Given a concave integro-differential operator $I$, we study regularity for solutions of fully nonlinear, nonlocal, parabolic, concave equations of the form $u_t-Iu=0$. The kernels are assumed to be smooth but non necessarily symmetric which accounts for a critical non-local drift. We prove a $C^{\s+\a}$ estimate in the spatial variable and a $C^{1,\a/\s}$ estimates in time assuming time regularity for the boundary data. The estimates are uniform in the order of the operator $I$, hence allowing us to extend the classical Evans-Krylov result for concave parabolic equations.


1. IntroductionThroughout the history, many other disciplines have had significant influences on the field of Translation Studies (TS) (Floros, 2005). Although many scholars around the world account for TS as an independent field of study, some of them believe that this newly developed field must still be regarded as an inter-disciplinary one (Chesterman, 2005). In this regard, several other scientific fields have entered TS. Linguistics, psychology, teaching, etc. are some examples. Accordingly, as Munday (2008) believes, within all these fields, psychology and cognitive studies are among those which play a pioneer role within studies related to the act of translation. This might be due to the fact that the process of translation requires a high deal of psycholinguistic issues (Hoey & Houghton, 1997). The relation between TS on the one hand and psychology on the other has become more significant in recent years (Hubscher-Davidson, 2009). As Hubscher-Davidson (2007) believes, translation and psychology have become interrelated and interdependent.During the short history of TS, in which, translation was studied as a systematic discipline, there have been many studies carried out around the world with the aim of exploring different aspects of translation. Comparative studies, for example, try to compare a source and a target text. The main aim of these studies is then reviewing the product of translation (Holmes, 1988). Like wise, many scholars and researchers have concerned themselves with the process of translation. The first empirical studies in to translation process focused on the cognitive perspective, including "Think Aloud Protocols" (TAP) in translation. That is identification of translation difficulties and strategies to solve those problems and also decision-making. The main idea of these studies has been figuring out what steps are taken during the process of rendering a text (Holmes, 1988).Consequently, the works which try to review translation and translating based on psychological models and frameworks are classified under process studies. Concerning the field of psychology, there are many frameworks to choose from. A researcher might be interested in finding out the relationship between the ideology of a translator on the one hand, and his way of choosing different translation strategies on the other (Van Dijk, 1996). Others might be interested in finding out the relationship between personality of a translator and the quality of a translated text done by that individual. Accordingly, the present study aimed at investigating the possible relationship between a psychological trait (i.e., personality) on the one hand, the quality of translation on the other.1.1. Statement of the ProblemPersonality is a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations and behaviors in various situations (Ryckman, 2007).It influences how a person interacts with his or her environment. Individuals can be classified according to their personality type. In psychology, the big five personality traits model was proposed by Costta and McCare (1992, as cited by Carducci,2009). These are five dimensions of persona lity which tend to describe human personality.The theory is called the Five Factor Model (FFM).The Big Five Factors include the following segments:1) Openness (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious): people with this trait are creative, emotional, adventurous, curious and seek novelty and variety.2) Conscientiousness (efficient/ organized vs. easy going/ careless):people with this trait are planned, organized, self- disciplined, dependable and dutiful people.3) Extraversion (outgoing / energetic vs. Solitary/ reserved): people with this personality type are sociable, talkative, and enjoy being in a group.4) Agreeableness (friendly /compassionate vs. cold/unkind): These people are compassionate, kind and cooperative toward others. …


Loan Agreement (Yixing Pumped Storage Project) between the People's Republic of China and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Single Currency Loans dated 30 May 1995, as amended through 6 October 1999). Beijing, 5 June 2003


This paper is concerned with approximate optimal formation control for multiple nonlinear autonomous agents based on iterative method. By designing some concatenation vectors, a whole multi-agent system is obtained, and the original formation control problem is transformed into a classic tracking problem. Based on the classic optimal tracking control theories, the optimal formation control problem is viewed as a two-point boundary value problem. Then, the approximate formation controller is obtained by using the successive approximation approach, which composes of analytic feedback terms and a compensation term. The compensation term can be obtained by calculating an iteration adjoint vectors. By introducing a finite term of the adjoint vector sequence, an approximate formation controller is designed. Simulation results show that the proposed approximate formation controller produces the better value of control performances.


One of the most important problems in molecular biology is the protein structure prediction problem: given the one-dimensional amino acid sequence that specifies a protein, what is the protein's fold in three dimensions? This problem is critical, since the structure or fold of a protein provides the key to understanding its biological function, and proteins play a variety of important roles in the body (e.g., as enzymes, antibodies, etc.). Proteins may also be associated with particular human diseases, and thus, understanding protein structure may be used to better understand these diseases and to do rational drug design.


Rearing poultry in intensive systems needs the birds with fast growth rate to be raised at high stocking density. Based on the investigations 85 to 90% of performance gains are due to genetic selection, while the 10 to 15% are the results of improvements in nutrition and other management practices (Havenstein et al. 2003). Meanwhile, selection for growth rate and feed efficiency cause to a number of negative effects that adversely influence welfare and productivity of poultry (Lara and Rostagno, 2013). Some research has shown that high stocking density demonstrates negative effects on growth and external carcass quality (Feddes et al. 2002). Dozier et al. (2005) evaluated performance of broilers grown to final body weight of 3.1 kg. By increasing stocking density from 30 to 45 kg/m, cumulative growth rate decreased by nearly 6%. Kestin et al. (1992) reported that by increasing stocking density lymphoid organs weight (spleen and bursa of fabricius) decreased that is an indication of stress caused by overcrowding. Heckert et al. (2002) studied the effect of stocking density on immune response, lymphoid organs weight, antibody titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio at 32 and 42 days of age, they observed that increasing stocking density resulted in significant decreases in body weight and relative weight of bursa of fabricius. In combination with fast growth, the requirements for sulphur amino acids, especially methionine are high. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density and incremental methionine levels on performance, immune response, carcass traits, and digestive organs of broiler chicks. A total of 390 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to six dietary treatments and five replicates base on 3 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets included three levels of stocking density (12, 16 and 18 birds/m) and two levels of methionine (100 and 120% requirement recommended for Ross 308) applied during 42 days of experiment. The results showed that 18 birds density decreased body weight and weight gain, feed intake and increased feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) in overall rearing period. The 120% methionine level tended to increase body weight at 42 day of age. Stocking density significantly (P<0.05) affected the relative weight of proventriculus, pancreas, gizzard and duodenum. The jejunum relative weight and ileum length of chicks received 120% methionine level significantly increased. Antibody titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBC), Influenza and Newcastle viruses, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and lymphoid organs except spleen were not affected by dietary treatments (P<0.05). As a conclusion, broiler performance of chicks adversely affected by stocking density and methionine levels had no considerable effect on their performance.


Rather than waiting decades to respond, novelists of nearly every literary genre began conceptualizing the AIDS epidemic shortly after the first documented case of the virus in the United States in 1981. Writers, feeling a sense of urgency, wasted little time constructing didactic texts that differ from much historical fiction in that they were written as the tragedy they are commenting on occurred. However, AIDS literature has changed as the disease has spread well beyond the gay communities of San Francisco and New York, causing people to reexamine their longstanding beliefs on masculinity, sexuality, and body politics. My Master's thesis will analyze this new literary subgenre in an attempt to determine the different ways that socially conscious novelists, screenwriters, and comic book writers have conceptualized AIDS over the past four decades. Several texts, including Armistead Maupin's Babycakes (1984) and R.D. Zimmerman's Hostage (1997), portray the virus as a force capable of diminishing the sexuality of the body and causing tainted blood to be viewed as the ultimate biological weapon. Furthermore, closeted gay characters in the literature of African-American authors E. Lynn Harris and Sapphire construct hyperheterosexual personas, naively believing that masculinity will somehow protect them from contracting the virus once dubbed "gay cancer." The often-restrictive rhetoric associated with AIDS has been analyzed during the epidemic, perhaps most notably by Susan Sontag in her seminal work AIDS and Its Metaphors (1989). Furthermore, Judith Laurence Pastore's Confronting AIDS through Literature (1993) examines the language used with the virus. My thesis will expand upon these previous works, as well as others by queer theorists and social commentators, to determine how the last epidemic of the twentieth century has forever influenced literature and other forms of pop-culture entertainment.


High-performance and high-reliability TFTs were obtained using a fluorine ion implantation (FII) technique. The FII into the TFT gate poly-Si caused a positive Vth shift, increased the on current and decreased the leakage current significantly. Our investigation indicates that the Vth shift originates from negative charges generated in the gate oxide by the FII. The improvement of drain current are attributed to F passivation of trap states in the poly-Si and a modulation of offset potential due to the same negative charges under the offset region. Furthermore, high endurance for -BT stress and TDDB of the gate oxide was achieved by the FII. We consider that the strong Si-F bonds created by the FII raise the stress immunity.<<ETX>>


The purpose of this paper is to apply "Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)" model to assess the impacts of climate change on stream discharge and sediment yield from Song Cau watershed in Northern Viet Nam. Three climate change scenarios B1, B2, and A2; representing low, medium, and high levels of greenhouse gas emission, respectively, were considered in this study. The highest changes in stream discharge (up to 11.4%) and sediment load (15.3%) can be expected in wet season in 2050s according to the high emis sion scenario (A2), while for the low emission scenario the corresponding changes equal to 8.8% and 12.6%. The results show that the stream discharge is likely to increase in the future during the wet season with increasing threats of sedimentation.


This paper depicts the automatic irrigation and environmental monitoring inside the greenhouse based on WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) and GSM Module. The system is able to collect information about key environmental parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity, Water level within irrigation water tanks, light ratio, CO2 dosage and soil dryness within the greenhouse. Analog signals from different sensors are converted to digital values by taking advantage of the ability of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) to convert analog signal to digital without the use of microcontroller. This information is transmitted wirelessly to the central computer to be processed and decided on by way of applying a simple fuzzy input system to send appropriate digital commands via the digital outputs of the system to regulate the glass house parameters within acceptable limits. The collected data and control commands that are applied in the database are stored to be analyzed for purposes of improving Agriculture.


Due to quadrupolar interactions, 23Na exhibits a bi-exponential T2. Previous approaches to estimate T2* have relied on simple least squares approaches or treating it as an inverse problem. Here we present a fast method based on Bayesian estimation and illustrate it on an in vivo dataset.


In [1] , the photograph that appeared next to the author, Herschel A. Ainspan, was not an image of this author and was published in error. No photo should have accompanied his name.


Currents through non-selective ion channels are often mathematically modeled as an Ohmic current. In such models, quantifying the contributions of different contributing ion species is not easily possible. We present a method to adapt Ohmic descriptions using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation in order to describe every ion species' contribution to the total channel current. We use our method to adapt a model of Channelrhodopsin-2, a light-gated cation non-selective channel, and test our adaption in single cell and 1-dimensional tissue strand simulations of ventricular tachycardia. Resulting contribution ratios of sodium, potassium and proton currents match expectations and correlate well with previously published data. Simulations of optical defibrillation for ventricular tachycardia show that our model predicts a detrimental outcome in ischaemia-like pathological settings that are missed by the original (Ohmic) model.


This paper investigates the frost durability of segmental retaining wall (SRW) units. The authors compare databases of ASTM C 1262 freezing-and-thawing mass loss with SRW material characteristics to assess the usefulness of these characteristics in developing frost durability indexes. The research is part of a larger study of SRW concrete durability. Within the research, a consistently reliable parameter correlating with mass loss in water is the paste-to-total (air and compaction) voids ratio. Another parameter showing a fair correlation to mass loss is the index of the National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA). The authors also examine results of tests performed in 3% saline (NaCl) solution, which show greater variability than results for tests in water. Conclusions reached by the authors note that tests in water, though showing a correlation between frost resistance and material properties, cannot be used to predict how specimens would perform in saline solution.


hold management, buymanship, and fashion and of specific chapters on such products as food, household equipment, and automobiles. Again much of the material, although of especial importance in wartime, has lasting value as statements of basic principles of consumer economics. Probably if a jury of home managers were to review this book they would vote that this part contains the most valuable information for them. In the four parts, there is some repetition of material, a weakness which seems almost inherent in a book organized as is this one. For example, the President's Seven Point Program to keep the cost of living from spiraling upward is stated on Page 77 and repeated on Page 294. Other materials on the causes and effects of inflation are also repeated as are some of the statements on the activities and functions of governmental agencies. A more critical and analytical attitude toward certain governmental agency activities and policies might also have been used to advantage. Furthermore, while it is impossible to be all inclusive in a book of this kind, in view of the wartime problems of consumers in their dependency upon laundries, hotels, restaurants, repair shops, and other service establishments, it appears that these might well have been treated in more detail. In conclusion, the merits of the book far outweigh the minor limitations pointed out above. The book is intended as a text and can be definitely recommended as such. It may be used for consumer economics courses in senior high schools and colleges, for adult consumer education groups, and for classes which are intended to prepare students to enter advertising and selling. In addition to its academic uses, the book has practical worth for sales and advertising executives, retail sales training directors, public relations officials, and, of course, consumers. E. o. DILLE University of Tennessee


The COVID-19 pandemic has interrupted normal operations such as education, jobs and various activities across the world. The success of online learning mainly depends on the teachers and students including delivery, course contents, materials, training, technology, power supply, communicaton, attitude and perception of senders and receivers. Bangladesh, as a least developed country, encounters various problems related to online learning. This study illustrates the causes and effects of online classes on learners in Bangladesh.


Alterations in levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-dependent enzymes have been implicated in cancer and multidrug resistance of tumor cells. The activity of a number of these, the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, glutathione S-transferase, DNA-dependent protein kinase, glyoxalase I, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, can be inhibited by GSH-conjugates and synthetic analogs thereof. In this review we focus on the function of these enzymes and carriers in cancer and anti-cancer drug resistance, in relation to their inhibition by GSH-conjugate analogs.


This paper proposes a model for hierarchical combination of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with quadratic programming for distribution system restoration after major outages. In the proposed model, optimal power dispatch of a collection of distributed energy resources, called integrated hybrid resources (IHRs), is determined by a DRL-trained controller, while a grid-level quadratic programming problem checks grid constraints and performs critical restoration operation. DRL is implemented using Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithm, which is shown to outperform the common Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient in continuous action spaces. The numerical studies, performed on the 123-bus test distribution system, demonstrates that the hierarchical combination of DRL and quadratic programming not only speeds up the local operation of multiple IHRs, but also ensures that the network constraints are satisfied during the restoration operation.


A number of adducts were prepared from the reaction of adamantanecarbonyl chloride (I)with aminoalcohols or aminoacids, and screened for anti-rust properties and antimicrobial activity in spent fluids of water-based cutting fluids. Aqueous solutions of N-(l-adamantanecarbonyl)-O-(1-adamantanecarbonyl) mono-ethanolamine (III) showed good antirust and antimicrobial properties for water-based cutting fluids


ABSTRACT The concept of new vocationalism reached its height in the 1990s and 2000s as views evolved regarding how community colleges should provide relevant vocational education for students. The concept of new vocationalism is here brought into the present moment by mapping theoretical lineages and emphasizing the current and future practical implications at the nexus of the community college sector and a post-COVID-19 economy. Reforms centered around the principles of new vocationalism have led to more inclusive opportunities for learners from varied diverse and marginalized backgrounds, though the influence within career development and community colleges often goes unrecognized. Implications for educational leaders are discussed, including refocusing outcomes on the needs of diverse learners and bridging the gap between students' academic and vocational educations. Specific considerations are also provided to further solidify new vocationalism principles in workforce and professional development programs within community college and career development contexts. Consideration first needs to be given to building programming that develops students' professional identity with a willingness (from both student and educator) to push back against exclusionary ideas of professional, professionalism, and industry practices that are not focused on employee inclusion. Further, equity and access should remain foundational to all programs if these structures are to remain relevant. Specific recommendations are given for incorporating the equity-mindedness approach when developing workforce and professional development programs and curriculum, with increased consideration being given regarding the reality of how well workforce and professional development programs are currently preparing students for life-long career success, growth, and adaptability.


A UV curable conductive ink containing silver (Ag) nanoparticles was developed so as to satisfy the requirement of the ultra-fine PCB manufacturing presently, and the effects of Ag nanoparticles on dual-curing process and electrical conductivity were studied. The ink was prepared by uniformly dispersed Ag nanopartilces in organic solvent mixing with UV curable polymer, photoinitiator and thermal initiator. The curing process of the ink included UV curing and thermal curing and therefore it was a dual-curing process. Both Ag nanoparticles content and heat treatment conditions affected electrical resistivity. Electrical resistivity of the ink decreased to as low as 5×10-6Ω·cm by using 70% silver nanoparticles and heat treat at 200 oC for 5 min.


The aim of this paper is to propose a new approach for improving the accuracy of the volume finite element solution of scattering problems. The method uses approximate microlocal analysis techniques developped for the fast solution of high-frequency problems. After a detailled presentation of the methodology, we provide a numerical example for a two-dimensional problem to validate our approach.


A detailed study of 27 concert halls of Austria, Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, Germany, Holland, Israel, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States is presented. The results point to new procedures to be followed in design and explain many inconsistencies existing in the literature dating from 1900. In particular, the reasons why identical reverberation times at 500 to 1000 cps can occur in occupied halls with volumes per seat ranging from 180 to 350 ft8 are explained. The relative advantages and disadvantages of rectangular, fan‐shaped, horse‐shoe, and diamond‐shaped plans are discussed. Comments on the general acceptance of particular halls by orchestras, audiences, and music critics in relation to the measurable acoustic parameters are made.


Based on the energy equation and continuity equation of electrons, a physical model of oblique heating the lower ionosphere by powerful HF waves is developed. We use this model to calculate the change of the electron temperature and density after heating, and compare the disturbance amplitude at different heating conditions. The results are as follows. Firstly, the terrestrial ionospheric plasma can be heated by powerful ground-based high-frequency radio waves, which can result in the distinct disturbance of the electron temperature and density. Compared with the vertical heating case, the oblique heating needs more power to reach the same disturbance amplitude. Secondly, under the same conditions, the higher radio frequency, the less disturbance of electron temperature; and the temperature disturbance by X mode wave heating is larger than O mode wave heating, that is, X mode wave is more likely to be absorbed in the lower ionosphere. Thirdly, the larger elevation angel, the greater disturbance of electron temperature is caused, and the temperature disturbance amplitude can reach up to 45% by vertical heating, while about 18% by 45° oblique heating. Copyright © 2012 by Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Radio Science.


Epitaxial Fe34Co66 films in a thickness range from 3 to 100 monolayers (MLs) were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs(001) at room temperature. The growth was characterized by reflection high energy electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction. The magnetic properties were investigated by alternating gradient magnetometry magneto-optic Kerr effect, and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. The films show a strong interface-induced uniaxial in-plane anisotropy with the easy axis along [110]. In addition, the fourfold anisotropy coefficient changes sign around 6 ML i.e., the easy axis of the fourfold anisotropy switches from 〈110〉 to 〈100〉 with decreasing thickness.


The article under discussion depicts the issues of culture and ethnography of speech. The traditional wedding rites that continue the traditions of the Russian and Uzbek peoples have been considered in the target article, which are of great interest for linguists and ethnographers. The author of the target article considers that traditional wedding customs and rites are the most interesting material on the basis of which one can get acquainted with the mentality of the people. Despite the fact that cultural traditions are changing due to changes in society, some cultural traditions, wedding customs in Russia and Uzbekistan still retain their original and peculiar form.


Presented is a novel non-resonant electrostatic energy harvester targeted at the wideband frequency response for micro-system powering. To boost non-resonance power output under low frequency, the vertical gap changing method is adopted to induce variable charges, which generates approximately 17 times of charge change compared with the conventional method of laterally changing overlap area (at 1 mm gap). Further, to boost the low frequency and non-resonant power generating capability, the differential structure is adopted to achieve doubled output voltages. Testing results reveal that optimal output power occurs when the inner plate is of large effective movement range and large relative displacement with surrounding electrets. Maximally, 3.9–7.0 V voltage and 0.2–0.7 μW power are achieved over the 5–120 Hz frequency range.


This paper investigates the influence of corona on currents and electromagnetic fields predicted by a return‐stroke model that represents the lightning channel as a nonuniform transmission line with time‐varying (nonlinear) resistance. The corona model used in this paper allows the calculation of corona currents as a function of the radial electric field in the vicinity of the channel. A parametric study is presented to investigate the influence of corona parameters, such as the breakdown electric field and the critical electric field for the stable propagation of streamers, on predicted currents and electromagnetic fields. The results show that, regardless of the assumed corona parameters, the incorporation of corona into the nonuniform and nonlinear transmission line model under investigation modifies the model predictions so that they consistently reproduce most of the typical features of experimentally observed lightning electromagnetic fields and return‐stroke speed profiles. In particular, it is shown that the proposed model leads to close vertical electric fields presenting waveforms, amplitudes, and decay with distance in good agreement with dart leader electric field changes measured in triggered lightning experiments. A comparison with popular engineering return‐stroke models further confirms the model's ability to predict consistent electric field waveforms in the close vicinity of the channel. Some differences observed in the field amplitudes calculated with the different models can be related to the fact that current distortion, while present in the proposed model, is ultimately neglected in the considered engineering return‐stroke models.


Metal‐semiconductor‐metal photodiodes were optimized as pulse generators for time‐resolved electrical measurements at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, using a laser diode as the light source. For the photoconductor, a heterostructure consisting of high‐quality GaAs and low‐temperature grown GaAs was used. The dependence of the photocurrent pulses on the applied magnetic field was determined. A two‐dimensional electron gas in a magnetic field served as the device under test for the time‐resolved measurements. We observed a splitting of the incident pulse into two transmitted pulses resulting from modal dispersion in the two‐dimensional electron gas.


Sustaining agricultural production under adverse environmental conditions, such as drought and high salinity, represents a major challenge. The discovery of key genes and signal transduction pathways underlying plant responses to environmental stress will play an important role in developing strategies for the genetic improvement of crops to address this challenge. Crop functional genomics has greatly contributed to the identification of abiotic stress-related genes. Current advances in genomic technologies now provide effective and high-throughput methods for identifying stress-related genes at a genome-wide level, especially with the availability of the complete genomic sequence of several model and crop plant species. The development of genetic database resources has allowed bioinformatic approaches to identify stress-tolerant gene families across species based on homology and synteny. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for complex trait loci in crops have facilitated the discovery of critical stress-related genes and their favorable alleles.


The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) increasingly feature in debates about education, whether in terms of Goal 4 on quality education or as a means for achieving other goals, such as good health and well-being. From a development education perspective, education is itself also crucial in helping learners to engage critically with debates about sustainable development. The contributions in this issue focus on the role of education in promoting the SDG agenda, whether through educational initiatives, or through the presentation of relevant concepts and approaches in policy and curriculum documents. The first three articles focus on education approaches for different constituencies, and their links to the SDGs. In the first, Laura Scheinert, Kerstin Guffler, Jan Tobias Polak and Martin Bruder assess how well the German international volunteering service weltwärts programme contributes to the SDG agenda. In the conceptualization of the programme, they see alignment with SDG 4, particularly 4.5 and 4.7. There is an aim for inclusivity and a focus on learning outcomes designed to equip volunteers with the ability to participate in actively contributing to a sustainable society. They conclude that the programme could be more inclusive, in line with the intentions of SDG 4.5, as various groups are not well represented in the selection of volunteers. In relation to SDG 4.7, they argue that the programme does develop volunteers as 'active agents of change' by working as a multiplier and widening their existing motivation for civic engagement towards development issues and development education work. They conclude that the programme achieves much in developing relevant knowledge and skills – as far as these can be identified, given the lack of definition within the wording of SDG 4.7 – and changes in behaviour among volunteers. They also suggest that there are areas that the programme could still address, such as knowledge about structures and interdependence. Ruth Amos and Ralph Levinson discuss the outcomes of a project called Promoting Attainment in Responsible Research and Innovation (PARRISE), which aims to build pre-service and experienced primary and secondary science teachers' confidence, skills and knowledge for teaching through socio-scientific inquirybased learning (SSIBL). SSIBL comprises three elements – learning through socioscientific issues (SSI), incorporating citizenship education and inquiry-based science education (IBSE) – and three stages – generating a research-focused question on a socio-scientific issue, conducting research-based inquiry and finding a solution. The types of questions envisaged are those raised by scientific or technological advances related to global concerns, such as climate change and global health. Focusing on the training of pre-service teachers for lower secondary schools in London, UK, they demonstrate that, despite pressures on time and curriculum demands, teachers are able to provide opportunities for learners to engage with global issues through this approach. Although there are challenges in helping students develop inquiry-based questions, and take a critical approach to their findings, they conclude that SSIBL can


Tsuchihata mill had been constructed in 1924, to produce the copper concentrates from 400 tons per day of crude ores with all slime flotation.Then, its operations had been considerable improvements. However, we started, in 1963, a new plan of reconstructions, to improve the mill efficiencies and the mineral recoveries our.In our projections, we have taken a simple flow sheet as well as we may.The plant was separated into several sections, and each section had been constitutive unit process in it. And their equipments were arranged compactly in narrow spaces.The interesting properties of our plant were shown as follows;(1) Though mined ores are very huge, they were crushed by only two stages crushing for the purpose of simplification of plant.(2) After the main portions of ores, except slimes, are ground with a tricone mill, the ground ores were treated with Cu-Sp bulk differential flotation using 14 cells of #48 Warman f lotator and 16 cells of #21 F.W flotator. These machines, such as tricone mill and Warman flotator, were chosen because of their high efficiencies.(3) The slimes had been contained considerable quantities of soluble coppers, so that we have taken L-P-F process in a slime flotation.This paper describes on the outline of reconstructions and some details of operating data.


Hot-water extracted natural media were made from raw materials for mycelial culture of Pleurotus eryngii. Poplar sawdust, wheat bran and rice bran were used as substrates for hot water extraction. The mixed substrates of poplar sawdust, wheat bran, and rice bran with 50 : 20 : 30 (v/v/v, PWR523) and 50 : 30 : 20 (v/v/v, PWR532) were optimal for mycelial growth of P. eryngii, respectively. The hot-water extracted natural media from PWR523 and PWR532 showed a rapid mycelial growth and spawn running compared to PDA. There was no significant difference in mushroom yield when the mycelium grown on the hot-water extracted natural media was used as the inoculum source for producing fruit body.


System savage technicians work to keep administrations accessible every time by dealing with gatecrasher assaults. Interruption Recognition System (IRS) is one of the possible components that is used to detect and order any anomalous activities. In this manner, the IRS must be dependably fully informed regarding the most recent gatecrasher assaults marks to save privacy, trustworthiness, and accessibility of administrations. The fast of IRS is an imperative problem. This examination work represents how the Knowledge Disclosure and Data Mining (or Knowledge Discovery in Databases) The CART and RBFN have been picked for this investigation. It has been demonstrated that the CART classifier has accomplished the most elevated exactness rate for distinguishing and arranging all KDD dataset assaults, which are of sort DOS, R2C, C2R, and Test


There are numerous cases of premature and often catastrophic failure of pressure equipment. Too often the poor performance of welded joints in the component is the cause of such failures. It is therefore of critical importance to understand what dictates the performance of welded joints operating at elevated temperature and pressure. The microstructure of welded joints is fundamental to understanding how they will perform. The microstructure of heat affected zone (HAZ) sub-zones of a multipass 2.25CrlMo steel weld were simulated using a Gleeble 3500 thermal simulator for both 'high' and 'low' heat input welding conditions. The heat affected zone (HAZ) structure has been characterised in terms of twelve sub-zones, which have been investigated by microstructural analysis and hardness measurements. The HAZ structure was found to be complex and variable, with the structure depending on the local thermal history. In particular, post weld heat treatment (PWHT) has a significant influence on the structure and hardness of the sub-zones, exerting a strong normalising effect on the HAZ for both the 'high' and 'low' simulated heat input conditions.


In this paper, two reactors - a kneader and an agitation-reactor - are used to study the etherifying reactivity of cotton linters. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) with different degrees of substitution have been synthesized in a heterogeneous reaction mixture by the cotton cellulose etherifying reaction with monochloroacetic acid and monochloroethanol, respectively. It is showed that, under highly intensive stirring, cotton linters' etherifying reaction can be more easily accomplished in an agitation-reactor with higher etherifying reactivity and efficiency, as well as higher transmittance of the cellulose ether solution than in the case of a kneader. That is to say, higher intensive stirring of the reaction leads to better quality of cellulose ethers in its uniform substitution.


Background: With the unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19, massive impact on our health structure and economics was noticed. Above all, the education system suffered a significant setback. Most of schools and colleges were forced to shut, for almost two years. In this study we investigate the perceptions of dental students towards the online mode of teaching by close ended questionnaire survey in dental colleges. Aim: To study the perception of dental students towards online teaching and to give recommendation based on our study findings. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire based Cross sectional study was conducted in dental undergraduates from 2016 to 2020 batch in Dental Colleges & hospital of Chhattisgarh for period of one month using convenience sampling in order to evaluate perceptions of dental students towards online mode of teaching. Results: Student's perception was evaluated using a close ended questionnaire. Majority agreed on grounds like online teaching is more interactive (50.2%), more comfortable (37.8%), enhanced their technological skill (41.5%) and received support and resources from respective teachers (53.2%). On the other hand, students were having trouble to concentrate for longer time (63.6%), learning practical's online (60.8%), poor internet connection (70.5%) and family distraction (44.2%). Conclusion: We need to accentuate ways to integrate this online teaching with traditional method of teaching, this can open new vistas for better teaching opportunities worldwide.


This paper shows that, given co-citation data, Kohonen feature mapping produces results quite similar to those of multidimensional scaling, the traditional mode for computer-assisted mapping of intellectual domains. It further presents a Kohonen feature map based on author co-citation data that links author names to information about them on the World Wide Web. The results bear on a goal for present-day information science: the integration of computerized bibliometrics with document retrieval.


New rotationally invariant texture feature extraction methods are introduced that utilise the dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT). The complex wavelet transform is a new technique that uses a dual tree of wavelet filters to obtain the real and imaginary parts of complex wavelet coefficients. When applied in two dimensions the DT-CWT produces shift invariant orientated subbands. Both isotropic and anisotropic rotationally invariant features can be extracted from the energies of these subbands. Using simple minimum distance classifiers, the classification performance of the proposed feature extraction methods were tested with rotated sample textures. The anisotropic features gave the best classification results for the rotated texture tests, outperforming a similar method using a real wavelet decomposition.


Pointing to the problems existing in quality and reliability of the military software, the measure and method of increasing the quality and reliability of the military software have been put forward.


October 2011 | Practical Pain Management he advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996 represented a huge breakthrough in the treatment of HIV. The approach has changed a previously fatal disease into one that is chronic but manageable. However, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been implicated in significant interactions with a variety of drug classes used to treat comorbid conditions in patients with HIV. A recent survey conducted by Evans-Jones et al indicated that only 36% of clinically significant drug–drug interactions were identified by physicians in an HIV clinic.1 Thus, more emphasis should be placed on identifying and managing pharmacokinetic interactions in this patient population. This article will assess the interactions between antiretroviral agents (Table 1) and neuropathic pain medications (both approved and off-label; Table 2), with the aim of assisting clinicians involved in pain management for patients with HIV.1,2 Distal Symmetrical Polyneuropathy One of the most common neuropathies associated with HIV is distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN), which occurs in 35% to 67% of patients with HIV. The prevalence of DSPN may be increasing, however, because of the introduction of newer ARTs, and the incidence rate among different cohorts are variable.3 The pathogenesis of DSPN is unknown but is assumed to be multifactorial. The common clinical presentation includes bilateral numbness, tingling, stiffness, burning, and/or loss of sensation in the feet. Hyperpathia and contact sensitivity also may be present. A neurologic exam uncovers reduced or absent deep tendon reflexes of the ankles. Symptoms occurring in the distal upper extremities or knees are rare and generally indicate severe progression.3,4 In the pre-HAART era, risk factors for developing DSPN included lower CD4 lymphocyte counts, higher viral load, increased age, advanced HIV disease (ie, AIDS diagnosis), and use of dideoxynucleoside analog antiretrovirals. However, HAART has reduced disease progression, increased patient immunity and therapy options, FEATURE


Increase in ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation has been identified as a suspect in amphibian deformities and decline. Eggs of two amphibian species, Polypedates cruciger and Duttaphrynus melanostictus were exposed to UV-B radiation (312 nm) to receive erythemal dose (0.08 relative response) of the action spectra under laboratory conditions. Biologically estimated doses were calculated to match 50% (high), 25% (medium) and 10% (low) of the average daily irradiance given for the Asian region (17.92 × 10 -3 Wm -2 ).  Hatching success of the eggs and survival, growth of tadpoles and development of malformations were recorded until metamorphosis.  Although the exposure had no effect on the hatching success of the eggs of the two species, the survival of tadpoles of both species was significantly reduced compared to the tadpoles coming from unexposed eggs in the control. Tadpoles of both species experienced growth retardations due to UV-B exposure. Exposed individuals were smaller at metamorphosis and they took longer to metamorphose. In addition, malformations such as ulcers, edemas, abnormally pigmented skin were common among the exposed tadpoles.  Species-specific differences in the growth were observed between D. melanostictus and P. cruciger but not in the other measured parameters . This study shows that the two anuran species are highly sensitive to levels of UV-B radiation that is present in their natural environment and suffered both lethal and sub-lethal effects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v42i2.6608 Ceylon Journal of Science ( Bio. Sci. ) 42(2): 45-53, 2013


The article deals with certain aspects of interaction of the elements making a basis of the mechanism of law-enforcement in Peru. Special attention is paid to the judicial authority, bodies of prosecutor's office etc.


Though rabbinic literature is generally categorized in accordance with the dichotomy between halakhah and aggadah, rabbinic texts are not formally marked as belonging to either category. The absence of internal marking leaves open the possibility that certain texts might fit both definitions. In fact, a comparison of the medieval works – Hilkhot and 'Aggadot ha-Talmud/'En Ya'akov – that respectively isolate the halakhic and aggadic components of the Babylonian Talmud yields overlapping material that reflects such ambiguity. Talmudic legal


The testing, problems encountered, and the results and conclusions obtained from tests performed on the IBM Prototype System, 2, solar hot water system, at the Marshall Space Flight Center Solar Test Facility was described. System 2 is a liquid, non draining solar energy system for supplying domestic hot water to single residences. The system consists of collectors, storage tank, heat exchanger, pumps and associated plumbing and controls.


Conventional transport theory is not really applicable to nonequilibrium systems which exhibit strong quantum effects. We present two different approaches to overcome this problem. Firstly we point out how transport equations may be derived that incorporate a nontrivial spectral function as a typical quantum effect, and test this approach in a toy model of a strongly interacting degenerate plasma. Secondly we explore a path to include nonequilibrium effects into quantum field theory through momentum mixing transformations in Fock space. Although the two approaches are completely orthogonal, they lead to the same coherent conclusion.


Since childhood is the golden age of human being's life, Le Clezio has tried to introduce children as the main heroes in most of his works. In Le Clezio's works, child is the symbol of freedom, purity and simplicity. Such an attitude towards the child and children's world makes the writer to depict a close connection that exists between the child and the world realities such as society, nature and happiness. He writes about a society full of dirt, a nature that its elements speak to the child and a kind of happiness that the child himself creates in the world.


The medicine for curing piles, fissure in ano, and dermatosis with obvious curative effect and no toxic by-effect is prepared from scented tea (10-40%), iodine-containing edible salt 910-30%), alum (8-30%), borneol (0.1-5%), coptis root (0.1-5%) and vaseline (30-60%). The ointment features easy application, quick acting and high curative rate.


ABSTRACT In general, photoreorientive azobenzene (Az) mesogens in side chain liquid crystalline polymers (SCLCPs) adopt a homeotropic orientation in a thin film state, which can be a drawback for the azimuthal photoalignment. We report herein a SCLCP that shows a planar orientation of Az mesogen achieved by random copolymerization with a planarly orienting cyanobiphenyl (CB) mesogen. Using this planarly orienting SCLCP film, a homogeneous in-plane orientation can be readily achieved by irradiation with linearly polarized light, and further a metastable homeotropic orientation is attained by normal irradiation by non-polarized light. Thus, 3D mesogen alignment controls are achievable on demand. We propose here the utility of the random copolymerization strategy to extend the possibility of photoalignment procedures.


Predictably, Mark Pauly has written a thoughtful and provocative article. Nevertheless, I find it unpersuasive because it is based on dubious assumptions and an unrealistic description of the way hospitals and other health care delivery organizations work. Furthermore, the article leaves me confused at the end by offering two apparently contradictory conclusions while providing no possible solutions. Hospitals versus Integrated Delivery Networks To begin with, Pauly lumps hospitals together with "integrated delivery networks" (IDNs), as if the issues of community benefit and charitable donors were equally relevant to both kinds of organizations. But this is obviously not the case. Donors may be an important source of capital for some not-for-profit hospitals, but they do not contribute much to IDNs. Most IDNs are investor-owned (and therefore would not attract donors), but even not-for-profit IDNs rarely get significant charitable donations. They generate capital through borrowing and from operating revenues. Furthermore, IDNs do not have the close association with particular communities that hospitals do and they are not expected to provide the kind of community benefits that hospitals offer. IDNs are basically medical insurance companies combined with medical delivery systems, or they provide medical care through contracts with medical insurance companies and large employers. Their services therefore go only to their subscribers, not to the community as a whole, and this is true regardless of ownership. To my knowledge, no one has ever suggested that IDNs have service obligations to those who are not subscribers to their network, except perhaps in special emergency situations. In short, Pauly's analysis, to the extent that it has any relevance to the current health care scene, applies only to the hospital sector and not to IDNs. I am puzzled by his assumption to the contrary. Why does he choose to use the term "hospitals" in this piece to "include service delivery systems of all types," when IDNs and hospitals are so clearly different with respect to their community functions, their financing, and their dependence on donors? In some respects, the business operations of hospitals and IDNs may overlap. Some hospitals are organizing physician-hospital networks (PHOs), and many have contracts with other types of IDNs, but for the most part, hospitals and IDNs are basically quite distinct kinds of organizations. Blurring this distinction only serves to confuse the discussion. Differences Between Not-for-Profit and For-Profit Hospitals Pauly makes other dubious assumptions. He asserts that the primary difference between notfor-profit hospitals and for-profit hospitals is their source of capital. He further claims that donors supply capital to not-for-profit hospitals in expectation of "donor-pleasing activities," just as investors supply capital to for-profit hospitals in the expectation of generating profits. He adds to these assertions the additional claim that not-for-profit hospitals provide community benefits not because they want to but because they have to, in order to attract donor capital. None of these propositions is supported by any credible evidence of which I am aware. They are simply opinions. As such, they reflect a purely economic view of individual and organizational behavior-a view that Pauly acknowledges at the outset to be constraining and arguable but which he nevertheless seems to accept without question throughout the remainder of his discussion. As a non-economist who believes that we live primarily in a society, not in an economy, and who is convinced that health care is not simply a marketable service, I challenge all of these assumptions. They may be based on standard economic theory, but they are abstract and bloodless, and I do not believe they square with the experiences of those who know and use the hospital system. The essential difference between for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals is not defined by their sources of capital. …


In order to accommodate as many subapertures as possible in the high-speed wavefront slope calculation when hardware resources were limited,an accumulator-based wavefront slope processor was proposed.The computational core of the processor is an array of subaperture spot centroid calculating element.According to the decomposition of 2D moment calculation and the recursive procedure of 1D moment calculation,it can substitute the multiplications between the pixel grayvalues and its coordinates with several sum operations to obtain the low order 2D geometric moments required in centroiding.The calculating element simply consists of five accumulators,and the cost has been decreased because no multipliers are needed.Experimental results indicate that when it is implemented in a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) at a clock frequency of 100 MHz,the proposed architecture can obtain gradients of all subapertures in 22×22 Shack-Hartmann with the latency no more than 0.33 μs and the error less than 0.002 pixel.The new design has reduced the hardware resource by 40% as compared to that of the multiplier-based architecture.Furthermore,the original multiplier-based processor can be updated for Shack-Hartmann sensors and can obtain the subapertures twice as much as that of original one without additional hardware resources.It realizes the high speed measurement of wavefront with a high accuracy.


In a conventional Symmetric Multilevel Diversity Coding System (SMDCS), sources of varying importance are encoded by multiple encoders and a level-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> decoder, if given access to any <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> encoders, can decode the first <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> most important sources. In practical large-scale applications like Non-terrestrial Networks, sinks (e.g., land earth stations) may be only interested in some functions of the sources (e.g., orbiting satellites) rather than the sources themselves. This letter introduces linear network function computations into the SMDCS, where a level-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> decoder requests a linear function of the first <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sources. The coding rate region of the 3-encoder (i.e., 3-level) SMDCS with linear computations (SMDCS-LC) was obtained. It is shown that when the coefficient vectors are dependent, coding between sources may help in reducing the information under transmission by encoders. However, when they are independent, superposition (i.e., sources-separated) coding is optimal. Furthermore, the minimum sum rate of the generic <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-level SMDCS-LC is obtained. This can find applications like federated learning aggregation in Non-Terrestrial Networks.


The concept of availability and exergy analysis is one of the most abstract ideas in thermodynamics and undergraduate mechanical engineering students have a difficult time to understand it. Unfortunately usually existing textbooks cannot help students much when it comes to exergy. This paper presents the approach that the author has developed to teach the concept of exergy (and not just mathematical formulations). The first law of thermodynamics deals with amount of energy transfer regardless of its form and conditions. This approach, however, is not appropriate for some applications. For instance, some forms of energy are more valuable than others. For example, work is more valuable than heat because the efficiency of generating work from heat is always lower than unity, with the maximum efficiency in the Carnot cycle. Similarly, the thermal energy at a high temperature is more valuable than the same amount of thermal energy at a low temperature because the thermal energy at the higher temperature can be converted to work at a higher efficiency in a thermal engine (e.g. a Carnot cycle) than that of the thermal energy at the lower temperature. Based on the first law of thermodynamics, 1 kJ of electricity, chemical energy of fuel, thermal energy at 500°C, and thermal energy at 50°C are basically equal. But in reality their economic values are not the same. Therefore, it is vital to find a methodology to evaluate thermal systems not only based on the amount of energy conversion but also the actual value of energy. This approach is called exergy. Introduction When the author took Thermodynamics I and II courses as an undergraduate student about 20 years ago, the topic of exergy analysis, also known as the availability analysis or the second law of thermodynamics analysis, was not a part of the syllabus. In fact, when the author asked many experienced engineers if they knew what the exergy analysis is, the majority of them did not know it and even did not hear the term at all. This is one of the rare occasions that a major new topic has been added to a classical mechanical engineering course, particularly thermodynamics, in the past few decades. Review of teaching exergy analysis in the existing textbooks When the author started to teach Thermodynamics, he was not satisfied with the way the textbook for the course handled the topic of the exergy analysis. So he started to look for other resources and teaching methods. He reviewed and evaluated 25 thermodynamics textbooks covering 1963 2013 [1-25]. Although the concept of exergy was first introduced by scientists in 1940s, this evaluation illustrated that the exergy analysis started to appear in the textbooks mainly since mid 1980. Furthermore, out of 25 evaluated textbooks, 16 presented the exergy analysis in a form of an independent chapter. Unfortunately, none of the sources was able to properly cover the topic. The main question for us as educators is that what we are doing to teach and train our undergraduate students on exergy and how well we are doing it. A great majority of the existing textbooks provide a very brief, vague, and ambiguous discussion on the exergy analysis and then they directly jump to mathematical formulations of the exergy analysis. Using this approach, students may be able to solve some numerical problems, but they may not have a clear understanding of the fundamentals of the exergy analysis. Some of the questions that students need to answer about the exergy analysis are:  Why the exergy analysis has recently become a major topic in thermodynamics? After all both the first and second laws of Thermodynamics, the building blocks of the exergy analysis, have been around for over a century.  More importantly, why do we need the exergy analysis?  How is the exergy analysis different from the energy analysis?  What are the applications of the exergy analysis?  When do we use each of the energy analysis and the exergy analysis?  How do we interpret the results of the exergy analysis? The objective of this paper is to present a conceptual approach to teach the exergy analysis so students can answer above questions as well as being able to solve numerical problems. The concept of availability and exergy is one of the most abstract ideas in thermodynamics because it is difficult to find any physical parameters that represent exergy in the real world. As a result, undergraduate mechanical engineering students have a difficult time to understand the exergy analysis. New approach for teaching exergy This paper presents the approach that the author has developed to teach the concept of the exergy analysis (not just mathematical formulations). In order to start the discussion on the exergy analysis and how it differs from the first law of thermodynamics analysis, I initially start the topic with the following example from everyday life. It should be noted that in this paper the italic text represents what the author presents in his lectures in the class. Imagine that there are two professors, Dr. X and Dr. Y, teaching the same course, e.g. Applied Thermodynamics (!). At the end of the semester, both classes end up with the average grade B in the course. Which professor did a better job? If we just look at the final results and consider them as the parameter to evaluate the performance of the professors, then both professors are doing equally good (or bad!) job. This approach resembles the first law of thermodynamics analysis or the energy analysis. But as you may notice, this comparison is not really fair because the background of the students at the beginning of the class is not taken into account. If we know that the GPA of the class Dr. X teaches in the past two years has been B and the GPA of the class Dr. Y teaches in the same period has been C, then the comparison will be totally different. If we take into account the background of the students in each class, we realize that Professor Y has been able to improve the grades of the students in his class from average C to B, whereas Professor X just maintained student grades at B. Thus, in this evaluation, where we take into account the quality of the students assigned to each professor as well as the final grades, Professor Y is doing much better job. This approach is the second law of thermodynamics, exergy, or availability analysis. After this preliminary introductory example, I ask some more technical questions that will be foundations for the further examples. These questions are related to some of the applications of the exergy analysis and are designed to give a tangible appearance to the abstract idea of the exergy analysis. Example one You are building your new house and you are trying to decide the source of heating for your house. Your options are:  Electricity,  Natural gas (or any other fossil fuel),  Steam at 500°C,  Steam at 50°C. Which one is your choice? Based on purely economical considerations? Based on economical and environmental considerations? Example two There are two power plants A and B. The power plant A has an efficiency of 5% and the power plant B has an efficiency of 10%. Which one is better, both economically and environmentally? Example three In a steam power plant, for every 100 MW input of thermal energy to the boiler in the form of chemical energy of the fuel, 45 MW is converted to the electrical energy, 50 MW is lost in the form of heat transfer to the low temperature heat sink in the condenser and 3.5 MW is lost as heat losses in the boiler. You are asked to look at the ways to improve the performance of the power plant by reducing heat losses in the system. Which equipment will you focus on first? In order to explain and understand the exergy analysis, we need to go into the core of thermodynamics. Since the exergy analysis usually is covered in the Applied Thermodynamics or Thermodynamics II course, the students' understanding of the concept of the first and second laws of thermodynamics might be a little rusty. So I provide them the following quick review of the thermodynamics laws. Thermodynamics laws Some subjects have a few core laws that everything else is based on them, for example the core laws of Statics and Dynamics are the 1, 2, and 3 laws of Newton. In thermodynamics, these fundamental laws are the 0, 1, 2, and 3 laws of thermodynamics. Historically, the second law of thermodynamics was discovered first by Carnot in 1823 for the maximum efficiency of a power generation engine, which later followed by the statement of the 2 law of thermodynamics for refrigeration cycles. About a quarter of century later, the first law of thermodynamics was gradually formed as a result of over a century of experiments, and trials and errors. The turning point was when James Joule discovered that work and heat are two forms of energy in 1845. This led to the final statement of the first law of thermodynamics by Rankine and Clausius in about 1850. After the first and second laws of thermodynamics were properly stated, scientists realized that both of these laws are mainly about temperature but there was no official definition for temperature, so they developed a law to allow them to define and measure temperature. This law was a prerequisite for the other two laws; since the others were already called the 1 and 2 laws of thermodynamics, this law was named the 0 law of thermodynamics. Finally, the 3 law of thermodynamics was developed to define a reference point when the composition of the system is not fixed, for example during combustion or chemical reactions. The first law of thermodynamics deals with the amount of energy transfer and energy conversion regardless of its form and conditions. This type of energy balance is also called the energy analysis. Some of the examples of this analysis are as follows: 1. When an object is released from a height, its potential energy is converted to the kinetic energy. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the de


ABSTRACT: The Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /AC composite was prepared by sol-gel process with ultrasonication. The preparedcomposite was characterized by SEM, XRD and TG analysis, and their electrochemical behaviorswere investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and charge-dischargetest in 1 M LiBF 4 /PC electrolyte. From the results, the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 particles coated on AC surface hadan average particle size of 100 nm and showed spinel-framework structure. When the potentialrange of the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /AC composite was extended from 0.1 to 2.5 V, redox peaks and electric doublelayer property were revealed. The initial discharge capacity of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /AC composite was218 mAh g −1 at 1 C. The enhancement of discharge capacity was attributed to electric double layerof added activated carbon.Keywords :Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , activated carbon, electric double layer, electrochemical capacitor. Received August 23, 2010 : Accepted September 30, 2010 1. Introduction Electrochemical capacitors (ECs), also called super-capacitor, are electrochemical energy storage devices. Thefeatures of ECs are similar to those of electric double layercapacitor (EDLC) and rechargeable batteries. They maystore charge in a Faradaic reaction as pseudocapacitanceor may store charge in the double-layer of an electrode/electrolyte interphase.


Map blogs is a proficient strategy to convey media content from a sender to a gathering of beneficiaries and is increasing prominent applications, for example, constant stock quotes, intuitive diversions, video meeting, live video show, or video on interest. Confirmation is one of the basic points in securing Map blogs in a domain alluring to noxious assaults. Fundamentally, Map online journals confirmation may give the accompanying security administrations: Data respectability: Each recipient ought to have the capacity to guarantee that got bundles have not been altered amid transmissions. Information beginning confirmation: Each collector ought to have the capacity to guarantee that each got bundle originates from the genuine sender as it cases. Nondisavowal: The sender of a bundle ought not have the capacity to deny sending the parcel to collectors in the event that there is a debate between the sender and beneficiaries. All the three administrations can be upheld by a hilter kilter key strategy called signature. In a perfect case, the sender produces a mark for every bundle with its private key, which is called marking, and every recipient checks the legitimacy of the mark with the sender's open key, which is called confirming. On the off chance that the check succeeds, the beneficiary knows the bundle is bona fide. LIVE Blogging System: There will a correspondence between customers utilizing parallel processing were the inquiries of different customers can be posted and can be answered by gathering of customers inside the system. Keywords-Component: Mapblogs, Multimedia, Broadcast.


Though adhesive bonding is a preferred method of joining fibrous composite, sometimes bolting of components is essential for operation, maintenance or inspection purposes. It is necessary to drill holes in fibrous composites for joining them by bolting. Drilling of fibrous composite presents many problems like - delaminating, fibre/resin pullout, excessive tool wear. In the present work, drilling of glass fibre/epoxy and carbon fibre/epoxy laminates is studied using high speed steel and tungsten carbide coated drills. The effect of cutting speed, feed and number of holes on tool wear, thrust and torque is studied.


The effects of intracerebroventricular (i. c. v.) application of a somatostatin analogue, Octreotide, on growth of pituitary adrenocorticotropes (ACTH cells) were examined in adult female Wistarrats. The animals were subjected to i.e. v. administration of three 1.0 ~lg doses of Octreotide dissolved in 10 pi saline every second day. Controls were treated in the same way with the same volume of saline. ACTH-producing cells were studied using the peroxidase -antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical procedure. Octreotide treatment of rat females, significantly decreased (p <0.05) all morphometric parameters measured, i.e. volume of ACTH cells and their nuclei by 52% and 11%, respectively, as compared to the controls. The volume densities were also significantly decreased (by 47%; p<0.05) in comparison with the corresponding controls. These findings suggest that centrally administered somatostatin analogue (Octreotide) is specifically involved in the control of growth and secretory activity of ACTH cells in female rats.


: With the rapid development of the current media era, the ideological and political education approaches of Jiangsu University of Technology are gradually broadening and the educational means are also gradually optimizing. It can be said that the Internet based on modern media technology is changing the overall environment of ideological and political education. For instructors, we should grasp the key opportunities brought by the network environment in the new era to the daily teaching and management of JIANGSU Institute of Technology in order to implement the teaching reform in colleges and universities. In the classroom, we should make full use of modern information technology to provide more diversified teaching content for post-00s college students, understand the current state of mind of post-00s college students, and grasp the practical difficulties that post-00s college students face in the learning process. Through the use of information technology to change the jiangsu institute of past daily teaching management idea lag problem, at the same time pay attention to students after 00 group behavior, cognitive ideas about morality, etc, and further define the nature of the new era of ideological and political education network environment is the way and innovation form, in the dialectical unification of the daily teaching management effectiveness.


Research Question: This study investigates whether corporate information opacity affects the association between family ownership and cost of capital. Motivation: Firms' ownership structure has been identified as a major factor that affects their cost of capital. Idea: Corporate transparency affects the impact of ownership structure upon firms' cost of capital, especially in the case of family-controlled firms Data: We examine a sample of companies listed in the Athens Stock Market for the period of 2009-2016. Tools: We compose a Corporate Opacity Index for each sample firm by adopting the Anderson et al. (2009) approach. Additionally, accounting factors such as firms' size, leverage, profitability and corporate governance characteristics that may affect the above-mentioned association are examined as well. Sensitivity tests have been conducted to check the robustness of the results. Findings: Family ownership and corporate opacity are only marginally related with firms' cost of capital. Firms' size, liquidity and their leverage appear to be inversely associated with their cost of debt capital. Contributions: The findings of this study provide insights regarding the impact that corporate transparency has upon cost of debt capital, allowing financial institutions, regulators and market participants to design improved debt contracts under economic depression. Our study sheds light to the impact of information opacity on the association between family ownership and cost of capital within the business environment of Greece that possesses certain structural characteristics in the context of economic crisis.


Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between coping styles in mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the severity of their children's symptoms. Material and method: The study included a group of 70 women raising children with a medical diagnosis of ASD. The children with the aforementioned pervasive developmental disorders were from 5 to 16 years old and were patients of the Mental Health Centre in Kielce, Poland. A study involved: our own survey; the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) by R. Goodman; the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) questionnaire by Endler and Parker; the Sense of Coherence Scale SOC-29 by Antonovsky; the Set of Questionnaires for the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASRS) by S. Goldstein and J. A. Naglieri. Results: The mothers' preference for emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles was found to correlate significantly with their low sense of coherence and the severity of their child's ASD symptoms measured with ASRS and SDQ. Conclusions: 1. Emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles were associated with a low sense of coherence in the surveyed women. 2. The mothers' preference for emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles was associated with increased ASD symptoms, more severe emotional and behavioral deficits and poorer peer interactions in their children. 3. The mothers' preference for problem-focused coping correlated with a low severity of their children's social and communication deficits.


Introduction : Laparoscopy is the art of examining the abdominal cavity and its contents without making large incisions. The first step in laparoscopic surgery is LE and creation of pneumoperitoneum. This is a very important step because it allows easy and safe insertion of the other ports under direct vision through the telescope 2. Aims & Objectives : To assess time of establishment of pneumoperitoneum in Direct Trocar Insertion technique, To assess complications in Direct Trocar Insertion technique. Material and Method: Among 50 patients,Direct Trocar insertion technique was used, complications were assessed. Results: The mean duration for creating pneumoperitoneum is 2min 05 secs.No major complications were found. Discussion: Direct trocar insertion is a safe and effective method in a learned hands with less complications and less time taken for creating pneumoperitoneum.


Diabetes mellitus is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases in Qatar and platelets play a key role in these events.The aims of this project is to study ultrastructural changes in diabetic platelets, intraplatelets concentration of Ca and Mg and their relation to insulin, and to investigate if there are any racial differences associated with platelets abnormalities. Diabetic groups included 34 Qatari (Q) and 32 Asian Indian (AI). Control groups included 21 (Q) and 13 (AI). The results indicated that intraplatelet Ca was significantly higher in both diabetic (Q & AI) groups compared to corresponding controls (Q; 0.134 ± 0.0728 vs. 0.097 ± 0.034, p< 0.05) and (AI; 0.179 ± 0.0738 vs. 0.117 ± 0.0854, p< 0.01). Comparing to control; a significant decrease in Mg level for the Qatari diabetics (7.4 ± 4.4 vs. 14.4 ± 6.1, p< 0.05) associated with a significant decrease in the insulin level for the same group (26.1 ± 18.2 vs. 21.8 ± 19.6, p< 0.05). The MPV showed significant increase in diabetic groups compared to the controls with (Q; 8.4 ± 1.1 vs. 7.8 ± 0.6, p< 0.05) and (AI; 8.8 ± 0.6 vs. 7.7 ± 0.3, p< 0.05), and a significant increase in (AI) diabetics compared to (Q) diabetics p< 0.05. Abnormal structural characteristics were seen under TEM in both diabetic groups Q & AI with clear evidence of microthrombus in the AI group. This may explain the higher incidence of CV events among the Asian Indians diabetics compared to the other ethnic groups.


Following the discovery of severe corrosion of cadmium plated steel bolts in an underground irrigation system, the corrosivity of the surrounding soil and ground water was assessed using the procedures outlined in the standard DIN 50929. This methodology predicted successfully the strongly aggressive nature of the soil from the irrigation system, which contained sulphate reducing bacteria, although the corrosivity of the ground water was low. An evaluation of alternative bolting materials was conducted using both soil from the irrigation network and soil of lower corrosivity from a university campus in Athens. This has shown that general corrosion rates for screws made from type 316 stainless steel or brass are much lower than those for ferritic steel or similar steel coated with cadmium or zinc. However, the brass and stainless steel screws both showed evidence of localised corrosion (pitting and dezincification respectively).


Along with state shareholding and government administration, the third source of political control of Chinese listed firms is the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Using a unique hand-collected dataset that includes party secretary information for listed firms between 2000 and 2004, we examine the existence and power of party secretaries in companies. The party secretary is the leader of the party committee and exercises the power of the CCP at firm level. Power is assessed by examining whether the party secretary concurrently holds another key management position, such as chairman or CEO, thus allowing him or her to exert influence on the managerial decisions of the firm. We find that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and firms with many employees are more likely to have a party secretary or a powerful party secretary than are other firms. Party secretaries are more likely to have political reliability but less professionalism than CEOs and other senior managers.


The creator of the whole universe revealed the holy Qur'an to all humanity. This message concerns not only the owners of the language from which it descends, but all humanity. So, it is necessary to translate this message into those languages for people from different cultures to understand. However, whether the Qur'an will be translated into other languages has been discussed throughout history, and positive and negative opinions about the issue continue. As a Muslim-dominated country, Bangladesh has been working on the translation of the Qur'an since the 18th century. This article discussed the translations of the Qur'an into Bengali in the Bangladesh period, worked to understand and explain the Qur'an and reflects the effect of the Qur'an on social life.


To evaluate the effect of interferon‐α2B on mumps orchitis, often caused by postpubertal mumps and which can result in permanent testicular atrophy.


Diabetic nephropathy and its related renal failure are serious diseases that endanger patients' health.Early diagnosis,an healthy lifestyle,intensive blood pressure control,lipid regulation and adequate glycemic control would be effective in prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.


Introduced the MCU STM8S105C4's basic framework,main function modules and corresponding technical parameters.Based on this MCU, With the crankshaft signal and camshaft signal, the throttle valve position signal, intake manifold pressure signal, and other signals for the treatment plan,the injection control and ignition control,we developed a corresponding control program flow charts and software implementation,to make sure the control of the four-cylinder gasoline engine's operation correct. Simulation results show that,the design of the control system reach the expected goals,that makes the gasoline engine start and running steadily.


Nowadays, there has been a change on Javanese behaviour, from traditional to modern. The change physically can be seen in Sentong Tengah area (Wondo and Sigit, 1985). The rooms, previously sacred by the inhabitants have changed their function into modern nowadays. In accordance to traditional houses (Rapoport, 1983), the slowest changing matters is (core elements) their value and norm or life philosophy. Meanwhile, the fastest matters are peripheral element, such as the use of house element and the displacement ways of building, so that finally it will influence the performance. It is concluded that the performance of Joglo house doesn't appear as an architectural work that againsts nature, but it tends to be in harmony with tropical climate of Indonesia or its surroundings.


Background: childhood ailments like diarrhoeal diseases and respiratory infections; and for those who survive, frequent illness sap their nutritional status, locking them into learning ability. Objective: and urban communities of Owerri Capital Territory, Methods: to December 2012. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select three hospitals each from urban and rural areas, and the total number of eligible the sample population. The registers were used to trace the case notes and data was extracted using a pretested pro forma. The study population of 693 comprised of 386 children from th respectively. Results: participants. Majority of the malnourished 117(66.9%) were from the 0 observed malnutrition states were underweight (60.6%), overweight (26.9%) and marasmus (12.6%). Comparatively, underweight was significantly more in the rural malnourished (72.2%) than in the urban (52.4%) (  2 = 6.95, P = 0.01, OR = 0.43, CI = 0.22


The objective of this study is to illustrate the procedures, processes, and considerations of site selection for the construction plan of a new main library in a metropolitan city. The case to be discussed in this paper is the new library of Busan. As a regional main library supported by the law, the new main library can serve as a representative public library for the citizen, which will serve as a community center, an intellectual archive, and the policy hub for the regional information services. In this paper, the site selection strategy and specific evaluation methods for the new Busan central metropolitan library have been discussed. It also strived to illustrate elements to be considered for the planning of a regional central library as other cities and provinces may refer to for their own regional central library planning.


This study examines to what extent, within online newspapers, the user's scan path coincides with the real information behavior found within the newspapers according to the experts. Primary research methods utilized are questionnaires, interviews and eye tracking (concerning scenarios) of user/ expert scan paths of the online newspapers. Information obtained through these methods will be compared and contrasted where appropriate to examine the primary purpose of this study.


The factors that have essential influence on quality and yield of the clean coal are stable and uniform distribution of upward water flow as well as uniform distribution of downward coarse slime.SolidWorks was used to design a mechanical structure with high contact efficiency of liquid and solid,which provided references for design of the teetered bed separator.


Simple Summary In this study, we present a simple but comprehensive molecular analysis of gastric carcinoma. The two major existing classification schemes show some discrepancies and are highly technically demanding, which makes them hardly feasible in daily diagnostic routines. Our workflow is based on simple and commercially available technology and provides a potential consensus approach by integrating the two major classification schemes. Furthermore, our approach allows the molecular subtypes to be assigned to different prognostic groups. We are convinced that our approach may help to better understand the molecular mechanisms of this worldwide health burden and that it could pave the way for new therapeutic targets. Abstract Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) is a heterogeneous disease and at least two major studies have recently provided a molecular classification for this tumor: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Asian Cancer Research Group (ARCG). Both classifications quote four molecular subtypes, but these subtypes only partially overlap. In addition, the classifications are based on complex and cost-intensive technologies, which are hardly feasible for everyday practice. Therefore, simplified approaches using immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH) as well as commercially available next generation sequencing (NGS) have been considered for routine use. In the present study, we screened 115 GAC by IHC for p53, MutL Homolog 1 (MLH1) and E-cadherin and performed ISH for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). In addition, sequencing by NGS for TP53 and tumor associated genes was performed. With this approach, we were able to define five subtypes of GAC: (1) Microsatellite Instable (MSI), (2) EBV-associated, (3) Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-like, (4) p53 aberrant tumors surrogating for chromosomal instability and (5) p53 proficient tumors surrogating for genomics stable cancers. Furthermore, by considering lymph node metastasis in the p53 aberrant GAC, a better prognostic stratification was achieved which finally allowed us to separate the GAC highly significant in a group with poor and good-to-intermediate prognosis, respectively. Our data show that molecular classification of GAC can be achieved by using commercially available assays including IHC, ISH and NGS. Furthermore, we present an integrative workflow, which has the potential to overcome the uncertainty resulting from discrepancies from existing classification schemes.


Research on the study of the blood types of South Sulawesi athletes at the 2016 PON XIX in West Java. The population in this study were South Sulawesi athletes who won medals in the 2016 PON XIX in West Java using a purposive sampling technique of 23 athletes. This type of research is a type of descriptive research with a blood type survey method. Data from the results of this study were analyzed using the percentage formula. Based on these results, the results obtained from the percentage of blood groups of South Sulawesi athletes who won medals in PON XIX in West Java in 2016 with the number of athletes winning medals as many as 23 athletes, namely Blood Type O, with athletes percentage of 60.87% or 14 medal-winning athletes, Blood Type A with an athlete percentage of 34.78% or 8 medal-winning athletes, AB blood group with an athlete percentage of 4.35% or 1 medal-winning athlete and not a rolling athlete. Based on the results above, it can be concluded that the group that is more dominant in South Sulawesi athletes who won medals in the 2016 PON XIX in West Java is blood type O (14 athletes) and blood group A (8 athletes).


Studies on heterosis were made in diploid (Gossypium arboreum L.) and tetraploid (G. hirsutum L.) cottons for seed cotton yield over three years. Heterosis overbetter parent and commercial heterosis ranged from 10.9–98.7% and 40.2–162.2% in diploid and from 7.3–246.2% and 6.9–107% in tetraploid cotton, respectively. In the latter species, heterosis over the popular hybrid ranged from 11–134.4%. The important heterotic aosses were LD 135 x Spotless (162.2%), LD 135 x Naked Seeded (155.7%), and Lohit x Spotless (136.9%) in diploid; and DCI 118c x F414 (107.7%), Tamcot Camde x MCU 10.(97.7%), and MCU 10 x H 777 (89.6%) in tetraploid cotton. A close relationship between the yield of parental lines andtheirhybrids was observed. The genetic base and geographical diversity of the parental lines were also associated with the manifestation of heterosis. Ample scope for evolving high yielding intra-hirsutum hybrids but limited scope for intra-arboreum hybrids was indicated.


This article proposes a novel remote authentication scheme with smart card based on chaotic maps, where BAN-Logic is used to verify the security of the structure. Just like an RSA system, the chaotic map-based code system suffers from chosen-message forgery attacks. However, such attacks will not influence the security of the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme, which has higher security than the existed methods has the following advantages: 1) the user can select password at will; 2) any legal owner can use the smart card to perform online registration at the password center; 3) there is a one-to-one relationship between each user and his smart card so creating an identification code for each user is unnecessary; 4) the authentication server (AS) can confirm the remote login request from a user without any difficulties even without the verification table or any private information; 5) no forger can successfully cheat the scheme by resending stolen registration information; 6) no illegal owner can successfully log in to the scheme using the smart card.


The paper considers random economic systems generating nonlinear time series on the positive half-ray R+. Using Liapunov techniques, new conditions for existence, uniqueness and stability of stationary equilibria are obtained. The conditions generalize earlier results from the mathematical literature, and extend to models outside the scope of existing economic methodology. An application to the stochastic growth problem with increasing returns is given.


Abstract Background Prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay in cardiac surgery patients often results in a poorer clinical course and decreased survival postdischarge. Data on clinical outcomes and prognosis are limited. We aimed to identify perioperative factors that would predict prolonged ICU stay and to evaluate their impact on clinical outcomes. Patients and Methods Demographic and clinical data on the perioperative course and outcome of 7,646 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery at our institution were retrospectively analyzed over a 4-year period. Duration of ICU stay was defined as: less than 3 days (Group 1, n = 6,574), greater than 3 days (Group 2, n = 466), and more than 7 days (Group 3, n = 606). Results The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly elevated in patients with a prolonged ICU stay (Group III, 16.1%; Group II, 8.4%; and Group I, 2.5%; p < 0.05). Prolonged ICU stay was associated with a complicated clinical course and a significantly higher incidence of respiratory and renal insufficiency. Multivariate analysis confirmed neurological, renal, and respiratory complications to be the predictive of prolonged ICU stay. Two-year survival also correlated with duration of ICU stay (Group I, 85.9%; Group II, 64.2%; and Group III, 57.4%; p < 0.0001). Conclusion Prolonged ICU stay is associated with a complicated clinical course and decreased overall survival. Treatment for patients with respiratory impairment should be aggressively optimized.


of shown that 'capacitation-like' after heterogeneity ejaculate, there is increasing for between in the success of sperm sperm certain in role for use of semen in livestock from an improvement in the preservation of the functional competence of the cryopreserved spermatozoon after insemination into the female tract.


At the university level, especially in English Language Education study program, soft skill training called Bridging Course for Soft Skill has been implemented. This study aimed to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of the implementation of Soft Skill Training program. Descriptive qualitative research design was used to achieve the aims of the research. Meanwhile, four participants were involved in this study. This research adopted an interview to each participant to collect the data. The findings of the research showed that there were two strengths on the implementation of Soft Skill Training Program, namely meeting the goal of improving soft skill and providing excellent facilities. Furthermore, the implementation of Soft Skill Training Program also included the weaknesses, and those were about uninteresting materials and speakers, insufficient time, and costly fees. Keywords—Soft-skill training, soft-skills, strengths and weaknesses of soft-skill trainings.