of the Cross. Indeed, fa i th in the Resurrection i s nothing other than f a i t h in the Cross as salvatiolaevelat, fa i th in the Cross as the Cross of Christ.2 Unlike the Cross, which Bultmann accepts as a fact of history, the Resurrection is not an historical event. The return of a dead body to the life of this world is incredible ; it could not be established as an objective fact no matter how many witnesses are invoked for it.3 The truth of the matter, in Bultrnann's view, is that in the Christian message the Resurrection was intended t o convey, not the bringing back to life of a dead body, but the eschatological fact of the destruction of the power of death through Christ and the bringing of life and imm~rta l i ty .~


Female condoms help curb the spread of HIV/ AIDS/ STIs and unwanted pregnancy only if they are used correctly and consistently. As this study revealed poor use of female condoms and shortages of programs to promote female condom usage, efforts to increase the public provision of female condoms must be supported by behaviour change communication strategies for safer sex. Though female condom may not be the preferred method for the majority of women in Palapye, with access, proper education, and promotion they may be a precious option for some women. Since condoms are also associated in many contexts with illicit or extra-marital sex, married women are often powerless to request their partner to wear a condom despite suspecting that he may be infected with HIV, for fear of reprisal at the implied accusation of being unfaithful. This research and other researches conducted in a diverse range of countries have found that women avoid asking their partner to wear a condom for fear of violent response or accusations of her own suspected infidelity. Though,majority of participants reported that their religion/culture didn't have much influence but women are not empowered in sex matters.


Mobile ad hoc network MANET is wireless network without any infrastructure nor centralized control, MANET may include many nodes that work as a router, number of nodes in MANET may change and each node in the network may change its speed frequently, so the routing in this kind of network is more complex than the routing in the wired network, routing has been discussed in many researches in order to find the routing protocol that provides a high performance. Packet delivery ratio PDR is an important metric in performance of MANET. The concern in this research is to study the effect of changing the number and the speed of nodes on PDR when implementing AODV and DSDV routing protocols, the research will deal with several number of the nodes, in addition it will deal with several values of the speed of the nodes, this study will lead to conclude which routing protocol may be more suitable for each case in terms of PDR.


Teacher Nonfiction Book Clubs Lindsay, an intermediate teacher, commented, "All of my professional development is with fiction. We hear about new fiction titles and how to use them in the classroom. I joined this nonfiction book club to help me gain insight into the genre before I used it with my students." Lindsay joined a book club to help her explore nonfiction literature and to think about the use of this genre in her classroom. It is impor- tant for teachers to examine their use of nonfic- tion literature because we live in an era charac- terized by a "globalized flow of information," (Luke, 2003) and students will work within a world that relies heavily on their ability to criti- cally read nonfiction materials and make deci- sions based upon what they have read (Duke, 2000; Freeman & Person, 1998; Johnson, 1970; Moss, Leone, & DiPiIIo, 1997). In order for students to do this well, they need explicit instruction from their teachers and extensive time to engage with such texts. Unfortunately, many students have little to no experiences with nonfiction texts in their classrooms (Duke, 2000; 2004; Flood & Lapp, 1986; Hiebert & Fisher, 1990; Hoffman, Roser, & Battle, 1993; Moss & Hendershot, 2002; Palmer & Stewart, 2003; 2005; Saul & Dieckman, 2005; Scharer, Peters & Lehman, 1995; Trabasso, 1994). Students' limited exposure to nonfiction may result from teachers' personal preferences and attitudes towards this genre (Trussell-Cullen, 1999) or from teachers' limited experiences with and uncertainties about how best to use nonfiction with their students (Morgan, 2001). Forming a nonfiction teacher book club is one way to help teachers become more familiar and comfortable with nonfiction. As form of professional development, book clubs allow teachers to explore and expand the use of nonfiction in their classrooms together. Book clubs offer a way for teachers like Lindsay to investigate nonfiction literature in a supportive group. Shelley Harwayne says "...book discussion groups remind teachers how rewarding it can be to read and discuss books" (as quoted in Micklos, 1992, p. 1 1) and she describes book groups as a "...painless way to grow professionally." Book groups help teachers: * explore their own literacy * make time to read and discuss literature * analyze their personal preferences * explore what they do as readers * share quality literature with colleagues * learn from their own experience by being a member of a book group * share concerns or questions with colleagues * modify or enhance classroom practices * demonstrate being lifelong readers Researchers who have studied teachers' book clubs report that participating teachers increase their personal enjoyment of reading and change their classroom practices to reflect what they learn from book clubs (Goldberg & Pesko, 2000; Flood, Lapp, & Panck-Buhr, 1995; Morgan, 2001; Zaleski, 1997; Zaleski, Duval, W therefore, I selected the books. I chose the books based on well-known authors, such as Russell Freedman, Patricia Lauber, Jim Murphy, Laurence Pringle, and Seymour Simon. …


Abstract The diversity, clinical manifestations, and impact on overall health of pathogenic fungi in Spilogale putorius (Eastern Spotted Skunk [ESS]) have been poorly investigated. Herein, we describe the first reported cases of fungal dermatitis in ESS from a population in southeastern Texas. In 2016, two of 3 ESS live-trapped in Harris County, TX, exhibited symptoms consistent with dermatophytosis. We isolated fungus from 1 of 2 cultures grown from scraped samples of infected ESS skin and morphologically identified it as Microsporum canis. Reviewing local wildlife rehabilitation records, we were able to confirm the prevalence of dermatophytosis within local mephitid populations. We examine the implications of the discovery of a zoonotic fungal pathogen in ESS in light of its importance in wildlife medicine as well as its ramifications for the health of domestic animals and humans.


A new method is considered for contactless determination of the profile and curvature of the blades of the desalination plant steam generator at the stage of technological preparation and the general technology of blade manufacture. The geometry of the blades is controlled by processing the probing light flux reflected from the monitored surface, received by the scanning optical nozzle and converted into an electrical information pulse. The time interval between the information and reference pulses corresponds to the angular position of the probe flow, when it has a perpendicular direction to a particular point of the controlled curvilinear surface. The angle found serves as the basis for determining the derivative in the profile function at this monitored point. Thus, to estimate the curvature, the change in the velocity characteristics of the geometric profile function of the blade is used.


Let S(n) denote the Smarandache function of n. In this paper we prove that Sen) = n if and only if n = 1, 4 or p, where p is a prime. Let N be the set of all positive integers. For any positive integer n, let Sen) denote the Smarandache function of n (see[l]). It is an obvious fact that Sen) ~ n. In this paper we consider the diophantine equation (1) Sen) = n, nE N. We prove a general result as follows: Theorem. The equation (1) has only the solutions n = 1,4 or p, where p is a prime. Proof If n = 1,4 or p, then (1) holds. Let n be an another solution of (1). Then n must be a composite integer with n> 4. Since n is a composite integer, we have n = uv, where u,v are integers satisfying u~ v~ 2. If u* v, then we get n I u!. It implies that Sen) ~ u = n / v < n, a contradiction.


Secretion of organic-acid from roots can operate by multiple mechanisms in response to a number of well-defined environmental stresses.This responses are highly stress and plant-species specific. Organic-acid especially low-molecular organic-acid,such as malate,citrate and oxalate, can carry varying negative charge,so they have been proposed being involved in many processes operating in the rhizosphere, including nutrient acquisition, metal detoxification and mineral weathering, ect. This review summarized the correlation between abiotic-stresses(Fe,P and Al) and organic-acid secretion by roots.In addition,this review briefed the action of organic-acid in the rhizosphere.


A novel Schiff base including ferrocene( 1) was synthesized by condensation reaction of acetyl ferrocene and nicotinohydrazide,which was obtained by reaction of ethyl nicotinate with hydrazine. The structure was characterized by1H NMR,IR,elemental analysis and XRD. 1 belongs to tetragonal,space group I-4 with a = 21.746 6(18),b = 21. 746 6(18) ,c = 7. 007 5( 12),V = 3 314. 0( 7) 3,Z = 8,Dc = 1. 436 g·cm-3,R1= 0. 084 9,wR2= 0. 247 2. Four adjacent molecules were linked by intramolecular and intermolecular C-H┈N hydrogen bonds to form a ring.


The article presents the most important conditions that must be met in order to effectively prepare students for the profession of social worker. The author's reflections are based on the experiences of Polish schools of social work from the last two decades of training and the experience developed on the basis of the education of students of social work at theInstituteofSociology,AdamMickiewiczUniversity. The article pays particular attention to the need to ensure the educational process includes properly prepared teaching staff, transparency in terms of expected learning outcomes, as well as the predictability of the professional roles and mission of the profession.


The approach to job-shop in dynamic production as the research object is to establish the scheduling steps while new jobs enter original plan implementing and to sum up basic norms of state changes of discrete production. The production sequence is decided according to process routing and optimal valuation index during scheduling position and stage. After scheduling , state variables at the moment are regenerated following the real procedure, the states of operation completed are redefined as +∞, other states of operations keep their original states scheduled. The processing time of the operations completed is renewed as zero. The new process routing matrix, processing time matrix are added to old corresponding matrixes. The remaining jobs and new jobs are re-scheduled together. New parameter matrixes are generated according to the 5 kinds of rules of state equation, and the scheduling is completed ultimately for better plan. The calculating procedure and excellent efficacy are demonstrated by an example.


Natural compounds of bivalent mercury (corderoite, arzakite, laurentievite, radkeite, kenshuaite, grecheshchevite) with general formula of the cordieroite type Hg3S2Hal2 (Hal = Cl, Br, I) are the typical rare exogenic minerals of newly formed oxidation zones of mercury deposits. These minerals are of inconstant composition, depending on the number and type of halogenides in their crystalline structure. Another peculiarity of these compounds is the presence of numerous polymorphic modifications, identified by investigation of their synthetic analogies. Orange crystals of the composition Hg3S2Cl0.56Br0.88I0.56 (P212121 a = 13.225(3), b = 13.230(3), c = 8.718(2) Å, V = 1525.4(5) Å, Z = 8, d = 7.201 g/cm) were synthesized by means of pyrosynthesis from the stoicheometrical mixture of HgS, HgCl2, HgBr2, HgI2 in the experiment on the synthesis of grecheshchevite Hg3S2Cl0.5Br1.00I0.5 (P42m, P4mm, P4/mmm a = 13.225, c = 8.685 Å). All crystals are twinned. Analysis of reflections showed the tetragonal symmetry at a=b=a(т) and c=c(т) with space group P42212. Accounting for the twinning, R-factor is 0.097. Distances: Hg-S 2.405-2.526 Å, Hg-Br 2.955-3.410 Å, Hg-I 2.727-2.759 Å; angles: SHgS 170.7-176.8 and 139.9-144.6, HgSHg 94.5-103.1.


For the construction of test section of expressway 8 cm bitumen subsurface,the paper introduced the paving conditions of bitumen mixture pavement test section in detail,and discussed its action and significance.