In the new curriculum reform,scaffolding instruction is very popular among the teachers who work in primary schools or middle schools.The article discusses if scaffolding instruction has the general adaptability in the class teaching system through analyzing its stand,theoretical basis,characteristics,operating procedures,and the obstacles in the application.


The nonfluorinated parent dibenzalacetone 1 as well as the corresponding penta- (2) and decafluorinated (3) derivative compounds were prepared, crystallized, and subjected to co-crystallization experiments. Only 3 yielded a 1:1 co-crystal with 1, while 2 did not form co-crystals with either 1 or 3. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns were determined to verify the co-crystallization experiments. The influence of the fluorine on the molecular geometry and crystal packing were studied and comparatively discussed. Conclusions with reference to the priority of Ar···ArF contact modes in the crystalline packing being in competition with other fluorine and non-fluorine involved supramolecular interactions were drawn.


In this paper I want to explore the connection between psychoanalytic theories of paranoia and postmodern culture. This will involve offering a definition of both paranoia and postmodernism as conditions characterized by a similar crisis in interpretation. I find clear symptoms of this 'interpretive paranoia' in examples of postmodern fiction which obsessively foreground the process of interpretation, often revealing it to be paranoid. By doing so, such texts draw attention to the reader's own paranoid quest to interpret as s/he reads.


A management apparatus includes an obtaining part configured to obtain a first log data of a first electronic device that is capable of transmitting the first log data, a generating part configured to generate a second log data of a second electronic device that is unable to transmit the second log data, a calculating part configured to calculate a first power consumption amount consumed when the first and second electronic devices are used during a predetermined period, and an outputting part configured to output the power consumption amount calculated by the calculating part.


More and more, the world is moving towards an increasingly inter-dependent legal jurisdiction. While national legal cultures and legal jurisdictions continue to exist, legal practitioners and educators are increasingly required to know and understand the international implications of imposing national laws. At the same time, legal education and legal culture has remained seemingly unchanged in the wake of the reality of legal practice in the 21st century. This article discusses the results of a research project undertaken with the support of City University of Hong Kong. The focus of the research project is a market assessment of the required legal skills for lawyers in the 21st century. In this first article, I discuss the current state of the research findings and its implications for the skills required of 21st century lawyers and the future of legal education.


Genetic diversity is the baseline for survivability and improvement of livestock in a wide array of environments. Variations among Red Sokoto, Sahel and WAD goats was determined using 5ml of blood collected by jugular venipuncture from 150 randomly selected goats (50 goats per breed). The samples were subjected to Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis to determine the genetic variants of Haemoglobin (Hb), Transferrin, Carbonic Anhydrase, Albumin, Esterase 1, Esterase 3 and Alkaline phosphatase. Allele frequencies, similarity indices as well as genetic distances among the breeds were estimated. All the breeds in this study were polymorphic for Haemoglobin, Transferrin, Carbonic Anhydrase, Albumin, Alkaline phosphatase and Esterase 1 except WAD which was monomorphic for Alkaline phosphatase. The frequencies of Hb A was considerably higher in Red Sokoto and WAD while frequencies of Hb B were higher in Sahel goat population. The significant deviations from HWE (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001) was observed for some of the loci within the breeds. Genetic distance (D) obtained in this study ranged between 0.0648 and 0.1579 which indicates little genetic differentiation between the breeds. The results of this current study suggest that genetic improvement will be better achieved if WAD and Sahel goats are crossed.


ABSTRACT Kotter's (1996. Leading Change. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press) model is one of the most frequently cited guides for implementing planned organizational change. While this model is widely used across many industries and contexts, including higher education, there are few research studies and cases that provide in-depth information on the applicability and potential of this model to inform successful change initiatives. In this paper, we describe how we used Kotter's model as a guide when embarking on a multi-year effort to change our university's system for student evaluation of teaching. This change involved a shift in both instrument and technology and involved dozens of stakeholders in a complex and changing environment. Our case provides an example of how Kotter's model can be helpful in implementing change on a variety of initiatives within institutions of higher education. Limitations and implications for both research and practice are discussed.


The current understanding of the mechanism of inoculation of the eutectic in commercial Fe-C-Si alloys using either silicon containing alloys or graphite has been discussed. The mechanism whereby inclusion formation within a cast iron melt is essential for inoculation effectiveness in ferro silicon inoculation has been reviewed. The role of graphitic inoculants has been presented, including the results of recent research that confirms the inoculating capability of graphite and demonstrates those factors which must be considered in evaluating inoculation effectiveness. Fading of inoculation, both ferro silicon and graphite, and the mechanism whereby this occurs, has also been discussed.


This Independent Practitioner Inquiry Capstone (IPIC) aims to provide relevant information, from a Peace Corps (PC) Volunteer (PCV) standpoint, on a renovation project that was implemented in the village of Vorniceni, Republic of Moldova. At its core, this was a community development project that involved the active participation of the community of Vorniceni, providing local resources and knowledge towards the goal of building a healthier sanitation facility on the second floor of the local kindergarten. The results of this effort indicate that the involvement of the client (people) is crucial to success in implementing projects, and it shows that a basic problem-solving method would probably be well supported. İt also demonstrates that the priorities of a community may differ from another, but these priorities must be taken into consideration and respected. One last aspect of the project was that it presented the notion of staying within the rules when funds were involved. Because there was a certain amount of funds involved as a part of the grant, the controlling system and the implementing system were meticulously monitored. Those involved in the project gained confidence in the project as work began and the funds were gathered, and they started to believe that the deadlines and goals of the project would be met in a timely manner. CAPSTONE: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN MOLDOVA 2 Introduction This IPIC aims to provide relevant information, from a PCV standpoint, on a renovation project that was implemented in the village of Vorniceni, Republic of Moldova. The renovation took place at the second floor of the local kindergarten, bringing together the whole community, from different backgrounds of people, for its completion. PC is a government organization that has six core community development programs: agriculture, community economic development (CED), education, environment, health and youth development. The agriculture program has the volunteers work with small-scale farmers and their families to increase security and production, and adapt to climate change while promoting environmental conservation. CED is designed for volunteers to work with development banks, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and municipalities to encourage economic opportunities in communities. The education program has the volunteers work in elementary, secondary or postsecondary schools, teaching subjects such as math, science, or conversational English; or work as resource teachers or teacher trainers. In the environmental program, volunteers lead grassroots efforts to protect the environment and strengthen the understanding of environmental issues. The health program aims for the volunteers to work with their communities to promote important topics such as nutrition, maternal and children`s health, basic hygiene and water sanitation. The youth program has volunteers work with youth in communities to promote engagement and active citizenship, including gender awareness employability, health and HIV/AIDS education, environmental awareness, sports and fitness programs, and information technology. The scope is to recognize the proposed problems, identifying them and, with the help of the volunteer, seek reasonable solutions to these problems. CAPSTONE: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN MOLDOVA 3 Working as a community organizational development advisor for the community, the CED program overlaps with the goals and objectives of creating a better solution to problems while working with the community members to make use of local resources. The intention of the program is to depict the notion that the community has the capability of solving problems and coming up with solutions that are unique to their local culture. CED program aims to increase inclusion and participation in all types of community projects, as well as bring different people into the decisionmaking process to acquire new skills, and to learn and practice leadership skills at a community leadership level. Additionally, this program works on creating opportunities for individuals to develop new skills and expertise, working together to enhance both the individual and community capacity of problem solving. The last component the program tries to tackle is for the individual and the community to plan together for future changes that might require creativity and flexibility. In addition to the CED program goals, the PC provides the volunteers with a 3-week, in country language and cultural awareness training that is followed by In Service Trainings (IST) after the first year of volunteering completion. The language training provides the volunteer the capability to understand the context he or she is working in, as well as the cultural context he or she will be engaged in. These trainings tie in with the CED program goals where the volunteers engage with the community, identifies needs by assessing different fields of development and adequately providing the community with his or her talents. Wenocur (2004) stated "the objective of the field worker is to help people make use of social resources: family members, friends, neighbors community organizations and social agencies to solve problems, the field worker strengthens and develops the resources by bringing people together in groups and organizations through community education and by organizational CAPSTONE: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN MOLDOVA 4 development"(p.6). The cultural differences between the host community and how the individual that is making an effort to understand and interpret the native culture makes an explicit impact on the experience of the researcher or volunteer and what they can contribute to the society they are living in. The researcher or volunteer is encouraged to be more flexible in situations he or she has not been in before. Having the knowledge of the local culture helps him or her present possible solutions in a more culturally acceptable context to the community he or she is working in. By being accepted in the community, the researcher or volunteer has more room for suggestion on what strategies might need to change in order to reach the desired outcome. The mistakes and misunderstandings that happen between the community and the researcher also may demonstrate to the volunteer many valuable lessons and skills relevant for future projects or studies. They may set a foundation of strategies that are guidelines for other researchers or volunteers, as well. Sherif (2001) pointed out that even though the volunteer or researcher might have a connection, or what could be perceived as an advantage of being a partial insider, he or she learns a lot throughout their journey. One of the barriers Sherif talked about is the language barrier and not understanding what is conveyed in certain situations. The reactions she got from her host families where she was conducting the study guided her to be more conscious of her behavior when she was around them. She observed that some of her colleagues felt left out and had very little communication with the host society. This distance created a general bias and even a bond between her and her fellow researchers. She found herself playing the role of a bridge between the two


This study explored a conceptual model of learning in Web courses which proposed relationships between self-regulated learning skills, course structure, computer technology experience, and satisfaction with perceived learning in Web courses. Results indicated that self-regulated learning skills are directly related to satisfaction with learning at a significant level, that computer technology experience may function as a moderating variable, and that course structure may function as a mediating variable in satisfaction with perceived learning in Web courses.


An analysis of insular solutions of Einstein's field equations for static, spherically symmetric, source mass, on the basis of exterior Schwarzschild solution is presented. Following the analysis, we demonstrate that the regular solutions governed by a self-bound (that is, the surface density does not vanish together with pressure) equation of state (EOS) or density variation cannot exist in the state of hydrostatic equilibrium, because the source mass which belongs to them, does not represent the "actual mass" appears in the exterior Schwarzschild solution. The only configuration which could exist in this regard is governed by the homogeneous density distribution (i.e. the interior Schwarzschild solution). Other structures which naturally fulfill the requirement of the source mass, set up by exterior Schwarzschild solution (and, therefore, can exist in hydrostatic equilibrium) are either governed by gravitationally-bound regular solutions (i.e. the surface density also vanishes together with pressure), or self-bound singular solutions (i.e. the pressure and density both become infinity at the centre).


ABSTRACT This paper describes three eras of state building and higher education in Canada. Higher education in 'Old Canada' before WWII was mostly a small collection of colleges that bore imprints of American and British institutions and provided personnel needed to develop a vast and sparsely populated territory. The 'Hey Day of Canadian Nationalism' from 1950 to 1990 greatly expanded universities and colleges in a broader project of modern state building and social uplift, borrowing organizational models from mass-access American state colleges. The third era, 'Transnational Nation-Building,' spanning the past 20 years, uses Canadian degrees and diplomas to lure selective immigrants who seek Canadian citizenship and entrée to an emerging transnational class of English-speaking professionals. That strategy, along with a series of converging forces, is leveraging Canadian colleges and universities to implicitly adopt a new institutional path. We end by discussing insights that the Canadian case may provide for comparative understandings of higher education and state building.


A novel mid-infrared gas sensor that utilizes laser technology has been developed and according to cascade technologies will offer a wide range of benefits for continuous emissions monitoring applications.


The test of simulation part of a propeller of airplane at different rust corrosion impairment conditions on the experiment machine and electromagnetic table was conducted,whilst the rule of impairment surface ratio A changes with low-cycle loading N,and the change rule of vibration frequency in line with the ratio of corrosion impairment depth,corrosion length and corrosion impairment area were given.The experiment shows that,when the loads and the temperature are the same,the property of material,shot-peen process and the operating environment are impartment factors for corrosion impairment of propellers;and the damnification area A and damnification depth H have more influence on the vibration frequency of propellers of airplane.The most limit depth ratio is 0.14,and the most limit damnification depth of simulation part is 0.7mm.The ratio of damnification area is 0.015,and the most limit damnification area of simulation part is 3.006mm2.


As a photoelectric functional material,ZnO exhibits great potential in energy and environmental applications,which are currently the major issues confronting human society.The photoelectric properties of ZnO are closely related to its structure.We therefore first give a brief introduction to the preparation and structure of ZnO.Next,we discuss the defects present in ZnO nanomaterials and the influence of doping on their properties.We then give a detailed discussion about their applications,with special mention of photoluminescence and solar cells.We envision that the research and development of ZnO nanomaterials may help to achieve the sustainable development of energy and protection of the environment.


In this thesis, we apply the sample average approximation method to stochastic routing problems. We replicate the results by Verweij et al.
(2003) with respect to the shortest path problem with random travel times and the traveling salesman problem with random travel times. In addition, we propose a branch-and-cut framework to apply the sample
average approximation method to the traveling salesman problem with random travel times and soft time windows. Different approaches for eliminating subtours are evaluated. We find that we can solve the
problems using less memory by adding subtour elimination constraints in fractional branch-and-bound nodes.


An extended ab initio study of the Cotton-Mouton effect of CO2, N2O, OCS, and CS2, employing correlated wave functions expanded in correlation consistent basis sets as large as t-aug-cc-pVTZ and an ...


Cotton fabrics are treated by the degraded chitosans in different molecular weight. The structure of cotton fabric finished before and after are investigated by means of FTIR,and the crease resistance and water vapour permeability of finished cotton fabric are also tested. The results show that the water vapour permeability and crease resistance ability of cotton fabric are improved when it is treated by using chitosan of its Mv (viscosity-average molecular weight) is less than 2.5×104 and its concentration is 0.6%. The absorbing method is much better than the immersion method. The lower the molecular weight of chitosan, the better the crease resistance ability of the treated cotton fabric.


In this paper, we investigate acoustic features which differentiate the two speech registers neutral and intimate within different constellations of speakers and addressees. Three different types of speakers are considered: mothers addressing their own children or an unknown adult, women with no children addressing an imaginary child or an imaginary adult, and children addressing a pet robot using both intimate and neutral speech. We use a large, systematically generated feature vector, upsampling, and SVM and RF for learning. Results are reported for extensive test-runs facing speaker- independency and using PCA-SFFS vs. SVM-SFFS for feature ranking. Classification performance and most relevant feature types are discussed in detail.


This paper concerns the extendability of boundary quasiconformal homeomorphisms of domains in and the problem of determining whether or not a domain is quasiconformally equivalent to a given domain. In particular, we prove that any boundary QC homeomorphism of domains bounded by finitely many QC-flat spheres has a QC extension to the entire domain, generalizing some well known results. We also show that if a portion of a domain D near its boundary can be mapped quasiconformally into a portion of a topological n-ball (n ≠ 4) D′ near its boundary, then D is QC equivalent to D′ generalizing a result of Gehring.


: An important priority of Kazakhstan, voiced in the Address of President Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan "Strategy" Kazakhstan-2050 "- the new political course of the state", is the achievement of the leading positions in the world food market and the increase of agricultural production. The development of the food industry in Kazakhstan is currently particularly relevant in the changed environment conditions - with accession to the Customs Union and the planned entry into the WTO, as well as due to changes in the internal environment - in conditions of population growth, intensive growth in food consumption and changes in consumption patterns Towards more quality and diverse products. Within the framework of the Joint Action Plan of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Regulation and Supervision of the Financial Market and Financial Organizations for Stabilization of the Economy and Financial System for 2009-2010, 120 billion KZT allocated from the National Fund On realization of investment projects on import substitution and development of new export-oriented sectors in the agro-industrial complex. One of such sectors is the development of a network of dairy farms. The food industry of Kazakhstan is one of the strategically important industries, designed to provide sustainable supply of the population with the necessary food and quantity.


Abstract A long time after the 1989 regime change, teenagers' representations of the communist past are entirely a matter of political socialization. In the absence of any direct experience with the former regime, their perspective on Communism is expected to develop exclusively in relation to school, family, mass media or other agents of socialization. This research note explores the Romanian teenagers' representations of the communist past based on survey data collected on a sample of 5,861 students enrolled in 86 schools across the entire country in 2010. A form of 'second-hand' nostalgia for Communism is identified among many of the teenagers investigated, regarded as an outcome of socialization in relation to family and school. Positive representations of the communist past appear to be facilitated by a lower socio-economic status, lower education, and the absence of travelling abroad experiences.


In this paper the intensity distribution resulting from random illumination of a plane finite surface is found by solving the equations governing the propagation of the two point correlation function in free space. Using an ensemble average the distribution at some distance from the radiating surface is found to be the Lambertian distribution multiplied by the Fourier Transform of the correlation function defined over the illuminated surface. The ensemble average is then shown to be equivalent to either space or time averages in a variety of cases. Dans cet article, on calcule la distribution de l'intensite provenant d'une illumination quelconque d'une surface plane finie, a partir des equations qui regissent la propagation de la fonction de correlation de deux points de l'espace libre. Utilisant une moyenne d'ensemble de la distribution a quelque distance de la surface eclairee, on trouve que la distribution est celle de Lambert multipliee par la transformee de Fourier de la fonction de correlation defin...


This is the first monograph which systematically treats elliptic boundary value problems in domains of polyhedral type. The authors mainly describe their own recent results focusing on the Dirichlet problem for linear strongly elliptic systems of arbitrary order, Neumann and mixed boundary value problems for second order systems, and on boundary value problems for the stationary Stokes and Navier-Stokes systems. A feature of the book is the systematic use of Green's matrices. Using estimates for the elements of these matrices, the authors obtain solvability and regularity theorems for the solutions in weighted and non-weighted Sobolev and Holder spaces. Some classical problems of mathematical physics (Laplace and biharmonic equations, Lame system) are considered as examples. Furthermore, the book contains maximum modulus estimates for the solutions and their derivatives. The exposition is self-contained, and an introductory chapter provides background material on the theory of elliptic boundary value problems in domains with smooth boundaries and in domains with conical points. The book is destined for graduate students and researchers working in elliptic partial differential equations and applications.


The present study was aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of gymnemic acid (GA) in Wistar rats. The different doses of GA were tested for their anti-inflammatory in carrageenaninduced rat paw oedema animal model by using buzzer assisted plethysmograph and antinociceptive activities by tail immersion screening model in organ bath, respectively. It was found that GA at the dose of 100 and 150 mg/kg, p.o, significantly (P<0.01) inhibited the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and significantly (P<0.01) suppressed the threshold pain of rat by tail immersion method. GA showed significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities at 2nd and 3rd hr. Further, to know the possible mode of action, we evaluated the effect of GA on castor oil-induced diarrhea. The frequency of stool formation was reduced due to GA in castor oil-induced diarrhea, perhaps due to suppression of prostaglandin, suggesting anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. The current findings demonstrate that the administration of GA at the dose of 100 and 150 mg/kg, by oral route produced significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in Wistar rats.


This chapter investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the productivity of Italian provinces over the period 2003-2009. Our findings suggest that recipient local economies are on average more productive when they receive FDI. Nevertheless, our estimates reveal that spillover effects are solidly concentrated in provinces with the highest absorptive capacities, thus reinforcing the notion that local competences play a crucial role to capture the benefits associated with inward FDI. This evidence suggests that policy measures for the attraction of FDI should necessarily be accompanied by interventions aimed at generating adequate skills and competences at the local level.


Evolution of a human being and society is developed in two directions. We are the witnesses of the real revolution in biology and genetics, which promotes further effective strengthening and development of the natural abilities of a human being. At the same time the conditions are gradually formed, which extend the opportunities of society development on the way to forming trans/post-human being.


The potential use of trace analysis based on room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of adsorbed organic compounds is presented for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH or PNA). Limits of detection and selectivity are discussed. Choice of heavy atom perturber, solvent, pH, excitation and emission wavelength, and lifetime offer an almost limitless combination of parameters to vary the selectivity of the RTP technique. (DLC)


The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using low tube voltage, low‐concentration contrast media and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) for reducing the radiation and iodine contrast doses in adrenal and nephrogenic hypertension patients.


Medicinal plants used in the treatment of various diseases and are source of many new molecules. This work investigates the chemical composition of the aerial parts of the infusion and methanol extract of Indigofera hirsuta (Fabaceae), popularly known as "anileira" and found in the Brazilian Cerrado. The infusion was fractionated by gel permeation chromatography and medium pressure liquid chromatography, it was possible to isolate kaempferol, protocatecuic acid, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, tryptophan and uracil. The methanol extract was fractionated by high pressure liquid chromatography, which allowed the isolation of gallic acid, methyl gallate, rutin and kaempferol-3O-β-D-glucopyranoside. The substances were identified by spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR and NMR) and confirmed by the use of HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS coupling. The infusion, methanol extract and isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using DPPH. The methanol extract showed significant antioxidant activity, while the tea did not show significant antioxidant activity, when compared to gallic acid. Among the isolated substances methyl gallate presented the highest antioxidant activity. The I. hirsuta was also evaluated for its gastroprotective activity in lesions induced by absolute ethanol in 3 different doses (125 mg.Kg, 250 mg.Kg and 500 mg.Kg ).The lowest dose showed the best effect. However, the infusion not active gastroprotective.


Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) determines element-specific intermolecular interactions of light elements in liquid phase since it is related to a core electron excitation. We have newly d...


This paper reports the performance characteristics of two antennas fabricated on two different types of substrates: polyester and cotton. Two different types of conductive textile materials are used in this work, which are Pure Copper Polyester Taffeta Fabric and Shieldit Super. The performance characteristics include reflection coefficient, radiation pattern and current distribution are examined. The impedance and radiation characteristics of the proposed antennas, as studied by both simulation and experiment, are satisfactory.


Using the spatial analysis function in GIS,a digital elevation model(DEM)of the water basin was established to extract its topography and geomorphology data.The model was also applied to engineering calculation of hydrology and water conservancy,project layout,earthwork and warping dam design of channels in Shanbei Nangou watershed.CAD was exploited to derive design drawing as well as 3-D active map.The landscape effect as reality can be gained in different point of view and altitude,so as to provide the theoretical basis for the design of warping dam and reduce the water loss.


Taking into account the speciality of individual soldier assisting device,the paper designs a pressure compensated miniature hydraulic system. Through the pressure compensation,the mutual interference of the four branches in this system is avoided. It is verified that the four branches can work simultaneously and independently by modelling and simulation in AMEsim and meet the work requirements of the individual soldier walking power.


SUMMARY This pa,per describes the general formulation of mesh gluing problems. The meshes coinposed of displacement finite elements models are allowed to be non conform at the interface. This incoii-ipatibility results from non coincident nodes or from different elements types. According to the existing references, two solutions are examined: Lagrange multipliers method and penalty function method. Advantages and drawbacks of both are discussed. For the second oiie, reference values of penalty factors are deduced in some particular examples.


This study examined the effects of a behavioral parent training program presented in a manner either congruent or incongruent with participant's locus of control orientation. Statistically significant interactions between locus of control orientation and presentation mode were formed for the management skills and child behavior measures. Greater positive attitudinal changes were realized by parents participating in the shared-control training group.


The presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment, and the effects that the ingestion of these materials can have on organisms, can be aggravated by the adsorption of harmful substances on the surface or inside the MPs. Of special relevance are the studies that have been carried out on the adsorption and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs). This review will delve into the research carried out to date regarding the adsorption by conventional and biodegradable MPs of dangerous organic compounds such as those mentioned. In general, the presence of MPs is considered a vector for the entry of these contaminants into living beings, since their capacity to adsorb contaminants is very high and they are ingested by different organisms that introduce these contaminants into the trophic chain.


Let p be a prime and f(x, y) be a polynomial in Zp[x, y]. For α > 1, the exponential sums associated with f modulo a prime pα is defined as S(f;q)=∑e2πif(x)q. It has been shown that the estimation of S(f; pα)depends on the cardinality of the set of solutions to the congruence equation associated with the polynomial. In order to estimate the p-adic sizes of common zeros of partial derivative polynomials associated with certain class of polynomial of degree eleven, the Newton polyhedron technique will be used. Then, the indicator diagram is constructed and analyzed. Hence, the estimation of the cardinality of the set of the solutions is determined.


A new computational method is introduced that allows interpolation of the electron-phonon matrix elements in the space of localized Wannier functions, extending a previous method for study of polar semiconductors. The amount of broadening of the bands in GaAs due to electron-phonon scattering is presented, showing good agreement with experimental results. The method is shown to perform better than an empirical pseudopotential.


In this paper a novel approach is proposed based on single Euler number feature which is free from thinning and size normalization for multi-font and multi-size Kannada numeral recognition system. A nearest neighbor classification is used for classification of Kannada numerals by considering the Euclidian distance. A total 1500 numeral images with different font sizes between (10..84) are tested for algorithm efficiency and the overall the classification accuracy is found to be 99.00% .The said method is thinning free, fast, and showed encouraging results on varying font styles and sizes of Kannada numerals.


Background: This study aimed to compare the results and complications of photorefractive keratectomy with alcohol versus mechanical corneal epithelial debridement in myopia and myopic astigmatism.
Methods: This prospective comparative interventional study was done on 1250 eyes of 625 patients who were candidate for photorefractive keratectomy. Each patient was randomly assigned to the group of mechanically or alcohol assisted epithelial removal. The epithelium was removed mechanically in one group and with 20% ethylic alcohol in the other group.
Finding: 658 eyes were in alcohol group and 592 eyes were in non alcohol group. Mean spherical equivalent was -3.8 ± 1.3 D in non alcohol and -4.37 ± 2.3 D in the alcohol group (P = 0.78). There was no significant difference in postoperative pain between two groups (P = 0.22). Uncorrected visual acuity of ≥ 20/20 and ≥ 20/40 were achieved in 90.9% and 98.9% of alcohol group and 93.4% and 99.5% of non alcohol group respectively (P = 0.36 and 0.21). Refraction of ± 1.00 D was achieved in 90% of alcohol and in 92.2% of non alcohol group respectively.
Conclusion: Epithelial removal with diluted ethanol provides a safe, simple and fast technique.
Keywords: Photorefractive keratectomy, Corneal surgery, Laser, Debridement.


Despite its Colbertist tradition, the French government neither organized the health system nor truly ensured its regulation before the end of the 20th century. The distribution of powers is therefore particularly complex in France. Since the 1980s, the assertion of state power has been accompanied by a proliferation of health structures and agencies, the individualization of compulsory health insurance, and the institutionalization of supplementary insurance. Normative and budgetary powers are thus fragmented and complicate any overarching approach to health and medical/social issues. The health system is now faced with increased conflicts over legitimacy which could paradoxically end up strengthening the role of the political authorities and cause universal health insurance to retreat in favor of corporate social protection.


Objectives:To introduce an operative method for the extreme lateral lumbar disc herniation.Methods:6 cases were treated with anterior extraperitoneal lumbar disc excision and lumbar intervertebral bone grafting.Results:follow up study was carried out for 12~36 months in 6 cases.All patients resumed routine work and had not serious complicatins,besides slightly back pain in 2 patients.X ray film showed the fusion of intervertebral bone grafting were good in 3 patients.Conclusions:Anterior extraperitoneal operation is beneficial to the lumbar stability and can reduce postoperative complications .It is an effective method for the extreme lateral disc herniation.


Mass balance calculation method, which is one of the evaluation methods to estimate the release rate of biocides into the sea from antifouling paints, is theoretical method but not the actual measuring one. This paper reports an actual measuring result in comparison with the theory of the mass balance calculation method. The procedure to achieve this purpose, consumed film thickness and consumed copper amount from test panels were measured to get the total amount of copper released, then divided by immersion periods to get the release rates of copper. The result of hydrolysis type antifouling paint showed constant copper release during the test periods. On the other hand, the result of ablative type antifouling paint showed larger copper release at the first two months then became smaller at the later periods. But when the lifetime of antifouling paints was considered, the results were close to the values of mass balance calculation method. From the results, both types of antifouling paint were considered to be applicable to mass balance calculation method.


Natural environment means that the composting is done in the hole of land. Around 700 kg organic wastes of chicken manure put in the hole of land with 2 m length, x2m wide x1m height. During the composting we turn the heap of compost every two weeks. The data we want to collect is the temperature of the heap of compost in the exterior zone (0-20 cm, ), deep zone (50 cm from surface, ) and low zone (80 cm, from surface). We also analyse the chemical characteristics include the pH, N,P,K total, NH4, Ca,Mg total and C/N ratio; while the organic fraction analysis include the cellulose, lignin, protein, total sugar. The results of the study show that organic waste from chicken manure can be managed by composting process by the indicator of the change of the colour, odours, structure and the size of carbon to nitrogen ratio. Based on the results of organic fraction, the biodegradation of cellulose and lignin in the natural environment is significant. The chemical characteristics of chicken manure composted show the high contain of NH4. The evolution temperature during composting present the thermophilic phase more than 4 weeks. Based on this results we can conclude that the characterictic of chicken manure decomposition during the composting in natural environment is very important to obtain the good quality of compost. The total of microorganims after 6 weeks decrease significantly.


The bacterial ribosome has many functional ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sites. We have computationally analyzed the rRNA regions involved in the interactions between the 30S and 50S subunits. Various properties of rRNA such as solvent accessibility, opening energy, hydrogen bonding pattern, van der Waals energy, thermodynamic stability were determined. Based on these properties we selected rRNA targets for hybridization with complementary 2′‐O‐methyl oligoribonucleotides (2′‐OMe RNAs). Further, the inhibition efficiencies of the designed ribosome‐interfering 2′‐OMe RNAs were tested using a β‐galactosidase assay in a translation system based on the E. coli extract. Several of the oligonucleotides displayed IC50 values below 1 μM, which were in a similar range as those determined for known ribosome inhibitors, tetracycline and pactamycin. The calculated opening and van der Waals stacking energies of the rRNA targets correlated best with the inhibitory efficiencies of 2′‐OMe RNAs. Moreover, the binding affinities of several oligonucleotides to both 70S ribosomes and isolated 30S and 50S subunits were measured using a double‐filter retention assay. Further, we applied heat‐shock chemical transformation to introduce 2′‐OMe RNAs to E. coli cells and verify inhibition of bacterial growth. We observed high correlation between IC50 in the cell‐free extract and bacterial growth inhibition. Overall, the results suggest that the computational analysis of potential rRNA targets within the conformationally dynamic regions of inter‐subunit bridges can help design efficient antisense oligomers to probe the ribosome function.


The hexaferrites present today a great interest in the field of electromagnetic waves absorbents. We have studied Z type hexaferrites which composition is Ba 3 Co 2 Fe 24 O 41. The origin of magnetic permeability in such polycristalline materials is not so far perfectly known, especially in terms of relations between properties and microstructure. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate some of the issues involved in designing ferrite materials. On the one hand we have dealt with the relation between the elaboration conditions of the materials and their microstructure. On the other hand the influence of the microstructure on microwave behaviour has been studied. Investigated materials were in an intermediate state between the poly and monocristalline one.


Hearing science, or the study of how the auditory system functions and responds to sound in humans and other animals, is a topic that has been studied using modern scientific methods for nearly 200 years. The current approaches to hearing science are highly multidisciplinary, integrating acoustics with many fields, such as psychology, biology, engineering, computer science, statistics, and audiology. The study of the encoding and perception of simple and complex sounds means that there is considerable overlap with other technical areas of the Acoustical Society of America, including architectural, speech, music, and animal bioacoustics. Hearing scientists are also concerned with hearing disorders, vibrotactile and vestibular sensation, the interaction of hearing with other sensory modalities, development, and aging, as well as learning and plasticity effects in auditory function. This talk will highlight (1) the various brain areas involved in auditory processing and (2) the technological innovations in h...


Abstract THE fact that semen can be stored in the female reproductive tract for appreciable lengths of time has been a source of interest to investigators attempting to store semen in vitro without loss of viability. Many reports have appeared describing the diversified nature of semen and the physiology of spermatozoa of both mammalian and avian species with the conclusion that no single factor can be independently correlated with fertilizing ability or held responsible for the loss of viability upon storage. It is a well-known and accepted fact that hydrogen ion concentration influences respiration. Winchester and McKenzie (1941) examined respirational differences of ram and boar sperm in the presence of varying pH's and observed decreasing respiration rates as the pH deviated in either direction from the optimum values of 7.2 to 7.3 for boar and 7.0 to 7.2 for ram semen. Lardy and Phillips (1943) found an optimum pH of 7.25 …


The printed circuit board unit 13, a semiconductor device 26 during the operation of the semiconductor device 26 generates heat. Heat of the semiconductor element 26 is transmitted to the package substrate 16 and the mother board 14. Coefficient of thermal expansion of the thermal expansion coefficient and the motherboard 14 of the package substrate 16 is different. This stress is generated in the package board 16. On the package substrate 16 is the reinforcing member 18 is accommodated in the inside with respect to the second prism space 33. In this way, the reinforcing member 18 is bonded to the surface of the package substrate in the junction region 16, that extends towards the inside from the outer edge. As a result, the second prism area increase of the rigidity of the package board 16 compared to the case to be bonded to 33 to package substrate 16 than the reinforcing members 18 to the outside is suppressed. Concentration of stress at the corners of the package substrate 16 is avoided. Breakage of the terminal bumps 17 in the bump open the outermost circumference is avoided. Printed circuit board, semiconductor devices, thermal expansion coefficient, a motherboard, a package substrate, the bump


Ad hoc network has the characteristics of variable topology,bandwidth limited and energy constrained.According to these characteristics,this paper introduces the ant colony algorithm to the simple nondisjoint multipath and proposes a new multipath algorithm(ACO-SNDMR.)The new algorithm combines the distributed character,parallelism and positive feedback character of ant colony algorithm with the advantages of energy efficiency and reliability of the simple nondisjoint can provide the routing with constraints.The simulation results show that the new algorithm is effective and superior to the simple nondisjoint multipath algorithm.


Sociologists increasingly face choices among competing algorithms that represent reasonable approaches to the same task, with little guidance in choosing among them. We develop a strategy that uses simulated data to identify the conditions under which different methods perform well and applies what is learned from the simulations to predict which method will perform best on never-before-seen empirical data sets. We apply this strategy to a class of methods that group respondents to attitude surveys according to whether they share construals of a given domain. This allows us to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of the methods we consider, including relational class analysis, correlational class analysis, and eight other such variants. Results support the "no free lunch" view that researchers should abandon the quest for one best algorithm in favor of matching algorithms to kinds of data for which each is most appropriate and provide direction on how to do so.


The title compound, (C13H14N2)·(C8H6O4), was hydrothermally synthesized by the reaction of 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane, terephthalic acid and deionized water at 413K. This complex crystallized in triclinic system, space group Pī with a=0.952 67(19) nm, b=1.192 7(2) nm, c=1.695 9(3) nm, α=96.40(3)°, β=98.12(3)°, γ=101.52(3)°, and Z=2. As characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, the asymmetric unit of the title compound is constructed from terephthalic acid(tp) molecules and 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane(bpp) molecules. The two-dimensional geometry of the title complex is constituted by two types of intermolecular π-π interaction and O—H…N hydrogen bonds.


In multi-path fading channel,the use of a fixed modulation technique in OFDM systems will cause waste of resources.How to take the adaptive modulation techniques in OFDM systems is the key technology for improving the mobile communication.An adaptive algorithm based on dynamic SNR switching levels is given in this paper.To ensure the BER of communication quality,this algorithm can distribute bits and power in accordance with the state of various channels and achieve the optimum,under the advantages of PSK and QAM these two types of modulation.The simulation results show that this algorithm could improve the spectrum efficiency of OFDM systems and also yield significantly better performance.


The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and the Energy Policy Act of 1992 called for the introduction of cleaner, alternative fuels into transportation fleet markets. Despite federal mandates for alternative-fuel vehicle (AFV) use and federal and state incentives, the growth in sales of AFVs and compressed natural gas vehicles (NGVs) has not matched expectations. Some of the reasons why AFVs in general and NGVs in particular have yet to gain a strong market presence are briefly reviewed. Insight into the potential role of clean air credits is offered. The use of clean air credits is one mechanism by which the environmental benefits of some AFVs can be quantified and used to push the economic equation in favor of NGV ownership. Applicable regulations, guidance, and programs are discussed, with examples of successful and unsuccessful attempts to apply open-market trading concepts to advance NGV use provided. Estimates of the potential value of credits in specific applications demonstrate the magnitude of improvement in the economics of NGVs that clean air credits offer. Key questions and practical constraints that states seeking to implement clean air credit programs encounter and needed regulatory clarifications are identified.


An algorithm based on a combination of the upper bound method and finite element representation has been developed. The algorithm is applied to the problem of a rigid indenter ploughing through a rigid/perfectly-plastic material


According to its materials and operating parameters, MOX sensors respond to target gases only by a change in sensor resistance with lack in selectivity. By use of IR spectroscopy, highly discriminatory information from samples at a molecular level can be obtained and the selectivity can be enhanced. A low-volume gas-cell was developed for a commercially available semiconducting metal oxide (MOX) methane gas sensor and coupled directly to a mid-infrared gas sensor based on substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) technology combined with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. This study demonstrates a sensing process with combined orthogonal sensors for fast, time resolved and synergic detection of methane and carbon dioxide in gas samples.


Plastic waste is a problem that has not been resolved to date, meanwhile with an increase in the population will also follow the increase in the volume of waste generation generated from human activities. Other alternatives are needed to handle the volume of plastic waste in the Dumai City environment such as making ecobricks. This research is intended to see the relationship between plastic waste processing and ecobrick manufacturing on the level of environmental awareness for Dumie STIE-TN students using simple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS version 24. From the results of simple linear regression it can be concluded that making ecobrick has a positive regression coefficient. This shows that the making of ecobrick, has a positive influence on the level of environmental concern for students of STIE-TN Dumai.
Keywords: Ecobrick, Plastic Waste, Environment


A surface-modified with homogeneous and well organized dense layer deposition, it is to provide a method for producing a silica substrate. The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of inorganic substrate surface-modified with organic groups. The method includes the surface of the inorganic substrate having a silanol functional group, at a temperature below 30 ° C., is contacted with an organic solvent solution of an organic trihydrocarbyl silane. Inorganic substrate having a silanol functional group comprises silica particles, glass, other quartz or mica sheets, wafers type silicon covered with silica layer deposited in a suitable pretreatment.


The relative pressure coefficients across the (AlxGa1–x)0.5In0.5P alloy range are accurately reported for the first time as a function of the aluminium content. Low temperature continuous‐wave photoluminescence (CWPL) at hydrostatic pressures up to 30 kbar was used on a specially designed sample.


The reform of cooperative savings & credit union sector which introduced new organizational and regulatory solutions has been facing severe criticism due to the significant increase in the sector's regulation, especially with respect to the smallest credit unions. The purpose of the following paper is to assess the implementation of the Principle of Proportionality of Regulation in the sector of Polish credit unions and to do research into the perception of regulation changes in the sector among the employees of selected cooperative savings & credit unions in the Wielkopolska province. In the majority of implemented changes, the Principle of Proportionality has not been taken into account. It is only the Polish Financial Supervision Authority which considers in its recommendations the necessity to differentiate the obligations imposed with respect to the particular cooperative savings & credit union's scope of activity. The employees of the institutions in question have assessed the reform of the sector negatively, however, their opinion on proportionality is equivocal.


Sir, Pseudoparaproteins are benign proteins that are not normally present, or present at low concentrations, in serum and could be misinterpreted upon protein electrophoresis as a monoclonal paraprotein. Strobel estimated that pseudoparaproteins were observed in 10.5% of specimens sent for protein electrophoresis. Multiple myeloma is a common cause of chronic renal failure (CRF). Analysis of samples from patients with CRF is sometimes difficult because paraproteins as well as pseudoparaproteins are frequently encountered in this group of patients. Fibrinogen is an important source of pseudoparaproteins in CRF arising from ineffective clotting of blood due to anticoagulation during haemodialysis, or excessive citrate content in transfused blood. The patient was a 66-year-old woman with no significant history except hysterectomy 20 years previously. She was not on any medication or herbal medicine and was admitted to the casualty department because she had been feeling generally unwell for 2 months. She also complained of nausea, decreased urinary output and frothy urine. Physical examination revealed an anxious patient with a blood pressure of 180/80; no significant chest and abdominal finding was noted. Initial investigation on blood samples saved in the casualty department revealed high blood/plasma creatinine (1207 mmol/L), haemoglobin 6.1 g/L, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 113 mm/h, random glucose 10.7 mmol/L, and normal clotting profile (prothrombin time 11.6 s, activated partial thromboplastin time 29.5 s). Liver function test results were normal except for a high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of 168 U/L. Adjusted calcium and phosphate were 1.70 mmol/L and 3.19 mmol/L, respectively. Venous blood gas analysis showed compensated metabolic acidosis (pH 7.28, pCO2 4.2 kPa, HCO3 14 mmol/L). CRF was diagnosed and the patient was subsequently admitted to the renal ward and treated with haemodialysis and transfusion of packed cells. In the casualty department, a clotted blood sample was saved for serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) before the commencement of haemodialysis and blood transfusion. A protein band, measuring 5.8 g/L by densitometry, was detected at the b/c region (Fig. 1). No immune paresis was observed. Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) was subsequently performed. No visible band was seen by antibodies against c, a, m heavy chains or k/l light chains (Beckman Coulter, USA). IFE was repeated with various dilutions of the serum to rule out prozone effect but the findings were consistent. IFE with d and e heavy chain antisera (Dako, Denmark) was also performed. Prominent e and barely visible d heavy chain bands were observed at the corresponding position. Serum total IgE concentration by chemiluminescence immunoassay was 15 kIU/L (Immulite 1000 analyser; Diagnostic Products Corp., USA; reference interval of authors' laboratory 10–180 kIU/L, 1 IU52.4 ng). Urine protein electrophoresis demonstrated glomerular proteinuria without Bence-Jones protein. Repeated SPE performed on another specimen obtained later could not detect the abnormal protein band. Analytical interference was suspected, and IFE with the use of fibrinogen antiserum revealed a strong positive band at the same position. The preliminary results of electrophoretic studies suggested a case of IgE paraproteinaemia which may be caused by IgE myeloma. Since IgE myeloma is extremely rare, analytical interference was investigated before making the diagnosis. The possibility of IgE myeloma was subsequently excluded by the normal serum total IgE concentration. In the case of paraproteinaemia, high dose hook effect of our serum total IgE assay was unlikely because of the wide dynamic range (1–2000 kIU/L, corresponding to 2.4 mg/L–4.8 g/L). If total IgE concentration is found grossly elevated and no definite light chain band is identified by IFE, immunoselection may be indicated for the diagnosis of e heavy chain disease.


Mass customization is expanding in the manufacturing industry, and it is indispensable to realize a flexible and agile production line by using digital technology. The purpose of this research is to build a system that can quantitatively evaluate the status of the production line. We create a sensor device that can be easily attached to the equipment. This device collects data useful for calculating the time needed to produce a product (i.e., production cycle time). By using the data, the system can evaluate production efficiency. The experiment shows the production cycle time can be visualized, and it can help evaluate production efficiency.


s of papers submitted after the last date, i.e., 1st October, 1932, shall on no account be printed in the advance copy of abstracts. (9) Papers will not be accepted from individuals who have not paid their subscription for membership. Forms of application for membership can be obtained from the General Secretary, Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1, Park Street, Calcutta. Will our readers kindly take this notification as the first official intimation with regard to the 1933 Congress? We trust, further, that the members of the medical and veterinary professions in Patna will co-operate to make the 1933 Congress a successful one. There are three classes of members of the Indian Science Congress, viz:? (a) Full members; annual subscription, Rs. 10. (b) Associate members; annual subscription, Rs. 5. (c) Student members (who must be certified by the principal of their college to be such), Rs. 2. Only full members have the right to read papers. Associate and student members may submit papers through a full member. Subscriptions should be paid to the Hony. Treasurer, Indian Science Congress, c/o the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1, Park Street, Calcutta. THE INTERNATIONAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION We have been asked to announce that a PostGraduate Course in Hospital Technique under the auspices of the International Hospital Association will be held in Frankfurt am Main from the 29th Septen*ber to the 8th October, 1932, inclusive. The headquarters for the course will be the Municipal and University Hospital, Frankfurt a. M. The enrolment fees July, 1932] CURRENT TOPICS 395 are 30 marks for the full course, or 5 marks per single day. Applications for enrolment should be made, if possible, before the 1st July, 1932, to Geheimrat Dr. Alter, 5, Moorenstrasse, Dusseldorf, Germany. The Municipal Hospital undertakes to find accommodation for persons attending the course. The course will consist of lectures, demonstrations, visits and discussions. These will be conducted by a large international staff of professors. The following is an abbreviated statement of the programme:? Thursday. 29th Sept. Hospital lighting, and ventilation, sterilisation and disinfection. Friday. 30th Sept. The recruiting of nursing staff, and examinations in connections therewith. Saturday. 1st Oct. Standardisation of hospital administration, and supervision of general internal management. Sunday, 2nd Oct. Visits. Monday, 3rd Oct. Physiotherapy. Tuesday, 4th Oct. The feeding of patients and the carrying of meals in hospital. With practical demonstrations in hospital cooking. Wednesday, 5th Oct. Linen, laundry, and infected linen. Thursday, 6th Oct. X-rays and radium in the hospital. Friday, 7th Oct. Errors in hospital construction. Saturday, 8th Oct. The preventive function of the hospital. THE GARTON PRIZE, 1931 We have been asked by the British Empire Cancer Campaign to publish the following notice with regard to the Garton Prize and Medal for 1931:? " The Grand Council of the British Empire Cancer Campaign begs to announce that, in accordance with the Rules and Regulations, the 1931 Garton Prize and Medal will not be awarded as, in the opinion of the Judges appointed by it, none of the essays that dealt with the set subject?? The Early Diagnosis of Cancer' ?was of sufficient merit INDIAN MEDICAL BIRTHDAY HONOURS, 1932 The following are the names of medical persons and others associated with medical institutions in the Indian Honours List of date 3rd June, 1932. We would offer them our congratulations.


This study aims to examine and elucidate on how minority groups are portrayed and constructed in the discourses reported in two Nigerian print media, The Nation, and The Guardian . The study adopts Jeffries' Critical Stylistic as its framework. The data for the study were collected from the newspaper archives of the Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife. The analysis of the data shows that Critical Stylistic tools such as enumerating and exemplifying, assuming and implying, presenting other's speech and thoughts, and presenting processes and states account in no small measure to the meaning of the texts under study and at the same time serve in the linguistic construction of the minority groups in Nigeria. Keywords: Identity , Minority , Critical Stylistic , Print Media


The design of Nearing Infrared Laser Spot Detection System is studied in the paper. Giving the feature of laser spot image, Wiener filter and Wavelet denoise are combined to give a feasible method to diminish the noise, this method effectively weakened the harmfule affect to following image process, which may cause checking error. The system can identify the laser spot and get its centrobaric. The result of practical project shows that the system is feasible and efficient.


A product comprising a porous or absorbent sheet and a topical formulation comprising glyceryl monooleate and a glucoside alkyl C 8-20 and a chemical composition comprising oat straw extract and epilobio extract and other components.


The adsorption of a series of molecules on Ni (111) is studied by UV visible spectroscopic ellipsometry. The spectra were analyzed within a simple dielectric model. Chemisorption of molecules on the Ni (111) surface produces a peak in the overlayer optical response at 4.2 eV. This absorption peak is attributed to the selective enhancement of bulk interband excitations resulting from perturbations of the metal orbitals upon chemisorption.


With the exception of the bishop of Cyrus, Antioch has left little of its biblical commentary on the prophets. Yet Theodore's sparse remains include a work on the Twelve revealing both his inadequate response to Libanius's tutelage and his flawed grasp of Diodore's hermeneutical principles. With him the salutary Antiochene accent on the reality of biblical discourse becomes a literalist insistence on finding exclusively within the Old Testament an historical fulfilment of prophecy, exemplified in the replacement by Zerubbabel of the prefigured Jesus. In short, through is limited and inflexible understanding of to historikon, albeit in his youth the Interpreter betrays a perversely foreshortened hermeneutical perspective, with which Theodoret will later take issue.


Barium zirconate (BaZrO$_3$) is one of the very few perovskites that is claimed to retain an average cubic structure down to \SI{0}{\K}, while being energetically very close to an antiferrodistortive phase obtained by condensation of a soft phonon mode at the R point of the Brillouin zone boundary. In this work, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the temperature dependence of this soft phonon mode. Inelastic neutron and x-ray scattering measurements on single crystals show that it softens substantially from \SI{9.4}{\meV} at room temperature to \SI{5.6}{\meV} at \SI{2}{\K}. In contrast, the acoustic mode at the same R point is nearly temperature independent. The effect of the anharmonicity on the lattice dynamics is investigated non-perturbatively using direct dynamic simulations as well as a first-principles based self-consistent phonon theory, including quantum fluctuations of the atomic motion. By adding cubic and quartic anharmonic force constants, quantitative agreement with the neutron data for the temperature dependence of the antiferrodistortive mode is obtained. The quantum fluctuations of the atomic motion are found to be important to obtain the proper temperature dependence at low temperatures. The mean squared displacements of the different atoms are determined as function of temperature and are shown to be consistent with available experimental data. Adding anharmonicity to the computed fluctuations of the Ba-O distances also improves the comparison with available EXAFS data at \SI{300}{\K}.


We investigate the decision by a sample of Continental European firms to voluntarily adopt the International Accounting Standards (IAS) or U.S. GAAP. The strong employment protection laws in Continental Europe lead to labor practices that lack responsiveness to firm underlying economic performance. We argue that by switching to IAS/U.S. GAAP, a Continental European company can more credibly communicate with its labor force, and/or a potential third party (e.g. a government labor office, an arbitrator, or a labor court judge in the case of labor disputes), the true economic conditions of the firm and potentially reduce the costs associated with labor force adjustments. We expect the costs of rigid labor practices, thus the potential benefits of switching to IAS/U.S. GAAP, to be particularly high for firms with low labor productivity. Therefore, we predict that 1) firms with low labor productivity are more likely to adopt IAS/U.S. GAAP after controlling for other factors potentially affecting the adoption decision; 2) firms adopting IAS/U.S. GAAP and with low labor productivity report lower earnings than before the adoption and the earnings change is more negative than for similar non-adopting firms; 3) firms adopting IAS/U.S. GAAP and with low labor productivity are more likely to reduce labor forces than before the adoption and the reduction in labor forces is more pronounced than for similar non-adopting firms. Our results are consistent with these predictions.


Thank you for reading psychology of education major themes. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their chosen readings like this psychology of education major themes, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful bugs inside their desktop computer. psychology of education major themes is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our digital library hosts in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the psychology of education major themes is universally compatible with any devices to read.


treat the decisional structure as a monolith, dubbed the Big Mullah. This worked for a time. What the representatives of the American banks actually worked with were local lawyers representing the government of Iran in the United States, the United Kingdom, and West Germany. Hoffman tells an intricate tale clearly and compellingly. But what makes the account so interesting is the clear spilling over of the struggle for power between the Iranian president and the Islamic Republican Party and with it the functional death of the Big Mullah. President Bani Sadr, who was on record publicly and in private diplomacy as seeing the hostage-taking as calamitous for Iran, began in the last weeks of the crisis to attempt to use its demagogic potential in his struggle for survival. So the roles had reversed. Those responsible for Qotbzadeh's failure now had the responsibility for achieving a settlement and Bani Sadr was in position to take full measure of their discomfort. Since at critical moments the forces favoring settlement prevailed in Iran, the inference is defensible that pressure, probably from Khomeini's office, was placed on the Iranian negotiators. It is interesting to note that the major inferences that a reader can make regarding the political process in Iran in late 1980 and early 1981, an understanding of which was critical for success, has to be based on the Citibank lawyer's chapter, not on the chapters by Saunders or on Gary Sick's book. In the end Abraham Ribicoff's summary, with its small questions and small conclusions, regarding the lessons Americans should have learned, appears entirely fitting not only for American Hostages in Iran, but for All Fall Down and the other practitioner accounts. Apparently, there won't be a Townsend Hoopes for the American crises in Iran.


Overview This module explores the nature of history. Popular perceptions of history rely upon two flawed ideas. First, employing a naive interpretation of the theory of evolution, many believe that history is a slow march of progress toward more complex species and, after the development of humans, more complex human societies. Second, another prevalent attitude is that the history of life contains patterns that repeat and can be predicted if studied. Instead, this module emphasizes the role of luck and contingency in the history of life both before and after the arrival of homo sapiens. Beginning with an exploration of why these popular theories persist, the module will explore contingency through such critical moments as the Cambrian Explosion, the end of the dinosaurs, and moments after the arrival of homo sapiens such as the fall of Carthage, the Chinese decision to end its ocean-going exploration before the discovery of the Americas, and even the failed assassination attempt of Adolf Hitler in Munich in 1939. The result will be a richer more nuanced understanding of the nature of history and of change over time.


A 39-year-old patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and past medical history of surgical myectomy (requiring permanent pacemaker insertion for post-procedural atrio-ventricular block) was referred to our institution following episode of unexplained syncope. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed severe biventricular hypertrophy with septal thickness of 28 mm ( Panel A , area of previous myectomy marked by asterisk), only mild systolic …


The present study was undertaken on sixty borrowers of cooperative bank during 2009 to 2012 in Dimapur district of Nagaland to examine the impact of loan on borrowers a resource use efficiency on pooled data as well as on different farm size group were fitted, which was found to be significant. As per the client satisfaction index 48.33% were medium satisfied, followed by 23.67% as low satisfied and remaining 25.00% as highly satisfied with the extension services of banks available presently. It was further observed that on rank based quotient the foremost constraints was of amount of loan, followed by preparation of DPR, lack of technical guidance from bank, time of disbursement, subsidiary/rebate on loan, disbursement of loan, credit facilities and miscellaneous, form issued by the bank, knowledge about type of loan, bank interest rate, filling up of loan forms, repayment period etc at the lower scale.


The focus of this paper is to present techniques to overcome certain difficulties in quantitative analysis with a timeof-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). The method is based on conventional solid-phase extraction, followed by reversedphase ultra high performance liquid chromatography of the extract, and mass spectrometric analysis. The target compounds included atenolol, atrazine, caffeine, carbamazepine, diclofenac, estrone, ibuprofen, naproxen, simazine, sucralose, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan. The matrix effects caused by high concentrations of organic compounds in wastewater are especially significant in electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. Internal-standard calibration with isotopically labeled standards corrects the results for many matrix effects, but some peculiarities were observed. The problems encountered in quantitation of carbamazepine and triclosan, due to nonlinear calibration were solved by changing the internal standard and using a narrower mass window. With simazine, the use of a quadratic calibration curve was the best solution.


Game teaching method is a fire-new and edutainment teaching method,combing game with teaching.And people are increasingly paying close attention to it.Harmonious teaching character by how to blend the discipline teaching knowledge in game and integrate teaching with game is still a difficult investigation point in game teaching methodology.The paper has discussed on the information technological teaching strategy of game teaching methodology with the guidance of new curriculum reform training philosophy,combing with the characteristic of middle and primary school information technology,and expected to make an impact on information technology curriculum teaching optimization.


A computational effort was undertaken to analyze the details of fluid flow in Multiple Lean-Direct Injection (MLDI) combustors with discrete jet swirlers. The National Combustor Code (NCC) was used to perform nonreacting and reacting computations on two different discrete-jet injector configurations. The non-reacting test case (3x3 injector array, 101.3kPa, 298K) focused on performing a detailed mesh-refinement study to compare pressure-drop through the injectors, velocity components and turbulence parameters downstream of the injectors with experimental data. The reacting case (5x5 injector array) focused on comparing NOx Emission Index computations with experimental data at two different test conditions.


Many occupational therapists working in the field of mental health are now using anger management interventions as an Integral part of the treatment offered. The challenges of anger and aggression have become particularly topical because of the recent legislative changes in the provision of care of mentally Ill people. Research shows that anger is a predictor of aggression, so a method of assessing high levels of anger must in turn help to illustrate one of the risk factors of aggression. Part 1 of this article draws attention to the assessment of anger, introduces a newly developed measure — the Novaco Anger Scale, and offers a user's perspective based on a recent study.


The surface charge and the sugar receptor site of concanavalin A are used to form layer-by-layer architectures with cationic poly(ethyleneimine) and glycogen, respectively, as evidenced by quartz crystal microbalance and scanning electron microscopy.


Recently, wide bandgap semiconductors are extremely attractive for the gamut of power electronics applications from power conditioning to RF/microwave transmitters for communications and radar systems. Of the various wide bandgap materials and device technologies, the AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor seems the most promising. This paper attempts to investigate the status of updated GaN HEMTs technology with a view of highlighting both the progress and prospects. Besides, a quick small-signal modeling method has been presented for instant MMIC designs.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To analyse in detail the relationship between the movement and generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) indicators and the subjective feeling of health of the patients, as well as the objective movement parameters measured by the surgeon and the patient's opinion about the success of the total hip replacement (THR).

BACKGROUND
We have only limited information about the effect of mobility function improvement on the HRQoL several years after THR. We have recently found that after THR postoperative health awareness is influenced mainly by cardiovascular diseases, but the effects of the movement parameters on the subsequent feelings of well-being were not examined.

DESIGN
Retrospective longitudinal study.

METHODS
This study involved 109 patients who had had THR. The patients' health status and objective and subjective mobility function at the time of operation and five years later were evaluated using questionnaires (including EQ-5D and WOMAC scores) and the hospital database.

RESULTS
All components of EQ-5D and WOMAC had significantly improved by Year 5 in patients who experienced a complete recovery after the operation, but not the mobility and pain components of EQ-5D for those patients who felt an improvement only in their subjective mobility function. The surgeon-assessed parameters and use of walking aids showed a similar distribution in patients who considered themselves to be healthy or only moderately sick five years after THR.

CONCLUSION
Successful THR significantly improves the feeling of well-being and the mobility function of patients even five years after the operation. In individual cases, however, other subjective and objective factors, but not the mobility function, have a major influence on the HRQoL.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Five years after successful THR, nursing care has to focus not only on the further improvement of the mobility but on strengthening the subjective feeling of the patient's well-being and health.


Objective To observe the clinical efficacy on functional dyspesia(FD) treated with the therapy for benefiting qi and strengthening the spleen and the impacts on plasma motilin(MOT),gastrin(GAS) and somatostatin(SS).Methods One hundred and sixty cases of FD were randomized into two groups,80 cases in each group.In the control group,Mosapride Citrate Tablets and Flupentixol and Melitracen Tablets were prescribed.In the treatment group,on the basic treatment as the control group,the self prepared herbal medicine for benefiting qi and strengthening the spleen was supplemented.The treatment of 4 weeks made 1 session in the two groups.After 1 session treatment,the efficacy was compared and plasma MOT,GAS and SS levels were detected.Results At the end of treatment,the difference in the total effective rate was significant between the two groups(P 0.05).The main symptom score after treatment was reduced apparently as compared with that before treatment in the two groups(P 0.05),and the result in the treatment group was superior to the control group.MOT level after treatment was increased apparently as compared with that before treatment in the same group,and SS level was reduced obviously.The results in the treatment were better than those in the control group(P 0.05).Conclusion Mosapride Citrate Tablets,Flupentixol and Melitracen Tablets combined with the self-prepared herbal medicine for benefiting qi and strengthening the spleen achieve the definite clinical efficacy,reliable safety and less adverse reactions in the treatment of FD.Hence,the combined medication deserves a further promotion.


When modeling deformation process by the finite element method (FEM), it is necessary to solve a system of simultaneous linear algebraic equations (SLAE) with a large sparse matrix. In addition to the high computational complexity of the linear system solution process, obtaining a system matrix from a finite element model also demands significant computational resources. This process is termed a stiffness matrix assembly. The paper suggests an approach to the stiffness matrix assembly. According to this approach, matrix components are calculated individually and independently and their arrangement is made through a special data structure managing computer memory and providing thread synchronization. The data structure consists of an unrolled list array and allows us to assemble the stiffness matrix for a time proportional to the number of mesh nodes for any practically used finite element mesh. The approach is effective for complex models with heterogeneous finite elements, in particular, in elastoplastic...


methanol. The pellet was col-lected by centrifugation and washed 3 times with 0.1 N NaOH followed by methanol precipitation and centrifugation. After resuspension in 0.1 N NaOH, the suspended material was distributed over a ringed planchet (3.1 cm in diameter) and evaporated under an infrared lamp before counting in a gas flow counter (Nuclear-Chicago). Each assay was made in duplicate, and the data presented are the mean values of the two assays after correction for control values from reaction mixtures that did not contain an enzyme preparation. Electrophoretic separations were made on polyacrylamide gels containing 1 % glycogen as an acceptor (a procedure suggested by Mr. T. MCDONALD) at pH 8.3 with 2.5 ma per gel. The runs were made at room temperature for 65 min. Subsequently, the gels were incubated in 0.5 M MES buffer (pH 5.8) containing 0.03 M glucose-l-P at 37°C for varying times. After the incubation period, the zones of enzymatic activity were revealed by a stain containing 0.02% iodine in 0.1 % KI solution.


As the number of new chemicals developed and being used keep adding every year, having the toxic profiles of each chemical becomes a daunting challenge. To meet this information gap, EPA suggested that certain in vitro assays and computational methods, which predict toxicity related information in much lesser time and cost than traditional in vivo methods, may be used. In this paper, we use computational techniques to use results from certain in vitro assays applied on 309 chemicals (whose toxicity profile is readily available) along with the molecular descriptors and other computed physical-chemical properties of the chemicals to predict the toxicity caused by chemical at a particular endpoint. The dataset is available from EPA TOXCAST group online. We show that Random Forest and Naïve Bayes have a good performance on this dataset. We also show that using small and related trees in random forest help to further improve the performance.


Genital prolapse affects many women since its pathogenesis is related to events that occur throughout their reproductive lives. The present study provides information about the prevalence of genital prolapse in patients who undergo cervical cytology - smear in the area of regional hospital pathology "Isidro Ayora" Loja period January to December 2009. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational and retrospective. Of the 150 patients with altered pelvic statics, the age group most cases was between 41 to 50 years 29%. The type of genital prolapse was the most frequent histerocele 77%. The main degree of prolapse grade II was 71%. 77% and 64% were parous and high multiparous patients respectively. The genital prolapse grade II was identified in 56% multiparous patients, grade III in 48% multiparous patients and large multiparous 48%, grade IV in 75% multiparous patients great. The symptoms that occurred most frequently are other symptoms including vaginal discharge are (33), dyspareunia (3), vaginal bleeding which stains the Interior (4) which together account for 27%. It was concluded that alterations of pelvic statics is a condition that occurs after the fourth decade of life and its incidence increases with age and is related to the parity of women.
Keywords: genital prolapse, histeroce, cystocele, multiparity.


Friction stir welding is one of the most modern methods of joining metals and their alloys in the solid state. Ensuring the stability of working parameters requires a determination of the optimal welding parameters such as the rotational speed of the tool and the feed rate. This article presents the results of tests on welding of 1-mm-thick 2024-T3 aluminium sheet metal conducted in accordance with a PS/DK3 test plan. The welding tests were conducted on a universal milling machine, and the static strength tests were conducted on a static tensile-testing machine. In order to decrease the deformation of the joined sheets, some welding trials were also conducted with initial heating of the sheet metal. Therefore, a special fixture with a heated bed was developed. The tests show that the pre-heating of thin sheets that are friction stir welded leads to a reduction in the deformation size of the joined sheets. It was found that the smallest deformation of the joined sheets was observed in the case of joining sheets heated up to a temperature of 200 °C. Pre-heating of the joined sheets decreased the size of the deformations by 57.62 %.


promptly relieved by sugar intake. After a general introduction to the whole subject by C. H. Best the action of BZ55 on diabetic dogs is discussedby A. Sirek, O. V. Sirek and Y. Hanus. The drug can be effective in some dogs in the absenceof the pancreasand the pituitary. It appears that it may potentiatethe action of insulin, since one unit every eight to ten days was sufficient to control a depancreatizeddog which previously required 24 units daily. The dog was receiving 1·0 grammeper day of BZ55.


Based on the thorough research of the horticultural therapy theory, the design of the horticultural therapy garden was conducted in China Discipline Inspection Supervision Institute. The design strategy included five-sense experiencing design, participation design and healing environment design. Through the construction of the experiencing spaces and horticultural operating spaces, it accommodated the needs of recreation and operation, aiming at stress relieving and health promoting.


The Voyager 2 spacecraft measured unexpectedly large magnetic fields surrounding Neptune and Uranus. We explore the hypothesis that water under extremely hot and compressed conditions is the source of these measurements. We will discuss computer simulations of water and other liquids under the extreme conditions of the interiors of large planets. We have calculated the lifetimes and concentrations of molecular and non-molecular species, and comparison is made to experiment where possible. We observe the onset of an exotic phase of water, called the 'superionic phase', in which the oxygen atoms freeze into a crystalline form, and the hydrogens diffuse extremely rapidly by hopping between lattice sites. Our results have improved knowledge of the water phase diagram at these extreme conditions. Furthermore they have important implications for the modeling of the interiors of Neptune and Uranus and their corresponding magnetic fields. We also present results on the discovery of other superionic solids. Our predictions show that these rapid ionic conductors could be more prevalent in simple liquids than previously thought.


Poor Brian Helgeland! Belted by Bourdieu on one side, laid out by Lacan on the other, with a dash of Derrida to finish him off. Helgeland appeared in the programme for the New Chaucer Society Congress in 2002, but cancelled; perhaps he made the right decision. Can we ever have a conversation, we medievalists, with our avatars, the popular novelists and film-makers? Is that even the point? Of course in reality there is considerable sympathy among medievalists, including those writing here, for Helgeland's largely amiable film and even, more broadly, for its free-wheeling approach to medieval history. I, like many medievalists, hurried off to an early screening of A Knight's Tale in 2001, with the usual twin sense that operates in such cases that, as a medievalist professional, I simply had to know about such popular phenomena and that enjoying it or not was really beside the point: this was work. In screening the film subsequently for students (thereby confirming that I was always in it for the pedagogical value) I have collected some favourite moments. One of them is a buried visual joke: in a shot of fourteenth-century London, it is possible to identify a few features of the medieval city. St Paul's Cathedral is there, but there also, if you happen to be looking at the right moment in the top right hand corner, is the London Eye: a medievalized, wooden version of the famous ferris wheel, on the banks of the Thames. Another way into the film's approach to history is more overt and occurs at the beginning. The film opens with a pre-credit prologue, setting up the need for William Thatcher to impersonate a knight who has inconveniently died midtournament. As we watch this, we know we're in the Middle Ages because we can tell from costumes, armour, and the jousting context. We know, without thinking about it, that a kind of translation is going on, that really the characters are speaking some sort of Olde English, which is being cinematically, magically translated for us, but at the same time without entirely ending up as modern English: 'If they find out', says one of William's companions of the proposed impersonation, 'there'll be the devil to pay', which is not quite a modern idiom. But none of this matters. 'As an audience', writes William Woods,


In the last few years, the increasing development of various tools to make fake videos from real videos has been raised. Thus, several models/approaches have been constructed to detect and reveals fake video. Consequently, this research is conducted to propose a new model based on combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), and image preprocessing techniques to classify and find the fake video from the real video. To implement and evaluate the proposed model, a MATLAB simulator has been used. The deepFake Images dataset is used for evaluations. This dataset contains 135 real videos as well as 677 fake videos created using different tools on real videos. Two scenarios have been utilized to evaluate the performance of the proposed model which are; dimensions of the training data and different sizes of the training data. The results show that the proposed model has been able to provide better results than the previous model.


Objectives: This study used a cross-sectional experimental design to examine the association between sleep quality and sports performance among adolescent recreation team-sports athletes in Hong Kong. By investigating the factors that affect sleep quality, it intended to arouse awareness of coaches and athletes the importance of sleeping so that they can improve training and competition performance. Methods: Hundred and twelve male and female participants with age range from 12 to 17 were involved in this study. A One-way ANCOVA model was designed to analyze the relationships among sleep quality and five factors (consume of caffeine or alcohol, extreme mood, sleeping environment, anxiety due to academic, and anxiety due to sports) and multiple regression analysis was adopted to predict the sleep quality through the coefficient of those variables. Results: Consumption of drinks or food that contained caffeine or alcohol, experiencing extreme mood such as shock or being too excited before sleep and having a bright and noisy sleeping environment affected the sleep quality. Most student athletes were struggling between academic results and sports in Hong Kong. The results had shown that nervousness due to academic was another factor that affected sleep quality. It has also found that not only academic results could affect sleep quality of student-athletes, but also nervousness due to sports could also be another thrilling factor. There were significance effects among factors in "drinking/eating drinks/food which contains caffeine or alcohol", "poor sleeping environment", "sleeping duration", and "self-rated sleep quality". Conclusion: The preliminary findings provide evidence that majority of secondary student-athletes are suffering from inadequate sleep due to dreadful sleeping qualities, which caused adverse conditions both physically and psychologically, and brought worst impacts to training and competitions performance. It is recommended that sleep hygiene could be promoted to coaches and athletes to enrich their knowledge of having better sleeping patterns. Much needed evidence regarding relationships of different aspects such as brain wave, sleeping patterns, injuries, diet, and the possible effects on sleep quality.


The illustration captures the key messages from the webinar hosted by the IDB on August 12, 2020, on how the Blue Economy can help to spark a sustainable and inclusive recovery in the Caribbean after the COVID-19 pandemic. The conversations focused on unlocking the potential of oceans for creating prosperity in the region while recognizing their immense role in regulating our climate, providing food and social and cultural identify.


In the teaching of mathematical analysis,we use maths' model construction to study problems,so as to inhance students' comprehension and interest in the study activity.


Because there is no uniform evaluation standard for DC interconnection project, combined with the characteristics of the project's investment, construction and operation, the evaluation index system of success degree for DC interconnection project is built in this paper from six aspects: the process evaluation, the economic evaluation, the impact evaluation, the management evaluation, the technology evaluation and the target evaluation. In view of the multiple levels of the index system, the success degree at each level is recognized by fuzzy recognition method. Finally, the feasibility of multi-level fuzzy recognition model is analyzed and verified by examples. The index system and the evaluation model have the certain reference value for the objective and accurate evaluation of success degree of DC interconnection project.


The invention relates to a method for machining a plastic profile with a single arm section and a die head thereof. The method comprises an extrusion process and a cooling formation process, and particularly comprises the following steps of: cutting a parison extruded by the die head by using a cutter along the space between a parison single arm part and a parison main body part to first feed the parison main body part into a forming die of the cooling formation process for cooling formation before the parison enters the forming die; and then cutting towards the exterior of the single arm part by using the cutter to gradually widen the single arm part which is attached to the parison main body part to enter the forming die until the single arm part completely enters the forming die. Since the single arm part of the parison gradually enters the forming die, the parison can be drawn into the forming die by the conventional method and a template of the forming die is not required to be disassembled; the parison has low probability of blocking the forming die; a waste material can be reduced; and the production cost can be reduced.


T has been increasing evidence that CNS stimulants are being used "off label" by those not formally diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), primarily for cognitive enhancement. Most of the attention has been paid to college students, with a recent meta-analysis reporting that 17% have misused CNS stimulants.1 Prior work has examined the prevalence of this practice and predictors of diversion and misuse. Multiple studies have found that substance use and academic stress combine to predict misuse, with one study even finding confirmatory evidence in the wastewater of an American college campus.2 Interestingly, ADHD symptoms have also been associated with misuse even among those not formally diagnosed with the disorder. Surveys have routinely found that adolescents and young adults view CNS stimulants as innocuous, socially acceptable, and effective for improving academic performance.1,3 Even the medical field has debated the value of using CNS stimulants as cognitive enhancers for the general population.4 The increasing awareness of this trend has pushed the medical field to more closely examine the cognitive benefits of CNS stimulants in those without ADHD. The data are at best mixed, with recent reviews finding limited effects. The most robust effects are for episodic memory and reaction time, especially for simple, unfamiliar tasks versus complex and familiar ones.5,6 Moreover, baseline functioning appears to moderate response, with those with the greatest deficits experiencing the largest gains, suggesting that college students may be a subset least likely to reap appreciable benefits. A recent placebo-controlled examination7 of the cognitive effects of a standard clinical dose of mixed amphetamine salts tablets (MAS) in college students with no prior psychiatric history found little evidence of cognitive enhancement except for those with greatest impairment. Even then, measurable gains were detectable in only a minority of the 13 tasks. Most interestingly, participants reported improved performance with blinded MAS over placebo, with no association between the degree of reported improvement and observed performance. It may be that the physical sensation of MAS and other CNS stimulants leads people to assume that these medications are enhancing their cognitive performance. Alternatively, CNS stimulants may impact academic performance through other processes such