Abstract One of the most serious past difficulties facing realistic tests of evolutionary models for modern human origins was the lack of widely applicable dating procedures that could reach beyond the practical limits of radiocarbon dating. Moreover, the amount of fossil material that had to be sacrificed to obtain a conventional radiocarbon date meant that human fossils could generally only be dated indirectly through supposedly associated materials. Because of these limitations, the transition from Neanderthals to modern humans in Europe was believed to have occurred about 35 000 radiocarbon years ago, but detailed reconstruction of the processes involved (for example, evolution or population replacement) was not practicable. In the Levant, the transition period from Neanderthals to modern humans was believed to lie only slightly beyond this 35 000-year watershed. Elsewhere, in Africa, east Asia and Australasia, the chronology for modern human origins was even more difficult to establish. However, over the last fifteen years, radiocarbon and non-radiocarbon physical dating techniques such as luminescence and electron spin resonance have been increasingly refined, leading to a revolution in our understanding of the timescale for human evolution, particularly for the last 200 000 years. Although each dating method has its own strengths and weaknesses, the picture that now emerges is one of a gradual evolution of Neanderthal morphology in Europe, in parallel with a similar evolution of modern humans in Africa. Modern humans also appear surprisingly early in the Levant (c. 100 ka ago) and Australia (c. 60 ka ago). However, many uncertainties still surround the process of establishment of our species globally.


China′s communications enterprises ,like the state owned ones,are under going a stage of reform by improving the organization of the systems.On the basis of the special needs of communications enterprises,how to establish modernized enterprise system is one of the key ways to bring about successful reform.


In this paper,we studied the effects of HMBA on the proliferation and expression of genes in human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells.The experiment results showed that after treated with 5 mmol/L HMBA,the proliferation rate of MG-63 cells was inhibited,the inhibition rate amounts to 50.69%,mitotic index was reduced from 2.712% to 1.117%,and its inhibition rate amounts to 58.8%,the expression level of PCNA was reduced after treatment as well,and the cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 phase.The immunocytochemistry assay also revealed that the expression level of oncogene including c-myc、c-fos、c-erbB-2 was downregulated,and expression level of tumor suppressor gene including p21、p16、rb was upregulated.In conclusion,the result of this study showed that the HMBA could effectively inhibit the proliferation activity of the human ostosarcoma MG-63 cells,cause the arrest of G0/G1 phase.The primary results revealed that the mechanism of HMBA was related to cell cycle regulation by downregulating the expression level of c-myc,c-fos,c-erbB-2,mtp53 and upregulating the expression level of p21,p16,rb .


Construction of Cheboksary hydroelectric power station with a reservoir was begun in 1968 and was stopped in 1981. The hydrostation was put into operation when filling a reservoir to a mark of 63,0 m with incomplete construction of protective actions. As a result of rise in level of the Cheboksary reservoir to 68,0 m territories of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, the Republics of Mari El and the Chuvash will be flooded. Operation of the Cheboksary reservoir within 33 years on a temporary mark of the retaining level of 63,0 m promotes further development of possible negative impacts and deterioration of life of the population in points of accommodation getting to a zone of influence of a reservoir. In work problems of influence of the Cheboksary reservoir on the nature of adjacent territories are considered. The analysis of influence of natural and technogenic factors on the Cheboksary reservoir is submitted. Comparative research of the territory of a right bank and left bank on studying of hydrological and hydrogeological processes and processing of coast in a zone of influence of a reservoir on key points is conducted. The state is considered recreational development of the territory. Features of a current state of technical objects of the Cheboksary reservoir are defined, the geoecological situation on coast of a reservoir on the studied key sites is revealed. Recommendations about decrease in negative impact of recreational use of coastal zones of a reservoir are developed.


Studies indicate that wood has been and will continue to be the material of choice for railroad crossties in the United States. The primary reasons for using wood crossties are the: 1) availability of timber resources; 2) knowledge track engineers and maintenance crews have with wood ties; and 3) ease of manufacturing and handling. The performance ofwood ties has been reasonably acceptable and they are a cost-effective alternative over concrete and steel ties. It is estimated that by the year 2000 about 90 percent of the Class-1 tracks in the United States will not meet usage levels that determine when it is cost effective to replace wood ties with concrete or steel ties. Therefore, wood ties will continue to be used in the future. However, approximately 12 million creosote-treated wood ties are replaced annually at a cost of $500 million and the disposal ofthese ties presents environmental and economic concerns.


The key components in service, such as aero‐engine turbine blades, are generally bearing complex interactions of high and low cycle fatigue loading. It is essential to make accurate fatigue life predictions for these components. In this paper, based on experimental analysis and the Miner's rule, a combined cycle fatigue life prediction model is proposed. The effect of the loading interaction of the high and low cycle fatigue is considered through the coupled damage, which is proposed based on the investigation of the fatigue test results and does not require additional material constants except for the S‐N curve parameters. The applicability of the proposed model is validated by the experimental data of three materials and the turbine blade. Compared with the T‐K model and Miner's rule, the results demonstrate that the proposed model provides high precision accuracy.


Shoe shine workers in Cairo, street vendors in Calcutta, badly-paid public officials driving their taxis at night in the streets of Moscow: this is informal employment - jobs or activities in the production and marketing of legal goods and services that are not regulated or protected by the state. Over half the non-agricultural jobs in developing and emerging economies come into this category. In some regions, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, for example, as many as 80 per cent of jobs are informal; in a few countries, it is even higher. The informal sector deprives states of revenues and workers of social protection. It also, however, frequently constitutes the most dynamic part of the economy and creates massive employment. Informal employment is ubiquitous and growing. The financial crisis that began in 2009 has made the management of informal employment even more challenging. Responding to this emerging challenge is critical, not only for the well-being of millions of workers but also for social development. This publication provides evidence for policy makers on how to deal with this issue of crucial importance for developing and developed countries alike.


Block copolymers of styrene and ethylene oxide, (SEO), and of butadiene and ethylene oxide, (BEO), in the presence of a preferential solvent of the amorphous block exhibit always a lamellar structure (LC) with crystallized and folded poly(ethylene oxide) chains at temperatures below about 50°C.

To precise the influence of the nature of the solvent on the refolding of the poly(ethylene oxide) chains (PEO), we have studied by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry the LC structure of the copolymers BEO and SEO in the presence of different solvents for the amorphous block. The copolymers SEO were studied in the presence of xylene, toluene and diethyl phthalate. Diethyl phthalate being a bad solvent for polybutadiene, the copolymers BEO were studied only in the solvents xylene and toluene.

The influence of the nature of the solvent on the extent of the domain where the LC structure exists, on the refolding, and on the crystallinity of the poly(ethylene oxide) blocks is demonstrated.


Abstract Belief allows us to coordinate our thought with our action. As Ramsey famously puts it, belief is a map by which we steer. For belief to play its role, on the one hand it must be stable under certain kinds of informational change; on the other hand it must be sensitive to changing evidence. Keeping belief stability in mind, we can ask about the norms that govern belief change in circumstances where there is epistemic pressure on us to change our belief. One such circumstance involves interpersonal conflict—in cases of disagreement with others. Another such circumstance involves intrapersonal conflict—the case of epistemic temptation. In this paper, I focus on a particular epistemic temptation case to explore what is rationally permitted and what is rationally required for us to do in the name of stability of belief.


Theben JW (2006) A pilot study of the effectiveness of the 'Finding meaning in doing after stroke' self-help workbook. Unpublished Master's thesis. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University. Thomas SA, Moore K, Nay R, Hawthorne G, Fonda D (2004) National Continence Management Strategy: selection of our measurement suite. Canberra: Australian Goverment Department of Health and Ageing. Trigg R, Wood VA (2000) The Subjective Index of Physical and Social Outcome (SIPSO): a new measure for use with stroke patients. Clinical Rehabilitation, 14(3), 288-299. Trigg R, Wood VA (2003) The validation of the Subjective Index of Physical and Social Outcome (SIPSO). Clinical Rehabilitation, 17(3), 283-89. Trigg R, Wood VA, Hewer RL (1999) Social reintegration after stroke: the first stages in the development of the Subjective Index of Physical and Social Outcome (SIPSO). Clinical Rehabilitation, 13(4), 341-53. Unsworth CA (2006) Measuring outcomes using the Australian Therapy Outcome Measures for Occupational Therapy (AusTOMs-OT): data description and tool sensitivity. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(8), 354-66. Unsworth C (2008) Using the Australian Therapy Outcome Measures for Occupational Therapy (AusTOMs-OT) to measure outcomes for clients following stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 15(4), 351-64. Unsworth C, Duncombe D (2005) A comparison of client outcomes from two acute care neurological services using self-care data from the Australian Therapy Outcome Measures for Occupational Therapy (AusTOMs-OT). British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(10), 477-82. Unsworth CA, Duncombe D (2007) AusTOMs for Occupational Therapy. 2nd ed. Melbourne: La Trobe University. Unsworth CA, Duckett SH, Duncombe D, Perry A, Skeat J, Taylor N (2004) Validity of the AusTOM Scales: a comparison of the AusTOMs and the EuroQuol-5D. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2(1), 64. Unsworth CA, Lovell R, Terrington N, Thomas S (2005) Review of tests contributing to the occupational therapy off-road driver assessment. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 52(1), 57-74. Walker MF, Drummond AER, Gatt J, Sackley CM (2000) Occupational therapy for stroke patients: a survey of current practice. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63(8), 367-72. Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI (1987) Reintegration to Normal Living as a proxy to quality of life. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 40(6), 491-99. Wood-Dauphinee SL, Opzoomer MA, Williams JI, Marchand B, Spitzer WO (1988) Assessment of global function: the Reintegration to Normal Living Index. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 69(8), 583-90. World Health Organisation (2001) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Web (ICF). Available at: http://www3.who.int/icf/ icftemplate.cfm Accessed 23.11.10. Wu C, Chuang L, Lin K, Le S, Hong W (2011) Responsiveness, minimal detectable change, and minimal clinically important difference of the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale in patients with improved performance after stroke rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92(8), 1281-87.


Human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells show high anti-inflammatory and vasculogenic potential. These valuable features are associated with a special role of endometrial mesenchymal stem cell (eMSC) in endometrium growth. Cultured eMSC were successfully applied in heart disease treatment and encouraging long-term results were reported. At the same time, cell cultivation increases genome instability that may promote malignisation. The aim of the study was to investigate transformation potential of sublethal heat shock (SHS) induced genome instability in human eMSC that escaped stress induced senescence (SIPS) on the 6th passage after the STS. Genetic changes and transformation potential were evaluated by the methods of classic karyotyping, mRNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. The results of transcriptome analysis confirmed high genetic instability that exerts global effect on transcriptome activity. The evaluation of Hanahan-Weinberg hallmarks of cancer (Hanahan-Weinberg, 2011) did not reveal features of transformation. This result implies that SHS survived eMSC possess particular defense against transformation. The investigation of functional distribution of gene modules demonstrating statistically significant difference of activity between intact and SHS survived cells revealed several lines of defense. The first line is provided by the ability of eMSC to switch off the expression of MYC, hTERT and AKT1 oncogenes. The second line is based on the ability to impair the activity of prooncogenic pathways in response to DNA damage and aneuploidy. The third line of defense is provided by the induction of tumor suppressors including TP53, p21 (CDKN1A)and p16 (CDKN2A), as well as DNA repair pathways. In general, our data show that despite severe genetic instability, SHS-surviving cells show replicative aging, confirming their cancer safety. Funding for the study: the grant from the RNF no. 14-50-00068.


A novel and simple frequency and pattern reconfigurable single element ultra-wideband monopole antenna realised in a compact design is presented. The antenna occupies overall dimensions of 34×31×0.88 mm3. The antenna can switch from ultra-wideband operation to narrowband operation with three different radiation pattern configurations. Three p-i-n diodes are used as switches and their package and biasing effects are included in the simulations. The simulated reflection coefficient, radiation patterns, surface current, gain and total efficiency of the ultra-wideband mode and the pattern-reconfiguration modes are presented. The compactness, simplicity and flexibility of the proposed multimode antenna meet the growing demand of Cognitive Radio devices for more intelligent and multi-functional antennas.


ABSTRACT
Relationship Between Nurse Therapeutic Communication Application and Patient Satisfaction in Class III Rumkit Tk. II dr. Soepraoen
Ratna Dwi Ayuningtyas¹, Nur Aini², Nur Melizza³
Background: Nurses need therapeutic communication to developing trust in relationship with patients, so nurses knowing patients's feeling and needs. If this condition can be fulfilled properly by the nurse, the patient would be satisfy. To bring outpatient satisfaction, nurses' skills are needed to implementing good therapeutic communication to patients.
Research Objectives: The aims of this study is to determined the relationship between nurse therapeutic communication and patient satisfaction in the Class III Rumkit Tk. II dr. Soepraoen.
Research Methods: The type of research is a descriptive correlation with a cross-sectional approach. Sample in this study was taken using accidental sampling technique. This research was conducted in June of 2019. The instruments used in this study were observation sheets and questionnaires.
Research Results: The results of the study showed that overall nurse therapeutic communication was mostly (96.7%) in the good category and patients satisfaction result were mostly (73.3%) in the satisfied category. Results of the bivariate analysis using spearman correlation showed a significant value of 0.016 (p <0.05) with a correlation coefficient of 0.436.
Conclusion: There is a positive significant correlation between therapeutic communication and patient satisfaction, meaning that better therapeutic communication carried out by nurses had an impact in increasing patient satisfaction and degree of correlation strength at an adequate level.
Suggestions from this research are, it is expected Rumkit Tk. II Dr. Soepraoen can maintain and continue to improve nurse therapeutic communication to create more optimal health services.
Keywords: Nurse therapeutic communication, Patient satisfaction, Class III of inpatient room.


In order to study transient phenomena, an oscillatory burner was designed to create pressure oscillations by means of a rotary nozzle. Using an ultrasonic echolocation technique, the dynamic burning rate of a solid propellant can be measured in real time and compared to the pressure trace. One may extract the response function, and consequently, the dynamic behavior of the propellant from this information. We intend to conduct an empirical study to discern the effect of propellant composition on response function. Our ultrasonic system is designed to operate at pressures up to 20.7 MPa (3000 psi). The ultrasonic transducer sends a high frequency pulse (2.25 MHz for our experiments) through the bottom of the propellant to capture the surface as it burns. Two piezoelectric pressure transducers record the pressuretime history during each experiment. We use an inert gas (helium) feed to pre-pressuriz e our chamber, and allow us to vary the operating pressure. Control of the mean pressure and pressure amplitude of the oscillations is achieved by varying the sizes of steady state and oscillatory exhaust nozzles. In this study, we run trials at three frequencies (50, 100, and 300 Hz) for each propellant at 300 psi. Data taken for propellants with different binders, additives, and particle size is compared with the baseline propellant to determine the effects of these additives on the response function.


Scott W. Hibbard's 2010 study of the role of state actors in fundamentalist religious movements is a two-fold effort to complicate the established picture of illiberal religion in contemporary societies. Religious Politics and Secular States challenges modernization theory's notion of ''secularity'' as a core attribute of modern states, and draws our attention to the complex interactions between government policies and the illiberal religious movements that rose to prominence in the midto late-twentieth century. Hibbard takes a comparative perspective, focusing on the conscious cooption of religious fundamentalism by state actors in Egypt, India, and the United States. He contends that although each of these countries operates under unique circumstances, global currents of ideology in the postcolonial world generated visible commonalities in how their governments reacted to the rise of illiberal religion. In each of the cases Hibbard addresses he traces a shift from state wariness and even repression of fundamentalist religion in the 1950s and 1960s, to the courting of religious constituencies in the 1970s and 1980s. The regimes that Hibbard considers endeavored to mobilize religious voters as a new base of power whose support could be mined to maintain the political status quo. Their support came, however, at the expense of increasing social and cultural illiberality. Hibbard believes that a process of ''reciprocal validation'' characterizes the interaction between political actors and religious movements, as political actors with diverse aims appeal to religious movements with matching goals and values. He stresses the importance of the disagreements within denominations over the proper role of religion in the political arena, rather than conflicts between religious groups for state validation of particular traditions. In the portion of the book that focuses on Egypt, Hibbard weaves a convincing narrative of progression from the secularism and Arab Nationalism of Gamal Abdel Nasser to the cynical cooption of Islamist discourse by the Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak regimes. The section concludes with a description of the consequences of the bargain Sadat and Mubarak made with illiberal Islam. Hibbard argues that the power lent by the government to fundamentalist religion helped establish conservative Islam as the ''authentic'' form of the religion, and aided the transformation of Islamism from a cultural movement into a viable political alternative to an unpopular government. Hibbard convincingly justifies his comparative framework when he turns to the case of India. He draws effective parallels between the Sadat Journal of Cultural Geography Vol. 29, No. 1, February 2012, 125 131


This paper proposes a new model-based diagnostic technique, which is the so-called virtual current technique (VCT), for the diagnosis of rotor faults in direct rotor field oriented controlled (DRFOC) induction motor drives. By measuring the oscillations at twice the slip frequency found in the rotor flux of the machine, and by conjugating this information with the knowledge of some motor parameters, as well as the parameters of the flux and current controllers, it is possible to generate a virtual magnetizing current which, after normalization, allows the detection and quantification of the extension of the fault. The proposed method allows one to overcome the major difficulties usually found in the diagnosis of rotor faults in closed-loop drives by providing information about the condition of the machine in a way that is independent of the working conditions of the drive such as the load level, reference speed, and bandwidth of the control loops. Although the VCT was primarily developed for traction drives used in railway applications, it can be incorporated in any DRFOC drive at almost no additional cost. Several simulation results, obtained with different types of DRFOC drives, as well as experimental results obtained in the laboratory, demonstrate the effectiveness of this new diagnostic approach.


In 1958 Dr. Edward C. Heyde, an internist living and working in Vancouver, WA, first reported in a letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, 10 cases of calcific aortic stenosis and grastrointestinal bleeding. The association between severe calcific aortic stenosis and iron deficency anemia due gastrointestinal bleeding, from colonic angiodysplasia was described as Heyde syndrome. A letter appearing shortly after confirmed an odd ratio of almost 3.0 between the two diseases. (1) In the same year Goldman noted that within the population of severe aortic stenosis there was a three fold higher prevalence of gastrointestinal bleeding, and few years later Cattell published a more drastic position, due to the the fact that patient with aortic stenosis could bleed from a lesion in the ascending colon which has not been demonstrated by the pathologist, and recommended blind right haemicolectomy as a treatment for recurrent anaemia. Dystrophic calcification of heart valves was first described by dr. Monckeberg in 1904. With the advent of the extracorporeal circulation discovered by Gibbon in 1954, applied to cardiac surgery operations, a new frontiere for valve disease was achieved, and valve therapy radically changed in those years, in favour of valve replacement. Unfortunately for many years the association between these two condition has been underestimated and it has not been verified with a methodological approach intil the '80s, when Greenstein and King reported in two different publications this association between aortic stenosis and bleeding. (2,3). In a first attempt to treat this syndrome, an empirical approach was used with blood transfusion; but in those years it has been noticed that, after aortic valve replacement, there was a complete cessation of the bleeding, and the restoring of the normal gastrointestinal mucosa. By 1987, 30 cases of upper and lower gastrointestinal angiodysplasia had been cured by AVR. Angiodysplasia might remain visible at endoscopy even after AVR, but only 1 of the 30 cases ever developed recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients with Heyde syndrome who are treated by intestinal resection generally continue to bleed from other sites, while AVR usually cures the clotting disorder and anaemia. A


The formula for the temperature dependence of the effective mass of a $^{4}% $He atom in the superfluid and normal phases is obtained.\,\,This expression for the effective mass allows one to eliminate infra-red divergences, being applicable at all temperatures, except for a narrow fluctuation region 0.97~$\lesssim T/T_{\rm c}\leq1$.\,\,In the high and low temperature limits, as well as in the interactionless limit, the obtained expression reproduces the well known results.\,\,The temperature dependence of the heat capacity and the phase transition temperature $T_{\rm c}\approx$~2.18~K are calculated, by using the formula obtained for the effective mass.\,\,In the framework of the approach proposed in this work, the small critical index $\eta$ is determined in the random phase approximation.\,\,The obtained value corresponds to the well known result.


FCEL-03 Proton conductive membrane is considered as the heart of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and it has a significant effect on the fuel cell performance. The aim of this study is to increase the proton conductivity of the sulfonated poly ether ether ketone (SPEEK) membrane by adding sepiolite and kaolinite additives to its structure, enhance its thermal stability and improve the pem fuel cell performance. As a result of this study; ion exchange capacity of the synthesized sepiolite and kaolinite added SPEEK membranes are ranging between 0.05 and 0.18 meq/g. The highest water uptake capacity was calculated as 16% (SPEEK). The proton conductivity of the SPEEK membrane was found to increase from 0.172 S/cm to 0.568 S/cm by adding %9 (w/w) of kaolinite. A current density and cell potential values of 141 mA.cm and 0.0846 mW/cm were obtained respectively at 0.6 V for SPEEK/S9 membrane, whereas 600 mA.cm and 0.348 mW/cm values were obtained for Nafion 117 commercial membrane under the same conditions.


Abstract Faith-based health education programs are effective in improving the health of participants. Specifically, programs facilitated by churches have provided much-needed health resources and information to underserved communities. Research in this area has focused primarily on the effectiveness of faith-based health interventions. However, it is also important to highlight potential barriers to program implementation. The purpose of this paper is to share the lessons learned from the HeartSmarts faith-based cardiovascular health education program in regard to issues that could occur at the beginning of the program. One year after the completion of the HeartSmarts ambassador training, 18 peer health educators, representing 14 Black churches, provided feedback through a survey with both open- and closed-ended responses on their experience with trying to start HeartSmarts classes in their churches. The results were analyzed, and themes were extracted. These themes in regard to effective program implementation were participant position in the church and length of church membership, presence of an active health ministry, culture of wellness within the church, participant recruitment, pastor involvement, space for classes, and ability to be placed on the church calendar. Best practices for overcoming barriers are shared.


Recognizing the deep structure differences and similarities between problems has been shown to be an essential mark of expertise in problem solving. While novices focus on surface features of a problem, experts have been shown to focus on deep structure. We report on a year-long study with students participating in a treatment to facilitate expert like problem solving. To assess development of student problem solving expertise, students toward the beginning and the end of the treatment were asked to rate the similarities between problem pairs. We report on the results from the similarity ratings of these students. We will present a comparison of the students before and after the treatment as well as compare the student similarity ratings with those of physics faculty members. STUDENTS' RATING OF PROBLEM SIMILARITY AS A MEASURE 3 Introduction Problem solving is regarded as an important cognitive skill that all people must develop (Hsu, Brewe, Foster, & Harper, 2004; Jonassen, 2000). Our overarching study focuses on case reuse, a process of solving problems by using what was learned through similar previously solved problems (Faltings, 1997). Case reuse is based on the premise that students construct or modify a previously defined conceptual schema by analyzing a worked example. This mental organization of knowledge is then retrieved while solving similar problems. For a schema to be useful in problem solving it must be tied to the inherent physical principles, or deep structure, of the problem rather than its surface features. Our overall goal was to facilitate the development of conceptual schema by enabling students to focus on deep structure of problems. During this project, we looked at assessing whether our treatment affected students' identification of deep-structure similarities between problems using a similarity rating task. Students participating in our study were given the task of rating the similarity between pairs of problems of varying similarities in surface features and deep structure features. We address the following research questions in this paper: Q1) To what extent do students attend to the surface or deep-structure features in


In Africa, the scarcity of hominin remains found in direct association with stone tools has hindered attempts to link Homo habilis and Homo erectus with particular lithic industries. The infant mandible discovered in level E at Garba IV (Melka Kunture) on the highlands of Ethiopia is critical to this issue because of its direct association with an Oldowan lithic industry. Here, we used synchrotron imaging to examine the internal morphology of the unerupted permanent dentition and confirmed its identification as H. erectus. Additionally, we used revised paleomagnetic ages to show that (i) the mandible in level E is ~2 million years old and represents one of the earliest H. erectus fossils and that (ii) overlying level D, ~1.95 million years old, contains the earliest known Acheulean assemblage. Description Editor's summary In 1981, the mandible of an infant hominin was discovered in the highlands of Ethiopia. Since then, its affinities have been debated, limiting our understanding of its importance. Using synchrotron x-ray imaging, Mussi et al. identified it as Homo erectus. This fossil is dated to 2 million years ago, and it is associated with both Oldowan and Early Archeulean tools, confirming that H. erectus used both types. This finding also reveals the use of high-elevation environments in this species, providing insight about the movement of hominins out of Africa. —Sacha Vignieri Two million years ago, Homo erectus expanded outside of savanna environments and made use of newly available resources.


Summary The traditional way of proving the existence of antiderivatives of continuous functions is through the concept of definite integrals. In the years 1904–1905, H. Lebesgue provided an alternative proof of this result not relying on the theory of integrals. His method is based on piecewise linear approximations of continuous functions, which also yields the mean value inequality as a by-product. In this note we recall Lebesgue's ideas.


In October 1933, Du Plessis described a new species of Synchytrium, S. Cotulae, on Cotula coronopifolia from South Africa in which the zo6sporangia are delimited within the walls of the resting spore while the latter is still embedded in the host tissues. Because of this characteristic, he proposed a new subgenus, Endochytrium, to include this fungus. In January of the same year, however, Sparrow used this generic name for a group of operculate chytrids which inhabit filaments of Cladophora and other algae. Both authors accordingly proposed Enldochytriumn within the same year, but Sparrow's paper appeared eight months earlier than Du Plessis' contribution. Under present rules of nomenclature, Sparrow's genus has priority, while Du Plessis' subgenus becomes untenable and should be discarded. To avoid possible confusion in the future, I propose another name, Endosynchytrium, for Du Plessis' subgenus. Endochytrium Sparrow includes at present two well-defined operculate species, E. operculatumn (de Wildeman) Karling (1937) and E. digitatum Karling (1938). Entophlyctis sp., Karling (pro parte, 1931) and E. maxima Dangeard (1932) are possibly identical to E. operculatumt also. Endochytrium oophilum Sparrow is a doubtful species. Sparrow found a few ovate operculate sporangia in rotifer eggs which he believed related to a species of Endochytrium. However, no rhizoids or evidence of a rhizomycelium were observed in connection with the sporangia. It is not improbable that Sparrow's fungus may relate to E. operculatum, since the author (Karling 1937) has often found this species inhibiting animal material such as cysts of Diplophysalis stagnalis, D. nitellarum, Vampyrella sp., and liver fluke ova where the rhizoids may frequently be obscured by the dense cell content. Endochytriumu oophilum, none the less, still stands as a questionable species.


THE INFLUENCE VARIATIONS OF SOLUTIONS MANGOSTEEN RIND TO STABILITY PAPER ALTERNATIVE ACID BASE INDICATOR
Abstract
The acid base indicator is a material used to identify acid and base properties of a solution, it indicated by different color changes. The previous research show that anthocyanin content extracted from plants using filter paper can be reserve as a natural base acid indicator paper that is easy and practicaly to use. Based previous research mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana Linn) has a high antocyanin content of 59.3 grams / 100 grams of mangosteen rind. The objective of this research is to know the influence of solvent type on the color change of acid base indicator paper and the effect of storage duration on the color stability produced by acid base paper from mangosteen rind. This study used a complete randomized design (CRD) method with two factors: solvent type (95% ethanol and 95% ethanol + 1% HCl) and storage duration (0, 5, 10 and 15 days). The parameter of this research is the change of color of acid base indicator from the mangosteen rind after tested against strong acid base and weak base acid solution. Based on the results of the research, the basic acid indicator paper from the mangosteen rind in acid solution is red to orange and green in base solution. The best characteristic has shown by the acid base indicator paper with 95% ethanol solvent + 1% HCl because it has the best color sharpness, it is more stable and after 15 days storage can be used.


Outbreaks of Alternaria bunch rot on grapevines in Slovakia occurred during unusually hot summer weather in 2007 and 2008. This is the first report of this disease in Slovakia. The symptoms of the disease, and the morphological features of the pathogen, Alternaria alternata, are described and illustrated.


The uniqueness of soccer is that the players are allowed to use their head to pass the ball to a teammate of even try to score goal. Studies have shown that heading in soccer might be dangerous to the brain and could lead to brain trauma. There are headgears available for soccer players to protect their head, but studies have proven that currently available headgears are ineffective in reducing the impact caused by a soccer ball. The objective of this study is to test the efficacy of six different types of impact-absorbing materials in reducing the linear impact force from a soccer ball. The soccer ball was dropped from the height of 2.3 m onto a force platform to measure the impact force. A high-speed camera is used to record the motion and the impact duration, and then the coefficient of restitution for each impact was determined. Polyurethane (PU) comb-gel was found to be the most effective material in reducing the peak impact force and impulse compared with other materials. The reduction in peak force was associated with longer impact duration between the soccer ball and the PU comb-gel. However, the coefficient of restitution was reduced by 21.7%, implying that using the gel alone will reduce the speed of the ball after heading, thus reducing the performance of a player wearing it. A combination of PU gel and another stiffer material is suggested and the effectiveness of the composite will be the subject of future investigation.


Crystallization of 1-octylthymine from acetonitrile solution gave needles and plates. The needles gave the photodimer by irradiation of UV light, but the plates did not give the photodimer. Crystal structures of needles and plates were determined by X-ray analysis. There were two pairs of thymine, which gave the photodimers in the needles of 1-octylthymine. The isomer ratio of the photodimers indicated that thymine rotated disrotatory during the photodimerization reaction to give trans-anti, cis-anti, and trans-syn isomers. The crystal structure of the plates from acetonitrile solution was identical to the structure of plates obtained from ethanol solution, which was inactive for the photodimerization as reported in the previous paper. When the alkyl group became long, the formation of trans-syn photodimer decreased because strong interaction with the alkyl group inhibited moving of molecules. The photodimerization of 1-alkylthymine was concluded to occur when the rotation of the thymine is possible in th...


The New Transformation of Science Education Science Education and the Emerging Ecological Society Science Education Policies for an Ecological Society - Aims and Goals The Restoration of Confidence in Science Education The Sisyphean Question in Science Education Science Education and the STS Theme Contemporary School Science - The Evolution of Teachers and Teaching Planet Earth in Crisis - How Should Science Educators Respond? The STS Theme in the Science Curriculum Leadership, Responsibility, and Reform in Science Education.


Augmented reality (AR) technology provides means for embedding visualization in a real-world context. Such techniques allow situated analyses of live data in their spatial domain. However, as existing techniques have to be adapted for this context and new approaches will be developed, the evaluation thereof poses new challenges for researchers. Apart from established performance measures, eye tracking has proven to be a valuable means to assess visualizations qualitatively and quantitatively. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of eye tracking for the evaluation of situated visualizations. We envision that an extension of gaze-based evaluation methodology into this field will provide new insights on how people perceive and interact with visualizations in augmented reality.


In allusion to the situation that the traditional management system of water resources has not been matched to the criterion that is used to protect water resources and make rational use of water resources, it is suggested that the authoritative, effective and corresponding management system should be established and the new water resources management system should be advanced actively. In this case, the sustainable development of the economic society can be realized accordingly.


SUMMARY Two antibiotic tests, the triphenyltetrazoliurn chloride test (TTC) and the Delvo test, were virtually unaffected by residues of several detergents and sanitizers in milk. The TTC test is more sensitive than the Delvo test to quaternary ammoniumdetergent, sodium hydroxide, or hypochlorite at high concentrations. In general, impairment of the organoleptic quality of milk was caused by residual concentrations mu ch lower than those required for inhibition of antibiotic tests.


This paper isolates certain key variables to assess their impact on the coffee industry, and to what extent these variables have been addressed. Although approached in a theoretical framework, this paper delineates the environmental forces that are faced by the coffee industry, and how the negative impact of these forces fo unnoticed or are ignored. The coffee industry has a history of little action taken when highly publicized health studies were published. When the demographics and lifestyles of consumers changed, the industry has been slow to respond. Recently these constricting forces have been addressed, thus providing an area for future research. The study of successes and failures of the beverage industry can help many industries in understanding their marketing approaches.


The dynamic interaction between CMV virus and host immune response remains 32 obscure, thus hindering the diagnosis and therapeutic management of HSCT patients. 33 Current diagnosis of CMV viremia depends on viral load estimation. Medical 34 intervention based on viral load, can be unnecessary or poorly timed for many 35 patients. Here we examined the clinical features and blood samples of HSCT patients, 36 and assessed the CMV reactivation kinetics and corresponding CMV antigen specific 37 T cell response in individual patients based on a peptide pool stimulation T cell assay, 38 which showed that CMV-specific CD8 + T cells were more suitable to be a diagnosis 39 indicator for suppressing CMV reactivation. Using ROC analysis, we defined and 40 verified a CMV-specific CD8 + T cell counts threshold (925 cells/10 6 PBMCs) as an 41 indicator of CMV reactivation post-HSCT, and suggested that use of this threshold 42 would provide more accurate guidance for prompt medication and better management 43 of CMV infection post-HSCT. 44 47


Although many accept predictions that our climates are changing rapidly, very little empirical work has been conducted that gives specific information on how these changes will affect natural systems. In nature, with past climate changes, certain species often became winners, while others losers. This project developed radial-growth forecasts for five of the most ecologically and economically relevant conifer species as chosen by regional stakeholders in southeastern New Brunswick. Using dendrochronology the five species were sampled and their radial growth increments were developed into master chronologies for each species. Regression models were then constructed using local historical monthly weather data to ascertain which factors were important to tree growth in the past. R2 relationships indicate that the models that were developed explained a large portion of the variance in past growth (0.68 to 0.79), and so Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM) data was used to forecast how each tree species will react to future climates. The models reveal the direction of natural adaptation by the studied conifer species to predicted future climates, and indicate that our forests will begin to shift species composition from a spruce/fir dominated forest back to a pine/hemlock forest. This type of forest has not been dominant in our region since the Hypsothermal approximately 4–7 ka BP. This information advances our knowledge of the potential changes in forest composition, and gives specific reasons on how each species would react to predicted climatic change.


In an era of rising childhood obesity rates, many physical educators find themselves with declining financial resources. Similar to how MacGyver had to do when he was in a bind on his self-titled television show, physical educators need to think creatively when providing equipment for use by their students. The problem that has been identified is: "How does a teacher provide for the daily equipment needs of the students when the financial resources are severely limited?" One common solution is the construction of "homemade" or improvised equipment. Although there are an array of resources that provide examples of self-made equipment, the physical education literature is somewhat sparse in providing guiding principles and underlying concepts to assist the "builder" during the decision making, design and construction phases. This article leads with the question, "What would MacGyver do?" and provides the novice improviser with a template of resource banks for the "raw" materials, concrete suggestions for equipment design considerations, and step by step helpful hints to assist in the creation, construction and utilization of physical education equipment.


1. A process for a compound of the segments (1, 1 ') for restoring pipes (42) for recovery of an existing pipeline (42), wherein the segment (1, 1') is formed integrally from at least a plate (101) of the inner surface that constitutes the inner circumferential surface of a reducing pipe, and side plates (102, 103) which are formed on their mounting hole (102a, 103a) and are situated on both sides of the plate (101) of the inner surface so as to extend in the circumferential direction of recovery pipe, thus with specifically includes the steps of: preparing the connector pin (51) which can be divided into halves (52, 53) of the finger by the separating finger (54), introducing the coupling pin (51) into the insertion hole (103a) in the side plate (103) of the first segment (1) with a portion of the connector pin remaining outside the first segment; separation connecting pin (51) on the halves (52, 53) of the finger by the separating finger (54), wherein the separated halves (52, 53) the finger pressed against the first segment ( 1), thereby attaching the finger halves to the first segment; iustanovki snap halves (52, 53) of the finger remaining outside the first segment (1), the second segment (1 ') through the insertion hole (102a) of its side plate (102), thereby connecting the first and second segments (1, 1' ) in the longitudinal direction of recovery truby.2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of mounting holes (102a, 103a) operate in the side plates (102, 103) of the first and second segments (1, 1 ') and a connecting pin (51) is introduced into a predetermined number of insertion holes among the plurality of mounting holes,


The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) initiated heavy rail operations in June 1979, with the opening of their Eastline. Subsequent to that date, MARTA expanded the rail transit system approximately every three to five years through December 2000, with opening of the Sandy Springs and North Springs stations. In addition, the agency consolidated their bus operations and added a new 200-bus CNG facility as well. The agency's focus was on system expansion during that 20-year period of Atlanta's rapid population growth and expanding business community. Then, in the mid-to-late nineties, MARTA began to recognize that many of their facilities, rolling stock, and systems were aging and showing signs of distress after the 1996 Olympic Games when approximately 21 million riders used the system over the 19 day period. Some systems were just not achieving their 25-50 year design life. The agency was forced to replace over 50,000 failing concrete ties because of a latent defect in the concrete; their station platforms, concourses and entrances were suffering from the winter's constant freeze-thaw cycles present in the southeast. Attention now needed to be directed to maintaining a state of good repair to the existing system in order to deliver the high quality service the community demanded. So, rather than an ad hoc outlook, MARTA undertook a systematic approach looking at the infrastructure along 48 miles of track and 38 stations to establish the remaining life expectancy to plan for the future. With this information in hand, MARTA proceeded to develop a comprehensive capital Improvement Plan with the goal of maintaining their System in a state of good repair over a 40-year period. Their plan takes into consideration the complexity in obtaining federal funds coupled with the limited availability of local funds. The agency goals were maximize maintainability and operational effectiveness given a host of funding scenarios. One of MARTA's first steps was to develop an inventory and condition assessment report of their infrastructure. Essentially, a condition assessment course of action is a decision-making process for identifying optimal methods for the design, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, retrofit, replacement, or possibly abandonment of an asset. The focus of this paper is to discuss several of the aging fixed assets, describe the condition assessment process in some detail, discuss programming in a situation where the needs outstrip the available funds, and conclude with a detailed look at several elements of MARTA's current 10-year Capital Plan.


This article examines the intervention behavior of small- or medium-sized neighbor countries in civil war peace negotiations by examining Thailand in the Cambodian peace process and Chad in the negotiations over Darfur, Sudan. The motivations lying behind these neighbors' initial interventions were their concerns over two issues: the spillover effect of the external conflicts and their limited leverage over the conflicts and peace processes. While both countries changed their intervention strategies, aiming to play more constructive roles, the consequences of the changed strategies were significantly limited by how their new diplomatic strategies were supported and utilized by external mediators.


Geographic variation in size of sexually mature females was compared in five species of crabs at sites spanning about 10 degrees of latitude along the east and west coasts of North America. Populations were sampled along the west coast at six sites for Pachygrapsuscrassipes, four sites for Hernigrapsus nudus, eight sites for H. orgenensis, and two sites for Scyra acutifrons, and along the east coast at eight sites for Panopeus herbstii. Four of the five species showed significant geographic variation in size at onset of maturity, mean size, and size frequency distribution. P. herbstii and P. crassipes exhibited latitudinal variations and marked changes in population structure of mature females at biogeographic boundaries; P. herbstii matured at larger sizes at latitudes below Cape Hatteras; while P. crassipes matured at smaller sizes below Point Conception. H. nudus showed variation in the size distribution of mature females, but little variation in size at onset of maturity. For H. oregonensis and S. acutifrons, size at maturity varied on a local scale among neighboring populations. For S. acutifrons, a difference of about seven molts before the terminal molt at puberty was deduced to produce the observed variation in maturity. Its molt increment percentage was constant across all sizes of crabs and did not differ between two populations with disparate size structures. For H. oregonensis variation in molt increment and in the number of molts appears to account for differences in size at maturity among populations. Variation in maturation within H. oregonensis populations occurs over one to two molts, and a difference of about two molts accounts for differences in size at onset of maturity among populations. Geographic variations in growth and size structure of mature females in these species are likely to have major consequences for population fecundity and demography. Because size and age at maturity are critical determinants of brachyuran reproductive output (Hines, 1982) and the rate of population growth (Cole, 1954; Murphy, 1968; Stearns, 1976), it is important to consider patterns of variation in the size at maturity in brachyuran crabs. Intra-specific geographic variations in life histories are well-documented in many groups of crustaceans: mole crabs (Hippidae) (Efford, 1969; Wenner et a1., 1987), stomatopods (Reaka, 1979), barnacles (Barnes and Barnes, 1965; 1968), copepods (McLaren et a1., 1969; Lonsdale and Levinton, 1985), mysids (Lasenby and Langford, 1972), caridean shrimp (Alon and Stancyk, 1982), lobsters (Annala et a1., 1980; Morizur et a1., 1981), amphipods (Steele and Steele, 1975), and hermit crabs (Childress, 1972; Bach et a1., 1976; Fotheringham, 1976; 1980; Bertness, 1981). Growth and size at maturity are important components in the dynamics of reproductive stocks and thus have significant indirect effects on population recruitment in many commercially fished crustaceans (Cobb and Phillips, 1980). Despite their economic and ecological importance, geographic variation in growth and size at maturity has been documented in only a few species of brachyuran crabs. At least five species from four brachyuran families (Cancridae, Grapsidae, Majidae, and Portunidae) exhibit geographic variation in size at maturity, although much of the documentation is derived incidentally from studies designed for other purposes. Cancer magister (Cancridae) is an extensively studied species, but there does not appear to be significant differences in growth rates, size at maturity, number of molts to maturity, or maximum size among populations from central California to Washington along the west coast of North America (Mackay and


Abstract We make precise and prove a conjecture of Klivans about actions of the sandpile group on spanning trees. More specifically, the conjecture states that there exists a unique 'suitably nice' sandpile torsor structure on plane graphs which is induced by rotor-routing. First, we rigorously define a sandpile torsor algorithm (on plane graphs) to be a map which associates each plane graph (i.e., planar graph with an appropriate ribbon structure) with a free transitive action of its sandpile group on its spanning trees. Then, we define a notion of consistency, which requires a torsor algorithm to be preserved with respect to a certain class of contractions and deletions. Using these definitions, we show that the rotor-routing sandpile torsor algorithm is consistent. Furthermore, we demonstrate that there are only three other consistent algorithms on plane graphs, which all have the same structure as rotor-routing. We also define sandpile torsor algorithms on regular matroids and suggest a notion of consistency in this context. We conjecture that the Backman-Baker-Yuen algorithm is consistent, and that there are only three other consistent sandpile torsor algorithms on regular matroids, all with the same structure.


The investigation on the perceptions of school principals regarding the influence of mandated change on the work performance of teachers is quantitative in nature and is contexualised in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province. At the time we conducted this research, most studies on mandates had involved the implementation of education policies and regulations, but the findings of these did not apply to the influence of these mandates on teacher work performance. After a search of studies on mandated change, we decided to approach our investigation from Gidden's (2003) structuration theory and Ritzer's (2008) model of micro-macro level mandates. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire that was distributed to 274 principals comprising the total population of secondary schools in the district and it was analysed using the SPSS 14.0 statistical programme to capture principals' perceptions on the influence of mandated change on the work performance of teachers. From the statistical analysis, one theoretical factor emerged and this was named "the influence of mandated change processes on the phenomena that comprise the indicators of teacher work performance". This factor formed the dependent variable and the various work performance indicators were used as independent variables. A constantly recurring finding was that there were two groups of school principals, one with a positive and the other with a less positive perception about mandated change processes. This article presents the results of this investigation. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n13p87


This study was investigated to find out the optimum planting densities of Scutellaria baicalensis George about growth characters, yield components and yield at 3 planting densities by direct sowing cultivated after barley. Stem length was long in dense planting of 20 × 10㎝ and short in spacious planting of 30 × 10㎝ and 40 × 10㎝ by direct sowing cultivated after barley. Stem diameter was thick in spacious planting of 30 × 10㎝ and 40 × 10㎝ and was thin in dense planting of 20 × 10㎝ by direct sowing cultivated after barley. Length and dry weight of root per plant were decreased in dense planting of 20 × 10㎝ and were increased in spacious planting of 30 × 10㎝ and 40 × 10㎝ by direct sowing cultivated after barley. Yield of dry root was highest in optimum planting density(30 × 10㎝:33 plants/㎡) by direct sowing cultivated after barley. The correlation coefficient between number of planting plant and stem length showed highly positive correlation. These characters of stem diameter, number of branches, main root length and yield of dry root mentioned above showed negative correlations with planting plants.


The 1946 constitution of the World Health Organization carefully condemned discrimination in health based on "race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition" but neglected to mention gender discrimination. A major manifestation of such gender discrimination is maternal mortality, which is the primary health problem facing women of reproductive age in developing countries and represents the greatest public health indicator disparity between developed countries where risk of maternal death is 1/9200 and developing countries with a risk of 1/7. Maternal mortality, however, is not a result of socioeconomic underdevelopment, since some developing countries have achieved low levels of maternal mortality. Because women propagate our species, society has an obligation to protect maternal health. While every pregnancy involves risk, and complications are not always predictable, almost all obstetric emergencies can be managed. However, only 55% of the world's women have a trained birth attendant to support them during delivery. Today, health personnel understand how to make maternity safe. What is required is the political will and commitment to implement what is known. Safe motherhood is a human rights issue for which governments should be held accountable, and safe motherhood should be very high on the agenda of the women's movement.


A topology on a xed nonempty set X is said to satisfy the weakly continuous representation property if every weakly continuous not necessarily total preorder - on the topological space (X; ) admits a continuous order preserving function. Such a property generalizes the well known continuous representation property of a topology on a set X (according to which every continuous total preorder - on (X; ) admits a continuous order preserving function). In this paper I present some results concerning the topologies which satisfy the weakly continuous representation property.


We consider a two-way relay channel (TRC) in which two terminals exchange messages with the help of a relay between them. The two terminals transmit messages to the relay through the Multiple Access Channel (MAC) and the relay transmits messages to the two terminals through the Broadcast Channel (BC). We assume that the MAC and the BC do not interfere with each other, and each terminal receives signals only from the relay but not the other terminal. All the nodes are assumed to be full-duplex, which means that they can transmit and receive information at the same time. The TRC is said to be without feedback if each terminal node cannot use its previously received information for encoding its message. Otherwise, the TRC is said to be with feedback. We obtain an outer bound on the capacity region of the discrete memoryless TRC without feedback and prove that the outer bound is tighter than the cut-set outer bound. In addition, we show that using feedback can enlarge the capacity region of some discrete memoryless TRC.


More than fifteen years of struggle to study and build a somatic psychology with psychosomatic exercises yielded a system named "Butoh dance method for psychosomatic exploration" in 1999, and related papers were presented in 2000 and 2003. Although the method consists of about 20 practical exercises in which the arm-standing exercise was included, only a few exercises have been explained so far in detail. Most of the workshop participants of the Butoh dance method, both in Japan and foreign countries, have found the arm-standing exercise very effective for concentration, relaxation, and bodily learning in terms of Noguchi Taiso (a physical exercise systematized by Michizo Noguchi). The exercise was first explained and defined in Japanese by the author (2002a, 2002b) after several years of testing and checking its effects in the psychosomatic workshops and also in clinical settings at mental clinics. This paper shows the English translation and some practical points of the exercise for much wider researchers who are interested in the experiential approach that the Butoh dance method offers.


We report long-term simulations of black hole-neutron star binary mergers where the neutron star possesses an asymmetric magnetic field dipole. Focusing on the scenario where the neutron star is tidally disrupted by the black hole, we track the evolution of the binary up to $\approx 100$ms after the merger. We uncover more than one episode of thermally driven winds being launched along a funnel wall in all these cases beginning from $\approx 25$ms after the merger. On the other hand, we are unable to conclude presently whether the amount of ejected mass increases with the \it{degree} of asymmetry. A large-scale magnetic field configuration in the poloidal direction is formed along the funnel wall accompanied by the generation of a large Poynting flux. The magnetic field in the accretion disk around the black hole remnant is amplified by the nonaxisymmetric magnetorotational instability (MRI). The MRI growth is estimated to be in the ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) regime and thus would be free from significant effects induced by potential neutrino radiation. However, the asymmetry in the magnetic field leads to increased turbulence, which causes the vertical magnetic field in the accretion disk to grow largely in a nonlinear manner.


An electronic device is disclosed that comprises a housing 81 and a flexible display, which may have respective portions 82a, 82b, 82c and 82d. The portions may be accommodated between respective hinges 84a, 84b, 84c, 84d, which are arranged as a mechanism for enabling a transition between the first mechanically stable position and a second mechanically stable position. The display is viewed from a direction 85. The hinges are operated independently from each other, enabling a plurality of angulations of the flexible display with respect to the housing 81.


Realistic crystal growth simulators can give information on what would be the surface structure of a crystal grown under specific physical-chemical conditions, avoiding the real growth in a laboratory. By suitable upscaling, simulations can therefore be useful for industrial purposes to foresee and control the final product. We initially present Monte-Carlo micro-scale simulations based on spatial stochastic processes; we followed the Hartman and Perdok method for the classification of facets, using Growth Units with cubic shape. For a better description of a self-similar growth of a faceted surface, we propose a new mathematical micro-scale model based on the Minkowski sum of sets and we present some results obtained by the numerical implementations.


Abstract The observation of evolved stars in selected evolutionary stages allow us to track the evolution of the physical properties and chemical composition of the matter that is being returned to the interstellar medium during these last stages of the life of stars. While the dust component can be characterized through the observation of the spectral energy distribution in the infrared part of the spectrum, spectral line surveys carried out in a wide spectral band provide the best probe of the physical properties and chemical composition of the gas phase. In this lecture we review the different line surveys carried out toward these objects and their impact in our understanding of the chemical complexity evolution in the circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars.


Vigenère cipher is an ancient elementary method that uses a series of Caesar shifting for encrypting plaintext to ciphertext protecting it from adversaries. However, a frequency analysis attack is vulnerable in this type of cipher technique. This paper aims to enhance the security of the Vigenère cipher in a hybrid cryptosystem using a randomized approach including pseudorandom substitution, rearranging, padding, etc. In this approach, a complex key generation algorithm is used that generates a pair of subkeys from an input key. One of the subkeys, Subkey1 is used to generate an intermediate ciphertext. The other key, Subkey2 is used to further scramble the ciphertext. The slightest change in the input symmetric key produces an entirely different key pair. Hence, different encrypted results. It also increases the ranges of characters that Vigenère cipher can encrypt by including all ASCII and extended ASCII. Finally, the symmetric key is encrypted with the public key of RSA solving the key distribution problem of the symmetric cipher. This enhanced and modified Vigenère cipher in the hybrid cryptosystem overcomes all limitations of classical cipher and acts as a bridge between classical and modern cryptography. General Terms Cryptography, Security, Algorithm, Encryption


Wireless technology is envisioned to be a major enabler of flexible industrial deployments, allowing agile installations and mobility of production elements. However, for industrial IoT (IIoT) use-cases, reliability and service availability remain as key concerns for wide adoption. To enhance wireless link reliability, we propose in this paper a Selective Duplication with QoS (SDQoS) technique, a cross-layer scheduling solution which leverages radio access technology metrics and transport layer metrics to schedule data transmission across one or more links. The framework is implemented as part of a multi-access gateway solution and its capability is demonstrated in a realistic two-hall industrial production environment for a multi-data flow autonomous mobile robot use-case, using Wi-Fi. The proposed QoS-aware solution shows a major improvement in preserving low latency and reliability for critical control data in the presence of large background traffic as compared to state-of-the-art solutions.


A prototype water-quality monitoring system uses experimental electronics to detect and control water deterioration in water-distribution systems. Management and engineers in the water utility industry generally assume that the quality of water leaving the treatment plant deteriorates in quality before it is delivered at the consumer's tap. Although the nature and magnitude of the change cannot be determined easily with conventional laboratory techniques, electroanalytical sensor technology, which has advanced significantly during recent years, can be used for continuous waterquality data acquisition. For the past 3 yr, a research staff at the National Sanitation Foundation, (NSF) in Ann Arbor, Mich., has been developing basic scientific criteria and specifications for a continuous monitoring system for use in detection and control of quality deterioration in potable water distribution systems, and in quality control of water purification processes. The NSF Water Quality Monitoring Project is an outgrowth of a recommendation from the AWWA Research Com. that instrumentation should be developed for measuring corrosion and stability,' and has been supported since its inception by the Office of Water Programs of EPA. Specific aims of the project include


The VCG mechanism has some nice properties if the agents-are-substitutes property holds.For example, for combinatorial auctions the property assures that the VCG mechanism is supported by a pricing equilibrium. The existence of such a pricing equilibrium is a necessary condition for the existence of ascending auctions that are equivalent to the VCG mechanism.Although it is known that the agents-are-substitutes property is important in several settings few problems or subclasses of problems are proven to have the property.In this paper we show for a class of problems that the agents-are-substitutes property holds. Moreover we give two rather natural and small extensions that do not have this property in general.Furthermore we show that in our simple problem class we need the possibility of price discrimination.


In this paper we prove the existence and uniqueness of decreasing solution for the polynom polynomial-like iterative equation∑ni=1λifi(x)=F(x)and F(x)is continuous decreasing without endpoint-fixed restriction.


Author Institution: Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University - Trumbull Campus ; Department of Biological Sciences and Water Resources Research Institute, Kent State University


Streaming Video Resources Streaming video or audio available to students, faculty, and staff through our and OhioLINK's databases. Off-campus access requires your name and your Cougar ID #.


Thermo-conversion of sewage sludge in fluidized beds is a feasible and attractive solution to reduce the amount of waste directed to landfilling and, at the same time, to mitigate the environmental issues related to the disposal of sewage sludge. The aim of this work was focused on the particle comminution phenomena of a wet sewage sludge particle occurring during fluidized bed pyrolysis and combustion. The experimental investigation was carried out with the aid of different and complementary experimental protocols. The phenomenology of the devolatilization and char burn-out has been studied in a quartz bench-scale fluidized bed by visual observation: self-segregation of fuel particle to the top of the bed during devolatilization and flameless combustion of the volatile matter were observed. SEM/EDX and image analysis have been carried out on char and ash particles generated during the experimental campaign highlighting the formation of a porous outer layer and cavities inside the particles. The physical and chemical features of ash and char particle have been characterized. The effect of particle comminution phenomena on devolatilization stage (air as fluidizing gas) and pyrolysis (nitrogen as fluidizing gas) has been investigated by means of the time series of gaseous species measured at the exhaust varying the initial size of fuel particle. Particle comminution phenomena have been characterized varying the nature oxidative and non-oxidative of the environment, the bed material size, the fluidization velocity excess and the initial size of fuel particle. Particle fragmentation occurs mainly during drying and pyrolysis or devolatilization and scarcely during char burn-out when the initial size of fuel particle exceeds a critical value depending on the bed material size and fluidization velocity excess. Particle comminution phenomena are strongly and moderately emphasized by bed material size and fluidization velocity excess, respectively.


4 herds with IOFC > $12.99 per cow per day 1 2 3 4 Average High ECM 95.5 95.3 99.5 91.6 95.48 High Fat and Protein lbs per cow per day 6.29 6.37 6.68 6.06 6.35 Higher Feed Efficiency (ECM/DMI) 1.75 1.69 1.75 1.68 1.72 Higher cost/cow per day 7.81 7.24 8.2 7.16 7.60 Lower stocking density, % of stalls 101 108 79 105 98 Higher Forage NDF intake, % of BW 0.91 0.96 1.04 0.95 0.97 Similar milk fat % 3.59 3.96 3.94 3.70 3.80 Similar milk protein % 2.91 3.05 3.09 2.99 3.01 Slightly higher cost per lb DM 0.143 0.128 0.144 0.131 0.137


This review is the first in a series that deals exclusively with electrophoresis of ions. Since in modern terminology "electrophoresis is the movement of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field", electrophoresis is not limited to colloidal particles, it includes ions as well. The history of electrophoresis of ions therefore begins in 1800 at the same time as that of electrolysis, because the two phenomena are so inextricably linked "that one cannot happen without the other" (Faraday, 1834).
Between 1800 and 1805 about half a dozen different theories of electrolytic decomposition and the movement of the particles - for which we coin the term electrophoretic current - were formulated, all contributing to the discourse, but lacking consistency and none fully convincing. They are discussed nonetheless because most of them fell into oblivion, even though they are interesting for historical reasons. However, from 1805/1806 the predominant theory, formulated by Theodor von Grotthuß and independently by Humphry Davy assumed that polarized molecules of water or dissolved ions form chains between the two electrodes. Only the terminal atoms of these chains were in direct contact with the electrodes and were liberated by galvanic action, but are immediately replaced by neighboring atoms of the same type. This decomposition and recombination of the molecules driven by electric forces which follow the "action at a distance" principle like in Coulomb´s law takes place over the entire chains; they represent the electrophoretic current. However, in 1833 Michael Faraday refuted all previous theories. Two of his groundbreaking findings were of particular importance for the electrophoresis of ions: one was that electricity consists of elementary units of charge. The ions thus carry one or a multiple of these units. The other was the revolutionary theory of the electric lines of force in early 1840s, and of what was later called the electric field. With these findings Faraday fundamentally changed the previously prevailing view of the electrophoresis of ions.


In this paper, we propose a new adaptive bit rate (ABR) streaming method. This method is based on estimating and monitoring users' video streaming experience, their quality of experience (QoE). This ensures a good user QoE and optimises bandwidth utilisation by monitoring video buffer fill rate to ensure minimal data traffic. First, we achieve a QoE evaluation model based on network bandwidth, video segment representation, and dropped video frame rate parameters. Second, following our QoE evaluation model, we formulate an ABR method using the reinforcement learning (RL) paradigm to select video representations and using a breakpoint detection mechanism to monitor end‐user QoE variation. The proposed ABR method is called "QoE‐aware adaptive bit rate (Q2ABR)" and is composed of three individual modules, one for QoE estimation using machine learning methods, one for QoE variation monitoring using the breakpoint detection mechanism, and one for video representation selection using reinforcement learning. The design objective of Q2ABR is to ensure the overall QoE of these users while maintaining a minimum variation in the standard deviation of the users' QoE values. Third, the performance of the Q2ABR method is evaluated and compared with several existing ABR approaches in the literature using real traces that we collect on different transport scenarios (such as bus and train, among others). Since this method considers the user's perception of video quality as a regulator for optimising the overall video distribution network, good results are ensured in terms of the user's experience and buffer fill rate.


. In this paper, we disambiguate risky activity corporate users are propagating with their software in real time by creating an enterprise security visualization solution for system administrators. The current problem in this domain is the lag in cyber intelligence that inhibits preventative security measure execution. This is partially due to the overemphasis of network activity, which is a nonfinite dataset and is difficult to comprehensively ingest with analytics. We address these concerns by elaborating on the beta of a software called "Insight" created by Felix Security. The overall solution leverages endpoint data along with preexisting whitelist/blacklist designations to unambiguously communicate potential Indicators of Compromise (IOC) on an executive level by employing visualizations.


Abstract Tetrahymena 49kDa protein functions as a citrate synthase (CS) and also assembles to 14-nm filament during cell mating. Bifunctional property of 49kDa protein is suggested to be maintained by the difference of post-translational modification(s). We have found that phosphorylation is present on all three isoforms of 49kDa protein. Dephosphorylation of citrate synthase type isoforms of 49kDa protein, composing pI 7.7 and 8.0 isoforms, reduced its enzymatic activity, shifting these isoforms to basic side. In a course of dephosphorylation, isoform of pI 8.4 appeared with pI 7.7 and 8.0 isoforms, which correspond to the isoforms of 14-nm filament assembling type. With this dephosphorylation, the citrate synthase type isoforms obtained the ability to assemble 14-nm filaments. We propose that enzyme form and cytoskeletal form of 49kDa protein were maintained simply by phosphorylation.


The invention discloses a novel synthesis method for 2-amino vidarabine. According to the method, the target product with the overall yield of 61% is prepared from vidarabine, which serves as a raw material, through 3 step reactions, i.e., perbenzoylation reaction, nitration reaction and ammonolysis reaction. A first advantage of the method is that the prepared 2-amino vidarabine is of beta conformation completely, so that the tedious step of isomer separation in the traditional method is avoided. A second advantage of the method is that the used raw materials are cheap and readily available, and other reagents are all common chemical raw materials and are wide in source. A third advantage of the method is that the number of steps is small, the operation is simple and convenient, and the whole process does not need column chromatographic separation, so that industrialized and expanded production is facilitated.


Polarization modulation ellipsometry has been used to determine the optical constants of Si for photon energies from 1.64 to 4.73 eV (755 to 262 nm) at 300 as well as 10 K. The results were interpreted using a 2‐boundary, 3‐layer model (air‐SiO2‐Si); the inclusion of an interface layer between the SiO2 and Si did not greatly affect the derived optical constants below ∼3.5 eV. The accuracy of the results has been carefully evaluated, the error in the index of refraction (n) being < 1%, while the error in the extinction coefficient (k) or the absorption coefficient (α) being dependent upon the magnitude, ∼15% at α = 104 cm−1, ∼6% at α = 105 cm−1, and ∼1.5% at α = 106 cm−1. The room temperature absorption coefficient results represent the best spectroscopically available values from ∼2.5 to ∼3.5 eV (∼350 to 500 nm), while results at 10 K represent the best values available over the entire wavelength region measured. A comparison with previously published data is presented.


Nan jizhu takes the set of all 2× 2 alternate matrices over finite local ring as the set of treatments and obtains an association scheme with m associate classes,whose parameters are also computed.In this paper,the author computes pa-rameters k i and p ikj using the definition and properties of finite local ring and association scheme,and gets another method of parameter computation.


Background Although diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging imaging (DW-MRI) is commonly used to characterize hepatic lesions, the literature is sparse about the use of MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in this regard. By using DTI, one is able to obtain not only apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) but also fractional anisotropy (Fa) values. Purpose To evaluate DTI using ADC and Fa values in the imaging of hepatic cysts, hemangiomas, and metastases. Material and Methods Sixty-six patients with 77 lesions were examined with DTI. There were 32 metastases, 13 cysts, and 32 hemangiomas. Two radiologists performed ADC and Fa measurements. Inter-observer agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. ADCs and Fa values were correlated using Pearson correlation. The differences were compared using ANOVA and Tukey tests. A ROC analysis was applied; sensitivities and specificities were calculated. Results The inter-observer agreement was very good. The correlation between ADC and Fa was negative, weak, and significant (r = −0.36). The mean ADC value of cysts (3.30 ± 0.8 × 10−3 mm2/s) was significantly higher than that of hemangiomas (2.23 ± 0.5 × 10−3 mm2/s) and metastases (1.62 ± 0.4 × 10−3 mm2/s). The mean Fa value of cysts (0.2 ± 0.05) was significantly lower than hemangiomas (0.37 ± 0.1) and metastases (0.46 ± 0.1). The Az values for discriminating metastases from benign hepatic lesions for ADC and Fa value were 0.885 and 0.731, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ADC and Fa were 87.5% and 84.4%, and 78.1% and 57.8%, respectively. The Az value for discriminating cysts from hemangiomas for Fa was 0.96. The sensitivity and specificity were 90.6% and 92.3%, respectively. Conclusion Fa values may play a supportive role in the imaging of liver lesions. Whereas metastases tend to have low ADCs and high Fa values, cysts have high ADCs and low Fa values and hemangiomas have high ADCs and high Fa values.


To determine how data replication has evolved during the past two decades, this paper reviews data replication process, development and applications, through a survey o f literature and the classification of articles, from 1994 to 2015. "Data replication is the creation and support of numerous duplicates of the same data". It improves big data frameworks and mobile applications by applying data replication for real-time operational and analytical data synchronization, empowering the event-driven business. This paper explains how the Data Replication process has been efficiently applied in various domains to ensure the efficient working of data grids.


The non - conventional security problems have seemingly taken a position more important than conventional security during the last ten years. Therefore, the non - conventional theories of international relations have been regarded as much more perceptive than the conventional one. Through a reviewing of the events happened in the last ten years, this article detects how the non - conventional theories, which is represented by Samuel Huntington's "Clash of Civilization", is effective, and why the conventional theories is still applicable in such a non-conventional situation today.


This article presents an overview of the rationale, procedures, and applications of hypnosis to clinical and health psychology. A four-step working framework is delineated, including pre-inductive phase (with two main goals: restructuring myths and misconceptions of hypnosis and assessment of hypnotizability), application of induction techniques, administration of specific suggestions that facilitates behavior change, and posthypnotic phase which ensures that the subjects learn how to apply suggestions by themselves in daily life situations. Hypnosis as an Correspondencia: Héctor González Ordi, Departamento de Psicología Básica II (Procesos Cognitivos), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas s/n, 28223 Madrid (España). E-mail: email@example.com


. An example is given of a linear mapping from C[x] to M2(C) which is positive but not completely positive. It is shown that a positive linear mapping from C[x] to B(^) is completely positive if certain scalar moment sequences associated with it are determinate.


Background: On November 26, 2021, WHO designated the variant B.1.1.529 as a new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VoC), named Omicron, originally identified in South Africa. Several mutations in Omicron indicate that it may have an impact on how it spreads, resistance to vaccination, or the severity of illness it causes. Methods: We used our previous modelling algorithms to forecast the spread of Omicron aggregated in the EU-27 countries, the United Kingdom and Switzerland, and report trends in daily cases with a 7-day moving average. We followed EQUATOR TRIPOD guidance for multivariable prediction models. Modelling included a third-degree polynomial curve in existing epidemiological trends on the spread of Omicron in South Africa, a five-parameter logistic (5PL) asymmetrical sigmoidal curve following a parametric growth in Europe, and a new Gaussian curve to estimate a downward trend after a peak. Results: Up to January 15, 2022, we estimated a background rate projection in EU-27 countries, the UK and Switzerland of about 145,000 COVID-19 daily cases without Omicron, which increases up to 440,000 COVID-19 daily cases in the worst scenario of Omicron spread, and 375,000 in the best scenario. Therefore, Omicron might represent a relative increase from the background daily rates of COVID-19 infection in Europe of 1.03-fold or 2.03-fold, that is up to a 200% increase. Conclusion: This warning pandemic surge due to Omicron is calling for further reinforcing of COVID-19 universal hygiene interventions (indoor ventilation, social distance, and face masks), and anticipating the need of new lockdowns in Europe.


The influence of process-induced defect formation was investigated in a vertically integrated (VI) junctionless-mode field-effect transistor (JL-FET). Compared to the low energy and one-time ion-implantation process to fabricate a single nanowire-based FET, the high-energy and repetitive ion-implantation process for the creation of the VI JL-FET inevitably generates more defects in the crystalline sites. Even after high-temperature rapid thermal annealing, the non-recovered defect sites existing in the interface and silicon channel, as verified by a transmission electron microscopy analysis, lead to the degradation of the electrical performance such as on- and off-state current. Particularly, the abnormal behavior of the off-state current, mostly arising from the gate-induced drain leakage, was analyzed using the experimental results, and supported by the numerical simulation as well.


Kuripan Utara is one of the villages in Kuripan sub-district, West Lombok regency, West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. Leading potential in the Kuripan Utara Village is agriculture. The obstacle faced by the community is the lack of awareness about the management of agricultural waste products, one of which is corncobs waste. Alternative solutions can be done to hold socialization of making mushrooms from corncobs media. The method used is the preparation of socialization programs and training in making mushroom growing media from corncobs. The results of this community empowerment program are providing information, knowledge, and training to the Kuripan Utara community on how to treat agricultural waste such as corncobs. Like a mushroom growing media, Corncobs can be used as raw material to make innovative food products that can increase agricultural waste's use and economic value.


Calcium phosphate is the dominant mineral in the calcified mammalian tissues. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CPNPs) have been used as a non-viral cell infection vector 50 years ago. In the present study, CPNPs were synthesized and characterized by different techniques such as a spectrophotometer, zeta potential, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The monophase, single crystal and spherical nanoparticles of CPNPs had been obtained with a diameter average of 36 67 nm. CPNPs loaded with TAT Poly A1 peptides and designed siRNA were prepared and used for in vitro targeting of estrogen receptor (ESR1) in RD – cell line. Realtime PCR quantification applied in our study with SYBR green dye to recognize any double-stranded DNA and to determine the cycle threshold value (Ct) of their amplification. On the other hand, GAPDH as a housekeeping gene had been used to monitor constant gene expression in the RD cell line. Furthermore, ESR1 gene expression, before and after targeting by siRNA, was also determined. From the results obtained, the Ct value of GAPDH in the control sample was 20.29, while the Ct value of GAPDH and ESR1 genes in the presence of (100 μl/ml of siRNA) were 20.28 and 29.32, respectively. Finally, the fold of the ESR1 gene expression reduced to 3×104 in RDcells.


..production. Vitamin A, vitamin C, and melatonin are potent antioxidant molecules. We sought to clarify this issue by examining the effects of vitamin A (15,000 IU/kg/day), vitamin C (600 mg/kg/day), and melatonin (25 mg/kg) on 3-NT formation in heart tissue in a guinea pig model of LPS-induced endotoxemia. Materials and methods: A total of 75 animals were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 15 animals for each group). 3NT levels in the heart tissue were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. Results: In the group given LPS, 3-NT levels were significantly increased compared with the control, vitamin A + LPStreated, vitamin C + LPS-treated, and melatonin + LPS-treated groups. In the vitamin A + LPS-treated group, vitamin C + LPS-treated group, and melatonin + LPS-treated group, 3-NT levels were similar to those of the control group. Conclusion: Vitamin A, vitamin C, and melatonin pretreatment significantly prevented 3-NT formation. These agents may offer an advantage in that they could improve the hemodynamics as well as reduce the formation of ONOO-.


Background:The contrast-enhanced mammographic features of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) manifesting microcalcifications only on mammograms were evaluated to determine whether they could predict DCIS underestimation.Methods:We reviewed the records of patients who underwent mammography-guided breast biopsy with vacuum-assisted core needle biopsy to enrol patients meeting the following inclusion criteria: (1) mammographic microcalcifications only; (2) contrast-enhanced spectral mammography within 2 weeks before biopsy; (3) mammography-guided biopsy-proven cancer (including DCIS and IDC); and (4) subsequent surgical treatment in our hospital. The presence or absence, size, morphology and texture of enhancement on contrast-enhanced spectral mammography were compared to determine any significant differences.Results:A total of 49 patients (27 DCIS, 22 IDC) were enrolled. Forty patients (81.6%) showed enhancement, including 18 (45%) DCIS and 22 (55%) IDC patients. All 9 unenhanced cancers were DCIS. DCIS showed 72.22% nonmass enhancement and 83.33% pure ground glass enhancement. IDC showed more mass (72.2% to 27.8%) and solid enhancements (83.33% to 16.67%). The cancer and texture of enhancement were significantly different, with moderate diagnostic performance for the former (p value <0.01, AUC= 0.66, sensitivity= 93%, specificity= 39%) and the latter (p value <0.01, AUC= 0.74, sensitivity= 0.65, specificity= 83%). DCIS showed a significant difference in enhanced texture compared with upgraded IDC and IDC (p=0.0226 and 0.0018, respectively).Conclusions:CESM-enhanced features can feasibly predict DCIS underestimation. Biopsy-proven DCIS without associated enhancement has a low DCIS upgrade rate.Nonmass and pure ground glass enhancements were closely related to DCIS, and cases showing mass and unpurified solid enhancements should be suspected as IDC.


In different narratives, heroes are recognized as brave characters that face both, natural and supernatural hazards with courage and they are even ready to sacrifice their lives for the well-being of others. Both, the physical and emotional characteristics as well as the paths they chose to overcome the many difficulties they have to face to accomplish their goals, seem to be a common element to all heroes.


In order to examine the possible use of rock phosphate as P source, tomato seedlings with or without inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were grown in the pots of sterile volcanic ash soil from Cheju island with two levels of phosphorus (100 and 200 mg/kg) supplied either as fused or as rock phosphate. After three months of culture, plant dry weight, P and other nutrient uptake, root colonization and spore density in the soil were determined. Treatments of rock phosphate of both levels resulted in the significantly depressed plant growth in comparison to the treatments of fused phosphate, likely due to lower P availability in soil with rock phosphate. Mycorrhizal fungi inoculation increased the dry weight of plant at 200 mg/kg level of both fused and rock phosphate. Root infection and sporoulation were reduced in rock phosphate treatments. Nitrogen, K, Ca and Mg contents in plants were not significantly different at all treatments. As a P source, rock phosphate in combination with mycorrhizae was not satisfactory for optimum plant growth at levels in Cheju volcanic ash soil.


Background Attending physicians (APs) must constantly assess trainees' competence to act independently, to promote learning while ensuring quality of care. This study aimed to explore, through discourse analysis of case presentations, the process of competence assessment for case-specific clinical independence. Method Twenty-six case presentations in emergency medicine were observed and audiorecorded. A discourse analysis was conducted, focusing on APs' use of questioning strategies. Results Questioning strategies involved clarifying questions (to ensure APs' understanding of the case), probing questions (to probe trainees' understanding of a case or their underlying knowledge), and challenging questions (to challenge presuppositions). Case-related probing questions and challenging questions were found to be linguistic features of APs' assessments of trainees' competence. Conclusions The identification of specific linguistic features of the process of competence assessment by APs provides a framework for faculty development and future study of the function and effects of such discourse patterns.


Multilevel methods on unstructured grids for elliptic problems are reviewed. The advantages of these techniques are the flexible approximation of the boundaries of complicated physical domains and the ability to adapt the grid to the resolution of fine scaled structures. Multilevel methods, which include multigrid methods and domain decomposition methods, depend on the correct splitting of appropriate finite element spaces. The standard splittings used in the structured grid case cannot be directly extended to unstructured grids due to their requirement for a hierarchical grid structure. Issues related to the application of multilevel methods to unstructured grids are discussed, including how the coarse spaces and transfer operators are defined and how different types of boundary conditions are treated. An obvious way to generate a coarse mesh is to regrid the physical domain several times. Several alternatives are proposed and discussed: node nested coarse spaces, agglomerated coarse spaces and algebraically generated coarse spaces.


A topical dermal delivery device, such as a patch, for topical delivery of nitric oxide (NO) to treatment sites of mammals is disclosed. In an embodiment the patch has three layers; a backing with an activation window, a absorbent core as a reservoir and an NO permeable membrane with an adhesive layer towards the skin. The NO donor is applied into the device as a solution prior to application through the activation window. The window is closed after activation and the lid and backing is non-permeable for NO in order to increase the partial pressure of NO and thus the concentration of dissolved NO. The patch is fixated on the area to be treated with an adhesive layer that also assures sufficient contact throughout the treatment. The generated NO moves within the patch and can escape through the NO permeable membrane towards the area to be treated. Depending on therapy needed, the patch release curve differs and is chosen accordingly.


Inadequate control and management of groundwater can affect the construction progress of a tunnel considerably. Large unexpected quantities of water may endanger lives and machinery and bring work to a halt. Small flows can decrease productivity, result in soil loss and subsequent surface settlements, or face instability. From the initial design, through construction to the maintenance of the finished tunnel, a variety of methods are used. Some of these need a large inventory of specialised plant and equipment, as reviewed in the paper, to carry out such remedial measures as grouting, freezing and dewatering. (TRRL)


Chordomas of the base of skull represent a relatively rare and difficult disease to manage. Although considered slow-growing, these tumors often present with compression of the adjacent optic apparatus, brainstem, and cavernous sinus, making com-plete neurosurgical resection extraordinarily complex and, at times, of excessive risk to the patient. While promise exists in future systemic therapy options, to date there are no systemic agents approved in the treatment of chordoma. Moreover, while adjuvant radiotherapy has been shown to improve rates of long-term tumor control, chordomas are considered relatively radioresistant. Radiotherapy doses over 70 Gy are fre-quently utilized, 1 a dose that exceeds the typically acceptable dose tolerance of the immediately adjacent neurologic structures (ie, brainstem, optic apparatus, etc).


This paper presents a novel, compact and simple reconfigurable antenna using coplanar waveguide feed which has frequency, polarization and pattern diversities. The basic antenna consists of four rectangular patches of dimensions 5 mm × 4 mm. Three switches are used to connect these four patches and with different switching modes, the desired reconfigurability is achieved. The operating frequency/band can be selected as 5.15 GHz (with 33.6% of impedance bandwidth) or 5.55 GHz (with 55% of impedance bandwidth) in two different operating modes. Reconfiguration in polarization takes place from linear polarization to right hand circular polarization and left hand circular polarization, and antenna is capable of rotating its radiation beam by ±180°. The measured results are in good agreement with simulated ones. The antenna exhibits good return loss characteristics, acceptable gain and VSWR.