THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE is to identify practices of collection management that either impede, or have the potential to impede, the freedom of access to information. An underlying assumption is that such impediments are inadvertent or at least so subtle to the librarian perpetrator that they are not intended. This hinges on a further assumption, perhaps equally naive, that the librarian's responsibility is, as Asheim (1983) reminds us, "the defense of access to ideas, to information, esthetic pleasure, to recreation in its literal sense of re-creation, and to knowledge or at least to the process that leads to knowledge" (p. 184). Decisions made by agents beyond the control of collection management, such as by publishers and the government, define the domain in which collection management practices are engaged, and this article will address itself to that domain only. In any event, the relationship between collection management and intellectual freedom surely is a most complex and often ambiguous one. Yet the two are so inherently and inextricably intertwined that intellectual freedom cannot be discussed meaningfully as a discrete consideration in collection management. PREMISES AND DEFINITIONS As used in this article, the term collection management is defined as a process of information gathering, communication, coordination, policy formulation, evaluation, and planning that results in decisions about the acquisition, retention, and provision of access to


A solid fuel rocket motor is disclosed that includes a solid fuel grain perforated in the center. The solid fuel grain can be configured to burn outward from the central surface facing the central perforation when ignited by the primary igniter during the normal mode of operation. Furthermore, the solid fuel grain can be configured to burn longitudinally from the end face when ignited by the secondary igniter during the safe mode of operation. [Selection] Figure 2


Materials have been developed to allow rapid commercialization of underjacket moisture barrier sheathed medium-voltage power cables. Plastic-coated aluminium and copper tapes meet the needs for a radial metallic moisture barrier. These tapes have outstanding initial adhesion to polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene, or polyvinyl chloride jackets and excellent bond stability during thermal loading, temperature cycling, water aging, and exposure to elevated temperatures. Semiconductive water-swellable tapes have been developed which function as cushion (thermal expansion) layers and longitudinal water blocks. These tapes are commercially available from several sources. Commercially available hot melt adhesives are effective in sealing the overlap of the metallic moisture barrier and meet the criteria for adhesion and bond retention. These materials have been combined to produce a viable water impervious medium-voltage power cable. Underjacket moisture barrier cables have been commercially manufactured and have passed several key industry tests. The properties and installation characteristics of the cable are detailed. >


A text covering methodological and practical issues relevant to all organizations wishing to design, implement and maintain meaningful evaluation and control systems. It covers the five areas where control should be established - operations, finance, marketing, human resources and information.


In this paper,the gamma function was related to a beta function in Euler's function using formula of complementary element and combining with some properties of definite integral.A few examples were given to illustrate the computation of abnormal integral which involves Euler's function and relational applications for formula of complementary element in Euler's function.


This paper presents the Symmetric Mapping pattern, an architectural pattern for the design of resource supply systems. The focus of Symmetric Mapping is on separation of concerns for cost-effective resource allocation. It divides resource supply in three functions: (1) Users and providers match and engage in resource supply agreements, (2) users place tasks on subscribed resource containers, and (3) providers place supplied resource containers on physical resources. The pattern relies on stakeholders to act for their own interest. The efficiency of the whole system is determined by the degree of freedom left to the three functions and the efficiency of the associated decision systems. We propose a formalism of the Symmetric Mapping pattern, we observe to what extend existing grid and cloud systems follow it, and we propose elements of an original implementation.


ABSTRACT In this article, a deterministic inventory model with a ramp-type demand depending on price and time is developed. The cumulative holding cost is assumed to be a nonlinear function of time. Shortages are allowed and are partially backlogged. Thus, the fraction of backlogged demand depends on the waiting time and on the stock-out period. The aim is to maximize the total profit per unit time. To do this, a procedure that determines the economic lot size, the optimal inventory cycle and the maximum profit is presented. The inventory system studied here extends diverse inventory models proposed in the literature. Finally, some numerical examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical results previously propounded.


High permittivity material is usually used to achieve larger stored energy in capacitors. In particular, many high permittivity materials has been used to achieve excellent stress control at cable terminations. In our paper we have investigated the dielectric properties of a new high permittivity BaTiO/sub 3//Al/LDPE composites with volume fraction of metal Al 0.20 and volume fraction of BaTiO/sub 3/ from 0.10 to 0.40 at various temperatures and frequencies. Resistivity of the materials as a function of volume percent BaTiO/sub 3/ powder were measured at temperatures. Dielectric constant of the materials are compared with the two-component composites containing Al/LDPE and BaTiO/sub 3//LDPE over a wide rang of volume loading. In theory we propose to improve the effective cluster model for disordered suspension of conducting particles exhibiting substantial permittivity enhancements, and to extend it to be applicable to three-components systems, containing conducting particles, ferroelectric ceramic and polymer insulator. Dielectric experimental data are needed for meaningful comparison between theory and experiment.


Many software based traffic load generators suffer from packet rate variation which is known as rate jitter. In this Demo, we show how this varying rate burstiness can affect the device under test even if the generated average data rate seems constant. To this end, we compare a hardware rate shaping, which is implemented using a programmable P4-switch, and a conventional software load generator and show their impact on a software device under test. The results show, that microbursts within the test load significantly impact the experiment results. Our recommendation is to benchmark the traffic load generator before conducting measurement experiments especially when the device under test is sensitive to microbursts.


Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space H , {Tk}k=1 : C → C an infinite family of nonexpansive mappings with the nonempty set of common fixed points ∩∞ k=1 Fix(Tk) and S : C → C a nonexpansive mapping. In this paper, we introduce an explicit algorithm with strong convergence for finding the minimum norm solution of the following hierarchical fixed point problem


In china, realty management has been accepted by more and more people and has taken shape in the past 20 years but meets many problems such as fuzzy relations between ownership and management of enterprises, unsmooth system, lack of professionals, slow development of realty management market, poor scale merit and serious loss incurred in an enterprise. To improve the field effectively, a new valid system suitable for enterprise development should be built, talents training will be quickened, the realty enterprise group will be set up, market-oriented management will be carried out.


In this paper,the recent advance of studies on pharmacological functions of the main active components hypericin,hyperforin and hyperin of Hypericum perfouatum L.were reviewed,and the researches on their separation,purification techniques,and determination methods were summarized.This paper offered the reference for preparing large amount of active components of Hypericum perfouatum L.,and the further research and development of correlative drugs.


Ruthenium(II) (Ru(II)) complexes are the focus of numerous research works with various applications mainly due to their attractive photophysical and photochemical properties. In biological research areas, in particular, they are developed as efficient photoprobes or photosensors of biological molecules. More interestingly specific Ru(II) complexes bearing π-deficient ligands such as TAP = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene, bpz = 2,2′-bipyrazyl or HAT =  1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene exhibit interesting photoreactivity with biomolecules (DNA, polypeptides). The photoreactions are initiated by a photo-electron transfer from the biomolecule to the excited metal complex. A back electron transfer (BET) succeeds this primary process. However in competition with this BET, a DNA photocleavage and/or formation of adducts of the complex with guanine units of DNA or with tryptophan (Trp) residues of polypeptides can take place. In this review we highlight the studies of these photo-adducts carried out by our laboratories, and connected to some applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication with implications for the diagnosis, monitoring and possibly treatment of colorectal cancer. We recently reviewed this topic in Gastroenterology. EVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles that can be classified as small (s) some of which are tetraspanin-containing, endosomally-derived exosomes (5-120 nm) and large that include plasma membrane-budding microvescles (150-800 nm). Nanoparticles are more recently discovered smaller amembranous nanoparticles that include exomeres (30-50 nm) and supermeres (25-35 nm). We have performed a comprehensive proteomic and RNA analysis of sEVs, exomeres and supermeres. Highlights from this analysis will be presented with a focus on their clinical relevance and the merits of parsing versus pooling biofluid fractions.
 Citation Format: Robert J. Coffey. Recent advances in the study of extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles in colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Colorectal Cancer; 2022 Oct 1-4; Portland, OR. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(23 Suppl_1):Abstract nr IA027.


This chapter describes the rediscovery and reinvention of the ballad in the 1760s and 1770s, tracing the later impact of the resultant conception of the Middle Ages on nineteenth-century literature and scholarship. The chapter traces the way in which a notion of the 'Gothic' was differentiated, in the early nineteenth century, from the 'medieval' (a word newly coined around 1817) and goes on to look at the way in which the early beginnings of English literary history resulted from the antiquarian researches of the eighteenth century. It concludes with reflections on the extent to which it can be said there was truly a revival of the ballad, and posits that there was instead a revaluation something already there, with a new conferral of prestige.


With improvements in network technology, demand for video streaming application is on the rise. In video streaming applications, the quality of service is usually not guaranteed to reduce delay. The side effect of this approach is that there may be loss of a packet during video transmission which may corrupt block of data or even an entire video frame. There are many techniques proposed to recover loss of macroblocks in video frame, our bi-directional temporal; block estimation approach guarantees it at minimal complexity. For each pixel in the lost frame, the proposed algorithm estimates missing block using reconstructed frame and the next frame. We also extend the proposed algorithm for second order prediction to improve the performance. Upon macroblock recovery, an averaging filter or median filter is applied to reconstructed block as a deblocking filter. In case of scene change, we estimate missing block based on next frame and neglect previous reconstructed frame. Experiments are carried with different YUV streams and compressed domain AVI videos. The experimental results show improvements in PSNR as well as visual quality.


This study analyzes the determinants of financial inclusion in Togo. Departing from the traditional literature which considers financial inclusion as a static phenomenon, this study models it as a dynamic four-step process and identifies its determinants on the basis of an ordered and sequential logit model applied to the data of Finscop survey with a sample of 5197 individuals. The results obtained from the ordered logit model indicate that financial inclusion in Togo is mainly determined by individual characteristics such as sex, education, age, income, area of residence, professional situation, marital status, household size and degree of trust in financial institutions. However, these characteristics differ from step to step using sequential logit, similarly depending on gender, and geographic area. This study is the first attempt to understand the determinants of financial inclusion in Togo. It also has the advantage of being in the class of the first empirical studies that model financial inclusion, as a dynamic process. Finally, this work paves the way for strategies that make financial inclusion a tool that can help increase the rate of access to financial services in Togo.


The article considers the change in the social status of the architect Aristotele Fioravanti in the period from 1437 to 1473. One of the main features of the pre-Moscow period in his activities was the transformation of the old type professionalism. The author of the article studies the context of humanism in the 15th cen- tury, in the atmosphere of which the contacts of Fioravanti with his patrons and architects took place. Special attention is paid to the showing up of Fioravanti's career lines. and the hypothesis regarding his plans to end the career. The author found out that in Bologna Fioravanti took place as a guild master, in Rome the lifting superheavy parts was defined as his specialization, in Italy he gained fame as "the man who moves towers", but he could not achieve the title of a learned architect.


The reproduction of wild-caught Farfantepenaeus paulensis in captivity has been successfully achieved since 1983. However, year-round supply of wild broodstock is costly and unpredictable. This study compares the reproductive performance of animals of similar size (females from 32–33 g and males from 19–21 g) but from different sources: estuary-caught juveniles reared indoors for 9 mo and wild-caught adults from shallow coastal waters. Groups of 20 males and 30 unilaterally eyestalk-ablated females were maintained for 60 d in four maturation tanks under controlled environmental conditions. A higher number of eggs per spawning event (78,414 ± 34,491) and total egg production (4,469,600) were observed for the wild females. Nevertheless, captive females produced a higher number of nauplii (1,788,259) due to their higher percentage of fertilized spawns. Therefore, within the size range of this study, the reproductive performance of estuary-caught F. paulensis juveniles over-wintered indoors was found to be equivalent to that of wild-caught females from shallow coastal waters.


Drug resistant TB is currently a global challenge causing high risk of death and expanding the disease. This study explores the prevalence of drug resistance in newly diagnosed and recurrent TB patients and identifies the association between NAT2 gene polymorphism distribution and acetylator phenotype of NAT2 gene and the two study groups. The study results show that the newly diagnosed TB had l lower male ratio and younger age in comparison to the recurrent TB. Newly diagnosed group was more sensitive to first line TB drugs. However, both groups had significant resistance ratio in relation to INH and SM. Finally, the allele and acetylator phenotype frequency of NAT2 showed the significant association with TB status. The study concludes that the newly diagnosed and recurrent TB patients expressed differently in their profiles concerning patient's background, drug resistance and NAT2 allele distribution.
Keywords
Drug resistance, INH, NAT2 polymorphism, newly diagnosed TB, recurrent TB1.
References
[1] WHO, Global Tuberculossi report, https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/, 2018 (accessed 16 April 2019).[2] Hoàng Thị Phượng, Nghiên cứu đặc điểm lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng, tính kháng thuốc của vi khuẩn ở bệnh nhân lao phổi mới kết hợp bệnh đái tháo đường, Luận văn tiến sĩ Y học, trường Đại học Y Hà Nội, 2009.[3] S. Guaoua, I. Ratbi, F.Z. Laarabi, S.A. Elalaoui, IC. Jaouad, A. Barkat, A. Sefiani, Distribution of allelic and genotypic frequencies of NAT2 and CYP2E1 variants in Moroccan population, BMC Genet. 15 (2014) 156.[4] A. Toure, M. Cabral, A. Niang, C. Diop, A. Garat, L. Humbert, M. Fall, A. Diouf, F. Broly, M. Lhermitte, D. Allorge, Prevention of isoniazid toxicity by NAT2 genotyping in Senegalese tuberculosis patients, Toxicol Rep. 3 (2016) 826-831.[5] M. Majumder, N. Sikdar, S. Ghosh, B. Roy, Polymorphisms at XPD and XRCC1 DNA repair loci and increased risk of oral leukoplakia and cancer among NAT2 slow acetylators, Int J Cancer. 120(10) (2007) 2148-2156.[6] S. Morita, M. Yano, T. Tsujinaka, Y. Akiyama, M. Taniguchi, K. Kaneko, H. Miki, T. Fujii, K. Yoshino, H. Kusuoka, M. Monden, Genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes and susceptibility to head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinoma, Int J Cancer. 80(5) (1999) 685-688.[7] Hoàng Hà, Nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng, sinh học của vi khuẩn ở bệnh nhân lao phổi điều trị lại, Luận án tiến sỹ Y học, Trường Đại học Y Hà Nội, 2009.[8] S. Wattanapokayakit, T. Mushiroda, H. Yanai, N. Wichukchinda, C. Chuchottawon, S. Nedsuwan, A. Rojanawiwat, S. Denjanta, T. Kantima, J. Wongyai, W. Suwankesawong, W. Rungapiromnan, R. Kidkeukarun, W. Bamrungram, A. Chaiwong, S. Suvichapanich, S. Mahasirimongkol, K. Tokunaga, NAT2 slow acetylator associated with anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury in Thai patients, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 20(10) (2016) 1364-1369.[9] Đinh Ngọc Sỹ, Chiến lược quản lý bệnh lao đa kháng thuốc tại Việt Nam, Tạp chí khoa học Hội Phổi Pháp - Việt. 2(3) (2011) 40-42.[10] Nguyễn Thu Hà, Trần Văn Sáng, Đinh Ngọc Sỹ, Lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng và tính kháng thuốc của vi khuẩn lao ở bệnh nhân lao phổi tái phát, JFran Viet Pneu. 2(3) (2011) 63-67.[11] D. Tu, L. Zhang, J. Su, Resistance and efficacy of treatment in relapse pulmonary tuberculosis, Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 23 (11) (2000) 666-668


This paper investigates the distributed dispatching problems of a group of electrical energy storage systems (EESSs) over a strongly connected communication digraph. Based on the consensus control approach and the computed desired power, a bounded distributed dispatch algorithm is designed for both discharging and charging processes of EESSs. To overcome the difficulty in stability analysis caused by saturated algorithm and digraph, some new results are developed for the strongly connected digraph. A Lyapunov function, constructed to be non-increasing, and the LaSalle invariance principle are used to prove that in presence of constraints, the total power of EESSs can globally asymptotically track the supply-demand mismatch, and the SoCs of EESSs globally asymptotically converge to a common dynamic value, achieving the dispatching objective. Effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by simulation results.


There has recently been a wide range of trends in the use of ionic liquids (ILs) as reaction solvent for various polymerization processes. A series of cationic polymerizations of styrene in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF6]) had been achieved using a variety of coinitiators combined with a,a-dimethylbenzyl chloride (CumCl) as a initiator at −15 °C. Experiments were carried out to observe the influence of solvent polarity and viscosity on polymerization rate. Compared with those in organic solvents, the cationic polymerization of styrene in [Bmim][PF6] proceeded in a milder exothermic manner. The end-group structures of the polystyrenes were identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF-MS. The corresponding elementary reactions and mechanism of styrene cationic polymerization in [Bmim][PF6] were also discussed.


We have developed student teacher interactive platform to provide an easy and quick manner for interaction among students and teachers. We are implementing this particular system as an web application. By using this technology we can make fast feedback about the teachers by the students regarding their suggestions for how the teacher can improve the classes and queries if any. There are other helpful features like online assessment, viewing timetable, attendance and marks. We have added the feature of sending and uploading image and text files. Keywords— Interactive platform, Web application, Online assessment, Fast feedback, separated by commas


Value Engineering (VE) techniques are usually implemented in construction industry to determine the project required function with lowest overall cost and/or increased performance which indicates highest possible value. In the present study, the concept of Value Engineering was discussed; its job plan and the effective implementation of its procedures through a case study were presented. VE study is applied to the first phase of a national low-cost housing project in PortSaid Governorate, Egypt. The study comprised of three stages: First stage is to investigate on VE merits and possibility of application in such projects via a questionnaire to collect such data from specialist's respondents. Second stage focusing on the analysis of the applied phases of Value Engineering job plan in order to reduce the estimated cost and/or increase project performance. Third is to propose a computer model for recommendation phase in order to calculate the total potential savings and the percentage of savings in an organized systematic way similar to physical VE studies. As a result of the present study, applying five phases of the VE job plan to the first phase of a national low-cost housing project in Port Said Governorate and replacement of selected items, led to a potential cost saving of


Abstract New hybrid compounds containing flavanone and pyrazoline motifs were synthesized by microwave irradiation and conventional heating methods using one-pot synthetic strategy. The products were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity.


Dr. Chandrasiri, W.A.L., Lecturer in Clinical Pathology, Department ofCUdtsa, GWAI, University of Kelaniya. Abstract: The classical texts of Ayurveda has described Prameha as a group of disorders of the urinary system. Each sub type of Prameha has been defined on specific characteristics of abnormal urine. Classification of Prameha is based on different perspectives such as Genetics, Environmental Factors, Behavioural Changes and Food Habits. Nosology of diseases has been made on the basis of pathophysiology, manifestation of clinical features, and characteristics of the abnormal urine. Each sub type is, therefore, not identical with the conditions mentioned in the classification of diseases in Modern Medicine. For instance, the view of many scholars that the Diabetes Mellitus as Madhumeha, is an incorrect interpretation because Madhumeha does not represent entire clinical course of Diabetes Mellitus. Madhumeha is a fatal condition, which represents a particular stage of Diabetes Mellitus and other diseases of the Kidney. The pathogenesis of prameha is described on the basis of Dosa Dhatu Mala Theory. Early stage of the disease manifests clinically due to the vitiation of Kapha predominantly. Gradual development of the disease may occur manifesting the features of vitiated Pitta and VSta on the influence of aggravating factors and inadequate attention in the management.


Background The increasing antibiotic resistance is the main issue causing Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication failure. As a nutritional supplement, Egg Yolk Antibody (Ig Y) provides a new approach for H. pylori infection rescue therapy. Methods In this randomized, controlled study, 100 H. pylori-positive patients with previous H. pylori eradication treatment were included. All individuals received standard bismuth-containing quadruple therapy twice daily (5 mg ilaprazole, 100 mg doxycycline, 500 mg clarithromycin or 1 g amoxicillin or 100 mg furazolidone, and 220 mg colloidal bismuth tartrate) for 14 days and were randomized to receive either twice daily 7 g Ig Y-H. pylori treatment (study group) or not (control group). 4 weeks after the end of treatment, urea breath tests were used to assess the H. pylori eradication rate. All participants scored by the Global Overall Symptom scale (GOS) and recorded adverse events during the trial. Results The H. pylori eradication rates were 84.0% (95% CI 73.5–94.5%) vs. 80.0% (95% CI 68.5–91.5%) in the study and control groups at intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis and 85.7% (95% CI 75.6–95.9%) vs. 80.0% (95% CI 68.5–91.5%) at per-protocol (PP) analysis, respectively. The number of over 80% symptom relief after treatment in the two groups was 27 (60%) and 12 (29.2%) (p < 0.05), and the incidences of adverse events were 4 (8%) and 6 (12%), respectively. Conclusion Both groups achieved satisfactory eradication efficiency in H. pylori rescue therapy and Ig Y-H. pylori effectively alleviates the symptoms with good compliance and fewer adverse effects.


Summary The arterial-venous differences of ammonia and oxygen were measured across the uterine and umbilical circulations in nonanesthetized, chronic sheep preparations from 47 to 155 days of gestation. In all cases, ammonia was excreted from the uteroplacental unit into both the uterine and umbilical circulations. In early gestation (70 days), the gravid uterus excretes into the maternal blood ~55 μol of ammonia/mmole of oxygen consumed and it can be estimated that the ratio of nitrogen excreted by the uterus as ammonia to the combined total nitrogen requirements for both growth and ammonia excretion is ~44%. Late in gestation, the gravid uterus excretes ~16 μmol of ammonia/mmole of oxygen consumed. This represents ~12% of fetal nitrogen requirements.


Mortgage activity has gained importance over the past fifteen years as a greater mix of mortgage lenders and products has become available. Developments in the mortgage secondary market have been instrumental in increasing the liquidity and safety of mortgage lending activity, as well as providing greater avenues to hedge the risks associated with mortgage activity. In an effort to determine if greater mortgage activity is associated with greater interest rate risk, we analyze a sample of publicly traded bank holding companies (BHCs). Using BHC stock returns, we derive estimates of the extent of interest rate risk based on BHC's involvement in mortgage-related activity. The results suggest that the stock returns of those BHCs more involved in mortgage activity are more sensitive to changes in the spread between long-term and short-term interest rates.


This article analyzes the terms and conditions under which the "deheasas" or pasture land in La Serena (province of Betieios} that belonged to the king of Castile as Master of the Military Order of Alcantara, were leased to the transhumant shepherds from Soria who took their livestock to that region in winter during the second half of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century. The author shows that the Soria shepherds that leased these "dehesas" always owned very large flocks and were members of a reduced circle of fammilies, and that they usually rented pastures for more than 20,000 sheep. He also proves that the terms and conditions for renting these "dehesas" that belonged to the king were much better for the tenants than the standard ones for other "dehesas". These tenants were therefore considered as being in privileged positions.


books like the one under review fill a void. Secondly, Roberts makes Freire come alive by treating themes of great relevance today, such as 'the range of meanings of literacy,' 'reasonemotion,' 'political correctness' and 'university curricula'. This is all part of reinventing Freire. What Roberts provides throughout this excellent volume is recognition of the validity of a Freirean lens. It is a lens, which serves as an instrument of analysis with respect to various issues and forms of cultural production. We often speak of a Marxian, Weberian, Feminist, Gramscian, Lacanian, Derridian or Foucaultian lens. We can also speak of a Freirean lens. As with the other lenses, it enables us to extend our analysis, beyond that of schooling and well-established forms of adult learning, across the whole gamut of political, philosophical and cultural activity. Freire, therefore, becomes relevant to domains not easily and immediately associated with him. In an earlier book, I showed his relevance for such studies, as that of museums, and such contexts, as that of the Mediterranean. Roberts has gone even further, taking us into such realms as that of world literature. Soon we can speak of a Freirean literary lens.


The effect of a new feed additive "GLINMOL" in the form of emulsion on productivity of sturgeons was studied. The aim of the research was to study the effect of newly developed feed additives based on fish milt roe and glycerin on sturgeon fish productivity. The experiment consisted of two parts; groups of fish of 3-4 and 4 maturity stages were formed. The first group (control) received complete mixed feed without additives, the second - 2.0% of glycerin of total feed weight; the third - feed additive "GLINMOL" at a dose of 2.0% of total feed weight. The largest gross increase of live weight for the entire rearing period was noted when "GLINMOL" feed additive was used - 11.9% (P<0.01) higher than the control parameter. Glycerin application in the second group also exceeded the control value of live weight increase by 8.1% (P<0.05). The final body length of sturgeons in the second experimental group was almost equal to the control. In the third group, this parameter significantly exceeded the control by 0.5% (P<0.05). The values of the fatness coefficient did not differ significantly among the groups and were in the range of 1.11-1.13.


532 Background: Chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common, debilitating paclitaxel side effect that has been primarily attributed to cumulative systemic paclitaxel exposure. Paclitaxel dose-adjustment to achieve target systemic exposure decreases but does not eliminate severe CIPN, suggesting some patients are inherently CIPN-sensitive. Ephrin ( EPHA) polymorphisms have been reported to increase CIPN occurrence (Baldwin 2012, Leandro-Garcia 2013, Boora 2016) but replication has been challenging, perhaps due to the inability to isolate CIPN-sensitivity by accounting for systemic exposure differences. The study purpose was to determine if EPHA genetic variants previously associated with CIPN occurrence are associated with CIPN-sensitivity. Methods: PN was assessed at baseline and weekly using the 8-item sensory subscale (CIPN8) of the patient-reported EORTC CIPN20 in patients receiving paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 weekly x 12. EPHA4, EPHA5, EPHA6, and EPHA8 were sequenced in germline DNA. Associations with higher PN-sensitivity were tested for three genetic models (total variants, coding variants, and rs7349683) by incorporating genetics into previously published CIPN8 predictive models that included measured paclitaxel exposure. Significant associations were tested for association with higher risk of PN-related treatment disruption (i.e. dose decrease, delay, or discontinuation). Results: In the 59 included patients, carrying EPHA5 rs7349683 was associated with greater CIPN sensitivity (beta coefficient: 0.40, standard error: 0.14, p = 0.005), indicating these patients had a greater increase in CIPN8 during treatment than would be predicted based on cumulative paclitaxel exposure. Rs7349683 was not associated with increased PN-induced treatment disruption, perhaps due to the low number of events (n = 19). Conclusions: Using a novel approach that isolates CIPN-sensitivity by accounting for measured paclitaxel exposure, our results provide further evidence that EPHA5 rs7349683 may be a promising marker for CIPN. If additional validation studies confirm this association, genetic testing could enable personalized treatment strategies to prevent CIPN in patients with breast cancer.


The River Richmond mouth at Ballina, northern New South Wales, is typical of many parts of the New South Wales coast, in that it has a rich historical record of shipping and other maritime activities. From a cultural heritage point of view, this rich history is expressed, in part, by a material record of ship wreckage. Whereas many of the vessels wrecked in the vicinity of the river mouth have broken up or been removed, there are some wrecks whose location is known. Furthermore, there is a strong possibility that there are other wrecks in unknown localities, buried within various terrestrial and coastal sediments. This claim is supported by an assessment of both the geomorphological development of the river mouth and the maritime and shipping history during the last 170 years. Cultural heritage managers need to be able develop appropriate management strategies for the protection and conservation of such material remains, especially in the light of potential changes in land use and the continuing impacts of erosive environmental processes in the coastal zone. This report describes the development of a management support system in the form of a risk assessment GIS model. The risk being evaluated is that of the possible disturbance or exposure of potential buried historical shipwrecks in this coastal area. The model does not attempt to predict the actual location of possible buried shipwreck remains, but focuses on the degree and, to a lesser extent, nature of the risk of disturbance to any buried materials that realistically may be present. At this stage in the development of the model, it appears that the model is moderately robust, although there is scope for some fine tuning. The model appear to be applicable to different situations (e.g. other areas of coastline), and to be used as a model for proposed future changes in, for example, land use zonation.


Efficient lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) is demonstrated at densities up to ?̅?e≈ 1.5x10 20 m in diverted plasmas on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak by operating at increased plasma current and therefore reduced Greenwald density fraction. This density exceeds the nominal "LH density limit" at ?̅?e≈ 1.0x10 20 m reported previously, above which an anomalous loss of current drive efficiency was observed. The recovery of current drive efficiency to a level consistent with engineering scalings is correlated with a reduction in density shoulders and turbulence levels in the far scrape-off-layer. Concurrently, RF wave interaction with the edge/scrape-off-layer plasma is reduced, as indicated by a minimal broadening of the wave frequency spectrum measured at the plasma edge. These results have important implications for sustaining steady state tokamak operation and indicate a pathway forward for implementing efficient LHCD in a reactor. PACS number: 52.55.-s, 52.35.Hr, 52.35.Mw, 52.55.Wq The attractiveness of a tokamak for steady-state power production depends on demonstrating a means to efficiently generate non-inductive toroidal plasma current. Of the available means, lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) is the most efficient process in which lower hybrid (LH) waves Landau damp on electrons at a relatively high parallel (along the magnetic field) phase velocity of v// ~ 3 vte, where vte =√2Te/me. As a result, both momentum transfer and an asymmetric plasma resistivity contribute to LHCD [1,2]. For this reason, research on lower hybrid current drive has been vigorously pursued with the expectation that it will ultimately play a crucial role in attaining fully non-inductive operation – augmenting the edge bootstrap current with efficient off-axis current drive and providing access to high confinement regimes with the formation of an internal transport barrier by tailoring the current profile [3]. However, one of the biggest challenges since the beginning of the LHCD experiments in the 1970s [4] has been to understand and overcome the so-called "LHCD density limit"– an anomalous loss of efficiency observed at a density below the classical wave accessibility limit [5]. The effect has been attributed to an anomalous wave power loss or excessive broadening in the launched wavenumber due to undesirable wave interactions occurring at the plasma edge, such as parametric decay instabilities [6,7]. Based on the


Abstract. The Alamouti code can obtain the diversity gain utilizing the transmitting signal orthogonally without the use of a complicated decoding scheme. The modified Alamouti code for the ultraviolet (UV) communication system is studied in theoretical analysis, MATLAB® simulation, and offline experiment. The theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the usage of the Alamouti code in the UV communication system can achieve a higher diversity gain and reduce the system bit error rate more effectively than the single-input single-output and single-input multiple-output technologies. The experiments were performed to verify the simulation results. Next, we analyzed the discrepancy between the simulation results and the experimental results. These studies are helpful for UV multiple-input multiple-output communication system design and implementation.


ObjectiveTo study the influence of health education on the quality of life among patients with mammary cancer. Methods Divided 83 patients with mammary cancer into the recovery group (45 cases) and the control group (38 cases) randomly. The health education was used in the recovery group and the routine nursing method was used in the control group, and then using the scale to evaluate the quality of life for the two groups. Results The quality of life in the recovery group was significant better than that of in the control group,P0.05. Conclusion Health education can effective improve the postoperative rehabilitation for patients with mammary cancer.


This report consists of two parts. In the first part, an efficient algorithm for inter-frame coding in the H.264/AVC standard is extended to provide more significant speedup in computational performance for sequences containing high spatial correlation and motion. The proposed scheme features a more sophisticated search process and robust predictions to achieve better PSNR-rate performance for a large range of compression levels. Extensive simulation results demonstrate speedups of between 41% and 68%, with no noticeable deterioration in picture quality or compression ratio, even for the coding of complex video sequences. Next, the report proceeds to examine the properties of Lagrangian evaluation in the case of high Qp. Supported by extensive statistics and experiments, a cost evaluation is then proposed especially for real-time video coding operating at very low bit rates. Simulation results show that the proposed cost evaluation is able to achieve reductions in terms of coding time and bits spent.


iNEMI released its 2017 Technology Roadmap to members on January 10, 2017 and to the industry for purchase in early April. Every two years iNEMI maps future manufacturing technology needs of the global electronics industry for the next ten years. It discusses the major business and technology issues, paradigm shifts, emerging technologies and markets, technology gaps, and identified needs in each of several product segments. This cycle it covered: IoT/Wearables, Automotive, Consumer/Office, Medical, Portable/Wireless, Aerospace/Defense and High-End systems as well as forecasting the technical evolution associated with 21 different areas that support these product area needs. The resulting gaps identified between the product needs and technical capabilities form the basis for iNEMI projects and potential research programs within and outside iNEMI. This paper discusses highlights from three chapters: 1 product sector (Medical) and 2 technology areas (Packaging & Component Substrates) and (Interconnect Substrates — Organic) from the 2017 iNEMI Roadmap. It will then share selected gaps (tactical and strategic) that make up the resulting 2017 iNEMI Technology Plan and Research Priorities Documents. We will also share the results of one of iNEMI's Member Projects to illustrate how the roadmap cycle is a closed loop leading to carefully vetted priorities for suggested projects and research areas. The iNEMI Roadmaps are supported by as many as 16 other organizations (including the SMTA) that provide help from recruiting their members to work on the roadmap, to providing completed chapters so we would like to thank all the organizations that contributed in one or more ways to help develop the latest roadmap; the largest and most current roadmap ever published by iNEMI with 7 Product Sectors and 21 Technology Chapters.


A survey was conducted to assess the present status of rural and agricultural development projects of the University of Agriculture Makurdi and its host community. The population of this study consisted of all students, staffs and members of the host community. Due to the enormity of this population, 150 respondents were selected using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The data for this study were collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected with the use of a well structured questionnaire alongside interview techniques. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, percentages, mean as well as, inferential statistics such as factor analysis. The results obtained revealed that there were two major categories of factors affecting rural and agricultural development in the study area, namely, socio-economic cum cultural factors (Factor 1) and administrative cum infrastructural related factors (Factor 2). It was found that there was no single secondary school in the study area (0.00%). However, the following rural and agricultural development projects were found existing in the study area, Churches/mosque (17.16%), Primary Schools (17.00%) thrift societies or local banks (14.30%), ICT facilities (12.01%), pipe borne water (9.73%), health clinic (9.15%), postal agency (8.58%), maize/rice farms (11.05%), oil palm plantation (10.67%), cattle/sheep farms (10.29%, soyabean farm (9.91%), Poultry farm (9.53%) and fish ponds (9.15%). It was also found that there were no markets (0.00%) and commercial banks (0.00%) in the study area. It was recommended that the government and the private sector should endeavour to provide rural and agricultural infrastructural facilities such as marketing facilities, motorable roads/bridges, boreholes, secondary schools as well as commercial banks, feed mill and subsidized farm inputs. Finally, participatory administration and bilateral interpersonal communication should be adopted in conflicts resolution.

 Key words: Rural, agricultural, development, projects, host community.


This paper presents a hypothesis that consciousness is a natural result of neurons that become connected recursively, and work synchronously between short and long term memories. Such neurons demonstrate qubit-like properties, each supporting a probabilistic combination of true and false at a given phase. Advantages of qubits include probabilistic modifications of cues for searching associations in long term memory, and controlled toggling for parallel, reversible computations to prioritize multiple recalls and to facilitate mathematical abilities.


Abstract : The design criteria for underwater shells are discussed, and the basic shell designs are evaluated on the basis of these criteria. Internally pressurized shells and shell-pressurization methods are also discussed. It is recommended that research be directed toward development of higher-strength materials and improved fabrication methods. It is also recommended that fluids of lower compression and density be developed for shell pressurization. (Author-PL).


Speckle field is a relatively common phenomenon. But the speckle has special application value in nonlinear optical domain because it can be used to suppress different nonlinear processes that caused by high power laser. To enhance the suppression capability, it is necessary to discover the basic mechanism of the speckle parameter nonlinear optical interaction process. In this paper, the coupling wave equation under the wave number mismatch condition is employed to analysis the parameter process of speckles field. The solving process of the coupling wave equation has been introduced in detail. And the wave number or phase matching condition is fully discussed. Furthermore, the threshold of the nonlinear gain is analyzed while the wave number is not completely in conformity with the matching condition. To describe the solution of the coupling wave equation more clearly, the undetermined coefficient of the exact analytical solution is discussed. Since the boundary field will affect the confirmation of the undetermined coefficient, then the characteristic of boundary field should be analyzed first. The nonlinear process of the speckle field is a three-wave interaction process. The different boundary condition will affect the three-wave interaction process. And we find out that if all the complex amplitudes of the three waves at the boundary are not zero, the undetermined coefficient would be changed by the phrase parameter of the three waves. To achieve the maximum value, the boundary waves must meet the phase matching condition. The wave number of the speckle filed is not an invariant, because of its random distribution characteristic. Therefore, during the analysis of the three-wave interaction process, the segment handling method is used to ensure the effective solving of the first order coupling wave equation. On the other hand, the randomly fluctuating of the wave number destroys the phase matching condition of the boundary. It just the basic mechanism that the speckle field can be used to suppress the nonlinear gain of high power optical field. Both the theoretical analysis and numerical calculation results are shown that the speckle field has good suppression effect for some typical nonlinear parameter process, such as stimulated Brillouin scattering.


OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to present a detailed examination of unintentional injuries in infants ≤12 months of age treated in emergency departments. METHODS. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data for infants ≤12 months of age from the National Electronic Surveillance System-All Injury Program for 2001–2004. Sample weights provided by the National Electronic Surveillance System-All Injury Program were used to make national estimates. RESULTS. An estimated 1314000 injured infants were treated in US emergency departments for nonfatal unintentional injuries during the 4-year period of 2001–2004, ∼1 infant every 1.5 minutes. Falls were the leading cause of nonfatal unintentional injuries for infants. Overall, the patients were more likely to be male (55.2%) than female (44.8%). Contusions/abrasions were the leading diagnosis overall (26.7%). Contusion/abrasion, laceration, hematoma, foreign-body, and puncture injuries occurred most frequently to the head or neck region. More than one third of fractures (37.2%) were to the arm or hand. Bed was the product most frequently noted as being involved in the injury event for every age except 2 and 12 months (car seat was the most frequently noted product at 2 months of age, and stairs were top ranked at 12 months). Product rank changed markedly as age increased. CONCLUSIONS. The influences of the social environment, the physical environment, and products change as infants mature in the first year of life; this was substantiated in our study by the shift in the relative importance of products involved in injuries according to month of age. The concept that aspects of safety must adapt in anticipation of developmental stage is critical.


Theoretical aspects of formation experience healthy lifestyles in children. Author revealed the concept "experience healthy lifestyles" by preschoolers. The role of educational environment in shaping the experience of healthy lifestyles in children.


Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, by involving the distal interphalangeal synovium or the nail matrix, may produce atrophy, longitudinal ridging, brittleness, and hyperpigmentation of the nails.


The coherent medium approximation is applied to obtain the low-frequency behavior of hopping conductivity of random chains, where the hopping motion of carriers is governed by a master equation with random jump rates. Six possible regimes are found for the conductivity in the vicinity of the dc limit, which are distinguished by the first and second moments of the inverse of the jump rate. It is shown that even if the dc conductivity is zero, a carrier can vanish from its initial position after an infinite time for two of the six regimes.


The aim of this study is to understand the attitude of consumers towards MTR brand. Data was collected from 30 respondents of Mysore city. Both the genders were considered, which included different age group, religion, income level. After the study it was examined that both product knowledge and product image has a positive impact on consumer purchase towards MTR brand.


This paper describes the modelling of variables usually treated as exogenous parameters in regional simulation models, and identifies the areas where those variables are particularly important. A multi regional approach allows the direct modelling of interregional migration, unemployment differentials, and industrial growth changes; the paper describes the equations involved and discusses a multiregional model for Great Britain. Results from initial experimentation with the model are presented, and its ability to replicate real data is tested. The model permits the incorporation of policy decisions and programmes; simulation results show the application of a development area policy and a migration assist ance programme. Further development of the model by more detailed breakdown of the population and indus trial sectors is outlined.


The IEEE802.11 protocol proposed the CSMA/CA mechanism [1] which is more adjustable to the application of the wireless channel based on CSMA. This article will analyze the property of the traffic in the multi-hop wireless network, give the definitions and the migration relationship of four channel states, provide a model for the traffic of the nodes and describe the relationship among the part of the parameters based on the IEEE802.11 protocol.


Deploying a Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) can provide significant benefits to IT organizations. By moving desktop computing environments from physical PCs sitting on user desktops to virtual machines hosted on servers in the data center, companies can realize significant savings in costof ownership associated with the ongoing support and maintenance of their enduser computing resources. Additional benefits can accrue to an IT organization by implementing a VDI solution that is easy to install, features a consistent management interface and provides for flexible and efficient management of virtual desktop images while reducing associated storage requirements. installation of the VDI products, as well as the process for deployment of virtual desktop environments. 1 Installed more rapidly and with considerably fewer steps and less need for manual configuration compared to the Microsoft VDI solution 2 Provided simple image management using 'linked clone' technology that makes efficient use of disk space and allows rapid virtual desktop provisioning 3 Supported memory overcommit technology transparently, allowing to host more virtual desktops than Microsoft VDI solution could with the same hardware configuration 4 Allowed management of all VDI functions from a single, Webbased GUI, whereas the Microsoft VDI solution required multiple utilities and interfaces to manage the virtual desktop infrastructure The VMware View 3 VDI solution is simpler and quicker to deploy than Microsoft's VDI solution. VMware provides more comprehensive and efficient storage and memory management to reduce the hardware investment. The Microsoft VDI solution combines multiple utilities which were not specifically developed for VDI and which considerably increase the complexity of the VDI environment. Microsoft VDI supports Windows 7 for virtual desktops, but requires the use of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 endtoend to realize the full benefits of its VDI implementation, while VMware View 3 does not impose such requirements.


Smoking causes many issues and difficulties with the Cardiovascular System, particularly smoking interrupts normal functions of the blood pressure, blood, arteries, and the heart. This leaves many diseases and health issues available to be had when someone smokes. However, smoking is not the only thing that could cause these issues, smokeless tobacco's such as chew or dip may cause these problems as well. There are many studies and tests done that indicate blood pressure rises due to smoking, however, it does not take time to rise. According to the American Lung Association, the first puff of a cigarette will increase your blood pressure instantaneously.


This article is concerned with the creation, by the Russian colonial administration, Russian researchers and photographers/artists, of a corpus of 'historical monuments' of Samarkand in the first decades after the conquest of the city. It uses travelogues, administrative reports, memoirs, the periodical press and artistic productions to determine the mechanism of selection of representative monuments, defined as the 'cultural heritage' of Russian Turkestan and, indirectly, of the Russian Empire. The internal logic of 'patrimonialization', initiated from above and ideologically engaged, becomes more obvious when it is juxtaposed against native understandings of the significance of monuments, European practices, and the political projects of the Russian Empire.


Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how psychological factors and illness perception can influence the recovery and functional outcome after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Patients and Methods: 100 patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty were included in this study. Pre-operatively patients were asked to complete a psychological questionnaire consisting of the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-r), Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) and Recovery Locus of Control scale (RLOC). Function was assessed using Oxford Knee Score (OKS) and range of motion (ROM) pre-operatively and at six weeks and one year after surgery. Results: Early results show that individual phychological variables correlate with the post-operative OKS at six weeks. Beliefs that the condition has a major effect on life and less understanding of the illness are associated with a poorer recovery. Women were found to have a higher degree of personal control, but this was not correlated with functional outcome. Patients with higher pre-operative OKS were more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression. None of the investigated parameters predicted ROM at six weeks. Discussion: Recovery from TKA surgery can be difficult to predict. This study showed that several psychological variables influence early functional outcome. These should be taken into account when considering patients for TKA surgery. Improving patient education, looking at home environment and social network as well as adressing anxiety and depression may help to improve overall outcome after TKA surgery.


The Chitudian Zn‐Pb ore deposit, Luanchuan, Henan province, was recently discovered in the southern margin of the North China Craton. The Zn‐Pb orebodies are hosted in the Proterozoic Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups, occurring as veins in interbedding fracture zones mainly in a WNW‐ and partially in a NS‐direction. The Zn‐Pb ores are characterized by banded, massive, and breccia structures, coarse crystal grains, and a simple mineral composition mainly of galena, sphalerite, pyrite, quartz, dolomite, and calcite. In addition to the vein type orebodies, there are Mo‐ and Zn‐bearing skarn orebodies in the northwest of the Chitudian ore field. Four types of primary fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite were recognized in the Chitudian Zn‐Pb ores, including aqueous, aqueous‐CO2, daughter‐mineral‐bearing aqueous, and daughter‐mineral‐bearing aqueous‐CO2 inclusions, with aqueous inclusion being most common. The homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions from the main mineralization stage are from 290°C to 340°C, and the salinities mainly from 3.7 to 14.8 wt% NaCl equivalent. In addition to CO2, CH4 and H2S were detected in the vapor phase and HS‐ in the liquid phase of the fluid inclusions by Laser Raman spectroscopy. The δ34SV‐CDT values of ore sulfides from the Chitudian deposit range from −0.32‰ to 8.30‰, and show two modal peaks in the histogram, one from 1‰ to 4‰, and the other from 5‰ to 7‰. The former peak is similar to that of porphyry‐type Mo‐W deposits in the area, whereas the latter is relatively close to the sulfur in the strata. The ore sulfur may have been derived from both the magma and the strata. The Pb‐isotopic compositions of the ore minerals from Chitudian, with 206Pb/204Pb from 17.005 to l7.953, 207Pb/204Pb from 15.414 to 15.587, and 208Pb/204Pb from 37.948 to 39.036, are similar to those of Mesozoic porphyries in the Chitudian ore field, suggesting that the ore‐forming metals were mainly derived from the Mesozoic magmatic intrusions. The Chitudian Zn‐Pb deposit is interpreted to be a distal hydrothermal vein‐type deposit, which was genetically related to the proximal, skarn‐type Mo ore deposits in the region.


This Ainvorlhniess Directive (AD) is issued by DGCA in accordance with the requirements ol CASR part 39. ADs aflect aviation salety and are regulations which require immediate attention. Part 39 ol CRSR is amended by adding the follo;ing new AD. No person l?y_gperate a product to which an AD applies except in accordance with the requirements of tnat Rd. NOTE r I lerry flight permit_to- tly the aircraf t to a location where the requiremenl! ol this directive can be acomplished, may be granted by application to DGCA. Beport and inquiring concerning this AD should be addressed to the DGCA. Alternative nieans ol compliance with lhis directive may be used only il approved by t[e Director General,


A new method for identifying toroidal mode numbers in Mirnov data from toroidal plasmas has been found, and benchmarked with simulated and real data from the JET tokamak. Embodied in the SparSpec code, and originally developed for the analysis of unevenly time-sampled astronomical data, this new method fits signals which are unevenly sampled in the toroidal coordinate to a sum of an arbitrarily large number of toroidal modes with integer mode numbers. The method has proven to be extremely robust, and is especially useful for resolving the amplitudes and phases of multiple Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) which are ringing with the same or nearly the same frequency. The great efficiency with which the SparSpec method detects multiple modes in large datasets suggests that it may be used in real-time applications such as resistive wall mode or tearing mode control, among others. Examples involving unstable AEs as well as stable AEs, (excited by an array of external antennas) in the JET tokamak are used to illustrate the efficacy of the method. Some additional general considerations regarding optimized spatial sampling strategies are also briefly addressed.


Objective To investigate the effect of sodium cyanide(NaCN)intoxication on brain energy metabolism in rats under hypoxia.Methods Male SD rats were randomized equally into normal altitude group and high altitude hypoxia group.The animals in the high altitude hypoxia group were pre-exposed in a hypobaric chamber simulating 4 000 m above sea level for 3 d and were injected with 3.6 mg/kg NaCN intraperitoneally.The rats in the normal altitude group were treated in a routine laboratory in Chongqing(308 m above sea level).The rats were sacrificed,then the brains were isolated,striatum and hippocampus were separated on ice at 0,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0 and 6.0 h after intoxication.Brain water content was tested by measuring the ratio of dry/wet weight.Evans blue(EB)determination was used to understand the permeability of blood vessels in the brain.HPLC was employed to test the contents of adenosine monophosphate(ATP),adenosine diphosphate(ADP)and adenosine monophosphate(AMP)in hippocampus and corpus striatum of the rat brain.Results The brain water was significantly increased in the rats of high altitude hypoxia group by NaCN intoxication,and ATP and ADP contents were significantly decreased in the tissues of hippocampus and corpus striatum either by hypoxia only or by hypoxia and cyanide intoxications,compared with those in the normal altitude group.However,AMP content in the brain tissues was increased by both.Conclusion NaCN intoxication under simulated hypoxia can produce energy metabolism turbulence,which may be involved in brain edema formation.


Infrared radiation has been used to obtain a direct measure of the added carrier concentrations immediately adjacent to a junction when a current was passing through it. The current versus carrier density characteristics thus determined can provide sensitive tests of junction theory. For junctions between two highly doped germanium regions and low injection levels, the experimental results agree with existing theory. For these junctions and high injection levels, or for junctions between regions where one or both sides may be lightly doped and for arbitrary levels of injection, it is necessary to extend the theory. This is done by extending the boundary conditions for higher levels of injection and using the current equations in the ambipolar form, where the field as well as the diffusion currents are considered. The resulting current versus carrier density relationship involves the total current and takes into account, for both sides of the junction, the change in conductivity with injection level and th...


In spite of the growing presence of wireless communications, some concerns have recently loomed about the potential risks of the exposure to the electromagnetic fields they induce. In this paper we introduce a methodology that would allow to study the performance of enhanced access selection mechanisms, which include the willingness to reduce such exposure. The proposed framework has been conceived with the main goal of complementing other types of analysis that, despite providing a much more accurate characterization of the physical parameters, do not offer the degree of flexibility that would be required to understand the performance of these novel resource management solutions.


This paper proposes an interest point detector based on wavelet transform as well as a descriptor based on image variation and log-polar coordinate. Taking advantage of the wavelet properties, the proposed method detects a small number of interest points that are distinctive and robust to the illumination changes, scale changes and affine transform. A new descriptor based on the image variation and log-polar coordinate is proposed to represent the image local shape feature without edge detection. Since the proposed descriptor groups the image variation into various levels and separates the image local region into grids based on log-polar coordinate, it overcomes the problem of textured scenes or ill-defined edge images. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better matching accuracy and faster matching speed than those of the SIFT, PCA-SIFT and GLOH with less interest points.


In this paper, we prove three results on the density, respectively, local density and clustering of zeros of the Beurling zeta function ζ(s)$\zeta (s)$ close to the one‐line σ:=ℜs=1$\sigma :=\Re s=1$ . The analysis here brings about some news, sometimes even for the classical case of the Riemann zeta function. As a complement to known results for the Selberg class, first we prove a Carlson type zero density estimate. Note that density results for the Selberg class rely on use of the functional equation of ζ, not available in the Beurling context. Our result sharpens results of Kahane, who proved an O(T)$O(T)$ estimate for zeros lying precisely just on a vertical line ℜs=a$\Re s=a$ in the critical strip. Next we deduce a variant of a well‐known theorem of Turán, extending its range of validity even for rectangles of height only h=2$h=2$ . Finally, we extend a zero clustering result of Ramachandra from the Riemann zeta case. A weaker result — which, on the other hand, is a strong sharpening of the average result from the classic book of Montgomery — was worked out by Diamond, Montgomery and Vorhauer. On our way, we show that some obscure technicalities of the Ramachandra paper can be avoided.


In Kendler (2015), the reality of psychiatric disorders is defended based on the coherence theory of truth. The starting point is the issue of realism v. instrumentalism: Should we regard mental disorders as entities that exist in some mind-independent way (realism), or are they constructs that are useful for prediction andpractical purposes, but do not exist independently of our theories and models (instrumentalism)? Instead of subscribing to eitherof theseoptions,Kendler (2015) steers towardsamiddle way, arguing that the reality of psychiatric disorders comes in degrees and is determined by coherence. His proposal for psychopathology is to reject the correspondence theory of truth, according to which statements are true if and only if they accurately describe the mindindependent reality, and to adopt the less ambitious coherence theory of truth, where the criterion for truth is coherence with other statements. I agree that coherence is important for psychopathology, but I argue that abandoning the correspondence theory in favor of the coherence theory of truth is highly problematic. First of all, in contrast to what Kendler suggests, the coherence theory of truth does not provide a solution to the pessimistic induction problem (i.e. the problem that most successful theories of the past have turned out to be false). Many scientific theories of the past havebeen coherent, but havenevertheless been completely replaced (Thagard, 2007). This also applies to psychopathology: psychiatric disorders, such as female hysteria, alsohadadegreeof coherencewith the scientific theories of their day, but turned out not to be real. Second, in Kendler's account, psychopathology becomes disconnected from the rest of science, as he argues that in the natural sciences the correspondence theory of truth holds, while in psychopathology truth should be understood in terms of coherence (Kendler, 2015, p. 1117). This would also imply that, unlike in other fields of science, categories in psychopathology need not necessarily reflect objective features of reality, as the coherence theory of truth does not require any correspondence with reality. Third, the view that the reality of mental disorders comes in degrees and is determined by coherence leads to a strange picture of scientific discovery and progress. One implication of Kendler's account is that major depressive disorder (MDD) was much less real 50 years ago than it is now, since it was less interwoven with our knowledge base and scientific findings. However, it is more plausible that MDD has not become more real, but we can now be more confident that we are dealing with a real phenomenon. The goal of empirical science is to discover and explain phenomena, not to create them. Thus, the coherence theory as presented by Kendler (1) does not solve the problem of pessimistic induction; (2) makes psychopathology disconnected from the natural sciences and less (ontologically) ambitious; and (3) implies that past depressions were less real than current ones. The alternative that I propose in order to avoid these outcomes is to rethink the role of coherence. It should not be seen as a criterion for truth or reality, but as one source of evidence. If we take coherence to result in evidence and justification for the reality of the phenomena studied, we avoid the uncomfortable outcome that science makes things (more) real or true. Then we can accept that the ultimate criterion for truth in all of science is correspondence with the mind-independent reality. Importantly, with this approach we can also give a plausible answer to worries of pessimistic induction. If there are multiple independent and converging sources of evidence for an entity, it is highly unlikely that all those independent ways will turn out to be mistaken, and thus we can be fairly confident in the reality of that entity. In philosophy of science, this type of coherence is called 'robustness' (Soler et al. 2012; Eronen 2015). Entities for which there has been highly robust evidence have persisted throughout several scientific revolutions – prominent examples include electrons, organs, and neurons. In contrast, entities that have been replaced, such as phlogiston or female hysteria, were not supported by robust evidence. Thus, robustness is a matter of degree, and when a high degree of robustness is reached, we can be perfectly justified in believing in the reality of the entities involved. Thus, evaluating whether psychopathological categories are robust to a high or low degree should be a crucial topic for future research. This also provides a new perspective to Kendler's (2009) theory of 'epistemic iteration' of psychiatric disorders: One reason why successive iterations can lead to progress is that they result in more and more robust categories. However, it is crucial to note that highly Psychological Medicine (2016), 46, 1563–1564. © Cambridge University Press 2016


This study was conducted to acquaintance the effectiveness of olive , avocado and mango leaves on experimental rats suffering from diabetes mellitus. Forty-five male albino rats weighing 190 ±10 g were used. After the adaptation period , rats were divided randomly into two main groups; the negative control group (C-) 5 normal rats fed on a basal diet and the second group (n=40) were injected subcutaneously with Streptozotocin (STZ) at (45 mg/kg b.wt ) dissolved in 0.01 M citrate buffer (PH 4.5).Then rats were divided into eight groups (each group consisted of 5 rats group of them fed on basal diet and left as positive control group (+) ,the other groups treated with, Metformin at dose 200mg/kg b.wt , olive leaves powder 3%, Mango leaves powder 3%, Avocado leaves powder 3%, olive leaves aqueous extract 20% ,mango leaves aqueous extract 20% and Avocado leaves aqueous extract 20%. Results showed that (STZ) injection led to a significant elevation in the relative weights of the liver, kidney and pancreas ,serum levels of glucose , triglyceride ,total cholesterol, LDL-C, liver enzymes, creatinine and urea nitrogen. Conversely , feed intake , body weight and HDL-c were significantly reduced. In general , it has been shown that the leaves of olive , mango and avocado as a powder or as aqueous extract have antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects ,so they alleviated the studied disorder were resulting from hyperglycemia. magnetized


Gas bearings are indispensable equipment in the field of hydrogen liquefaction, which has the characteristics of high life and stable operation. While gas suspension bearings are mainly divided into radial bearings and thrust bearings, this paper focuses on the introduction of thrust bearings, proposes a set of structural parameters of bearings and carries out engineering calculation and simulation calculation of characteristics.


Today, thanks to a number of different factors,1 exploring lesbian aesthetics and lesbian spectatorship is increasingly in vogue. Broadly speaking, three lines of approach have been suggested, though none is entirely separate from the others. Critics of mainstream films often argue that lesbians are underrepresented, unrepresented, even unrepresentable, appearing only as stereotypes and/or as subordinate characters, or confined to certain subgenres like the prison film and the lesbian vampire movie. Indeed, Sue-Ellen Case views the lesbian vampire film as emblematic of how fraught looking for lesbians in screen representations of all kinds can be: "To ask 4 will the real lesbian please stand up,' when she is em-bedded in the dominant discursive mandate to disappear, or in the subcultural subversion to flaunt her distance from the 'real,' is like asking the vampire to appear in the mirror" (9). A second tack has been to study subcultural appropriations of popular movies like Personal Best (Robert Towne, 1982), Lianna (John Sayles, 1983), Entre Nous (Diane Kurys, 1983) and Desert Hearts (Donna Deitch, 1986) .2 Critics interview and imagine rebel lesbian spectators who raid narratives containing discreetly lesbian characters, then reframe these narratives to fit their own deviant desires. Yet, as I have argued in "When Is a Lesbian Not a Lesbian?," not only do "femme films" like these


In this session, we will share policies developed and implemented at NSF ADVANCE institutions designed to create equal opportunity and level the playing field, especially for women faculty.  The session will describe both the process and outcomes of specific policy change initiatives.


A code-constrained least mean fourth(LMF) criterion is presented for blind multiuser detection.It is an improved higher-order form of the least mean square(LMS) criterion.Other than the commonly used existing high-order criterion local minima,the LMF is proved to be globally convergent.The Hessian matrix of the objective function is derived and analyzed to prove the global convexity of the LMF.In multipath CDMA channels,the LMF criterion is combined with the recursive least-square method and the RLS-LMF algorithm is further developed to construct a space-time receiver.Simulations show that this novel algorithm outperforms existing techniques in CDMA and ultra-wideband channels.


Approximately 1.7 million interventional cardiac catheterizations are performed annually in the United States, which makes it one of the most commonly performed procedures.1,2 Indications for coronary arteriography (which is generally performed during cardiac catheterization) include known or suspected coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and some diseases affecting the aorta. Cardiac catheterizations are common in older adults; for every 100,000 adults between ages 75 and 84, about 149 undergo cardiac catheterization.2 Nurses should be familiar with this procedure and the two most common vascular access sites, the femoral artery and the radial artery, in order to care for this patient population.


Abstract : The purpose of this study was to investigate by means of the finite element method (1) the effect of rigid conduits and cutoff walls on the stress distribution and on the development of tension zones in embankments and their foundations, and (2) the distribution of stresses acting on the sides of conduits and cutoff walls. All materials were assumed to be linearly elastic with equal properties in tension and in compression. The only load considered was the weight of the embankment and it was assumed to be applied in a single lift. Detailed investigation by means of the finite element method included six cases of conduits and four cases of cutoff walls. In the case of conduits, it was demonstrated that tension zones occur adjacent to conduits with sharp edges, and that the presence of a zone of more compressible material above the roof effectively improves the loading conditions on the conduit. In the case of cutoff walls beneath embankments, it was shown that tension zones develop in the upper part of the embankment and adjacent to the top of the wall. While the presence of a zone of more compressible material on top of the wall reduces the load on the upper surface of the wall, it somewhat increases the friction forces along the sides of the wall.


In article on the basis of their own experience, the author describes how the clinical picture organic disorders reflects the peculiarities of nervous and mental response of the child, the formation of his clinical picture of the mental state and the nuances of its dynamics.


When it comes to boosting brain function, or prevention or treatment of mood disorders, or keeping mentally alert as we age, there are many evidenced-based treatments that can assist, say experts.


The present invention comprises: a pre-processing step (S1) for primarily press-processing single objects (G) in the shape of a volume body to be processed into asymmetrical-shaped semi products (G-1) via a press cutting device (110); a semi product insertion step (S2) for conveying the semi products (G-1) which are continuously supplied in the primarily processed state to a first processing unir(130) by holding the same with a pickup device (120); a first forging step (S3) for primarily forging the semi products (G-1) which are inserted into the first processing unit(130) by asymmetrically pressing the same with a first punch (161); a second forging step (S4) for secondarily forging the semi products (G-1) which are positioned in the first processing unit(130) by asymmetrically pressing the same with a second punch (162) which performs a pressing operation in connection with the first punch (161) such that a pickup-holding member (G') is configured to be held and conveyed; a third forging step (S5) for tertiarily forging the semi products (G-1) by pressing the same with relatively stronger pressure than that of the second forging step with a third punch (163) when the the secondarily forged semi products (G-1) are positioned in the first processing unit(130) or when the secondarily forged semi products (G-1) are conveyed from the first processing unit(130) to a second processing unit(140), such that break lines on the outside of the semi products (G-1) are pressed and filled; and a trimming step (S6) for punching the tertiarily forged semi products (G-1) so as to remove the pickup-holding member (G'1) with a cutting-trimming unit (170) which performs lifting and pressing operations when the tertiarily forged semi products (G-1) are positioned in the second processing unit (140) or when the tertiarily forged semi products (G-1) are conveyed to a third processing unit(150), and simultaneously cutting the outside rim portion thereof according to a design dimension so as to cut the same as finished products (G-2).


The fourth plenary session of the party's 18 emphasized the deepening reform in an all-round way To improve and develop the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, improve the level of the party's ruling ability and the science, must comprehensively carry out the rule of law the general requirements of the deep In governing the country according to law general plan is put forward after 17 years, the party's plenary session for the fi rst time with the rule of law as the theme, there is no doubt that for the future of China construction of the rule of law country paint a new picture, we should proceed from the general interest as well as general trend of events, and should understand the strategy of administering our country by the law is basic way of governing, depending on the constitution governing and maintaining the authority of the constitution. We believe this idea that china should deepen judicial system reform and punish corruption in this fi eld, that guarantee the effective operation of the power and lock the power in a cage.


Laboratory tests are an important component in the diagnostic process. From an analytical point of view, most tests have reached high technical standards resulting in quantitative results with very high precision and accuracy. The challenge for the clinician then is how to interpret those results. It is particularly difficult when different test systems use different scales and arbitrary units for a given biomarker, as is often the case in immunologic testing. For the clinician it is demanding to estimate the predictive value of a diagnostic test result. A solution to this problem that is advocated here is to provide likelihood ratios as a measure of the predictive value of test results. This approach is not only useful to harmonize interpretation between assays and assay platforms but can be employed as well in external quality control programs. However, the concept of likelihood ratios in clinical diagnostics, although not new, is not yet generally accepted and needs further promotion by demonstrating its usefulness. Some 55 years ago, a "technic for the estimation of the predictive value of diagnostic test results in the subject tested when the sensitivity and specificity of the test and the prevalence of the disease in the population are known" was described (1). At that time, the technic was limited to dichotomous, qualitative test results. Later, the approach has been extended to intervals of test results and their likelihood ratio (LR) (2–6). The LR of a diagnostic test result is defined by its likelihood in diseased subjects (sensitivity) versus non-diseased subjects (1-specificity). In the field of autoimmunity, test result interval-specific LRs have been applied for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (7, 8), vasculitis (9, 10), systemic rheumatic diseases (11–16), inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease (17–22). It has been realized that expressing results in the form of LRs provides a convenient way to harmonize test results which otherwise would be expressed in various units and provider-defined scales, making it difficult to compare results. This has led to a proposal for harmonization of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) testing (23, 24), antinuclear antibody testing (25, 26) and autoimmunity tests in general by reporting test result-specific LRs (27, 28). The calculation of LRs of test result intervals has been further extended to arbitrary quantitative test results (29, 30) and applied, for example, for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (31), ANCA testing (24), antinuclear antibody testing (26) and celiac disease (22).


This study concerns the determination of phytoplankton ic pigment concentrations in the lagoon of Thau at 14 sampling stations which were prospected 36 times during the year 1986. The evolution of the main pigment abundance (chlorophyll a) is described for the whole year. Areas corresponding to different mean annual abundances are established and compared to the areas determined in a precedent study by their hydrological caracteristics. The influence of the main winds appears and gives an idea about the resulting currents. The object of this work is to know if the phytoplanktonic pigment abundance is related to the nutritive richness of the lagoon water where oysters and mussels are bred.


During fuser‐roll resist lamination processes, the copper‐clad FR‐4 substrate surface temperature was found to be inversely proportional to the substrate thickness. This temperature fluctuation has resulted in changes of adhesive forces in the copper/resist interface which in turn can affect the yield in the printed circuit manufacturing processes. By using infra‐red preheat treatment on the substrate prior to fuser‐roll lamination, the adhesion was found to be improved in the copper/resist interface. This adhesion improvement was found to be reflected in yield increase in fine line printed circuit fabrication.


This article analyses the possible discursive developments around the female body in movies, using Chocolat (Claire Denis, 1998) and Black Venus (Abdellatif Kechiche, 2010); bearing in mind this body as an object of desire, a space of resistance, a cultural and ethnical frontier, or even as a vestige of history and memory. Through theoretical, esthetical and political articulations about these images, and through the analysis of these films, we will attempt to understand how intercultural cinema – which is able to create new images from the memory of the senses, since it possesses tactile and contagious qualities, with which the spectator is confronted as if he was connecting with another body (Marks, 2000) – becomes an instrument of representation of a possible cultural history and memory, precisely by means of the role that bodies – removed from their original environment – play in the construction of this cultural history and memory.


The utility model discloses a telescopic vernier caliper, comprising a main ruler and a depth ruler. The depth ruler is hollow and is internally provided with a telescopic ruler. The upper surface of the depth ruler is provided with a semi-circular groove. The telescopic ruler can move inside the depth ruler. Scale marks are arranged at the position where the telescopic ruler is connected with the depth ruler, and the scale marks can be read at the position of the semi-circular groove. During the measurement, the telescopic ruler can be placed inside the depth ruler if the depth ruler is not needed; and when the measurement of depth is needed, the telescopic ruler can be pulled out, the certain scale mark on the telescopic ruler is aligned to the tail end of the depth ruler, and the position of the certain scale mark on the telescopic ruler can be determined through the semi-circular groove at the tail end of the depth ruler. The telescopic vernier caliper is applicable to various occasions in which vernier calipers are utilized.


Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis is a common condition having an increased prevalence with age. Non-pharmacological interventions are frequently and widely used and strongly recommended in the management of patients with osteoarthritis. Lateral-wedged insoles have been shown to help clinical pain associated with medial compartment osteoarthritis. Yet, it has been shown ineffective in some studies. This study was done to compare the effect of laterally elevated wedged insoles with neutrally wedged insole an the symptom of patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. Material and Methods: This double � blind clinical � trial study was done in Rheumatology ward of Imam Reza Hospital in the years 2004 � 2005. 118 patients were randomly drivided into 2 groups. Case group (57 patients) received laterally wedged insoles and control group (61 patients) received neutrally wedged insoles for two months. Edinburg knee functional scale was used. At the end of month 2, Patients were asked about the severity of knee pain within the last 2 days and the amount of anti-inflammatory drugs taking within the 2 weeks ago and another Edinburg knee functional scale completed. Analysis of data was performed with SPSS version 11.5. The results were compared by using student�s t test, chi-square and Mann Whitney tests. Results: Of the 150 patients enrolled, 118 (49 famel and 8 male in laterally wedged insole group and 52 famel and 9 male in neutrally wedged insole group) completed the study. There was good baseline balance between the groups, in respect of self reported knee pain, Edinburg knee functional scale and anti-inflammatory drugs taking by the patients. At the end of the study there was statistically significant difference in severity of knee pain in each of the groups from baseline. (pConclusion: Laterally elevated wedged insole was shown to be more effective in reduction of symptoms in osteoarthritic patients.


The review of literature is one of the most important pillars of any research study and without review of literature it is impossible to move forward to take the research programme for next step. The related literature is looking like a consuming process but actually it is a very fruitful step of any research programme. Here the investigator made an effort to present the methodology and results from the collected related literature on cognitive styles and parenting styles of students. The main purpose of this review paper is to present the review of related literature which exists only on cognitive styles and parenting styles from the year 2000 to 2022. The investigator also tried to summarize the results of the studies on Cognitive Styles and Parenting Styles which are giving a direction for future research.


1. Ethnic Identity, Economic Power, and Conflict 2. Ethnic Mythologies and Formal Institutions 3. A Theory of Conflict and Cooperation in Counterbalanced States 4. Fiji: "A Nationalist Iceberg" in the Pacific 5. Of Ballots and Tall-Grass: Malaysia's Quasi-Democracy and Ethnic Relations 6. South Africa: A Rainbow Nation in Zimbabwe's Shadow 7. Conclusion


The joint Anglo-American research satellite Ariel has been orbiting the Earth for over a year and has transmitted a large number of measurements of its environment to the ground stations. The results obtained from all these data were presented at a meeting of the Royal Society in May 1963 and are summarized in this article by one of the leading workers connected with the project.


Years ago in Britain language learning was an academic activity left chiefly to those who showed some special ability in it. The first thing to be said to the businessman who left school with that impression and now finds the need to learn a language is that it is not academic at all. Language learning is the acquisition of a set of practical skills. We have all mastered those skills in one language and there is really no reason why, given adequate motivation and the right conditions, we should not do so in another. The adult will want to rationalise his experience. He will look for short cuts in the form of a more organised approach. But he will have the help of books, tapes and perhaps even a language laboratory. There is, too, a special advantage the businessman or industrialist will have. Because his needs are practical and defined, the amount of language he requires is fairly limited. The more advanced grammatical patterns, the more complex sentences of written language, and areas of vocabulary not required for his work, need not concern him. How then should he set about this practical task?


This paper mainly explores the application of Bayesian optimization in router port testing, aiming to improve the efficiency and accuracy of port scanning by constructing a Bayesian optimization model. Since the existing port scanning methods have problems of low efficiency and accuracy, we seek to provide a superior solution through Bayesian optimization. In this process, we first introduce the basic principles of Bayesian optimization, then construct a Bayesian optimization model based on this theory, which takes scanning time and accuracy as optimization goals. In the experimental section, we conduct experiments on two public datasets to verify our method. The experimental results show that compared with traditional methods, the Bayesian optimization method can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of port scanning. Especially when the number of scans increases, the advantages of the Bayesian optimization method are more obvious. In general, Bayesian optimization provides a new and effective solution for router port testing and opens up new ideas for future research in the field of network security.


This chapter reports the results of a large study on the effects of part-time faculty on student persistence and sug- gests that administrators give careful consideration when trying to reduce expenses through the use of such faculty in large beginning courses. Closing the Gate: Part-Time Faculty Instruction in Gatekeeper Courses and First-Year Persistence M. Kevin Eagan Jr., Audrey J. Jaeger Calls for greater accountability in terms of graduation rates and increased economic efficiency among higher education institutions have prompted scholars to examine nontraditional factors that might help to explain the retention puzzle. Terenzini and Reason (2005) emphasize the critical impor- tance of examining factors that lead to first-year student attrition, as four- year institutions, on average, lose more than 25 percent of students by the start of the second year. Recently researchers have begun examining the ef- fects of exposure to part-time faculty on student outcomes (Bettinger and Long, 2006; Jacoby, 2006; Jaeger and Hinz, forthcoming; Jaeger, Thornton, and Eagan, 2007; Kerhberg and Turpin, 2002; Ronco and Cahill, 2006); how- ever, these studies do not specifically address the types of courses students take with part-time faculty. Research on student retention has given limited attention to the role that introductory, or gatekeeper, courses play in students' decisions to remain enrolled at an institution. Gatekeeper courses refer to classes with high enrollment that generally represent the introductory courses required for matriculation into a major field of study (Tobias, 1992). In this chapter, we describe the employment of part-time faculty in four- year higher education institutions, as well as highlight research on the impor- tance of key gatekeeper courses. Informed by Bean's model (1990) of student attrition, which posits that students leave higher education institutions because of a sense of dissatisfaction with their environment, our analyses N EW D IRECTIONS FOR T EACHING AND L EARNING , no. 115, Fall 2008 © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) • DOI: 10.1002/tl.324