Phloroglucinol-resorcinol-formaldehyde organic aerogels (PRF) were prepared using phloroglucinol, resorcinol and formaldehyde in a sol-gel process, solvent replacement and drying at room temperature. The phloroglucinol-resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon aerogels (CPRF) were prepared by charring the PRF at high temperature under the aegis of helium flow. The microstructure of CPRF was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, specific surface area analyzer and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the CPRF had continuous network structure and high specific surface area.


The traditional virtual disassembly technology is difficult to fully complete virtual disassembly. This paper proposes the method, which is based on the geometrical and physical constraints. It introduces a common combination of physical constraints, dismantling the structure of a tree, and proposes a solution method based on the geometrical and physical constraints, finally it simulates and verifies the method. This method makes full use of the geometric constraints and physical constraints of the parts to be disassembled solve; constantly the corresponding degrees of movement freedom and movement vice, obtains the transformation matrix of disassembly through the freedom, achieved the precise positioning of parts.


Specific impulse is defined in words in many ways. Very early in any text on rocket propulsion a phrase similar to .specific impulse is the thrust force per unit propellant weight flow per second. will be found.(2) It is only after seeing the mathematics written down does the definition mean something physically to scientists and engineers responsible for either measuring it or using someone.s value for it.


abstract:"The sleeper awakes" is a convention of many literary utopias from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Novels by Wells, Morris, and Bellamy famously feature a sleeping modern everyman who awakens to a future where the contradictions of the burgeoning capitalist society have (fitfully or finally) been resolved. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935) dutifully employed this trope in her first full-length utopia, Moving the Mountain (1911). More important, a general invocation to "Awaken!" runs throughout the entirety of her work. To "awaken" meant for Gilman to waken from: to throw off the inherited habits of thought that mentally hobbled her generation and to rouse oneself from the debilitating fatigue that was a consequence of domestic drudgery. Gilman also called upon women to waken to: to grasp their productive capacity as world workers; to seize their reproductive power as "mothers of the race"; and, finally, to acknowledge their capacity for telesis, that is, for the deliberate improvement of human society. Gilman's failure to critically challenge the myopia of her own thinking, however, particularly around matters of race, meant that she remained "half-asleep," or perhaps better, "half-woke."


This issue contains five original studies, of which two are in Esperanto, two in English, and one in German. There is one review in Esperanto.


During recent years there has been a great growth in both the number and the varieties of institutions of a financial nature. Especially has this been true during the war. The growth has been both progressive and cumulative. To use a well-recognized illustration referring to a somewhat earlier period, the trust company had its inception in connection with insurance business, particularly in connection with such kinds as title insurance. As the years went by, insurance and fiduciary business were increasingly recognized as separate and distinct, so that roughly by the time of the Civil War they were fairly well separated. Subsequently too, a change became noted in the character of the fiduciary business of the trust company. Whereas the earlier trusts had been largely individual in nature, with the rise of the corporation various corporate trusts developed and became of increasing importance. Particularly of course was this the case in the larger centers, so that in a considerable number of cases the corporate trust business has come to overshadow the individual trust business. At the same time, moreover, it has been found that banking is a kind of natural adjunct to trust business and in all but a few states banking-including the reception of both time and demand deposits-is now combined with trust business. Commercial banks likewise have added trust departments, so that the modern department store of finance is now definitely with us. While this movement of integration has been taking place, a movement toward specialization has developed in certain directions. Particularly is this the case with the newer financial institutions. Institutions conducting business of one kind or another which is related to finance have multiplied. The result is that the field at present presents a very complex appearance. In particular the problem arises of classifying the newer institutions and determining exactly where they "fit into" the existing financial structure. This problem perplexes the student who is attempting to describe the field of banking and to take cognizance of the newer developments. It is well illustrated in considering the ordinary discussions of the field of banking. The older tendency has been to neglect these institutions entirely and confine the discussion to the traditional banking field, discussing very largely commercial bank-


The network of the Integrated background monitoring (IBMon) stations have operated in Russia for 40 years more. Many years ago the IBMon stations were the hallmark of the biosphere reserves (BR) in the USSR. Nowadays they are sometimes perceived as a rudiment of the USSR era, something antique, out of modern realities. This article describes the chronology of the development and functioning of the IBMon system in Russia, and also presents the scientific achievements obtained owing to the creation of this system. There were 16 IBMon stations created in 13 biosphere reserves of the USSR and Russia in total for 1978-1998, and after 1998 there are stations in 5 biosphere reserves only in Russia at present time: at Altaisky BR, Astrakhanskiy BR, Voronezhskiy BR, Kavkazskiy BR and Prioksko-Terrasnyi BR. The paper provides monitoring data on pollutant concentrations in the air, atmospheric precipitation, surface waters, soils and plants in the biosphere reserves, where the IBMon stations operate. The discussion is devoted to topics on reasons and goals of the IBMon station network creation in the USSR, what kind of scientific role they had played and why this activity direction is relevant today and should be developed in modern Russia.


: Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) have the potential to a(cid:27)ord natural interaction in the three-dimensional (3D) space around a user. While the available physical workspace can di(cid:27)er between IVEs, only a small region is located within arm's reach at any given moment. This interaction space is solely de(cid:28)ned by the shape and posture of the user's body. Interaction performance in this space depends on a variety of ergonomics factors, the user's endurance, muscular strength, as well as (cid:28)tness. In this paper we investigate di(cid:27)erences in selection task performance when users interact with their hands in a comfortable or uncomfortable region around their body. In a pilot study we identi(cid:28)ed comfortable and uncomfortable interaction regions for users who are standing upright. We conducted a Fitts' Law experiment to evaluate selection performance in these di(cid:27)erent regions over a duration of about thirty minutes. Although, we could not (cid:28)nd any signi(cid:28)cant di(cid:27)erences in interaction performance between the two regions, we observed a trend that the extent of physical (cid:28)tness of the users a(cid:27)ects performance: Athletic users perform better than unathletic users. We discuss implications for natural interaction in IVEs.


Agile systems development and testing activities continue to accelerate at exponential speeds in industry and academia, with commercial vendors competing for market shares of ''testing as a service (TaaS)'' strategies, protocols, and standards. The Department of Defense (DoD) has continued working the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) Section 804 information technology (IT) system acquisition reform guidelines, with the integration of agile processes and procedures being a key tenet. Some elements of the Section 804 recommendations will likely be integrated into ongoing rewrites of the DoD 5000 series documents. A persistent challenge for the DoD is the lag in its agile policy development, while industry and academia continue to develop, establish, and execute agile methodologies and systems. If empirical evidence demonstrated for decades holds course, commercial vendors will drive agile best practices and protocols while the DoD works to finalize agile transformation policies, thus falling behind industry. To help minimize this gap between commercial information technology (IT) testing agility and the DoD's embrace and execution of new IT acquisition and testing methodologies, the Joint Interoperability Test Command (JITC) is in the midst of major agile testing activities and software efforts. These efforts include development of the Tactical Digital Link (TDL) Automated Test Case Generator (ATCGen) TaaS capability; execution of agile testing efforts of the Afghanistan Mission Network (AMN) Coalition Interoperability Assurance and Validation (CIAV) Working Group; and agile development of test data management, instrumentation, and analysis software tools. This article addresses NDAA Section 804 policy recommendations and then follows with descriptions, successes, and the way ahead for JITC's successful development activities of TDL ATCGen, AMN CIAV, and agile testing and software tools. Further explored in this article are the challenges in ensuring that test, evaluation, and certification (TE&C) processes of science-based test design (SBTD), design of experiments (DoE), and Capabilities Testing Methodology (CTM)/mission thread—currently being integrated by JITC—are considered part of the agile T&E methodologies.


Mucosal membranes act as a network that provides a connection between the gut and vital organs, like the lungs or the brain, but presumably the entire body. Short-chain fatty acids are formed in the colon through the fermentation of soluble fiber, and researchers are interested in finding out more about their role as signaling compounds. More research is needed to decisively say that one diet is better for the microbiome over another.


The paper describes a funding mechanism called Quadratic Finance (QF) and deploys a bit of calculus to show that within a very clean and simple linear model QF maximizes social utility. They differentiate the social utility function. The mathematical content of this note is that by taking one further derivative, one may also deduce that QF is the unique solution.


Contextual factors can play an important and influential role in the career development of Asian American students. The purpose of this study was to examine how specific cultural factors, such as ethnic identity, internalization of Asian American stereotypes, Asian values, parental influences, and perceived barriers, predicted Asian American college students' self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and interests in occupations and academic areas in which Asian Americans are highly represented. Two social cognitive career theory models were tested in this study: the first model examined how distal and proximal contextual influences predicted self-efficacy and interests in occupations with high Asian American representation and the second model examined how distal and proximal contextual variables predicted math and science self-efficacy, outcome expectations, goals, and intentions. Three hundred and eighty-one Asian American college students participated in this study. The findings from path analyses found a strong fit for the first model, suggesting that distal and proximal contextual factors predicted self-efficacy and interests in occupations with high Asian American representation. An adequate fit was found for the second model. The findings from this study provide psychologists and counselors with a more nuanced understanding of how career decisions are made for Asian American college students.


While littoral social economic,oceanic oil exploitation and marine being developed quickly since 1980s,tremendous pressure had been made upon oceanic environment.The frequency of red tide in ocean increased rapidly.According to the consequence of monitoring,most rivers flowing to ocean in Chinese littoral had been polluted by organic compounds.The alongshore of sea area was mostly polluted by inorganic nitrogen,active phosphate and oils.The problems of sea zoology protection had attracted more and more attention.Basing on a large amount of investigation and data,it evaluated roundly the littoral surface water actuality of Jiangsu province.In addition to indicating main environmental problems of Jiangsu littoral,it also put forward the corresponding depollution countermeasure.


This paper undertakes a panel investigation of the tied mover hypothesis. Here females in dual career households are more likely to be the trailing spouse. They move at the behest of their partner and in doing so experience a labour market loss. We use the British Household Panel Survey (1991 to 2000) where this allows us to follow individuals through time and enables us to control for unobserved heterogeneity and sample selectivity. Though there is a penalty for moving for females in terms of employment and earnings this is largely transient. JEL Classification: J16; J61


The most loaded parts of electrical machines are the shaft, the rotor sleeve, the stator teeth, and the bearings. This means using composite materials in these parts requires diagnostic systems to determine the residual life and to prevent emergencies. This paper presents methods for non-destructive testing of products made of composite materials. It describes the known methods for controlling the conditions of electrical machine parts made of composite materials. The paper also presents the developed method for eddy-current control of rotor sleeves made of carbon fiber.


In South East Asia, an increasing number of privately initiated build-operate-transfer (BOT) infrastructure projects are in progress. This paper identifies the conditions which are likely to lead to successful private infrastructure BOT projects; it is based on recent experience with three such projects in Malaysia. There are two types of schemes initiated by the private sector: (1) those already identified by the Government, but not proceeding due to lack of funds or feasible technical solution; and (2) those meeting previously unidentified needs. The most important stage in the total development of a BOT proposal is the correct identification of a suitable scheme. Often, a problem or need is identified, then a viable solution is proposed to solve the problem or satisfy the need. The conditions for successful development of BOT projects can be grouped under country, project, and clients. The country should be economically stable, have the political will to proceed with the project, and have a fairly well developed local capital market and a proper legislative and regulatory framework for privatisation. The project should have a forecast steady demand, offer adequate returns, and be fairly large. The client should be creditworthy, and show its active participation and support for the project.


Students' understanding of Arabic vocabulary is one of the benchmarks for success in learning. The absence of the use of innovative and interactive learning media causes the Arabic learning process to be suboptimal. This study uses the educandy platform as a learning media to facilitate students in the learning process. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the educandy platform in improving understanding of Arabic vocabulary. This study uses a quantitative approach to the type of experiment which aim of knowing whether there is an effect of giving or treating the research subject. The research instruments used for data collection were questionnaires and tests. The data presented in this study uses paired sample t-test analysis techniques and the N-Gain formula using pre-test and post-test scores. The results of this study describe a fairly high difference between the pre-test average value of 44.66 and post-test 85.17, there is a difference in the average learning outcomes between the pre-test and post-test with a sig value of 0.000 < 0,05, the effectiveness results with the N-Gain formula of 0.73 are included in the "high" category. Therefore, the educandy platform is quite effectively used to improve understanding of Arabic vocabulary.


The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) providing a clear theoretical framework of the theory-driven evaluation, and (2) evaluating the effective- ness of a church-based parent education program on the basis of the theory- driven evaluation approach. To apply this theory-driven evaluation approach as a program evaluation model, 'Eunice School', a parent education program implemented at a local Presbyterian church in Seoul, Korea, was selected. The researcher utilized the mixed method approach, collecting quantitative and qualitative data through document review, interview, participant observation, and questionnaire. For the analysis, the statistical technique of the t-test and the consensual qualitative research (CQR) method were adopted. In conclusion, the findings of this study was as follows: the parent education program was significantly effective in raising the knowledge and awareness of Christian parenting as well as in spiritual growth of the participant parents. The recommendations for the future study was as follows: a study with a time series design was to be conducted to draw a clearer conclusion about the effectiveness of the program, which would enhance the generalizability of the results.


Clear and accurate reporting of diagnostic codes provides valuable information about patient care. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes are integral to claims reimbursement, external reporting requirements, quality-of-care measures, resource use monitoring, and clinical and epidemiologic research. Since 1979, the United States has used ICD, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), to meet the diagnostic coding needs of U.S. hospitals and clinicians. Historically, the ICD system has been updated approximately every 10 years; however, development of ICD, 10th Revision (ICD-10), to accommodate the growing complexities and demands of the coding system, has been challenging. The ways in which coded health care data are being used today goes well beyond the purposes for which ICD-9-CM was designed. Although ICD-9-CM has been maintained by adding new diagnosis codes, this has become increasingly difficult as many categories have become full. The World Health Assembly completed and endorsed ICD-10 in 1990 (1), and the World Health Organization (WHO) released the full program for worldwide use in 1994 and in 42 languages (including 6 official WHO languages) in 2002. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) has been developing the clinical modifications necessary for ICD-10 use in the United States. The United States has used ICD-10 to code mortality since 1999, but modifications were needed to enable coding for morbidity purposes. Modifications allowed for the addition of information relevant to ambulatory encounters, expanded injury codes, the creation of combination diagnosis/symptom codes to reduce the number of codes needed to fully describe a condition, incorporation of subclassifications and laterality, and greater specificity in code assignment (2). It took until 16 January 2009 to publish the final rule for the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Administrative Simplification to Medical Data Code Set Standards to adopt ICD-10 (Clinical Modification) and establish a compliance implementation date of 1 October 2013 (3). Since then, pushback by the health care industry has postponed implementation multiple times, and it is currently scheduled to take effect on 1 October 2015. What Are the Implications for the Transition to ICD-10? The U.S. health care system uses ICD to determine payment or coverage for inpatient and outpatient care and to compile health care data. The ICD-9-CM codes, however, do not provide sufficient specificity regarding patients' conditions, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment. Implementation of ICD-10 aims to improve on ICD-9-CM by capturing information about the increasingly complex delivery of health care. It provides increased specificity in its code sets. To accomplish this, however, comparably specific clinical documentation is critical. Under ICD-10, therefore, clinicians will need to provide more precise, rather than a higher volume of, clinical documentation. Consider the example of otitis media. Suppose a patient has acute suppurative otitis media with spontaneous rupture of the right tympanic membrane (H66.011) and 2 weeks later acute suppurative otitis media with spontaneous rupture of the left tympanic membrane (H66.012) (2). The ICD-9-CM code (382.01 acute suppurative otitis media with spontaneous rupture of ear drum) does not distinguish left versus right for otitis media or for any other diagnosis. The ICD-9-CM does not distinguish a recurrent problem in the same ear from a new problem in the other ear, a distinction that could be important for research and reimbursement purposes. In ICD-10, the diagnosis codes are much more detailed than ICD-9-CM. It includes different codes for left versus right and other important details, such as whether the episode was an initial or recurrent condition. Consequently, the newer coding system will produce data that will indicate the clinical trajectory and other factors that will enable the data to be used in meaningful ways to better understand complications, design robust algorithms for clinical decision support, and track outcomes. Having these details built into the codes will decrease the need for health care providers to include supporting documentation with claims. The Anatomy of an ICD-10 Code The American Hospital Association (AHA), American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA), Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), and NCHS are the official cooperating bodies that approve the official ICD-10 guidelines (4). The ICD-10 has an alphabetical index and a tabular list of diagnostic categories, subcategories, and codes (Figure ). Alphanumeric characters indicate specific categories (for example, suppurative and unspecified otitis media: category = H66), subcategories (for example, acute with spontaneous rupture of ear drum: subcategory = .01), laterality (for example, right ear: laterality= 1), and codes (for example, acute suppurative otitis media with spontaneous rupture of ear drum, right ear: code = H66.011). An ICD-10 code starts with a letter (any letter except U); the second character is a number; and the third through seventh characters can be letters or numbers. All categories are coded as 3 characters before a decimal point. If more specificity is needed, a subcategory follows the decimal point. Subcategories are indicated by 4 or 5 characters. Thus, an ICD-10 code comprises 3 to 7 characters, with the first 3 characters always occurring before the decimal point. A 3-character category that has no further subdivision, meaning that it is as specific as possible, is equivalent to a code. Each level of subdivision after a category is a subcategory. When subcategories are needed, the final level of subdivision, or the most specificity possible, is a code. A code is a code only when it has been coded at the highest possible level of specificity. Figure. Format of an ICD-10 code. ICD-10 = International Classification of Disease, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification. Transitioning to ICD-10 For smooth ICD-10 implementation, clinicians should educate themselves and their staff on ICD-10 to meet the needs of their practice. Technical problems and inadequately trained clinicians and coders could make the transition challenging (5). Many resources and tools, both public and proprietary, have been developed to assist in the transition (6). Resources and tools from the CMS can be found online (www.roadto10.org). Recommendations from the CMS that may be used to help prepare are listed in the Table. Table. CMS Recommendations to Help Prepare for the Transition to ICD-10 What to Expect As with ICD-9-CM, health plans' coverage decisions in the era of ICD-10 will be based not only on Current Procedural Technology codes but also on medical necessity indicated by the diagnosis codes. Payment denials or delays from both public and private payers could be expected with the change to ICD-10 due to use of codes that are not specific enough. Practices will need to keep current on payer reimbursement policies to ensure the reporting of ICD-10 codes that support reimbursement. Clinicians, coders, and other staff will need to be trained and should anticipate that the learning curve may have a negative effect on productivity. Such training has been ongoing in many settings. Clinicians will need training on the new classification system, including any new documentation requirements. Those doing the actual coding (other than the clinician) will need more extensive training on appropriate code selection. The cost of training depends on practice size, specialty, method of training selected, current documentation quality, and technology readiness and availability. The transition will be smoother for clinicians who already document clinical care thoroughly and for practices with assistive technology in place, such as ICD-10ready electronic health records. Large and small practice stakeholders should complete a documentation review and needs analysis to prepare for the change to ICD-10. Conclusion The ICD-10 coding system, with its expanded specificity, will provide more detailed information that promises to assist various health care stakeholders in establishing appropriate reimbursement, monitoring health care use, evaluating health care delivery, and improving patient outcomes. Accurate and detailed clinical documentation will assist in the transition. The CMS has various resources and training materials available, especially for small practices (7). The American College of Physicians also has information available to help understand and implement ICD-10 at www.acponline.org/ICD10.


Objective. To study the effect of therapeutic exercise with biological feedback on a functional status of back muscles in patients with myofascial pain syndrome. Material and Methods. Twenty patients (16 females, 4 males) aged 19 to 56 years having back pain of different localization were examined. Clinical neurological examination was performed with the assessment of psychic sphere, sleep quality and vegetative disorders, social adaptation, stress level, and pain. All patients were administered monotherapy (therapeutic exercise with biological feedback) 20-40 minutes daily during four weeks. After the treatment course completion, all patients underwent repeated and catamnestic (three weeks later) examination. Results. Apparatus therapeutic exercise with biological feedback reduced the intensity of pain syndrome and muscle tension level which had a positive effect on patients' quality of life. Subjective estimate of treatment was good in 11 (55 %) and satisfactory in 9 (45 %) patients. Conclusion. Therapeutic exercise with biological feedback should be included to multimodal therapy of myofascial pain syndrome, especially in the initial stage.


Inhibiting ongoing responses when environmental demands change is a critical component of human motor control. Experimentally, the stop signal task (SST) represents the gold standard response inhibition paradigm. However, an emerging body of evidence suggests that the SST conflates two dissociable sources of inhibition, namely an involuntarily pause associated with attentional capture and the (subsequent) voluntary cancellation of action. The extent to which these processes also occur in other response tasks is unknown. 24 younger (20-35 years) and 23 older (60-85 years) adults completed a series of tasks involving rapid unimanual or bimanual responses to a visual stimulus. A subset of trials required cancellation of one component of an initial bimanual response (i.e., selective stop task; stop left response, continue with right response) or enacting an additional response (e.g., press left button as well as right button). Critically, both tasks involved some infrequent stimuli which bore no behavioural imperative (i.e., they had to be ignored). EMG recordings of voluntary responses during the stopping tasks revealed bimanual covert responses (i.e., muscle activation which was suppressed before a button press ensued), consistent with a pause process, following both stop and ignore stimuli, before the required response was subsequently enacted. Critically, we also observed the behavioural consequences of a similar involuntary pause in trials where action cancellation was not part of the response set (i.e., when the additional stimulus required additional action or ignoring, but not inhibition). The findings shed new light on the mechanisms of inhibition and their generalisability to other task contexts.


As data that prompted a 2009 labeling change detailing contraindications, precautions, and dosing recommendations for the first branded colchicine product were limited to case reports of myotoxicity and blood dyscrasias ascribed to the drug, we sought to quantify the association of colchicine therapy with serious adverse outcomes in a cohort of insured patients.


De Gruyter is proud to present the first issue of Pharmaceutical Technology in Hospital Pharmacy (PTHP). Published in cooperation with the Group for Evaluation and Research in Controlled Areas (GERPAC) PTHP offers high quality articles dedicated to provide a common scientific forum for all aspects of pharmaceutical technology in hospital pharmacy. Initiated by Editor-in-Chief Frédéric Lagarce, the journal was officially launched at the GERPAC conference last fall. Together with Co-Editor Sylvie Crauste-Manciet and an international renowned Editorial Board PTHP was setup to enhance scientific exchange among hospital pharmacists and share their experiences with a broad readership worldwide. The journal's first articles appeared ahead-of-print since November 2015 becoming immediately citable by means of their DOI. State-of-the-art hosting for all online content is provided by De Gruyter's online platform with global reach. Our online manuscript submission and tracking system (Thomson Reuters' ScholarOne) ensures timely processing and publishing. It includes high quality double-blind peer-review and an automated plagiarism check. Active reference linking in PDF articles of the online edition, forward linking, color figures free of charge for authors in both print and online are merely a few of the superior services offered. All papers published until 2017 will be freely accessible at www.degruyter.com/journals/pthp without additional cost. De Gruyter is an independent academic publishing house and has been publishing first-class scholarship for more than 260 years. With offices in Berlin, Boston and Beijing we publish over 1,300 new book titles each year in the humanities, social sciences, medicine, natural sciences, and law and well over 750 journals; we additionally offer a wide range of digital media. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, European Journal of Nanomedicine, Biomedical Engineering/Biomedizinische Technik, Laboratoriumsmedizin, Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Journal of Perinatal Medicine are prominent examples of other journals in our medicine publishing portfolio. Our team at De Gruyter feels very much engaged to continuously increase the impact of Pharmaceutical Technology in Hospital Pharmacy in the coming years and make this journal a top address for scientific and applied publishing in its field. We very much appreciate feedback from our authors and readers – please let us know your ideas and suggestions at email@example.com.


A new approach to analyzing the efficiency of multiple access network control schemes is presented. The novelty is based on looking at the throughput allowed by the dynamics of the protocol itself in a way that is decoupled from the issue of packet generation by making a "busy network" approximation. The method allows the critical output bandwidth needed to ensure that a model for a LAN does not accumulate packets unboundedly in its queues to be computed. This is an emergent property of the network that follows from decentralized microscopic laws. The result follows from the stationary distribution property of ergodic Markov chains.


Within the scope of the Valles Marineris Explorer mission of the German Aerospace Center(DLR), the position of a ground vehicle on Mars needs to be determined. Due to the fact thatMars has no globa ...


In the natural environment, most microorganisms exist in the form of biofilms, which provide significant advantages for their persistence in the environment. As means to overcome the biofilm formation of opportunistic bacteria, the metabolites of Bacillus subtilis probiotic strains are of interest.


The content-area method is a method based on the fractal theory to study the relationship between content and area of curved surface.This article takes the geochemical data of Sn for example,which is sampled from Gejiu western area in Yunnan province,and processed by MAPGIS platform,in order to study the relationship between content and area of Sn,determined the anomaly value and delineated the anomaly area.Meanwhile,by the comparative analysis of the traditional method,the results show that the fractal content-area method is more effective and rational in delineating the anomalous area.


This paper considers a multi-server polling system with batch service of an unlimited size, i.e., the so called "Israeli queue" with multi-server, where the service rate of each server switches between a low and a high value depending on the number of groups standing in front of the servers upon its service completion. By means of matrix geometric method and LU-type RG factorization of the infinitesimal generator in irreducible QBD process, the explicit closed-form of rate matrix $R$ and the steady state distribution of the queue length are respectively derived. In terms of the results, some stationary performance measures are obtained. In addition, some numerical examples are presented.


Practices at home and abroad have proved that the Internet financial risk control system with big data technology as the core plays a huge role in preventing financial risks. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen and improve the risk control system based on big Internet data. As an essential part of financial institutions, securities companies should make full use of the advantages of market data obtained to develop more diversified Internet financial services and improve risk control systems. At present, various financial institutions have relatively complete risk control during and after the event, but there are certain shortcomings in the risk control before the event. Securities companies can strengthen the risk control system from the data and model level by building a risk control platform. Based on this, this article will start with pre-risk control, specifically expounding the necessity and feasibility for securities companies to improve the risk control system under the wave of Internet finance.


Background Limbal stem cell deficiency usually leads to blindness, and traditional therapy is limited. Recent research demonstrated that bone mesenchymal stem cells ( BMSCs ) and human amniotic epithelial cells(AECs) could differentiate into many kinds of cells including corneal epithelial cells, but the outcome and effect of these cells on corneal stem cell deficiency are still unclear. Objective This study aimed to observe and compare the effects of rabbit BMSCs and human AECs transplantation for rabbit limbal stem cell deficiency. Methods Eighteen clean New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into the amniotic stroma(AS) group, rabbit BMSCs group and human AECs group with 6 rabbits for each group. Limbal stem cell deficiency models were established by putting a piece of filter paper that had been soaked in a NaOH solution at the corneal center. Rabbit BMSCs were isolated and purified by density gradient centrifugation combined with the attachment culture method, and human AECs were collected by a sequential trypsin digestion technique,and the third generation rabbit BMSCs and the first generation human AECs were identified with RT-PCR. After that,cells were inoculated onto the denuded AS and grafted to the corneal surface of the experimental animals. Twenty-eight days after cell transplantation, the therapeutic effects were evaluated based on the corneal neovascularization and opacity scores. Corneal histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness among AS,rabbit BMSCs and human AECs on corneal stem cell deficiency. The procedure complied with the Regulations for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission. Results The third generation of rabbit BMSCs grew well after 12 hours, and the first generation of human AECs formed a membrane-like monolayer after 48 hours of incubation on AS. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that, 28 days after transplantation, the surface cells of the cornea were positive for cytokeratin 3 in both the rabbit BMSCs group and human AECs group.Compared with the AS group,the corneal neovascularization and opacity grades were significantly decreased in the rabbit BMSCs group( Z=-2. 983, P =0. 003 ; Z =-2. 844, P =0. 004 ) and human AECs group ( Z =-2. 817, P =0. 005 ; Z =-2.041, P =0. 041 ). Histopathological analysis exhibited that stratified corneal epithelial-like cells formed on the corneal stroms 28 days after grafting and no signs of goblet cells and neovascularization were found. Less inflammatory cells and regular collagen fiber could be seen in the rabbit BMSCs group and human AECs group. In addition,clinical observation also revealed that the corneas were much clearer in the rabbit BMSCs group than the human A ECs group( Z =-2. 091 , P=0. 037 ), but the corneal neovascularization score was similar between them (Z = -0. 267,P=-0. 789). Conclusions Rabbit BMSCs and human AECs can differentiate into corneal epithelial-like cells on the damaged corneal surface and further demonstrate remarkable inhibitory effects on corneal neovascularization and inflammatory cells. The more dominant and prominent effect is the role played by rabbit BMSCs in the improvement of corneal transparency.

Key words:
Bone mesenchymal stem cell;  Amniotic epithelial cell;  Limbal stem cell;  Corneal neovascularization; Stem cell transplantation


This paper brings into question some Chinese translations of English terms in the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of English with Chinese Explanations. The problems fall into three types: inaccuracy, redundancy and inadequacy, due to the translators' failure to take due note of conventionalized or even established Chinese translations of the terms.


The work is devoted to the most important physiological and selective sign of winter soft wheat Triticum aestivum L. – vernalization. Aim . The main aim of the work was the study of trophic factor influence on the effectiveness of vernalization process. Methods . In experiments were used the varieties of winter wheat – Statna and Doridna. The contrasting conditions of trophic support were created by vernalization on integral seeds (control) and isolated buds (experiment) adding water and 3-% solution of saccharose during 45 days at temperature 3±1°С. In experiments there was studied the influence of contrasting trophic conditions of vernalization on the mitotic activity of root meristems of vernalized sprouts, their growth reaction and rates of ontogenetic development of plants, cultivated from vernalized sprouts. All experiments were carried out under conditions of vegetative experiment in factorostatic chamber of the department of physiology and biochemistry of plants and microorganisms of Kharkiv national university, named after V.N. Karazin. Results . According to the results of researches, it was established that the growth reaction of sprouts at vernalization depends on their variety specific characteristics and on trophic factors presence. It was demonstrated that 3% solution of saccharose at vernalization stimulates proliferative activity of root meristems of both winter wheat varieties but doesn't influences the parameter – duration of mitosis phases. The presence of trophic factors in sprouts at vernalization conditions the speed of phenophases passage and transfer to generative development of both winter wheat varieties. The vernalized sprouts of Doridna variety are characterized with higher parameters of mitotic activity of root apical meristems, accumulation of biomass of sprouts at vernalization influence and longer vegetative period comparing with Statna. Conclusion . The trophic conditions of vernalization process cause proliferative activity of meristems, growth reaction of sprouts and speed of transfer to generative development that is effectiveness of vernalization


Adaptive array processing algorithms have achieved widespread use because they are very effective at rejecting unwanted signals (i.e., controlling sidelobe levels) and in general have very good resolution (i.e., have narrow mainlobes). However, many adaptive high-resolution array processing algorithms suffer a significant degradation in performance in the presence of environmental mismatch. This sensitivity to environmental mismatch is of particular concern in problems such as long-range acoustic array processing in the ocean where the array processor's knowledge of the propagation characteristics of the ocean is imperfect. An Adaptive Minmax Matched Field Processor has been developed which combines adaptive matched field processing and minmax approximation techniques to achieve the effective interference rejection char-acteristic of adaptive processors while limiting the sensitivity of the processor to environmental mismatch. The derivation of the algorithm is carried out within the framework of minmax signal processing. The optimal array weights are those which minimize the maximum conditional mean squared estimation error at the output of a linear weight-and-sum beamformer. The error is conditioned on the propagation characteristics of the environment and the maximum is evaluated over the range of environmental conditions in which the processor is expected to operate. The theorems developed using this framework characterize the solutions to the minmax array weight problem, and relate the optimal minmax array weights to the solution to a particular type of Wiener filtering problem. This relationship makes possible the development of an efficient algorithm for calculating the optimal minmax array weights and the associated estimate of the signal power emitted by a source at the array focal point. An important feature of this algorithm is that it is guarenteed to converge to an exact solution for the array weights and estimated signal power in a finite number of iterations. ABSTRACT The main results of this paper are characterizations of the Cramer-Rao (CR) bound on the variance of direction estimates for closely-spaced emitters in multiple parameter (multi-D) scenarios. Specifically, simple analytic expres-sions for the CR bound are presented for co-linear emitter configurations, which show the bound to be very sensitive to the maximum spacing between emitters (6w). Results also are cited for CR bound sensitivity to 6w for emitter config-urations in which the emitters are not co-linear. The latter results exhibit greatly reduced sensitivity to the direction separation factor 6w. Thus the results show that degenera-cses are present in muli-D parameter estimation scenarios that are not present in 1-D scenarios. Specificaliy emitter resolution and direction estimation can be expected to be much more challenging for some emitter configuration than for others. The cue of co-linear emitters appears to be a particularly stressful one. ABSTRACT it is often desired to create an optimal estimator of some parameter 0 given the observation z. However, the relationship between 9 and z may depend on another parameter 0 which is unknown to the processor and not of direct interest. In this case, an estimator which performs well for one value of # may perform poorly for another value of #. One approach to dealing with this problem is to develop an el-timator whose worst case performance evaluated over some range of # is as good as possible. Such an optimal mmi& estimator is derived. The derivation of this estimator also motivates an approach to developing lower bounds o3 the minmax estimation error achievable by any estimatos. Matched-field processing (MFP) exploits the acoustic kid to estimate either a ouce poition or environmental parameters. Many have noted that the performance of MFP degrades rapidly with uacer. tainty about the field especially if adaptive methods are used to suppress sideloba. It is clear that robust MFP methods are needed for working with experimentl data. There are three categories of uncertainty that have been examined: (i) observational (array geometries and sensor responses are imprecisely knows), (u) statistical (ambient field covauiances have error), and (iii) environmental (the propagation is uncertain because of oceanographic cha cwlezation). The third category is examined in this presentation. The fundamental issue for robust MFP is to match the stochastic propagation with array processing that responds to an ensemble of replicas not just one from a deterministic model. At high SNRs one can setch the ensemble for the appropriate sample vector using efficint searching algorithms suck as simulated annealing. At modest SNR.s the processing must Incorporate errors from the noisel Te approaches to N" with environmental uncertlinty are reviewed and some of the relevant signal processing iterture for the "detection of random signals In noise" are noted. (Work supported by Mathematical Sciences. ONL ABSTRACT. Matched field processing (MFP) is a generalized beamforming method which uses the spatial complexities of acoustic fields in an ocean waveguide to localize sources in range, depth and azimuth or to infer parameters of the wavegide itself. It has localized sources with accuracies exceeding the Rayleigh limit for depth and the Fresnel limit in range by two orders of magnitude. MFP exploits the coherence of the mode/multipath structure and it is especially effective at low frequencies were the ocean supports coherent propagation over very long ranges. This contrasts to planewave based models which are degraded by modal and multipath In a variety of contexts observations are made of the outputs of an unknown multiple-input multiple-output linear system, from which it is of interest to identify the unknown system and to recover the input signals. This often arises, for example, with speech recorded in an acoustic environment in the presence of background noise or competing speakers, in passive sonar applications, and in data communications in the presence of cross-coupling effects between the transmission channels. In this paper we specifically consider the two-channel case in which we observe the outputs of a 2x2 linear time invariant system. Our approach consists of reconstructing the input signals by assuming that they are statistically uncorrelated, and imposing this constraint on the signal estimates. In order to restrict the set of solutions, additional information on the true signal generation and/or on the form of the coupling systems is incorporated. Specific algorithms are developed and demonstrated for the case in which the coupling systems are discrete-time causal finite impulse response (FIR) filters. As a special case, the proposed approach suggests a potentially interesting modification of Widrow's least squares method for noise cancellation, when the reference signal contains a component of the desired signal. Abstract Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are believed to produce individually dis-tinctive narrowband "signature whistles." These whistles may be differentiated by the structure of their frequency contours. An algorithm is presented for extracting frequency contours from whistles and comparing two such contours. This algorithm performs non-uniform time-dilation to align contours and provides a quantitative dis-tance measure between the contours. Results from twe recognition experiments using the algorithm on recorded dolphin whistles are presented.


This paper is a fundamental study on steering manoeuvre (driver model) when the steering angle input is obtained via Model Predictive Control (MPC). Conventional front steering angle for the lane change manoeuvre uses the sine wave input. This is very simple but this feed forward control input does not have adequate performance for mounting on real vehicle. For this reason, the steering input using MPC is developed. For example, the collision avoidance of lane-change steering manoeuvre has to deal with many constraints, so that the servo control like an LQI theory is not suitable for this problem. In addition, offline nonlinear programming calculation for optimal steering input of vehicle trajectory involves too heavy computational complexity to apply with real-time controllers. Desired control of the lane-change performance is conducted by the MPC approach with the constraint conditions. Potential advantage of the collision avoidance steering compared to the hard braking is estimated.


The entire research has been focused on the main ob jective of studying the Effects of Female Employee's Empowerment on Labour Productivity in Apparel (Garment) Industry of Pakistan. The requisite degree of Empowerment has been ascert ined through selected dimensions of gender Empowerment (Economic stability, welfare, mobility and access, organizational enviro nment, political and legal awareness, decision and policy making power, social network). This research is designed to seek answers to stated hypo theses and suggest measures for improving labour productivity of appar el (garment) sector of Pakistan through Female Employee's Empowerment. The research is designed to be descriptive and empi rical in nature. The research variables and their dimensions are defined a d measured through survey. The survey was conducted on the basis of qu estionnaire tool, interview protocol and discussions. The researcher focuses on formal research with the purpose of testing the developed hypotheses and analyses thereupon. The research investigated the i mpact of Female Employee's Empowerment on labour productivity and a lso the correlation of Female Employee's Empowerment and its dimensions with labour productivity. In this research, ten hypotheses were made and thei r impact and goodness was tested. (H1) The Predictor (Female Employee's E mpowerment) significantly explains the variance in the Criterio n Variable (Labour Female Employee's Empowerment 3 Productivity),(H2) The Labour Productivity signific antly differs for different levels of Income,(H3) The Labour Producti vity significantly differs for different types of Income,(H4) Middle a ged Female Employee's have more Labour Productivity as compare d to Young aged and Old aged Female Employee's, (H5) The Labour Pro ductivity of Graduate Female Employee's is greater than less edu cated Female Employee's,(H6) Married Female Employee's have high er labour productivity than Bachelor, Divorced and Widowed Fe male employee's, (H7) Skilled Female employee's have higher labour p roductivity than Semi-skilled and Non-skilled,(H8) The Mean Labour P roductivity of Female Employee's significantly differs for the thr ee Working Shifts,(H9) There will be a relationship between the shifts of the Female Employee's and their Income Group(H10) The shift of the Female Employee's is dependent on the Educational level. At the end, the research has been concluded by exte nding recommendations, contributions to knowledge and pos sible future research / studies on the subject. Female Employee's Empowerment 4 Table of


The electron-pair radial density D2(r1, r2) is the probability density of any two electrons that are located at radii r1 and r2, respectively. The electron-pair radial coalescence density D2(r, r) is the diagonal element function of D2(r1, r2) and represents the probability density of two electrons being on the same sphere with a radius r. Theoretical analysis of atomic coalescence densities shows that the Hartree–Fock (HF) radial coalescence density D2(r, r) is rigorously bounded by functions immediately obtained from the familiar single-electron radial density D(r). The results also imply inequality relations between the electron-pair radial difference density at the origin and the average single-electron radial density value. Numerical results are given for the 53 atoms He through Xe. It is also examined how the inclusion of the electron correlation modifies the HF relations.


In recent years, multiple drug resistance has been developed due to indiscriminate use of existing drugs in the treatment of infectious diseases. One such herbal drug is Coriandrum Sativum L that possesses potential pharmaceutical activities and used in several ayurvedic formulations. Keratitis caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal activity, anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of Coriandrum Sativum L leaves and seeds using various organic solvent of plant extract against keratitis disease. The present study carried out the effect on various organic solvents extract of leaves and seeds of Corindrum sativum not only on the bacterial and fungal populations isolated from the conjunctivitis infected eyes but also to screen the phytochemical, anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant potential of the leaf and seed extracts.


Piezoelectric materials are essential for harvesting energy from mechanical vibrations. Thin films of piezoelectric materials including AlN and binary perovskite compounds PZT are widely studied for a fabrication of energy harvesting MEMS. The piezoelectric materials have held a key position in the energy harvesting devices. Varieties of bulk piezoelectric ceramic materials are studied and used in practice for the piezoelectric sensors and/or actuators. However, piezoelectric properties of the thin film materials are different from bulk properties due to their structural differences. The characters of the thin film piezoelectric materials are not fully understood yet. For making a better energy harvesting device, a fundamental discussion will be necessary for the thin film piezoelectric materials. In this paper, first the fundamentals of thin film piezoelectric materials and the process design are discussed, and then novel piezoelectric thin films of PZT-based ternary perovskite compounds are proposed as an example for making the improved energy harvesting MEMS.


Balla, E. (2016)Now a days English is most important language around the world. there is no study can be started without using English and its learning. It is widely used in number of states and official language of united nations, widely spread language. Author says that continuous learning towards foreign language it's better to communicate easily and it is going to be easier to remind. Learning is the continuous process to focus on modern English learning functions at school level for better improvement in early stage of students.


We study the relations between torsion, curvature, local flatness and simplicity within the framework of E-connections by means of explicit formulas in terms of the Christoffel symbols of the given E-connection.


Induction motors and the generators ofen have problems associated with noise and vibration. Consequently,there is need for prediction of noise and vibration during the design of these machines.The Finite Element Modeling(FEM) method is used for the prediction and evaluation of natural frequencies and mode shapes of electrical equipment.However, FEM is ofen very difficalt,becouse of the influence of bolted joints,welded parts,shrink fits ,etc.It is useally required to validate and refine FEM results based on using Experimental Modal Analysis(EM4) test results. 1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N Vibration and noise of an electrical machine, such as an induction motor or generator,is mainly caused by electromagnetic force of the machine itself,and by centrifugal forces from another prime mover and itself. During the design and development of such equipment,we investigate vibration and noise caused by the electromagnetic force.Kowever,the initial prediction accuracy is usually not satisfactory.At this time,use is made of commercial FEM program(I-DEAS) and our own program in order to gain experience in accurately simulating vibration and noise.In order to achieve accurate predictions it is necessary to investigate the following items: (1) Construct an appropriate FFH modeling (2) Investigate the influence of bolted joints, weldings,and shrink fits at the model joints using a Building Block Approach(BBA) (3) accurate prediction of forces due to the machine's electromagnetic force 2.Vibration a n d N o i s e o f A C M a c h i n e s An example of an Alternating Current machine is an induction motor.We are currently improving our analysis prediction accuracy,with regard to vibration and noise, prior to the design of this type of machine. The noise producted by induction motors can be classified into three types:windage noise, mechnical noise,and n o i s e d u e t o electromagnetic force.Each is briefly described below. (1) Windage Noise Three principal windage noise generating mechanisms are present: a) fan generated noise b) flow generated noise in ducting or cooler Pipes c) Mixing noise at the cooler outlet due to separate air jets and a coalesced air flow system The remainder of this paper does not explain with windage noise. (2) Mechanical noise Mechanical noise sources are a result of unbalance,misalignment,and noise from rolling element bearings. (3) Electromagnetic noise Magnetic noise should be minimized as a result of the original design.Magnetic noise is primarily structure-borne.


The invention discloses welding and shape-correcting tooling equipment for vehicle frames of passenger vehicles and a use method of the welding and shape-correcting tooling equipment. The welding and shape-correcting tooling equipment comprises a base platform, locating pin units, workpiece clamping units, shape-correcting units, lifting units, a vehicle frame subjected to shape-correcting, an oil cylinder, a fixing plate, connection rods, pressing blocks, a clamping arm, positioning blocks and a stop block, and is characterized in that the locating pin units, the workpiece clamping units, the shape-correcting units, the lifting units and the vehicle frame subjected to shape-correcting are arranged on the base platform; the welding and shape-correcting tooling equipment has the characteristics of being simple in structure, low in cost, convenient for operation and good in correcting effect; the oil cylinder is utilized to output strong power, and a four-bar linkage locking principle is utilized, so that good compressing, locking and shape-correcting effects on the vehicle frame are ensured; the whole shape-correcting process can be finished automatically by machinery; the efficiency is high; the safety is high; the qualification rate of the vehicle frames subjected to shape-correcting can be above 90%; and the yield is greatly improved.


Using the pressure volume analysis (PV analysis) on the shoots of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and the here presented capillary microcryoscopy of the needle press sap of the same shoots, it was possible to determine the amount of apoplastic water in the needles (Wan) as well as in the defoliated shoots (Was). Additionally, the bulk osmotic pressure at full water saturation in the symplast of the needles and defoliated shoots (πon and πos) was determined. The dependence of the bulk-averaged turgor pressure (Pt) on the water content and the relationship between the bulk modulus of elasticity of the needles (ɛn) and the bulk-averaged needle turgor pressure (Ptn) was shown with help of the PV analysis on the whole shoots and defoliated shoots. The study was conducted at the end of the vegetation period in 1987 and during winter 1988.

The proportion of Wan in the total needle water content (Wtn) was 14% in September 1987 and 12.5% in March 1988. The respective percentage of Was in Wts were 27% and 25%. The amount of apoplastic water depended on the ratio of the dry weight of defoliated shoots to the dry weight of the whole shoots. A standard mean value for the amount of Wan in the total water content of the shoots (Wt) was therefore not possible. The bulk osmotic pressure at full water saturation in the needle symplasts was –1.9 MPa in September 1987 and –2.2 MPa in winter 1988. The respective values of the bulk osmotic pressures in the symplast of the defoliated shoots (πos) were –1.5 MPa and –1.7 MPa. Thus πon was 0.1 MPa lower and πos 0.3–0.4 MPa higher than the average osmotic pressure during full water saturation in the symplast of the whole shoots (πo).

The relation between bulk-averaged turgor pressure and water content showed that during water loss Ptn dropped more rapidly than the turgor pressure of defoliated shoots (Pts). Consequently the needles were less elastic than the defoliated shoots. The turgor values of whole shoots followed an intemediate course between Ptn and Pts. The flat course of Pts seems to be the main reason for the often observed "plateau" of ψ-isotherms of whole shoots near full turgor.


Original works by W. D. Miller 1 in the late 1800s and early 1900s, seem to be the earliest review in English of the erosion-abrasion issue as it relates to tooth brushing and dentifrices. Miller discussed wasting away of the tooth at the neck as "very often taking a form as though produced by a three-cornered file (p. 2)." 1 Possible causes of wasting away mentioned in the literature at that time included: toothbrushes, alkalis, acids, friction of folds of the mucous membrane, exfoliation, acid secretions of the mucous membrane, electrolytic action, defective development, and rubbing of partial clasps, among others. Ingredients used in toothpastes at that time included: pumice, oyster shells, precipitated calcium carbonate, prepared chalk, and cigar ashes. The results of Miller's two years work on the etiology of erosion were published in 1907 when he announced his belief that erosion was caused by weak acids or gritty tooth powders, or by both, assisted by the toothbrush.


The purpose of this study is 1) To know the motivation to learn mathematics of taught by using cooperative learning model type Pair Check with reward higher than student motivation taught by convensional learning,and 2) To know the mathematical reasoning ability which was taught by using cooperative learning model type Pair Check with reward on material function is higher than students mathematical reasoning ability taught by convensional learning. This type of research is Quasi Experimental Research with Randomized Control Group Only Design. The population in this study is all eighth grade student of SMPN 19 Padang. In obtaining the sample class it is need to be done normality, homogeneity and equality of classroom average tests the class selected as the experimental class is VIII.5 class and the control class is VIII.3. The result of the research shows that 1) learning motivation of students which was taught by using cooperative learning Pair Check model with Reward is higher than student's motivation taught by convensional learning. Hypothesis test that is t-score (7.034) > t-table (1.67), 2) students' mathematical reasoning ability after being taught by cooperative model type Pair Check with reward is higher than the students' mathematical reasoning abilities taught by conventional learning models. Seen from the average score of the experimental class test score of 80.16 and the average of the control class test score of 74.13. After hypothesis testing using t-test, obtained tscore > t-table (1.867 > 1.67) at 95%. So it can be student mathematical reasoning ability of class VIII SMPN 19 Padang which is taught by cooperative learning model type Pair Check with reward is higher than taught by using conventional learning.Keywords: Mathematic Reasoning Ability And Student Motivation, Model Cooperative Type Pair Check, Reward Fungsi, And Mathematic


This paper presents WattValet, an efficient solution to reduce data center peak power consumption by using heterogeneous energy storage. We henceforth call an energy storage device, a battery, with the understanding that the discussion applies to other devices as well such as pumped hydraulic and thermal systems. Previous work on energy storage management in data centers often ignores or underestimates their degree of heterogeneity. Even if batteries used in a data center are of the same model and purchased at the same time, differences in storing temperature and humidity, as well as discharging cycles and depth, gradually drive their characteristics apart. We show that differences in battery characteristics, such as discharge rates, if not fully accounted for, can lead to significantly suboptimal power caps. A new algorithm, called WattValet, is described that reduces peak power consumption by efficiently exploiting heterogeneity. Evaluation using Wikipedia traces shows that the power cap generated by WattValet is within 2% of the optimal solution, whereas WattValet finishes the computation orders of magnitude faster than the optimal solution even in small-scale experiments.


Early detection of breast cancer with BSE can be done alone to recognize abnormalities in the breast, carried out periodically every month, on the 7th to 10th day after menstruation, the actions include: position, inspection, palpation and patterns. However, there are still many who do not know about BSE and the high number of breast cancer cases in 2018 reaching 542 cases in Indonesia. To reduce the high cases of breast cancer, health education about BSE needs to be done. Analyze the effectiveness of health education demonstration methods and video media on BSE practices. The Quasy Experimental research design, the Posttest Only Control Group Design, the total population of class XI is 216 students were taken by the Proportional Stratified Random Sampling Method with 68 people divided into demonstration with video groups and video groups, the statistical test results using the Mann Whitney test. There is a significant difference in effectiveness between health education demonstration methods with video media and video media only, where the p value is 0.033 <0.05. Demonstration health education with video media is more effective against BSE practices than health education with video media only.


The intestinal metabolism and transport of triacylglycerol (TAG) play a critical role in dietary TAG absorption, and defects in the process are associated with congenital diarrhea. The final reaction in TAG synthesis is catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1 and DGAT2), which uses activated fatty acids (FA) as substrates. Loss‐of‐function mutations in DGAT1 cause watery diarrhea in humans, but mechanisms underlying the relationship between altered DGAT activity and diarrhea remain largely unclear. Here, the effects of DGAT1 and DGAT2 inhibition, alone or in combination, on dietary TAG absorption and diarrhea in mice were investigated by using a selective DGAT1 inhibitor (PF‐04620110) and DGAT2 inhibitor (PF‐06424439). Simultaneous administration of a single dosing of these inhibitors drastically decreased intestinal TAG secretion into the blood circulatory system and TAG accumulation in the duodenum at 60 min after lipid gavage. Under 60% high‐fat diet (HFD) feeding, their repeated simultaneous administration for 2 days induced severe watery diarrhea and occasionally led to death. The diarrhea was accompanied by enhanced fecal FA excretion, intestinal injury and barrier failure. DGAT1 or DGAT2 inhibition alone did not induce the phenotypic changes observed in DGAT1/2 inhibitor‐treated mice. The results demonstrate that DGAT1/2 inhibition alters TAG absorption and results in watery diarrhea in mice. DGAT1/2 inhibition‐induced diarrhea may be caused by intestinal barrier dysfunction due to dysregulation of the cytotoxic FA metabolism. These findings suggest that DGAT‐mediated intestinal TAG synthesis is a vital step for maintaining intestinal barrier integrity under HFD feeding.


Modern strategic management explains competitive position of a company through manager's efforts in searching and constructing firm-specific resources and capabilities. Corporate finance claims that an investor forms a diversified portfolio taking into account systematic risk only (no link to management) whereas firm-specific risk is completely ignored. We have arrived to a paradox, which affirms that company's value does not depend on manager's efforts. In essence everything depends on industry (industry beta is a recommended proxy for systematic risk). The survey is devoted to recent progress in solving the paradox. The breakdown is based on consideration of shocks in idiosyncratic cash flows, which leads to a new systematic risk model being grounded on managers' actions. These shocks are related to exercising of growth options, which are the major tool for adaptation to uncertainty of external environment recommended by strategic management.


*Dr. A. H. Westing is a Senior Research Fellow at SIPRI, and Adjunct Professor of Ecology at Hampshire College in Massachusetts, USA. He is pleased to acknowledge valuable suggestions from Jozef Goldblat. 1. Condemnation of chemical weapons War is a peculiarly human endeavor, which has been long and frequently practiced and which is fully condoned. Killing is an inevitable and, indeed, intended concomitant of war. Nevertheless, there now exists more or less firmly the principle that 'the right of belliger-


The article reflects the issues of epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of acute external otitis. A special emphasis in the work is made on the effectiveness of the modern combined drug Polidex in cupping this pathology.


In this paper, we propose a human modeling method for estimating the user states using intelligent walker. If intelligent walker can recognize the user states, it can select the several functions such as variable motion characteristics function, fall-prevention function, assist functions for standing up and sitting down, and so on, autonomously, so that the users, who do not have professional skills of the intelligent systems, could utilize the walker dependably and practically in real world environment. In this paper, we especially focus on the human modeling method of the user, in which we generate the human linkage model by using the laser range finders attached to the walker and calculate the center of gravity of the human during the usage of the walker. The proposed method is evaluated based on the human motion captured accurately by using the motion capturing system. In addition, the experiments using the walker with laser rang finders show that it can recognize the user states successfully based on the position of the center of gravity derived by the human model.


The study of liquid respiration technology for the process of immersion/ascent of biological objects in the stand at depths of 500, 1000 and 1500 m is proposed. Safe modes and the depth of immersion/ascent of biological objects are studied. A hydraulic stand and a capsule for immersion/ascent of a biological object were developed and tested. The main characteristics of a hydraulic stand that simulates diving/surfacing to a depth of 1500 meters are given. Safe diving/surfacing modes and maximum diving depths on the spontaneous breathing of the dog are determined. The results of medical studies of the biological object on such basic parameters of ECG, EEG, ultrasound, X-ray, and other instrumental methods of research are presented.


The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of momentum is obtained from statistical mechanics. Expressions for the temperature, pressure, and chemical potential are formulated as partial derivatives of the entropy with respect to energy, volume, and particle-number. The temperature scale is derived from comparison with the ideal gas law. The concept of the fundamental relation is defined as an expression that contains all thermodynamic information about the system of interest. Its differential form is introduced. Equations of state contain partial information about the thermal properties of a system and can be expressed as partial derivatives of the fundamental relation. The function of thermometers, pressure gauges, and thermal reservoirs are derived from these principles.


⎯ This paper presents the tunable technique of the analog filter at high frequency fp = 1 MHz by used the Fractional-order ( ) n α + step, where n is an original of integerorder on circuit and α is an approximation order step 0 1 α < < , An approximation order is designed from the Fractance circuits, and also presents the approximation function of the Fractional-order Laplacian sα design on the OTA lowpass filter circuit. This circuit used single active component. OTA and CFA components are in monolithic chip (IC LT1228).The CFA design with the Fractional-order elements to feedback control the OTA for relative stabilty gain of amplifier. The results shown that tunable filter by Fractional-order step technique provides the flat passband and reduced the peaking problem and improved slope of magnitude response of filter and result comparable with high-order filters. Keywords− Operation Transconductance; Fractional-order; Low Pass filter; Fractance circuits


Desertification in the United States of America is very complex and difficult to combat on a continuing basis and on a large scale. It can be due to improper agricultural practices, livestock grazing, mining, fire management, recreation practices, deforestation, urbanization, and introduction of exotic species. Thus, national, state, and local policies must deal with a wide range of circumstances and land uses, and they must be comprehensive and dynamic, providing flexibility as issues, knowledge, and needs change. The United States can demonstrate many causations, but also successes, in combating desertification. However, much more work is needed to assure sustainable use of millions of hectares, particularly in the drylands of the western United States. A vigilance on policies and their implementation is required to assure that efforts to combat desertification are effective. Over time, some policies outlive their purpose and require change, but that is not always easy to achieve, and many times it takes a concentrated effort over several years or more to bring about, especially if that policy has its basis in law. Although this process sometimes seems slow, new laws continue to be enacted and policies are adopted that address land uses and the difficult task of combating desertification. Several examples are offered to show the variety of actions taken and processes used in the United States. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


ABSTRACT Doulas—or designated women experienced in childbirth who provide support to a birthing mother—have been shown to improve mothers' medical outcomes, but they are relatively underused in U.S. births. We assert that doulas are rarely used, in part, because it is difficult to situate them within the contemporary U.S. master birth narrative that places family and medical staff as expected characters in the birth story. This qualitative study uses narrative theorizing to describe the communicatively situated position of doulas in light of the dominant U.S. master birth narrative. Through an analysis of interviews and focus groups with mothers, expectant parents, doulas, and medical staff (n = 52) at a community hospital, we explain how individuals communicatively located the doula as a character who occupied a liminal space that is (a) between borders, (b) crossing borders, and (c) outside borders. Although doulas' liminal location enables individuals to creatively explain and promote doulas to important publics, doulas' conceptual ambiguity in the birth narrative can also be constraining. We conclude with theoretical and practical implications.


This paper studies the performance of deferred resource reservation in data networks. Conventional resource reservation protocols, such as PNNI and RSVP adopt an all-or-nothing approach, where partially acquired resources must be released if resources are not available at all links on the chosen path. During periods of high network load, this leads users to retry requests repeatedly, adding control traffic at exactly the time when the network's capacity to process that control traffic is exhausted. Deferred REServation (DRES) can significantly improve performance by reducing the overall call rejection probability, allowing more traffic to be carried, using the same resources.... Read complete abstract on page 2.


US banks obtain most of their funding from a combination of low-interest deposits and high-interest deposits. Using local demographic variations as instruments for banks' liability composition, I show that when monetary policy tightens, banks with a larger proportion of low-interest deposits on their balance sheet experience larger increases in their high-interest deposit rate and lend less. This happens because tight monetary policy reduces the supply of low-interest deposits to banks, and banks react by issuing more high-interest deposits. As it is increasingly expensive, that substitution is not complete, and leads to a reduction in lending.


1) The significant and growing number of new patients with inoperable bronchogenic cancer makes it mandatory that every new palliative measure be employed to contribute toward the maintenance of their comfort and useful activity during the relentless downhill progress of their disease. 2) Recent advances in widely varied fields of therapy have made possible newer palliative measures which provide amelioration of intractable symptoms, prolongation of useful life, and even a rare chance for cure. 3) The authors have assembled them here and have presented, as well, their combined experience with several hundred patients in the use of radiation therapy, the nitrogen mustards, thoracosurgical and neurosurgical procedures, and a variety of newer palliative medical measures. Radiation therapy, in particular, has provided the most effective and the most prolonged palliation. This agent gives real promise of becoming even more useful in the near future.


Over the past decade, tumor immunology as a main topic of cellular and molecular immunology has achieved a great progress. Malignant tumor is defined by proliferation of the cells which loss proliferation control and invade host tissue causing metastasis. The most important characteristics of tumor cells are high proliferation capacity and invasion. Based on "Immune surveillance" theory, physiologic recognition and distraction of transformed cells is the main function of the immune system. Nowadays according to "Cancer immunoediting" framework theory, the immune system can play a dual role in protection against cancer as well as promoting cancer growth. In the immunoediting process, the immune system checks the normal cells by all surface antigen changes constantly. Immune response can recognize and remove the cancerous cells before they can develop into tumor ("elimination" of cancer). Surviving cancer cells continue to divide rapidly, providing a balance between the immune system and tumor growth (equilibrium phase). Over the time, tumor cells can eventually enter into the third and final phase which is called "tumor escape". The switch from equilibrium to escape phase can be due to either changes in tumor cells in response to immune editing function or because of immune system changes in response to tumor induced immunosuppression. In escape phase tumor microenvironment consists of immune suppressor cells such as Treg and Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells and immune suppress biomolecules such as IL-10, Indoleamine-pyrrole 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) and TGF-β. Deep knowledge on the complexity and mechanisms of immunomodulation in tumor microenvironment is a prerequisite for development of an effective cancer immunotherapy regiment. In an effective cancer treatment strategy immune effector cells and molecules in tumor microenvironment need to be activated whiel tumor induced immunosuppression has to be inhibited.
Keywords: Tumor immunology, Tumor antigens, Immune surveillance, Tumor escape


A novel fabrication process to etch, to passivate, and to release single-crystal silicon structures totally in just only one process by inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) has been presented in this paper. Several kinds of movable actuators such as relay, comb-drive, and capacitance with thickness of 30 μm have been fabricated successfully to demonstrate this fabrication process. Here, experimental investigations about fabrication parameters to get well profile and suspension structures are performed in a STS ICP-RIE system.Copyright © 2002 by ASME


Customer segmentation is one of the most crucial areas of knowledge-based marketing. Understanding customers and putting them into the center of a business plan is indispensable for growing companies. With the development of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, segmenting customers using behavior patterns in the data became a powerful method to better understand the customers. In the investment sector, customer segmentation is a demanding problem since data is stored in many different tables and changes rapidly. On the other hand, not every algorithm is a good fit for finding the patterns in the data due to the nature of the problem. In this study, we have acquired and preprocessed the data along with a comparison of the clustering algorithms in order to choose the best fits for segmenting individual investors.


Zoning was central to Modernist town planning. In Israel, it is impossible to understand the spatial culture without first understanding both the rationale of zoning and the life strategies of the immigrants who populated the towns. This paper outlines the relationship between planning theory and the practices of the inhabitants of Ashdod, Israel. Ethnographic examples are used to show how its inhabitants consume the physical and social spaces of this national modern city. The planners did not achieve their aim of designing a new society. Without directly rejecting the town plan, its new inhabitants took over its physical structure, and put into practice their own definitions of "labor", "consumption" and "production". In doing this, they challenged the concept of social order that the governing elite sought to impose on them as a universal, objective order.


Application of enzyme inhibitor Vazosan for the treatment of hypertension in cats with metabolic syndrome can reduce systolic pressure at 17,3…27,3 %, and diastolic pressure at 12,5…40,0 %. This therapy does not ensure complete control over arterial pressure; however, it can be important component of the complex treatment of the metabolic syndrome in cats with arterial hypertension.


order Unionoida, and in North America (and Maine) freshwater mussels are represented by two families, the Margaritiferidae and the Unionidae. These familial names are derived, respectively, from the Greek margaritos and the Latin unio, both of which mean "pearl" and refer to the iridescent "mother-of-pearl" nacre of the interior shells as well as to the propensity of some of these animals to fashion pearls. The earliest pictures of North American freshwater mussels are found in the book Historice Animalium Anglia? published by Martin Lister in England in 1678. Lister was a physician and naturalist who peculiarly regarded fossil mollusks as "inorganic imitations produced in the rocks." Al? though freshwater mussels occur worldwide, it is in North America where they reach their greatest diversity, especially in the Mississippi drainage system. While the Margaritiferidae is represented by only five taxa in North America, the Unionidae comprises about 300 taxa. By contrast, there are only 17 unionoid species in all of Europe. Natural historians in the vanguard of freshwater mussel systematics


Emotional complexity involves greater emotional awareness and understanding and associates strongly with adaptive emotion regulation. Similarly, regulation of emotion is vital for achieving, restoring, and sustaining subjective well-being. The present study, therefore, tested the mediatory role of emotion regulatory processes in the relationship between emotional complexity and subjective well-being. Findings indicated that individuals high in emotional complexity experience greater subjective well-being. Moreover, the results revealed that reappraisal mediated the relationship of emotion differentiation with positive affect and life satisfaction whereas suppression mediated the relationship between the range of emotions and life satisfaction. These findings underscore the significance of emotion regulation in mediating the relationship between emotional complexity and subjective well-being.

http://cipp.ug.edu.pl/pdf-146721-74234?filename=The mediating role of.pdf


Since the reform and opening up,with the increasing degree of market opening,the competition between domestic and foreign markets has been intensified ever,therefore,new problems of internal management mechanism emerge in enterprises.The 2008 global financial crisis brought even more serious problems to the operation of listed companies and even plunged a lot of them into financial crisis.Therefore,the establishment of an effective financial early warning has become an urgent need to address the issue of listed companies.Guided by the basic theory of financial early warning and based on the empirical analysis,this paper applies financial early warning to enterprises to illustrate the importance of financial early warning to listed companies.


-Steroidal glycoalkaloids, found in species of the Solanaceae, elicit bursting activity in galeal and tarsal chemosensilla of adult Colorado potato beetles. The effect has an average latency of 6-12 sec, depending on the sensillum/alkaloid combination. A 20-sec alkaloid treatment is often sufficient to render galeal sensilla unresponsive to gamma-aminobutyric acid, normally an effective stimulant. The alkaloids have similar effects on galeal sensilla of larval Colorado potato beetles and on labellar chemosensilla of the blowfly. It is concluded that these compounds act independently of any specialized chemoreceptor in the Colorado potato beetle, and that association of the Colorado potato beetle with solanaceous plants has not led to evolution of a specific receptor for Solanum glycoalkaloids. Key Words--Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, feeding deterrents, Solanaceae, Solanum alkaloids, chemoreceptors, mouthpart sensilla, tomatine, solanine, chaconine, demissine, leptine III.


Objective To investigate the clinical experience in treatment of diabetes combined with coronary heart disease. Methods We selected 60 cases of patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes, and they were randomly divided into control group and observation group, 30 cases in each. The control group was given conventional treatment, the observation group, on the basis of this line with rosuvastatin treatment. Changes of blood glucose, blood lipid and serum CRP and other related indexes were observed before and after treatment were compared between two groups. Results After treatment, two groups of patients all indexes were improved obviously, the difference was statistically significant(P0.05). Observation group of patients with hs CRP, TC, TG, LDL- C fell more obviously than the control group, the increase of HDL-C becomes more obvious, there are statistically significant differences between groups(P0.05). Conclusion Rosuvastatin treatment of diabetic coronary heart disease, can effectively improve the patient's level of blood sugar, blood lipid, and reduce the serum CRP level, inhibit infl ammation, is worth popularization and application in clinic.


Abstract : The solid rocket motor (SRM) industry currently relies on destructive testing for determining long-term aging behavior. Cost associated with destructive testing bas caused some programs to decrease or, in some cases, eliminate aging surveillance activities entirely. These reductions can, and have, resulted in increased risk of unpredicted failure. The development and use of sensors, capable of reducing or eliminating the need for destructive testing, is of prime interest to the SRM community. Historical attempts at using sensors for monitoring critical parameters, as materials age, have proven to be very difficult. Commercial sensor development companies have made some very impressive progress in recent years, but have little or no knowledge of the SRM industry requirements. Communication between SRM manufacturers and commercial sensor development companies is necessary to potentially reduce destructive testing. This paper addresses issues concerning implementation of sensors into SRMs, introduces a model for sensor evaluation and presents preliminary sensor test results.


This paper discusses the risks drivers encounter when parking their vehicles while using rear view camera systems. Rear view camera systems provide drivers with video imagery from the rear view perspective of their own vehicles. However, such systems do not provide full 180°views ofthe areas behind vehicles, which results in blind spots that the drivers must inspect directly. Yet some drivers may become too reliant on their rear view camera systems and neglect to make visual checks of such blind spots while parking. Such over-reliance increases the risk of collision with unobserved obstacles(e.g., bicycles or pedestrians)in the parking area. This paper reports on the results ofan experiment conducted to investigate the effects of rear view camera system usage on driver attention allocation during parking maneuvers. The results showed that it was easier for drivers to park their vehicles at their desired position when a rear view camera system was available than when it was unavailable, but that drivers tended to pay less attention to blind spots when using the system. This reduction ofdriver attention to blind spots was particularly significant during the final


The in-vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some 2-(9H-fluorene-2-yl)-3-(substituted phenyl)bicyclo [2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-yl methanones by disc-diffusion as well as serial dilution against their microbial strains and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The titled substrates were synthesized by environmentally benign water mediated DielsAlder reaction of 9H-2-fluorenyl chalcones and cyclopentadiene in good yields. Conclusion: The present results confirm the positive correlation between the acute phase response of inflammation and oxidative stress in non-diabetic and diabetic obese subjects.


Aimed at the exterior light pollution and thermal environment caused by curtain wall glass,this paper made the experimental measurements on frequently used glass in the indicators of transmission,reflection etc.Through analyzing,we drew the conclusion that from exterior light pollution,the maximum visible light reflectances are filmed glass and coated glass,the numerical value is respectively 48.68% and 34.87% which are seriously super scale.From the exterior thermal environment,the maximum solar rays'reflectances are filmed glass and Low-E glass,the numerical value is respectively 41.42% and 32.49%.


is the combined outcome of both the 2001 EGS ses-sion on the 'Water balance of mountain basins' in Nice and the 2002 Annual Meeting of the Ger-man Hydrological Working Group in Berlin. A variety of hydrological and meteorological research top-ics presented at these meetings focused on water resources, modelling, parameterization, remote sens-ing, snow and ice melt, evaporation and transpiration. Case studies concentrated especially on moun-tain areas, which ranged in altitude from 1500 to 6000 m, and on a variety of regions, such asthe Himalayas, Karakorum, Hindukush, Yemen Mountain Massif, Norwegian Scandes and Alps. Theanalysis of water balance components was conducted at many different temporal and spatial scales,ranging from annual and seasonal to daily and hourly, and from entire basins to single lysimetricanalyses.The current discussion about climatic–hydrologic change and bio-adaptability reflects the necessityfor more comprehensive and more detailed knowledge about water balance in mountain basins. Sincemountain watersheds are source areas for large rivers, an understanding of the water balance is invalu-able. This should include a variety of components, such as water input, water storage, water loss, andwater transfer potentials on steep, heterogeneous surfaces. Many of the associated processes are insuf-ficiently investigated, although they are of major significance for both hydrologists and water resourcemanagers.AIMIt is the aim of this special issue to present a diverse range of topics and research areas in order to revealthe wide spectrum of research topics and methods on water balance studies in mountain basins. These stud-ies demonstrate both the success and the emerging difficulties and shortcomings in different research fields.Examples from the developed and from the developing world not only promote comparisons, but also newideas about the availability and transferability of methods.


The mid-Cretaceous period is characterized by an extremely warm greenhouse climate with elevated atmospheric CO2 levels, and repeated occurrences of Ocean Anoxic Events (OAEs). However, detailed processes and causal mechanisms of these marked events, particularly the response of the terrestrial climate system, are only poorly understood. To evaluate interactions between the land and the ocean during an OAE interval, we examined the terrestrial climatic record from Aptian lacustrine deposits (Shinekhudag Formation) in southeast Mongolia. The Shinekhudag Formation is widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia, and is well exposed in the Shine Khudag locality. The formation is composed of alternating beds of dark greyish paper shale, greyish calcareous shale, light greyish dolomitic marl, and whitish to yellowish dolomite. Strata are continuously exposed up to 250 m in thickness. The shale and dolomite successions are rhythmically alternated (decimeter-, meter-, tens of meter-scale), probably controlled by orbital-cycles. Shales and dolomitic marls show micrometer-scale couplets. that cyclic alternations field analysis change in the Shinekhudag Formation shows the cycles involving approximately 1.28 m, 2.27 m, 5.88 m, and 22.4-25.6 m cycles, corresponding to periodicities of approximately 21 kyr, 38 kyr, 98 kyr, and 373-427 kyr, respectively, based on a varve-tuned average sedimentation rate of 6 cm/kyr. These values are in accordance with orbital precession, obliquity, and eccentricity cycles, respectively. Therefore, the Aptian lacustrine deposits in southeast Mongolia are interpreted to record the orbital-scale paleo-hydrologic changes during the OAE1a-1b interval.


A physiologically acceptable composition, in particular a cosmetic composition, comprising at least one liquid fatty phase which comprises (i) at least one structuring polymer having a polymer skeleton which comprises at least one hydrocarbon-based repeating unit comprising at least one hetero atom; and (ii) at least one organogelator.


Soil samples were collected from tobacco fields in Luoshan and Wuyang counties,Henan province.After isolation and purification,6 fungus strains were obtained.It was found that,by pairing culture,one fungus strain had apparent antagonistic effect to tobacco black shank(Phytophthora nicotianae),and its antagonistic mechanism appeared to be antibiotic,parasitic and competitive actions.