Catechins are essential phenolic compounds in persimmon. However, the catechin content in the leaves of persimmon germplasms has not been systematically and comprehensively evaluated. To systematically assess catechin variation in different growth stages and astringency types of persimmon leaves, the young and adult leaves catechin content of 249 persimmon germplasms from Korea, Japan, and 16 provinces in China was quantified using an HPLC method. The results showed that the content of (−)-epicatechin (EC) and (−)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG) had higher coefficient of variation (CV) values in persimmon young leaves (106.74%) and adult leaves (91.49%), respectively. The genetic diversity H' of (+)-catechin (CA) and (+)-gallocatechin (GC) content was higher in young leaves (2.00 and 2.03), and the H' value of (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and CA content was higher in adult leaves (1.98 and 1.92). The non-galloylated catechins, EGC, EC, and CA, were significantly positively correlated with each other in both young and adult leaves. Catechins of persimmon leaves showed different accumulation patterns in different growth stages and astringency types; (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and CA had the highest average content in the persimmon germplasms of Guangxi and Shanxi provinces of China, respectively. The content of (+)-catechin gallate (CG) was found to be significantly higher in Japanese pollination-constant non-astringent (J-PCNA) persimmon leaves, and EC, GCG had the highest levels in Chinese PCNA (C-PCNA) type. The 249 germplasms were classified into five clusters (Cluster I-V) by SOM clustering based on the content of nine catechins, with EC, CA, and GC having the highest content in Cluster V of the adult leaves. In addition, four excellent germplasms of Cluster III had the highest EGC and GC content in young leaves. Thus, the critical period for catechin utilization of persimmon leaves can be further determined, and provide theoretical references for excellent germplasm screening.


The most important safety equipment for the operation of a vehicle is the brake equipment. This research attempts to develop an all-electric braking system that can be used in an electric vehicle. Since the drum brake requires lower actuation input than the disk brake in order to deliver the same amount of braking force. It seems logical to be used in the electric vehicle as far as minimizing energy usage is concerned. The proposed electric drum brake system conceptually is not new as it has been used as a trailer brake for a tractor-trailer vehicle. Adopting the trailer brake for a passenger vehicle requires proper downsizing and different braking control scheme. This paper presents the modelling and simulation results of the proposed electric drum brake. The main interest is its braking performance which can be investigated by the brake force profile or the brake force characteristic. The results are compared with the braking performance of the conventional hydraulic drum brake system which is using validated data from the literature. The simulation results show that the braking force of the electric drum brake system is two times higher than that is of the hydraulic drum brake system subjected to the same actuation force. The results from this paper will be valuable for the development of the controller in the future.


The dimensioning of injection heads for the extrusion of rubber profiles is exclusively based on empiric knowledge of the non-linear flow behaviour of elastomers. Thus, the design of injection heads is carried out with subject to the used rubber blend, whereas the geometry of the appropriate profile is achieved by empiric adaptation of the extrusion die. This was one of the motivations for a research project concerning the experimental and numerical characterisation of the shear rate dependent viscosity of rubber blends.


Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 6‐18% of women. The natural history of weight gain in women with PCOS has not been well described. Here we aimed to examine longitudinal weight gain in women with and without PCOS and to assess the association between obesity and PCOS prevalence.


A sobering description of the state of college men's health is followed by discussion of the Six-Point HEALTH Plan and strategies for educational campaigns, marketing, and outreach efforts.


We present a method for learning potentially intransitive preference relations from pairwise comparison and matchup data. Unlike standard preference-learning models that represent the properties of each item/player as a single number, our method infers a multi-dimensional representation for the different aspects of each item/player's strength. We show that our model can represent any pairwise stochastic preference relation and provide a comprehensive evaluation of its predictive performance on a wide range of pairwise comparison tasks and matchup problems from online video games and sports, to peer grading and election. We find that several of these task -- especially matchups in online video games -- show substantial intransitivity that our method can model effectively.


The article presents results of research on realization of Operational programs and spending of financial resource and more particularly grants in Bulgarian NUTS II planning regions. The relationship between the expenditures and economic state of each region presented by indicators GDP (per capita) and economic growth rate is explored. The research question is if the funds allocation on regional principle is a precondition for overcoming of regional disparities or leads to their deepening.


Traveling waves play a key role in mathematical models since they characterize observable fundamental phenomena in nature. A typical traveling wave corresponds to a state which is time independent (in some cases time periodic) in a moving coordinates. In a one space dimensional setting, it depends only on z := x − ct where c is the wave speed and x and t are respectively space and time variables. Consider an autonomous dynamical system u = A[u] where u : t ∈ [0,∞) → u(t) = u(t; ·) ∈ C(R) and A : φ(·) ∈ C(R) → A[φ](·) ∈ C(R) is an operator. Here autonomous means that A is translation invariant; namely, for any h ∈ R and φ in the definition domain of A, with φ(·) := φ(·+ h), A[φ](·) = A[φ](·+ h). (1.1) The following are examples of translation invariant operators: A1[φ](x) := φxx(x) + f(φ(x)), A2[φ](x) := φ(x+ 1) + φ(x− 1)− 2φ(x) + f(φ(x)), A3[φ](x) := J ∗ φ(x)− b φ(x) + f(φ(x)), where f : R→ R is a given smooth function and J ∗ φ(x) := ∫


We discuss the boundary critical behaviors of two dimensional quantum phase transitions with fractionalized degrees of freedom in the bulk, motivated by the fact that usually it is the $1d$ boundary that is exposed and can be conveniently probed in many experimental platforms. In particular, we mainly discuss boundary criticality of two examples: i. the quantum phase transition between a $2d$ $Z_2$ topological order and an ordered phase with spontaneous symmetry breaking; ii. the continuous quantum phase transition between metal and a particular type of Mott insulator (U(1) spin liquid). This theoretical study could be relevant to many purely $2d$ systems, where recent experiments have found correlated insulator, superconductor, and metal in the same phase diagram.


The authors try to drive from Maxwell equations the properties of the prism coupler. This electromagnetic presentation of a now well known phenomenon may be used in a course for graduate or post graduate students.


This study is a step toward increasing the understanding of the chemistry of fuel nitrogen and oxides of nitrogen reactions in combustion environments. The ability to account quantitatively for all of the nitrogen is essential and has constituted a major part of this effort. The measurement of gaseous nitrogen compounds at low concentrations, 1 to 1000 ppm, in a complex mixture of combustion products is far from trivial. Although the present work fails to provide a complete and unambiguous accounting of all significant nitrogen species, it does represent progress toward that goal. In the following sections the report deals with (a) a review of other studies of fuel-nitrogen chemistry, (b) nitrogen compound measurement, and (c) premixed flame experiments. (GRA)


In this article, we investigate the dynamics of quantum correlation for two atoms interacting with massless scalar field in the background of de Sitter spacetime. We firstly derive the solving proc...


Traditional economic development activities in small, rural communities tend to follow one of two main themes: industrial recruitment and promotion of tourism. More recently, a third approach has emerged which emphasizes the development and/or enhancement of existing quality-of-life amenities, with the goal of attracting and retaining new residents, as well as businesses that suit the community's socio-economic character. All three approaches require different kinds of public investment; the third requires a tax structure that will permit the community to strike a strategic balance between essential and non-essential (amenity-type) services.


Acquiring local context information and sharing it among co-located devices is critical for emerging pervasive computing applications. The devices belonging to a group of co-located people may need to detect a shared activity (e.g., a meeting) to adapt their devices to support the activity. Today's devices are almost universally equipped with device-to-device communication that easily enables direct context sharing. While existing context sharing models tend not to consider devices' resource limitations or users' constraints, enabling devices to directly share context has significant benefits for efficiency, cost, and privacy. However, as we demonstrate quantitatively, when devices share context via device-to-device communication, it needs to be represented in a size-efficient way that does not sacrifice its expressiveness or accuracy. We present CHITCHAT, a suite of context representations that allows application developers to tune tradeoffs between the size of the representation, the flexibility of the application to update context information, the energy required to create and share context, and the quality of the information shared. We can substantially reduce the size of context representation (thereby reducing applications' overheads when they share their contexts with one another) with only a minimal reduction in the quality of shared contexts.


— One of the biggest engineering concerns in the Middle East is the major delays in infrastructural projects which impact on both their quality and cost. A significant number of projects do not finish on time, are subject to cost overruns and are not completed to the specified quality. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) claims losses of the order of $ 40 Billion per annum as a result of these issues. Information on the factors contributing to project delays was studied. A literature review which determined the main project delay factors was first carried out. An online survey incorporating 66 of these was then developed with the purpose of identifying the most critical factors contributing to project delays. The survey was administered to over 200 specialists in the area of project engineering. This cohort included; Consultants, Business Owners, Project Directors, Project Engineers, Safety and Quality Managers and Contracting Managers. The resulting delay factors were ranked in order of priority based on a weighted index incorporating dimensions of Frequency and Severity. The non-linear relationships between "customer attributes" and "critical delay factors" in infrastructural projects was modeled using a "House of Quality Tool "with an innovative double roof. The method enabled the identification of the top 20 delay factors with respect to the following customer attributes; "Time, Cost, Quality, Safety and Environment". The highest ranked factors which impacted on all the customer attributes were; the shortage of technical professionals, unrealistic specified times and inadequate design and specification. The lowest ranked factors included; contractor cash flow problems and slow decision making by the client. The Double-Roof House of Quality Tools proved to be useful in determining and representing the relationships between "customer attributes" and "critical delay factors". The next phase of the work is to model the non-linear nature of the relationship using Fuzzy Logic. The ultimate goal is to provide expert guidance on strategy with respect to the focus on delaying factors in major infrastructural projects. (Abstract)


Ceria, zirconia, and mixed cerium-zirconium mesoporous oxides were synthesized and used as supports for sulfur and gold species. The materials were characterised using selected advanced techniques (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), elemental analysis, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption, and desorption isotherms, Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-vis), Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR-H2), Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA)), which allowed for monitoring of the oxidation state of metals (cerium and gold) and the surface properties of the catalysts, in particular the concentration of the components on the surface and in the bulk of materials. The interactions between gold, sulfur, and metals from oxides were considered. The goal of this work was studied the changes in the chemical composition of materials and the oxidation states of cerium species after the modification of oxides with sulfur and gold species and the estimation of the influence of these changes on the surface properties. The chemical composition of surface affects the mobility of surface oxygen and the oxidation state of cerium, which can play the role of redox sites (e.g., Ce3+/Ce4+ species), and therefore it strongly influences the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide and then gold loading. Additionally, gold catalysts modified with sulfur species were tested in the reaction of glycerol oxidation in the liquid phase at basic conditions as the test reaction of the catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants from water.


Several configurations of truck tractor sleeper cabs were tested and modeled to investigate the potential to reduce heating and cooling loads.


Purpose The sigmoid colon (SC) is the site of stool storage. The stools accumulate in the SC until, at a certain volume, the mechanoreceptors in the SC wall are stimulated, evoking the sigmoidorectal junction inhibitory reflex with a resulting SC contraction, rectosigmoid junction (RSJ) relaxation and passage of the stools to the rectum. However, the RSJ status during stool accumulation in the SC has been scarcely addressed in the literature. The current study investigated this point. Methods: A balloon-ended tube was introduced into the SC of 21 healthy volunteers [mean age (± SD) 36.8 ± 10.3 years; 15 men and 6 women]. The pressures in the SC and RSJ were measured by means of a perfused tube, at rest and during balloon inflation with carbon dioxide at two rates: slow (3 ml/min) and rapid (150 ml/min). The tests were repeated after individual anesthetization of the SC and RSJ. Results: During slow SC distension up to 80 ml included, the RSJ pressure progressively increased while the SC exhibited no pressure response (p > 0.05). At a distending volume of 100 ml, the pressure in the SC rose (p < 0.01) and declined in the RSJ (p < 0.05), and the balloon was dispelled to the rectum. Rapid SC distension up to 40 ml included, effected no SC pressure response (p > 0.05) while the RSJ showed progressive pressure elevation. At 60 ml distension, the SC recorded a pressure rise (p < 0.001) and the RSJ a pressure decrease (p < 0.05); the balloon was dispelled to the rectum. The pressure in the RSJ did not respond to distension of the anesthetized SC. Conclusion: The study has shown that, during accumulation of stools in the SC, leakage to the rectum seems to be prevented by a reflex action which we call 'rectosigmoid junction tightening reflex'. This reflex probably acts to control both storage and emptying of the SC contents. Reflex dysfunction might lead to defecation disorders. We suggest that the RSJ tightening reflex be included as an investigative tool in the diagnosis of defecation disorders.


In this paper, we give a short overview of some propensity score matching estimators suggested in the evaluation literature, and we provide a set of Stata programs, which we illustrate using the National Supported Work (NSW) demonstration widely known in labor economics.


The comparison of the works on the Brazilian East and Islam by Gilberto Freyre and Roger Bastide, friends and collaborators, allows us to consider problems such as acculturation and transculturation between Africa and America. In this text, other figures of his time emerge such as Mariategui, Arguedas, Fernando Ortiz, Malinowski. In all of them there is anti-racism, vindication of miscegenation, and sympathy, via the Iberian Peninsula, of the "Orient."


Distributed generation generally means on site electric power generation devices such as photovoltaics or fuel cells that are installed at the customer end of the electric power system. One complication is that the photovoltaic panel and the fuel cell generate direct current (DC) while the electric power system and thus existing end use equipment has been designed for alternating current (AC). This paper suggests a method which converts all AC power from the electric utility to DC with rectifiers at the distribution substation or at the point of building entry and then interfaces the DC distributed generation from the photovoltaics or fuel cells directly with the rectified DC from the electric power system. Some of the equipment in the house such as light bulbs and electric heating in stoves and clothes dryers can operate indifferently on DC. Equipment such as induction motors in refrigerators and air conditioners can operate from small dedicated nonsynchronous chord mounted DC to AC inverters until replaced with DC compatible equipment. Electronics such as televisions and computers can also operate from chord mounted DC to AC inverters until replaced by DC compatible equipment. Ultimately, the entire electric utility system should be converted from a transformer based multiple voltage AC system to a more efficient solid state converter based multiple voltage DC system. This type of system would not only be fundamentally more efficient. It would also be directly compatible with distributed DC generation.


The article deals with approach for planning and estimation of competences learning outcomes for Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education (FSES HPE) in the framework of information and educational environment development of the higher education institution, based on the discipline content structuring for formation of the standard competences learning results and the principle of interdisciplinary training. Connection of FSES HPE competences learning outcomes with types and forms of students' trainings, types and forms of their control in a discipline is analyzed. Techniques of estimation means development for the current, module and intermediate control of expected competences learning outcomes for FSES HPE are considered. Examples of the developed techniques application are given.


Much research has been cited which notes a positive regard for the incorporation of music and singing with young children. The study conducted here sought to examine which method of presentation of four selected nursery rhymes, singing or read-aloud, would promote greater recall efficacy with four year olds. The study included fifty-seven four year olds who participated in a two part study. The subjects were divided into two groups, Group A and Group B. For Part One of the study, Group A heard Rhymes One and Two through a read-aloud book experience and Group B heard the same rhymes through songs. After each group heard each rhyme a total of eight times over a one month period, each subject was asked to verbally recite each nursery rhyme to the examiner. Upon collection of all of the data necessary for Part One, Part Two of the study was begun. Part two was a replication of Part One but the method of presentation of two new nursery rhymes for each group was reversed. Five t tests were used to analyze the data collected for this study. The results showed three instances in which read-aloud was a favored mode of presentation and two instances in which no significant difference was found. Table Of


Objective To study the effect of resistant starch (RS) on intestinal function and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) for colorectal cancer in rats. Methods A total of 50 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: the negative control group,the positive control group and three different RS added groups (RS concentration was 7. 6% ,15. 2% and 22. 8% ). Rats in the positive control group were subcutaneously injected with azoxymethane (AOM) once a week in the second and third weeks. Rats in the negative control group were injected with saline. Animals in different RS added groups were given the same treatment as the positive control group and received the corresponding doses of RS. Rats in the control groups received ordinary feed. Body weights were recorded weekly throughout the study. Fecal pH was measured at the 5th weekend and the gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) measurement was carried out at the 7th weekend. Rats were killed on the 16th week. Colons of rats were removed to determine the ACF index. Results Compared with the positive control group,the three RS added groups had an obviously reduced number of ACF and GTT(P 0. 01) . The fecal pH was significantly decreased due to the addition of RS to the diet (P 0. 05). Conclusion RS is beneficial to maintain intestinal health and can reduce the formation of ACF,which might be one of the mechanisms of preventing colorectal cancer.


In view of the future application in long-distance and/or high-capacity fiber-based transmission systems, soliton sources seem to play a key role. The major drawback periodically amplified transmission systems is the amplifier spacing. This drawback leads to a lower limit on the generated pulse width. As a consequence, the maximum repetition rate achievable for a given pulse width has to be found.


A teacher is the main actor in the learning process. The main success factor of education process is in the teacher's hand. A good classroom management will influence the learning result. The fact that many teachers who have not possessed good classroom management cause less optimum learning achievement. Gunung Kidul is one of regencies located in Special Region of Yogyakarta. Gunung Kidul was selected as the assistance area because it is the most underdeveloped region of other regions in Special Region of Yogyakarta in the aspects of economy and education. Many state and private MI (Islamic Primary School) teachers still face difficulties in performing classroom management such as learning strategy, used learning media, and the evaluation implementation. This assistance is a field research, in which we utilized participatory approach or known as PAR as the study object. PAR is a collaboration. All parties who have responsibility of change action were imvolved in the efforts of improving their capability. PAR is a systematic learning process. PAR of a process involves all individuals in the theory of their own experiences. The assistance was done in forms of workshop and learning in the classroom with the major material including learning strategy, teaching material and Lesson Plan creation, and authentic evaluation. Teachers' capability in learning experiences increase of 15.9% after the assistance. Keywords: classroom management, MI, assistance, Gunung Kidul


A 42-year-old male underwent diagnostic coronary angiography prior to the surgical procedure. Catheterization was performed with the standard heparin regimen (5000 IU IV bolus only once). Hemostatic parameters were normal prior to surgery. Mechanical aortic valve replacement and ascending aorta graft interposition were performed. The patient was on warfarin therapy along with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) following surgery. A Very Rare Complication of Trans-Radial Cardiac Catheterization: Radial Artery Pseudoaneurysm: Case Report


Taro (Colocasia esculenta), is the most important edible species of the monocotyledonous family Araceae. Leaf blight caused by Phytophthora colocasiae, a soil born oomycetes, has become a major limiting factor in taro production worldwide including India, resulting in heavy yield losses. Currently available methods for the detection of P. colocasiae includes conventional culture-based morphological approaches and PCR based diagnosis, which entirely depends on laboratory equipment. This study presents an alternative nucleic acid spot hybridization technique with the development of highly specific nucleic acid probes. The developed probes showed good quality, high specificity and optimum sensitivity, thus could be used as an effective diagnostic tools for detection of P. colocasiae species, due to the sequence specificity of the nucleic acid molecule.


On the 27th of December, 1804, off the coast of South America, slaves on board the Spanish vessel Tryal revolted, killing eighteen Spaniards, some with daggers and others by tying them and throwing them alive into the sea. The intellectual and spiritual resources drawn on in attempting to achieve their objective of remaining free were of an order rare for slave revolts and are placed at the center of Herman Melville's Benito Cereno, which in striking degree follows the historical example of the revolt that, in the end, was crushed.


The retrofit design of SCR plant is discussed on large-scale coal-fired unit that wasn't consider adding SCR plant when the unit was designed.Besides,the key problem of the retrofit was analyzed.


Maize is one of the most important cereals globally and a promising cereal supplement in Bangladesh. The current study was undertaken to assess genetic diversity among nine maize genotypes. Data were recorded on seven morphological traits viz. plant height (cm), ear height (cm), ear length (cm), ear diameter (cm), number of kernels/ear, 1000-kernel weight (g) and yield/plant (g). Statistical analysis showed significant variation among maize genotypes. Considering plant height, ear length, ear diameter, ear height, number of kernels/ear and yield/plant BHM-7 was observed as the best one. Among all the traits higher phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for yield/plant. Genetic advance was highest for 1000-kernel weight followed by number of kernels/ear. The correlation study revealed only two positive significant associations: plant height with yield/plant and ear diameter with ear length. Nine genotypes were grouped into three clusters. These all clearly indicated the presence of ample genetic diversity among maize genotypes which can be exploited in future breeding program for better utilization of maize germplasm. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(1): 53-61, April 2015


A method and apparatus for reducing noise from a near-field noise source sent together with signals from a far-field source. The method uses an adaptive shaping filter and a summer, in conjunction with a directional reference sensor and a primary sensor which have at least a common sensing element therebetween. The directional reference sensor situated between the near-field noise source and the far-field signal source, rejects the broad-band signal but accepts the broad-band noise and feeds this noise into a reference channel of the adaptive filter. The primary sensor accepts both the far-field signal and near-field noise with equally sensitivity. The primary sensor feeds into the primary channel of the adaptive filter. The adaptive filter system subtracts the noise in the reference channel from the signal-plus-noise in the primary channel, thus producing an output having a greatly improved signal-to-noise ratio.


The corrosion in petroleum pipelines has been investigated by the study of the corrosion of mild steel in crude oil and refined petroleum products which include premium motor spirit (PMS), dual purpose kero (DPK), automotive gas oil (AGO), and engine oil. Weight loss technique was used in which test coupons, with a known weight, were immersed in the test media for a total exposure time of 60 days, the weight loss was measured at an interval of 10 days, and the corrosion rate was determined. The results show zero weight loss and zero corrosion rate for engine oil while both quantities are highest for PMS followed by DPK, AGO and crude oil, in that decreasing order. The observed pattern in the corrosion behavior is consistent with the density and weight percent of hydrogen in the hydrocarbon products. The weight loss and corrosion rate increase with decreasing density and increasing weight percent of hydrogen. (New York Science Journal. 2009;2(5):36-40). (ISSN: 1554-0200).


The publication of a collective catalogue of printed bibles kept in Paris (Martine Delaveau and Denise Hillard, Bibles Imprimees du Xve au XVIIIe siecle Conservees a Paris, Paris, Bibliotheque national de France, 2002, xlviii-862 p.) has been the occasion to give an overview of the bibiliographies which mention old editions of the Bible. The catalogue is then critically assessed. The analysis gives rise to some reflections which show the interest of exhaustive bibliographies of the Bible.


We present spectroscopy, high power diode- pumped continuous-wave (CW) and passively mode-locking (PMD) Yb3+:YAl<inf>3</inf>(BO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>4</inf> (Yb3+:YAB) bulk laser operation. Maximal output power as high as 9.2W with slope efficiency up to 74% in the CW and 195fs pulse duration with average power up to 4W from a PMD Yb3+:YAB laser were demonstrated.


The primary objective of this study is to identify major cuases of construction cost overruns in the Free State Province of South Africa in order to propose effective control measures. The study is based on a review of related literature and a subsequent field work. The survey investigated the factors that have significant effects on cost overruns, especially in the public sector, during the three major phases of a construction project life cycle. Results indicate that the most severe cost overruns causes are inadequate project planning, delays in issuing information to contractors and poor workmanship in term of quality. And the best remedial measures were adequate pre-contract planning, proper implementation, timely resolution of disputes and being quality focus. The level of performance revealed 60% of the projects deviated from the agreed project costs. Practical implication of the findings is that stakeholders need to carefully take into account the factors that influence cost overruns in each stage of the life cycle of the projects that they undertake in the province.


Optical beam shaping system comprising: a light source (51); a plurality of plane-parallel plates (55, 57) which are arranged along an optical axis so at least partially transparent and to receive from the light source (51) emitted light, wherein the optical axis by the light source (51) and the plane-parallel plates (55 , 57) is defined; a cylindrical lens (53); characterized, in that the cylindrical lens (53) between the light source (51) and the plane-parallel plates (55, 57) is arranged, and at least one of the plane-parallel plates (55, 57) is inclined to a plane perpendicular to the optical axis θ at a predetermined angle and an equal number to be inclined to the plane perpendicular to the optical axis -θ at an angle.


Alignment order of liquid crystal (LC) molecules at the (polymer/LC) interface was evaluated by comparing nematic-isotropic phase transition temperatures (TNI) at the interface with TNI in the bulk. The thickness dependence of TNI was measured using the LC cell in which an LC thin layer was sandwiched between polymer surfaces without surface treatment. The order of LC molecular alignment at the (polymer/LC) interface increased with surface free energy of the polymer substrate. The surface of crystalline polymer provided higher order of LC molecular alignment. Hydrophobic intermolecular interactions at the (polymer/LC) interface may be more responsible for increase in the interfacial molecular alignment order of LC in comparison with the hydrophilic one.


Herein, the preparation, characterization and applications of novel carbon doped titanium dioxide and
tin oxide nanocomposite supported on coal fly ash (C-TiO2-SnO2/CFA) are reported. The nanocomposite
nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a sol-gel method and calcined at 550 ºC. XRD analysis
showed that SnO2 nanoparticles were polycrystalline in nature and TiO2 had both anatase and rutile
phases. Diffuse reflectance spectra showed that carbon doping reduced the band gap of TiO2 from 3.19
eV to 2.78 eV. The nanoparticles′ photocatalytic activity was evaluated using methyl orange and
methylene blue dyes, under both UV light and solar irradiation at different pH, pollutant concentration
and photocatalyst loading. High photodegradation rates of methyl orange were achieved under visible
light. The optimum loading of composite photocatalyst was 0.4 g with removal efficiencies of 97.75%
for methyl orange and 99.25% for methylene blue after 3 h. High removal efficiencies were achieved
for methyl orange at pH 3 and for methylene blue at pH 10.


We present a novel approach for proving secrecy properties of security protocols by mechanized flow analysis. In contrast to existing tools for proving secrecy by abstract interpretation, our tool enjoys cryptographic soundness in the strong sense of blackbox reactive simulatability/UC which entails that secrecy properties proven by our tool are automatically guaranteed to hold for secure cryptographic implementations of the analyzed protocol, with respect to the more fine-grained cryptographic secrecy definitions and adversary models.Our tool is capable of reasoning about a comprehensive language for expressing protocols, in particular handling symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption, and it produces proofs for an unbounded number of sessions in the presence of an active adversary. We have implemented the tool and applied it to a number of common protocols from the literature.


Part 1 Introduction. Part 2 Personal connections of individuals: domicile habitual residence dependence on children. Part 3 Marriage: validity polygamous marriage. Part 4 Matrimonial proceedings: English status proceedings recognition of foreign divorces separations and annulments familial financial provision. Part 5 Children: filial relationships adoption child custody and abduction. Part 6 Corporations and insolvency. Part 7 Civil jurisdiction - introduction. Part 8 Civil jurisdiction - basic principles. Part 9 Alternative fora. Part 10 Civil jurisdiction - protective or exclusive jurisdiction: protective jurisdiction exclusive jurisdiction. Part 11 Civil jurisdiction - forum clauses: jurisdiction clauses arbitration clauses. Part 12 Contracts: introduction ascertainment of the proper law the scope of the proper law public policy and mandatory rules certain particular contracts. Part 13 Tort. Part 14 Foreign judgements: introduction the various enforcement regimes substantive requirements arbitral awards. Part 15 Property: nature and location immovable property particular transfers of movable property inter vivos expropriation succession on death trusts matrimonial property. Part 16 General conflict problems.


This paper examines the expression of the Muslim community in narrating hadith tashabbuh (imitation) in the form of memes. It aims to analyze the form and tendency of the memes through social media as well as the motive behind its creation. Using the theory of reception and constructivism with discourse analysis framework, this article argues that: first, the resonance of hadith tashabbuh is echoed in three forms of memes that spread across social media, namely on the lifestyle, new year celebrations, and birthdays. Second, the motive behind this phenomenon is an effort to affirm the identity and truth claims of the religious ideology of the textualist-fundamentalist group. The affirmation is expressed by claiming to be a group that follows the Prophet's sunna, while justifying others as a group that does not follow the sunna. On the other hand, there is also a motive in revitalizing and reactualizing hadith that in line with the group's form of hadith understanding. In the end, it implied for the creation of contestation over the meaning of the hadith tashabbuh to various aspects of life which then affects the religious paradigm of the Muslim community.


A DC/AC inverter substrate includes a voltage abnormality detector circuit. All of a high voltage side detection sensor, a low voltage side detection sensor, and a high-voltage and low-voltage detection sensor in the voltage abnormality detector circuit are disposed without being electrically connected to a secondary side of a transformer or to a connection point. Those detection sensors are not damaged since overvoltage is not applied to the voltage abnormality detector circuit when abnormal discharge occurs because the detection sensors are not electrically connected.


A massive amount has been written about forecasting but few articles are written about the development of time series models of call volumes for emergency services. In this study, we use different ...


Presents the design scheme developed for design of software for Integrated Passive and Active Vibration Control(IPAVC) and the coding of a prototyne system, and the selection of the famous finite element program MSC/NASTRAN as an important module of software to deal with large and complicated structures and systems with an example to demonstrate the prototype system.


A precise fusion excitation function has been measured for 40 Ca+ 94 Zr at near- and sub-barrier energies, and the fusion barrier distribution has been extracted. Comparing with the existing data for 40,48 Ca+ 90,96 Zr shows that couplings to inelastic excitations determine the fusion cross sections and the shape of the barrier distributions near the barrier. At lower energies, the two systems possessing neutron-transfer channels with large positive Q-values ( 40 Ca+ 94,96 Zr) have remarkably similar cross sections, and both show a large enhancement with respect to the other systems and to coupled-channels calculations including up to three quadrupole and octupole phonons in the Zr targets.


Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD) have extensively been used to successfully mitigate narrow bandwidth type loads of linear mechanical systems based on an optimal tuning frequency. Nevertheless their effectiveness to control structural systems subjected to broad bandwidth seismic type loads is still dubious, mainly because these structures are particularly designed to withstand nonlinear behavior which presumes a mistuning effect of the structure-TMD system. There are some solutions that have been developed to counteract this condition, modifying the passiveness of the TMD to an active condition by adding supplemental control devices. This investigation presents an effective and optimal solution to keep the passiveness of the system. Previous investigations have identified that a large damper-structure mass ratio is more effective when the nonlinearity of the structure is considered, and the optimum way to deal with this condition is by sub-structuring the system subtracting the TMD mass from the structure itself. A simple way to achieve this concept is by optimally isolating the roof of the structure. The optimum parameters of this flexible interface such as the damping ratio and the tuning frequency are studied conceptually through two stages. The former is focused on nonlinear single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) systems. The latter is extended to nonlinear coupled 2-DOF systems in order to consider the torsional condition. Results show that large TMDs are a robust solution to enhance the seismic performance of nonlinear structures achieving not only the torsional balance condition by reducing deformations and annihilating the torsional response but also attenuating structural damage.


We determined the frequency of extra-pair paternity and intraspecific brood parasitism in European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) by performing multilocus DNA fingerprinting on 22 complete families from a population in southern Sweden. Among 92 nestlings, we did not detect any successful intraspecific brood parasitism. This confirms observational data that successful intraspecific brood parasitism is rare in this population. We detected eight extra-pair young. Except for one case, where all (two) nestlings were fathered by another male than the one attending the nest, no more than one nestling in each nest was fathered by an extra-pair male. Although the degree of extra-pair paternity was higher in nests of secondary females than in those of primary and monogamous females, this difference was not significant. There was no relationship between a male's paternity with his primary and secondary female during the same reason. There was a tendency for males to loose paternity in the broods of secondary females when the fertile periods of his females overlapped considerably. We suggest that the relative ease by which female Starlings can be mate-guarded, the fact that mate-attraction and mate-guarding do not have to be exclusive activities and the high within pair copulation frequency in Starlings may keep the degree of extra-pair paternity low.


Low-temperature sintered Ca[(Li1/3Nb2/3)0.8Ti0.2]O3−δ microwave dielectric ceramics with ZnB2O4 glass (ZBG) addition were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction method. The sintering behavior, microstructure, and microwave dielectric properties of Ca[(Li1/3Nb2/3)0.8Ti0.2]O3−δ ceramics with ZBG addition were investigated. The ZBG addition lowered the densified temperature of Ca[(Li1/3Nb2/3)0.8Ti0.2]O3−δ ceramics from 1150°C to 940°C. The dielectric constants of Ca[(Li1/3Nb2/3)0.8Ti0.2]O3−δ ceramics decreased from 40 to 34 and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) changed gradually from +12.7 to −25.7 ppm/°C as ZBG addition increased from 0 to 8 wt%. The Qf values increased greatly from 20,500 GHz of pure Ca[(Li1/3Nb2/3)0.8Ti0.2]O3−δ to 26,900 GHz when 5 wt% ZBG was added. Ca[(Li1/3Nb2/3)0.8Ti0.2]O3−δ ceramics with 8 wt% ZBG addition sintered at 940°C show good microwave dielectric properties with ɛr∼32.5, Qf∼20,600 GHz, and τf∼−25.7 ppm/°C. The relationship between dielectric properties and microstructure was also discussed.


Abstract The study of the structure of turbulent flames, the basis of which is summarized in the first part of this article, requires numerous experimental results. To do so, we made an experimental study, of which we present only a qualitative aspect in the second part of this article. These experimental proceedings used a tomographic laser method which enabled us to visualize local and instantaneous isothermal lines within seeded premixed or diffusion flames obtained by means of a bunsen burner. To establish the influence of the turbulence on the structure of the flame, we used different speeds up to 8 m/s. In the case of premixed flames we are able to show - the existence of wrinkled flame at lower speeds and the combustion with pockets at higher speeds; - through seeding the flame with two tracers, we are able to establish the narrowness of the preheat zone. In the diffusion flame we have shown: - the weaker action of the turbulence on the flame front as compared to that of premixed flame at identical...


The invention concerns a mechanism housing (3) with integrated electronics, the mechanism (2) and the electronics unit (23) being disposed in a common basic body (20). The basic body (20) comprises two recesses (25, 60) whose openings lead to opposite sides of the housing (3). The first recess (25) accommodates mechanism components and the second recess (60) accommodates the electronics unit (23). The electronics are connected to a flange-mounted motor (1) and a parking position switch disposed in the mechanism (2) via apertures in the housing (3) such that there is no wiring on the outside of the housing (3).


In Cirebon there are three palaces, namely Keraton Kasepuhan, Keraton Kanoman and Keraton Kacirebon. Until now, the three palaces still show their existence through tourist attractions, especially pilgrimage tours. Pilgrimages to the tomb of Sunan Gunung Jati, as one of the walisongo (propagators of Islam in Java) and also the ancestors of the three palaces, still attract visitors to visit the palace.  The research method used the Husserl Phenomenology method. Phenomenology is a way of thinking or "the style of thinking" with objects that are symptomatic in the form of facts or symptoms, circumstances, events, objects or reality. Construction through physical space, socio-cultural and economic attractiveness. The result is a tourist attraction with a unique local value in the form of "blessings". The value of the uniqueness of a tourist attraction is definitely different for other royal tourist objects, but these local values must be determined as an intangible heritage element of tourist attraction. These results can serve as recommendations for the conservation of the palaces in Cirebon


Evidence from 11 low- and middle-income countries shows that encouraging caregivers to play and interact with children aged 0–3 in a stimulating way improves children's cognitive development. These programs can increase the time and resources parents invest in their children's development. However, open questions remain on how to effectively deliver these programs at scale.


Abstract With this research, Culhane and colleagues have added to the understanding of homeless families and opened the door to an important discussion of the optimal public policies for addressing family homelessness. Because the eclectic nature of the data sets makes analysis challenging, this research should be viewed as an initial foray into understanding different types of homeless families. The typology will require further corroboration, but the policy questions raised by this research are an important contribution to the public policy discourse on family homelessness.pp. 59-67 This comment discusses three policy‐related issues raised either explicitly or implicitly by Culhane et al.'s research: the role of transitional housing in ending family homelessness, the challenge of implementing systems change, and the impact of federal mainstream programs and policies on family homelessness.


Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) is an indispensable experimental technique, which can elucidate microscopic electronic state of materials. NQR frequency, νQ, of material is important information...


This article analyses the long-term dissatisfaction of citizens with democracy in Italy in light of the economic and institutional transformations that have occurred over the last four decades. Using multilevel analysis, the results challenge previous research showing how poor economic performance in the form of unemployment and inflation has increased dissatisfaction. Most importantly, the article demonstrates that the widespread political dissatisfaction can be connected to fragmentation of the party system. In this regard, the impact of the electoral reforms that have been introduced are assessed. These favoured a recovery of satisfaction between the 'First' and the 'Second' Republic due to the emergence of bi-polar political competition. However, the effect has been contained by an inability to substantially reduce the number of parties. By drawing on compelling data, this study provides systematic evidence of the macro-foundations of Italian political discontent.


In a practical ±500 kV/3000 MW line commutated converter-based high-voltage DC (LCC-HVDC) transmission system, a sustained 5.5/105.5 Hz harmonic is observed in the inverter station bus voltage, which results in a power limit because of AC filter resistance harmonic overload protection action. To study this phenomenon and find a solution, a real-time digital and physical closed-loop simulation platform based on RTDS is established and the harmonic instability phenomenon is reproduced. Then, the harmonic instability phenomenon mechanism and impact factors are analyzed based on real-time simulation results. The simulation results show that series resonance and core saturation are the main reasons for the observed harmonic. Unstable harmonic interactions between AC and DC networks result in sustained harmonics. A temporary countermeasure of bypassing the series capacitor is proposed and verified by the field test. To solve the problem thoroughly, a supplementary harmonic damping controller (SHDC) based on a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is designed and verified by simulation tests


To protect the phenomenon that plastic parts are often left in the half of the fixed mold when mold is being opened, this paper put forward detailed preventive measures and resolved methods from the injection process to the design and manufacture of the mold. Meanwhile, reasons for the phenomenon are analysed theoretically and proved by practice experience. A detailed precept about processing and assembling for the mold of solids of revolution or plates of the kind is given.


Hopf bifurcations are well known as a kind of local bifurcation that can occur in power system dynamics causing the nominal equilibrium of the system to lose their structural stability as the parameters pass through the bifurcation points. In this paper, based on the so far developments in this field, a study on Hopf bifurcations is presented for power system stability analysis. First, Hopf bifurcations in dynamic systems are demonstrated by mathematical equations. Then, varieties of phenomena in power systems, which may lead in Hopf bifurcations, are investigated. In addition, identifying of Hopf bifurcations are studied and various methodologies to analyze and control them are considered. Furthermore, different modeling levels with their relevant differential-algebraic equations are studied and Hopf bifurcation analysis of different order models of system considering induction motors and impedance load conditions supplied by under-load tap-changer transformers (ULTC) are taken into account.


Abstract We compute, via motivic wall-crossing, the generating function of virtual motives of the Quot scheme of points on
${\mathbb{A}}^3$
 , generalising to higher rank a result of Behrend–Bryan–Szendrői. We show that this motivic partition function converges to a Gaussian distribution, extending a result of Morrison.


The performance of residential air-conditioner will be degraded when outdoor temperature increases for cooling and decreases for heating. In this study, the cooling and heating performances of a residential air-conditioner system were experimentally investigated by varying outdoor temperature. The experimental results showed that the cooling capacity decreased and the heating capacity increased with the increase of outdoor temperature. For cooling, when the outdoor temperature rose from 35 DB/24 WB to 48 DB/30 WB, the cooling capacity decreased by 17.81%. For heating, when the outdoor temperature dropped from 7 DB /6 WB to -15 DB/RH75%, the heating capacity decreased by 50.93%. These were mainly due to the cooling capacity per unit quality, i.e. the enthalpy difference, decreased with the increase of outdoor temperature and the mass displacement of compressor decreased with the decrease of outdoor temperature.


The distributed fusion architecture is used to estimate a tessarine signal from the observations provided by several sensors, assuming that they are affected by packet dropouts. By modeling the uncertainty by means of Bernoulli random variables, an algorithm is derived to calculate recursively the distributed fusion filter. Due to the computational advantages of the $\mathbb{T}_{k}$-properness assumption, the fusion filtering problem has been studied over the reduced-dimensional state-space model under these properness conditions. A numerical simulation example illustrates, on the one hand, the better performance of the distributed filter over the local ones and, on the other, that the processing in the tessarine field yields to better estimations than in the quaternion one, under $\mathbb{T}_{k}$-properness conditions.


In Indonesia, rice (Oryza Sativa L.) has become an important and strategic livelihood. Decreasing soil fertility causes reduced rice production. The use of straw can increase the efficiency of using fertilizers (nitrogen), increase soil fertility through the provision of nutrients in particular (potassium), besides that it can improve the soil. The nutritional content of rice straw is 0.4% Nitrogen, 0.02% Phosphorus, 1.4% Potassium and 5.0% Silicon. This research was conducted in Bulubrangsi Village, Laren District, Lamongan Regency. From February to May 2022. The following research was carried out using the Factorial RAK (Randomized Block Design), which is composed of 2 aspects and each aspect consists of 3 levels. Through these 2 aspects, 9 treatment combinations were obtained and repeated 3 times. The indicators observed in the vegetative phase include: number of leaves and plant height. The indicators observed in the generative phase included: the number of panicles, the fresh weight of the plants, the length of the panicles, the weight of tons per hectare, the weight of 1000 seeds. The data obtained through observation is calculated using analysis of variance using Fisher's test (5% and 1 %) F-test, if there is a significant difference it can be continued using the Least Significant Difference test. The best results in this research were obtained from rice husk biochar and liquid smoke.


This article proposes a solution to the aporia according to which Gottfried Keller's novella A Village Romeo and Juliet is structured according to rigid symmetrical patterns and yet falls apart into two seemingly separate parts. Using pioneering research into monomania and delusion in the field of nineteenth century psychopathology, it demonstrates that the novella is contaminated by an intrusive thought that results in its pathological obsession with symmetry. In keeping with the logic of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the text's obsession becomes predominant, while the resistance to the intrusive thought is gradually weakened. As a result, the novella's parallel structures yield to a parallel world, whereby the text becomes deeply entrenched in, indeed becomes itself, a delusion. Hence the formally bifurcated structure of the work paradoxically reinforces the novella's inner coherence, linking obsession to delusion and repressed guilt to the relatively free unfolding of a pedophilic fantasy.


We report on the first two years' of data for a longitudinal study about the impact of a STEM-based high school OST program on career interests. Quasi-experimental survey data from 132 youth across two annual cohorts is analyzed. Results show the treatment group (program alumni) dropped by 10% while the control group's STEM career interest dropped by 34% after their first year of college. Results suggest this program's impact may extend into early college experiences.


Imagine fully integrated technology and software in healthcare facilities: Wireless systems are providing data entry capabilities at the patient's bedside; remote diagnostics systems allow patients to monitor vital statistics and send information to medical practitioners from their homes; integrated patient information systems offer the capabilities of a hotel entertainment system coupled with health care information and services; digital signage provides patients with directions and monitors their progress; and smart cards allow ambula tory patients to enter the parking garage while alerting staff that they've arrived and granting them access to appropriate areas. More importantly, caregivers are spending 85 percent of their time with patients rather than the currently estimated 35 to 45 percent, and the technological advances and increased clinical attention are leading to improved patient outcomes. This is the future of health care, and a technology master plan can help hospitals achieve this vision.


An article in Nature by Erika Check (''Harmful Potential of Viral Vectors Fuels Doubts Over Gene Therapy'' Nature 423: 573–4, 2003) reports on a publication analyzing the chromosomal integration sites of an adeno-associated viral vector in mouse liver cells. That paper reports a statistically increased frequency (1.7-fold) of integration of the vector into gene-rich regions of the murine genome. While this finding is of scientific interest, the News item in Nature made an unwarranted leap by connecting this experimental finding to the clinical cases of lymphoproliferation seen in two infants with SCID in a gene therapy trial using a different type of vector (a retrovirus) and in a unique disease setting (young infants with X-linked SCID). Sensationalizing a basic science observation with a tabloid-like headline does not serve the scientific community that makes up the readership of Nature. The report presents an entirely negative view of the field of gene therapy and fails to mention that 7 of the 10 XSCID infants treated in the cited clinical trial of gene therapy are alive and well, with protective immune function restored as a result of the successful gene therapy. The field of gene therapy is working to develop new and better methods to treat a variety of severe disorders, including genetic diseases such as hemophilia and SCID, and also cancer and AIDS. The clear-cut therapeutic benefits seen in recent clinical trials of gene therapy for XSCID and ADA-deficient SCID warrant judicious consideration of the benefits and risks of this approach compared to imperfect alternatives, such as haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The role of the scientific press is to inform scientists and the public in an open and unbiased manner. Exaggerating the negative implications of the results of a laboratory study of unclear clinical relevance does not enlighten the medical and ethical issues associated with gene therapy, but merely acts to stifle progress by investigators, and raises unwarranted concerns among patients and their families.


A Designers Guide to InDesign and XML is an introduction to XML tagging and how it works. The technology is broken down into its essential parts, explaining what XML is and how it works in plain English. XML is a markup language, a close cousin to HTML. While HTML is used to format text for display, XML is used to tag or identify data. By "marking up" the data users can then transfer or repurpose it from one application to another. This ability to repurpose is XML's key advantage over most other technologies. And, because XML was built for the Web, it offers the promise of moving data from print to the Internet and back again with the push of a button. The guide includes 10 real world projects with an aim toward users working with increasing confidence and skill to incorporate XML into their daily workflow. The projects include: Business card: How to create a structured layout in InDesign and import XML. Get text to format automatically and then flow into multiple examples. Product catalog: Learn how to import XML data into a structured layout using nested styles and cloned text. Magazine and newspaper: Tag and export magazine-style publications for Web distribution. SML and XSL: Transform XML into XHTML for use on the Web in Dreamweaver and GoLive. XML and CSS: Use Cascading Style Sheets with your exported XML.


Fractures (fissures) in the emplacement rock of a geological repository of nuclear waste may intersect boreholes for waste packages, providing conductive pathways for hydrogeological transport of radionuclides. A previous study of transport through backfill into a fissure considered only steady-state transport of a stable species. The US regulatory framework for geological disposal is for much shorter time scales and requires calculation of time-dependent radionuclide transport into fractures. In this paper a transient analysis is presented of radionuclide transport through backfill into a fissure.


The article is devoted to the problems of identifying the best constitutional regulation of interaction of state, local government and economy.


This invention provides a photoelectric conversion apparatus, which can realize a stably high photoelectric conversion efficiency using a transparent electrode having an optimized relationship between electrical resistivity and transmittance, and a method for manufacturing the same. At least one of transparent electrodes (12, 16) is formed of a Ga-free ZnO layer or a Ga-added ZnO layer. The content of Ga in the ZnO layer is not more than 5 atomic% based on Zn in the ZnO layer. The ZnO layer is formed by a sputtering method using an oxygen-containing rare gas as a sputtering gas. The content of oxygen in the sputtering gas is not less than 0.1% by volume and not more than 5% by volume based on the total volume of the oxygen and rare gas.


As Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) technology gains greater popularity in the language learning community, it can play a critical role in the development of language proficiency for second language learners in our public schools. However, the current state of English learners' (EL) achievement status would suggest that CALL has minimally impacted EL students' language learning. This article, which summarizes information gained from an email survey and phone interview with EL teachers and school administrators concerning the use and availability of CALL technologies, highlights the roles and responsibilities of the universities and the public schools in providing the resources and training needed to effectively incorporate CALL technology into the instructional program to support EL students' language learning. This proactive approach will ensure that teachers have the access, time, and on-site support for the benefit of second language learners.


OBJECTIVE: To determine the content of tobramycin in Tobramycin Dexamethasone Eye Drops by HPLC-ELSD.METHODS: The sample was separated on VP-ODS C18 column.The mobile phase was 1.0% trifluoroacetic acid-methanol(95∶5) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1.The drift tube temprature was 45 ℃;the pressure of nebulizing gas was 3.5 bar,and the detection wavelength was set at 254 nm.RESULTS: The liner range of tobramycin was 156.0~436.0 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 7).The limit of detection was 0.523 μg and the limit of quantification was 1.744 μg.The average recovery was 99.57%(RSD=0.92%).CONCLUSION: The method is accurate,reliable,specific,and suitable for the quality control of Tobramycin Dexamethasone Eye Drops.


In this article we present evidence of the long-run effect of trade openness on income per worker for two regions that have followed different liberalization strategies, namely Asia and Latin America. A model that re-examines these questions is estimated for two panels of Asian and Latin American countries over the 1980-2008 period using a novel empirical approach that accounts for endogeneity as well as for the time series properties of the variables involved. From an econometric point of view, we apply recent panel cointegration techniques based on factor models that account for two additional elements usually neglected in previous empirical literature: cross-dependence and structural breaks. The results point to a positive impact of trade openness in both Asia and Latin America although the size is smaller in the second region. We associate this finding with the degree to which trade was managed in both regions of the developing world.


In light of the interest in the preservation at the state's wealth through the sustainable use of natural resources within the network of protected areas in South Sinai, the overall aim of this paper is to assess the influence of environmental factors and current anthropogenic activities on vegetation structure, distribution of plant communities as well as on how to develop management plans and conservation on scientific bases in Taba Protected Area (TPA), South Sinai region.TPAis one of Egypt's largest protected areas (about 2850 km2).includes a wide variety of landscape features supporting a high diversity of habitat types and biological components. The present study was carried out on four wadis at different elevation (Wadi El Mora at 1050-850 m a.s.l., Wadi El Zalaga at 1010-730 m a.s.l., WadiGhazala at 650-300 m a.s.l. and WadiWatier 400120 m a.s.l.), Thirty one stands were studied within the selected wadis, and a sampling site was selected every equal distance to cover all locations. For assessing and analyzing the available environmental factors, a multivariate analysis, GIS and descriptive analysis were needed to ensure the best orientation for the information. The obtained good outputs can help in support any conservation actions for the ecosystems .Results of this study showed that environmental factors the major influencing factors causing variation in vegetation distribution and plant community structure, This variation in plant community structure is the output of notable difference to most environmental factors such as gradient on the elevation, temperature, and rainfall among different locations. The total vegetation cover over the study area (2559.37 m 2 ), represented only about 16.51 % of the total area studied (15500 m2). The highest cover percentage for sampled sites was recorded in Wadi El Mora (910.22 m2 = 26.01%), while the lowest value was 368.44 m2 (10.53 %) recorded in WadiGhazala. WadiWatier and Wadi El Zalaga recorded 578.20 m2 (16.52 %) and 702.51 m2 (14.05 %) Cover, respectively.W. El Mora showed the highest species richness (41), while W. El Zalaga showed the lowest species richness (32), while W.Ghazala and WadiWatier recorded 38 and 35 species, respectively. Therefore, estimates showed that W. El Mora is the highest diversity index compared to the others.The present study could support area management and conservation strategies, directs the conservation efforts to care for the differences between environmental variables and human activities and to adapt our strategy now to be suitable with these variables.


The invention provides a polarizer and liquid crystal display including the same. The polarizer includes a reflective polarizer main body and an Rth compensation layer. The reflective polarizer main body includes a repetitively laminated structure, the repetitively laminated structure including two layers of different refractive indices repetitively disposed on one another. The Rth phase compensation layer is disposed at one side of the reflective polarizer main body. The Rth phase compensation layer is configured to compensate for a phase difference in an Rth direction.


A set of portable Monte Carlo subroutines is presented to treat the physics of Compton scattering. Electron binding energies are included by the modification of the Klein-Nishina probability distribution by the incoherent scattering function. In addition the scattered photon's energy is calculated by taking into account the momentum distribution of the electron. These subroutines have been verified and validated by calculating the total cross section over incident photon energies of 10 keV to 100 MeV for elements of Z=l to Z=l 00 and are within 1.08% of published values.


Ti-chun Wang, Ai-jun Yang, Shi-sheng Zhong Original scientific paper Due to the uncertain interval and the incomplete attribute information in the procedure of the complex mechanism scheme design, a computing method for the multi-attribute extension decision making of fuzzy number is proposed. The proposed model for the multi-attribute extension decision making of fuzzy number is developed based on the fuzzy system theory and the extension theory. By adopting the fuzzy-matter element, the multiple-attribute extension decision making matrix is standardized, and the dummy ideal region and the negative ideal region of fuzzy-matter element with integrated attribute information are proposed. Then, the extension distance of fuzzy information is presented, and the synthetic weights of indexes that include both subjective preference and objective information are given based on the extension distance. Based on the extension fuzzy optimal membership degree of design schemes, the optimum design scheme is achieved in the whole system. Finally, an example is provided to examine the model and algorithm.


In order to guarantee the information security of campus network, the risk assessment and calculation method of the attack graph model is improved by combining the university network security scenarios, integrating the node environment risk factors, proposing an attack probability calculation method based on CVSS atomic attack difficulty improvement, and generating the attack graph. By simulating the real server network environment, the Bayesian attack graph is constructed for the actual network to obtain the corresponding attack paths and attack probabilities. The attack graph generation model and attack probability calculation method proposed in this paper can improve the efficiency of university network security risk research and evaluation, and have good network security protection effect.


The monitoring of geotechnical structures like piles, anchors and tunnels requires the measurement of deformations over bases of a few meters to a few tens of meters. The SOFO monitoring system, based on the use of long-gage low-coherence interferometric sensors therefore presents interesting application opportunities in this domain. The SOFO system was installed in a number of piles to monitor their short an long term deformations, to evaluate the lateral friction and to assess their ultimate bearing capacity. The sensors were also installed inside anchor cables to measure the deformations of the rock, in the free and in the anchored parts. Additional sensors were installed directly on single cable strands. This paper presents the sensor installation and the results from selected applications in the monitoring of piles and anchors.


The paper describes actuality and deficiency of electric source in substation,and introduces two connection modes about uninterrupted electric source integrated with DC and AC in power system.The attentive questions about integrated electric source design are also put forward.


Dense palladium membranes have increasing interest for ultra-pure hydrogen production compared to established technologies such as pressure swing adsorption and cryogenic distillation, allowing the separation in one step with no associated energy consumption. Alloying elements are used in combination with palladium in these membranes to change the membrane properties. This article presents a review of palladium alloy membranes for hydrogen purification, including permeability data and other relevant characteristics of the alloys. Further developments in this research field are expected to focus on the use of ternary alloys with enhanced physical and chemical properties, and the use of computational methods to enable a faster screening of promising alloys.


Introduction: Tooth movements caused iatrogenically by the application of orthodontic forces for therapeutic purposes are realized through remodeling of the alveoli, with facilitation of numerous biomarkers including inflammatory mediators. The mediators PGE2 and IL-1β have a particular role in these events. Aim: The aim of this review is to determine the role and effect of PGE2 and IL-1β in orthodontic tooth movement. Material and Method: A total of 39 articles were analyzed, including orig- inal articles and reviews published on PubMed and Google Scholar. Only articles published in English were included in the investigation. Key words used for collect-ing data were Orthodontic treatment, biomarkers, PGE2 and IL-1β, bone remodeling. Conclusion. In the treatment of malocclusions the highest values of PGE2 and IL-1β in gingival fluid have been detected in the early orthodontic phase. Both inflammatory mediators have osteoclastic activity, with IL-1β acting in the first hours of the action of mechanical force, and PGE2 activity is synergistic, with the final effect being tooth movement and alveolar remodeling. Key words: Orthodontic treatment, biomarkers, PGE2 and IL-1β, bone remodeling.


We report the results of a spectroscopic study of a single layer of metallic single closed ring resonators on freestanding thin membrane at near normal and grazing angles of incidence. When the magnetic component of the light is perpendicular to the ring plane, we observe a negative index of refraction down to −1 around 150THz, attributed to a strong magnetic dipolar resonance and a broad electric resonance in this metamaterial. We experimentally identify the different resonance modes and the spectral region of negative refractive index on a series of samples with different feature and lattice sizes, comparing to electromagnetic simulations.


Abstract : This thesis has two parts, both related to the development of smart sensor systems. The first part is a theoretical development of two families of adaptive spatial filters for suppressing background clutters in infrared images and based on the minimization of mean squared error or the maximization of signal to noise ratio criterion. Seven different nonlinear search techniques have been developed for the adaptation process. They have been applied to two real world infrared test images and exhibit fast convergence rate with no misadjustment. The second part is an experimental development of a multiple microcomputer system which can be a candidate for an on-board processor system. A multiple star, multiple cluster architecture was developed whose intercommunication is managed by a three-level control including central controller, distributed controller and random priority controller. The adaptive spatial filter has been successfully implemented on this system using partitioning for parallel computing. (Author)


For any organisation, service to the customers plays a vital role. Without services, it is not possible to do business transactions. In current business scenario, the customers are expecting the organisations to provide better service. While considering the service sector organisations, providing quality service to the customers in hospital sector is an important aspect which needs to be measured or evaluated. But evaluation of service quality in hospital sector is not an easy task. For that, we need to analyse the failure of operations, lack of service, deficiencies etc. In this study, the criteria and subcriteria which are most prevalent for the evaluation of service quality are considered and performance of the hospitals (for case purpose) is evaluated by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) as a decision-making methodology.


Abstract In the recent insurance literature, a variety of finite-dimensional parametric models have been proposed for analyzing the hump-shaped, heavy-tailed, and highly skewed loss data often encountered in applications. These parametric models are relatively simple, but they lack flexibility in the sense that an actuary analyzing a new data-set cannot be sure that any one of these parametric models will be appropriate. As a consequence, the actuary must make a non-trivial choice among a collection of candidate models, putting him/herself at risk for various model misspecification biases. In this paper, we argue that, at least in cases where prediction of future insurance losses is the ultimate goal, there is reason to consider a single but more flexible nonparametric model. We focus here on Dirichlet process mixture models, and we reanalyze several of the standard insurance data-sets to support our claim that model misspecification biases can be avoided by taking a nonparametric approach, with little to no cost, compared to existing parametric approaches.


Providing a delay locked loop comprising a delay-locked loop output signal and jitter suppressor delay locked loop circuit. The jitter attenuator may comprise a delay locked loop receiving the output signal and generating a delay locked loop output signal, or more delayed versions of the delay circuit and a delay-locked loop receives the output signal of the delay locked loop output signal or a more multi-delayed version of the phase interpolator. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the delay circuit may comprise a plurality of delay units connected in series. Each unit can delay equal to one clock cycle input to the external clock signal to a delay locked loop of the time delay of the signal which is input to.


Over the past 150 years a chestnut oak growing on a ridge above the Palmerton zinc smelters, Pennsylvania, USA, has recorded environmental changes. Changes in chemistry measured in a tree‐ring core from this chestnut oak signal the start of smelting in the late 1800s, the change in ore feed during the 1920s and 1930s, and the positive impact of pollution abatement efforts. Since the cessation of smelting in the 1980s, many of the metal concentrations have returned to pre‐smelter backgrounds. As evidenced by the Palmerton study, tree ring records can be used as a tool for environmental forensics.


It is the gift of genius to foresee discoveries even for centuries. Such a genius was John Hunter, of London, who toward the end of the last century, merely upon the ground of speculation and ratiocination, made the assertion that inflammation is nothing more than a return of the tissues to embryonic condition. And our present knowledge of the process of inflammation and suppuration is a strong proof, supported by careful researches of good pathologists of Germany and England, that Hunter's theory was the correct one. Since microscopy became a science (a period covered by half a century) the views concerning the intimate nature of the inflammatory process have been greatly at variance. These views largely depend upon the general ground taken by pathologists in reference to the pathological processes at large. We have three marked phases in the development of pathology within the last fifty years. The first is


In this paper we present some simple digital geometrical concepts. The used spaces are the square grid (Z 2 ) with the well-known metric distances based by neighbourhood relations 4 and 8-neighbours. We defi ne and analyse some properties of the digital line segments, lines, circles, parabolas, hyperbolas and ellipses.


Abstract We studied bushy-tailed woodrats (Neotoma cinerea occidentalis) in the eastern Washington Cascade Range to estimate their density and survival in 3 typical dry forest cover types. We predicted woodrat density to be high, moderate, and low in mature mixed-conifer forests, young mixed-conifer forests, and open ponderosa pine forests, respectively. We livetrapped on 8 × 8 grids (280 m) over an 8-day period each autumn for 4 years to obtain Huggins mark–recapture estimates of woodrat density. We captured woodrats 617 times and marked 193 individual woodrats in 12 sample stands during 42,165 trap nights. The sex ratio of captures was 62% female and 38% male. Adults made up 79% of captures. Woodrat density averaged 0.49 animals/ha among all cover types and years; woodrat density did not differ among types. Regardless of cover type, stands fell into 4 woodrat-density groups, with densities ranging from 0.13 to 0.93 woodrats/ha. Classification tree analysis revealed that woodrat-density groups could be predicted well (proportional reduction in error = 0.73 to 0.89) by the type and amount of cover provided by large snags, mistletoe brooms, and soft downed logs. Over the 4-year period, woodrat density ranged from 0.28 animals/ha to 0.87 animals/ha, increasing each year at a rate of λ = 1.8 consistently among cover types. A moderate (r = 0.55) density-dependent response in per capita rate of increase was detected. The apparent annual survival rate was a low 0.14. Management to reduce woody fuels and to restore low-intensity high-frequency fire regimes in ponderosa pine and dry Douglas-fir forest likely will reduce bushy-tailed woodrat populations unless prescriptions can mitigate the loss of snag, mistletoe, and downed log cover.


Abstract Suspension-cultured tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Barley 21) were treated with 0.1 (control condition), 10, and 20 mm of boron (B). The histochemical observations revealed the deposition of suberin in the walls of the 10 and 20 mm B-treated cells. Lignin content and the amount of phenolics esterified to the polysaccharides of the walls of the 10 and 20 mm B-treated cells were also higher than those in the 0.1 mm of B. Lignosuberization of the 10 and 20 mm B-treated tobacco cells was accompanied by the increase in the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), peroxidase (PO), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). In spite of the lignosuberization of tobacco cells after treatment with 10 and 20 mm of B, no significant reduction was observed in their viability, compared to those under the control conditions.


Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, learning activities have encountered obstacles. One of the impacts was the low learning outcomes achieved by students. The purpose of this study was to improve the learning outcomes of junior high school students during the physical distancing period by implementing problem-based learning through Smart Apps Creator 3. This Classroom Action Research (CAR) used Smart Apps Creator 3 as the platform during learning activities of junior high school students. The research subjects were junior high school students (VIII graders of SMP Negeri 8 Surakarta) with a total number of students was 32 which consisted of 16 males and 16 females. The results showed that the application of Smart Apps Creator 3 has improved students' learning outcomes. It has been proven that the average test score increased from 73.43 (pre-cycle) to 85.56 (cycle II). Moreover, the N gain score obtained was 0.45 (categorized as sufficient). In addition, the percentages of classical learning completeness were 59.37% (pre-cycle) and 93.75% (cycle II). Thus, the Smart Apps Creator 3 can improve student learning outcomes.


Abstruct- This paper presents new robot aim1 planiiiiig and control schemes compatible with sensing based planning and control. These developiiieiits are a central component of robot arm coiitrol intelligence. The sclieines iise pliase space (velocity versus position) representation of robot arm motion in tlie task space, and apply time and energy optimization tecliiiiqiics to deteriiiiuc non-time based trajectories for giveii geometric path in tlie task space. A new pliasc space crror defiiiitioii aiid coiripiitatioii liavc been introtliiced aiid combined witli kiiowii nonlinear fcetlback control law, whicli linearizes and decoiiples the control in tlie task space. Tlic! system stability lias been proveii. Tlie new phase space plaiiiiiiig aiid coiitrol schemes were experiiiieiitally iiiipleiiieiited and tested on the 3-DOF positioii coiitrol of a PUMA 560 robot arm with very good results. I. INTRODIICTION


This community service was carried out in the Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah which is a maternal recitation group in Tanjung Sari Medan Village. This pemeral in the Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah departed from the results of the research that had been carried out. The results of the study proved that the factors that included revenue, religiusity and knowledge had a positive and significant effect on the interest in cash in the congregation of the Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah while the subjective norm factor had a negative and insignificant effect on the interest in cash in the congregation of the Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah. Simultaneously, income factors, subjective norms, religiosity and knowledge influence the interest in working in cash in the jamaah Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah. Revenue factors, subjective norms, religiusity and knowledge are able to explain the interest in cash in the pilgrims of the Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah amounted to 65.6% while the remaining 34.4% is explained by other factors or variables which are not included in this study. From the initial observation and interview results with some members of the recitation and reinforced with the results of the research can be taken by a conclusion that the knowledge of the mothers of taklim assemblies about cash waqf still very low, can even be said to be very low, because they still argue that waqf only in the form of mosques, graves or schools. From these problems, the service team has socialized the cash waqf in the mothers of Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah, and the socialization went smoothly and followed by being very enthusiastic about the the mothers of Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah.


The present study examined predictions of clients' reactions to interpersonal problems in the therapy relationship derived from Rusbult's (1987) exit-voice-loyalty-neglect model. General feelings of commitment to the therapy relationship were positively related to loyalty (i.e., being passive about problems in the therapy relationship but hoping matters would improve) and negatively related to exit (i.e., threatening to end or actually ending therapy) and neglect (i.e., being passive about solving problems in the therapy relationship and contributing to therapy's deterioration). Satisfaction, defined as positive feelings about the therapy relationship, was (albeit marginally) negatively related to neglect. Clients' self-disclosure in therapy (a specific type of commitment to therapy) was positively related to voice (i.e., expressing one's dissatisfaction with the therapy relationship in a constructive manner) and loyalty


12 We define, calculate and analyze irregularity indices λISSN and λaa of daily series of the 13 International Sunspot Number ISSN and geomagnetic index aa as a function of increasing 14 smoothing from N = 162 to 648 days. The irregularity indices λ are computed within 4-year 15 sliding windows, with embedding dimensions m = 1 and 2. λISSN and λaa displays Schwabe 16 cycles with sharp peaks not only at cycle maxima but also at minima: we call the resulting 17 ~5.5-year variations "half Schwabe variations" (HSV). The mean of λISSN undergoes a 18 downward step and the amplitude of its variations strongly decreases around 1930. We 19 observe changes in the ratio R of the mean amplitude of  peaks at solar cycle minima with 20 respect to peaks at solar maxima as a function of date, embedding dimension and importantly 21 smoothing parameter N. We identify two distinct regimes, called Q1 and Q2, defined mainly 22 by the evolution of R as a function of N: Q1, with increasing HSV behavior and R value as N 23 is increased, occurs before 1915-1930 and Q2, with decreasing HSV behavior and R value as 24 N is increased, occurs after ~1975. We attempt to account for these observations with an 25 autoregressive (order 1) model with Poissonian noise and a mean modulated by two sine 26 waves of periods T1 and T2 (T1 = 11 years, and intermediate T2 is tuned to mimic quasi27 biennial oscillations QBO). The model can generate both Q1 and Q2 regimes. When m = 1, 28


This chapter explores the potential synergies between global education, critical literacy,
instructional practices in media literacy education, and the development of young
people's advocacy skills in the context of education for democratic citizenship. Using
advertisements and other resources produced by a leading Australian not-for-profit
organisation, World Vision, as its literacy platform, the chapter explores some of the
teaching and learning complexities around the interpretation and representation of media
texts. The chapter draws upon data generated by World Vision Australia (WVA) teaching
and learning resources and also reflects upon the application of the Four Roles Literacy
Model in relation to global education developed by Allan Luke and Peter Freebody. The
authors conclude that the global context offers a rich setting for young people to engage
in reading the world and to explore advocacy opportunities.


Patient: A 51-year-old woman visited the Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Osaka University Dental Hospital with complaints of difficulty during mastication and esthetic dissatisfaction with a removable partial denture. In this case, restoration-driven implant treatment was applied for distal extension missing upper and lower molars. Discussion: Implant placement surgery was performed at all missing tooth positions. Free gingival graft surgery was performed at the bilateral lower molar regions. Custom-made abutments were connected with all the implants and cement-retained metal-ceramic restorations were placed as the non-splinting implant superstructure. Soft tissue and surrounding bone around implants were stable after treatment. Conclusion: The patient was followed for 3 years with no complications and she was very satisfied with mastication and esthetics. The implant treatment effectively improved mastication difficulty and esthetic dissatisfaction in free-end partially edentulous maxilla and mandible.


Abstract The C60O2 structures with a trans (the most distant) arrangement of the oxygen atoms are treated by means of the AM1 quantum-chemical method. Full geometry optimization of the D 2h and C 2h structures is performed together with vibrational harmonic analysis (the latter structure is lower in energy by about 103 kJ/mol). Low-lying triplet states are pointed out. In the D 2h structure the O-bridged C-C bond is elongated to 1.55 A, while in the C 2h is broken.


Hydrogen peroxide was used to oxidize and degrade crboxymethyl chitosan via neutral oxidation route, generating degraded products with different molecular weights. The molecular weights of the degraded products were measured using viscosity analysis method. The inhibitive properties of carboxymethyl chitosan and its degradation products for mild steel in seawater were studied using weight loss method, and the inhibitive mechanisms were analyzed using electrochemical and ellipsometrical method. Results showed that the molecular weight of the degraded products decreased with increasing quantity of hydrogen peroxide, while the inhibitive effect of carboxymethyl chitosan and its degraded products increased with increasing dosage of hydrogen peroxide. The best inhibitive effect was obtained at a hydrogen peroxide dosage of 800 mg/L, but the inhibitive effect kept almost unchanged with varying molecular weight of the degraded products. Analysis of the polarization curve indicated that carboxymethyl chitosan and its degradation products were mixed-type inhibitors dominated by cathodic inhibition. Moreover, as evidenced by ellipsometric analysis, carboxymethyl chitosan and its degraded products experienced multi-layer absorption on carbon steel surface. The thickness of the inhibitive film increased with decreasing molecular weight of the degraded products, while the degraded products with larger molecular weights had more adsorption sites and stronger adsorption as well.


Sediments, mudskippers, and common gobies were collected from the estuaries of nine rivers along the coast of the Ariake Sea in the northwestern part of Kyushu. The sediments were analyzed for alkylphenols, organotin compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Then, male mudskippers and common gobies were analyzed for serum vitellogenin concentration. Sediments from the estuary of the Omuta River, which has residential areas in its upper reaches and many large-scale chemical plants in its lower reaches, exhibited higher concentrations of these three types of chemicals than the other rivers, and male mudskippers caught in the Omuta River exhibited higher serum vitellogenin concentrations than mudskippers caught in other rivers. One chemical substance thought to be responsible for these elevated vitellogenin concentrations is nonylphenol, a type of alkylphenol. Male common gobies caught in the Suwa River exhibited higher vitellogenin concentrations than common gobies caught in other rivers. Although the Suwa River had high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, the elevated vitellogenin concentrations of these male common gobies were thought to be attributable to factors such as sewage treatment plants, not polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. However, organotin compounds were detected in all estuarine sediments. This was attributed to the fact that the Ariake Sea is a good area for fishing and a number of small fishing vessels anchor and operate in the estuaries of all these rivers.


A general condition of transformation of a liquid or a crystal into a glass according to results of measurements of specific heats and transition heats is the drop in the internal pressure to negative values.


The invention relates to a tea for improving blood circulation and relieving stasis, which is prepared from raw materials of tartary buckwheat, green tea, wild chrysanthemum flower, wolferry fruit, haw and cassia seed.


PURPOSE: An aromatic resin for packing stuffed doll with improved maintaining-aroma and aromatic character is provided by reducing a loss of volatile aromatic agent. CONSTITUTION: The composition is produced by mixing synthetic resin, solid aromatic agent and performance improving agent and molding it. One of polyolefin resin, polyvinylchroride resin, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer resin, ethylene-acetate vinyl copolymer resin and rubber mixture resin is used as the synthetic resin. The aromatic agent is solid agent including aromatic base, plasticizer and binder. Aroma maintaining and improved aromatic character are achieved attaching aromatic base by binder: intensity of initial aroma and efficiency of aromatic agent are improved by inorganic blowing agent.


In this paper, an Enhanced method has been proposed to calculate the switching angles based on genetic algorithm (GA). It is well known that the pulse width modulation selective harmonic elimination control (SHEPWM) applied to a seven-level inverter can allow the suppression of only two low order harmonics. To improve the total harmonic distortion (THD), and without any modification to the seven-level inverter structure, seven low order harmonics has been successfully eliminated. This is done by suitably adding holes in the conventional staircase voltage leg. Furthermore, a hole distribution in agreement with the sin function shape is proposed. GA is applied to determine the optimized switching angles. For this purpose, a cost function containing the nonlinear equations under standard constraints is proposed. These constraints are weight up by conception parameters for a better reshape of the output voltage. This developed procedure can eliminate a desired number of low harmonics, only restricted by the maximal switching frequency of the power switches. Results of the suggested method are compared to the conventional SHE involved in seventeen-level staircase wave. They reveal that the developed method is a very effective one for optimal harmonic elimination technique in multilevel inverters.


The origin and nature of brain macrophages and microglial cells in the mouse central nervous system (CNS) were investigated. First, the expression and localization of determinants recognized by the different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) MOMA‐1, Mac‐1‐α, and F4/80 (raised against cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system) were immunohistochemically studied in the developing and adult mouse brain. In order to clarify the origin of brain macrophages and microglial cells, we used bacteriophage λ transgenic mice as donors for bone marrow transplantations in recipient mice of different ages.


A method for processing a flammable and developing in the processing combustible gas product, in particular a mixture of substances, in continuous operation with a separator assembly, said separator assembly comprising at least: arranged one in a cap space (6) rotatable drum (1) with a vertical axis of rotation ( D), which is mounted on a rotatable drive spindle (3), and a drive chamber (15) containing one, several or all components of a Separatorantriebs (23), wherein during the processing of generating a one or two areas hood space and driver space, a negative pressure is that is so low that in operation no or only the separator arrangement not damaging spark ignition of excited containing residual gases remaining is possible.