Herbicide volatilization may generate environmental and agricultural problems and result in visual or physiological contamination of non-target plant species. Thus, the goal of this research was to study the fluorescence of chlorophyll a in weeds and fodder plants under the effect of clomazone in the form of atmospheric waste. The experiment was conducted under field conditions designed in randomized blocks with four replications, in a 6 x 4 factor scheme, with six plant species: Dolichos lablab, bicolor Sorgum, Urochloa brizantha, Macrotyloma axillare, Portulaca oleracea and Sida rhombifolia. There were four solutions containing 0, 360, 720 and 1,080 g ha-1 of clomazone (0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mg L-1, considered as the volume). Seedbeds were built and covered with transparent polyethylene film of 150 μm, with a volume of 12 m3. Fodder plants were sown in line, while weeds were selected according to the incidence. On the sixteenth day after emergence, concentrations of herbicide diluted on three petri dishes were inserted. After 72 hours of exposure, the tunnels were opened and the dishes were removed, noticing evaporation of the product. The following evaluationswere performed: plant poisoning, initial fluorescence, maximum quantum yield of PSII, photochemical quenching, nonphotochemical quenching and chlorophyll content. Even at concentrations that do not promote visual effect, clomazone can cause significant damage in the photosynthetic activity of the species. The physiological variables chlorophyll, maximum quantum yield of PSII and initial chlorophyll fluorescence can be effectively used to monitor clomazone waste in the atmosphere.


Retroperitoneal tumors with involvement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) often require resection of the IVC to achieve complete tumor removal. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of IVC ligation without caval reconstruction.


Group learning activities,being some kind of campus culture beneficial to students' growth and development,play an important role in college education and play a function that class teaching can never replace. However,because of the characteristics of students themselves in departments of science and engineering,the attraction of group learning activities has been weaker and weaker.How to take group learning activities efficiently in these departments has been an essential research issue that many researchers try to explore.Group learning activities should insist on voluntary,independent and innovative principles,and focus on the following aspects to enhance attraction of group learning activities in departments of science and engineering:reinforcing the connection between learning activities and specialties,promoting continuously the quality of group learning activities,and enriching the contents of these activities.


On 14-15 August 1947, India obtained freedom from British colonial rule. For the so-called 'criminal tribes', however, freedom did not come at the midnight hour but five years later, on 31 August 1952, when the Government of India repealed the Criminal Tribes Act. Enacted by the colonial government in 1871, this draconian legislation sought to control a disparate set of supposedly criminal communities (and later gangs and individuals) through a raft of punitive and surveillance measures. This study examines the postcolonial afterlives of the 'criminal tribe' in the region of Punjab. Specifically, it traces the ways in which the postcolonial state re-embedded this ostensibly colonial category of identification in its legislative, discursive and material practices, at the same time as it dismantled the Act itself.
The study is primarily situated in the 1940s and 1950s, as Partition and decolonisation wrought enormous changes upon the subcontinent. It argues that state actors, whether politicians, bureaucrats or local officers, infused the 'criminal tribe' with heightened salience in the years after 1947 in response to the exigencies of independence and nation-building. Its findings reveal that the 'criminal tribe' remained a tangible and intelligible category for the postcolonial state long after its legal abolition, whether in the refugee regime, legal structures and penal practices, or welfare policies for disadvantaged citizens.
This sheds light on a hitherto overlooked period of the Criminal Tribes Act, namely the early post-independence years. It examines the continued relevance of the 'criminal tribe' within postcolonial statecraft not as an inevitable colonial hangover but the product of more contested lineages and developments rooted both pre- and post-1947. This also offers new insights onto the state at this critical juncture. In contrast to the existing scholarship on the Act, which emphasises its unwavering dominance, this study illustrates the uncertainties, contingencies, and tensions of the late colonial and decolonising state.


Spontaneous off-type plants for leaf rust reaction to Argentine races 66 and 77 of Puccinia recondita tritici were found at rates of 3.4 per 1000 and 0.44 per 1000, respectively, in the progeny of self-pollinated (bagged) spikes of Sinvalocho, MA wheat. Leaf rust reaction changes were associated to aneuploidy in most cases. The variation to race 66 was associated to monosomy of chromosome 6B or probably deletions on chromosome arm 6BL. Some off-type plants however showed, in subsequent generations. changes for reaction to race 77 or simultaneous changes to races 66 and 77 as well as changes in leucine aminopeptidase isozyme expression, which cannot be explained on grounds of allelic dosage. The origin of these genetic and chromosomal changesis not clear in some cases, however, a common origin could be suggested by the presence of transposonlike elements.


In many data-mining projects, analysts face a huge number of choices in applying data-mining techniques. These choices include different ways to build data-mining models on differently selected, differently segmented, differently aggregated and differently transformed datasets. Analysts' efforts to explore this huge space of mining choices are a big bottleneck in practice. Cube-space data mining is an emerging data-mining paradigm that addresses how to allow analysts to explore this huge space of choices in a principled manner that automates routine steps and enables them to consider large parts of the space with minimal effort. The basic idea is to let the analyst use various kinds of dimensions to structure the space of choices, and then let the mining system build data-mining models repeatedly and systematically over regions of varying granularities in the analyst-specified space (which we call cube space). Even building a single data-mining model on a large dataset is computationally expensive. Repeated construction of a large number of models, an intrinsic characteristic of cube-space data mining, poses great computational challenges.
This dissertation demonstrates that cube-space data mining is useful for exploring the huge space of choices in mining, and shows that it can be done in a computationally feasible way. Specifically, we define and characterize this new data-mining paradigm and demonstrate its utility by three novel applications of the paradigm, namely prediction cubes, bellwether analysis and privacy skylines. To meet the computational challenges, for each of these applications, we provide efficient and scalable algorithms by exploiting the structure of the space. Through our techniques and experiments, we show that efficient cube-space data mining on large datasets (which may not fit in memory) is achievable.


In a seasonal alpine snow field in the east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,three portions were established along snowmelt gradient.At each portion,snowmelt time,soil moisture and individual growth(including leaves per individual,area per leaf and aboveground biomass) of Saussurea Hieracioides Hook.F.were measured.The results showed that the length of growing season at late-melting portion was nearly one month later than that at early-melting portion.However,soil moisture at late-melting portion was higher than that at early-melting portion.In addition,individual growth gradually increased from early-to late-melting portion.The results suggested that individual growth of this species was reverse to snowmelt timing,whereas it was consistent with soil moisture.


The specimens have been prepared by P/M methods. The effects of preparation technologies on the microstructure and the interface function have been investigated and the formation mechanism of Zn - Al eutectoid structure is discussed. The results show that the oxide layer of Zinc and Aluminum powder seriously obstruct alloyed; The diffusion of atoms along grain boundary and interface plays an important role in the process of formation of eutectoid structure. Zn can diffuse in Al, but Al can hardly diffuse in Zn; the scope of Zn - Al eutectoid is limited by the dimension of Al powder particle. The formatted eutectoid structure by the diffusion of Zn powder and Al powder is a kind of application of Kirkendall effect; vacancy diffusion mechanism takes effect.


Abstract Introduction  Breastfeeding is the most valuable thing that mother can offer to her child. Breast milk provides all the necessary nutrients that are necessary for the overall growth and development of the infant. Mothers can continue feeding their infants with expressed breast milk even if they have to get separated from the child for any reasons. Expressed breastfeeding is a less used option by mothers due to multiple reasons. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding expressed breastfeeding among postnatal women. Methodology  A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The nonprobability convenience sampling technique was adopted to select 80 postnatal women. A self-developed pretested knowledge questionnaire and structured attitude scale was used to collect the data from postnatal women. Result  Majority of postnatal women (73.8%) were in the age group of 21 to 30 years, 36.3% were with gravida and Para 2, 33.8% were having two children and most of them, 81.3%, were homemakers, and 66.3% were not practiced expressed breastfeeding. Satisfactory level of knowledge regarding expressed breastfeeding was found among 41.3%, while 40% had average knowledge. The mean knowledge score was 7.7 ± 4.20 with a maximum score of 15. Attitude toward expressed breastfeeding was unfavorable among 55 (68.75%) of the postnatal women, while 25 (31.25%) women had the favorable attitude. The mean attitude score was 46.96 ± 6.11 with a maximum possible score of 70. There was significant correlation between knowledge and attitude score with p -value is 0.03. The chi-squared computed between knowledge score and demographic variables revealed that there is significant association between knowledge score and age of postnatal women. Conclusion  The knowledge level was satisfactory among one-third of participants, but it was not adequate among the majority of participants. Attitude was not very favorable that indicates motivation of postnatal women by health workers is in very much need.


In this paper, we propose an approximation of the M/G/1 system with finite workload capacity, where customers whose admission to
the system would increase the workload beyond a prespecified finite capacity limit are not accepted. Our approximation method is based on the idea that the service time of a customer in the M/G/1 system can be approximated as the sum of service times of a batch of customers in the M X/d/1 system where the service time is deterministic and very small. That is, the original service time is discretized and approximated by the batch size. We exemplified our method by obtaining the average workload of the M/M/1 system by means of the M X/d/1 system, where the batch size is geometric. In addition, the approximate blocking probabilities of the M/M/1 and M/E k/1 system with finite workload capacities are sought. The proposed method turns out to give a good approximation, which is compared with a simulation.


Objective: Sexting is emerged as a result of the frequent use of internet and social media to send messages, photos and videos quickly and easily and it became a common concept nowadays. In this sense, the aim of the study is to determine the rate of sexting for the research sample, identifying the factors which affects the perspective towards sexting and to investigate whether there is a relationship between victimization and sexting. Methods: The sample of this research is consisted of 565 participants who are 18 years and older. Theory of Reasoned Action has been used as a background theory to predict and determine the perspective towards sexting and sexting behavior. The data were collected by using demographic information form and sexting scale which are prepared by researchers. Results: The rate of women participants is 70.4% (398) and for men 29.6% (167). For age distribution, 61.4% (347) of the participants are in the age group of 18-25, 38.6% (218) of them are in the age group of 26 and above, and the average age is 25.2. It was determined that a great majority of the participants engaged in sexting, men had more positive attitude and more frequent behavior compared to women, and being a victim of sexting did not make a significant difference on the perspective towards sexting. The proportion of individuals who became a victim because of sexting is 22.5% and most of them were women. According to types of victimization, individuals mostly experience emotional and psychological problems; however, it has been determined that the victimization is not limited to a single form. Conclusion: The prevalence of sexting, perspectives of the individuals and their motivation to act are determined to a certain extent. In this way, the case of unconsidered sexting in Turkey is identified and it is asserted that it can cause serious problems worth considering.


Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and an autoimmune gastritis often occur together. Gastric autoimmunity is evident in 20% of adult patients with DM1. We screened DM1 children in Russian Federation for autoimmune gastritis. The initial cohort included 108 children with DM1 (61 female/47 male, mean age 13 ± 1,9 years) and 31 non-diabetic controls with chronic gastritis. We assessed parietal cell antibodies (APCA) presence, as well as gastric morphology. In addition, gastrin-17 and pepsinogen basal levels were measured in 42 patients with DM1 and in 31 controls. We observed APCA in 10,1% of DM1 children (7 female/4 male). All of them had DM1 for more than 10 years. A morphologic picture of autoimmune gastropathy was found in all APCA positive patients. One (out of 11) patient with APCA had a gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori. Hypergastrinemia was diagnosed in all DM1 patients with autoimmune gastritis. Screening for gastric autoimmunity is particularly advised in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.


Objective: To investigate the treatment of male urethral stricture safe and effective method. Methods: Retrospective analysis 16 cases of male urethral stricture of our hospital were treated. 12 cases of after prostate surgery, 1 case of pelvic fracture membranous urethral occlusion, 1 case of membranous stenosis, 2 cases of bulbar urethral stenosis. All cases of stenosis were less than 2.0cm. All patients were treaded with cold knife with transurethral resection. Results: All the patients after the treatment improved symptoms of dysuria and urine line thicker. 2 cases of stricture and membranous stenosis at verumontanum were complicated with stress incontinence, gradually improved by exercising the sphincter function,and oraling midodrine.Conclusion: Cold knife incision with transurethral resection in the treatment of male urethral stricture is a safe and effective method.


A study of the current problem of developing technology for determining the level of process controllability in complex systems, with different modes of operation was done. In this investigation for the first time was proposed a fuzzy mathematical model based on expert hybrid data, using linguistic and quantitative variables. Based on the obtained result, can be determined the level of safe operation of the system to prevent negative consequences or confidence in achieving the goals of the system. An experimental approbation of the research on the problem of determining the level of process controllability in airport management information systems, with data security threats, taking into account different modes of operation was done. A web application was created for the developed model, with which is possible to configure models and conduct experimental research for various application tasks.


Gamut extension algorithm which maps from the standard gamut to the device gamut is applied in wide-gamut displays to avoid color distortion and exert display advantage. A gamut extension method based on RGB space is proposed. The algorithm first transforms the standard RGB value to device RGB value, and then extends the gamut with saturation ratio of gamut boundaries and a nonlinear function which reduces the over-painted problem. Gamut extension experiments on sampling points and images are carried out, and the average hue difference is 0.053, and the CCI increase is 22.6%.


The multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is proposed for determining phased array (PA) excitation to selectively heat the tumor with minimal healthy tissue hotspot. Power absorption indicators, such as mean specific absorption rate (SAR) in tumor target (SARtarg), hotspot to tumor quotient (HTQ), average power absorption ratio (aPA ratio), and 50% iso-SAR tumor coverage (TC50), were combined in pairs as an objective function in MOGA. Coupled electromagnetic (EM) and thermal simulations of the heterogeneous breast with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) were used for evaluating MOGA and single-objective GA (SOGA)-based treatment plans; 25 LABC patient models with varying breast (144.66–1339.3 cc) and tumor (10.53–88.88 cc) volumes and tumor location were employed. The treatment plans were assessed using aforementioned SAR indicators, steady-state thermal metrics in tumors, healthy tissue hotspots in the hyperthermia range (40 °C–44 °C), and channel power consumption of the PA. Among the treatment plans, MOGA with [1/SARtarg, HTQ]obj yielded 104.63% rise in SARtarg across patients with thermal metrics comparable to SOGA with HTQobj [state of the art (SoA)]. MOGA with [1/SARtarg, HTQ]obj required only 50.5% channel power compared to the SoA, as the tumor was efficiently heated without wasting power in the healthy tissues. This is a significant contribution to developing an affordable PA system.


Research on strongly-correlated electron systems has brought into light exotic state of matter, even breaking standard metallic behavior described by the Fermi-liquid theory. This breakdown takes place through a quantum phase transition, induced by tuning a parameter different from the temperature, as magnetic field, pressure or chemical doping. Open shell of the narrow f-orbitals can lead to such exotic physics by the competition between a magnetic order and the Kondo-lattice coherence. In an integral valence case, this physics is usually described by the Doniach picture. The energies of these two competing states depend on the same coupling constant J, tunable by an external parameter. It is when they become comparable, by a fine-tuning, that quantum criticality (QC) is observed. With a mixed-valence of about 2.75 [1] and an unexpected scaling behavior [2], βYbAlB4 presents an unconventional QC in sharp contrast with this last description. Adding this non-Fermi-liquid is a precursor to the first known superconducting state among ytterbium compounds, makes of β-YbAlB4 an intriguing and perfect system to study deviant behavior in strange metal. While other systems require a fine-tuning making it difficult, if not impossible, to probe them by photo-emission, QC in β-YbAlB4 develops in zero pressure and zero magnetic field without any tuning [3]. Besides being surprising, this fact allows an unique opportunity to study the electronic structure in a quantum critical regime.


This document specifies the Time Zone Information Format (TZif) for
representing and exchanging time zone information, independent of any
particular service or protocol. Two MIME media types for this format
are also defined.


Introduction: Migraines are one of the commonest presenting complaints to emergency departments (ED), and may result in prolonged length of stay with symptoms being severe and refractory to typical remedies, such as paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and triptans. The objective of this study was to describe and compare patient demographics, presentation, management and outcomes to hospital discharge between first presenters and patients with a history of migraines in two metropolitan emergency departments in Melbourne, Australia. Given that the assessment and management of patients who have had a prior history of migraines is likely to be substantially different, patients were subgrouped by this exposure variable. Methods: A total of 365 patients were identified retrospectively during the study period of March 2013 – September 2014 that met the inclusion criteria of a headache with no organic cause and/or symptoms consistent with visual or abdominal migraines. Presenting pain scores, asses...


Background: Patients face difficulties identifying appropriate physicians owing to the sizeable quantity and uneven quality of information in physician rating websites. Therefore, an increasing dependence of consumers on online platforms as a source of information for decision-making has given rise to the need for further research into the quality of information in the form of online physician reviews (OPRs). Methods: Drawing on the signaling theory, this study develops a theoretical model to examine how linguistic signals (affective signals and informative signals) in physician rating websites affect consumers' decision making. The hypotheses are tested using 5521 physicians' six-month data drawn from two leading health rating platforms in the U.S (i.e., Healthgrades.com and Vitals.com) during the COVID-19 pandemic. A sentic computing-based sentiment analysis framework is used to implicitly analyze patients' opinions regarding their treatment choice. Results: The results indicate that negative sentiment, review readability, review depth, review spelling, and information helpfulness play a significant role in inducing patients' decision-making. The influence of negative sentiment, review depth on patients' treatment choice was indirectly mediated by information helpfulness. Conclusions: This paper is a first step toward the understanding of the linguistic characteristics of information relating to the patient experience, particularly the emerging field of online health behavior and signaling theory. It is also the first effort to our knowledge that employs sentic computing-based sentiment analysis in this context and provides implications for practice.


Strong thunderstorms and severe weather events are some of the most significant and frequent threats to the electrical grid infrastructure. Outages resulting from storms can be very costly. While some tools are available to predict storm induced damage, they are typically very crude and provide little forecasting means to facilitate restoration. This study developed a methodology to use historical high-resolution (both temporal and spatial) radar observations of storm characteristics and outage information to develop weather condition dependent failure rate models (FRMs) for different types of generic grid components. Such models can estimate outage numbers in small areas of a utility's service territory once the new weather data becomes available as the input to the models.


Poly--glutamic acid (-PGA) was mixed natural flora of Bacillus subtilis, contaminated from cooked soybeans. Also, it was performed to find out the antiallergic activity by using NC/Nga mice, in vitro. The -PGA (PGA-HM : PGA-high molecular weight), Molecular weight 300 kDa, was decomposed and made PGA-LM (PGA-low molecular weight) which has molecular weight below 30 kDa by sonication. Therefore, it was same result between PGA-HM and PGA-LM, and reported PGA-LM as basic result. We found that PGA-LM contains antiallergic efficacy that inhibit B cells and Th2 cells activation from isolated CD4+T cells in NC/Nga atopic dermatitis model mice, and not show a cytotoxicity in the hFCs. To investigate the effects of these PGA-LM in vitro, isolation of splenic B cell and CD4+ T cells in atopic dermatitis mice were used. To elucidate the role of PGA-LM in anti-CD40+ interleukin-4 (IL-4)-mediated B-cell activation, showed that the capacity of B cells to expression IL-, IL-6, and TNF- mRNA down-regulated, and IL-10 mRNA up-regulation by PGA-LM treatment, but it had no effect on TGF- expression. In addition to CD4+IFN-+ and CD4+CD25+foxp3+, the functions of PGA-LM in the development of the CD4+CD25+foxp3+ and CD4+IFN-+cells, the phenotype and functions of PGA-LM induced CD4+CD25+foxp3+, and CD4+IFN-+cells in CD4+T cells. These results suggested that PGA-LM could change cytokine production and generate CD4+CD25+foxp3+ Tregs in NC/Nga mice, and may be effective for immunotherapy in patients with AD.


the second is the primacy given to the concept of †̃¿ alcoholism' as a disease entity, which in contrast to the UK incorporates a whole range of health and social consequences that arise out of injudicious as well as addictive drinking. Despite the title, which suggest a rather narrow focus, the book in fact addresses a wide range ofother alcohol related topics such as epidemiology and the effects of alcohol on the body systems. A further section of the book is devoted to alcohol problems in †̃¿ special groups' such as young people, women, the elderly, and the American Indians. An interesting chapter is concerned with drinking problems within the nursing profession, a much-neglected topic. Counsellinga person with alcohol problems ispercep tivelydescribed in a chapter which contains much good sense and immediately reveals that whatever the rhetoric which surrounds issues such as diagnosis on either side of the Atlantic, the skills required of the sensitive and experienced counsellor are universal. Group and family therapy receive considerable attention, as do the perspectives of AA and Al-Anon, but there is little space devoted to the organisation and co-ordination of services. Chapters on cognitive and behavioural approaches describe more recent developments. Work and research from outside the United States receives scant mention, and the book is designed principally and rightly for its own culture. This will make it of limited usefulness to readers in the UK, although there are undoubtedly chapters which will stimulate and inform. Perhaps its principal value is as a reminder to health professionals in this country that we should take postgraduate training in the management of alcohol problems much more seriously than we do at present.


Describes the development of a fixed vision system which can recover the local surface structure of highly specular objects. The system utilizes a commercial trinocular stereo vision system and a low-power two-dimensional illuminant. The local surface structure of an object is obtained by projecting coded light patterns onto the object. As many objects are neither fully specular nor fully diffuse, the statistical method of mixture models is used to divide an object into specular and diffuse components in order to recover local surface structure from both specular and diffuse regions. The system was originally designed to assist in the in situ repair and maintenance of man-made orbital objects. One of the key challenges facing computer vision systems used in space is the presence of specular surfaces on virtually all man-made orbital objects. Because it was designed to be used in outer space, the system was designed to operate without traditional high-powered illuminants, such as laser beams, whose radiation can interfere with sensitive space instruments. While the system was designed to operate in outer space, it offers many other practical non-space applications.


This research aimed to find out the students difficulties in answering reading comprehension questions of report text and the causes of the students difficulties in answering reading comprehension questions of report text. The participants of this research were 63 third grade students at SMPN 1 Bengkulu Selatan. This research used descriptive quantitative as research design. The data were obtained through the reading comprehension test and interview section. The reading comprehension test was adapted from Mandiri textbook published by Tiga Serangkai consisted 25 questions of multiple choice. The reading comprehension test was validated by using the interpretation guidelines according to SPSS. In reliability obtains by using Cronbach's Alpha formula in SPSS software. The result of this research showed that students faced some difficulties in answering reading comprehension questions of report text and there were some causes of their difficulties in answering reading comprehension questions of report text. The students difficulties in answering reading comprehension questions were locating pronouns, understanding vocabulary and making inference. Making inference became the most difficult aspect with percentage of students who answered questions about making inference incorrectly was 73%. The causes of students difficulties in answering reading comprehension questions of report text were lack of vocabulary, lack of strategies and lack of interest or motivation.


This paper introduces the composing and operational principle of future shipboard integrative radio-frequency system and digital array radar,expatiates the superiority of the application of digital array radar technology to the shipboard integrative radio-frequency system in detail,at the same time illuminates some problems that the digital array radar must conquer currently,finally prospects the development trend of shipboard integrative radio-frequency system based on the digital array radar technology.


The lump-shaped articles (1) of a few centimetres in diameter are fed on a conveyor band (3) and are supplied by means of deflecting flaps (24) to a plurality of parallel channels (20), from which they pass into feed vessels (7) having at least one chamber (8). The articles are decanted out of these chambers (8) into containers (4) running through under the chambers (8). Light barriers (L1, L2, L3) ensure that a build-up of articles occurring in the channels is broken down before new articles are supplied to the respective channel. A further light barrier (L4) counts the articles (1) located in the chamber (8) and causes these to be emptied into a container (4) when a predetermined number of articles is present in the chamber.


Two confidential surveys provide insight into patterns of substance abuse among the next generation of physicians. The first was a national survey sent


In this paper, an experimentation lab kit for mechatronics training and control learning is proposed, which integrates tangible and virtual building blocks using the concept of interchangeable components. Interchangeable components represent either real physical or virtual devices or software. The proposed solution opens interoperability with different construction sets allowing the construction of small mechatronics systems. Our goal is to provide a learning tool, which supports experience-based learning in mechatronics education and training.


Nanomedicine is the emerging new field of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and cure of diseases with nanoscale tools and methods. Nanotechnology together with system biology, integrated microfluidics and molecular imaging are being integrated to provide molecular diagnostics and to design pharmacological interventions. Nitroxidative stress and inflammatory reactions are thought to be an important contribution to neuronal damage in stroke, hemorrhagic shock, and in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This presentation will show a newly developed nanotechnological methods for in vivo and in vitro monitoring of several molecules important in the function and dysfunction of neurons and endothelial cells in the brain as well as in the peripheral nervous system. Nanosensors (diameter 100–250 nm) have been developed to monitor the concentrations of more than 15 different molecules including nitric oxide, dopamine, serotonin, carbon monoxide, superoxide, peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide, L-arginine, L-citruline, hydroxyl radicals, oxygen, nitrotyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, NADPH, NADH, glutamate and SOD. These molecules may be involved in cascade of reactions leading to nitroxidative stress and inflammation. The response time of these sensors is 1–10 s with detection limits of 10–9–10–10 moles/l. The sensors can detect sub-attomoles (10–18 moles) of analyte in picoto femtoliter volumes of single neurons or endothelial cells. This work discusses the applications of these sensors to measure signaling, nitroxidative stress and inflammation in the brain during stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, hypovolemia and in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and ALS. Several examples of emerging technologies including Fourier transform electrochemical imaging will be presented to illustrate specific developments and values to pharmaceutical portfolio development.


This research focuses on the family socioeconomic influence on students' academic performance. Based on the TIMSS 2003 Data of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), I made an analysis of the questionnaires and the mathematic academic achievements of 8th graders involved in order to examine the family socioeconomic influence on the students' math performance. The influence of Gross National Income per Capita on national math performance is taken into consideration during the research process. The number of the countries and areas involved in the TIMSS 2003 is 47. This research covers ten countries of the highest Cross National Income per Capita and ten countries of the lowest respectively in order to conclude the factors that influence the mathematic academic achievement in different countries and to examine the socioeconomic factors of students' math performance in a certain country. The conclusions are followed: 1. The raise of Gross National Income per Capita can be beneficial to students' math performance. 2. The factors of volume of books at home, family educational resources and the highest education of parents are related to the students' mathematic academic achievement. 3. The factor of language (the use of target language at home) is not related to students' mathematic academic achievement due to the influence of the composition of people, cultures and religions. The following suggestions are offered: 1. The wealthy countries should offer assistance for those economically-disadvantaged countries to raise Gross National Income per Capita of the latter. 2. The government should strengthen social education to boost family education. 3. The government should promote adult education and recurrent education to upgrade the education of parents. Keywords:family socioeconomic status (SES); TIMSS 2003; mathematics achievement


18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a standard functional diagnostic technique to in vivo image cancer. Different quantitative paramters can be extracted from PET images and used as in vivo cancer biomarkers. Between PET biomarkers Metabolic Tumor Volume (MTV) has gained an important role in particular considering the development of patient-personalized radiotherapy treatment for non-homogeneous dose delivery. Different imaging processing methods have been developed to define MTV. The different proposed PET segmentation strategies were validated in ideal condition (e.g. in spherical objects with uniform radioactivity concentration), while the majority of cancer lesions doesn't fulfill these requirements. In this context, this work has a twofold objective: 1) to implement and optimize a fully automatic, threshold-based segmentation method for the estimation of MTV, feasible in clinical practice 2) to develop a strategy to obtain anthropomorphic phantoms, including non-spherical and non-uniform objects, miming realistic oncological patient conditions. The developed PET segmentation algorithm combines an automatic threshold-based algorithm for the definition of MTV and a k-means clustering algorithm for the estimation of the background. The method is based on parameters always available in clinical studies and was calibrated using NEMA IQ Phantom. Validation of the method was performed both in ideal (e.g. in spherical objects with uniform radioactivity concentration) and non-ideal (e.g. in non-spherical objects with a non-uniform radioactivity concentration) conditions. The strategy to obtain a phantom with synthetic realistic lesions (e.g. with irregular shape and a non-homogeneous uptake) consisted into the combined use of standard anthropomorphic phantoms commercially and irregular molds generated using 3D printer technology and filled with a radioactive chromatic alginate. The proposed segmentation algorithm was feasible in a clinical context and showed a good accuracy both in ideal and in realistic conditions.


Company shareholders demand business growth that delivers increasing returns on their investment, in absolute terms. There are three initial routes management can take to achieve that objective: * Reducing costs and increasing sales volume. * Expanding markets. * Making acquisitions. These strategies will deliver growth for some period of time but ultimately they come to a natural end. After all, you can only reduce costs . . . increase sales . . . expand geographically . . . acquire other companies . . . until at some point there is no more there, as a practical matter. On the other hand, new product development can serve as an infinite wellspring of profitable business growth. Genuine new product development is more than incremental improvements and additions to current product lines (which is a "way of life," continually, routinely accomplished by all companies, simply to sustain their current business). New product development, rightfully, means the development of innovative products that command higher margins. Successful new products must be right for the company's capabilities and right for the market's needs-a double win! But that can be difficult. When the company is a business unit of a "family of companies," that can be doubly difficult. Growth By Acquisition Most large multi-divisional corporations have reached their present size by acquisition-some by acquiring a proliferation of diverse companies that make products bearing no apparent relationship to one another (e.g., Ingersoll-Rand, ITW, Tyco), and some by acquiring a portfolio of companies supplying products that possess some commonality. For example: * For Masco, it is plumbing. * ACCO Brands-office products * Avery-Dennison-paper-related products . . . and it's good if they're sticky. * Newell-Rubbermaid-home or office thermoplastic accessories. Left to their own devices, most multi-divisional corporations (in my experience) rarely develop a genuinely new product, that is, an addition to their product offerings that is not simply an incremental variation to their current line. In too many instances, "ROI" seems to stand for Rejection of Innovation! There is tremendous pressure these days on top management in U.S. corporations to "manage by the bottom line"-to perform well as measured by return-oninvestment over the short-term, immediate-past period. That pressure is applied to corporate executives by the tyranny of the stock market; the pressure is applied in turn by those executives on their own division managers. The reasons for this short-term orientation are well-known: financially-trained managers at the top . . . intolerance of error and even temporary setbacks . . . impatience with slow-growth new products (those that take a while to hit their stride and begin contributing to profits) . . . relatively short tenure in a given job, particularly for "fast-track" executives . . . and the necessity for top managers of multi-divisional corporations to rely heavily on financial controls and "management by exception." For instance, I once met with the chief executive of a large manufacturer of corks for wine bottles, and we got to talking about the effect of productivity on profits. He reported that he had just authorized the expansion of their production capacity (to keep up with the growing demand for the product), by constructing an additional facility at a different location, with exactly the identical plant layout, machinery and equipment as their original factory. I asked the executive: "Oh, I assume that was probably to ensure consistent quality and give you logistical flexibility?" "No," he replied, "not really. I wanted to compare the performance of the two general managers, directly against each other, no excuses, everything else the same!" Do you believe that either of these managers would venture to develop a new product? …


This  study  examines  the  role  of  CEO  narcissism  to  earnings  management.  Samples  are non-financial companies listed in  Indonesian  Stock  Exchange.  Three indicators are  used  to reflect the CEO's  narcissistic  nature:  CEO  photograph,  CEO  publicity,  and  CEO's social  media. Overall, the principal component analysis of the narcissism variable is not able  to  explain  earnings  management.  After  splitting  the  indicators,  the  results  show empirical  evidence  that  CEO  publicity  affects  earnings management.  This  study  also documented  that  CEO  publicity  stimulates  earnings  management  for  firms  with  more profitability. These findings contribute  to  earnings  management  literature  by  providing  evidence  that  profitability positively  affects  earnings  management,  especially  for firms with  higher CEO narcissism measured by CEO publicity.


Aim: In the article the situation is discussed where the refusal by an energy supplier to connect other companies to join the network, will be treated (in Poland and the EU) as a prohibited abuse of a dominant position by this company. The identification of such practices is important because EU sectoral legislation does not contain specific provisions requiring companies managing and operating oil pipelines to conclude agreements with other companies to join their networks or to deliver oil. Design / Research methods: The aim of the article was achieved through doctrinal analysis of the relevant Polish and EU law and by analyzing guidelines issued by EU bodies. In the study, also functional analysis is applied, allowing to examine the functioning of the law. Conclusions / findings: Access to oil pipelines and the sale of their transmission capacity are determined by the network owners themselves. These owners are private oil companies, not being regulated by European Union law. The obligation to connect other entities to its own network by power transmission companies in Poland results only from the general provisions of Polish competition law. It is shown that refusal to access the network is a manifestation of prohibited abuse of dominant position, which is prohibited whenever the dominant activity is detrimental to allocation efficiency. In particular this concerns the case when the supply of goods or services objectively necessary for effective competition on the market in general is denied, and leads to the elimination of effective competition in the market and/or harm to consumers. Originality / value of the article: The article discusses the reasons for the legal obligation for energy companies involved in the transmission of crude oil to connect other companies into their own network. This obligation significantly influences the business conducted by the transmission companies. Implications of the research: The presented research results are useful for assessing decisions issued by the President of UOKiK (the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection) and in the judgments of Polish common courts and EU courts.


A racing tire is provided to improve grip, especially cornering, because the surface rubber layer is made of rubber composition. A racing tire comprises a tread, a sidewall(2) and a bead(3). The tread is comprised of a reinforcing belt(11) and a tread rubber layer. The tread rubber layer is divided into a surface rubber layer(5) and a lower rubber layer(4). The surface rubber layer is made of rubber composition for racing tire tread.


Multitemporal change analysis is one of the essential purposes for discovering knowledge from various remote sensing terrestrial earth observation techniques. Particularly, the China Gaofen-5 (GF-5) hyperspectral imager provides a new data source for multitemporal change analysis. Its 330 bands, 60 km swath width and 5–10 nm spectrum resolutions make it captures subtle changes in spectrum responses of ground objects across different images. Unfortunately, its 30 spatial resolution still hinders its accurate geospatial location in some specific applications. Therefore, we explore state-of-the-art data fusion methods and seek an appropriate fusing method of GF-5 hyperspectral and GF-1 multispectral data to benefit multitemporal change analysis. We utilize four image fusion methods and implement six evaluation criteria to holistically evaluate the performance of different methods. Experimental results on three datasets of Taihu Lake and Poyang Lake in China show that the Modulation transfer functions-generalized Laplacian pyramid (MTF-GLP) has smaller spectral distortion, better spatial fidelity and requires moderate computational time than the other three methods. It accordingly can be a good choice for fusing GF-5 and GF-1 remote sensing data in both classification and multitemporal change analysis.


We study the properties of pions in twisted mass lattice QCD (with two degenerate flavors) using chiral perturbation theory ($\ensuremath{\chi}\mathrm{PT}$). We work to next-to-leading order (NLO) in a power-counting scheme in which ${m}_{q}\ensuremath{\sim}a{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{QCD}}^{2}$, with ${m}_{q}$ the physical quark mass and $a$ the lattice spacing. We argue that automatic $O(a)$ improvement of physical quantities at maximal twist, which has been demonstrated in general if ${m}_{q}\ensuremath{\gg}a{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{QCD}}^{2}$, holds even if ${m}_{q}\ensuremath{\sim}a{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{QCD}}^{2}$, as long as one uses an appropriate nonperturbative definition of the twist angle, with the caveat that we have shown this only through NLO in our chiral expansion. We demonstrate this with explicit calculations, for arbitrary twist angle, of all pionic quantities that involve no more than a single pion in the initial and final states: masses, decay constants, form factors, and condensates, as well as the differences between alternate definitions of twist angle. We also calculate the axial and pseudoscalar form factors of the pion, quantities which violate flavor and parity, and which vanish in the continuum limit. These are of interest because they are not automatically $O(a)$ improved at maximal twist. They allow a determination of the unknown low-energy constants introduced by discretization errors, and provide tests of the accuracy of $\ensuremath{\chi}\mathrm{PT}$ at NLO. We extend our results into the regime where ${m}_{q}\ensuremath{\sim}{a}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{QCD}}^{3}$, and argue in favor of a recent proposal that automatic $O(a)$ improvement at maximal twist remains valid in this regime.


This chapter argues that the lay understanding of games as fair and unbiased allowed World War II military officials to invoke game theory to resolve the thorny contradictions of imprisoning American citizens on racial grounds. A branch of applied mathematics which would eventually form the backbone of U.S. Cold War foreign policy as a "scientific" means of predicting enemy behavior, game theory has often been considered a defining discourse of Cold War America. Juxtaposing internment-era novels and military correspondence alongside game theory textbooks and popular media accounts, this chapter reveals, however, that a decade before it was applied to the "red menace," a prefiguration of game theory amplified and then neutralized the threat posed by the "inscrutable intentions" of one hundred thousand Japanese Americans by reframing their fervent claims of U.S. loyalty as little more than a bluff.


With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials with unique physical and chemical characteristics, have offered tremendous potential for biomedical application. Among them, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), a class of well-established nanoplatforms with different structures and compositions, have been widely used to develop drug delivery systems owing to their unique physical-chemical properties, such as tunable particle/pore size, high surface area and pore volume, easy surface modification, remarkable stability and biocompatibility, and high drug loading efficiency. Moreover, MSN-based nanocarriers with "zero premature release" property have proven to be excellent devices for drug delivery. A variety of fluorescent dyes and pharmaceutical drugs were encapsulated in MSNs for controlled release. In addition, numerous efforts have been made to develop smart nanovalves on the surface of MSN to provide on-command release of drug in response to different stimuli, including light, enzymes, pH, redox, temperature, and competitive molecules. Furthermore, the outer surface of MSN can be modified with various functional groups, that play critical roles (stealth or targeting) in overcoming the multistage barriers found in the drug delivery process. Fabrication of MSN-based, multifunctional, stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems can effectively encapsulate anticancer drugs and can maintain "zero premature release" before reaching the diseased site. Once they arrive at the tumor site with the aid of targeting groups, the nanodevice can be activated by a specific stimulus to release the drug. The delivery of anticancer drugs to a specific target site can alleviate toxic side effects and improve the therapeutic index of drugs; thus, achieving significantly enhanced anticancer efficiency. Herein, we reviewed various strategies for the design of stimuli-responsive, MSN-based drug delivery systems, and multifunctional MSN for targeted cancer therapy.


Introduction Is it possible to verify whether a statement is true, even without knowing the subject of the discussion? More precisely, is it possible to extract secure conclusions from a set of premises describing what you may not know? The answer is positive provided that the reasoning, from the accepted set of premises to the conclusions, is correct. The problem of verifying whether a reasoning is correct is one of the aims of logic since Aristotle. In particular, modern logic, that is logic since the Renaissance, aims at improving human reasoning and overcoming its fallacies, significantly by mechanizing reasoning. To this aim, it is necessary to improve logic passing from the syllogistic doctrine towards more powerful forms of reasoning and to devise a precise logical language free from the ambiguities of natural language: modern logic witnessed the birth of symbolic logic. Whereas Aristotelian and scholastic logic has a catalog approach, based on classification and categorization, modern logic is a calculus. In fact, in modern logic a symbolism must be devised, together with inference rules for manipulating symbols to discover new truths or to verify whether a conclusion can be derived from the premises. Today logic is considered a branch of mathematics and this mathematical entry into logic dates to the notable precursory works of Leibniz, who aimed at devising a lingua characteristica universalis, a universally characteristic language, and a calculus ratiocinator, a calculus of reason. However, Leibniz's works on logic were published only at the end of the 19 century, so the influence of his ideas on the emergence of modern logic has been very limited. In the 19 century, there was a main paradigm shift in mathematics: the perception that algebra could deal not only with numbers but, more abstractly, with symbols. It was in this milieu that George Boole arrived at a mathematical treatment of logic by proposing an algebra not of numbers, but of logic. As Boole writes in the introduction of his The Mathematical Analysis of Logic: "... the validity of the processes of analysis does not depend upon the interpretation of the symbols which are employed, but solely upon the laws of combination." Symbolic logic and in particular Boole's Boolean algebra has had major repercussions on computer science. In fact, in the first half of the twentieth century many scientists showed that the Boolean logic could be easily implemented in electronic circuits and could be used to build the various functions of a computer. Moreover, it is used in search engines and in database management systems to query data. As an example to illustrate Boolean algebra, we will show that it is possible to solve the following simple detective mystery case and establish the truth as a valid conclusion by applying only Boolean algebra.


Introduction and purpose: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) facilitates 3-dimensional visualization of the blood vessels. Nowadays, it becomes increasingly supportive in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) guiding in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This report presents IVUS-guided PCI performed on 43-year-old patient with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
Brief description of the state of knowledge: IVUS is an established intracoronary imaging technique that can be used in patients with AMI. It allows assessment of the plaque nature, stent selection and optmisation. An increasing body of evidence shows that IVUS-guided PCI is correlated with reduction in number of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), stent thrombosis and with less contrast use. Studies show, that IVUS can be used in patient with STEMI, as it is presented in this report.
Conclusion: This case illustrates IVUS-guided PCI performed on the patient with STEMI. It shows that it is crucial to consider using this technique in every patient with AMI, as it provides beneficial outcome of the treatment. It is particularly important in patients with complicated anatomy of the blood vessels and in patients with contraindications to the considerable contrast use.


1. An Overlooked Subject in Departure Reform Even before Koon v. United States1 calls encourag ing departure flexibility increased. Now after Koon, the subject has been the topic of widespread discus sion, symposia and not a few special issues.2 The Commission's staff had anticipated this debate with a 1995 discussion paper on departures and offender characteristics.3 The Departure Paper lays out the criticisms of the guidelines' departure theory, and the various options for reform, which range from minor tinkering to wholesale revamping. Often in guide line analysis, Indian offenses are forgotten, or merely labeled "Other." In so doing, the guidelines ignore the unique culture, legacy and history of the Indian tribes.4


Mobile sensing is an emerging technology that utilizes agent-participatory data for decision making or state estimation, including multimedia applications. This article investigates the structure of mobile sensing schemes and introduces crowdsourcing methods for mobile sensing. Inspired by social networks, one can establish trust among participatory agents to leverage the wisdom of crowds for mobile sensing. A prototype of social-network-inspired mobile multimedia and sensing application is presented for illustrative purposes. Numerical experiments on real-world datasets show improved performance of mobile sensing via crowdsourcing. Challenges for mobile sensing with respect to Internet layers are discussed.


Pain is common among older adults, and is often underreported because it is considered as part of the normal physiological changes that come with aging. Since self-report of pain is the gold standard in research and practice, it is important to use the appropriate pain assessment tools to facilitate self-report. Little is known which self-report pain assessment tools are most appropriate to use in cognitively intact older adults. Thus, the purpose of this review is to identify which tools have been recognized as appropriate tools for this population. A systematic search was conducted through indexed databases from January 1990 to December 2015. Two raters independently evaluated 35% of abstracts based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. A final set of 43 full articles was reviewed. There were 23 self-reported pain assessment tools including non-dimensional, unidimensional, and multidimensional tools. In this review, the Iowa Pain Thermometer, the 6-point Verbal Descriptor Scale, and the 11-point Verbal Numeric Rating Scale, the short form Brief Pain Inventory and the Geriatric Pain Measure were recognized as more suitable tools than any other tools in cognitively intact older adults across different settings. Only the Geriatric Painful Event Inventory and the Geriatric Pain Measure were developed specifically for older adults. Since 80% of older adults have at least one chronic disease, multidimensional tools such as the Geriatric Pain Measure may be more appropriate. More studies are needed to evaluate the psychometric tests of the Geriatric Pain Measure in different settings, racially diverse populations and diseases or clinical conditions.


Most of the available natural isolates of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have been examined and compared with the standard laboratory wild type (Bristol N2). Molecular markers, in particular transposon restriction fragment length polymorphisms, were used to assign these isolates to 22 different races, for which brood size and spontaneous male frequency were determined. Several distinctive traits were observed in some of these races. One example is m a b 2 , in a race from Vancouver, which leads to severe distortion of male genitalia and prevents male mating. Another is gro-1, segregating in a Californian race, which is associated with slow growth, heat resistance and longevity. Many races differ from N2 in carrying a dominant allele at the plg-1 locus, causing copulatory plug formation by males. Properties and possible advantages of the plugging trait have been investigated. The dominant plg-1 allele does not lead to increased male mating efficiency, but males from a Stanford race (CB4855), in which the plugging trait was first observed, are much more virile than N2 males. Crosses between N2 and CB4855 indicate that the higher virility is due to multiple factors. Size differences between N2 and CB4855 are associated with factors mapping to LGV and LGX. T HE nematode Caenorhabditis eleguns has now become established as a standard experimental system for the investigation of a great variety of phenomena in biology: cell lineage, differentiation, cell death, aging, sex determination, myogenesis, neuronal guidance and specification, to name only a few. One reason for the usefulness of this species is that its structure, development and genome are sufficiently simple to permit exhaustive descriptions. The complete cell lineage, cellular anatomy and neuronal wiring were determined some time ago; more recently, an essentially complete physical map of the genome has been assembled, and this is now being exploited to generate complete sequence coverage (HODGKIN et al. 1995; WATEFSTON and SULSTON 1995). By late 1996, more than half of the 100 million bp of the genome had been sequenced. This wealth of molecular information is complemented by detailed genetic studies on many hundreds of genes, defined by thousands of mutations. Almost all of the research carried out on C. elegans has addressed the properties of this animal in a single laboratory environment, growth on the surface of agar plates using Escherichia coli as a food source. However, understanding an organism in depth must also entail intimate knowledge of its natural ecology, population genetics and evolutionary history. There exists a large contrast between extensive knowledge of C. elegans as an experimental system, and great ignorance about its natural environment and ecology. The genome seCorresponding authmrJonathan Hodgkin, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom. E-mail: email@example.com San Francisco, CA 94143. 'Pre.wnt address: Department of Physiology, University of California, Genetics 146: 149-164 (May, 1995) quencing project is revealing the existence of thousands of predicted genes of entirely unknown function. It is possible that many of these enigmatic genes have roles that may only become apparent in a natural situation. Moreover, all organisms that are alive today exist only as a consequence of several billion years of evolutionary history, and inevitably carry some of that history with them. C. elegans and its ancestors probably occupied various different habitats and ecological niches in the past, and some parts of its genome may reflect specializations that are no longer relevant or assayable today. Examination of the natural history of C. elegans and comparisons with related species should be informative


Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Video theory in new media 1.1 Video, a Parasite 6 1.2 New Media Research 9 1.3 New Media Technologies 11 1.4 Medium and Technology 16 Chapter 2: Surveying video practice 2.1 Medium and Content 20 2.2 Video Feedback 22 2.3 Video Structures 23 2.4 eurovision 28 2.5 Vogging 30 Chapter 3: Case Study One 3.


Objective
To study the pathogenic spectrum of enteroviruse (EV) in the samples of child influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Xuzhou city.

Methods
In 2018, 1 282 throat swab specimens of ILI cases in Xuzhou Children's Hospital were collected for genotyping of influenza virus and EV. Nested PCR with specific EV primers was used. The amplicons were sequenced and were analyzed by certain bioinformatic softwares.

Results
Of the 1 282 ILI cases, 161 cases were influenza virus positive and the positive rate was 12.56% (161/1 282). Thirty cases were EV positive and the positive rate was 2.34% (30/1 282). Six genotypes of EV, including coxsackievirus (CV) A5, CVA6, CVA10, CVB3, CVB5 and EV-D68 were obtained and the percentages of positive were 10.00% (3/30), 3.33% (1/30), 10.00% (3/30), 6.67% (2/30), 20.00% (6/30) and 50.00% (15/30), respectively.

Conclusions
EV-D68 and other types of EV were detected from child ILI cases in Xuzhou city. The detection rate were higher in summer and autumn when influenza virus were usually negative. Surveillance scale and time should be extended for further understanding of the epidemiological patterns, so as to provide data support for early warning as well as prevention and control of relevant epidemics.

Key words:
Child case of influenza-like illness; Enterovirus; EV-D68


The writing thought of "spontaneous writing to express one's mind and inspiration well"put forward by three Su's(Namely,Su Shi,Su Xun and Su Zhe)was to eliminate the euphuism of"the highly elaborate and artificial style of writing "in the early Northern Song Dynasty. Most importantly,this idea expressed the value of the works for the sake of "spontaneous writing of one's mind":it was the self expression of the author's suppressed mind and spirit that flashed upon the mind frequently. For the writer,to produce the works of "spontaneous writing of one's mind",he or she had to copy his or her own familiar life.The article proves the correctness of the"spontaneous writing to express one's mind and inspiration well"by citing many instances of creation from the masters in literature such as Ba Jin and Mao Dun.


The research progress of microencapsulated phase change material suspensions is introduced.The experimental system of laminar heat transfer characteristics in microencapsulated phase change material suspensions is established.The laminar forced convection heat transfer of the suspensions in a circular tube under heating condition with constant heat flux density is tested and analyzed.The key factors affecting the heat transfer enhancement are Reynolds number and volumetric fraction of micro-capsule,and the influence of Stefan number is negligible.The correct Nusselt number for the laminar heat transfer of the suspensions in a circular tube is higher than that for water by a factor of 2.5 to 3.0,and the correct Nusselt number increases with increasing Reynolds number and volumetric fraction of micro-capsule.


This paper shows preliminary results of an ongoing research project entitled Social Integration Strategies and Racism Prevention in Schools . The paper is based upon ethnographic research that pursues two different approaches: fieldwork in the «Aula de Enlace » (Linking Classroom) program in a chartered school in the Community of Madrid, which fieldwork the author started in May 2005, and an institutional analysis of the policy of the Board of Education of the Community of Madrid with regard to diversity in schools.


Nanoemulsions (NE) are a colloidal delivery system with increased interest in food science due to properties such as high encapsulation efficiency, high surface area and control release capacity, improving the bioavailability and stability of lipophilic compounds. Curcumin is a lipophilic compound already used as spice or colorant in food products. Besides, it exhibits a wide range of health benefits such as anti-oxidant, anti-tumoral and anti-inflammatory activities. However, this compound has poor solubility in aqueous solutions and low bioavailability. Therefore, the development of novel delivery systems to improve curcumin's bioavailability is of utmost importance, as well as understanding their behavior in gastrointestinal tract and assessing their safety. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of two emulsifiers, lecithin (LEC) (bio-based emulsifier) and Tween 80 (TWE) (GRAS emulsifier), in a curcumin-enriched-NE formulation when submitted to in vitro digestion and to assess their cytotoxicity. NE were characterized in each step of digestion through size, ζ-potential and morphology. At the end of digestion, free fatty acids (FFA) released and curcumin's bioaccessibility was determined. Cytotoxicity of both NE was evaluated on Caco-2 cell line through the MTT assay. NE-LEC showed some instability at gastric phase, showing an increase in the particle size. NETWE showed to be stable until intestinal phase, where an increase in their particle size occurred. NE-TWE presented a higher concentration of FFA released when compared with NE-LEC, showing that TWE enhanced the lipid digestibility. Despite of difference in FFA released, NE-LEC and NE-TWE presented similar curcumin's bioaccessibility. Both formulations presented high cell viability at all concentrations tested, indicative of low cytotoxicity. This work contributed to the development of NE with improved curcumin bioaccessibility using only ingredients with GRAS status and to their application in food sector by combining essential data on in vitro digestion and safety of different formulations.


This study aimed to develop the Romblon legends in comic book form. Specifically, it aimed to investigate the background of Romblomanon legends in the three languages that could be used for promoting Filipino values of children who are still in the process of assimilating the culture of Romblon, investigate ways to conserve and develop these legends into a comic book form and determine the rating of the comic book as supplementary learning resource materials (SLR) in the elementary level as rated by the Learning Resource Management Development System (LRMDS) Team of DepEd. The Evaluation Rating Sheet for Story Book was used in determining the appropriateness of the SLR material in terms of content, format, and technical aspects; and solicited comments and suggestions from the respondents that served as inputs for the improvement and revision of the legends in Comic book form. It is a descriptive-evaluative investigation. The research area is the whole Romblon Province. The research sample was determined through a dragnet method wherein key informants, casual informants, and general informants were identified in the field. Evidence was gathered from document analysis and field research. Data collection tools were observation, interviews, and focus group discussions. The research was conducted in five stages: planning, development, validation, final output, and dissemination. Of the four legends, 10 Romblomanon values were extracted and incorporated into the stories. It is highly recommended that the streamlined five-stage development process may be used for the comic book development of the rest of the undocumented legends of Romblon.


Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to know about thedifferences between gender and style of answer the question ofundergraduate students in V semester of Government Science field,Syariah Faculty, UIN Sulthan Thaha Syaifuddin, Jambi, 2018/2019academic year. This study employed statistic descriptive analyze bychi-square and determined four variable, named R3Mr. The studyfound that there is a difference between gender and style of answerquestion, which is male students dominated in R1 and Mr variable, thepercentage of R1 and Mr variable are 70.7% and 62.5%, while thefemale students are in R2 and R3 variable, that is 62.5% and 53.3%


ABSTRACT The National Library of Medicine works to ensure the continuity of access to medical resources during emergencies and times of disaster. The Disaster Information Management Research Center provides numerous resources for mobile users to access and covers a wide range of topics. A natural progression has occurred starting back in 2009 with the one-shelf disaster library to the 2013's digital go bag and can be continued locally by libraries with disaster devices.


To explore the nest survival rate of Reeves's pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) and the nest-site factors that affect it, we conducted artificial nest experiments with reference to natural nests at Dongzhai National Nature Reserve (DNNR), Henan Province and Pingjingguan, Hubei Province from April to June 2014 simulating the situation in its early and later breeding season. We also determined distance characteristics of the nest sites using ArcGIS 10.0. Nest survival models were constructed in Program MARK for data analysis. Results indicated that in the early breeding season, the apparent survival rate (ASR) in DNNR (52.4%) was significantly greater than that in Pingjingguan (13.5%), and the ASR in the later breeding season in DNNR (26.7%) was not indistinctively correlated with Pingjingguan (3.2%). The daily survival rate (DSR) in the later breeding season was 93.8% in DNNR and 92.0% in Pingjingguan, respectively. The DSRs were both negatively correlated with nest distance to forest edges and settlements. The DSR in Pingjingguan was positively correlated with nest distance to paths and negatively correlated with nest distance to water sources. However, the DSR in DNNR was negatively correlated with nest distance to paths but positively correlated with nest distance to water sources.


SummaryWe have investigated the interaction of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, a non-nodulating endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the intercellular spaces of sugarcane, with Arabidopsis thaliana and the crop plants maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), oilseed rape (Brassica napus), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), and white clover (Trifolium repens). Using seedlings grown aseptically in sucrose-containing culture media, we have shown that inoculation with very low numbers of G. diazotrophicus results in extensive intracellular colonization of root meristems and progressive systemic intracellular root colonization. Light microscopic examination of thin sections of resin-embedded root tips of Arabidopsis and these crop plants inoculated with β-glucuronidase (GUS)-labeled and with NifH promoter-GUS-labeled G. diazotrophicus showed blue-stained G. diazotrophicus within the cytoplasm of root cells, indicating that intracellular conditions were suitable for nitrogenase gene expression. Electron microscopy confirmed that these bluestained intracellular G. diazotrophicus were within membrane-bounded vesicles. We discuss whether these novel inoculations with G. diazotrophicus are likely to enable non-nodular endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation and whether these inoculations can also provide a plant system to investigate the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic organelles.


World Health Organization (WHO) (2005) reported that 52% of pregnant women are anemic in developing countries. Anemia in pregnancy is an important health problem in efforts to improve public health with respect to maternal and child health. This study aims to determine the relationship between the diet and hemoglobin levels of anemic pregnant women nutrient supplements recipient in Barru. Type of research is analytic study with cross-sectional. The study population was anemic and pregnant women receive nutritional supplements in the working area health centers. Samples totaling 131 people in total were taken with a sampling method. Respondents intake data obtained from the 24-hour Recall and Food Frequency. The results showed that in all health centers Fe intake of the study sites had significant association with hemoglobin levels of pregnant women. In Lisu health centers with a P value = 0.006, Pekkae health center with p = 0.021 and at health centers Padongko with p = 0.000. The conclusion from this study is that there is a significant association between iron intake of pregnant women with anemia hemoglobin status at all study sites working area health centers. there was no significant association between the consumption of foods fe facilitating absorption of hemoglobin status of pregnant women with anemia.


Background Changes in criteria and differences in populations studied and methodology have produced a wide range of prevalence estimates for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods Uniform criteria were applied to harmonized data from 11 studies from USA, Europe, Asia and Australia, and MCI prevalence estimates determined using three separate definitions of cognitive impairment. Results The published range of MCI prevalence estimates was 5.0%–36.7%. This was reduced with all cognitive impairment definitions: performance in the bottom 6.681% (3.2%–10.8%); Clinical Dementia Rating of 0.5 (1.8%–14.9%); Mini-Mental State Examination score of 24–27 (2.1%–20.7%). Prevalences using the first definition were 5.9% overall, and increased with age (P < .001) but were unaffected by sex or the main races/ethnicities investigated (Whites and Chinese). Not completing high school increased the likelihood of MCI (P ≤ .01). Conclusion Applying uniform criteria to harmonized data greatly reduced the variation in MCI prevalence internationally.


Artificial Intelligence can play a key role in healthcare; however, due to patient confidentiality (HIPAA), we are unable to process this information without putting up some boundaries. This boundary comes in the form of RGB-D data; it prevents us from seeing a face or a distinguishing personal characteristic in videos. This project attempts to detect a person from any viewpoint in Stanford Health's RGB-D data. The goal is to create a detection system that will be able to identify a person from any view point. This will allow nurses and doctors to sense problems such as if a person suddenly fell or if the person has not moved in days. An SVM with HOG descriptor as features is used as a baseline. A 6-layer CNN classifier is proposed as a better system to classify the object.


The present invention relates to a method for determining a representative of a combination of terms relating to the natural sentence. Determining from the beginning of the sentence number corresponding to respective terms, the term term matching the combination word in the sentence. The natural language sentence into phrases, phrases, and complex comprising first and second simple phrases extracted from the complex phrases. Based in part on (a) from the beginning of the sentence number corresponding to respective terms, the term term matching the combination word in the sentence, all terms (b) all contain the combination of the first and / or second simple phrases and (c) whether the combination of all terms are included in the complex, but the phrase is not included in the first and / or second simple phrase, the representative of the determined combination, the term relating to how well the sentence.


This paper describes the reform of a sophomore-level course in computer organization for the Computer Science BS curriculum at the University of Texas at El Paso, an urban minority-serving institution, where Java and integrated IDEs have been adopted as the only language and development environments used in the first three semesters of study. This effort was motivated by faculty observations and industry feedback indicating that upper-division students and graduates were failing to achieve mastery of non-garbage-collected, strictly imperative languages, such as C. The similarity of C variable semantics to the underlying machine model enables simultaneous mastery of both C and assembly-language programming and exposes implementation details that are difficult to teach independently, such as subroutine linkage and management of stack frame. An online lab manual has been developed for this course that is freely available for extension or use by other institutions. In this paper, we report on pedagogical techniques for facilitating student understanding of the relationships between high-level language constructs, such as algebraic expression syntax, block-structured control-flow structures, and composite data types, and their implementations in machine code.


Stoler, Mark A. A Half Century of Conflict: Interpretations of US World War II Diplomacy. Diplomatic History 18 (Summer 1994). Louis, William Roger and Ronald Robinson. The Imperialism of Decolonization. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 22 (September 1994). Sbrega, John J. Determination versus Drift: The Anglo-American Debate over the Trusteeship Issue, 1941-1945. Pacific Historical Review 55 (May 1986). Sheffield, G.D. The Anglo-American Alliance, 1941-45. The Journal of Mississippi History 57 (Winter 1995). Phillips, Hugh. Mission to America: Maksim M. Litvinov in the United States, 1941-43. Diplomatic History 12 (Summer 1988). Maclean, Elizabeth Kimball. Joseph E. Davies and Soviet-American Relations, 1941-1943. Diplomatic History 4 (Winter 1980). Resis, Albert. Spheres of Influence in Soviet Wartime Diplomacy. The Journal of Modern History 53 (September 1981). Garrett, Crister S. and Stephen A. Garrett. Death and Politics: The Katyn Forest Massacre and American Foreign Policy. East European Quarterly 20 (Winter 1986). Ma, Xiaohua. The Sino-American Alliance During World War II and the Lifting of the Chinese Exclusion Acts. American Studies International 38 (June 2000). Dinnerstein, Leonard. America, Britain, and Palestine: The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry and the Displaced Persons, 1945-46. Diplomatic History 4 (Summer 1980). McFarland, Stephen L. A Peripheral View of the Origins of the Cold War: The Crises in Iran, 1941-47. Diplomatic History 4 (Fall 1980): 333-51. Thorne, Christopher. Indochina and Anglo-American Relations, 1942-1945. Pacific Historical Review 45 (February 1976). Gallicchio, Marc. The Other China Hands: USArmy Officers and America's Failure in China, 1941-1950. The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 3 (Spring 1995). Villa, Brian L. The US Army, Unconditional Surrender, and the Potsdam Declaration. The Journal of American History 64 (June 1976).


Fair trial is the right of every accused. Fair trial is a trial which is expeditious an din expensive, with full impartiality and honesty throughout the proceedings. It become unfair where it causes harassment or prejudice of any kind to the accused. It also becomes unfair where there is bias behind it. Article 10 and 15 of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973 are based on the concept of a fair trial. Every accused person is entitled to a fair trial and the concept of fair trial necessarily proceeds on the premise that a trial shall be held without inordinate delay. There is difference between accusation and conviction. Accusation may be the outcome of mere suspicion and it is the test at the trial going through which an allegation is proved beyond all reasonable doubt. In this paper it has been explained as on what grounds this discretionary power of adjournment of the proceedings can be exercised.Grounds are sound reasons that justify the postponement the hearing of a case. It varies from case to case. But still there are certain circumstances which when exist a case for an adjournment is fairly made out. The right of the Complainant are also to be honoured and protected and a fair balance is to be maintained between the respective rights of the Complainant and the accused.The superior judiciary in Pakistan has interpreted this right of the accused which is presented in the main contents of this article which covers the historical, analytical and ethical dimensions on the subject.


Objective To explore the mode, feasibility, adjustment key points and current problems in up-down transferring of community health services. Methods Data were collected and analyzed by utilizing the transition records. Results During recent 3 years, Among 923 cases enrolled in up-down transferring, 753 cases were transferred from community health services to hospitals, and 170 cases were transferred from hospitals to community health services. 386 cases (51.26%) of the patients transferring to hospitals were transferred because of the severity of the disease, and 78 cases (45.88%) of the patients transferring to community health services were transferred because of the un-affordability; the major diseases for up transferring were cardiovascular and cerebral vascular diseases, and for down transferring is cerebral apoplexy. Conclusion There still are some problems in up-down transferring, it's necessary to strengthen policy support and coordination, and improve the quality of community health services.


The need for gathering, organizing and archiving information becomes a challenging issue because of the voluminous information especially in the area of TV broadcasts. Since there are many TV talk shows in the form of videos and speeches, documentation becomes a major challenging issue. Categorizing the TV programme content helps to organize the related themes in to a single group. This in turn improves the efficiency of navigation and information retrieval. The rapid growth in number of talk shows in various domains such as news groups, medical talk shows, cooking tips, politics and speeches have led to greater complexity in converting the videos and categorizing the TV talk show programme's efficiently in the form of text. This paper introduces an integrated framework for speech categorization based on clustering which is not addressed in the existing system. A heterogeneous integrated framework and a new clustering algorithm named as Theme based Dynamic Document Clustering (TDDC) for dynamic environment have been proposed. The main goal of the system is to help the users, especially the hearing impaired people to locate and retrieve relevant information in the form of domain specific document for TV talk shows. The videos dataset for various domains obtained from DR.Oz.com are considered for experimental analysis. F measure, Inter and Intra cluster similarity are the performance metrics used for experimental analysis. The proposed TDDC for dynamic environment which is compared with the existing FIS (Frequent Item Set) clustering algorithm and the results are analyzed.


This study aims at determining the system of booking tour packages and making information systems proposal in tour and travel located in Bandung. The method used is structured method of research location as well as technique of collecting secondary data in the form of interview and observation. The result is to generate web-based information system that can be implemented in the tour and travel to help the facilitating process of booking package tours by consumers, and facilitating the work of tour and travel in managing the web and expand the market share. Because, through the promotion via this website, everyone can access the unlimited distance and time, as well as to increase the sale of tour packages from the tour and travel concerned.


The paper analyzes the features of perioperative management of pediatric patients with congenital heart defects. The authors note that the perioperative period is the period starting from the moment of the beginning of the operation and ending with the moment of transfer of the patient to the ward after the operation. This period is very important for the recovery of children after surgery for a heart defect. In the perioperative period, indicators such as blood pressure, pulse, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and other indicators are monitored to make sure that the patient is in a stable condition and there are no complications. In the perioperative period, measures are taken to prevent complications such as infections, bleeding, thrombosis, etc. Doctors also monitor the balanced administration of fluids and electrolytes to maintain the stability of the patient, and try to minimize the time of surgery to reduce stress for the patient and reduce the risk of complications. During the period under review, procedures are also carried out to support the postoperative period, such as the administration of medications and infusion solutions, maintaining body temperature and other procedures. In general, the perioperative period is of critical importance for the recovery of children after surgery for a heart defect. Proper monitoring of health indicators, prevention of complications, proper anesthesia and other procedures help children recover faster after surgery and reduce the risk of complications.


Sirindhornia emmeli n. sp. and Sirindhornia ninhbinhensis n. sp. are described and illustrated from Vietnam (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae: Enarmoniini), and these are the first records of the genus from outside of Thailand.


Abstract To gain competitive advantage and achieve profitability, companies are globalizing at a phenomenal rate. Given that organizations are moving toward leaner and specialized units, and forming more alliances, supply chain management on a global scale has assumed greater importance. To facilitate these shifts, process improvement strategies are becoming commonplace. Information Technology (IT) enabled Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) results in substantial improvements in organizational effectiveness and efficiency, especially when applied to Supply Chain Management (SCM) processes. However, the existing BPR models that could help guide SCM process initiatives are limited in scope. As such, we introduce an 8- step SCM-BPR model based on existing BPR and SCM models and the best practices of BPR implementations. We initially validate our SCM-BPR model using a case study of a multinational enterprise headquartered in Hong Kong. This case study shows the impact of BPR on supply chain processes and how IT infrastructure enables business process redesign to create sustainable competitive advantage. We also draw some salient conclusions from the case study, which could provide guidelines to managers for "BPR in SCM" initiatives.


In Values in Translation, Galit Sarfaty depicts an unfortunate but ostensible truth about the World Bank, in which the economics discipline reigns supreme: frame your issue in economic terms, and the World Bank may act on it; but frame your issue in economic terms, and you may forfeit your issue's essential core. As such, wide adoption of a human rights policy at the World Bank may require human rights to be analyzed and implemented empirically, devoid of their complicated political and legal contexts, which may ultimately undercut the protection of those rights. Moreover, in leaving unresolved her catch-22, Sarfaty demonstrates the complexity of global governance—due not only to competing values within the system but also to bureaucratic dynamics embedded in ambitious international institutions. Such bureaucratic dynamics include organizational culture and ineffective translation of knowledge among disciplines, which have stifled the World Bank's development and adoption of certain policies, including human rights. Detailing and explaining these dynamics is a central goal of Sarfaty's book. In recent decades, she explains, many other international organizations, private financial institutions, and aid agencies have adopted human rights agendas, but amidst such increased consciousness, the Bank is an anomaly. Despite both external and internal pressure to do so, the Bank does not consider the impact of its lending on human rights, require client countries to comply with international treaty obligations, or suspend projects when client countries abuse human rights.1 In short, Sarfaty, an anthropologist and legal scholar, unpacks why the Bank has not done so in Values in Translation.


of the upper end of the femur. The suggestion has been made that it may even be the major cause of such fractures.1-3 Conditions known to diminish bone density locally-for instance, metastatic neoplastic deposits or rheumatoid arthritis -may also predispose to fractures. Are there any conditions which, by causing an increase in bone density, reduce the chances of this occurring? M. V. L. Foss and B. D. Byers4 have recently published a study of osteoarthritis of the hip, bone density, and fractures of the upper end of the femur. Sixty-two femoral heads removed in the treatment of fracture of the femoral neck and a hundred heads removed in the course of total hip replacement for osteoarthrosis were studied. Cases with definite or doubtful rheumatoid arthritis were excluded from this study. These two groups of patients cannot be considered strictly comparable, for though women predominated in both groups (68 out of 100 osteoarthritics and 121 out of 140 with fractures) the average age of the first group was 63 years, of the second 81. The interesting feature to emerge from this study was that radiological evidence of osteoarthrosis was seen in only one of the 140 fractured hips-in a patient who had also advanced Paget's disease-and only three were regarded on other grounds as having osteoarthrosis of the fractured hip, two of the three having Paget's disease in addition. In the third case there was doubt whether osteoarthrosis was present at the time of fracture, and the authors very reasonably state that, on the evidence, osteoarthrosis of the hip with a recently fractured upper end of the femur is unlikely to be found. The bony changes of osteoarthrosis have been described5 as a hardening and sclerosis of bone exposed without its normal covering of articular cartilage. The calcified cartilage thickens, and in the subchondral bone fibroblasts, osteoblastic cells, and vascular channels proliferate. The granulation tissue composed of these elements erupts through the calcified surface to form new bone, which later becomes dense, so that the articular cartilage, which has degenerated, is strengthened with a strong subchondral bony layer. This is the process of eburnation, the resultant bone being hard and tough. This is the opposite of what occurs in osteoporosis. H. F. Newton-John and D. B. Morgan2 found that the incidence of fracture of the upper end of the femur roughly paralleled that of osteoporosis. In old people there seems to be a range of cases. At one end are light, small-boned, osteoporotic women without osteoarthrosis of the hips who take little exercise and who suffer fractures of the u-pper end of the femur. At the other are active well-built individuals with strong bones who suffer from osteoarthrosis of the hip. Foss and Byers's work indicates that osteoporosis and osteoarthrosis rarely co-exist. Their observation that osteoarthrotic patients rarely fracture the upper ends of their femurs is an interesting one and in line with most orthopaedic surgeons' experience, which is that intertrochanteric fractures rarely occur in association with osteoarthrosis of the hips, transcervical fractures never. For the sufferer with osteoarthrosis of the hip, stiff, crippled, and pain-wracked, there is at least this small consolation-that death as a result of a fractured upper end of femur is unlikely.


Coleridge believed that: 'Christianity is with a man, even as he is being gifted with reason; it is associated with your mother's chair, and with the first remembered tones of her blessed voice'. Neilson scholars and biographers have expressed concern over the negative effects of the rigid Presbyterianism enforced on the Neilson family, particularly by his mother. The humble intimacy of a family at worship portrayed by Robert Burns in 'The Cotter's Saturday Night' may not be too far removed in spirit from the devotions in the Neilson household, although an element of unrelenting and dogmatic authoritarianism in the family's religious observance is more than hinted at in Neilson's negative poetic images of


The year under review was marked by a significant rise in the tempo of creativity and in the interest which West Africans are beginning to take in their own literature and art, and culture in general. The Commonwealth Arts Festival held in Britain during the year acted both as an impetus towards creating and, in the niinds of many, as a reward for creating and from all accounts the West African contributions to the Festival (drama, dance and poetry) were valuable for its success. The reviews of the London performance of Wole Soyinka's The Road put it practically at the top of the ladder one reviewer called it 'undoubtedly the Festival production', saying that the Road&dquo; overpowered one's personality as a totality in which music, dancing, the body, speaking, silence, sounds, stage, set, bawdy, visually integrated flash-back, mythology and religion or religion and &dquo;superstition&dquo;, personal and national, past and present, the tribal and the industrial were all functionally confused'.= The same reviewer puts the two-voice choral delivery of Christopher Okigbo's 'Dance of the Painted Maidens' as the climax to the Royal Court Theatre Verse and Voice XV which included poets from many parts of the Commonwealth. The Festival was, however, only the most significant example of a cultural interest that is showing itself in many varied ways and in various artistic media throughout West Africa. Dramatists can now expect to be produced and to have an audience at home. During the year Christina Aidoo's Dilemma of a Ghost was produced twice in Nigeria, twice in Ghana, and once by the dramatic society of Fourah Bay University College in Freetown. Nkem Nwankwo's novel, Danda, published in 1964, was turned into a musical with which the Theatre


In earlier papers of this series (Hershey, 1939b) it has been shown that growth during the latent period is continuous with the subsequent growth accompanied by cell division, the two phases being described by a single law. The observations were made with Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae. Further test of the general validity of the conclusions reached with these organisms seemed desirable. This could be done by applying similar methods at random to the study of various species. We have attempted to proceed more purposefully. One could, a prior, anticipate several causes of lag (Penfold, 1914) which would be different from what we shall call the "normal latency" exhibited by the organisms mentioned. For example, growth on transplant should occur at increasing rate if bacteria in an aging culture sustain injury to labile constituents of catalytic mechanisms which are not essential to viability, but on which the rate of growth under favorable conditions depends. No authenticated instance of this is known. Recovery from injury has been suggested as a possible explanation of lag in pneumococcus cultures (Chesney, 1916), which are known to accumulate hydrogen peroxide in toxic concentrations; a similar explanation might be put forward to account for "dormancy" (Burke, Sprague and Barnes, 1925) of spores or of vegetative cells, whether the injury is of unknown cause or wilfully inflicted (Hollaender and Duggar, 1938; earlier work discussed by Buchanan and Fulmer, 1928). It is evident that this mechanism is


Radiocarbon (14C) produced by cosmogenic processes in the atmosphere reacts rapidly with atomic oxygen to form 14CO. The primary sink for this species is oxidation by the OH radical, the single most important oxidation mechanism for pollutants in the atmosphere. Hence, knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of 14CO allows important inferences to be made about atmospheric transport processes and the distribution of OH. Because the chemical lifetime of 14CO against OH attack is relatively short, 1–3 months, its distribution in the atmosphere should show modulations due to changes in 14C production caused by variations in the solar cycle. In this work we present a simple methodology to provide a time series of global 14C production to help interpret time series of atmospheric 14CO measurements covering the whole of solar cycle 23. We use data from neutron monitors, a readily available proxy for global 14C production, and show that an existing 6-year time series of 14CO data from Baring Head, New Zealand, tracks changes in global 14C production at the onset of solar cycle 23.