Since 1997, Airservices Australia has been developing a Ground-based Regional Augmentation System (GRAS) utilising a Very High Frequency (VHF) data link as a low cost option to providing wide area augmentation services similar to Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) such as the American developed Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS). In 2000, Airservices Australia, in conjunction with the Global Navigation Satellite Systems Panel (GNSSP) of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), commenced work on Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) which describe the technical nature of GRAS. The validation of these SARPs requires the collection and assessment of data throughout the service volume of the GRAS system. To facilitate the assessment of both accuracy and integrity, it is necessary to provide a "Truth" system which also operates throughout the GRAS service volume. Since the implementation of GPS, the real time navigation accuracies achievable have proven problematic in identifying suitable measuring systems against which to measure the accuracy of GPS and its augmentations. This is particularly difficult for an aircraft in flight, which may operate over large distances, high altitudes above the ground and over a varying speed range. Traditional aircraft "Truth" systems have used inertial, optical, laser or radar techniques, none of which are capable of providing a "Truth" source to the accuracies required throughout the GRAS service volume. By necessity, the general principle of not using a system to measure itself has been largely ignored in a search to identify alternative ways of using GPS to measure GPS, with high levels of accuracy and integrity. Most recently, the use of post-processed, codeless dual frequency GPS data has become commonplace in aircraft flight trials. In the case of GRAS, the flight test aircraft may be conducting approach and landing operations at the airfield where the ground component of the GPS "Truth" system is located, a short baseline situation, or alternatively the aircraft may be conducting enroute tests up to 400 nautical miles (NM) from the ground component of the "Truth" system. This paper analyses the results of a number of static trials and GRAS flight tests using both long and short baseline "Truth" data in a quest to verify the accuracies quoted by the GPS "Truth" system postprocessing software.


This study was conducted to identify the overall PPI usage from 2002 to 2013 (12 years) in real world settings using the sample cohort data from the...


Rotaviruses and adenoviruses conjointly form the leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in developed and developing countries. The prevalence of this array of human viral pathogens in under five years children of Dustin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina State, North-west Nigeria was investigated on diarrheal stool samples of 152 patients of acute viral gastroenteritis by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) as approved by the state committee on ethics after parental agreement. Analyses revealed prevalence of 54% (35/65) and 46% (30/65) for rotaviruses and adenoviruses respectively in 2013 and then 62.2% (51/82) for rotaviruses followed by 37.8% (31/82) for adenoviruses in 2014 with a total of 87 rotavirus positive samples (57.24%) while 61 samples (40.13%) were adenovirus positive. Only 4 samples (3%) were infected by other diarrheal viral pathogens.


Outdoor living and myopia. A connection? The rural population of Central India has not experienced the same marked increase in myopia that has occurred in some other urbanised Asian populations. A study involving 4,711 subjects aged 30 years or older found that 17 per cent of subjects were myopic and 18 per cent were hyperopic. The results of similar studies in urbanised Asian people are variable but generally indicate much higher rates of myopia than those detected in this study. The effect of outdoor activity might explain the similarity between the findings of prevalence of myopia in Central India and Australian findings (15 per cent) and suggests that education might not be a major factor in the development of simple myopia.


One enduring theme in history and the social studies educational reform literature is that many students do not like or find useful their history and social studies courses. History and social studies teachers try numerous ways to garner students' interest in the content, such as reenactments, activities, and storytelling. Often, however, students do not seem to grasp the intrinsic value of the content. This paper describes a study of seven history and social studies student teachers and how they thought about and taught the value of history and social studies content in their lessons. My findings indicate that these student teachers either had not considered the value of the content in their planning or had trouble making the value explicit in their teaching. This paper concludes by presenting a framework that emerged from the study that gives teachers a starting place to think more carefully about the value of history and social studies content for students.


The economic stimulus package approved by Congress in February provides more than $1 billion to support research on competing medical treatments. Although a fairly minor piece of the larger $789 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), the provision set off widespread reaction to the possibility that comparative study results may be used to limit coverage of more expensive medicines.


Complex processes of sediment transport in a river impact on overall aquatic system and result in the productivity decrease of socio-economic development projects taking the river as a source of water. The present study was designed to estimate Sebeya river sediment load and assess its impacts on Lake Kivu, Gihira water treatment plant and various hydropower plants constructed in Sebeya catchment located in Western Province of Rwanda. Water samples were hand-collected from five different sampling points along Sebeya river during rainy and dry seasons. Laboratory analysis for turbidity, total suspended solids, sieve analysis for bed load materials and NPK content of water samples were conducted. The results revealed that the average turbidity was found to be high during rainy season compared to dry season. The same trend was found in total suspended solids concentrations. At all 5 sampling sites and during rainy season compared to dry season, the average mass flowrates of bed load materials were 7.84 and 2.96 kg/hr respectively. Sieve analysis results showed that all bed load sediments were mainly composed of high proportions of fine sand of more than 70% which adversely causes damages on hydropower turbines and the effect of high soil erosion rates on Gihira water treatment plant was traduced by high turbidity of raw water and excessive costs of reagents. At Sebeya outlet, nutrients load and high turbidity reduce significantly the aesthetic quality of Lake Kivu, having a harmful impact on recreation and tourism, aquatic life and affect the livelihoods of people living in the vicinity. Researchers recommend two options of reducing the amount of sediment load in Sebeya river: either to prevent soil erosion or to trap eroded sediment at the upstream of the hydropower and the water treatment plants. Assessing the sediment load fluctuations in Sebeya river is useful for water managers and planners to adjust operations accordingly at water treatment and hydropower plants.


The article presents the results of the control of the association experiment conducted at the final stage of experimental research of perception official-business text recipients. Proved the feasibility and effectiveness of the use of free association experiment to verify the results of psycholinguistic experiment using the method of semantic differential.


A garment configured to be worn by a wearer having two breasts may include a set of two support structures and a housing. The support structures may be positioned within the housing such that each support structure corresponds to a position between a center and a bottom of one of the wearer's breasts when the garment is worn by the wearer. Each support structure may be configured to reposition a portion of a volume of the wearer's respective breast and support a portion of a weight of the wearer's respective breast when worn by the wearer. Optionally, the garment may include a set of flexible structures positioned within the housing such that each flexible structure is coincident with one of the support structures of the set of two support structures. The housing may wrap around the wearer's chest, thereby enabling the wearer to wear the garment.


The dynamics model of the vehicle with independent rotating wheels is set up,and the program is compiled for simulation analysis.The effect of the primary longitudinal and lateral stiffness on the yawing of independent wheels is researched,and the reasonable range of values of the primary horizontal stiffness is obtained.


Previous studies in Eucalyptus nitens have revealed favourable genetic correlations exist between acoustic wave velocity (AWV) in standing trees and modulus of elasticity (MOE), which can determine the suitability of trees for structural timber and/or engineered wood products. This study investigates the strength and stability of genetic variation in standing tree AWV across a range of environments in Tasmania, where there are a number of large plantation estates and breeding trials. Trees under study were from open-pollinated progeny trials established in 1993. Across sites, for standing tree AWV the ranking of E. nitens races did not change and within-race additive genetic correlations were strong (0.61 to 0.99). Heritabilities (0.16 to 0.74) and coefficients of additive genetic variation (2.6 to 4.8) were moderate for this trait. Correlations between standing tree AWV and both basic density and diameter at breast height (DBH) were favourable. Results indicate that there is potential to improve MOE in E. nitens through the exploitation of genetic variation in AWV among and within races, the expression of genetic variation in AWV is relatively stable across different growing environments, and past selection for basic density and growth in pulpwood breeding programs is unlikely to have adversely affected MOE.


During a flea ecology study from January 1974 to January 1975, rodents were livetrapped in fifty-five 24-h periods and examined for ectoparasites in a foothills habitat in Larimer County, Colorado. The most commonly recovered rodents were Peromyscus maniculatus (1293), P. difficilis (143), and Neotoma mexicana (38). No host specificity was shown by the fleas of Peromyscus and associated small mammals. Marked seasonal variations in the percentage of P. maniculatus with fleas, numbers of fleas per mouse, and in specific composition of the flea population were noted.


This essay aims to explain about the place occupied by Brazil in the process of capital accumulation in times of crisis, contextualizing the political coup of 2016, that ousted the democratically elected president and installed a reformist government to enable the illusory-utopian strategies of US international capital. The approach proposed here is based on analyses in the light of historical-dialectical materialism, which enable the apprehension of the real beyond the immediate visible and on bibliographic and documentary reviews by authors who carry out the critique of capitalist society. The study is based on Marx and on authors who have analyzed the process of capital accumulation, productive restructuring, the crises of capitalism and the current situation of the working class, and on documents produced from the political context-socioeconomic at this moment in Brazilian history. The investigation revealed that the coup that resulted in barbarism against the poorest and the working class through reforms in the Brazilian state apparatus, spreading as an illusion of economic prosperity, actually conditioned the working class to various levels of job insecurity, either by throwing workers into informality or legitimizing the exploitation of labor. The illusion of market utopias finally resulted in increased unemployment, precarious work.


The conclusion of this two-part article will demonstrate how an improved waveguide-source technique can be used to validate SAR measurement systems from 5 to 6 GHz.


The present invention describes a sealing strip (7) for detecting a heat-sealing device made of plastic material location multilayer food packaging material web belt (3) (10, 10 ') applied to said web along a predetermined path (P) for advancing and comprising at least one base layer and one or more heat-seal plastic layer provides stiffness and strength; the sealing strip (7) having a longitudinal edge is applied to the web (3) (8) (42) and a second longitudinal portion extending laterally from the longitudinal edges (8) on a first longitudinal portion (43). The device (10, 10 ') includes a light source (45, 45'), which is configured in lateral portions of web (3) along a path which is irradiated with the web (3) during the (P) of the movement; and a sensor (46, 46 '), the amount of (I, F) which, in use, the detection material is formed with a web (3) and the sealing strip (7) of different characteristics related to exposure, and generating the sealing strip (7) of the second portion the direction of travel (43) along the direction (X) of the output signal (W) related to the width, the direction (X) perpendicular to the web (3) and parallel to the web (3).


Background: Renal transplantation has long been considered the gold standard medical care for patients with end-stage renal disease. Candiduria continue to be a significant complication for renal transplant recipients. The risk of infections depends on the amount of immunosuppression and exposure to the potential pathogens.


A pre experimental research design was adopted to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programe on knowledge regarding naso comical infection among nursing staffs. Thirty nursing staffs were selected through convenient sampling technique. The Mean knowledge score percentage of pretest was 13-6 (45.3%).The mean knowledge score percentage of post test was 25-73 (85-7%) (p<0.5) was found except age and gender. The VATP on knowledge regarding needle stick injury among staff nurses in sacred Heart Hospital at kumbakonam.


"Six-Module"teaching refers to self-study and questioning,idea exchange and demonstration,interaction and exploration,clarification and prompting,and rectification and feedback.Teachers should take advantage of teaching notes,learning notes and reviewing notes to apply the "Six-Module" teaching so as to update their teaching philosophy and stimulate students'enthusiasm.


Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by basilar artery occlusion (BAO) is known to be associated with high rates of mortality and lifelong disability. In the past few years, two clinical trials (the BEST and the BASICS trials) investigated the benefits and safety of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for BAO and did not provide evidence to support the efficacy of MT in BAO patients. Given the recent positive results from the ATTENTION and the BAOCHE clinical trials, we conducted this meta‐analysis to provide updated collective evidence regarding the benefits of MT in patients with BAO.

 We searched for eligible papers till June 1st, 2021, in five databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases using keywords and/or medical subject (MeSH) terms. We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with no restrictions on publication date, data, or language of the included studies to avoid missing any relevant papers. All data were analyzed using R software. We computed the pooled risk ratios (RRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), using a random‐effect model or fixed‐effect model depending on heterogeneity among the included studies. Heterogeneity was assessed with Q statistics and the I2 test considering it significant with I2 value > 50% or P‐value < 0.05.

 Four trials were included in this meta‐analysis, namely the BEST, the BASICS, the BAOCHE, and the ATTENTION trials. The four trials recruited a total of 988 patients. The MT group achieved a significantly higher rate of modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 0–3 was as compared to the best medical treatment (BMT) one (RR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.16‐2.04; P‐value = 0.002). Similarly, the mRS 0–2 rate was significantly higher in the MT group as compared to the BMT group (RR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.09‐2.95; P‐value = 0.022). Nevertheless, heterogeneity was noticed amongst the included studies. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in the 90‐day mortality in the MT group as compared to the BMT group (RR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.65‐0.89; P‐value = 0.002). On the other hand, there was a significantly higher rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) in the MT group compared to the BMT group (RR = 7.48; 95% CI = 2.27‐24.61; P‐value< 0.001). There with no heterogeneity observed in both outcomes of mortality and sICH. Noted that there were no significant differences in overall parenchymal hemorrhage (PH) and type I PH rates, yet type II PH was more prevalent in the MT group compared to the BMT one (RR = 5.53; 95% CI = 1.47‐20.84; P‐value = 0.011).

 The current evidence favors MT for basilar artery occlusions over the conservative approach in terms of achieving higher rates of good functional outcomes and decreasing mortality rates. Further large‐scale trials of different populations are needed to corroborate these results and also to ensure generalizability.


This chapter shows how the story of Scylla and Charybdis is told in our Odyssey . Homer's Odyssey in some way represents the traditional stories about Odysseus, just as every song within an oral tradition must be understood as some kind of pars pro toto of the whole tradition. In fact we might ask ourselves if we need Gerard Genette's specific theories to explain the Odyssey's position concerning its own tradition. For that reason, the chapter reconsiders the specific goals of Genette's Palimpsestes to better understand his intentions. 1982, the publication date of Palimpsestes , was exactly ten years after Genette had published his vol. 3 of Figures , including a chapter ( Discours de recit ) that became one of the most influential founding texts of the discipline later known as "narratology". The chapter then discusses the relationship between the story and plot of the Iliad . Keywords: Discours de recit ; Gerard Genette; Iliad ; Odyssey ; Palimpsestes


The properties which make the Steels available with different purposes are determined by its chemical composition. Amount the techniques used to carry out the quantitative chemical study of steels we have the spectral microanalysis of atomic emission with source of evaporation and by means of laser with photografic recording of the spectro. It is Known that any technique of analysis must be designed in order that the signal to be measured take the maximum value over the background or noise, for obtaining the maximum reliability in the resuls. If LMA-10 laser microscope is used as a source of evaporation and excitation, the intensity of the optical signal emitted by a chemical element which we are interested in is an unknown function of several factors determined by the experimental instalation and the samplings. Throughout this work the behaviour near the optimum of six magnitudes related with the optical signals was studied and these magnitudes were represented as funtion of seven factors belonging to the experimental instalation by means cubic models. The coefficients of Taylor's series expansions were determined from an experimental design of the type 27 in ½ repetition , the significance of mains effects and the interactions were evaluated by means of an analysis of variance. The objective functions were optimized by the Complex of Box method and the level combinations of the factors were obtained which make smaximum the signal/noise relation for a group of pairs of lines in which we are interested within the quantitative analysis of steels.


In the post-epidemic era, high-safety, low-density rural tourism projects have led to a period of rapid development, while the piecemeal land supply model has severely limited the development of rural tourism, resulting in the emergence of the "dotted layout, dotted land supply, dotted development" dotted land supply model. Since Zhejiang Province proposed the reform of "sloping villages and towns" in 2015 and carried out the exploration of dotted land supply, various regions have followed suit, formulated dotted land supply policies and launched rural tourism pilot projects according to local conditions, providing policy reference and practical experience for Wenzhou's dotted land supply reform. At present, there are still problems such as inadequate support from the higher law, poor adaptability of traditional control regulations, omissions in village regulations and deviations from expectations in project implementation.


Journal for Paediatric Surgery PS001 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL (MIS) RESEARCH & TRAINING FACILITY: REVIEW 2007-2015 RALPH COHEN, ALEXANDRE DARANI AND DERMOT MCDOWELL Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales MIS is becoming increasingly main stream in Paediatric Surgery. However, as a specialty we have the disadvantage of limited patient numbers particularly in neonatal surgical conditions. This makes it all the more important that simulation is available to develop and maintain our MIS skills. There is extensive literature to support simulation as an effective means of developing MIS skills prior to clinical application. A MIS animal training facility commenced at The Children's Hospital, Westmead in 2007, training workshops are arranged twice a year without cost to the participants. The protocol is approved by the Western Sydney Local Health District Animal Ethics Committee (Protocol number 3013.03.15) The training is consultant led and is funded by Covidien (Medtronic & Covidien) from 2007 and also Karl Storz from 2012. The program is graded to suit the level of experience; the more experienced surgeons train on a wide range of specific, live anaesthetised porcine models which realistically simulate a variety of clinical conditions in neonates and older children. The less experienced use the Box trainers/lap simulator to develop suturing and knot tying expertise prior to progression to the live anaesthetised animal models. Over the last 8 years 173 participants have attended the workshops with an overall satisfaction rate of 95%. It is hoped that the data presented will encourage further discussion about the need for simulation based MIS training and skill maintenance in Paediatric Surgery. PS002 PATTERN OF USE OF TPN AND COMPLICATIONS AFTER ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN CHILDREN ALICE MA, MITHILA SIVASUBRAMANIAM AND UDAYA SAMARAKKODY Department of Paediatric Surgery, Waikato Hospital, Waikato,


In technical literature and especially in domestic, predominant way to examine performance of 802.11a-based systems are experiments in simulations. In this paper, we present FPGA based 802.11a prototype, which gave us a possibility to gain closer insight into the problems of OFDM system implementation. A specific design of baseband modem physical layer is discussed, along with the presentation of the FPGA prototyping platform on which it was developed. Prototype is implemented on the latest generation of FPGA chips, using state-of-the-art tools for DSP development. Custom made development environment, and design flow optimised for rapid prototyping of software defined radios, are also presented in the paper.


A novel method for decentralized stabilization of a large-scale system in general form is presented. An appropriate descriptor system is defined for a large-scale system, such that the new system is in input decentralized form. Sufficient conditions for stability of the closed-loop system are introduced. By appropriately assigning the eigenstructure of each isolated subsystem, these conditions are satisfied. This is accomplished by using the method suggested by R.J. Patton and G.P. Liu (1994), such that the effects of the interconnections between the subsystems are minimized via the combination of genetic algorithms and gradient based optimization.


This study focused more in flood estimation model for Johor River in Kota Tinggi watershed, Malaysia using HEC-HMS (Hydrological Modeling System). HEC-HMS is necessary tool for analyzing and simulating rainfall and runoff process. In this study, HEC-HMS version 3.5 is used to simulate stream flow for Johor River basin. Calibration and validation process were carried out using different sets of data. Data of precipitation and stream flow used in this study is from the period of January 2012 until December 2012. The precision of data used during calibration and validation process depend on parameter used in HEC-HMS. Results of simulation can be generated in summary table, hydfograph and time series table. Correlation coefficient R 2 and root mean square (RMSE) are used to measure the performance of the modeling. A model with the R2 value is nearly to 1.0 and RMSE value is close to 0 is considered as good and satisfactory. During calibration process, value of RMSE for 1836402 station is 1.9 m3/s while value of RMSE for 1737451 station 1.89 m3/s. During validation process, value of RMSE for 1836402 station is 1.2 m3/s while value of RMSE for 1737451 station is 1.69 m3 Is. The simulated model were fit with the observed data and show that the HEC-HMS are suitable model to predict the hydrologic changes in Johor River.


The translational diffusion coefficient D and intrinsic viscosity [η] of oligo- and poly(dimethylsiloxane)s (PDMS) were examined, especially regarding their molecular-weight dependence, in the range of molecular weight M w from 2.37×10 2 to 1.12×10 6 in bromocyclohexane at 29.5°C (θ). A study was also made of [η] in methyl ethyl ketone at 20.0 o C (θ). It is found that DM w 1/2 decreases and [η]/M w 1/2 increases with increasing M w , and none of them becomes a constant independent of M w even for such large M w that the ratio of the mean-square radius of gyration to M w is independent of M w


Objective
To investigate clinical features and risk factors for recurrent syncope in children with orthostatic intolerance.

Methods
Patients with orthostatic intolerance and syncope admitted in the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from January 2014 to June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed by using t test, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact probability method.According to frequency of syncope, all cases were divided into 2 groups, the occasio-nal syncope group and the recurrent syncope group.All risk factors including age, gender, body mass index(BMI), inducement, the history of motion sickness, family history, syncope-related injuries, performance of head-up tilt table test, and outcomes of head-up tilt table test were studied statistically and compared within 2 different groups.

Results
A total of 83 cases were enrolled in this study.Among these children, 33 cases(39.76%) were assigned as occasio-nal syncope group, in which 17 cases were male and 16 cases were female and the age ranged from 6 to 18 years with the average age of (9.70±2.87) years; 50 cases(60.24%) were assigned as recurrent syncope group, in which 27 cases were male and 23 cases were female and the age ranged from 6 to 18 years with the average age of (11.24±2.83) years.Of all the investigated risk factors, the BMI and the history of motion sickness were significantly different between 2 groups[(18.84±3.49) kg/m2vs (18.16±3.68) kg/m2, t=4.82, P=0.001; 39.39%(13/33 cases) vs 70.00%(35/50 cases), χ2=7.64, P=0.006]. No significant difference was found in age distribution(6-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-18 years) between 2 groups(P=0.428). There were no significant differences in gender (male/female), family history, or syncope-related injuries between 2 groups[17/16 cases vs 27/23 cases; 3.03%(1/33 cases) vs 10.00%(5/50 cases); 15.15%(5/33 cases) vs 20.00%(10/50 cases), all P>0.05]. And no significant difference was found in inducement (prolonged standing, body posture change, emotional stress/emotional stimuli, muggy environment, movement)between 2 groups[78.79%(23/33 cases) vs 72.00%(36/50 cases); 9.09%(3/33 cases) vs 14.00%(7/50 cases); 3.03%(1/33 cases) vs 6.00%(3/50 cases); 12.12%(4/33 cases) vs 10.00%(5/50 cases); 3.03%(1/33 cases)and 12.00%(6/50 cases), all P>0.05]. And performances of head-up tilt table test (blurred vision/blacked out, nausea/vomiting, sweating, dizzy/headache, palpation, anhelation /chest tightness, hot, weak) between 2 groups showed no significant differences[18.18%(6/33 cases) vs 12.00%(6/50 cases); 36.36%(12/33 cases) vs 50.00%(25/50 cases); 24.24%(8/33 cases) vs 26.00%(13/50 cases); 51.52%(17/33 cases) vs 58.00%(29/50 cases); 6.06%(2/33 cases) vs 16.00%(8/50 cases); 27.27%(9/33 cases) vs 22.00%(11/33 cases); 33.33%(11/33 cases) vs 32.00%(16/50 cases); 12.12%(4/33 cases) vs 16.00%(8/50 cases), all P>0.05]. Also there were no significant differences in outcomes of head-up tilt table test between 2 groups(P=0.589).

Conclusions
The risk factors for recurrent syncope in children with orthostatic intolerance were low BMI and the history of motion sickness for such children, and more positive and effective clinical intervention can improve the living quality of children with orthostatic intolerance to some extent.

Key words:
Orthostatic intolerance; Syncope; Recurrent attacks; Risk factors; Child


A hybrid junction has been developed using a symmetrical strip transmission line for application in the UHF range. It has a frequency band of +- 20 per cent where the input voltage standing-wave ratios at all ports are less than 1.26 (2 db), the power divisions are within 0.1 db, and the difference in power between the series input and parallel input ports is less than 0.3 db. The isolation is greater than 40 db and 24 db, respectively, for the two pairs of conjugate ports. These circuits are relatively small, light-weight, simple to build and reproduce, and are inexpensive. The approximate equivalent circuit of the configuration assuming transmission in the TEM mode is presented. The results of the analysis and the important features in the design and fabrication and a few modifications of the configuration are discussed.


This article has analyzed the Access 2003 database design second-level rank test characteristic.How proposed in the teaching to arrange various chapters the class hour and the teaching method,To be how auxiliary using the sky classroom's platform the student well to grasp this curriculum,Smooth through rank test.


which explains why no one was designated as the editor of the volume. The papers were revised in the light of discussion but still stand as basically isolated treatments representing each of the writers' reflections upon an assigned topic. The book should be useful in introducing strategic thought to the more general reader, but the specialist is likely to be disappointed since little new is added.


Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafine fiber was prepared by electrospinning of PAN solution made from waste PAN. Diameters of the electrospun fibers as well as distribution of them were characterized by scanning electron microscope. The results show that the waste polyacrylonitrile/ N,N-dimethylformamide solution can be used for electrospinning after simply treatment-filtration. Uniform ultrafine fibers with diameters between 100 nm and 250nm could be obtained. With increasing concentration of waste PAN from 9% to 10%, the morphology was changed from beaded fiber to uniform fiber structure and the fiber diameter was also increased from110nm to 184 nm gradually. A narrow distribution of fiber diameters was observed at a voltage of 22kV. However, more beaded fibers were observed for longer tip–collecting foil distance.


We experimentally demonstrate the manipulation of magnetization relaxation utilizing a temperature difference across the thickness of an yttrium iron garnet/platinum (YIG/Pt) hetero-structure: the damping is either increased or decreased depending on the sign of the temperature gradient. This effect might be explained by a thermally-induced spin torque on the magnetization precession. The heat-induced variation of the damping is detected by microwave techniques as well as by a DC voltage caused by spin pumping into the adjacent Pt layer and the subsequent conversion into a charge current by the inverse spin Hall effect.


Since the 1930s, plastic surgeons have used advancements andlor rotation flaps, as well as the principles of serial excision, for the reconstruction of scalp defects after areas of malignancy or cicatricia1 alopecia have been excised.' Although scalp surgery continued to progress, including the development and design of transposition flaps, it was not until the mid-1970s that its principles became incorporated into the treatment of male pattern baldness (MPB). At that time, independently of each other, Blanchard and Blanchard, Kim, Sparkuhl, Stough, Webster, and Unger and Unger, all began adapting it for MPB. Blanchard and Blanchard are credited with the first scientific article on this subject, which described a "hair lifting" technique in 1977, ' At the International Hair Transplant Symposium at Lucerne, Switzerland, in February, 1978, presentations on this subject were made by Sparkuh1 and Stough and ~ebster." Unfortunately, no subsequent publication of their methods appeared in the medical literature until years later. Although the original article of Unger dnd unger was submitted for publication in 0;tober 1977, it did not appear in print until September 1978. This article was published in a widely read journal and was credited with "the introduction of scalp reduction to a large segment of the surgical community."" A large series on scalp reduction was published by Bosley et aL7 in February 1979, and in December 1980 ~lt published his first paper, aking us aware that larger areas of alopecia could be removed provided that extensive undermining, increased tension on closure, and galeotomies were incorporated. Significant contributions to this field have also been made by Norwood and Shiell," Fleming and Mayer,"' ~ordstrom," and ~arzola," as well as others who have pitblicized and continued to modify and refine the procedure. Although the term "hair lifting" and "alopecia reduction" have been used to describe this operation, the term "scalp reduction," first used by Sparkuhl in 1978,' now seems to have gained widespread acceptance for this procedure. Incorporation of one or more scalp reduction operations with the Orentreich punch technique of hair transPlantation as become increasingly popular over the years, and today is used virtually with every patient having extensive hair transplantation.


Unmanned aerial vehicles have enormous potential applications in military and civil fields. A Quanser's 3-DOF helicopter is a simplified and benchmark experimental model for validating the effectiveness of various flight control algorithms. The attitude control of the 3-DOF helicopter is a challenging task since it is an under-actuated system with strong coupling and model uncertainty characteristics. In this paper, the dynamics model of the helicopter is established and an adaptive integral backstepping algorithm is applied to realize robust control of a 3-DOF helicopter. The proposed control algorithm can estimate model uncertainties online and improve the robustness of the system. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs well in tracking and under model uncertainties.


We discuss the short-range structure of hadronic and nuclear wave fQnctions expected in QCD. In additior, to the "extrinsic* contributions associated with radiation from single partons, there is an "intrinsic" hardness of the high-mass fluctuations of the wave function due to the spatial overlap of two or more partoris We argue that intrinsically-hard part.ons. having large mass and/or large transverse momentum, will dominate in the regicin of large Feynmar, IF Their rescattering in nuclear targets is expected to be larser than for estrinsicall~.-hard partons, leading to a suppresscd production cross section for hadrms scattminq on heavy nuclei. Experimental evidence f9r this exists for open charm, J/c, and T production at large rF. The effects of intrinsic hardness may be particularly striking in :itsclear wart' functions. where the overlap of partons belonging tq diffcwnt nuc1eor:s can givr. rise to cumulative (z > I ) phenomena. Thc data on backwad cumulative part rclv production from nuclei su;=orts t!:e existence of a ~ i intrinsically hard roFiponm: in nuciear wave functions. Partons at large T F ma> also bc associnied with t l i ~ enhanced subthreshold production of part ides observed in hadror;-nuclms arid nuckus-nucleus collisions. lye discuss the evidence for anomalies in the large angle p p - pp crws sectior, near the cham threshold. Arguments are presented that charrnon;nni states may bind to nuclei through thc QCD Var, der M'a;


The paper presents a theoretical study among molecular modeling of the main non-steroidal thiazine antiinflammatory drugs and the possibility of obtaining supramolecular systems formulations based on natural cyclodextrin complexes. The main anti-inflammatory compounds, guest structures – piroxicam, meloxicam, tenoxicam, and isoxicam – were builded, molecular modeled, and conformationally analyzed; the natural αand β-cyclodextrin structures – host structures – were studied in the same way. For both structure types the most stable conformations were used in host-guest interaction analysis (docking experiments), which could conduct to pharmaceutical formulations with controlled release properties. Further, quantitative structure – activity relationships were obtained in the anti-inflammatory benzothiazine class.


We present a system, intended for automotive design review use cases, that incorporates a tracked tablet in a CAVE, where both the tablet and the CAVE provide different views and interaction possibilities within the same virtual scene. At its core, this idea is not novel. However, the literature reveals few examples of this paradigm in which virtual information is presented on a second physical device to augment an immersive virtual environment. Similarly, it is unclear where the system should be positioned within existing augmented/mixed/virtual reality taxonomies. We argue that interactions occur within a nesting of virtual and physical contexts, and that formalizing these relationships is important when attempting to understand perceptual issues. The goal of this paper is, thus, to describe the new system by proposing a scheme to formally identify sources of bias and then adapting an existing taxonomy to classify such systems.


COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory illness, however there is compelling evidence proposing a lung-gut axis involved in the disease. We explored emerging evidence suggesting a possible link between dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and long-term complications from COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Abstract The theory of electron and positron channeling and radiation production in crystals is extended to macroscopic-scale systems The new theory examines systems that exhibit periodicity along the axis of beam propagation, specifically, periodic electrostatic fields: the dimensions of the field periodicity (lz.) are much greater than typical interatomic lattice spacing (lt.), e.g.,l z≫l L. Effects of beam properties on the proposed phenomenon of quasi-channeling (or quasi-classical channeling) are discussed. The feasibility of a laser based on this phenomenon is examined theoretically. Differences between the properties of the proposed quasi-classical channeling radiation and radiation produced by wigglers and free electron lasers are discussed.


The analysis of the core of a cooperative game V is classically linked to linear programming (see [8]). However, the natural structure of a cooperative game is the disjoint over-additive, so an internal probability if we normalize (V (Ω) = 1), and the elements of the core then appear as increasing probabilities are given a probability internal. Led A. Fougers, al. (see [5]) to introduce the notion of stability. The goal of this article is to establish a significant improvement of the algorithm, so it will be limited to the eligible "candidate" points and we will play a relatively "time efficient" first generation algorithm when it succeeds, which happens in in most cases. A more precise analysis of the critical experimental cases will undoubtedly lead to combine it with other methods being processed, to end up with a "second generation" algorithm, which always converges in the case with a non-empty core.


This study investigates the early mechanical strength, and shrinkage crack resistance of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber concrete with different lengths and contents. The microstructure of UHMWPE fiber concrete is investigated by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) to analyze the distribution and mechanism of action of UHMWPE fiber in concrete. The mechanical strength results indicate that the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete increase first and then decrease by adding fibers. The maximum compressive strength and splitting tensile strength at age of 28d are 42.9 and 3.32 MPa, which is 41.1% and 55.9% higher than that of the benchmark group. The SEM results show that when the UHMWPE fiber content is small, the fibers are evenly distributed in concrete and tightly bonded to the matrix. While the fibers will agglomerate and entangle with the increase of the fiber content, the results of shrinkage resistance test demonstrate that the 12 mm fiber with 0.24% fiber volume content can obtain the best shrinkage crack resistance.


The electron-hole correlation effects on the energy levels and the wave functions of the electrons and holes in a strain-induced quantum dot containing one to ten carrier pairs have been studied using large-scale configuration-interaction calculations. The present calculations show the formation of excitons and biexcitons in the quantum dot. By increasing the number of carrier pairs, one observes a transition from a strongly correlated system to a quantum dot system for which the electron-electron and hole-hole correlations are dominated by exchange interaction and are relatively well described at the Hartree-Fock level, while for an accurate description of the electron-hole correlations configuration-interaction calculations are necessary. Ring-shaped carrier distributions emerge with increasing number of carrier pairs.


Experimental results on KBr:CI04single crystals, before and after x irradiation at 77 K, are reported. Infrared and polarized Raman spectra show clearly that the perchlorate molecules are isolated in the KBr matrix and possess Td symmetry. EPR spectra, at 9.5 and 36 GHz, of irradiated crystals at 4.2 K indicate the formation of CIO~ in trigonal symmetry. The g and 35CI hyperfine tensors are found to be strictly axial and collinear. Temperature variation of the EPR spectra presented no motional averaging while uniaxial stress applied to the crystals yielded negative results. The structure of the CIO~ molecule is discussed in terms of a trigonal Jahn-Teller effect and a probable dissociation into (CI03-0-) complex.


ethyl laurate was synthesized from lauric acid and the absolute ethyl alcohol as raw materials in the presence of titanium sulfate as catalyst.Factors influenceing the product yield were discussed and optium reaction conditions were found.Experimental results showed that titanium sulfate is an excellent catalyst.With molar ratio of lauric acid to ethyl alcohol =1.0∶5.0,catalyst dosage =4.5%,using cycloexane as water carrier reaction temperature is 90-100 ℃and reaction time is 3.5 hour,the yield of the product achieves 90.7%.


environment. But there is still much to be learned by returning to the archives to discover how local musicians interacted with those from court and cathedral chapels, and what happened when musicians from elite organizations went downtown. In one of the first chapters of the book, for instance, Reinhard Strohm compares three Austrian centers (Vienna, Innsbruck, and Bolzano) in an effort to articulate some basic problems of studying urban music in ways that move beyond simple chronicle of court musicians or cathedral choirs. He considers, for instance, how the economic and administrative character in each of his centers is manifest in various musical institutions of each context (imperial, ecclesiastical, and civic), and their traditions of performance. Sotteraña Aguirre Rincón's study of the Castilian town of Valladolid aligns nicely with the questions posed by Strohm, using archival descriptions of regular visits by King Charles V to give us a glimpse of how civic and royal musicians interacted with each other. James Saunders similarly shows us how individual English cathedral choirmen moonlighted as freelance teachers and singers in sixteenthand seventeenth-century towns. Historians have long recognized that trade guilds and religious confraternities were an especially important facet of life in medieval and Renaissance cities of all sizes. Musicologists have recently started to explore these institutions, too, often for what they reveal about the history of polyphonic music. Barbara Haggh, for instance, shows how musical life in secular churches of Brussels was shaped in significant part through the patronage of religious confraternities, which endowed memorial services and other observances in small, private chapels within local parish churches. Magnus Williamson shows that similar patterns of anonymous, corporate patronage were an important feature of musical life in the parish of St. James, Louth. By studying the performances or rituals they sponsored, we can learn a good deal about the importance of music in the daily lives of ordinary townfolk. We can also discover much about the social organization of particular Renaissance towns, with their overlapping associations of geography, family, trade, and belief. The study of musical performances can also shed light on aspects of urban experience that at first glance might seem beyond recovery, or even easy description. Iain Fenlon, for instance, walks us through the changing "devotional geography" of Renaissance Venice, revealing how civic rituals used music as a means of displaying magnificence and articulating the social order among urban populations. John McGavin's study of secular music in the Scots burgh of Haddington likewise shows how archival references to music and musicians can reveal aspects of urban life that often go unnoticed, from the rivalries among various narrowly defined craft guilds, to the role of music as a means of subversion. In the Spanish colonies of the Americas, too, the performance of music often became a hinge point for asserting social (and for Spanish conquistadors, often ethnic) differences, as Bermúdez shows us in his study of Santa Fe de Bogotá. In brief, Kisby's collection of essays repeatedly shows how music could link different urban communities, enact civic ceremonies, provide a meager living, and in many other ways mark out the varied profile of Renaissance town life. These essays also remind us of the many ways in which musicologists and historians can learn from one another as we try to understand the past, in all its complexity.


Experimental study was conducted on the preparation of crystalline aluminum chloride from industrial diluted hydrochloric acid and calcium aluminates under atmospheric pressure condition.Influences of the dosage of hydrochloric acid,extracting time and extracting temperature on the extracting rate were examined,and the mechanism of aluminum chloride's crystallization was investigated as well.Experimental results showed that low-concentration industrial waste acid can be used for the preparation of crystalline aluminum chloride.This research opens up a new approach for the disposal and utilization of industrially spent acids of low concentrations.


In this research, our goal was to identify and analyze the types of production and transmission of knowledge and, therefore, the "learning experiences" that Kiriri indigenous people, located in Jacobina / BA, act in the sense of produce as a collective; to understand the meaning of education and learning and what is important to learn with the central focus on the production of "Kiriri ceramic", in view that it is from it that the Kiriri update relations with relatives who remained in the Indigenous Land in Banzaê / BA and with knowledge regimes that would be proper to that people. The narratives presented by the group and the ethnographies about the Kiriri are characterized by the confluence of the production of ceramics that mark aspects of the education of these people and their multiple ways of producing culture and ethnicity. 1 Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia. Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil. 2 Prefeitura Municipal de Coração de Maria. Coração de Maria, Bahia, Brasil. 3 Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia. Jequié, Bahia, Brasil.


C over 116 500 patients are waiting for a lifesaving organ in the United States. A promising alternative to increase the source of organs is the use of grafts from donors after Circulatory death (DCD). At present, DCD lungs, livers, and kidneys with minimal warm ischemic time are considered and successfully used for transplantation. However, it has been documented that liver grafts from DCD (compared with donors after brain death) have a higher incidence of primary nonfunction and aworse 1and 3-year graft survivals. Current research is directed at techniques to improve practices for organ preservation, storage, and assessment of organ viability pretransplantation. One of them is ex situ perfusion of organs, a concept introduced in the early 1900s by Charles Lindbergh and Alexis Carrel, when Locke's solution was used to preserve kidneys and vessels. Kakizaki et al describe the results of a subnormothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (SELP) rat model and concluded that even 30 minutes of room temperature (22.5 ± 2.5°C) perfusion after cold storage resuscitated DCD liver grafts from ischemia-reperfusion injury and improved the viability of livers. This conclusion wasmade on liver function parameter measurements in the perfusate and pro/inflammatory cytokine studies. This study adds support to the growing practice of ex-vivo organ perfusion at the time of organ procurement or after cold storage. Future studies should evaluate longer perfusionwith oxygen delivery tomatch oxygen requirements. Perfusion for hours allows assessment of function, which is particularly important in DCD organs subjected to prolonged ischemia during the agonal period. In addition, ex vivo perfusion "washes out" toxic products of ischemic and reperfusion injury, as postulated by the authors. Although this study used clear perfusate, prolonged ex vivo organ perfusion to document organ function (and likelihood of transplant success) must be done at normothermia (37 ± 0.5°C) and requires an oxygen carrier, "Red blood cells (RBC)" are the best oxygen carrier in our experience.


Learn how to set up and log into email, Blackboard and Banner Web. Distance Education: Back of Griffin Campus Library


A crosstalk channel estimation method, a device and a system. The method includes the steps of a vector control entity (VCE) generating an orthogonal training guide frequency sequence matrix according to user's route; the VCE allocateing guide frequency sequence for each on-line user route i respectively according to the orthogonal training guide frequency sequence matrix,wherein the guide frequency sequence allocated after being modulated is sent out by a tramsmitting end Ti of each on-line user route i, and the guide frequency sequences of any two routes among the on-line user's routes are orthogonal, VCE receiving error samples sent by the receiving end Ri of each on-line user route i, wherein the error samples are obtained by the receiving end Ri according to the modulation signal of the guide frequency sequences; and the VCE calculating the crosstalk channel estimation parameters based on the error samples and the guide frequency sequence of the on-line user routes.


M. L. Gruwel, P. Latta, M. Tanasiewicz, V. Volotovskyy, M. Sramek, B. Tomanek IBD, NRC-CNRC, Winnipwg, MB, Canada, IBD, NRC-CNRC, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Silesia medical Academy, Katowice, Poland, OAW Visualisierung, Vienna, Austria Introduction Presently, teeth can be imaged using many, often destructive, techniques. While information provided by clinical radiography during endodontic treatment is often imprecise, MR microscopy may be a useful alternative for non–destructive in vivo imaging of teeth. Recent reports on the use of MRI in dentistry (1) have generated interest in the development and improvement of MRI techniques for the study of teeth. The major problem with solid materials in MR research is their inherently short spin-spin relaxation time (T2). Single Point Imaging, a pure phase encoding technique, has found many useful applications in the imaging of solids and semi-solids (2). However, due to the rapid switching of gradients, SPI often overheats the gradient coils and produces significant acoustic noise. In this work we propose the use of a modified SPI sequence for the study of teeth. Using shaped gradients greatly reduces problems with noise and gradient overheating (3).


Poster: "ECR 2013 / B-0386 / Radiographer's expectations for role development: a national survey in view of radiography students in final year of graduation" by: "C. M. Mendes, A. F. Abrantes, R. P. P. Almeida, L. P. V. Ribeiro, S. Rodrigues; Faro/PT"


The effectiveness of the use of new foliar fertilizers and growth regulators for vegetative plants of watermelon in dry-steppe conditions of the Volgograd region has been studied. It was found that the direct supply of nutrients to plants contributed to the progression of growth processes. The maximum plant growth was noted in the variant Vigor Forte + Agrovin Profi + NPK complex, where the excess of the number of lashes to the control was 115%, the length of lashes - 346%. Good development of plants increases their resistance to adverse weather conditions and increases the ability of plants to bear fruit. The maximum effect in increasing the yield was achieved when using Vigor Forte growth regulator in combination with foliar fertilizers - 20.4 t/ha, which is 1.7 times more than the basic technology. It has been determined that the use of water-soluble fertilizers and growth regulators in the cultivation of watermelon makes it possible to obtain high quality products with an amount of nitrates less than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) - 60 mg/kg. The increase in economic indicators with the use of new foliar fertilizers and growth regulators relative to standard technology ranged from 16,8 to 72,3%.


This article describes a novel software implementation for high‐throughput scanning mutagenesis with a focus on protein stability. The approach combines molecular mechanics calculations with calculations of protein ionization and a Gaussian‐chain model of electrostatic interactions in unfolded state. Comprehensive testing demonstrates a state‐of‐the‐art accuracy for predicted free energy differences on single, double, and triple mutations with a correlation coefficient R above 0.7, which takes about 1.5 min per mutation on a single CPU. Unlike most of existing in silico methods for fast mutagenesis, the stability changes are reported as a continuous function of solution pH for wide pH intervals. We also propose a novel in silico strategy for searching stabilized protein variants that is based on combinatorial scanning mutagenesis using representative amino acid types. Our in silico predictions are in excellent agreement with the hyper‐stabilized variants of mesophilic cold shock protein found using the Proside method of direct evolution. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurological condition that is growing in prevalence and manifests both motor and non-motor symptoms. Most PD patients have trouble speaking, writing, and walking during the early stages of the disease. Analysis of speech problems has been effective in identifying Parkinson's disease. According to studies, 90% of Parkinson's disease patients experience speech problems. Even though there is no known cure for Parkinson's disease, using the right medication at an early stage can greatly reduce the symptoms. One of the key categorization issues for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is the correct interpretation of speech signals. The major goal of this project is to use deep learning and machine learning approaches to predict and categorize PD patients at an early stage. A trustworthy dataset from the UCI repository for Parkinson disease has been used to evaluate the method's performance. Several classification models are successfully used in this study for classification tasks, including Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Ada Boost, Light Gradient Boosting Machine, CatBoost, Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, Ridge, Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, K Neighbors, SVM - Linear Kernel, Naive Bayes, and deep neural networks (DNN1, DNN2, DNN3). The Extreme Gradient Boosting classifier achieved the greatest classification accuracy of 92.18% (among the machine learning classifiers). By using the chosen features as input, the three layer deep neural network (DNN2) has the best accuracy of 95.41% amongst deep learning techniques. The collected results indicate that deep neural networks performed better than machine learning methods.


Professional Standards Review Organization claims data were used in defining, planning, implementing and evaluating an approach to an ambulatory medical care problem utilizing educational intervention. Modification of physicians' tetracycline prescribing behavior was achieved in an actual practice setting by personal visits from peer physicians.


With the daily-increasing development of science, various methods have been designed to more and better retrieve the scientific documents based on the need and search of users. For some documents in the various scientific databases, no complete information exists and the users have to observe the inside of a document in order to catch up with its metadata inclusion the authors, their affiliations, the references cited and etc. Therefore, presence of a method based on extracting the information based on the available structural and geometrical properties in a document can assist the recovery of related and required documents. In addition, the available pitfall in the relational data based is the lack of direct and indirect relationships between the availabilities of each system for which a graph-oriented database can establish the relations between these availabilities. In this respect, after extracting metadata using the geometrical properties of document and using a graph-oriented model, the relations between various documents' availabilities such as authors, conferences, subjects and keywords and etc. are modeled in order to retrieve the information more effectively. The extracted data are refined and stored in the graph model and will be available for a user via a web-based user interface. To produce the results of each search, the related documents will be retrieved based on the graph relations and be weighed according to the rate of relatedness of each document and the number of references. In order to evaluate the proposed method, PubMed Database is used. The results of experiments show the proposed methods outperformed 60% in contrast to the PubMed Database search engine in terms of the retrieved documents. Furthermore, based in the F-measure, and nDCG-measure of proposed method considerably outperformed the PubMed Database search engine in terms of the quality of retrieved documents.


Humans can perceive their spatial surroundings both by the visual and the auditory senses. Even though the auditory system has much lower spatial resolution, it can still serve as an alternative or supplementary information channel for the visual modality. We investigate the feasibility of conveying elaborate visual information by auditory patterns. A system is developed that transforms 2-D binary images into "auditory images." Such images are based on slow raster scanning of a perceptual auditory surface around the subject while emitting sounds that correspond to the brightness level of the images at each location. The parameters involved in such a system are quantitatively investigated with respect to their effect on performance. These parameters include resolution, level difference, sound color contrast, speed, surface curvature, etc. The graphic percepts of synthetic auditory images that correspond to simple shapes are also analyzed. The experimental results show that sound localization can be used to convey visual information quite successfully for simple shapes and low-resolution patterns.


The influence of maternal ethanol drinking on the development of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenases in the liver of the offspring was studied in Wistar rats. No statistically significant differences were found between the ethanol group and the control group.


There's over 3.4 million families use cylinder gas in Taiwan, and it's much higher than families which use liquefied natural gas. It's the problem that the gas will store at the bottom of the cylinder become the residual liquid, and this problem affects interests of mass consumer. In this study, a newly designed device is presented for solving the residual liquid. It will increase the pressure inside the cylinder, promoting the residual liquid to evaporate in case the residual liquid store at the bottom of cylinder. A Five-kilogram cylinder is used in the study. The results show that when the input electric power is 32.4 W, 57.6 W, or 90 W, the gauge pressure is 1.35, 1.72, and 2.15 times higher, respectively, than the initial pressure inside the cylinder, indicating increases of 35.1%, 71.6%, and 115.3%. It allows the liquefied petroleum gas to be fully used up without leaving behind residual liquid in the four seasons. The volatilized device promotes liquefied petroleum gas utilization and reduces unnecessary financial loss. The consumers can utilize the gas to the maximum and save some costs.


We combine the unitarity method with the six-dimensional helicity formalism of Cheung and O'Connell to construct loop-level scattering amplitudes. As a first example, we construct dimensionally regularized QCD one-loop four-point amplitudes. As a nontrivial multiloop example, we confirm that the recently constructed four-loop four-point amplitude of N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory, including nonplanar contributions, is valid for dimensions D{<=}6. We comment on the connection of our approach to the recently discussed Higgs infrared regulator and on dual conformal properties in six dimensions.


Biotechnologies are one of the main keys to explain the entrance into the new century. From the discovery of DNA structure at 1953 and the birth of genetic engineering, the capacity of human beings to modify the natural course of biological evolution was a real possibility. But schools and school systems are arriving late to meet these important issues. The present work examines and gives evidences of this lack of introduction of modern biotechnologies into curricula, educational materials and school activities.


When the gray image is larger,and with many pixels,a large number of nodes may be generated in the map divided by the Normalized Cut(Ncut) method,which brings difficulties to the algorithm.Hence the split-Combining Algorithm and Ncut Method are applied to Image Segmentation.Gray area are divided into several parts with the split-Combining Algorithm.Combining with the region between the gray and location information,the image segmentation is completed by using Normalized Cut method to divide between regions.The experimental results show that the method is effective.


PSYCHOTHERAPY is a technique of treating patients through verbal and non-verbal communication in contrast to methods utilizing drugs, appliances surgical operations.


The design and performance of a people mover¿a 30- kVA 400-Hz transistor inverter which furnishes all loads, except propulsion power, on a small advanced urban transit vehicle¿is described in this first installment of a two part sequence of papers. With a nominal 750-V dc input, the inverter supplies 30 kVA at 0.8-lagging power factor, 200-V line-to-line root mean square (rms), and three- phase 400-Hz output. The design and performance of the power circuit is described in Part I, and the design and performance of the control is covered in Part II.


Improved performance would be influenced by work motivation, high motivation would improve the performance because work motivation was encouragement that influenced by mutation policy and employee career development. The research objective was to find out mutation effect, carrer development to the work motivation and performance on class I airport of Juwata Tarakan. Population and sample in the research was 141 employees with 60 people as sample. Sampling technique used sampling probability with simple random sampling technique. Data analysis used in the research consisted of statistic descriptive analysis and path analysis with Populasi dan sekaligus sebagai sampel pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh karyawan yang berjumlah 141 orang dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 60 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan probability sampling dengan teknik simple random sampling. Data analysis techniques used in this study consist of descriptive statistical analysis and path analysis with tools of SPSS application program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 22 for Windows. The results showed that the mutation significantly influenced the motivation at the Class I Airport Juwata Tarakan with the significance of 0.137> 0.05 and tcount1,509 ttable 2,000 received. Mutation significantly affected the performance at the Class I Main Airport Juwata Tarakan with the significance of 0.038 ttable 2,000 received. Career development had a significant effect on performance at the Class I Juwata Tarakan Airport with the significance of 0.000 2,000 accepted ttable. Motivation significantly influenced the motivation at the Class I Juwata Tarakan Airport with significance 0,021 ttable 2,000 received. Mutations and career development had an indirect and significant impact on performance after work motivation at the Class I Juwata Tarakan Airport, based on the magnitude of the coefficient variable, the direct influence was greater than the indirect effect. Thus, it can be concluded that the motivation is not proven intervening variables that mediate the effect of mutations on performance at the Class I Juwata Tarakan Airport.


Proper medication is necessary for Type-2 diabetes patient to maintain sugar level. This is extremely problematic for the patient in every country. In recent days there have been significant advances in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) . So, we made this IoT based ubiquitous healthcare system for Type-2 diabetes patient monitoring which keeps tablet count, changes in medicine slot and providing emergency services to the patient. In particular, this concept involves load cell sensor which measures tablet weight to display the tablet count, heart beat sensor measures the patient's heart rate and location is tracked by GPS to provide emergency services. The project gives an experimental idea of patient's health condition and controlling. The feasibility of the implemented Health platform has been proven in field trials and if any vital signs recognized then gives alert to predefine care takers through SMS alert and monitor the conditions continuously with an IP address of WIFI. Hence, this healthcare system will track their medication and inform patient to take right medicine at the right time.


In this paper, a distribute feedback laser diode (DFB LD) composed microwave photonic bandpass filter is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for subcarrier multiplexing (SCM)-based radio over fiber (RoF) transport systems. To realize the photonic filter, a multiwavelength laser, composed by directly modulating single-tone RF signal with a DFB LD, is developed to simultaneously generate six identical optical carriers. When these optical carriers are phase-modulated with SCM signals and communicated through optical fiber to optical network units (ONUs), a bandpass filter function is accomplished automatically due to the interaction of the accumulated chromatic dispersion and the optical interference among those transmitted optical carriers. Experimental results proof that the central frequency of the passband window of the photonic filter is not fixed, instead, it can be shifted accurately by alerting the optical channel spacing of the generated six optical carriers. By applying the proposed photonic filter for SCM-based RoF transport systems, each connected ONU will receive dedicated SCM signals only and the other SCM signals will be rejected, so no more electrical microwave filter is required to be deployed in the ONU. With the proposed scheme, the SCM-based RoF transport systems can be greatly simplified and the system transmission efficiency can be promoted and controlled centrally.


This effect could be used in acoustic measurements of the parameters of internal dissipation of two-dimensional polymer or liquid-crystal Langmuir-Blodgett films and of their temperature dependences


Objective To explore the effect of detumescence:external application plus acupuncture for treating soft tissue injury.Methods From 2011 September to 2013 year in March,I the out-patient department soft tissue injury of 137 cases patients,randomly divided into treatment group and control group,68 cases in treatment group,69 cases in the control group.The control group used the traditional treatment,the treatment group using self-made detumescence plaster with acupuncture treatment,4~10 days,effects were observed and analyzed.Results The treatment group 45 cases were cured,effective in 16 cases,the total efficiency was 97.05%,control group 21 cases were cured,effective in 19 cases,the total efficiency of 68.12%,the difference was statistically significant (P 0.05).Conclusion Detumescence Ointment plus acupuncture has a significant effect on the treatment of soft tissue injury,worthy of further clinical application and research.


A reconfigurable RF spectral shaper for dynamic wideband frequency component manipulation is experimentally demonstrated. Spectral functions including positive and negative slopes, low-pass, parabolic, inverted-parabolic functions, as well as triangular and saw-tooth functions have been achieved.


The invention aims at providing canvas for an industrial conveying belt. The canvas for the industrial conveying belt adopts a double-layer tissue structure; warp yarns and weft yarns adopt high-strength and low-drawing standard type polyester industrial filaments; the warp yarns and the weft yarns on the upper layer are called as surface warp and surface weft; the warp yarns and the weft yarns of the lower layer are inner warps and inner wefts; an arrangement ratio of the surface warps and the inner warps to the surface wefts and the inner wefts is 1:1; and density of warps is 138 warps/cm; density of wefts is 58 wefts/cm. The canvas is low in cost and high in curling degree; due to the adoption of a simple double layer tissue structure; the warp yarns and the weft yarns adopt standard type polyester industrial filaments low in price; the arrangement ratio of the surface and inner warps to the surface and inner wefts is 1:1; the warp yarns and the weft yarns of the surface layer are staggered, so that the phenomenon that the wrinkle generated when the conveying belt passes through a roller can be effectively improved; the manufacture cost is reduced; the glue attaching amount when the canvas is impregnated; the using performance and the service life of the conveying belt are improved.


The unconsciousshake of human eye leads to the random variations of image position,and makes it impossible to observe a specific area.To solve the problem,during the object imaging,a real time"calculation-movement"stabilizing image algorithm was presented based on image matching theory.It uses a series of continuously grabbed images that focus on nearly the same area of retina.Therefore,it is possible to find the center area of the image through"sampling-calculaiton",and do the correlation between the center area and that of the first image so as to get the direction and amplitude of movement,finally move the picture according the results.Repeat this process to stabilize the series of images and remove those unmatched images,which make the object image nearly on the same position.The results indicates that the algorithm can overcome the random variation problem of object image position and stabilize the retinal image in real time for the adaptive optics imaging setup;overcome the problem that one cannot focus on the same area for a long time because of laser′s strongly irritation,and realize the retina and blood capillary observation with the same setup and same algorithm;make it possible to get anpatched image with large field of view.


Vehicle positioning in high-reflection environments is disclosed. A positioning system obtains an estimate of the heading of a body whose position or velocity is to be estimated, for example from a heading sensor such as a gyroscope or accelerometer. Respective signals are tracked from a plurality of transmitters, and a respective Doppler measurement is obtained from each of said tracked signals. For each of the tracked signals, a speed of the body is estimated using the estimate of the heading of the body and the respective Doppler measurement. It is then determined whether the estimated speed of the body is consistent with the signal having been received along a direct path from the transmitter. Signals that provide information about the speed of the body that is inconsistent with the signal having been received along a direct path from the transmitter are then disregarded when estimating the position or velocity of the body.


As the fast development of statistical techniques, more and more statistical methods are widely used in different area. In this paper, we will conduct an analysis on employee retention problem, remote work salary problem, and the earthquake forecast problem based on statistical approaches. For the employee retention problem, we apply logistic regression to the HR employee retention data and successfully construct a model, which can predict each employees' probability of leaving the company. As for the remote work salary problem, we apply multivariable linear regression to find out the impact of remote work on salary. According to the analysis, the type of remote work may have an impact on the salary. Compared to participants working on site, participants with 50% remote ratio had the mean of 17298.72 lower salary (P < 0.05). For the earthquake forecast problem, we construct a Poisson model based on the previous seismic data from Chinese mainland. Then we calculate the probabilities of earthquake occurrence and predicts the amount of earthquake in certain time interval and then verifies. These results shed light on guiding further exploration of statistical techniques including logistic regression, multivariable linear regression and Poisson model.


The creation of multimedia assets for online courses is a time intensive endeavor. Faculty have limited access to instructional designers for this and other course design functions. This study sought to determine if multimedia use in course design contributes positively to student performance or their perception of the online learning experience, after controlling for faculty course design expertise. Students totaling 142 were enrolled in an Introductory Educational Computing Course between 2016 and 2018 designed according to Quality Matters standards based on an informal internal review as well as a course designed according to instructor preferences. Eighty-four students, who participated in the courses designed according to Quality Matters standards based on an informal internal review were surveyed about their perceptions. While it may be of no surprise that multimedia use did not impact student performance directly, based on end-of-point course totals, it did positively influence student perceptions of the online learning experience. A performance gap between ethnicities in this study was not observed, as evidence through end-of-course total points. This may be salient given the prevalence of such performance gaps in most educational settings. Course policies and instructional strategies perceived by students as helpful may be one contributing factor to this lack of performance gap. Furthermore, the use of multimedia in course design was found to reduce cognitive load, as shown by the amount of time spent inside the learning management system. What this means for multimedia use in course design and the student online learning experience concludes this paper.


The factors that influence attendance at sporting events are based on consumer behavior research. Since increasing attendance is a primary objective of professional sports teams, an increased knowledge concerning the factors influencing attendance would be most useful to any organization. The understanding of those factors influencing spectator attendance at sporting events is a key to developing plans, strategies, and processes leading to the achievement of organizational objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on the desire of people to attend a professional sport games on attendance factors, subsequently, upon their intention to attend future sport events. The survey instrument for this study was a self-developed tool constructed by the investigator using information attained from studies conducted by James et al. (1995), Debbie (1996) and Lee (2000). The total number of subjects of 745 surveyed questionnaires was obtained from those fans in attendance at baseball and soccer games among the professional sporting events held in the 2001-2002 season. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) on LISREL program was used for analyzing the null hypothesis of this study. The results of this study indicate that attendance factors (promotion, attractiveness, schedule, economics) were shown to directly influence the consumer`s desire to attend as well as their desire to return to a professional sports event in the future.


Many countries have established employment-related pension systems.Although these systems appear to be gender neutral,there are differences between men and women in access to welfare resources because of the gender differences in employment.Since 1980s,Chile,the former Soviet Union countries and China have reformed domestic pension systems.Pension reforms certainly affect the benefit distribution among different social groups,but gender impact of pension reforms has not been given enough attention.The paper reveals that an overall trend of pension reforms is detrimental to women.A common feature of pension reforms is to widen gender gaps.


This study aims to measure the magnitude of the percentage of users movement from online transportation of Gojek to other online transportation at the Community of Bandar Lampung City. This type of research uses descriptive research that describes the percentage of consumer displacement. The data used in this study is the primary data through the distribution of questionnaires to users who have used the Online Transportation Service of Gojek. The data analysis technique used was Markov chain. From 44 respondents who use online transportation of Gojek, as many as 22 respondents are still using online transportation of Gojek, 19 respondents moved to online transportation of Grab and 3 respondents move to other online transportation. From the 42 respondents using Grab's online transportation, 12 were transferred to Gojek's online transportation, and 27 respondents continued to use Grab's online transport and 3 respondents moved to other online transport. 14 respondents using other online transportation, as many as 6 respondents moved to Gojek's online transportation, one respondent moved to Grab's, and 7 respondents chose to keep using other branded online transportation. The magnitude of the probability of moving users of Gojek's online transportation to other online transportation in Bandar Lampung City is 60% with an attrition rate of 15%. Attrition rate (rate reduction) is. With a probability figure of 60% indicating that Gojek's online transport users have a low loyalty rate (more than 50%).


Gland Surg 2022;11(1):305-306 | https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/gs-21-773 We read with interest the recent article written by Zhou and colleagues entitled "Systematic review and meta-analysis of ultrasonic elastography (USE) in the diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules" (1). Zhou et al. highlight that USE has high value in the diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. We thank the authors for such valuable evidence and would like to make several comments on this study. First, in the abstract section of the article, the results of this study showed that the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 72.26% and 95.35%, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.857, showing that USE has slightly high false-negative rate (27.74%). The missed diagnosis of thyroid cancer may result in metastasis of cervical lymph nodules or distant organs and lead to a threat to patient's health. Then, we do not agree with authors about USE showing high sensitivity in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer and believe that USE could not be used for exclusion of malignant thyroid nodules completely. Second, in the conclusions section, the authors expressed the view that USE could reduce the false negative cases. However, the present meta-analysis aimed to assess the value of USE diagnosing thyroid cancer, and did not compare the diagnostic performance between USE and other diagnostic methods such as routine ultrasound directly. Therefore, we consider that USE reducing the false negative cases could not be confirmed on the basis of this study. Third, in the last paragraph of the article, Zhou et al. Revealed that USE is an alternative diagnostic modality for patient who is not suitable for or rejects biopsy diagnosis. However, there is no quantitative comparison of the diagnostic performance between USE and biopsy in the main text. Fine needle biopsy is still the most effective and used method evaluating thyroid nodules (2). Then, we think that this conclusion is also not reliable. Finally, the data in Table 2 were not consistent with the included studies. In Wang et al.' study (3), 86 patients with 102 thyroid nodules were included, which were not consistent with 52 patients with 72 thyroid nodules in the Table 2. Furthermore, in Table 2, the number of sums of the true positive cases, false positive cases, false negative cases, and true negative cases is not consistent with the total number of cases in each study. In the inclusion and exclusion criteria section, articles which were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were enrolled in this meta-analysis, however, the study design of Wang et al. is a diagnostic study. We believe that the data in this study should be further revised and verified for accuracy. We make these comments only to promote the clinical utility of USE and recommend that the authors of similar such studies may take into account these additional points. Letter to the Editor


The inhibitory activities of the extracts of Cantharellus cibarius and isolated compounds were investigated in an enzyme‐based ELISA NF‐κB assay. Of the tested compounds, ergosterol, ergosterol peroxide and cerevisterol were noted to have the most potent inhibition of NF‐κB activation. The ability of the active metabolites to inhibit the NF‐κB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was assessed using a cell‐based NF‐κB assay. The isolated compounds were elucidated through the analysis of various spectroscopic methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Drainage of wetlands reduces the habitats of butterflies requiring bog habitat (bog butterflies) and vegetation typical for bogs. Tree stand colonizes drained areas, changing open wetland areas into dense forest. Furthermore, the trees overshadow remaining vegetation and desiccate the habitat by evaporation. Vegetation management of power line rights-of-way (ROW) maintain open and less evaporating areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vegetation management on butterflies and vegetation of bogs by comparing the abundance and richness of species on power line rights-of-way with respective control sites and natural bogs. In addition, the effect of crown coverage and host plant appearance was evaluated. The results indicate that power line rights-of-way supply a potential substitutive habitat for declining butterflies and vegetation of bogs. Abundance of bog butterflies did not differ between power line rights-of-way and natural bogs. In contrast, abundance of butterflies and butterfly species richness in control sites was low. Based on our observation at all sites, the cover percentage of bog vegetation, especially that of Sphagnum -moss, proved to be higher at power line rightsof-way than at respective control sites. However, the cover percentage of bog vegetation was highest in natural bogs. No correlation between butterfly host plant cover percentage and abundance of butterflies was observed. Crown coverage affected bog butterflies and this is most likely caused by changes in microclimate. These results clearly show that vegetation management maintain favourable environments for butterflies and vegetation of bogs.


The project's goal was to solve a technical problem for Elonservice in Varmland, wheretheir technicians have the need for an upload solution for labeled photographs in connectionwith warranty claims. The solution to the problem was to develop an Android applicationthat label photographs and then automatically uploads them to a selected storage service.The end result of the project is a working Android application. Users can take photographsthrough the application and is then forced to name them in a correct manner. Theapplication automatically handles the uploading of photographs and deletion of uploadedphotographs. In addition to this there is also a gallery where all photographs are displayedwith their upload state and the opportunity to see all photos in full screen. The applicationhas future development possibilities such as more options for storage services , labelingalternative to photographs and a more attractive design.


Authentic text as found in corpora cannot be described completely by a formal system, such as a set of grammar rules. As robust parsing is a prerequisite for any practical natural language processing system, there is certainly a need for techniques that go beyond merely formal approaches. Various possibilities, such as the use of simulated annealing, have been proposed recently and we have looked at their suitability for the parse process of the DLT machine translation system, which will use a large structured bilingual corpus as its main linguistic knowledge source. Our findings are that parsing is not the type of task that should be tackled solely through simulated annealing or similar stochastic optimization techniques but that a controlled application of probabilistic methods is essential for the performance of a corpus-based parser. On the basis of our explorative research we have planned a number of small-scale implementations in the near future.


Abstract Practical device applications of planar electrooptical waveguides, usually require that the waveguides exhibit minimal insertion loss and impart no more than a quarter-wave total wavefront distortion. These characteristics are correlated with the processing chemistries of the in- and out- diffused (graded index) lithium niobate waveguides.


It is an indisputable fact that the Chinese economy was in inflation from 2010 to the first half of 2012.In classical currency quantity theory,the two core variables influencing price level in practical economy are the amount of currency in circulation and commodity trading volume.In view of this,the inflation in China now can be attributed to the mixed-style extra issuing of currency and the trading on commodity-gap.Therefore,to come out of this problem,we should not only be good at handling monetary and fiscal policies,adjusting investment strategy and balancing and expanding domestic demand,but we should also make efforts to change the economic development style so as to promote sound and rapid development of Chinese economy.


The relevant discussion was carried out for cultivating comprehensive quality of students with bioengineering major and strengthening practice and innovation ability training of undergraduate students,what's more,the shortages in traditional experimental teaching were reformed correspondingly.


Objective: To study the metabolism of steroidal saponins extracted from Anemarrhena asphodeloides in rat intestinal flora in vitro and to identify the major metabolite.Methods: Rat intestinal flora and steroidal saponins extractions were incubated in vitro,and LC/MS/MS method was used to examine metabolites of steroidal saponins.The urine samples and dungs of the rats were collected after the rats were given with steroidal saponins extract in dose of 15 mg·kg-1 by gavage.The metabolites of the steroidal saponins were detected with LC/MS/MS,and the structure of the major metabolite M1 was identified.Meanwhile,the M1 obtained from synthesis was compared with the natural M1 both in vitro and in vivo.Results: In vitro,steroidal saponins extracted from A.asphodeloides were metabolized easily by rat intestinal flora,and the metabolic rate was very quickly,and the major metabolite was M1.The metabolite M1 increased gradually with the prolongation of incubation time,but the quantity of steroidal saponins extract were dropped quickly.Conclusion: Steroidal saponins extracted from A.asphodeloides are metabolized easily by rat intestinal flora.


Numerous child protective services (CPS) agencies have adopted differential responses as a system reform hypothesized to facilitate family engagement. This research tests a conceptual framework developed to examine dynamics between caregiver, agency, and caseworker factors that are assumed to impact caregiver engagement. Data from a randomized control study and structural equation modeling methods were used to explore the influence of these factors on caregiver satisfaction with their CPS experience. The results indicate that receipt of alternative response, caregivers' ratings of their caseworker's interaction style, and caregivers' positive emotional response influenced satisfaction with their intervention experience, while negative emotional responses did not.


The only hosts that can excrete resistant oocysts to environment are cats which play important role in the epidemiology of the Toxoplasma gondii. About one-third of the global population infected with T. gondii which is a major zoonotic agent. A total 141blood samples collected from cats in Baghdad province, Iraq. Serological test on all serum samples were applied using latex agglutination test (LAT) were conducted to detect anti-T. gondii antibodies which showed 62.42% positive results.Age and sex regarded in this study were showed statistically no significant differences between both sexes or between different age groups.Although, the cats 6-10 years old showed highest positive results 74%.Nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was also conducted on allserum samples targeting B1 gene showed 95.3% T. gondii infection.


Objective:To set up the preparation and the quality control method for Ruanjie Powder. Methods:Preparation Ruanjie Powder by sifting out mixed and equivalent incveasing. Examining Taoren, Honghua by microscope application. Examining Muxiang by TLC. Results:The preparation pross was simple and convenient. The preparation quality was stable. Identification method was sensitive. Microscope map and TLC spots were clear. It was specificity. Conclusion:This method is suitable for the preparation and the quality control of Ruanjie Powder.


The attached tables present annual estimates of the resident population of the United States with components of change. Table 1 is devoted to demographic detail showing annual July 1 estimates of resident population by single year of age sex race and Hispanic origin for 1990 to 1996 with comparable data for the census date of April 1 1990. Tables 2 and 3 are devoted to the accounting of population change showing births deaths and migration across the U.S. borders from the census data of April 1 1990 until January 1 1997. Table 2 provides components of change for the total resident population by month; table 3 provides components of change by calendar year and by race and Hispanic origin. (EXCERPT)


creatic b-cell apoptosis is suggested to be primarily responsible for the reduction of b-cell mass. During the development of diabetes, oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a crucial role in b-cell destruction. ROS is produced not only in activated macrophages infiltrated into pancreatic islets, but also in b-cells by several stimuli such as cytokines, hyperglycemia, and free fatty acids. Since bcells have relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, they seem to be highly sensitive to oxidative stress. The induction of apoptosis by ROS has been demonstrated in several b-cell lines, i.e., INS-1, MIN6N8a, and RINm5F cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), one of ROS, is known to induce b-cell apoptosis. A recent study has shown that H2O2 activates stress-related signaling pathways, i.e., mitogenactivated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), in b-cell lines, bTC-6 and RIN-5AH. On the other hand, H2O2 may also induce b-cell apoptosis by elevating cytosolic Ca concentration ([Ca ]i). [Ca 2 ]i elevation is well known to induce apoptosis in various cells, including b-cells. Several studies have proposed mechanisms for the H2O2-induced [Ca 2 ]i elevation in b-cells: H2O2 increases [Ca ]i of b-cells via activation of TRPM2, a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily, via Ca release from thapsigargin-insensitive intracellular stores, possibly mitochondria, or via elevation of Ca permeability of thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular stores and of the plasma membrane in b-cells. In these studies, however, the involvement of the Ca mobilizations in b-cell apoptosis was not investigated. Recently, a systematic study on Ca mobilization responsible for H2O2induced b-cell death has been reported in b-cell line MIN6N8a. This study showed that H2O2-induced cell death, which was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assays, was partly protected by xestospongin C, an inositol 1,4,5trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated Ca 2 release blocker, or ryanodine, a ryanodine receptor blocker, and abolished by simultaneous treatment with these two blockers, suggesting the involvement of Ca release from endoplasmic reticulum mediated by both IP3 and ryanodine receptors. However, the information available is limited concerning the relation between H2O2-induced Ca 2 mobilization and apoptosis in b-cells. The present study was designed to elucidate the relation between Ca mobilization and apoptosis induced by H2O2 in pancreatic b-cells, especially focusing on time-dependent contribution. We propose here that an initial [Ca ]i elevation induced by H2O2, which is mediated via Ca 2 release through IP3 receptors and Ca 2 influx through store-operated cation channels (SOC), is a triggering signal for induction of apoptosis in the pancreatic b-cell line INS-1.