Mothbean flour at levels of 10, 15, 20 and 25% was used in whole wheat flour for the production of biscuits to improve the quantity and quality of protein, mineral content and fiber. The biscuits were subjected to physical, chemical and biological evaluations. The protein content in biscuits increased from 6.97% (100% white flour) to 9.48% in composite flour containing 25% mothbean flour. Similarly, crude fiber and mineral contents increased from 0.28 to 1.36% and 0.46 to 0.91 % respectively. Physical studies exhibited a decrease in the width and spread factor and an increase in the thickness of the biscuits with rising levels of supplementation. The sensory evaluation showed that the quality score decreased with increasing levels of supplementation. However, in case of 10% and 15% supplemented biscuits, the score remained at fairly good level for all the parameters. Net protein utilization, protein efficiency ratio, biological value and feed efficiency value increased with higher levels of supplementation. A decrease in digestibility was observed as a result of various treatments. Storage of biscuits for 4 weeks did not remarkably affect the quality of the product.


The invention relates to a method for selecting radio resources for a communication session in a wireless communication terminal. In order to facilitate the selection of quality of service between diversified terminals, terminal capabilities are described by a set of capability parameters, the set including at least one parameter indicative of the terminal's capabilities. Based on the set of capability parameters, a dedicated quality class set is defined for an application instance residing in the terminal, the quality class set including at least one quality class for the application instance. When a session is to be established between at least two application instances residing respectively in at least two terminals, at least one quality class is negotiated for the session, the at least one quality class being determined based on the dedicated quality class sets of the at least two application instances. Based on the negotiation, radio resources are then allocated for the session.


In recent times, there has been a growing interest in the level of intellectual contribution that IS makes to other disciplines. Much of the debate that has dominated the literature so far is based on the visions and opinions of a few IS scholars. This study endeavors to provide new insights into these deliberations by examining citation flows between journals from various business fields, many of which have served as reference disciplines to IS research. A log-multiplicative model was used to assess the influence of IS journals vis-à-vis other business journals. Further, inter-disciplinary flows were analyzed to address the question of whether IS is a valuable source or provider of knowledge. The results suggest that IS, while serving as a modest source of knowledge to management and marketing, is still predominantly a refereeing discipline, relying primarily on these two disciplines for its research.


When Informal Institutions Change by Huseyn Aliyev is a clear and informative appraisal of informal processes in the Former Soviet Union, as well as a good and pleasant read. It explores the relationship between informality and institutional change and, in order to do so, provides a fair account of both conceptual realms and detailed case studies by offering a comparative perspective on them. For all in-tents and purposes, the book is composed of two large sections that "talk" to each other, with the first part (chapters 1-3) supporting the development of the three case studies in the second part (chapters 4-6), which in turn offer ample empirical material to illustrate the more general and theoretical topics dealt with at the begin-ning. The book presents a good review of the literature on informality across disciplines and geographical areas, as well as on alternative understandings of informality as institutions, networks and practices. It also includes, refreshingly, a


The political line established by the VII Congress of the Communist International had a profound impact on the bilateral relations between the Spanish Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Spanish Civil War. In this case, the monographic example of the International Brigades is eloquent, being a sign of the transformation of the defensive logic of the VII Congress of the Communist International into an offensive logic. The context of the start of the Spanish Civil War meant a change of scenery for the logic of the VII Congress of the Communist International, whose most emblematic response from a symbolic point of view was the creation and management of the International Brigades. The directive authorities of the Communist International, as well as the Spanish republican authorities, had to face a complex network of balances to maintain bilateral relations between the Spanish Republic and the USSR so that the presence of the International Brigades was not perceived as an element of interference of the USSR in the political and military evolution of the Spanish Republic.


How to win a fish fight When to cease aggression and escape is an important decision that fighting animals must make. Chou et al. characterized the role of two nuclei in a brain area of the zebrafish called the dorsal habenula (dHb) during social aggression (see the Perspective by Desban and Wyart). Silencing the lateral dHb reduced the likelihood of winning a fight, whereas silencing the medial dHb increased the likelihood of winning. Thus, these two nuclei antagonistically control the threshold for surrender. Science, this issue p. 87; see also p. 42 The neuronal basis for keeping the aggression of fighting fish in check is elucidated. [Also see Perspective by Desban and Wyart] When animals encounter conflict they initiate and escalate aggression to establish and maintain a social hierarchy. The neural mechanisms by which animals resolve fighting behaviors to determine such social hierarchies remain unknown. We identified two subregions of the dorsal habenula (dHb) in zebrafish that antagonistically regulate the outcome of conflict. The losing experience reduced neural transmission in the lateral subregion of dHb (dHbL)–dorsal/intermediate interpeduncular nucleus (d/iIPN) circuit. Silencing of the dHbL or medial subregion of dHb (dHbM) caused a stronger predisposition to lose or win a fight, respectively. These results demonstrate that the dHbL and dHbM comprise a dual control system for conflict resolution of social aggression.


The business plan requires to examine the feasibility for the implementation of the Limited Liability Company called Frutteto, which is a project focused on the production and sale of a hamper basket. It is composed of: lettuce, tomato, spinach, strawberries and soybeans; these products will be treated under organic protocols, using the hydroponic cultivation technique, which is a type of ecological agriculture with the only purpose of taking care of the environment. These hamper baskets will be sold through a corporate website, and they will be delivered to consumers home. This document contains seven chapters as detailed below: Environmental analysis: this determined the current situation of the industry and the market in which Frutteto develops its economic activities. The strategic models used in this part were the Porter and the P.E.S.T analysis. Customer analysis: the potential customers and the market analysis were investigated through quantitative and qualitative market research methodology. Two interviews were carried out with experts, one of them was focused on the area of agronomy and the other one, in the area of commercialization of organic agricultural products. Similarly, a survey was applied to 50 people and a focus group was made, with these two instruments could be analyzed: preferences, perceptions and buying behaviors related to the acquisition of organic agricultural products, and the business idea itself. Business opportunity: Ecuadorians are increasingly predisposed to consume healthy agricultural products, moreover, they are looking for comfort when they buy these products. Marketing Plan: this section is related to different strategies of marketing mix, such as: sales promotion, public relations, sales force, advertising and direct marketing. Organizational structure: the vision, mission, objectives, processes and organizational structure of Frutteto were established. Financial evaluation: according to the financial evaluation, this project is not profitable because Frutteto has a NPV of: - USD 5,350.65, the IRR represents 9.73%, the WACC of the project is: 13.70%, and the profitability index of Frutteto is 0.11. For these reasons, the project should not be carried out.


Due to the awakening of female consciousness,the edification of education,economic independence,and the influence pattern of calligraphy,the female calligraphers' group in the Republic of China rose abruptly.They broke down the previous pattern which was somewhat beauty fashion.Their style and calligraphy tended to be diversified,not only bearing the vigorous beauty,energetic and vigorous inscription,but also had the elegant verve of the stone burning learn,and even freer and easier artistry which is a harmony of inscriptions and stone rubbings.The Roc female calligraphy initiated a new chapter in the feminine handwriting art.


Yoga is a newly emerging modern health leisure sport with the function of cultivating health and mind and bodybuilding. At present, the number of yoga fans is on the rise in our country. They can choose different asanas of varied degrees of difficulty according to their own physical condition and characteristics in learning and practicing yoga. Currently, more and more yoga fans are participating in the competition of practicing yoga, and group yoga is gaining popularity among fans. In the music background of different themes, the group members can demonstrate different yoga asanas and formations to present an innovated complete set asana combination finally. Excellent results of group yoga competition are based on the comprehensive effect of many factors, and the innovation in the choreography of combination of asanas will directly influence the result of competition. This research mainly adopted documentation method, expert interview method, video observation method and logic analysis method; and regarded the innovation in the choreography of asana combinations of group yoga at the 3rd Yoga Asana and Group Yoga Presentation Contest of Institutions of Higher Learning in Beijing as the object of research. The article conducted a systematic and over all analysis of the role of making innovation in the choreography of asana combinations of group yoga in raising the ability, quality and level in the choreography of asanas and in triggering the practicing enthusiasm among yoga fans, calling more people to get involved in the study and choreography of yoga. The purpose is to boost the physique of the whole nation and finally realize the goal of raising the level of yoga in our country. As a sport among the difficulty and beauty expressed event-group led by skill, combination of asanas plays an extremely important role in the contest, and it even can directly influence the final achievement of the group yoga contest. Therefore, both the athletes and instructors spare no efforts to design a set of novel movement combination to attract the audience's attention and get the referee's favor. Although the choreography of combination of asanas include many aspects, the innovation in formation arrangement, interpretation of the theme music, choice of difficult asanas and quality in completion of asanas for the group are key to the final result. So I based on the research of my predecessors, carried out research on several aspects in the innovation in the choreography of combination of asanas for group yoga in our country in consideration of the suggestions from professional yoga instructors and experts. This article focused on the exploration of innovation in the choreography of combination of asanas. Summary of Literature According to the needs of the thesis, I inquired relevantdocuments through searching "yoga", "combination of asanas" and "choreography" on the website of www.cnki.net, including periodicals and doctoral and master's dissertations, and made analysis of relevant reference literature before arriving at the following conclusion: In the foreign literature, the scientific research in this area was more focused on the impact on psychology and the development of physical functions as well as medical curative effect. Raghuraj P, Telles S pointed out that yoga course can help boost strength of muscles and agility and improve visual perception[1]. The yoga course in the school helps students to produce positive mood. 1P.Raghuraj and S.Telles : Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology,Vol.41(1999)No.4. 2020 Conference on Educational Science and Educational Skills (ESES2020) DOI: 10.38007/Proceedings.0000673 ISBN: 978-1-80052-003-5 -648Compared with physical exercise, the degree of indignity, depression and fatigue is notably reduced after practicing yoga. Yoga can bring unique benefits to the students on physical education. Compared with sports, practicing yoga has obvious psychological or physiological function[2]. Cramer. H analyzed the curative effect of yoga for 967patients suffering from chronic lower back pain in 10randomcontrolexperiments, providing effective evidence for yoga reducing the agony of patients suffering from lower back pain as a mild and effective sport; and thought it is an auxiliary treatment that can be recommended[3]. Among the domestic literature, the contents related to the difficulty and beauty expressed event-group include the combination of movements in group dancing, requiring abundant patterns and varied presentations in formation, the mobility of the formation showing the neatness and smoothness, and the levels of the formation being pleasing and visually intriguing. The style of clothing should be consistent with that of music to enhance the fun and glamour of the contest[4]. In The Analysis of Choreography of Combination of Movements of Competitive Group Aerobics Under the Guidance of Rules, Wu Qiong put forward that "Based on the competition rules, we can enrich the combination of movements with the means of innovation according to the personal characteristics of the athletes to create concrete combinations of movements to bring out the perfect performance of the athletes [5].Among the literature related to the choreography of yoga, Chen Zhen pointed out in the article titled Technical Analysis of Combinations of Asanas for Outstanding Yoga Bodybuilding Athletes that when arranging the combinations of asanas for bodybuilding yoga, we should choose the material matching the personal characters of athletes to compose the music complying with the characteristics of bodybuilding yoga and having passion[6]. The choreography of the combination of asanas should choose the asanas the practitioners can finish according to their physical condition and physique; a set of complete and overarching asanas will exercise all parts of the body to promote the balanced development of body and mind in an all-round way; the asanas should be completed with corresponding breath[7]. The article titled Choreographic Method and Choice of Music for Dance Yoga Asanas said that the choreography of Dance Yoga asanas should pay attention to the wholeness of yoga, reasonable transition of asanas and characteristics of target practitioners; and should make full use of the modern media in terms of method [8]. Object and Method of the Research Object. The events of the 3rd Yoga Asana and Group Yoga Presentation Contest of Institutions of Higher Learning in Beijing in 2019 Methods. Documentaton method. I searched and collected a wide scope of documents and materials related to all kinds of yoga and yoga competitions as well as similar ones in the difficulty and beauty expressed event-group. I logged-on www.cnki.net and found more than30reference articles by searching the keyword "yoga". So, I got an understanding of the history of yoga, its development, spread, innovation and integration in our country. I made a statistical analysis of the videos of domestic and international yoga contests, obtaining a full understanding of yoga and rules of yoga contests as the theoretical support for writing the thesis. Expert interview method. For the purpose of research, I conducted many discussions and exchanges about the content of this research thesis with yoga instructors as well as the referees and instructors of the 3rd Yoga Asana and Group Yoga Presentation Contest of Institutions of Higher Learning in Beijing through such channels as face-to-face meeting, telephone call, SMS, E-mail, etc. By referring to the opinions and suggestions of the experts and team leaders, I laid a foundation 2C.Joshua, M.Smith,SatBirandS.Khalsa:Contemporary School Psychology,Vol.19(2015)No.3 3R.Cramer and H Haller: Clinical Journal of Pain,Vol.29.(2013)No.5,p450 4YX.Li: Research on the Formation Choreography of Given Combinations of Movements in Group Dance(Beijing Sport University, 2019) 5Q.Wu:The Analysis of Choreography of Combination of Movements of Competitive Group Aerobics Under the Guidance of Rules(MS.Beijing Sport University, 2019) 6 Z.Chen: Research of Wushu,Vol.3(2018)No.12,p90 7C.X.Chen: Journal of Yunnan Institute of Socialism,(2014)No.4,p378 8J.LZhang and Y.Y.Tu: Contemporary Sport Science and Technology, (2018) No.31,p 239.


Objective To explore the effect of calcium dobesilate on diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin.Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal control group(N),the diabetic group(DM)and the diabetic group treated with calcium dobesilate(T).Rats in the T group were fed with calcium dobesilate for 8 weeks.At the end of the 8th week,rats were killed for light microscopy and electron microscopy.Then expressions of PAI-1 and MMP-9 were determined by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the N group,rats in the DM group had abnormal cardiac ultrastructure with confusion of myofibril and swelling and gathering of mitochondria.VG staining showed that the collagen content was increased in diabetic rat hearts.Expression of PAI-1 was increased in diabetic myocardium,while expression of MMP-9 was obviously decreased.The above trends were significantly improved in the T group.Conclusion Calcium dobesilate postpones the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy through inhibiting myocardial fibrosis.


Thank you very much for reading america by the throat the stranglehold of federal bureaucracy. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their chosen books like this america by the throat the stranglehold of federal bureaucracy, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful bugs inside their computer.


This paper presents radiation and fault protection techniques for nanosatellites, which are based on the use of flash-based FPGAs, hierarchical Latching Current Limiters, two types of Watchdog Timers, Error Correction Coding and Triple Modular Redundancy.


In a paper published in the Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, Bhadeshia introduces the world's first bulk nanostructured metal in commercial production. The nanostructure-controlled high-strength bainitic steel, where the thickness of bainitic ferrite platelets is controlled between 20 and 50 nm is shown in the figures below. The review paper explains why nanostructure plays an important role in strengthening materials, and the conditions required to design and develop such "nanostructured" materials. In particular, the biggest challenge is to keep the production cost as low as that of bottled water. So, what magic is needed to produce low-cost nanostructured bulk steel? The answer is simple - keep the bulk at 200 degrees Celsius for 10 days, which will lead to the formation of plate-like bainitic structure. One deficiency of the material is that it is yet difficult to weld, but the author lays out possible solutions to overcome this.


We developed a comprehensive, gridded Global Soil Dataset for use in Earth System Models (GSDE) and other applications. The GSDE provides soil information, such as soil particle‐size distribution, organic carbon, and nutrients, and quality control information in terms of confidence level at 30″ × 30″ horizontal resolution and for eight vertical layers to a depth of 2.3 m. The GSDE is based on the Soil Map of the World and various regional and national soil databases, including soil attribute data and soil maps. We used a standardized data structure and data processing procedures to harmonize the data collected from various sources. We then used a soil type linkage method (i.e., taxotransfer rules) and a polygon linkage method to derive the spatial distribution of the soil properties. To aggregate the attributes of different compositions of a mapping unit, we used three mapping approaches: the area‐weighting method, the dominant soil type method, and the dominant binned soil attribute method. The data set can also be aggregated to a lower resolution. In this paper, we only show the vertical and horizontal variations of sand, silt and clay contents, bulk density, and soil organic carbon as examples of the GSDE. The GSDE estimates of global soil organic carbon stock to the depths of 2.3, 1, and 0.3 m are 1922.7, 1455.4, and 720.1 Gt, respectively. This newly developed data set provides more accurate soil information and represents a step forward to advance earth system modeling.


Stellar magnetic activity, just like that of the Sun, manifests itself in the form of flares and spots on the surface of the star. In the solar case, the largest flares originate from large active regions. In this work, we present a study of the activity of the star Kepler-411, including spot modeling from planetary transits. Our goal was to search for a connection between the area of starspots with the energy of superflares produced by this star. Kepler-411 is a K2V-type star with an average rotation period of 10.52 days, radius of 0.79 R ⊙, and a mass of 0.83 M ⊙, which was observed by the Kepler satellite for about 600 days. Transit mapping allowed for the characterization of 198 starspots with estimates of their radius and temperature. Kepler-411 starspots had an average radius of (17 ± 7) × 103 km and a mean temperature of 3800 ± 700 K. Visual inspection of the light curves of Kepler-411 yields the identification of 65 superflares. The detected superflares lasted from 8 to 260 minutes and their energy varied from 1033–1035 ergs. The power-law index of the flare frequency distribution as a function of energy is (−2.04 ± 0.13) for the flare on Kepler-411. A positive correlation between the area of starspots and the energy of superflares was found when considering the averages taken every 16–35 days, with the highest correlation occurring for averages every 21 days. This timing is probably related to the lifetime of the Kepler-411 spots.


The temperature of polymorphic transformation ( T pt ) has been determined for accurate composition of two-phase titanium alloy which has been marked like VT8 through different ways, specifically: the method of trial quench and with the help of dilatometric and differential thermal methods of analysis. The values of T pt (approximately 1027 °С) have been obtained by the listed methods of analysis practically do not depend on the used method of determination. Herewith the phase composition has been estimated qualitatively and quantitatively for the hardened samples of alloy VT8 using optical and scanning electron microscopes and the chemical composition with the help of the micro X-ray spectral analysis. The influence of the quenching temperature on the hardness has been investigated. Also, the hardness of the individual structural components and alloy VT8 as a whole unit has been measured. Hardness curves are based depending of the quenching temperature; the results are dis-played in tabular and graphical form. The coefficient k (for the formula) has been found for the calculation of allotropic transformation temperature for this alloy using the known temperature of hardening and quantity of pre-served α-phase of hardened structure. The album of the microstructures after quench with different temperatures has been created, this album will allow to reduce the duration of preliminary works for finding specific temperature of polymorphic transformation in production conditions for each new batch of alloy VT8 with another chemical composition (but within the vintage). Knowledge of which is necessary for setting the temperature regime of treatment, which eliminates overheating. The possibilities of the methods for finding temperature of the polymorphic transformation ( T pt ) for the titanium diphase VT8 alloy, including in the production conditions, have been estimated.


In today's highly competitive business environment, there needs to be much greater interaction between customers and manufacturers. This means in order to produce products tailored to customer's requirements and provide faster deliveries, the industries must be closely linked to both suppliers and customers. In order to achieve this improved delivery performance ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) Software is developed. Here we are introducing SAP as one of the most widely used ERP product because of its ease of use and highly secure in data access. For customers implementing any ERP product, their first concern is how secured and authorized access to critical business data can be achieved. There are many modules in SAP, handling functional and technical aspects of business process. Here we will come to know how one can manage wide business process through SAP ERP and ensures security of industries valuable data from unauthorized access.


ABSTRACT The paper aims to contribute to better understanding of entrepreneurial discovery processes and regional industrial growth by examining (1) how different regional contexts affect entrepreneurial discoveries, and (2) how entrepreneurial discoveries support specific types of industrial path development in different regions. The paper includes empirical studies of the formation and growth of three 'official' regional clusters supported by Innovation Norway's programme for immature clusters. The paper argues that entrepreneurial discoveries should be institutionalized (by system level entrepreneurs) to achieve considerable regional industrial effects. In our cases institutionalization occurs through the creation of cluster organizations and development of the knowledge infrastructure.


PURPOSE: Sediment resuspension and loading characteristics of a Conventional (open-faced) clamshell bucket, an Enclosed clamshell bucket, and a CableArm@ clamshell bucket were studied under similar operating and environmental conditions in Boston Harbor during August 1999. Monitoring was conducted to characterize each bucket's near and far field sediment resuspension characteristics. Bucket-loading characteristics were investigated with regard to water-to-solids ratios dredged by the different buckets. Documentation of sediment resuspension in the water column and loading characteristics with conventional and enclosed clamshell buckets (a bucket type that includes both the contractor-built Enclosed and the CableArm buckets) will assist U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Districts in making bucket selection decisions and provide data for the fate of dredged material numerical model verification. BACKGROUND: The Boston Harbor Navigation Improvement Project (BHNIP) deepened tributaries to the inner harbor and associated berthing areas. Extensive coordination with resource agencies and other interests resulted in the decision to use in-channel confined aquatic disposal (CAD) cells for placement of contaminated sediments dredged with an Enclosed clamshell bucket. To determine the effectiveness of this new contaminated sediment management option, the U.S. Army Engineer District, New England, the Massachusetts Port Authority and dredging contractor conducted extensive monitoring. The USACE Monitoring Completed Navigation Projects (MCNP) program contributed to the monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness of in-channel CAD cells at Boston Harbor. One study area of the MCNP investigation is the investigation of relative amounts of sediment resuspension associated with different bucket types. Because a significant fraction of the sediments dredged on the BHNIP had elevated levels of some contaminants, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department of Environmental Protection required that an enclosed bucket be used to reduce sediment resuspension and the potential for water quality impacts. However, the contractor performed dredging in a normal fashion, attempting to dredge as efficiently as possible to keep production high and costs low. Tests performed by the water-quality measurement contractor showed no exceedances of the water criteria with either of the approved buckets, the Great Lakes Dredge and Dock (GLDD) Enclosed bucket or the CableArm navigation bucket. However, the New England District expressed concern that the Enclosed buckets were adding additional water to the already soft and weak sediments, possibly causing a further reduction of the bearing capacity of the sediments. This reduction of bearing capacity would, in turn, make the capping operation even more difficult.


The utility model relates to a light hydrocarbon fuel liquid status combustion device, in particularly to a combustion device that can displace the coal fuel combustion device and can be extensively used in small scaled steam and water heating boiler, industrial kiln furnace. The combustion device consists of a light hydrocarbon fuel liquid storing jar, a light hydrocarbon fuel liquid pump, a combustion apparatus, an air charger, a procedure control cabinet, a pipeline and the valve and control instrument arranged on the pipeline. When the utility model is running, the light hydrocarbon fuel flow out from the liquid discharging pipe of the light hydrocarbon fuel liquid storing jar, and after being added with pressure by the light hydrocarbon fuel liquid pump, the light hydrocarbon fuel is delivered into the combustor to be combusted through the liquid pipeline. During the delivering process of the light hydrocarbon fuel liquid fuel, no auxiliary media such as air and nitrogen is added for the utility model. And resulting from the combustion is the atomizing combustion; no residue is left without little pollution to the environment. Moreover, the combustion is steady with high combustion efficiency.


Acceptance sampling is one of the major areas of statistical quality control (also familiarly known as Industrial Statistics). Acceptance sampling is the methodology that deals with procedures by which decision to accept or reject the lot based on the results of the inspection of samples. Acceptance sampling prescribes a procedure that, if applied to a series of lots, will give a specified risk of accepting lots of given quality. In other words, acceptance sampling yields quality assurance. Implementation of acceptance sampling in industries through the operation of sampling plan yields quality assurance. Use of acceptance sampling is essential to secure ISO certification which gives a passport


Floating gate memories are the mainstream of flash non volatile memories and have followed Moore's law scaling through multiple technology generations, representing one of the fastest growing memory segments. Looking forward, maintaining the pace of Moore's law scaling is increasingly difficult. The challenging areas include electrical, physical and reliability characteristics of the memory cell. However, through innovative device design, introduction of new materials and memory error management, we anticipate that floating gate flash memories are economically viable beyond 45 nm to 32 nm. In this paper, the physical and electrical scaling challenges as well as possible solutions are discussed. Further, more complex, structural innovations may be possible to maintain further scaling.


Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa ) forests within the western United States have become more densely populated with trees and characterized by a more continuous fuel complex, primarily due to fire exclusion since European settlement. As a result, intense wildfires and mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus pon derosae ) infestations are increasing and may be outside the range of historical variability, degrading ecosystem stability and threatening residents' ways of life. Forest managers at Custer State Park (CSP) have used a variety of silvicultural treatments to reduce this potentially interacting threat of increased wildfire activ ity and MPB spread, including the use of solar treatments, felling and chunking of MPB-killed ponderosa pines. This study combined field sampling, aerial pho tography analysis, satellite-derived data, and fire modeling to quantify changes in fuels and potential fire behavior, comparing the treatments' effect within CSP to the adjacent, untreated Black Elk Wilderness, both of which are currently experiencing a MPB epidemic. Stand level analysis of solar treatments shows possible reductions in passive (individual torching of tree crowns) and active (perpetuation of flames through the canopy) crown fire initiation over time, but surface fire intensity and spread rates are increased. The interaction of treatments on the landscape scale is complex and may promote crown fire initiation at treated and untreated boundaries. Based on this research, land and fire managers will have increased knowledge to aid them in planning additional fuel treatments, coordinating fire suppression efforts, and disseminating quantitative information about the consequences of treatments to the public.


Immigration and Membership Politics in Western Europe provides a systematic, comparative, analysis, unpacking the so-called civic turn in integration-related policies in Europe. The "civic turn" re...


Abstract This article attempts to review the major advancements made in the past 12 years, since 1993, in the field of diode laser atomic spectroscopy. The discussion covers experimental improvements (e.g., wavelength stabilization, frequency upconversion, enhancement of tuning characteristics, spectral bandwidth using external cavities, etc.), diagnostic applications in various atomizers, as well as analytical applications (e.g., absorption, fluorescence, and ionization spectroscopy; element‐selective detectors for chromatography; etc.). With potential new users of these methods in mind, a detailed overview of the properties relevant to atomic spectroscopy of commercial diode lasers is also given.


By using probabilistic model checking,this paper proves that anonymous protocol ANODR cannot provide anonymity under statistical disclosure attack.In light of this,the strategy for node output in ANODR is improved and global and grouped synchronization strategies are proposed.Checked by probabilistic model,the grouped synchronization strategy can meet the requirements of mobile ad hoc networks,defend statistical disclosure attack,provide low-latency communication immune to mobility.


The influences of matrix oxide on the properties of ceramic coating prepared by thermal-chemical reaction method at 850 ℃ were studied.By testing their XRD,thermal-shock resistance,compactness and corrosion resistance respectively,the conclusion can be drawn that SiO2 matrix ceramic coating shows an excellent set of corrosion-resistance properties,because SiO2 can enable the coatings to be more compact,though both of the coatings produce new phases,which result in a strengthening of thermal-shock resistance.


A convenient synthesis of derivatives of the pyrido[1′,2′:1,5]pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine ring system from readily available 2-amino-3-cyano-5,7-diphenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine I and carbon disulfide, aryl isothiocyanates or nitriles is described. Derivatives of compound I undergo cyclization to the titled ring system by action of dimethylformamide dimethylacetal or hydrogen sulfide followed by treatment with triethylamine.


The present invention discloses a method for using a computer to generate a rights-based key. In the method, permission is received from the application, and to verify the application associated with the. The computer uses a first key and the privilege cryptographically generating a second key. The second key to the application.


This article introduces the political background on the provision of the UN Charter on the appointment of the Secretary-General by the General Assembly upon recommendation of the Security Council,and the decisive role of the Security Council,especially the Council's five permanent members,in the selection of the Secretary-General.The article also reveals the essence of the current polemics on the principle of regional rotation and introduces some latest proposals on the reform of the procedures and rules in selection of the Secretary-General.Finally,the article analyzes this year's campaign situation and prospects and predicts that an Asian candidate most likely will win.


Contents: Introduction, Andrew Hunter The scientific book as a cultural and bibliographical object, Henry E. Lowood and Robin E. Rider Ancient science, Liba Taub Transitions 1: scientific writing in the Latin Middle Ages, S. Livesey Transitions 2: Islamic science, J. Sesiano Incunables and sixteenth-century books, Sachiko Kusukawa Words of Nature: scientific books in the seventeenth century, Tara Nummedal and Paula Findlen Eighteenth-century scientific publishing, Brian J. Ford Books on the natural sciences in the nineteenth century, Frank A. J. L. James Science publishing in the twentieth century, A.J. Meadows Scientific bibliographies and bibliographers, and the history of the history of science, W. H. Brock Scientific books and their owners: a survey to c. 1720, Giles Mandelbrote Scientific book collectors and collections, public and private, 1720 to date, Judith Overmier Index.


The purpose of this study is to add to our understanding of skeletal material from the American pioneer period. Eight White and two Negro skeletons were washed out of their graves during flood conditions of 1973, but the recovery and subsequent storage of this material permitted commingling, and identification of the individual skeletons had to be undertaken before the material could be analyzed. Variation in age, sex, race, metric, non-metric traits and condition of the bone was considered prior to the analysis of the material. When these methods failed, ultra-violet fluorescence of the material and the matching of individual bones with colour slides taken at the time of the excavation were employed. Identification of all bones for the ten skeletons was impossible. However, on the basis of non-metric trait variation a father and son pairing is tentatively identified. Analysis of this material shows the early pioneer to have been a rather tall and robust individual displaying little bone pathology, but advanced pathology in the dental tissue and alveolar region. Historical records pertinent to this massacre validate the identification of sex, race, and age for these individuals.


The photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions has been studied and compared for two different catalysts:  Sachtleben Hombikat UV 100 and Degussa P25. The influence of pH and initial 4-CP concentration on reaction rate and product distribution has been investigated in detail. Regarding the initial 4-CP concentration, the degradation kinetics formally can be discribed by a Langmuir−Hinshelwood expression. While the degradation of 4-CP itself is hardly influenced by the pH, the overall mineralization rate (measured in terms of total organic carbon reduction) changes considerably, decreasing strongly at pH > 7. With P25 used as the photocatalyst the mineralization of 4-CP is slightly faster than that with Hombikat UV 100, but smaller concentrations and numbers of intermediates are detected in the latter case. Most of the intermediates observed during this photocatalytic degradation process are identical with those identified during direct photolysis. In acidic...


The paper presents an analysis of the problems encountered in CWM preparation process and introduces the design,working principle and applicability of the NZK-1 type monitoring and control system.


Bulk Niobium (Nb) SRF (superconducting radio frequency) cavities are currently the preferred method for acceleration of charged particles at accelerator facilities around the world. However, bulk Nb cavities have poor thermal conductance and impose material and design restrictions on other components of a particle accelerator. Since the SRF phenomena occurs at surfaces within a shallow depth of ~ 1 mm, a proposed solution to this problem has been to deposit a superconducting Nb thin film on the interior of a cavity made of a suitable alternative material such as copper or aluminum. While this approach has been attempted in the past using DC magnetron sputtering (DCMS), such cavities have never performed at the bulk Nb level. However, new energetic condensation techniques for film deposition offer the opportunity to create suitably thick Nb films with improved density, microstructure and adhesion compared to traditional DCMS. One such technique that has been developed somewhat recently is "High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering" (HiPIMS). Here we report early results from various thin film coatings carried out on a 1.5GHz Nb cavity and small coupon samples coated at Jefferson Lab using HiPIMS.


Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a fuel filter, system, and method for reduction, manipulation and/or distribution of Sulfur containing compounds in a fuel stream of an internal combustion engine. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a method of removing Sulfur containing compounds from a fuel stream of an internal combustion engine is provided. The method includes remov ing Sulfur containing compounds from a fuel stream by pass ing fuel through a fuel filter capable of removing Sulfur con taining compounds. The method also includes storing the Sulfur containing compounds in the fuel filter and releasing portions of the stored Sulfur containing compounds into the fuel stream at predetermined intervals of a regeneration cycle of an emission control device.


This contribution reviews the development of Chinese marine fisheries and fleet structure since the founding of the People's Republic of China ('China,' excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) in 1949, up to the present, with emphasis on the type and quality of underlying statistical information, especially on landings. Our main purpose is to provide a basis for evaluating the credibility of reported nominal catches, with particular emphasis on total marine landing increases from the mid 1980s to the late 1990s, and thereby to complement the analysis of spatially disaggregated Chinese fisheries catch statistics presented by R. Watson in Part II of this volume.


This study was focused on the use of partial replacement of cement with glass powder in high strength concrete and also copper slag as a partial replacement of coarse sand in concrete. The high strength concrete was prepared with different mineral admixtures like silica fume, fly ash and rice ash husk in different proportions. An experimental investigation has been carried to study about the effect of glass powder on high strength copper slag concrete .The range of glass powder was 10%, 15% and 20% as a replacement of cement. The range of copper slag was 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% as a replacement of natural sand. In addition to the different percentage of fly ash, silica fume, and rice husk ash 5% and 10% was also studied in copper slag concrete. Thus a total of 51 cubes were casted and compressive strength test was performed on them.
The result of the study shows that the value of average compressive strength of concrete after addition of 10%, 15% and 20% of glass powder are 70.47, 72.01 and 73.31 respectively. The value of average compressive strength after addition of 20%, 40% and 60% copper slag as a replacement of sand are 72.18, 74.38 and 73.08 respectively. The value of average compressive strength after addition of 5% and 10% fly ash as a replacement of cement are 71.56 and 73.22. The value of average compressive strength after addition of 5% and 10% silica fume as a replacement of cement are 72.33 and 73.53. The value of average compressive strength after addition of 5% and 10% rice husk ash as a replacement of cement are 72.86 and 69.49. At the level of 20% replacement of cement by glass powder meets maximum strength as compared to that of controlled concrete and copper slag high strength concrete.


Objective To compare the effect of quetiapine and clozapine on cognitive function and their efficacy and side effects. Methods Gifty patients who met CCMD-3 criteria for schizophrenia were randomly assigned to receiving quetiapine or clozapine for 8 weeks. PANSS, FD/M,WMS, WCST and TESS were used to evaluate efficacy,cognitive function and side effects.Results The total scores of PANSS in two groups were significantly decreased after treatment and there was no significant difference between two groups.Both groups showed improvement in cognitive function,while there were significant differences on total score and factor score of accumulation in memory scale between two groups.More patients in the clozapine group reported dorowsiness,reduction of activity,constipation,increasing of saliva,dizzyness,high blood glucose,weight increasing.Conclusion Quetiapine has similar efficacy and fewer side effects with clozapine,and can improve cognitive funition,which is an ideal first-line durg for schizophrenia.


the profession is indebted for a volume on Clinical Patho. logy in Practice,l which, we venture to think, will supply an admitted want. He sets before his readers a simply told account of recent pathological and baoteriological developments in terms of oritical disaussion that will comr mend themselves to all who desire accurate and reliable information on the latest discoveries and hypotheses by which modern laboratory research has brougit within the scope of practical medioine new and promising methods of investigation, upon which depend important aias to accuray in diagnoois, valuable assistance in the preven. tion of disease, and potent agencies for the oure or alleviation of many maladies. Dr. Horder's vofume is written in a commendable spirit of the strictest moderation, and with much wisdom he insists upon caution in drawing oonclusions. Pathology is and must remain the handmaiden of clinical medicine, and no attempt to change the phsaician for the pathologist is to beencouraged; but Dr. Horder epitomizes the truth of the present position when he says that "to add to sound clinical observations the findings of the m croscopo and the test-tube sums up all the notable advances medicine sinoe the days of Lacnnee. . . . The whole truth will never be found at the bedside, still less will it be found in the laboratory; the hopes of medicine lio in the close dependence of each field of observation upon the other." He deals, inter alia, with such matters as the collection of material for pathological examination; blood culture; laboratory examinations of blood, sputum, urine, and faeces; the information to be gained from puncture of the pleura, spinal canal, lungs, joints, ete ; the value of specific serum tests in diagnosis; and vaccine therapy. In these days when treatment by serums andrvacines has taken hold of the public ima gination, and when, even by medical men, the limitations, and in many instances the problematical value, of such measures of therapeutic manage. ment are forgotten in the need for meeting, so far as may be, the pokular demand, it is well to be reminded by isuch an authority as Dr. Horder that indiscriminate vaccinations or serum injections are non-soiontific, and from the curative point of view worse than useless. In a reference to septicaemia, which may be taken as the type of disease against which this form of medication is mostly directed, he says that "treatment, whether by bactericidal serum or by specific inoculation, or by a combination of both of these, must depend for its success upon the isolation from the patient's blood of the micro organism present, and at as early a stage of the disease as postible." Discredit and disappointment, if nothing worse, must attach to the introduction into the body tlaids of serums or dead microorganic cultures at haphazard. A very careful account is given of lumbar puncture, and the diagnostic indications for its use are olearly stated. The technique of the little operation is accurately desoribed; it is one which may safely be undertaken if the rules which Dr. Horder lays down are followed. Examination of the cerebro-spinal flaid gives as valuable information in many caes, and we owe much to Qaincke for having added to our clinical resources the therapeutic and diagnostic guidance that is to be got from lumbar puncture. lt is now general"j accepted that microbic activity at the orifices of the body and especially in the nose, mouth, and throat, is responsible for many obscure forms of pyrexial illneF, and though the air passages and the


RESEARCH PROJECT Title of Study: An evaluation of the value of therapeutic cupping as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of a number of chronic clinical disorders: A pilot study.


This article proposes to reflect on the adaptation of Hamlet by The Simpsons in the episode Do the bard man, with the aim of observing important aspects of this contemporary recreation. The reframing of Hamlet in The Simpsons presents a play-within-a-play where the series´ characters act out the roles of Shakespeare´s characters. The inclusion of so many elements from Shakespeare´s play in a five-minute adaptation is emphasized and a storyboard is suggested to include aspects of the famous soliloquies.


Anabolic steroids have the capability of
 improving athletic performance and are therefore banned substances in
 equestrian competitions.
 The classical analytical method of observing
 their abuse is gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry.
 The prerequisite for this kind of analysis is
 that the structure of the substance which is searched for is known exactly.
 The metabolism of substances plays an important
 role against the background of this structure-based analytical method because
 the ways of metabolism and the structure of the metabolites have to be known
 in detail.
 Bioassays are valuable tools for observing
 the illegal use of anabolic steroids in equine sports as they work on the
 basis of the androgenic activity of anabolic androgenic steroids.
 In this case the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae is
 stably transfected with the androgen receptor.
 Moreover the cells carry a plasmid with androgen-responsive elements
 controlling the LacZ gene. The product of this gene
 is the enzyme s-galactosidase. Thus, the reporter
 gene is activated as soon as a substance interacts with the androgen
 receptor, which is detectable by the gene product hydrolysing chlorophenol red s-D-galactopyranoside,
 resulting in a change in color.
 First the influence of equine urine and
 plasma on the yeast cells is tested, therefore the
 culture medium is replaced by increasing percentages of urine or plasma
 spiked with a constant concentration of DHT as the biologically most active
 metabolite of testosterone.
 In the next step blank urine and plasma are
 spiked with different concentrations of some anabolic androgenic steroids. To
 show that this assay works on the basis of the androgenic activity of a substance blank urine samples are spiked with the
 steroids 17s-Estradiol, Dexamethason, Progesteron and Aldosteron.
 These hormones are structurally related to anabolic androgenic steroids but
 they interact with different structures.
 Clenbuterol, a s2-agonist, is tested as a
 substance with anabolic properties without structural similarity to steroid
 hormones.
 The in-vivo part of the study takes the
 aspect of metabolism into account.
 Six horses are treated with Testosteron and with Nandrolon
 in a cross-over study design.
 The androgenic activity measured comprises
 the activities of the substance itself and all its metabolites interacting
 with the androgen receptor.
 If the activity is due to unknown substances
 or metabolites their detection is only possible in this activity-based assay
 and detection times in this system may even be longer than those obtained by
 the routine analytical methods.


Nowadays, fishermen and other people dependent on marine life and seafood face severe problems due to HABs (harmful algal blooms). HABs are severely affecting climate change, fishermen, and the Indian economy in many ways. Therefore, detecting harmful algal blooms in various coastal regions is necessary to increase economic growth and save aquatic animal life. The present study summarizes the algal bloom events analysis reported in India during of January 2004, September 2004, March 2008, and March 2013. The detection of algal blooms in Asian Pacific Data Research Center(APDRC) using Chlorophyll, sea surface temperature of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) satellite data is considered for the significant algal blooms events that occurred over the Indian Ocean in January 2004, September 2004, March 2008, and March 2013. In addition, the corresponding zonal total surface currents from OSCAR satellite data are analysed to investigate the HAB characteristics. It is evident from the results that various factors for such algal blooms are based on the environmental factors prevalent during the blooms period. The outcome of this work would help understand the spatial and temporal variability of Algal blooms and for developing algal bloom detection and prediction algorithm using satellite and ground-based observations.


Rising caesarean section rates are of national and international concern. There are inherent costs associated with operative birth; these are financial as well as involving the health outcomes of mothers and babies. Vaginal birth after a caesarean (VBAC) is purported to be a safe option to reduce ca


ABSTRACT This essay invites us to consider the need to rethink culture and some theoretical/intellectual assumptions in Cultural Studies when we bring up the issue of the "Global South." The essay makes a case for "going South" in Cultural Studies. It advances a notion of the South that is based on a frame of dispossession. The first section offers a historical overview of the Global South and considers where the Global South is today. The second section attempts to rethink the notion of 'culture' and some intellectual orientations in Cultural Studies when we move to the Global South.


Mitsunobu reaction of epoxides using hydrazoic acid, diethylazodicarboxylate and triphenylphosphine as reagents gave the corresponding cis-1,2-diazides in moderate yield. Application of similar reaction conditions to trans-diols furnished the corresponding trans-1,2-diazides.


To investigate the potential of continuous radiofrequency (RF) shifting (SWEEP) as a technique for creating densely sampled data while maintaining a stable signal state for dynamic imaging.


The information processing apparatus includes a creating unit and a control unit. On receiving an offloaded data transfer instruction, the creating unit creates a copy session for transferring data from a transfer-source memory area of a transfer-source memory apparatus to a transfer-destination memory area of a transfer-destination memory apparatus. When detecting no overload incurred by asynchronous execution control under which the data transfer is executed out of sync with the offloaded data transfer instruction, the control unit determines that the data transfer of the created copy session is to be executed under the asynchronous execution control. On the other hand, when detecting overload incurred by the asynchronous execution control, the control unit determines that the data transfer of the created copy session is to be executed under synchronous execution control in which the data transfer is executed in synchronization with the offloaded data transfer instruction.


Chicken collagen casings could be an alternate source of collagen casings that are manufactured for sausages. The overall objective of this project was to extract chicken collagen from by-products of the broiler processing industries and to explore the possibility of making films. Chicken skin was washed, ground, and pretreated to remove the noncollagenous compounds. Collagen was extracted using acetic acid and pepsin. Solubilized collagen was salted-out and centrifuged at 20,000 ×g at 4°C for one hour. The precipitates were dissolved in 0.5 M acetic acid and dialyzed against 0.1 M acetic acid and distilled water before freeze-drying. Molecular weight, collagen solubility at different pH values, and NaCl concentrations were determined. TA-XT2 texture analyzer was used to characterize mechanical properties of collagen films. The highest collagen solubility was obtained at pH 2 and 2% NaCl. Hand-homogenized, nonfiltered, and conditioned samples had the highest hardness (3,262 g) and the least brittleness (30.5 mm). These results demonstrate that chicken collagen extracted from chicken by-products has the ability to form films and could be considered for making casings or be used in various other industries.


activates sarco-endoplasmic reticulum CaATPase (SERCA) to return Ca to storage. We explored the role of SERCA in dynamic changes of intranuclear Ca in single HeLa cells. Application of forskolin, as an activator of SERCA, caused the phosphorylation of SERCA2b but not SERCA3 on serine residues, which increased the rate of Ca uptake. Forskolin also induced the changes of Ca movement pattern in the nucleus when cells were stimulated with the Ca-releasing agents, histamine or A23187. Immunofluorescence staining showed that SERCA2b was densely populated on special parts of the nuclear envelope, but SERCA3 only existed in endoplasmic reticulum. Injection of an anti-SERCA2 antibody into the cytoplasm blocked the rise in the nuclear Ca concentration ([Ca2+]n). However, injection of an anti-SERCA3 antibody did not affect the initiation of Ca oscillations in the nucleus. Our data suggest that the activated-SERCA2b elevates the rate of uptake of free Ca into stores along the nuclear envelope, which might support and maintain the nuclear Ca homeostasis.


Books reviewed: International and Comparative Employment Relations, Chris Brewster The Privatisation Process in East-Central Europe. Evolutionary Processes of Czech Privatizations, Anne Mills Fighting for Partnership: Labour and Politics in Unified Germany, Tony Royle The Left's Dirty Job: The Politics of Industrial Restructuring in France and Spain, Miguel Martinez Lucio The Political Economy of German Unification, Johan Jeroen De Deken Introduction to European Social Security Law, Machteld Van Opstal European Labour Law, Andrew Bell


Objective
To investigate the clinical application value of robot-assisted Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RRYGB) in treating obesity.

Methods
Clinical data of 9 obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery in Xiehe Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from July 2012 to November 2016 were retrospectively studied. The informed consents of all patients were obtained and the local ethical committee approval had been received. According to whether RRYGB was carried out or not, these patients were divided into the RRYGB group and the laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) group. Three patients were included into the RRYGB group, of whom 1 was male and 2 were females with an average age of (37±7) years old. Six patients were included into the LRYGB group, of whom 3 were males and 3 were females with an average age of (31±7) years old. Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative ventilation time, postoperative hospital stay; and body weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) before and 1 month after operation were compared between the two groups. Comparisons of these data between the two groups were conducted using t test or χ2 test.

Results
All the patients received bariatric surgery successfully. Intraoperative blood loss of the RRYGB group was (46±7) ml, which was significantly lower than (82±6) ml of the LRYGB group (t= –8.03, P<0.05). One month after operation, BMI of the RRYGB and LRYGB groups were (34±5) and (35±4) kg/m2 respectively, which were significantly lower than (39±7) and (40±5) kg/m2 before operation (t=5.33, 7.33, P<0.05); and there is no statistical difference in BMI reduction between the two groups.

Conclusions
RRYGB is a therapeutic method with a good short-term effect on obesity, but its safety and effectiveness remain to be further investigated because the number of patients was too small and the fellow-up time was not long enough in this research.

Key words:
Da Vinci robot-assisted Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; Obesity


Electrical power system is a large-scale system that attempted to function
continuously and must be reliable. Electrical power system comsist of generator,
transmission, distribution and last up to the consumer or load. Transmission line is
an important part to transfer the electrical power from the generator to the
consumer. Sometimes the transmission line become contingency because of
interference. This makes the value of the risk in the system is high and the system
becomes unreliable.
One way to minimize generation cost and risk of the system when contingency
line occured by using optimal power flow with genetic algorithm and considering the
risk. The method of the optimal power flow in the system is expected to reduce the
risk that may occur when the line loss from the system. So it can be determined that
the algorithm can be applied to optimize the generation cost in optimal power flow
problem.
The method is tested using standart test system IEEE 14 bus considering risk.
By using this method, the optimal power flow problem considering the risk with
contingency in line 1 can be solved with total cost is $ 9.067. The total cost without
considering the risk is only $ 8.087. From those result, it can be concluded that the
total cost considering risk is more expensive than the total cost without considering
the risk., but the system becomes more secure and more reliable.


Abstrad: lhdopendence oj117unctions ofverbat heciges.from modij7cancts is important issue to imptement heages to eomputet:s asjuay sets. in this paper, we aim to discuss the inciepenclence rperimentally. FVrst, we cotVinn that the cltfirerences clt'the modijicancts do not cctiUct thejunctions ofthe hetiges, based on the membenshipjunctionsfor the heciges obtained]7'om 72 subjects. 71hen, we cLescribe treat-


DECENTLY, mutations in several genes in the nematode ß worm (1) and in the drosphilla fly (2) resulted in a dramatie inerease in life span. These diseoveries support the eoneept that genes determine longevity. Are these diseoveries relevant to humans? This year a published report showed that siblings of eentenarians live longer than siblings of the eentenarian's eohort (3), supporting a major genetie eomponent for human longevity. On the other hand, the effeets of ealorie restrietion on the extension of maximallife span seem to suggest that the environment also plays an important role in mediating this effeet. Are the suggestions that longevity may be determined by genes as weIl as by the environment eontradieting eaeh other? We argue that they are not-rather the environment may eause a marked differenee in the expression of longevity related genes. Dur hypothesis article (4) may help us understand the interaetion between the environment and genes, and may provide an insight into how modulation of gene expression may determine longevity. We suggest that the obvious eandidates for genes that influenee longevity are those expressed in fat, or whose levels are ehanged with fat mass. As an example of the latter, insulin levels inerease with fat mass and, therefore, decrease in ealorie-restrieted animals. As reviewed (4), hyperinsulinemia is associated with diseases and early mortality in humans, whereas a mutation in the nematodes' insulin-signaling pathway is associated with extreme longevity. Thus, this is an example demonstrating environment modulation (ealorie restriction), gene mutation (in nematodes), and their relationship to longevity. Fat mass is increased by 2to 5-fold in ad-libitum fed compared with calorie-restrieted animals. If the plasma levels of certain fat-derived peptides chronically increase by that many folds, they should be considered as eandidates to affect longevity (just like insulin). Durhypothesis article focused on the example of leptin-a fat-derived hormone, whose expression is modulated by fat mass, and which has been shown to control the hypothalamic response to ealorie deprivation and energy expenditure. Moreover, while fat mass is increased by several fold, the plasma leptin levels change by -2 log scales in obese humans (5) and with nutrient access to ad libitum fed animals (6). This chronic -100-fold increase in the expression of a gene product is similar to differences in expression designed by genetie manipulation. Thus, together with the known actions of


In this appendix we define some of the mathematical concepts that are used throughout the book. The appendix is not intended as a tutorial on the pertinent topics in discrete mathematics, but only as a concise reference that formalizes our use of background terminology in order to avoid ambiguities. We make no attempt at completeness: many common and (we hope) unambiguous notions, such as the standard operators of naive set theory and boolean logic, are assumed to be familiar to the reader.


Electricity usage is a major portion of utility bills and the best place to start lowering them. An effective home energy management approach is introduced to decrease customers' electricity bills by determining the optimal appliance scheduling under hourly pricing based demand response (DR) strategies. The proposed approach specifically addresses consumer comfort through acceptable appliance deferral times, within which their consumption can be shifted from the normal schedules. Electric vehicles (EVs), with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-home (V2H) abilities, Energy storage systems (ESS), and Renewable Energy Resource as a distributed generation are considered at the end-user premises to improve the energy management efficiency. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) framework is implemented to solve the proposed problem. Numerical results show that the proposed approach can reduce customers' electricity bill without sacrificing their comfort and fully exploit EVs and ESS capacities.


In 1911 the Serbian historian and poUtician Stojan Novakovic gave a lecture entitled "After One Hundred Years: Belgrade, May 15, 201 1." A year later the "Six Year War" started in the Balkans, as a result of which Serbia would first double its territory and then eventually emerge as the core of the united Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom. In his lecture, which was published in the Croatian-SerbianAlmanac (1911), Novakovic imagined Belgrade as the capital of a future Yugoslavia, a land of united South Slav provinces, most of which were still under Habsburg or Ottoman rule. The significance ofNovakovic's lecture


Electrochemistry of iodine oxidation states from voltammetry of iodine chloride, iodine and iodate at rotated platinum disk and ring disk electrodes


The formulation of the polarimetric interferometric coherences derived by simple homogeneous-volume-over-ground models is revisited for the case of ground returns dominated by the double-bounce terms. The differences between single-transmit (single-tx) and alternate-transmit modes of the interferometer are analyzed by inspecting the positions of the coherences on the complex plane. An additional volume-decorrelation term appears when the interferometer is operated in a single-tx mode, which adds complexity in the potential inversion of the model parameters. This effect is even more noticeable for the cross-polar channels in the oriented case, since the phase of the coherence with an infinite ground-to-volume ratio does not correspond to the topographic phase, as observed for the copolar channels


This paper describes three patients in whom the onset of inflammatory polyarthritis was closely related to traumatic episodes involving the fingers.


We prove that the area of each nonflat genus zero free boundary minimal surface embedded in the unit $3$-ball is less than the area of its radial projection to $\mathbb{S}^2$. The inequality is asymptotically sharp, and we prove any sequence of surfaces saturating it converges weakly to $\mathbb{S}^2$, as currents and as varifolds.


The utility model discloses a blowout preventer for a swabbing steel cable for an oil field. The blowout preventer for the swabbing steel cable for the oil field comprises a steel cable, a pulley and a pedestal, wherein the pedestal is used for being connected with wellhead equipment; the upper part of the pedestal is a ball body; the ball body is sealed in a ball seat; the pedestal and an extending pipe at the lower part of the ball body are hermetically sleeved together; the upper part of the ball body is hermetically connected with a sealing connecting pipe of which the upper part extends into a pressing cap body and is fixedly connected with the pressing cap body; the pulley is articulated in the pressing cap body; the pressing cap body, the sealing connecting pipe, the ball body and the pedestal have hollow cavities inside; and the steel cable passes through the hollow cavities in the pressing cap body, the sealing connecting pipe, the ball body, and the pedestal. The utility model provides the blowout preventer for the swabbing steel cable for the oil field, which is reliable in sealing and reasonable in design, has high practicability and can ensure the inlet to be sealed.


Passive radar has been finding increasing application and use in last decade. Passive radar uses the "opportunistic" commercial signals for their operation. The passive radar does provide good Doppler resolution but suffer from bad range resolution. One way to improve the range resolution is to use passive radar in a multi-static fashion. By using the data collected at various multi-static sites, the range resolution can be improved. Therefore, there is a need for an algorithm for target localization using these multi-static measurements. Typically, these algorithms use range-only measurements. Various multi-static configurations are possible in passive radar setup. However, this paper will only consider the setup with single receiver, and multiple spatially distributed transmitter locations. Localization algorithm based on Maximum likelihood (ML) estimate will be presented, along with its efficient implementation using gradient and Newton's decent algorithms. The performance bounds for ML estimate in terms of Fisher information are also given. All the algorithms are verified using simulated data in 2D settings.


In this paper, as an extension of minimum unsatisfied linear relations problem (MIN ULR), the minimum unsatisfied relations (MIN UR) problem is investigated. A triangle evolution algorithm with archiving and niche techniques is proposed for MIN UR problem. Different with algorithms in literature, it solves MIN problem directly, rather than transforming it into many sub-problems. The proposed algorithm is also applicable for the special case of MIN UR, in which it involves some mandatory relations. Numerical results show that the algorithm is effective for MIN UR problem and it outperforms Sadegh's algorithm in sense of the resulted minimum inconsistency number, even though the test problems are linear.


Public rental housing has bcc:n coming undcr incrcasing political attack since the early 1970s in a numbcr of countries. It is argued that there arc important structural reasons why this should be the case. and these are illustrated by examining Australian public housing. Public housing in English-speaking countries is prevented from competing with owner-occupation by severe restrictions on rates of new construction and buy means or need-; testing applicants. In spite of this the family cycle of poverty increases the social mix of tenants and undermines the narrow welfare role imposed on public renting. This, in combination with increasing maturity which results in lower real rents, rcsults in an increasing need for politicians to dcvisc new and ever more drastic ways of controlling the tenure. It is argued that more attention needs to be paid to these such processes in the analysis of public rental housing.


Study/Objective: This study aims to understand the relationships between physical activity and air pollution, and recommend standards for canceling or postponing outdoor physical activities and sport competitions during severe air pollution events. Background: Exposure to ambient air pollution may cause health problems and can lead to development of pulmonary diseases (such as COPD and asthma), cardiovascular diseases and even diabetes. Physical activity under air pollution conditions can cause a higher exposure to pollutants and therefore, may cause damage to individuals, especially to young children, but even to professional athletes. Guidelines for developing recommended intervention during severe air pollution conditions are required. Methods: We searched for studies and publications (published between February 2002 and March 2016) that focused on the association between ambient air pollution and different levels of physical activity. We looked for studies regarding athletes, the public population, children and older adults. Based on our findings, we developed recommended threshold levels. Results: Physical activity under conditions of air pollution may cause short-term and long-term health damage to the public and specifically to athletes. It decreases lung function, may increase the immune system activity and may diminish exercise performance. However, specific thresholds for cancelling outdoor sports events were not developed. We therefore suggest the following threshold values, per age group: Conclusion: It is recommended both for the public and athletes, to completely avoid any physical activity under severe air pollution conditions, including professional and semiprofessional sport competitions. In this paper we suggest recommended air pollution levels for avoiding physical activity and standards for cancelling professional and semi-professional games accordingly.


Introduced principle of variable frequency and speed with vector control system, presented designed method of the control systems software and hardware circuit with SPMC75F2313A.The method utilized completely the wealthy peripherals and high speed calculation function of chip,simplified hardware design,block diagram of main program and interrupt program were given for vector control with MCU.Realized the arithmetic of vector control with incidental phase modulation(IPM)


Purpose. This paper examines the connotations of the most common ten animal metaphors in the Jordanian context as perceived by Jordanian Arabic speakers.
Methods. The data were collected in three stages. First, the principal researcher shared a post on his Facebook account in which he asked his Jordanian-Arabic speaking virtual friends to report in a comment the most common animal metaphors they use. The researchers compiled 115 comments/responses with 1106 animal metaphor tokens. Second, the received tokens were used to identify the most common animal metaphors. Third, in order to identify the set of connotations of each animal metaphor, the researchers distributed a questionnaire to 137 (43 males and 94 females) students at The University of Jordan in which the respondents were asked to report when each of them tends to use each animal metaphor and for what connotations. Based on the received responses, a preliminary list of connotations was prepared. Finally, the proposed connotations were subjected to a validation process by two Jordanian-Arabic speaking linguists from the Department of English at the University of Jordan. Most of their judgments were compatible with those of the researchers and when there was an overlap, amendments were made to amalgamate the connotations together.
Results. The findings show that the ten most common animal metaphors in the Jordanian context are (1) X IS A MONKEY, (2) X IS A DONKEY, (3) X IS A COW, (4) X IS A SNAKE, (5) X IS A DOG, (6) X IS A PIG, (7) X IS A BEAR, (8) X IS A DUCK, (9) X IS AN OWL, and (10) X IS A DEER. They have a total of 39 connotations. X IS A MONKEY is used to convey five connotations, the most common of which is hyperactivity. As for X IS A DONKEY, it has four connotations with stupidity being its most common connotation. X IS A COW has six connotations and it is mainly associated with obesity, especially when referring to females. X IS A SNAKE connotes being toxic and deceitful. With regard to X IS A DOG, it is associated mostly with ill-mannerisms. X IS A PIG has three connotations and it is mostly linked with being deceitful. As for X IS A BEAR, it has four connotations with its most frequent connotation being fat. X IS A DUCK has three connotations and it is associated mostly with being pretty with a beautiful body. X IS AN OWL has three connotations and it is linked mostly with being pessimistic. Finally, X IS A DEER has three connotations with being characterized by beauty as its most common connotation.
Conclusions. The study concludes that animal metaphors are culturally loaded and that the environment we live in shapes the way we view animals and the way we use them metaphorically.


Case histories of the dispersal of chemicals released accidentally into the environment are reviewed with the purpose of developing strategies for assessing the ecological impact of chemical accide...


Although the traditional teaching approach of the foreign language can lay the solid foundations of the language,cultural shock is caused because they do not have a good command of the culture of the language.Through the analysis on the concept of culture,the paper analyzes mutual interaction and mutual restriction between culture and language.The paper elaborates the introduction of cultural background in language teaching so as to improve language teaching.


The aim of this research was to study the channel transmission characteristics
of living and dead animal bodies and signal path loss characteristics of implantable communication
in the axial direction.

 By injecting fentanyl citrate injection solution, we kept the research object (a piglet) in a
comatose state and then a death state, so as to analyze the channel characteristics in each state. To
analyze channel gain when using an implantable device with a fixed implantation depth and varying
the axial distance, we proposed an implantable two-way communication path loss model.

Comparing the living-body and dead-body results showed that the channel gain difference was approximately
10dB for the same position and distance; heartbeat, pulse and breathing of the living animal contributed approximately
1dB of noise. Analyzing the calculated and experimental results of the path loss model showed that the determination
correlation coefficients of the model were 0.999 and 0.998, respectively. The model prediction result and the experimental
verification result also agreed closely.

 The path loss model not only fits the experimental results, but also has better predictability for those
positions not measured.


We present a sonic interaction design approach that makes use of deep reinforcement learning to explore many mapping possibilities between input sensor data streams and sound synthesis parameters. The user can give feedback to an artificial agent about the mappings proposed by the latter while playing the synthesiser and trying the new mappings on the fly. The design approach we adopted is inspired by the ideas established by the interactive machine learning paradigm, as well as by the use of artificial agents in computer music for exploring complex parameter spaces. We refer to this interaction design approach as Assisted Interactive Machine Learning (AIML). We describe the architecture of an AIML system prototype, a typical workflow for interacting with the agent and obtain gesture-sound mappings. We then present feedback data collected during a demonstration and discuss perspectives for developing the AIML paradigm further, pointing out current limitations. In light of the feedback obtained and the considerations arisen following the use of the system in a multimedia performance piece, we suggest that the implementation and evaluation of new features should take into consideration established creative workflows and take place close to actual artistic practice.


In modern society, people often have difficulty in sleeping because of various reasons including psychological or physiological factors, environment, life rhythm and diet. This paper illustrates this effect by integrating various surveys. According to clinical trials, insomniacs normally share common characteristics such as poor sleep habits. In this essay, the main structure of sleep will be first introduced in detail, namely NREM and REM. Then it will discuss certain elements that affect sleep patterns, together with proper improvement methods. While these statistics are based on the majority of people, they don't necessarily apply to everyone. If the phenomenon that the sleep quality is poor exists for a long time, it is advisable to seek medical assistance. Additionally, the importance of both the number of awakenings and the quality of breathing in assessing sleep quality together with some reasonable advice will be put after description of sleep process.


In designing a horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) blade, system integration between the blade design and the performance test of the generator is important. This study shows the aerodynamic design of a HAWT blade operating with an axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generator. An experimental platform was built to measure the performance curves of the AFPM generator for the purpose of designing the turbine blade. An in-house simulation code was developed based on the blade element momentum (BEM) theory and was used to lay out the geometric shape of the turbine blade, including the pitch angle and chord length at each section. This simulation code was combined with the two-dimensional (2D) airfoil data for predicting the aerodynamic performance of the designed blades. In addition, wind tunnel experiments were performed to verify the simulation results for the various operating conditions. By varying the rotational speeds at four wind speeds, the experimental and simulation results for the mechanical torques and powers presented good agreement. The mechanical power of the system, which maximizes at the best operating region, provided significant information for designing the HAWT blade.


This thesis presents a novel timed model called timed-pNets for modeling and verifying the communication behaviours of heterogeneous distributed systems. Since the nodes in distributed systems have no common physical clock, it brings the challenges of correctly specifying the system time constraints. Timed-pNets build the time model on top of logical clocks such that the time of this model does not rely on a common physical clock. Timed-pNets are tree style hierarchical structures. Each node is associated with a timed specification which consists of a set of logical clocks and some relations on these clocks. The leaves are represented by timed Parametrized Label Transition Systems (timed-pLTSs). Non-leaf nodes (called timed-pNets nodes) are synchronisation devices that synchronize the behaviours of subnets (these subnets can be leaves or non-leaf nodes). Both timed-pLTSs and timed-pNets nodes can be translated to timed specifications. Timed specifications are designed to specify the system behaviours including synchronous and asynchronous communications. Thanks to the timed specification, timed-pNets are able to model systems in a flexible way. Time bound analysis, safety and latency properties are discussed by investigating the relations conflicts between system logical clocks. We take a simple case of car insertion from the area of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) as an example to demonstrate the use of the timed-pNets model. In the end, the TimeSquare tool is used to perform a logical simulation and check the validity of our model.


SUMMARY

1
In a number of avian species in which testicular development can be evoked by increased daily photoperiods, it has been found that such development cannot be sustained indefinitely and that there is a period following each breeding cycle during which increased daily photoperiods are ineffective. This is the refractory period.

2
Gametogenesis ceases during this phase and its duration plays a critical role in the timing of the breeding cycles. The duration varies from species to species and in most temperate birds lasts some four months.

3
Some authors claim that the whole of the avian breeding cycle is under photoperiodic control and that the duration of the refractory period is determined by variations in daylength, short days dispersing it and long days prolonging it.

4
When the equatorial weaver finch, Quelea quelea, was placed under a 17-hour daylength, the internal rhythm of reproduction was accelerated and the birds quickly passed into a premature refractory period.

5
During the refractory phase three weeks of short 8-hour daylengths followed by a 17-hour photoperiod had no effect on the duration of the refractory period, and birds displayed a recovery of spermatogenetic function at the same time as those maintained under a continuous 17-hour photoperiod. In each case the refractory period lasted six weeks.

6
Birds maintained under an equatorial daylength of 12 hours also entered a refractory period and, again, pretreatment during the refractory period with shortened lengths of 11·25 hours had no effect on its duration.

7
Quelea which were maintained under a constant photoperiod of 11·25 hours during their refractory period showed a recrudescence of gametogenesis six weeks later, but under an 8–hour daylength the gonads remained regressed to the end of the experiment.

8
It was concluded that in this equatorial species a semi-autonomous internal rhythm of reproduction operates and the refractory period is independent of photoperiodic fluctuations. There was no evidence of a premature dissipation of this period by a reduced photoperiod, nor was there a prolongation of refractoriness by long daylengths.


New photometric data from CCD UBVRI observations of the PMS star V350 Cep during the period from March 2014 to May 2017 are presented. In the period April-May 2016 we registered a deep fades event in the brightness of the star with amplitudes $\Delta I$ = 1.75 mag, $\Delta R$ = 1.69 mag, $\Delta V$ = 1.77 mag and $\Delta B$ = 2.16 mag. Simultaneously with the fades in the brightness, the change in the star's color indices has been observed. V350 Cep indicates the typical for stars of UXor type "blueing effect" during the deep minimum of brightness. During the second half of 2016 V350 Cep restores its brightness to a level close to the maximum. Since the star has been studied as a possible FUor object in previous studies, the possible cause of the deep decline is a decrease in the accretion rate. Another possible cause is obscuration from clumps of dust orbiting at the vicinity of the star.


OBJECTIVE To investigate the immune function of the erythrocyte in guinea pigs with allergic rhinitis.METHODS Eight guinea pigs were prepared as expenmental model animals,and another 8 animals were taken as blank controls.Then,the model animals were activated with 10% Toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate,RBC-C3b receptor rosette rate and RBC-Imuuunocomplex rosette rate were determined. RESULTS The RBC-C3b receptor rosette rate and RBC-Imuuunocomplex rosette rate of the model animals were significantly decreased than that of the control animals(P<0.05).CONCIUSLON The results suggest that the abnormal immune function of the erythrocyte may induce and aggravate allergic nasal inflammation.


Using literature review, statistics and videotape, this paper studies Yao Ming's performance in the past three NBA seasons from the longitudinal perspective, and compares Yao Ming's athletic competence with that of other five excellent cen- ters in NBA from a latitudinal perspective.The author tries to find out the disparity between Yao Ming and those excellent centers, predict the developing trend of his athletic competence and make some related suggestions.


The French satellite SPOT is carrying two high resolution sensors. The first supplies 10-m panchromatic (0.51-0.73) data; the second supplies multispectral 20-m data (XS1 in the blue band 0.50 - 0.59, XS2 in the green band 0.61 - 0.69, XS3 in the near infra-red band 0.79 - 0.90). The multispectral and panchromatic merging processes are becoming current procedures for studying land covers and particularly for vegetation mapping which needs a good spatial resolution and a good spectral resolution respectively. The usually applied merging methods are more or less altering radiometric values of the original XS data. Original information is modified and, consequently, photointerpretation procedures are becoming awkward or really impossible so a new merging method has been performed. Thanks to the combined panchromatic image, this method is simulating 10-m images while conserving spectral properties of original XS 20-m images. This method uses two tools coming from the signal processing field and based on solid mathematical procedures: the multiresolution analysis and the wavelet transform. The results issued from this merging method are really promising. Analyses and thematic processings (i. e. production of thematic colour composite images) carried out from that high resolution data, have exhibited a significant improvement of imagery added to a great potential concerning vegetation mapping of the floodplains.


In this paper, a study of a type "Boost" rectifier was carried out. Among the systems operating in discontinuous mode, the latter offers the ease of control and carry less important voltage on the semiconductor. However, since the input current is discontinuous, that increases the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). So to meet the standards, an additional filter is necessary within a restricted power range. To improve the performance of this type of systems, we proposed a new configuration in which we included the command of two rectifiers `Push-Pull'. This technique allowed the system to face less pulsating currents, and therefore it enhances the filtering. Great importance was given to the modeling of this type of rectifier. The simulation results were presented taking into account the control loop. The performance of the new solution was evaluated using the electrical efficiency.


We derive an effective Bose-Hubbard model that predicts a phase transition from Bose-Einstein condensate to Mott insulator in two different systems subject to applied periodic potentials: microcavity exciton-polaritons and indirect excitons. Starting from a microscopic Hamiltonian of electrons and holes, we derive an effective Bose-Hubbard model for both systems and evaluate the on-site Coulomb interaction U and hopping transition amplitudes t. Experimental parameters required for observing a phase transition between a Bose-Einstein condensate and a Mott insulator are discussed. Our results suggest that strong periodic potentials and polaritons with a very large excitonic component are required for observing the phase transition. The form of the indirect exciton interaction is derived including direct and exchange components of the Coulomb interaction. For indirect excitons, the system crosses over from a Bose-Hubbard model into a double layer Fermi-Hubbard model as a function of increasing bilayer separation. The Fermi-Hubbard model parameters are calculated, and the criteria for the location of this crossover are derived. We conjecture that a crossover between a Bose Mott insulator to a Fermi Mott insulator should occur with increasing bilayer separation.


Classical transplantation studies using chick and quail embryos demonstrated that the vertebrate liver parenchyma is derived from an outgrowth of the ventral foregut endoderm, referred to as the liver bud (LeDouarin 1964, 1968, 1975). This process, illustrated in Figure 1, initiates at around gestation day 8.25 (7–8 somites) in the mouse (Gualdi et al. 1996). Invagination of the foregut positions a ventral portion of foregut endoderm next to the developing cardiac mesoderm. Early on, it was proposed that specification of the hepatic diverticulum relied upon the close proximity of cardiac mesoderm. Several studies, the most recent by Gualdi et al. (1996), provided strong evidence to support this proposal. In general, it was found that ventral endoderm from either mouse or chick was unable to adopt a hepatic fate, or express characteristic hepatic mRNAs, if it were grown in the absence of developing cardiac tissue (LeDouarin 1975; Houssaint 1980; Fukuda-Taira 1981; Gualdi et al. 1996). Moreover, this inductive capacity seemed to be restricted to cardiac mesoderm, because other noncardiac mesoderms failed to induce hepatic development (Fukuda 1979; Fukuda-Taira 1981).


These two volumes bring together two very different eras of psychedelic studies, its early florescence in the 1960s and a current wave reflecting cumulative developments fifty years later. Both are based on conferences sharing the same title given to the book, an open exploration of the potential for modern science and medicine to engage with the pharmacological abundance provided by nature and embodied in the remnants of shamanic entheogenic traditions. The first volume covers an international conference including researchers from diverse fields – psychiatry, medicine, botany, pharmacology, chemistry and anthropology – that came together in San Francisco in 1967 for three days under what might have been seen as auspicious circumstances – a conference sponsored by agencies of the US government, the National Institute of Mental Health and US Public Health Service. The second volume is the compilation of 21 papers presented 50 years later in 2017 when an even more diverse group of scholars came together to share some of the new findings that emerged since the first conference, reflecting the psychedelics renaissance that emerged in the 21st century during a stifling decades long War on Drugs funded by the same government that sponsored the first conference 50 years ago. As the second volume shows, in spite of such draconian repression, the field of ethnopharmacological psychedelic studies has progressed to the point that we are now able to discuss the numerous discoveries of the therapeutic potential of these diverse substances in spite of their continued stigmatization. The first conference included a who's who of 20th century psychedelic research with such famous stalwarts as Richard Evans Schultes, Gordon Wasson, Claudio Naranjo, Alexander Shulgin, and Daniel Freedman, but the majority of the participants are probably but historical footnotes to their 21st century intellectual descendants. Their presentations at this conference, however, are immortalized in this publication, first released in 1967 as Public Health Service Publication No. 1645 by the US Government Printing Office under the editorship of Daniel Efron, Bo Holmstedt and Nathan Kline. While the conference was dominated by US researchers, the international scope of the participants was reflected in researchers from Russia, Argentina, Mexico, Switzerland, Germany and Sweden. Efron's preface alludes to issues still important and unresolved in the study of psychedelics such as the origins of humans' psychotropic plant use and the identity of the psychoactive plants referred to in the Bible. Efron's naivety is evident however, where he wonders if this Biblical drug use "brought happiness and comfort, or new problems, aggravations, and unhappiness" (p. ix). Apparently Efron's memory of Sunday school teachings had faded as Genesis clearly tells us that the gods were definitely displeased with humans taking the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge of good and evil, and fearing that humans would also use this knowledge to partake of the Tree of Immortality, the gods banished Adam and Eve from an idyllic Eden and sent them to toil and suffer in the outside world. Seems like this early engagement with psychotropics provoked the first war on drugs! The focus of the conference was however, not on such weighty theological issues but on the importance of knowledge about plant compounds, the ethnopharmacological search for Journal of Psychedelic Studies