Abstract
The Republic of Slovenia has been a member of NATO for 15 years. In preparing for NATO membership the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) were required to prepare for radical change, from a territorial defence force to one that could contribute to NATO missions. The need for change became even more significant after the government decision in 2002 to end conscription and move to a fully professional SAF.
A revised force structure for the SAF was agreed in 2003, prior to Slovenia joining NATO in 2004. Progress in developing the SAF in the first five years of NATO membership, while encountering a number of challenges, showed a positive trend, with a commensurate increase in defence expenditure. In the following five years the economic crisis which affected most NATO countries had a particularly damaging effect on the continued development of the SAF, with very severe reductions in defence expenditure.
Today, after 15 years of NATO membership, the SAF has still not recovered from the cuts made in defence spending. Spending remains close to 1.0% of GDP and is inadequate to support the force plans of the SAF. The SAF is unable to make an effective contribution to NATO and a decision needs to be made on the future size and shape of the SAF which matches plans for future defence expenditure.
Key words
NATO, Slovenia, Professionalization, Defence Planning, Defence Expenditure, Missions, Force Structure, Democratic Control.


Exchange Traded Fund are funds that follow a common index and traded like share in the financial market. ETFs may be attractive as investments because of their stock-like features, tax efficiency and low costs. The risk involved in ETF's is very low. Because of all these features they are preferred by many. In this paper an attempt is made to know whether these ETF's are really attractive investments and if so for whom? For this purpose the descriptive statistics, ADF and EGARCH test were used inorder to check the volatility, stationarity and risk involved in selected ETF's traded in NSE. Introduction Exchange-Traded Fund was first started by State Street Global Advisors in 1993, with the introduction of the SPDR. They have continued to grow in popularity and gather assets at rapid pace. ETFs are like mutual funds that are traded like stocks. Trading like stocks is one of the main features that make ETFs popular with professional investors and individual investors who are active traders. An ETF is bought and sold on an intraday securities exchange and is composed of a basket of securities. Generally, ETFs will trade at (or very close to) the same price of the net asset value of the underlying assets. The first ETF in India, the "NIFTY BEES" (Nifty Benchmark Exchange Traded Scheme) based on Nifty 50 was launched in December 2001 by Benchmark Mutual Fund. Concept of ETF An ETF is a marketable financial instrument that tracks an index, a commodity, bonds, or a basket of assets. Unlike mutual funds, an ETF trades like a common stock in a stock exchange. ETFs experience price changes throughout the day as they are bought and sold. ETFs generally provide the easy diversification, low expense ratios, tax efficiency of index funds, and still maintaining all the features of ordinary stock, such as short selling, options and limit orders. ETFs typically have higher daily liquidity and lower fees than mutual fund shares, which makes them an attractive alternative for individual investors. Because it trades like a stock, an ETF is not calculated based on its net asset value (NAV), once at the end of every day like a mutual fund does. Besides ETF shareholders are entitled to a proportion of the profits like earned interest or dividends paid, and they will not get a residual value in case the fund is liquidated. Investing in ETF To Invest in ETF, one needs to have a demat account and a trading account with an online account for trading stock. Pan card, Identity proof and Address proof are required to open demat and trading account. Once it is ready with the account it's just a matter of choosing the ETF and place the order online. The orders will be routed to the exchange where the purchase order are matched with the sell orders and executed band a confirmation will be sent back to you. Review of Literature: Kostovetsky (2003) studied relative performance of the ETFs and index mutual funds from the investors' point of view. The key areas of differences between the two that he found out lie in management fees, taxation efficiency, shareholders transaction fees, and the qualitative factors transaction convenience, short selling, and ability to margin. Mei-Maun Hseu (2007) examined the relative price efficiencies of three American stock market indices (S & P 500, Nasdaq-100 and DJIA) in the spot, futures, E-mini futures and ETF markets for the periods both before and after the NASDAQ market crash between March 2000 and March 2001. The study found that a co-integrating relationship existed between the three indices during the period after the crash. Adjei Frederick (2009) found no significant difference between the performances of the ETFs and the S&P 500 index. He found weak evidence of on both the half-yearly and the yearly horizons in performance persistence. Wong and Shum (2010) examined the performances of 15 worldwide ETFs across bearish and bullish markets over the period 1999 to 2007. They have found out that ETFs always provide higher returns in a bullish market than in a bearish market. They noted that ETF returns are not positive and proportional to the market volatility from the Sharpe ratios. Agapova (2011) has examined the substitutability of two similar investment vehicles: conventional index mutual funds and exchange-traded funds both of which offer a claim on the same underlying index return process but have distinctly different organizational structures. The results show that conventional mutual funds and ETFs are perfect substitutes for one another. Vikrant Kumar and Sougata Ray (2012) made a study on "Gold ETF Performance: A Comparative Analysis of Monthly Returns" revealed that Gold investment has been a very important aspect for ages across the globe. The study also examines the role of gold in hedging equity investment risk.


street railway franchises are granted are governed by Article III of the city charter, which gives to the mayor and assembly the power to take all needful steps, in and out of the state, to protect the rights of the city, in any corporation in which the city may have acquired an interest; to have sole power and authority to grant to persons or corporations the right to construct railways in the city, subject to the right to amend, alter or repeal any such grant in whole or in part, and to regulate and control the same, as to their fares, hours and frequency of trips, and the repair of their tracks, and the kind of their rails.and vehicles; but every right so granted shall cease, unless the work of construction shall be begun within one year from the granting of the right, and be continued to completion with all reasonable practical speed, and it shall be the cause of forfeiture of the rights and privileges derived from the city, of any railroad company operating its road only within this city, which shall allow any person to ride or travel on it gratuitously or for less than usual price of fare, unless such person be an officer or employee of such company. The number of miles of lines in operation and the payments into the city treasury during the last ten years have been as follows:


Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The main route of HIV transmission is through sexual contact. In Africa HIV infection is prevalent among heterosexuals while in Europe and America most cases of AIDS will occur among homosexual men. Recently the authors screened 67 syphilis patients who came to the outpatient department between April 1986-May 1989 for HIV antibodies in the sera. Anti-HIV antibodies were found in 1 case. This is the 1st case of HIV infection through sexual transmission in mainland China. (authors)


Specifically, a brand's owners concern more about extensions' concept than non-owners and non-users, because any dilution of parent image will impair owners' interests and shake the foundation of their prior brand choice (Guoqun and Jiali, 2007). Brand exrtension, influential factors on it and the manner in which brand extension affects the consumer's attitude toward the parent brand are the main subjects of this article. The population under studying is constituted of the user of the products of Paksan Company in Tehran city. The main question in this research is that weather brand extension can be used as a strategy for extending the activities of the company or not. This article is a survey research, the manner of sampling is multistage that in its first stage the cluster sampling is used and in the second stage the accidental sampling is used. The volume of the sample is 391, five point Likert scale is used. Structural equation method (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are used to analysis the data. Our findings show that brand awareness, brand image and brand loyalty are influenced on the consumer's attitude toward the brand extension, and the attitude toward extension affects the attitude toward parent brand. The most important suggestion in this research is that the company by investing on brand awareness, brand image and brand loyalty causes the advancement of the consumer's attitude toward the parent brand, and this itself leads to the improvement of the attitude toward the parent brand, if the brand strategy is used.


Ailon and Rudnick have shown that if a, b ∈ C[T ] are multiplicatively independent polynomials, then deg ( gcd(an − 1, bn − 1)) is bounded for all n ≥ 1. We show that if instead a, b ∈ F[T ] for a finite field F of characteristic p, then deg ( gcd(an − 1, bn − 1)) is larger than Cn for a constant C = C(a, b) > 0 and for infinitely many n, even if n is restricted in various reasonable ways (e.g., p n).


Cesarean section (CS) refers to an operative procedure whereby the fetuses after the end of the 28th week are delivered through an incision on the abdominal and uterine walls. When CS is undertaken for medical reasons can save the life of a woman and her baby. However, CS delivery rates have been steadily increasing worldwide over the last few decades beyond levels that can be considered necessary and this trend has not been accompanied by significant maternal or perinatal benefits. The current study sought to establish the; number of numbers of CS deliveries, indications of CS delivery and the common complications during and after CS delivery among pregnant mothers who were received at KIU-TH from 1 st June to 31 st December, 2019. Findings obtained indicated that the highest number of CS deliveries recorded is among pregnant mothers between the ages of 26 to 35 years, the highest indicator of CS deliveries recorded was cephalopelvic disproportion, and the most common complication during and after CS delivery recorded was infections. It has thus been recommended that communities need to be sensitizes more about the dangers of CS delivery to avoid the possible complications associated with this mode of delivery among mothers, qualified personnel need to recruited in health facilities who can safely carry out CS deliveries when needed and also a special study on the safety and standard of theatres in the health facilities in Uganda where CS delivery service is offered needs to be conducted.


Many early-career engineers, proficient in the use of modern computers, computing engines, and complex software packages such as NASTRAN, ANSYS, and ABAQUS, are performing intricate FEA analyses without a sufficient background in engineering mechanics and are blindly accepting the quality of the results.


The authors discussed the misunderstandings in study of febrile disease,replenished the common pathology of febrile disease such as stagnation,phlegm forming,blood stasis and healthy qi deficiency,analyzed and presented personal reviews on nine questions including extent,etiology,pathogenesis,differences in diseases and syndromes,and understandings to defense,qi,nutrient and blood syndrome differentiation.The purpose is to definite and solve the problems existing in study of febrile disease,and improve the development of the study.


Hoppe (2005, p. 87) quite properly starts out his analysis of indifference with a magnificent quote from Rothbard (1997, pp. 225-226) on this subject:Indifference can never be demonstrated by action. Quite the contrary. Every action necessarily signifies a choice, and every choice signifies a definite preference. Action specifically implies the contrary of indifference. . . . If a person is really indifferent between two alternatives, then he cannot and will not choose between them. Indifference is therefore never relevant for action and cannot be demonstrated in action.I fully agree with Hoppe's (2005, ibid.) assessment that "This seems to be undeniable, and any attempt to explain why one choses [sic] to do x rather than y with reference to indifference rather than preference strikes one as a logical absurdity, a 'category mistake.'"


This paper is a first step in understanding the role of information and communication research in promoting workplace safety and health practices, which is an important concern in any organization. We adopt topic modeling to identify the major issues discussed in the literature. Six diverse themes were identified, suggesting the importance of this body of work.


To study diesel fuel auto-ignition in an O2–CO2 mixture, a TZ (temperature zone) model is proposed. The effect of O2 and CO2 on reaction rate is considered. The relationship between temperature and ignition delay time is obtained. Different reduced mechanisms based on steady-state assumptions are applied in three temperature zones (T ≤ 800 K, 800 K < T ≤ 1100 K, T > 1100 K). The TZ model is coupled to KIVA-3V code for simulation calculations. To support the simulations, a constant-volume combustion bomb test bench is set up to visualize diesel fuel auto-ignition in air (21%O2–79%N2), a 53%O2–47%CO2 mixture, and a 61%O2–39%CO2 mixture. Ignition delay time and the flame image in these three conditions are compared and analyzed. Then the flame temperature contour and the flame lift-off length in a 53%O2–47%CO2 mixture and a 61%O2–39%CO2 mixture are analyzed. The results show that diesel fuel auto-ignition can be achieved in the tested O2–CO2 mixture. The TZ model can predict the auto-ignition characteristics of diesel fuel in a 53%O2–47%CO2 mixture and a 61%O2–39%CO2, with errors of 12% and 10%, respectively. In these two conditions, the ignition delay time and flame lift-off length are shorter than they are in air.


Due to the so-called refugee crisis and the Netherlands' development into a 'participation society', refugee reception there has recently shifted its focus to early and fast participation. In this context, numerous community initiatives have emerged to support refugee reception and integration. Compared to earlier restrictive approaches, refugee reception through active engagement of newcomers in community initiatives seems to promise a more inclusive approach, a deepening of democracy. However, such initiatives have internal and external challenges that might inhibit refugees' active participation and the initiatives' adoption of inclusive approaches. In this qualitative research, we have explored the challenges and opportunities for active participation and inclusion of refugees in community initiatives, considering the context of normalizing exclusive discourses and increasingly neoliberal policies on refugee reception.


Two major mechanisms of frontogenesis‐deformation and shear‐are important in frontal wave cyclone development. Horizontal deformation can suppress the nonlinear wave development. Using an analytic model, Bishop and Thorpe have shown that large strain rates inhibit any wave‐slope amplification. For real cases, this ambient strain can be measured using the vorticity‐divergence attribution method developed by Bishop. This technique permits us to confirm the crucial role of such strain on the evolution of cases of wave development during the Fronts and Atlantic Storm Track Experiment (FASTEX).


DOI: 10.4328/ACAM.20155 Received: 2020-03-09 Accepted: 2020-04-15 Published Online: 2020-04-18 Printed: 2020-09-01 Ann Clin Anal Med 2020;11(5):536-539 Corresponding Author: Recep Dinçer, Department of Orthoapedics and Traumatology, Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, 32000, Turkey E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com GSM: +90 506 2624373 F: +90 246 2112830 Corresponding Author ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9088-3940 Abstract Case: A 15-year-old girl presented with complaints of pain and feeling of a snapping on the medial side of her left elbow. No pathology was detected on XRay, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and nerve conduction evaluations. Then, the dynamic Ultrasound showed that the ulnar nerve has snapped. We performed surgery to treat the ulnar nerve that was transposed under the fascia of the muscle. The medial head of the triceps muscle was elevated and moved laterally. All of her symptoms were resolved. A snapping ulnar nerve is often associated with a snapping triceps. Accurate diagnosis is critical because misdiagnosis has been demonstrated to have serious consequences, including the need for repeat surgery.


Development of Substitution Bias Sensitivity: Are Adolescents Happy Fools? Sandrine Rossi (email@example.com) LaPsyDE (CNRS Unit 3521), University of Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France Mathieu Cassotti (firstname.lastname@example.com) LaPsyDE (CNRS Unit 3521), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France Marine Agogue (firstname.lastname@example.com) Centre de Gestion Scientifique, Mines ParisTech, Paris, France Wim De Neys (firstname.lastname@example.com) CNRS, LaPsyDE (CNRS Unit 3521), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France Abstract Influential work on human thinking suggests that our judgment is often biased because we minimize cognitive effort and intuitively substitute hard questions by easier ones. Recent work with adults who solved the bat-and-ball problem, one of the most publicized examples of the substitution bias, suggests that people realize they are doing this and notice their mistake. In the present paper we look at the development of this substitution bias sensitivity. A group of young adolescents solved standard and isomorphic control versions of the bat-and-ball problem in which reasoners experience no intuitive pull to substitute. Adults have been shown to be less confident in their substituted, erroneous bat- and-ball answer than in their answer on the control version that does not give rise to the substitution. However, the present study established that this critical confidence drop was less pronounced for young adolescents. This implies that in contrast with adults, young adolescents do not yet fully acknowledge the questionable nature of their biased answer and remain more oblivious to the substitution. That is, young adolescent reasoners seem to behave more like happy fools who blindly answer erroneous questions without realizing it. Keywords: Decision-making; Bias; Development Introduction Human reasoners have been characterized as cognitive misers who show a strong tendency to rely on fast, intuitive processing rather than on more demanding, deliberate thinking (Evans, 2008; Kahneman, 2011). Although the fast and effortless nature of intuitive processing can sometimes be useful, it can also bias our reasoning. It has been argued that the key to this bias is a process of so-called attribute substitution – when people are confronted with a difficult question they often intuitively answer an easier one instead (e.g., Kahneman, 2011; Kahneman & Frederick, 2002). Consider the following example: A bat and a ball together cost $1.10. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? When you try to answer this problem, the intuitive answer that immediately springs to mind is "10 cents". Indeed, about 80% of university students who are asked to solve the "bat-and-ball" problem give the "10 cents" answer (e.g., Bourgeois-Gironde & Vanderhenst, 2009). But it is wrong. Obviously, if the ball were to cost 10 cents, the bat would cost $1.10 (i.e., $1 more) and then the total cost would be $1.20, rather than the required $1.10. The correct response is "5 cents", of course (i.e., the bat costs $1.05). The explanation for the widespread "10 cents" bias in terms of attribute substitution is that people substitute the critical relational "more than" statement by a simpler absolute statement. That is, "the bat costs $1 more than the ball" is read as "the bat costs $1". Hence, rather than working out the sum, people naturally parse $1.10, into $1 and 10 cents which is easier to do. In other words, because of the substitution people give the correct answer to the wrong question. The bat-and-ball problem is considered a paradigmatic example of people's cognitive miserliness (e.g., Bourgeois- Gironde & Vanderhenst, 2009; Kahneman, 2011; Kahneman & Frederick, 2002; Toplak, West, & Stanovich, 2011). After all, the problem is really not that hard. Clearly, if people would reflect upon it for even a moment they would surely realize their error and notice that a 10 cents ball and a bat that costs a dollar more cannot total to $1.10. Hence, the problem with attribute substitution seems to be that people do typically not notice that they are substituting and do not realize their error (Kahneman & Frederick, 2005; Thompson, 2009; Toplak et al., 2011). This can sketch a somewhat bleak picture of human rationality: Not only do we often fail to reason correctly, much like happy fools, we do not even seem to realize that we are making a mistake. However, the fact that decision-makers do not deliberately reflect upon their response does not necessarily imply that they are not detecting the substitution process. That is, although people might not engage in deliberate processing and might not know what the correct answer is, it is still possible that they have some minimal substitution sensitivity and at least notice that their substituted "10 cents" response is not completely warranted (e.g., Alter, Oppenheimer, Epley, & Eyre, 2007; De Neys, 2012; De


The Chalk River Laboratories of Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. was a major centre for Accelerator based physics for the last fifty years. As early as 1946, nuclear structure studies were started on Cockroft-Walton accelerators. A series of accelerators followed, including the world's first Tandem, and the MP Tandem, Superconducting Cyclotron (TASCC) facility that was opened in 1986. The nuclear physics program was shut down in 1996. This paper will describe some of the highlights of the accelerators and the research of the laboratory.


In late February 2008, the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula disintegrated, an indication of warming temperatures in the region. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors on NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites provided some of the earliest evidence of the disintegration.


In the novel The Family Moskat,I. B. Singer tells a story about Asa,a Jewish young man,who leaves his remote hometown in an attempt to seek a new life in metropolis. Because of dissatisfying with the isolated place and the Jewish traditional ethics,Asa steps into the urban space where he seeks new ethical order in accordance with Spinoza's Ethics. However,he doesn't integrate into the urban space where his life becomes extremely tough because of ethical chaos. Being unable to rebuild new ethical order for the Jews,he has become indifferent to his family and the Jewish people. In the great turmoil,study room becomes his haven to fulfill his cultivation as a scholar so as to get into the non-Jewish world,but in vain. In a sense,the ethical disorder Asa experienced is not only a disillusion of his own,but the grief and tragedy of the Jewish people in the process of modernization for their relatively independent ethical system.


2. Assume that in the deterministic algorithm for Order Statistic we split numbers into groups of 2k+1 many elements (so, the particular case we did in class is for k = 2 because we split numbers into groups of 2 × 2 + 1 = 5 elements.) Derive an estimate of the run time Tk(n) of the algorithm for general k and show that Tk(n) satisfies Tk(n) ≤ 10Ck n for all k > 1 where Ck is a constant such that the overhead of the recursion is bounded by Ck n. (20 points)


We report our preliminary progress in the calculation of the interquark potential of bottomonium at non-zero temperature using the HAL QCD method. We use NRQCD correlation functions of non-local mesonic S-wave states to obtain the central potential as a function of temperature. These results have been obtained using our anisotropic 2+1 flavour"Generation 2"FASTSUM ensembles.


2 Abstract: Escherichia coli 0157:H7 is now recognized as an important human enteropathogen. PCR technology has proven to be very efficient for the detection of E. coli 0157:H7 in incriminated samples. Development of an extraction procedure resulting in 57% ± 6 recovery of E. coli 0157:H7 from seeded ground beef using 0.01 M phosphate buffered saline pH 6.0 with the aid of differential centrifugation. The optimized PCR reaction mixture consisted of 5 µl of 10X PCR mix (final concentrations: 50 mM KCl ,0.01% gelatin, 10 mM Tris-HCl at pH 9.0), 1 mM MgCl , , 1.6 µM each of the two primers, 0.2 mM of dNTPs and Taq polymerase (2.5 units for SLT-1 and 2 5 units for SLT-2) in a final volume of 50 µl. Prior to optimization, the minimum limit of detection for SLT-1 DNA sequence was 200 DNA targets compared to 100 after complete optimization. With SLT-2 DNA sequence, the minimum level of detection prior to optimization was 150 DNA targets compared to 20 after complete optimization. Optimization of the PCR allowed the detection of 10 SLT-1 and 5 SLT-2 targets per one gram of ground beef with the aid of pellet paint and pre-enrichment at 37°C for 5.5 hours.


In previous work, a single administration of anticarcinoembryonic antigen (anti‐CEA) 131I‐labetuzumab radioimmunotherapy (RIT) after complete resection of colorectal liver metastases was well tolerated and significantly improved survival compared with controls. In the current phase 2 trial, the authors studied repeated RIT in the same setting, examining safety, feasibility, and efficacy.


Abstract : This paper presents results from research on electrical breakdown in water carried out at the Naval Weapons surface Center Dahlgren Virginia. The breakdown performance of two electrode materials; 430 stainless steel, and 6061 Aluminum; is presented. Also reported are results from experiments performed using one electrode of 2024 aluminum, a negative charge injector, and one 304 stainless steel electrode, which injects a positive charge. It is theorized that when both electrodes inject charge the electric field very close to the electrode surface is reduced and thus breakdown should occur at a higher average electric field. This work is performed to provide empirical performance comparisons in order to establish design trade off rational and to provide experimental evidence to test various theories of breakdown.


Heat island effect is usually present in urban areas that experience higher temperatures than rural areas. Materials used for buildings, roads and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the sun's heat more than green areas and water bodies. This effect results in discomfort to the residents of the affected areas and negatively impacts ecological and energetic variables. The most common way of detecting and analyzing Heat Island Effect using remote sensing is based on the use of evening and night surface satellite images. In this study, the Land-surface temperature (LST) products of the Copernicus Sentinel-3 satellite were used to provide surface temperature from night images and produce heat maps of the urban area of Limassol, Cyprus. The affected areas were examined based on their dependence on green space, building density and population density. The study examined time-series data for the summer period, which is the hottest month of the year in Cyprus. Such information is vital to assist decision and policymakers to adopt effective mitigation strategies and improve urban planning.


Land degradation was defined, the advances of land degradation was introduced from four aspects, which consists of the driving factors, classification, countermeasures, assessing theories and methods of land degradation, and based on the three theories and two methods of land degradation assessment, the general direction of research on land degradation science was indicated.


Significance Several nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides expressed in a model legume Medicago truncatula exhibit potent antimicrobial activity. However, their structure–activity relationships and mechanisms of action against fungal pathogens of plants are still largely unknown. A small highly cationic peptide NCR044 with potent antifungal activity has been identified. This peptide has a unique highly dynamic structure and exhibits multifaceted mechanisms of action against a fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Exogenous application of this peptide confers resistance to a gray mold disease caused by B. cinerea in tobacco and tomato plants as well as postharvest products. Our work paves the way for future development of NCR peptides as spray-on antifungal agents. In the indeterminate nodules of a model legume Medicago truncatula, ∼700 nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides with conserved cysteine signature are expressed. NCR peptides are highly diverse in sequence, and some of these cationic peptides exhibit antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding their structural architecture, antifungal activity, and modes of action against plant fungal pathogens. Here, the three-dimensional NMR structure of the 36-amino acid NCR044 peptide was solved. This unique structure was largely disordered and highly dynamic with one four-residue α-helix and one three-residue antiparallel β-sheet stabilized by two disulfide bonds. NCR044 peptide also exhibited potent fungicidal activity against multiple plant fungal pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea and three Fusarium spp. It inhibited germination in quiescent spores of B. cinerea. In germlings, it breached the fungal plasma membrane and induced reactive oxygen species. It bound to multiple bioactive phosphoinositides in vitro. Time-lapse confocal and superresolution microscopy revealed strong fungal cell wall binding, penetration of the cell membrane at discrete foci, followed by gradual loss of turgor, subsequent accumulation in the cytoplasm, and elevated levels in nucleoli of germlings. Spray-applied NCR044 significantly reduced gray mold disease symptoms caused by the fungal pathogen B. cinerea in tomato and tobacco plants, and postharvest products. Our work illustrates the antifungal activity of a structurally unique NCR peptide against plant fungal pathogens and paves the way for future development of this class of peptides as a spray-on fungistat/fungicide.


Capitalism in Cote D'Ivoire Early Ivoirien Capitalism The Political Triumph of the Ivoirien Bourgeoisie The Ivoirien State - Motor of Capitalist Development The Development of Ivoirien Capitalism Since 1960 The Modern Ivoirien Bourgeoisie Capitalism in Africa. Appendices: Survey of Ivoirien Corporations with Private Domestic Interests Use of Sources.


Methyl bromide is a rodlike molecule with a large 1.8 D dipole moment that physisorbs on Pt(111) with its Br end preferentially bound to the surface. The kinetically controlled self-assembly of several ordered CH3Br structures following molecular adsorption at a surface temperature of 20 K and various annealing procedures is revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Thermal programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) provide complementary evidence for kinetic control over the CH3Br monolayer structures at temperatures under ∼100 K. A well-ordered (6 × 3) CH3Br monolayer can be formed by dosing CH3Br multilayers at 20 K and slowly annealing the surface to 104 K over several minutes. The unit cell contains four CH3Br molecules assigned to adsorption at Pt(111) top sites and 3-fold hollow sites in equal measure. The saturation coverage is 0.22 ML with respect to the Pt(111) areal density. RAIRS shows that CH3Br within the (6 × 3) monolayer is aligned along the s...


Parmigiano Reggiano is a hard, cooked cheese produced in specific areas of Northern Italy. The raw material is obtained by mixing the partly skimmed evening milk and whole morning milk. The mixture is then heated to 22°C, and natural whey starter is added at 28–30 g/l after 1–2 min, bringing the pH of the mixture to 6·2–6·3. After coagulation, which takes ∼15 min and occurs at 32–33°C owing to the addition of calf rennet powder, the curd is broken up for 2–4 min, cut into fragments and cooked at a temperature raised gradually to 42–44°C and then more quickly to 55–56°C over 10–15 min. The curd is left undisturbed, covered by the whey, for 40–60 min, then removed and placed inside a circular wooden mould. The cheese is held at ∼20°C for 3 d during which it is turned at frequent intervals to facilitate complete whey drainage. The cheese, which now has its typical shape and size, is then salted by immersion in brine (260–280 g NaCl/l at 16–17°C) for 20–24 d. During this period the cheese absorbs 15–18 g NaCl/kg and its weight decreases by 4%. During the subsequent period of ripening (12–24 months) in store rooms at 16–18°C and 85% moisture, the cheese is frequently turned. At the end of ripening the cheese is cylindrical in shape, with a slightly convex side, 0·22–0·24 m high, 0·40–0·45 m diam. weighs 35–36 kg, has 320–330 g fat/kg dry matter and a minutely granulated internal structure with small holes formed by the activity of some heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria.


Lacerations of the hand and wrist may affect underlying tendons.1 Although lacerations of the ankle are uncommon, injury to underlying structures is still possible. We report on four patients who presented an average of 23 years after injury to the ankle with the consequences of undetected tendon injuries.

Case 1 —A 43 year old man presented with a painful left flat foot. At 6 years of age he had sustained a laceration with glass below his left medial malleolus. At the time his family did not seek medical attention. Subsequently the inside sole of his left shoe was seen to be wearing out. At 13 years of age he was referred to an orthopaedic clinic and underwent an unsuccessful tendon repair. Inspection showed a 1 cm transverse laceration below his medial malleolus and a fixed pes planus deformity. His hindfoot was in 10° of fixed valgus (figure) and the ankle in 5° of fixed equinus. The patient's ankle-hindfoot and midfoot scores were 22 and 16 respectively with the scoring system of the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society for grading the functional status of the foot and ankle. The maximum score is 100 and lower scores reflect increasing severity of symptoms and disability.2 An x ray film showed degenerative changes of the ankle and hindfoot joints, and ultrasonography of the ankle showed a discontinuity of the tibialis posterior tendon.

Case 2 —A 35 year old woman …


A total of 177 stool samples from Chilean diarrhea patients under 2 years of age were tested for rotavirus by 2 methods--the indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (indirect ELISA) and viral RNA electrophoresis in agarose gels (v RNA EPH). 50 of the specimens came from patients with acute diarrhea and 127 from patients with protracted diarrhea. The indirect ELISA testing was performed at the National Institutes of Health in the US; the electrophoretic testing was carried out in Santiago Chile by the authors. The electrophoretic method detected rotavirus in 36% of the acute samples and 25% of the samples from protracted cases while the indirect ELISA method detected rotvirus in higher percentages of samples --46% and 38% respectively. These resuls support the conclusion that v RNA EPH is a less sensitive method for detecting rotavirus than the indirect ELISA. However the former methods high specificity ease of application and low cost make it worthwhile alternative to indirect ELISA. Thus considering the imporatnt role played by rotavirus in infant diarrhea and the need for a diagnostic technique that can be incorporated into the routines of medical center laboratories in developing countries there is good reason to conclude that v RNA EPH is a useful tool for studying rotavirus diarrhea. Authors modified)


Abstract Chromosome complements of Saga hellenica, S. natoliae, and S. rhodiensis consist of 2n = 28 + XO in males and 2n = 28 + XX in females (FN = 32 and 34, respectively). Robertsonian fusions and tandem fusion play the most important role in the evolution of the chromosome set in Saginae. The chromosomes of three species of Saginae were analyzed by four different staining methods: C-banding, Ag-NOR, DAPI and CMA3. The studied species show a uniform karyotype with differences in constitutive heterochromatin content. C-banding patterns plus fluoro-chrome staining shows differences between paracentomeric, interstitial, and telomeric segments, as well as the heterochromatin associated with NORs.


As the flying height of a slider in a hard disk drive decreases, the head and disk are more likely to come in contact and to generate contamination particles. Since particle contamination can cause serious problems including thermal asperity, its removal is very important to increase storage capacity. When particles are generated in a HDD, particles could be charged by several charging mechanism and have few number of elementary charge. In this paper, size distributions of particles from HDD and amount of particle charge with some rotational speed variations are shown. Also, the average numbers of elementary charge are calculated from experimental data. Following analysis from SEM images of charged particles, we can confirm some trends of experimental results


In 1983 the Department of Transportation evaluated the quality of construction of selected structural components on the Dade County Transportation Administration METRORAIL elevated guideways. The problem consisted of evaluating the completed construction based on a review of construction records, visual inspection, and testing of the components. A limited number of the over 7000 structural components were tested using nondestructive methods, physical sampling, and laboratory analysis of cores to determine whether or not the contractors had adhered to construction specifications. Various types of concrete distress and examples of specification non-compliance were found. Specific problems investigated were: prestress level in girders, in-situ concrete quality in columns and footings, steel placement and bonding, internal and external cracking and micro-cracking in concrete, and component dimensioning and tolerances.


In the title compound, [Co(C4H4O4)(C9H7N)2(H2O)2]n, the CoII cation, located on an inversion center, is coordinated by two succinate anions, two isoquinoline ligands and two water molecules in a distorted octahedral geometry. The succinate anion, located across another inversion center, bridges the Co cations, forming polymeric chains running along the b axis. The partially overlapped arrangement of parallel isoquinoline ring systems of adjacent polymeric chains and the shorter face-to-face distance of 3.402 (6) Å indicates the existence of weak π–π stacking in the crystal structure. Classical intra- and intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding and weak non-classical intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding help to stabilize the crystal structure.


This paper starts from the assumption that in order to increase India's role on a regionaland global scale the country has to consolidate its internal coordinates by stimulating economic andsocial development based on the three pillars of sustainable growth, namely the economic, social andenvironmental. It addresses various facets of India's socio-economic evolution and highlights thepotential impact of the current reform measures on sustainable development and social infrastructure,with direct implications for India's participation in the system of international relations. Despite thedemographic dividend and remarkable progress in reforms, India faces a number of constraints,which makes the development of physical and social infrastructure, reduction of the informal sector,diminishing of the negative externalities associated with urbanization and the decrease of dependenceon energy imports to be essential for achieving its goals in the future.


The mixing angle of vector mesons is calculated using the QCD sum rule method. We find the value of the mixing angle is: . The results of our study are compared with the other theoretical predictions.


This paper examines eight global hydrologic models (GHMs) across the Amazon basin for several basic performance metrics. The model configurations allow for somewhat limited comparisons of coarse granularity methodological choices (e.g. routing model, input forcing data) across the performance metrics for a subset of the GHMs. The submission is easy to read and logically organized with clearly stated objectives. The overall conclusion that the precipitation dataset may be the most important for essentially uncalibrated GHMs and that calibration of the routing model using daily KGE as


An account of the history of outbreaks of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera, is presented for the period 1933–1959 from published information and records maintained by the New South Wales Department of Agriculture. Population fluctuations during this period have been examined in relation to rainfall for seven of the major and intermediate outbreak areas in New South Wales. It has been shown that rainfall during the months August to December is important in its influence on locust numbers the following season, whereas that occurring between January and April is apparently not. Subnormal "early season" rainfall favours an increase in the locust population of an area in the next season, while above-normal rainfall favours a locust decrease in the following season. In each of the outbreak areas selected there was a significant negative correlation between the current first locust generation of the season (measured in terms of an arbitrary scale or index) and preceding early season rainfall; and the estimated regression lines due to the two variables in each area were apparently parallel, although not coincident. A multiple regression analysis was carried out incorporating the preceding autumn locust generation as an extra independent variable. When the Culgoa-Barwon outbreak area was eliminated from the analysis, it was found that the regression equations for each of the six other areas could be considered identical, even to the constant term, any differences between areas being attributable to differences in the values of the independent variables. A single multiple regression equation based on the data for the six areas combined was calculated, and it is suggested that this can be used to forecast approximately the size of the spring locust generation in time to plan appropriate control measures. Difficulties inherent in the data are pointed out and the disturbing influence of invasion of one area by migrating swarms from another discussed. It is believed that more refined methods of estimating locust numbers and greater knowledge of locust behaviour in relation to long-term rainfall influences would allow predictions of much greater accuracy to be made, based on the correlations established in the present paper. The relative significance of outbreak areas situated mainly in the Central Division of New South Wales and those in far western parts of New South Wales and Queensland is discussed. It is suggested that two of the most serious outbreaks on record were the result of long-range migratory flights from the latter areas. The importance of these areas as a source of outbreaks affecting South Australia, Victoria, and southern New South Wales is also emphasized, and a tentative explanation of the role of early season rainfall in these arid regions is given.


Wearable sensors have been implemented widely to provide comfortable and continuous long-term monitoring in many applications. Minimal requirements on maintenance is a main characteristic of wearable sensors, but unfortunately, many of them are still powered by battery with limited capacity which need to be charged or replaced regularly. Energy harvesting technologies are applied to provide a reliable solution to this issue. This paper presents several design considerations for self-powered wearable sensors. Suitable energy sources are discussed, such as ambient energy sources (solar, radio frequency, and ultrasonic energy), human body energy (mechanical, piezoelectric, triboelectric, electromagnetic, electrostatic, and thermal energy). Moreover, power management integrated circuits, energy storage options, and the material selection and conditioning circuit of triboelectric nanogenerator are discussed. Five case studies utilizing different energy harvesting techniques are discussed and evaluated in terms of their system implementation and performance to provide some deeper understandings of wearable sensors.


Through calibration to the start,brake and cutting capacity of AC variable frequency motor selected by foreign electrical supplier for the No.1 flying shear of a new high_speed wire rod production line,it was found that this kind motor cannot meet the requirements of production,so it was timely recalibrated and reselectd.Therefore,the appropriate selection of this motor is guaranteed,which has satisfied the production and avoided the future abnormal production due to the non_appropriate design and selection.


Thick-film cermets have been characterized. Relations describing their temperature dependence of resistance, piezoresistivity, 1/f noise and AC conductivity have been given on the basis of the percolation theory.


The frequency distribution of scores and response patterns reported in this article are similar to those obtained in Petrie's original study and further support the efficacy of the Penn-Stafford shortened pre-waiting period.


Significance Paleoclimatic proxy records from Greenland ice cores show that the last glacial interval was punctuated by abrupt climatic transitions called Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events. These events are characterized by temperature increases over Greenland of up to 15° C within a few decades. The cause of these transitions and their out-of-phase relationship with corresponding records from Antarctica remains unclear. Based on earlier hypotheses, we propose a model focusing on interactions between ice shelves, sea ice, and ocean currents to explain DO events in Greenland and their Antarctic counterparts. Our model reproduces the main features of the observations. Our study provides a potential explanation of DO events and could help assess more accurately the risk of abrupt climatic transitions in the future. The last glacial interval experienced abrupt climatic changes called Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events. These events manifest themselves as rapid increases followed by slow decreases of oxygen isotope ratios in Greenland ice core records. Despite promising advances, a comprehensive theory of the DO cycles, with their repeated ups and downs of isotope ratios, is still lacking. Here, based on earlier hypotheses, we introduce a dynamical model that explains the DO variability by rapid retreat and slow regrowth of thick ice shelves and thin sea ice in conjunction with changing subsurface water temperatures due to insulation by the ice cover. Our model successfully reproduces observed features of the records, such as the sawtooth shape of the DO cycles, waiting times between DO events across the last glacial, and the shifted antiphase relationship between Greenland and Antarctic ice cores. Our results show that these features can be obtained via internal feedbacks alone. Warming subsurface waters could have also contributed to the triggering of Heinrich events. Our model thus offers a unified framework for explaining major features of multimillennial climate variability during glacial intervals.


This paper deals with the heat transfer model of heating plane in AC electric heater.A solution of its temperature oscillation has been got for the purpose of the heating design.


There is considerable interest among consumer battery manufacturers to continue to eliminate toxic metals from battery products. Cadmium and mercury free battery products are now common place in the consumer market. As yet, lead remains in the zinc alloy of the zinc can used in the zinc carbon style cells. Anticipating the eventual need to remove lead from the zinc can of the zinc carbon cell, many types of "no lead added" zinc alloy cans have been evaluated for performance, leakage and cell gassing relative to two types of lead alloy zinc cans. Lead-free cans from the drawn and extruded manufacturing processes are compared. An improved drawn can concept was studied and compared relative to the other processes on significant performance and quality parameters. Significant differences are noted and reported between the various can types. The impact on performance of iron contamination in the zinc alloy is reported. An alloy additive was found that demonstrates significant promise for eliminating the bad effects of iron on corrosion and performance.


A model is proposed for the origin of cosmic rays (CRs) from ∼ 10 14 eV/nucleon to the highest energies (> 10 20 eV). GRBs are assumed to inject CR protons and ions into the interstellar medium of star-forming galaxies—including the Milky Way— with a power-law spectrum extending to a maximum energy ∼ 10 20 eV. The CR spectrum near the knee is fit with CRs trapped in the Galactic halo that were accelerated and injected by an earlier Galactic GRB. These CRs diffuse in the disk and halo of the Galaxy due to gyroresonant pitch-angle scattering with MHD turbulence in the Galaxy's magnetic field. The preliminary (2001) KASCADE data through the knee of the CR spectrum are fit by a model with energy-dependent propagation of CR ions from a single Galactic GRB. Ultra-high energy CRs (UHECRs), with energies above the ankle energy at > 3 ×10 18 eV, are assumed to propagate rectilinearly with their spectrum modified by photo-pion, photo-pair, and expansion losses. We fit the measured UHECR spectrum assuming comoving luminosity densities of GRB sources consistent with possible star formation rate histories of the universe. For power-law CR proton injection spectra with injection number index p > 2 and low and high-energy cutoffs, normalization to the local time- and space-averaged GRB luminosity density implies that if this model is correct, the nonthermal content in GRB blast waves is hadronically dominated by a factor ≈ 60-200, limited in its upper value by energetic and spectral considerations. Calculations show that 100 TeV – 100 PeV neutrinos could be detected several times per year from all GRBs with kilometer-scale neutrino detectors such as IceCube, for GRB blast-wave Doppler factors � < 200. GLAST measurements of -ray components and cutoffs will constrain the product of the nonthermal baryon loading and radiative efficiency, limit the Doppler factor, and test this scenario.


Summary Pulmonary dysfunction is a recognised complication of cardiac surgery. The study goal was to evaluate the injury to the lung at the microscopic level in patients presenting for cardiac surgery with the use of membrane oxygenator and to compare them with the findings of authors investigating such abnormalities caused by the use of older techniques. We studied 50 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. The anaesthetic and perfusion protocol was uniform in all patients. We showed injury to the terminal part of respiratory system ultimately causing damage to the alveolo-capillary membrane which may contribute to increased lung permeability in low risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery but apparently not causing clinical complications.


The two temary phase diagram comprising soybean oil,methanol and ether were obtained at 25℃ , 60℃ .Methyl ester was treated as solvent to mixture fuel of ethanol(methanol)and diesel.The results indicated that ether is used to convert the phase reactions of soybean oil and methanol into homogeneoud reactions and methyl ester isa good emulsifier for diesel - ethanol system.


Heat supply technology influences directly the production cost and efficiency of bitumen reservoir. This paper expounds the development of heat supply technology from three main points such as heat sources, heat net and cooling system, presents suggestions of improving asphalt heat supply system.


Wood anatomy of eight species of the series Arborescentes of Ipomoea is described. This group has arboreal or viny habit and white or yellow flowers. The species have a type of cambial variant which consists of concentric rings of xylem, phloem and conjunctive tissue. Taxa have solitary pores or sometimes they are grouped, rounded to elliptical and with medium tangential diameter; vessel elements are short with simple perforated plates, pits are alternate, polygonal. Tyloses are present. Fibre-tracheids have a medium length and diameter, and thin walls. Axial parenchyma is vasicentric although occasionally narrow bands are present. Radial parenchyma is formed by uniseriate to multiseriate rays, heterogeneous. Abundant starch grains and druses are present. Results are consistent with those found in the literature for the group, but there are statistical differences in length and diameter of fibres, height and cell number of uniseriate rays and height and series number of multiseriate rays.


Hub labeling is widely used to improve the latency and throughput of Point-to-Point Shortest Distance (PPSD) queries in graph databases. However, constructing hub labeling, even via the state-of-the-art Pruned Landmark Labeling (PLL) algorithm is computationally intensive. PLL further has a sequential root order label dependency that makes it challenging to parallelize. Hence, the existing parallel approaches are often plagued by label size increase, poor scalability and inability to process large weighted graphs.

 In this paper, we develop novel algorithms that construct the minimal (guaranteed) Canonical Hub Labeling on shared and distributed-memory parallel systems in a scalable and efficient manner. Our key contribution, the PLaNT algorithm, provides an
 embarrassingly parallel
 approach for label construction that scales well beyond the limits of current practice. Our approach
 is the first
 to employ a collaborative label partitioning scheme across multiple nodes of a cluster, for completely in-memory labeling and parallel querying on massive graphs whose labels cannot fit on a single node.

 On a single node with 72-threads, our shared-memory algorithm is up to 47.4X faster than sequential PLL. While our labeling time is comparable to the state-of-the-art shared-memory paraPLL, our label size is 17% smaller on average.
 PLaNT demonstrates superior parallel scalability. It can process significantly larger graphs and construct labeling orders of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art distributed paraPLL. Compared to the best shared-memory parallel algorithm, it achieves up to 9.5X speedup on a 64 node cluster.


The aim of the present work was to develop a microsponge delivery system of baclofen to control its release and thereby reducing dosing frequency and enhancing patient compliance. The microsponge was produced by oil in oil emulsion solvent diffusion method. The effects of drug/polymer ratio, stirring time and type of Eudragit polymer on the physical characteristics of microsponges were investigated. The prepared microsponges was characterized for production yield (PY), loading efficiency (LD), particle size, surface morphology, and in vitro drug release. The results showed that the microsponge formula with Eudragit RS100 had optimum physical properties with PY % equal to 97 %, and LD % equal to 81% and controlled drug release (75% of drug release in 8 hours) when compared with other formulas and pure BFN. Therefore, the non-aqueous emulsion solvent diffusion method is a promising method to produce baclofen microsponges.


By investigation and experiment, the results showed as follows: The toxin produced by blue algae which growed and reproduced in a large number in the pool poisoned the parent Macrobrachium rosenbergii The poisoned parent Macrobrachium rosenbergii ate little food and became weakly,and soon died in its shell because it had no enough energy to finish its exuviation


other publications. Nevertheless a more detailed index would be a good orientation for those wishing to use the handbook as a reference book. In addition, it would be desirable to provide the reader with a few more figures and tables to exemplify the respective context. Finally, I would like to highly recommend the reading of this persuasive compendium since it gives an excellent overview on economic geography and highlights its relevance for an understanding of the major economic processes in a globalized but locally embedded and place-attached world. The reading of the book should be recommended not only for geographers, but also for social scientists and economists interested in economic geographies.


We report an uncertainty evaluation of an 171Yb optical lattice clock with a total fractional uncertainty of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.6\times 10^{-16}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, which is mainly limited by the lattice-induced light shift and the blackbody radiation shift. Our evaluation of the lattice-induced light shift, the density shift, and the second-order Zeeman shift is based on an interleaved measurement where we measure the frequency shift using the alternating stabilization of a clock laser to the 6s2 1S0–6s6p 3P0 clock transition with two different experimental parameters. In the present evaluation, the uncertainties of two sensitivity coefficients for the lattice-induced hyperpolarizability shift <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula> incorporated in a widely used light shift model by RIKEN and the second-order Zeeman shift <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$a_{Z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are improved compared with the uncertainties of previous coefficients. The hyperpolarizability coefficient <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is determined by investigating the trap potential depth and the light shifts at the lattice frequencies near the two-photon transitions 6s6p3P0–6s8p3P0, 6s8p3P2, and 6s5f3F2. The obtained values are <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d=-1.1(4)\,\,{\mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>Hz and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$a_{Z}=-6.6(3)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Hz/mT2. These improved coefficients should reduce the total systematic uncertainties of Yb lattice clocks at other institutes.


Objective To investigate the effects of 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids(11,12-EET) on injury of endothelial cells induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1),and reveal the possible pathway of EETs on protection. Methods Primary cultured HUVECs were randomly divided into control group,11,12-EET control group,hypoxia/reoxygenation group,11,12-EET hypoxia/reoxygenation group. Hypoxia/reoxygenation injury model in HUVECs was produced by exposed to hypoxia(2% O2,5% CO2 and 93% N2) for 3 hours,respectively,followed by reoxygenation(95% air and 5% CO2). The cell viability were monitored by MTT assay. Colorimetry method was used to assay methyl lnedioxyamphetamine(MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in culture medium. The ICAM-1 mRNA expression was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The ICAM-1 protein expression was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent essay(ELISA). Western blotting method was used to detect the expression of protein kinase B(Akt). Results 11,12-EET caused the minor injury in normal oxygen incubated HUVECs,but in hypoxia/reoxygenation HUVECs,it raised the cell viability markedly,decreased MDA content,increased the activity of SOD and the expression of Akt,and depressed the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA and protein. Conclusion 11,12-EET may provid the protective effection against endothelial cell hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. The mechanism may be related to increasing the activity of SOD and elimination of oxygen-derived free radicals,increasing the expression of Akt,and depressing the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA and protein.


After the decade production in the old onshore oil field,it is urgent to find the replace resources as the key to sustainable development.The home and abroad exploration practice has indicated that the negative tectonics(called as sag) would be a significant exploration area in the future while the exploration extent in positive tectonics is very high.In this paper,Banqiao sag as a case,we set up the sand controlled model for the border fault compose styles by means of comprehensive investigation of structure-stratigraphy-sand contrained by sequence framework,and then identify the lithologic trap.Based on source rock and deep reservoir condition,we consider that the deep petroleum accumulation conditions in the Banqiao sag would be beneficial to find the lithologic oil gas reservoir.


Objectives: Understanding dose constraints for critical structures in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is essential for patient safety. Published dose constraints are derived by a variety of methods, including crude statistics, actuarial analysis, modeling, and simple biologically effective dose (BED) conversion. Because published constraints are inconsistent, without the discrimination of all the factors involved safe treatment could be compromised. Methods: A logistic dose-response model is provided for aorta and major vessels based on 625 cases, comprised of data from 238 published major vessel contours (Nishimura et al. JTO 2014 Sep;9(9):1370-6) and 387 cases from MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper University Hospital, primarily in 3-5 fractions. No CTCAE grade 3-5 major vessel complications occurred in our patients so we performed an aggregate analysis of the published dataset that had three complications with our patient population to gain an initial estimate of risk. The median number of fractions was 5, so all doses were converted to 5-fraction equivalent dose using the linear quadratic model with a/?=3Gy. The dose volume histogram (DVH) data was loaded into the DVH Evaluator software (DiversiLabs, LLC, Huntingdon Valley, Pa, USA) and maximumlikelihood parameter fitting of the logistic model was performed. Results: For the major vessel maximum point dose (Dmax), the fitted logistic 50% tolerance dose (TD50) was 81.0 Gy in 5 fractions and the slope parameter was ?50=3.1301. From this model, the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0813 dose-tolerance limit of Dmax=52.5Gy in 5 fractions was found to have a 1.2% risk of grade 3-5 toxicity, and the Timmerman 2008 limit of Dmax=45Gy in 3 fractions had 2.3% risk. A DVH Risk Map was constructed by graphing published dose tolerance limits with their estimated risk levels and overlaying the clinical dataset. From the model, the 1% and 2% risk levels for D4cc, D1cc, and D0.5cc are also determined for 3-5 fractions, and included in the DVH Risk Map providing safe limits. Conclusions From the DVH Risk Map including clinical outcomes data, published dose tolerance limits, and risk levels estimated from dose response modeling, we validated a set of safe limits for major vessels in 3 to 5 fractions, with about 2% risk for high-risk limits and about 1% risk for low-risk limits. 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 Open Access Abstract


We embed a simple incomplete-contracts model of organization design in a standard two-country, perfectly-competitive trade model to examine how the liberalization of product and factor markets affects the ownership structure of firms. In our model, managers decide whether or not to integrate their firms, trading off the pecuniary benefits of coordinating production decisions with the private benefits of operating in their preferred ways. The price of output is a crucial determinant of this choice, since it affects the size of the pecuniary benefits. In particular, non-integration is chosen at "low" and "high" prices, while integration occurs only at moderate prices. Organizational choices also depend on the terms of trade in supplier markets, which affect the division of surplus between managers. We obtain three main results. First, joint product and factor market integration leads to the convergence of organization design across countries. Second, even in the absence of factor movements, the price changes triggered by liberalization of product markets can lead to significant organizational restructuring within countries. Third, the removal of barriers to factor mobility can induce further organizational changes, sometimes adversely affecting consumers, which suggests a potential complementarity between trade policy and corporate governance policy. JEL classifications: D23, F13, F23.


The rural wealth-leader is one of the 10 projects of targeted poverty alleviation in the period of poverty alleviation. As the "leading wild goose" in rural areas, the personal characteristics of the rural wealth-leader directly affect the effect of stabilizing poverty and increasing income of poor farmers. Based on the survey of the rural wealth-leader in 10 cities and 21 counties, this paper systematically analyzes the path of poverty reduction by the rural wealth-leader, combs out the key individual characteristics that affect farmers' poverty reduction, and puts forward a research hypothesis. Through empirical analysis, the research hypothesis is tested and the influencing mechanism is analyzed. The model results show that: The rural wealth-leader has a significant effect on increasing farmers' income and eliminating poverty. The rural wealth-leader with high education level and engaged in e-commerce has a significant effect on increasing farmers' income. Party members and the skilled rural wealth-leaders have a significant impact on rural households' poverty alleviation. The income increasing effect of culture and education is negatively affected by corporate loans, and the income increasing effect of e-commerce is negatively affected by corporate profits. Therefore, we should improve the profit distribution mode of e-commerce related enterprises to avoid farmers being marginalized in the process of e-commerce development. The skills, management and financial knowledge training of the rural wealth-leaders should be strengthened to improve their knowledge and skills. Meanwhile, supporting fiscal, financial and tax policies should be improved.


Since the eschatological-historical perspective of existence is the foundation of the existence of the Orthodox Church, death as a historical "phenomenon" certainly represents the greatest challenge to such a way of existence. Unpleasant associations and discomfort in our mental confrontation with death arise on the one hand from the fear of bodily pain that often accompanies the post-mortem states of a person. However, negative associations in relation to the notion of death most often have their origin in the ideological approach to death. Death, in this sense, is the last enemy that is identified with the terrible "reality" that somehow happens in space and time against the will of man. From a different perspective, we note that the mystagogical approach to death begins with the awareness of its association with man from the act of his creation, so that in divine mystagogy death becomes undoubtedly recognized first as a condition for the possibility of our repentance. Therefore, in the mysterial axiological dimension of life, death as a historical reality does not represent an ideological danger to existence, but a kind of path to the divine salvation of post-fallen man. The threat of death enables man to renew his life in a God-human manner according to eschatological-historical patterns by which man acts as an icon of God. To that extent, the way of researching our topic must be related to the Church as a liturgical-symbolic community on which the world rests, since it acts as the Body of Christ in which mortal man and creation with the help of divine actions are directed towards God as the Cause of immortality.


Brands frequently rely on envy as a means of fostering brand connection and motivating consumer purchase. The current investigation extends recent consumer research in this area, using an interpersonal envy-inducing method to capture envy's effects on consumers' brand and product perceptions. We find that while lower self-esteem consumers withdraw from brands when experiencing malicious envy, higher self-esteem consumers preserve or enhance their relationship with an envied brand when experiencing this emotion. As such, while using envy to foster brand relationships and motivate purchase can be successful with higher self-esteem consumers, among lower self-esteem consumers this tactic is likely to prove largely ineffective and may in fact backfire. Finally, we also show that providing external opportunities to self-affirm in ways other than brand or product denigration reduces the negative consequences of envy among low self-esteem consumers.


Driving innovation and continuous improvement with regard to ecological, environmental and human sustainability is essential for win–win globalization. That calls for research on strategic and monitoring planning to manage globalization and technological and scientific change. This paper describes a new basic function of the university institution 'to teach students to be critical about any kind of information' and presents perspectives, efforts and three proposals for the establishment of a system for managing globalization and technological and scientific change.


The present invention provides a plating apparatus and a method of manufacturing a wiring circuit board. Plating apparatus having a plating tank. In the plating tank containing a plating solution. Using a long-shaped substrate transport roller to pass through a vertical plating bath. In the plating bath, in a manner aligned along a longitudinal rod-shaped anode electrode substrate provided three or more. An anode electrode disposed at both ends of the surface area of the small specific surface area of the other of the anode electrode.


Whey is a costly and environmentally harmful co-product. Coming from the activities of dairy industries, especially cheese production, whey cannot be discarded directly into the environment because it has a high content of organic matter, which can become an environmental and economic problem, since its treatment for subsequent disposal is time consuming and laborious. In recent decades, however, much research has been developed in search of viable alternatives for the use of whey, instead of just discarding it. One alternative to this is the valorization of whey. The valorization of whey is, therefore, of great interest for economic-environmental reasons and is essential to meet the requirements of Agenda 2030, especially with regard to ODS 6, 9 and 12 (Drinking Water and Sanitation; Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure; Responsible Consumption and Production, respectively). This article sought to present a characterization of the production of whey, through a literature review using bibliometric techniques, in order to highlight some alternatives for the reuse and valorization of whey in the industry and its relationship with the environment and the environmental impacts correlated to the disposal and improper handling. Pointing out industrial sectors that can insert whey in production with a view to sustainability and reduction of environmental impacts. With the review of the selected articles to compose this work, it was possible to identify that the valorization of whey is an excellent alternative that should be implemented in industries and that provides gains in both economic and environmental issues.


Sasak is one of the Indonesia indigenous tribes who live in the island of Lombok. Until now, they still maintain the customs and culture as well as settling in Sembalun, Senaru, Segenter and Sade. The Large of Sasak traditional settlement area in Lombok is not increased so that it feared the carrying capacity will be exceeded and could lead to a shift of customs and culture. This paper (1) to formulate the concept of a traditional Sasak sustainability settlement, (2) reconstruct the conception and typology of layout, mass configuration, space-organization, structure and building construction homes custom of Sasak, to analyze the sustainability level of Sasak traditional settlement used questionnaires Community Sustainability Analysis. The result obtained in this study is the traditional settlement of the Sasak people - PTSDS is in conformity with the Eco Village concept of Global Eco Village Network. It is evident from the analysis of data by CSA witch finds the total in 1226; with the value of the ecological aspects, the social aspect and the spiritual aspect, respectively 432, 373 and 421, witch means the Sasak People - PTSDS shows very good progress on sustainability.


Kru migrants in Liverpool represent in several ways a unique group of immigrant workers. First, they were 'twice migrants', having migrated from their original homeland in eastern Liberia to Sierra Leone before coming to Liverpool. Secondly, they retained a transient status because, as seafarers their constant contact with Freetown meant they retained a firm grasp on the possibility of return even after they had settled. Kru transience manifest itself through the perpetuation of a Kru ethnic identity and through their relationships with local women. Continuing commitments to both their wives and home in Freetown meant that such relationships were often short‐term or common law. Those Kru who did make the shift in status from transient seamen to settlers perpetuated their Kru ethnic identity, since this served as a defence mechanism against their marginal status, and the hostility meted out by white society. Settlement in Liverpool bestowed on the Kru 'dual membership' of both British society, through the ...


Background See the Medical Assistance in Dying report for a summary of how this issue has developed over the past two decades in Canadian governments, courts and the Church. With Medical Assistance in Dying now legal in Canada, people participating in United Church of Canada communities of faith are faced with their loved ones choosing such assistance in dying, or considering this option themselves, and with health care professionals in their communities who are discerning their response to this option. How can the church support people challenged with such a decision? How can the church prepare people for end-of-life decision-making? What context can the church provide for thinking about dying in general, and Medical Assistance in Dying in particular, from our theology and faith tradition? The report advocates community-focused and theologically robust discernment on a case-by-case basis that also ensures the protection and care of those potentially made vulnerable by this new law and others like it.


In his massive "History of Women" (1782), Scottish physician William Alexander took a comparative view of women, both in the successive stages of society and in different cultures around the world.


This research aims to analyze the data on patent filings at the Insti (CI) of the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil, from 1980 to 2010. More specifically, aims to analyze the inventors and most productive areas, as well as network co-authored by researchers applied to different areas of Science & Technology. Moreover, evaluate the internationalization of Brazilian Science and Technology, through the presence of these researchers in Brazil in an international database. The UNESP concentrates several areas of knowledge and it is one of the universities in Brazil that has more emphasis on their scientific and technological production, present in all regions of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, distributed in 24 cities, totaling 34 colleges and institutes. In the research procedure, a list of all patents filed on behalf of UNESP, provided by UNESP Technology Innovation Agency (AUIN) was analyzed. They were categorized in the same types of records patent (RP) and brands. Then tables were constructed, where we obtained data on inventors and their departments of origin within the Institute. The themes were also associated with the authors. The presence of Brazilian researchers internationally has been verified through the database Derwent Innovations Index (DII) of Thomson Reuters. The collaborative network of authors was built by software Pajek. The results of the inventors and more productive areas, especially area of Exact Sciences and Earth, with emphasis in Physics, Chemistry and Health Sciences. We conclude that this research may provide support for academic excellence in CI of UNESP, Brazil and also to evaluate the internationalization of patent records and may contribute to new patent studies of the institution UNESP and Brazil. Keywords Patentometric. Patents. Technological Innovation.


This paper addresses compensation performance of the constant dc-capacitor voltage-control (CDCVC)-based strategy for smart charger with the previously proposed reactive power control algorithm in single-phase three-wire distribution feeders (SPTWDFs) under distorted source voltage conditions. The instantaneous power flows into the smart charger is discussed in detail. This instantaneous power flowing into the smart charger shows that the CDCVC-based strategy with the previously proposed reactive power control algorithm achieves balanced and sinusoidal source currents with a power factor of 0.9, which is a predefined value, are achieved. Thus, the previously proposed reactive power control algorithm with the CDCVC is applicable under distorted source voltage conditions. A computer simulation is implemented to confirm the validity and practicability of the previously proposed reactive power control algorithm with the CDCVC under distorted source voltage conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that sinusoidal and balanced source currents with a power factor of 0.9, which is a predefined and acceptable value by Japanese regulations, are achieved in SPTWDFs under the distorted source voltage conditions.


The problem that is being solved in the research is to increase the efficiency of decision-making in management tasks while ensuring the given reliability, regardless of the hierarchical nature of the object. The object of research is the decision-making support systems. The subject of the research is the decision-making process in management tasks using an improved cat flock algorithm. The research hypothesis is the possibility of increasing the efficiency of decision-making with a given assessment reliability. In the course of the research, an improved method of parametric optimization based on the improved algorithm of the cat flock was proposed. In the course of the research, the general provisions of the theory of artificial intelligence were used to solve the problem of analyzing the state of objects and subsequent parametric management in intelligent decision-making support systems.
The essence of the method improvement lies in the use of the following procedures, which improve basic procedures of the cat flock algorithm, namely, search and chase:
– training of individuals of a cat flock with the help of evolving artificial neural networks;
– taking into account the type of uncertainty of the initial data while constructing the metric of the path of the cat flock, which reduces the time of searching for the optimal solution;
– searching for a solution in several directions using individuals from the cat flock, which reduces the time of searching for the optimal solution;
– initial display of individuals from the cat flock not randomly;
– additional consideration of the chase parameter, which limits the chase area, which allows to take into account the priority of the search;
– the ability to determine the need to involve additional network hardware resources.
An example of the use of the proposed method is presented on the example of assessing the state of the operational situation of a group of troops (forces). The specified example showed a 17–23 % increase in the efficiency of data processing due to the use of additional improved procedures


Objective To study the technique advantages and the rational image processing of 16-detector mutic-slice CT(MSCT) for diseases of paranasal sinuses.Methods Conventional axial spiral scanning of paranasal sinuses were performed in 68 cases of chronic sinusitis using a SIEMENS Sensation 16 MSCT scanner.The collimation was 0.75mm,table speed was 5mm/cycle.Reconstructed a series of thin slice and high resolution imags,the slice thickness was 1mm,50%increments(0.5mm),the kernel was H70h very sharp.Then loaded the images series into 3D card,the imags were reconstructed into standard axial,coronal and sagittal secondary recongstruction images with software of multi-planar reconstruction(MPR).The ostiomeatal complex was mainly observed,especially the small anatomic structures of paranasal sinuses from different orientation.Results MPR secondary recongstruction images could reach the isotropy,the small anatomic structures of paranasal sinuses could clearly demonstrated.Conclusion The technique of MPR secondary recongstruction of 16-detector MSCT will provide a new modality for diseases of paranasal sinuses.


The growth of the elderly population (aged 65 and over) during the next two decades is projected to be faster in Asian countries, with an annual growth rate of 3–3.3%, than in developed countries (1.7%). The ageing in Asia is particularly dramatic for China: between 2000 and 2050, the proportion of people aged 65 and older will rise from 7% to 23%, numbering more than 332 million in 2050 in China, far greater than the combined elderly populations of North America, Europe and Japan. This book tries to capture the significant economic, market, social and demographic factors that will shape the future of China and the role that ageing will play in the mix of influences. While the author acknowledges the complexity of China as one country, two systems (rural, urban), but four societies (farming, manufacturing, services, knowledge), and the difficulty of getting accurate statistical data in China, he endeavours to probe into the interaction of socio-economic changes with ageing in China: the movement from a command to market economy, rural-to-urban migration, extended to nuclear family, imbalance arising from one-child policy, the change from a pyramid to an upside-down pyramid age structure, and a rising elderly dependency ratio. Ageing is seen negatively as a 'burden' and 'challenge' in this book. Will the destiny of China be shaped by demographics alone, as suggested by the author? In the Chinese culture, longevity is something to be treasured and celebrated. The Chinese character for 'longevity' symbolises the younger generation offering their produce to the older generation, an indication of intergenerational harmony rather than tension. Someone interested in the economic aspects of ageing in China would enjoy this book, but it throws more uncertainties and questions than answers.


The activity of six Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) Cry proteins against third-instar Prays oleae (Bernard) larvae was examined. Five of the toxins tested (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Da, Cry1Ja and Cry2Aa) proved active against P. oleae, the highest larval percentage mortality being obtained with by Cry2Aa and Cry1Ja. LC50 values were 0.12, 1.2 and 6.17 µg/ml for Cry1Ca, Cry2Aa and Cry1Ja, respectively. Relative potencies were calculated and Cry1Ca was found to be significantly (44-fold) more toxic than Cry1Ja.


This article contributes to an area where there has been little previous research by evaluating how Norwegian package tours are designed, distributed and produced by the main firms, the competitive dynamics of the industry in Norway and the interactions within the stages of designing, distributing and producing/consuming between business actors. Methodologically the study follows a case study research strategy based on semi‐structured interviews, documents and secondary data. The activities of the three multinational companies dominating the market are compared based on six activity stages of the package tour value chain. Ultimately, the business of package tours appears to be a very complex and difficult strategic and managerial balancing act. There are many indications that the actors in the Scandinavian tour operator market make great efforts to obtain economies of scale by increasing size and turnover, by coordinating the utilization of capacities of the subsidiaries they own and control, and by continuous efforts of 'industrialization' of the service production delivery system. By undertaking diversification strategies the parent companies are able to spread their risks over different target markets and destinations. More research is needed to gain a better picture of the way tour operators manage at regional and corporate levels.


The lack of a set of external net stands at Fengting River Hydropower Station,would seriously effects its later engineering schedules and the operation.In this case,by changing the ways of its outgoing lines and using the existing net stands,it could put into operation in advance finally.After its operation,the station shall be operated safely and economically and improve its own economic returns.


Joining the Civil Service through the Civil Service Exam is one of the most sought-after careers in Pakistan. With each passing year number of CSS, aspirants are increasing. Among the Civil service, the Police Service of Pakistan (PSP) and the Pakistan Administrative Service (PAS) are most sought after due to the power and nuisance value that these cadres promise. This paper has tried to address why PSP remains a preferred choice and what are the motivating factors that PSP officers have when they opt for the Police service of Pakistan. The study has adopted an interpretivist epistemology with a constructivist ontological stance and has applied the method of thematic analysis of interviews conducted with Police officers of different ranks in the police service of Pakistan. The study found that the PSP officers view themselves to be in a superior position compared to other groups, the motivations for joining police service include the perception of superiority, power, protection, nuisance value and ability to influence society through police office. The study also found that the PSP officer perceives himself/herself differently. The motivations of noncommissioned officers are however different. Keywords: Police Service of Pakistan (PSP), Civil Service of Pakistan, Police Reforms, Cavil service Reforms, Interpretivism, interpretivist research, constructivism, constructivist ontology. Selection of Police as a Career. Public sector employment.


Children with disabilities often require a variety of services to develop to their full potential. Currently, centralized services and residential institutions have become less accepted as a matter of course. Interagency Coordinating Councils (ICCs) were created to lead integration of services for children with disabilities in the context of decentralized service provision and a growing preference for person-centered, community-based services. In this article, the authors examine the federal ICC and several state ICCs in a case study of the challenges associated with orchestrating multilevel interagency collaboration. Emergent themes of interorganizational infrastructure, the shaping of participation, and service purposes and priorities are discussed as important elements of the ongoing creation of a new governance of services for children with disabilities.


Abstract Objective: To determine the possible association between azurocidin in maternal serum in the first trimester of pregnancy and subsequent spontaneous preterm labor, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes, and iatrogenic preterm delivery. Methods: Women who underwent first trimester screening for chromosomal abnormalities between January and November 2011 were included in the study, and a sample of maternal serum was obtained. In total, 1905 women were followed-up through the local record system, and 13 women with spontaneous preterm labor, 17 women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), and 16 women with iatrogenic preterm delivery were identified. Twenty-two women with uncomplicated pregnancies who delivered at term were selected as controls. Maternal serum azurocidin levels in women were determined using ELISA. Result: Women with PPROM had lower azurocidin levels (median 0.91 ng/mL, range 0.2–2.07) than women who delivered at term (median 1.63 ng/mL, range 0.4–10.98; p = 0.02). No differences in azurocidin levels between women with labor at term and those with either spontaneous preterm labor (median 1.46 ng/mL, range 0.19–2.59; p = 0.42) or iatrogenic preterm delivery (median 1.60 ng/mL, range 0.66–7.96; p = 0.27) were found. Conclusions: Low levels of azurocidin in maternal serum in the first trimester were associated with subsequent PPROM.


Rectangular coordinate equations to describe the gear side surface and root surface of helical cylinder gear are ed up in this paper.Parametric values on the contact lines of disc cutter blade and the side surface cogwheel, disc cutter blade and gear root surface are determined by using vector method. A program block diagram is set up. Thus bring about the computer design of gear shape for helical cylinder gear and disc cutter.


In the context of electromagnetic compatibility ventilation panels with small quasi-periodic openings exist. The standard finite element (FE) method leads to a large number of unknowns for ventilation panels. An efficient multiscale FE approach is introduced to cope with the multiple scale problem. To this end, special functions are computed by solving cell problems for a single aperture with FEs of higher order to enhance the FE space. The proposed technique is able to cope with varying thickness es of the metallic sheet of the ventilation panel and arbitrary shapes of apertures, as well as lossy materials and frequencies in a wide range. The introduced method improves essentially the accuracy of coarse FE simulations for ventilation panels in 3-D.


FAILURE OF AN aircraft engine in flight changes the propeller of that engine from a source of thrust to a parasitic source of drag. Present-day propellers, selected for the efficiency with which they convert tremendous horsepower into thrust with comparatively small blade area, absorb proportionately high horsepower when wind-milling the engine. The propeller used on the Martin model 202 airplane converts a maximum of 2,400 horsepower into thrust at take-off. The same engine and propeller combination exerts a drag equivalent to approximately 220 horsepower when being windmilled at take-off air speed. In contrast, the drag of the feathered propeller is equivalent to 12 horsepower. Thus, it is evident that in the event of an engine failure, in addition to the immediate loss of half the thrust, a windmilling propeller steals approximately 10 per cent of the horsepower available from the remaining engine, reducing the net thrust to approximately 45 per cent of normal. With one propeller producing drag and the other producing thrust, a turning moment exists, tending to turn the airplane in the direction of the faulty engine.


We have performed extensive near-infrared (JHKs) imaging polarimetry toward the Vela C molecular cloud, which covers the five high-density sub-regions (North, Centre-Ridge, Centre-Nest, South-Ridge, and South-Nest) with distinct morphological characteristics. The obtained polarization vector map shows that three of these sub-regions have distinct plane-of-the-sky (POS) magnetic-field characteristics according to the morphological characteristics. (1) In the Centre-Ridge sub-region, a dominating ridge, the POS magnetic field is mostly perpendicular to the ridge. (2) In the Centre-Nest sub-region, a structure having a slightly extended nest of filaments, the POS magnetic field is nearly parallel to its global elongation. (3) In the South-Nest sub-region, which has a network of small filaments, the POS magnetic field appears to be chaotic. By applying the Chandrasekhar–Fermi method, we derived the POS magnetic field strength as ∼70–310 μG in the Centre-Ridge, Centre-Nest, and South-Ridge sub-regions. In the South-Nest sub-region, the dispersion of polarization angles is too large to apply the C-F method. Because the velocity dispersion in this sub-region is not greater than those in the other sub-regions, we suggest that the magnetic field in this sub-region is weaker than those in other sub-regions. We also discuss the relationship between the POS magnetic field (configuration and strength) and the cloud structure of each sub-region.


Paper deals with the phenomenon of elasto-plastic deformations for the concrete cylindrical shells. The investigation is conducted through finite element modelling wherein for a fixed geometry of the section. The parameters of span are considered. The thickness for the problems tackled is kept equal to 12.5cms considering shell as thin type. The initial point of the analysis is the inherent elastic stresses arising from the self weight of the shells. Subsequent loading is in the form of small size loading increments wherein two types of loads are considered. These are uniform surcharge over the top surface of shell and longitudinal thrust over the span. For the finite element modelling, the type of element considered is 4 noded flat plate elements. The results related to the elasto-plastic deformations are presented in the form of the plastic flow pattern as the applied load is incremented.


This paper presents a multiphysical model for a microtubular solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) using syngas as fuel. The proposed control-oriented syngas fuel cell model includes both hydrogen and carbon monoxide co-oxidation phenomena and is demonstrated through the electrochemical, fluidic, and thermal dynamic characteristics of the fuel cell. The developed model is validated experimentally under different operating conditions regarding different reaction temperatures, species partial pressures, and entire working range of current densities. As an important part of the model, the co-oxidation phenomenon of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is discussed in details. The developed model can be used in embedded applications such as real-time simulation, which can help to design and test the control and online diagnostic strategy for fuel cell power generation system in the industrial applications.