We have investigated the structural and electronic properties of carbon nanotube with small fullerene halves Cn (n ≤ 40) which are covalently bonded to the side wall of an armchair single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) using first principle method based on density functional theory. The fullerene size results in weak bonding between fullerene halves and carbon nanotube (CNT). Further, it was found that the C-C bond distance that attaches the fullerene half and CNT is of the order of 1.60 A. The calculated binding energies indicate the stability of the complexes formed. The HOMO-LUMO gaps and electron density of state plots points towards the metallicity of the complex formed. Our calculations on charge transfer reveal that very small amount of charge is transferred from CNT to fullerene halves.


Understanding mathematical concept is one of ability to rediscover knowledge that has been obtained, both orally and a written. The purpose of this research was to compare the ability to understand mathematical concept of student who taught with the PACE (Project, Activity, Cooperative, Exercise) learning model and conventional learning model. A quass-experimental design combined with experimental method purposed in this research. The population in this research were all students of class XI SMA 15 Kota Tangerang by taking a sample of 2 classes, that is class MIPA 5 as an experimental class and class MIPA 2 as an control class. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used a test of the ability to understand mathematical concepts. Mann Whitney test is used to test the hypothesis. The results of this research are students's ability to understand a mathematical concepts taught with a PACE learning model higher than conventional learning models.


Public infrastructures play a significant role in poverty reduction, human development and spatial interaction of the population. The practices of stakeholders in the procurement system in Bamenda are a controversy in the contemporary socio-political discourse. Through these practices, public infrastructures are provided to and for the population. This paper seeks to uncover the myriad of challenges involved in the procurement practices in Bamenda. The study made use of both qualitative and quantitative data, obtained using secondary and primary sources from documentary exploration and extensive field work. Secondary sources included books, annual reports and archives of Divisional and Regional Delegations, Inspectorates of Education, Regional Institute of Statistics and Public Contracts Regulatory Agency, North West amongst others. Primary data was obtained over three months of extensive field investigations through questionnaires interviews and focus group discussions. A GPS was utilized to obtain geographic coordinates of publicly procured infrastructures, particularly health, educational and road infrastructures. Results reveal that there is complexity in the way procurement is undertaken for socio-economic benefits to the population. Procurement principles are ineffectively applied, leading to inefficient execution of contracts. Late payment of contract funds amongst others is a cause of inefficient execution and lateness in the delivery of procurement output in the domains of health, roads and educational infrastructures. The study recommends project owners to release contract funds earlier than usual and contractors who enhance poor execution of projects and uncivil road users who facilitate road degradation or cause damages to projects be severely sanctioned. The Law No. 73/7 of 7 December 1973 on the preferential claim of the treasury to safeguard public funds by Municipal and Regional Councils should be effectively implemented.


Nozzle blockage is the main problem during continuous casting of Al-containing steel.Aiming at the castability of molten steel,Calcium treatment technology used for shape control of Al2O3 inclusion in secondary refining of Al-containing steel was analyzed.Base on the thermodynamics calculation,Methodology of inclusion control for high aluminum steel was put forward,and Al2O3 with high melting point can be changed to spherical calcium aluminates inclusion with low melting point through slag infiltration during the converter tapping and appropriate refining slag instead of conventional calcium wire feeding process.


Although the analyst's way of organizing what he or she hears is influenced by assumptions about human motivation, the analyst's experience in the room with a patient is quite removed from any theories about motivation he or she might hold. So compelling is the clinical interaction that it may only be retrospectively that it is possible to observe how one's theory of motivation influences one's work. Several years ago, on the day before I began working on this paper, I took verbatim notes on the last three sessions of a holiday shortened week to see whether I could discern what assumptions about motivation I was making. I would not describe my theory of motivation as it appears at the end of the essay the way I did at the time I wrote this essay. Today, I would try to integrate drive theory with object relations more explicitly.


Objective To evaluate the effects of Hexue Mingmu for conjunctival hemorrhage.Methods A random controlled study was performed on 52 patients(52 eyes).The patients were assigned into 2 groups randomly:28 patients in I group(HeXueMingMu,28 eyes);24 patients in Ⅱgroup(Sanqi Xueshangning,24eyes).Results After 1 month,of the 52 eyes,the total effective rate is 96.15%(50 eyes),Marked rate is 57.69%(30 eyes).The rate of effectiveness of I and Ⅱgroup didn't show statistical difference(P=0.1190.05),so was the marked rate(P=0.2990.05).Conclusion Hexue Mingmu is an effective drug for conjunctival hemorrhage.It's helpful in eliminating the hemorrhage and improving the microcirculation.


Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the number of micronuclei (MN) in potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) and oral cancer and correlates them with the control group. Materials and Methods: Subjects included in the study were equally divided into four groups. Exfoliated cells were then obtained from the buccal mucosa using cytological brush. Smears were stained using rapid Pap stain. The smears were observed using a light microscope, and MN was counted out of 10 high-power fields and scored according to PE Tolbert (1992) criteria. Results: The mean MN count was found to be 0.23, 2.10, 3.03, and 3.57 in groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The overall intergroup comparison between the four groups was found to be statistically significant with a P value less than 0.05. Conclusion: This study gives a fair assessment that MN assay in exfoliated cells of oral epithelium can be a conducive biomarker while screening for PMDs of the oral cavity in doubtful lesions that are primarily misdiagnosed clinically.


Constitutive equation reflected the highly nonlinear relationship of flow stress as function of strain,strain rate and temperature is a necessary mathematical model used to describe basic information of materials deformation and finite simulation.In this paper,hot compression experiments on Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy were conducted with Gleeble 1500 thermal simulator at different temperatures and strain rats.High temperature constitutive predicting model is developed using BP neural network method based on the data obtained from experiments (deformation temperature 940℃~1030℃ and strain rate 0.001s-1~1s-1),and compared with the traditional regression method.It is found that the neural network model provides a better representation of the test data than the commonly used traditional mathematics model.Moreover,in that the complicated nonlinear relationship of thermodynamical parameters can well be described by the network model when the alloy is deformed at high temperature,it is not only a convenient but also effective way to establish the model of constitutive equations for alloys.


Aim:  The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that singleton late preterm infants (34 0/7 to 36 6/7 weeks of gestation) compared with full‐term infants have a higher incidence of short‐term morbidity and stay longer in hospital.


From the preindustrial era to the present day, the tropospheric ozone (O3) concentration has increased dramatically in much of the industrialized world due to anthropogenic activities. O3 is the most harmful air pollutant to plants. Global surface temperatures are expected to increase with rising O3 concentration. Plants are directly affected by temperature and O3. Elevated O3 can impair physiological processes, as well as cause the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to decreased plant growth. Temperature is another important factor influencing plant development. Here, we summarize how O3 and temperature elevation can affect plant physiological and biochemical characteristics, and discuss results from studies investigating plant responses to these factors. In this review, we focused on the interactions between elevated O3 and temperature on plant responses, because neither factor acts independently. Temperature has great potential to significantly influence stomatal movement and O3 uptake. For this reason, the combined influence of both factors can yield significantly different results than those of a single factor. Plant responses to the combined effects of elevated temperature and O3 are still controversial. We attribute the substantial uncertainty of these combined effects primarily to differences in methodological approaches.


Complex and opaque systems do not scale easily. A human-centered approach for evolving tools and practices is essential to ensuring that software is scaled safely and securely. Static analysis can unveil information about program behavior, but the goal of deriving this information should not be to accumulate hairsplitting detail. HCI can help direct static-analysis techniques into developer-facing systems that structure information and embody relationships in representations that closely mirror a programmer's thought. The survival of great software depends on programming languages that support, rather than inhibit, communicating, reasoning, and abstract thinking.


The invention relates to a culture medium and a cultivation method of agrocybe cylindracea. The cultivation method comprises the steps of: culture medium preparation, piling up, fermentation, bagging, sterilization, inoculation, cultivation and fruiting management. The culture medium comprises the following raw materials: 30-35% of mulberry branches, 15-20% of corn cobs, 20-25% of cannabis sativa stems, 5-10% of cannabis sativa seeds, 5-15% of rice bran, 5-10% of corn meal, 1-3% of soybean meal, 2-3% of white sugar and 3-4% of cannabis sativa bran. With the adoption of the new culture medium formula and the cultivation method, the produced agrocybe cylindracea is high in yield, good in taste and high in medicinal property.


The title compound consists of perimidin and methoxyphenol units. In the crystal, O—HPhnl⋯NPrmdn and N—HPrmdn⋯OPhnl (Phnl = phenol and Prmdn = perimidine) hydrogen bonds link the molecules into infinite chains along the b-axis direction. C—H⋯π interactions may further stabilize the crystal structure.


Metallic substrates and polymer adhesive in composite-metal joints have a relatively large coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch, which is a barrier in the growing market of electric vehicles and their battery structures. It is reported that adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the adhesive reduces the CTE of the CNT-enhanced polymer adhesive multi-material system, and therefore when used in adhesively bonded joints it would, theoretically, result in low CTE mismatch in the joint system. The current article presents the influence of two specific mass ratios of CNTs on the CTE of the enhanced polymer. It was observed that the addition of 1.0 wt% and 2.68 wt% of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) decreased the CTE of the polymer adhesive from 7.5×10−5 °C−1 (pristine level) to 5.87×10−5 °C−1 and 4.43×10−5 °C−1, respectively, by 22% and 41% reductions.


The orientation of hydraulic fractures controls the productivity from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Productivity from low permeability formations is greatly improved having multiple fractures oriented transversely rather than longitudinally, relative to a horizontal wellbore. Analytical approximations from the literature for the longitudinal and transverse fracturing stresses are modified to incorporate pore pressure effects and then used to develop a criterion for the orientation of fractures initiating from perforated wells. The validity of this criterion is assessed numerically and is found to overestimate transverse fracture initiation, which occurs under a narrow range of conditions; when the formation tensile strength is below a critical value and the breakdown pressure within a "window."
 In horizontal wells, it is easier to achieve longitudinal fracture initiation, as transverse fracture initiation only occurs over a narrow wellbore pressure-at-breakdown window, while longitudinal fracture initiation occurs at comparatively higher wellbore pressures. The numerical study shows that in contradiction with existing analytical approximations, the tangential stress which induces transverse fracture initiation, is a stronger function of wellbore pressure just as the stress inducing longitudinal fracture initiation is. This reduces the breakdown pressure window for transverse fracture initiation compared to what the derived analytical approximations predict. Furthermore, this creates an additional constraint for transverse fracture initiation; the critical tensile strength value, which determines the maximum tensile strength for which transverse fracture initiation is possible for a given stress state.
 The range of the in-situ stress states where transverse fracture initiation is promoted can be visualized in dimensionless plots for perforated wells. This is useful for completion engineers; when targeting low permeability formations, wells must be made to induce multiple transverse fractures. A numerical simulation scheme performed on several stress states demonstrates frequent occurrence of longitudinal fracture initiation, implying that the propagating fracture re-orients in the near-wellbore region to become aligned perpendicular to the least compressive in-situ principal stress. This is the cause of near-wellbore tortuosity, which in turn is a cause completions and production-related problems, such as early screenouts and post-stimulation well underperformance.


We studied the optical properties of InAs/GaAs0.83Sb0.17 quantum dots (QDs), with varying silicon delta-doping position (spatial distance, d = 0.5, 1, and 2 nm), using photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Compared with the undoped QDs, the PL peak energies of the ground state (GS) emissions for the doped QDs with d = 0.5 and 2 nm were found to be greatly blueshifted by ∼31 meV, which was much larger than that for the doped QDs with d = 1 nm. The radiative recombination rate of the GS emissions for the doped QDs with d = 1 nm was estimated to be slower than that for the other doped QDs at 10 K. The doped QDs with d = 1 nm showed the fastest redshift of the GS peak energy with temperature and lowest thermal activation energy (151 meV) of electrons among the QD samples. Further, the time-resolved PL data revealed that the average carrier lifetime (6.3 ns) in the doped QDs with d = 1 nm was longer even than that in the undoped QDs (5.5 ns) because of the weakened electron-hole wavefunction overlap by the V-shaped potential barrier in the doped QDs.


This research is library research intended to examine whether the educational equality that Rahmah El-Yunusiyah fought for was intended as part of the feminism movement or was Rahmah's thought original and departed from a sociological study of the social facts of society, especially women at that time? The research data is referred to from the results of research related to the thoughts of Rahmah El-Yunusiyah which were published in scientific journals and various reference books relevant to this research. The data in this study were collected through documentation techniques, which were further analyzed inductively. The results of the study in this study indicate that the equality of education for women fought for by Rahmah is a social movement to break traditions in the midst of the Minangkabau community's perception of women's position and rights. According to her, education for women is one of the strategic steps in preparing a better future generation, because of the position of women as the pillar of the household, the first and main teacher for children, which is the foundation in shaping society and the state. Rahmah's thinking departs from her understanding of Islamic teachings and is not part of the feminism movement.


Small-column ion exchange (SCIX) units installed in or near high-level waste tanks to remove Cs-137 from highly alkaline solutions are among the waste treatment plans in the DOE Complex. Spherical Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (sRF) is the ion exchange (IX) resin under consideration for SCIX at the Hanford site. The elution step of the multi-step IX process is typically done with nitric acid. An acid eluant is a potential hazard in the event of a spill, leak, etc. because the waste tanks are made of carbon steel. Corrosion and associated structural damage may ensue. A non-acid eluant may be a viable alternative. It will eliminate the need for special acid handling requirements within the tank farms.


Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a telerehabilitation program for COVID-19 survivors on their functionality, aerobic capacity, upper-lower body strength and skeletal muscle mass index. Methods: Fifty patients (22 M); age 54.1±15.4 who became ill with COVID-19 during 2020 completed a 24-session telerehabilitation program. The following measures were taken: Barthel's index, two minutes step test (2MST), elbow flexion one-repetition maximal (1RM), short physical performance battery (SPPB), hand grip strength, 30-second chair stand, skeletal muscle index (SMI), body fat percentage, resting pulse, arterial blood pressure, and pulse oximetry. Results: There was a significant increase in the Barthel index (p≤0.0001), 2MST (p≤0.0001), 1RM elbow flexion (p≤0.0001), SPPB (p≤0.0001), hand grip strength (p≤0.0001), 30-second chair stand (p≤0.000l), and SMI (p≤0.0001). Conclusion: A 24 session in-home telerehabilitation program promoted the recovery of physical independence and increases in skeletal muscle mass index and physical fitness.


At the conference "Road Safety Europe" held in Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, September 21-23, 1998, one of the themes was "Safety of vulnerable road users-especially in urban areas". Five of the papers presented within this framework were: Road safety of children in a Northrhine-Westphalian city (Heine,W., Poschadel,S., Strehl,S. and Wiebusch-Wothge); The vulnerability of the South African adult pedestrian (Drotske,L); Pedestrian safety in urban areas crossed by national roads (Krystek,R., Jamroz,K., Michalski,L., and Marszanek,R); On a partially new approach to traffic planning and street design in Sweden (Wramborg,P); Differences between safe and unsafe pedestrian crossings in Switzerland (Scaramuzza,G). For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E206917.


In a paper [3] on the formal algebraic foundations of the theory of infinite pseudogroups, V. Guillemin proved that certain kinds of topological Lie algebras, which are naturally associated with such pseudogroups, possess a sort of Jordan-Holder decomposition: if L is such a Lie algebra, there exists a sequence of closed L-ideals L = Lo D Lλ Z) ZD Lk = {0} such that for / = 1, , k either (a) L ^ / L * is abelian or (b) there are no closed L-ideals lying properly between L ^ ! and Lt; moreover, the non-abelian quotients L^jLi are unique except for the order in which they appear in the composition series. Guillemin was working in the category Lκ of linearly compact topological Lie algebras over a field K of characteristic 0. An L<ε Lκ possessing an open subalgebra containing no L-ideals has a Jordan-Holder decomposition. Guillemin's result in the category Lκ was conjectured by E. Cartan in [2] for his category of infinite infinitesimal groups. Moreover, Cartan had proved [2, Theoreme XII] that the non-abelian quotients in the series (the simple intransitive groups) has a simple structure: they consist of "arbitrary" functions of a finite set of variables with values in a simple transitive group. Guillemin was able to prove a similar result for the category Lκ [3, Theorem 7.1]; the proof is long and the methods are cohomological. The main purpose of this paper is to give another proof of Guillemin's Theorem 7.1 using the method of produced representations which we developed in a previous paper [1]. The proof proper of the theorem (Theorem 2.4) is short and canonical. However, we are forced to impose certain restrictions on the field K. Our main tools are: (1) a modification (Theorem 1.2) of our Lie algebra analogue [1, Theorem 4(b)] of a theorem of G. W. Mackey to deal with linearly compact Lie algebra modules and (2) a way of extending bilinear products between Lie algebra modules to the modules produced by them. In order to give an interpretation of Guillemin's theorem in terms of primitive actions, we also prove a theorem on "Induction in Stages" (Theorem 1.3). These technical preliminaries take up § 1. § 2 is devoted to the proof of Theorem 2.4 and to the construction of a representation which leads in § 3 to the interpretation in terms of primitive actions mentioned above. The main problem in § 3 is to


Mainly on the basis of an analysis of the relevant passages in the Confessiones, this article argues: 1. that already the young Augustine, during his years as a Manichaean Hearer, acquired a thorough knowledge of Manichaeism; 2. that he obtained this thorough knowledge by his own reading and studying of Mani's and other Manichaean works. Moreover, it is argued that, in all likelihood, Augustine's Confessiones testify to the existence in the Latin West of Mani's so-called Image, the painted picture book illustrating his Gnostic doctrine.


A 57-year-old man was referred to our dermatology clinic from pain clinic with a 5-year history of localized pain on his left posterior thigh. At the time of presentation, the patient's diagnosis was complex regional pain syndrome, Type I, and a skin punch biopsy was requested to rule out any underlying etiology. The patient described intense localized pain with the slightest contact with bed linens or clothing. There was no history of trauma. The patient denied there ever being any changes to his skin in the area of pain. His symptoms were not relieved with gabapentin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, or opioids and only temporary relief was experienced with lidocaine patches.


Gimpel has presented a minimization algorithm which realizes a minimal TANT network for any Boolean function, under a NAND gate cost criterion. Gimpel uses a covering closure (CC)-table and reduces this table with the reduction techniques of Grasselli and Luccio to find a least cost subset of implicants.


498 Background: The role of primary tumor resection in patients presenting with mCRC remains controversial. While recent data suggest resection of the primary tumor is unnecessary with modern systemic therapies, other series indicate that non-operative intervention may be associated with inferior survival outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the Australian approach to primary tumor resection in patients with mCRC and to explore its impact on survival outcomes. Methods: This study was conducted using a clinician-designed mCRC registry involving 15 participating Australian sites. Patients were excluded if planned for curative resection of metastatic disease or had incomplete data. Cox logistic regression analyses were used to identify and quantify associations between overall survival (OS) and patient/clinical variables. Results: We identified 533 mCRC patients with median follow up 12.5 mo. 41% (n=220) had their primary in-situ. Rates of primary tumor resection were higher in older patients (>70 yrs old) (64.5% ...


Aside from the academic questions involved, there is an important practical problem which concerns the specificity of the desensitized state in anaphylaxis. If the occasional hypersensitiveness of man to serums which contain specific immune substances could be reduced or elimirtated, the safety of employment of such serums would be much enhanced. The danger of specific desensitization lies largely in the possibility of severe or even fatal shock during desensitization. Nonspecific desensitization might eliminate this danger. Although there are certain hypersensitive states to pure or relatively pure proteins, as for example, those of the vegetable pollens, the fatalities in man have so far resulted from injections of serum. We have therefore confined this study to serum anaphylaxis in the hope that ultimately a practical method may be devised for employment in man. It does not necessarily follow that results in animals, which have been artificially sensitized, are entirely applicable to natural hypersensitiveness in man, but there are instances of the acquired state in man which seem to be identical with that of animals and it has yet to be proved that natural hypersusceptibility differs materially. If, therefore, nonspecific desensitization in the acquired serum hypersusceptibility of animals can be demonstrated satisfactorily it is worthy of further trial in human experiments.


The stereoisomers of 4-bromo-3-methyl-3-carbomethoxy-1-pyrazoline (1 and 2) have been prepared and are both transformed readily into 3-methyl-4-carbomethoxypyrazole (6). This transformation requires preferential migration of a carbomethoxy group over a methyl group.


A plasma etching apparatus is provided to restrain generation of an arc discharge by forming a thermal spray coating layer on the surface of a placing unit where a target is placed. A vacuum chamber(2) is made as an airtightness structure by a conductive material. A gas shower head(3) includes plural holes(31). The gas shower head uniformly supplies a process gas to a surface of a target(W) through the hole. A main frame unit(41) converts the process gas into plasma by receiving high frequency power of a predetermined frequency from a high frequency power to generate high frequency field between the gas shower head and itself. An electrostatic chuck(42) is installed on an upper surface of the main frame unit. An anodizing coating layer(51) is formed on a surface of the electrostatic chuck. A center of the electrostatic chuck is projected on an upper portion of a placing unit(46). The target is placed on the placing unit. A thermal spray coating layer is formed on the placing unit. A groove is formed along a border region where the placing unit is formed from the electrostatic chuck. A peeling of the thermal spray coating layer is prevented by the groove.


Sibling relationships powerfully influence children in many areas. The loss of a brother or sister disrupts the relationship and may have profound implications for the surviving children. This article discusses issues including a child's perception of death, life experi ences, social class, and effects on the family. The author suggests nursing interventions and provides a list of recommended books on death.


We present long term optical variability studies of bright X-ray sources in four nearby elliptical galaxies with the Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer array (ACIS-S) and observations from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys. Out of the 46 bright (X-ray counts > 60) sources that are in the common field of view of the Chandra and HST observations, 34 of them have potential optical counterparts, while the rest of them are optically dark. After taking into account systematic errors, estimated using optical sources in the field as a reference, we find that four of the X-ray sources (three in NGC 1399 and one in NGC 1427) have variable optical counterparts at a high level of significance. The X-ray luminosities of these sources are ∼ 1038 erg s−1 and are also variable on similar time scales. The optical variability implies that the optical emission is associated with the X-ray source itself rather than being the integrated light from a host globular cluster. For one source, the change in optical magnitude is > 0.3, which is one of the highest reported for this class of X-ray sources and this suggests that the optical variability is induced by the X-ray activity. However, the optically variable sources in NGC 1399 have been reported to have blue colors (g — z > 1). All four sources have been detected in the infrared (IR) by Spitzer as point sources, and their ratios of 5.8 to 3.6 μm flux are > 0.63, indicating that their IR spectra are like those of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs). While spectroscopic confirmation is required, it is likely that all four sources are background AGNs. We find none of the X-ray sources having optical/IR colors different from AGNs to be optically variable.


There have been relatively few studies of induced mutations in actinomycetes when compared with certain bacteria and fungi. Most of these studies (Dulaney et at., 1949; Katagiri, 1954; Okami and Umezawa, 1950; Okami et al., 1950; Savage, 1949) were concerned primarily with obtaining strains with enhanced antibiotic production, although a few (Appleby, 1948; Kelner, 1948; Newcombe, 1953) dealt with other types of mutants. None of these studies included Streptomyces vnezuelae, the actinomycete which produces chloramphenicol. Our study on the irradiation of spores of this species with X-rays was aimed at (1) determination of the relationship between dosage and the survival of this organism and a quantitative estimation of the most readily detected mutants at various dosages and (2) isolation of mutants with blocks in the reactions leading to chloramphenicol for the purpose of elucidating the biosynthesis of this antibiotic (Gottlieb et al., 1954). This paper, a preliminary report of which has been presented (Gwatkin and Gottlieb, 1955), deals primarily with the first of these considerations'.


Global Climate Change (GCC) is the increase in global temperature and the change in average climate values. The climate change becoming an 'emergency' that cannot be ignored anymore is called the climate crisis. There is also a need for reliable and validated scales to measure attitudes towards GCC. This study focused on university students' global climate change scale (GCCS) development and validation. In the study, a four factor scale, called Knowledge, Awareness, Perceived R isk and Responsibility, with a n explained variance of 74.51%, was developed. In addition, the general index showing the positive attitude level of high index values towards GCC was 78%, and the index values of Knowledge, Awareness, Perceived Risk and Responsibility dimensions were cal culated as 0.76, 0.83, 0.83 and 0.69, respectively.


Based on the methods used by the author to prove the Riemann-Roch formula for algebraic stacks, this paper contains a description of the rationnal G-theory of Deligne-Mumford stacks over general bases. We will use these results to study equivariant K-theory, and also to define new filtrations on K-theory of algebraic stacks.


Multicast technology is a group communication model of point-to-point or multipoint-to-multipoint data transmission,which is also an important supporting technology to adapt to the development of the future network.Although the application of multicast technology significantly improves the utilization ration of the network,the multicast networks exist the congestion problems in itself and multicast protocols exist the inherent problems in its scalability and fairness are seriously obstruct the wider application of the multicast technology.In this paper,introduce the multicast technology,then focus on the comparison of the multicast congestion control technology and the application of many existing multicast routing protocol respectively,and in the last,point out the further research trend of the multicast.


Editor's note In this new chapter for the second edition, the three authors from the United Kingdom share their perspectives on ECEfS, using the four strands of UNESCO's Education for Sustainable Development initiative (2012) to shape their discussion. In short, they examine responses in the United Kingdom to EfS through the lenses of access to quality basic education; professional education provision; changes to existing educational programs to address sustainability; and public understanding and awareness of sustainability. They expand on these themes with reference to two 'Stories from the field' vignettes that highlight aspects of the four UNESCO strands. The authors argue that, even though there appears to have been a diminution of central policy support for sustainability and EfS across the country, and an economic recession, sustainability initiatives should not be left to flounder. The authors make the point that, by building on the strength of current initiatives and making the most of adversity to stimulate creativity, new opportunities can be generated to further legitimise and integrate ECEfS into lifelong educational experiences that promote sustainable living. Introduction We are the music makers and we are the dreamers of dreams … yet we are [also] the movers and shakers of the world for ever, it seems (O'Shaughnessy 1874). Our world, as we know it, is a human construct; we are both social products and social producers. If we accept that human behaviours affect and are affected by our engagements with physical, social and economic environments, then early years practitioners are potential 'movers and shakers of the world' (O'Shaughnessy 1874), and well placed to promote and facilitate sustainable development. This chapter explores this possibility, using the four strands of UNESCO's Education for Sustainable Development initiative (UNESCO 2012, p. 11) to discuss ECEfS in England.


Experimental results are presented on the indentation of steel balls of various diameters into glass samples having a rectangular parallelepiped shape. The ultimate load in the formation of an annular crack in the vicinity of the contact region and the radius of this crack were determined experimentally. The annular crack appeared outside the contact area almost in all tests. Due to the fact that the diameter of the contact area was much smaller than the dimensions of the samples, the glass samples were considered as an elastic half-space. Huber's solution for Hertz's problem of pressing a ball into an elastic half-space was used to determine the field of contact stresses in the fracture zone. Local criterion for maximum stresses and nonlocal failure criteria (average stress criterion, the Nuismer criterion, and the gradient criterion) were used to model fracture in a contact interaction. The ultimate tensile stress and the critical stress intensity factor of the glass were experimentally determined on beams without a notch and with a notch for calculating a parameter having a dimension of length and entering nonlocal failure criteria. It is shown that the estimates of the radius of the annular crack that are closest to the experimental data give a gradient criterion among the applied criteria. Estimates of the ultimate tensile stress according to this criterion exceed the values obtained when the beams are bent, which can be explained by the scale factor.


The website has become an essential requirement of any educational center. Beyond being platforms for the information and communication of the entire educational community, today we find that these web pages are also shop windows of the centers. In them, the excellences of these centers are announced and shown and are a claim of educational marketing. Therefore it is essential to know if these "letters" of introduction of the centers have all the elements and characteristics that they must possess. This study analyzed 100 random web pages of non-university educational centers of the Valencian Community (Spain) and it was found that there are quite a few differences between the websites of public centers and those of concerted and private centers. In general, all of them presented occasional deficiencies, among which are: a lack of image and a suggestive aesthetic, lack of information, lack of updating, the non-use or dissemination of the center's social networks and the nondissemination or information of the teaching methodologies or the pedagogical style of the center. These problems are motivated by the lack of proper management and maintenance of the web pages, a function that often falls to the ICT coordinators of the center and rarely have time and training to perform this task. Likewise, it was detected that the websites of these educational centers rarely have a pedagogical purpose that encourages and promotes learning.


A critical aspect of fire resistant design is assessing the post-fire residual strength of the materials in the existing structures. As wood and wood-based composites are being used heavily in single family residential dwellings in the US, it is highly imperative to categorize their response when exposed to elevated temperatures for a sustained period of time. The objective of this study are (a) to study the effect of temperature and exposure time on bending strength (MOR) and stiffness (MOE) of solid sawn lumber (SSL), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), oriented strand board (OSB) and plywood and (b) to develop predictive relationships between different temperature and time of exposure using a regression based model for thermal degradation of strength. A total of 1080 samples were tested in static bending under various heat treatments. The results indicated that exposure to elevated temperature caused significant degradation of bending strength and stiffness. The highest degradation occurred when exposed to 200C for 2 hours. A statistical regression based model was developed and evaluated for predicting the strength loss of wood and wood-based composites as a function of thermal exposure temperature and time of exposure.


In order to analyze uncertain phenomena in real world, the concept of fuzzy random variables is widely employed in model building. In dealing with fuzzy data, defuzzification plays a central role. In this paper, portfolio selection problems are dealt as interval values. We calculate the expected values, variance and covariance by using the estimated parameters of underlying probability distribution function. The estimated values enable us to build up a portfolio selection model with estimated parameters on the basic of Markowitz's mean-variance model. The result exemplified that we have different choices of k which can decide the best expected return and less risk level in our model, also that we can provide not only one choice of portfolio selection but also two or more for decision makers.


The invention discloses a thin 1-watt 3dB attenuator for an aluminum oxide ceramic substrate. The 1-watt 3dB attenuator comprises an aluminum oxide substrate, wherein a back conductor layer is printed on a back side of the aluminum oxide substrate; a lead and membrane-shaped resistors are printed on a front side of the aluminum oxide substrate; the membrane-shaped resistors are connected through the lead to form a TT type attenuation circuit; the attenuation circuit is symmetrical about a central line of the aluminum oxide substrate; an output end and an input end of the attenuation circuit are respectively connected with a bonding pad; and the two bonding pads are symmetrical about the central line of the aluminum ceramic substrate. According to the scheme design of the attenuator, various performance indexes are fully considered, high frequency and induction freeness are realized, the situation that an original attenuator is only applied to low frequency is broken through, the application requirement of a current 3G (3rd Generation) network can be met and a series production line of a 1-watt fixed membrane-like resistance type attenuator is also extended.


At present, most malicious code detection methods are based on the shallow machine learning model. These shallow machine learning methods are simple in the modeling process, and restrict the complex functions and classification problems. In order to improve the accuracy of Andriod malicious code detection and recognition, an algorithm of malicious code detection and recognition of the deep learning has been put forward in this paper, this algorithm based on neural network training and learning model. Through the learning and training of malicious code sample data, the static, dynamic characteristics and malicious application characteristics of malicious code data are analyzed, including privilege feature, API feature and OpCodes characteristic data. The comprehensive performance of the algorithm was tested, the test results indicate that using depth learning detection algorithm, Andriod malicious code identification accuracy is higher, and false detection rate and undetected rate are low, which is a highly efficient and reliable malicious code detection and recognition algorithm. Introduction With the continuous development of the deepening process of informatization and Andriod terminal equipment, the malicious code is one of the major threats to the network security, due to the use of economic benefits and a variety of new technologies, the number of malicious code is growing exponentially, while a variety of malware variants lead to security threats emerge in an endless stream, increased year by year. In order to solve the problem of detection and classification of malicious code on the current network environment, experts and scholars in various countries have carried on the positive research on the detection algorithm, has made many research results, but most of the detection algorithm is based on the machine learning algorithm is shallow, if the deep learning algorithm is introduced to the detection algorithm, the accuracy rate of malicious code detection can be improved, which has important significance for the study of Andriod malicious code. The malicious code types and main detection methods of Android mobile terminal Android mobile terminal malicious code generally refers a set of tasks for the terminal equipment to execute according to the attacker's wishes, it can also be considered as a virus and Trojan program for performing malicious tasks on Android mobile terminals. With the updating and the rapid development of mobile terminal equipment, malicious code is beginning to spread beyond what people imagine. At present, Andriod mobile terminal has more kinds of malicious code, the variation of species change constantly, therefore, the characteristics of its attack are also varied. Malicious code type. Malicious code can usually be divided into two categories, one class can run independently, and the other cannot operate independently. The running code does not need a host, 4th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computer (MACMC 2017) Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Engineering Research, volume 150


Diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) model is generalized to incorporate the dielectric breakdown model proposed by Niemeyer et al. , and the new simulation method is proposed. While a growing cluster is still in the diffusion (Laplace) field, the local growth probability at a perimeter site P ps of the cluster is now given by p g ( P ps )∼ | ∇φ( P ps ) | n , where φ( P ) is the probability of finding at a point P a random walker launched far away from the cluster. Ordinary DLA corresponds to η=1. Based on the theory of DLA proposed by Honda et al. , the fractal dimension d f for this generalized DLA is derived as d f ={ d s 2 +η( d w -1)} / { d s +η( d w -1)}, where d s is the dimension of space in which aggregation processes take place and d w is the fractal dimension of random walker trajectory. Both d s and d w are allowed to take any number larger than or equal to one. This formula is also applicable to Eden model (η=0) correctly, which means that the generalized DLA model naturally bridges a gap betw...


The article characterizes the role and place of applied and decorative folk art in postmodern culture. The author defines several trends of development of applied and decorative folk art: since traditional artistic creative work till individual self-identification as the representative of the ethnos, country, multicultural world; both personal and professional development; and formation of tolerant consciousness by acquiring applied and decorative art of various folks.


Medical futility disputes occur frequently in healthcare facilities across the United States. In this Article, I provide an overview of dispute resolution mechanisms through which healthcare providers can resolve these disputes. In Section I, identify three distinctive features of medical futility disputes. First, they usually concern life-sustaining medical treatment for patients in a hospital's intensive care unit. Second, these patients typically lack decision making capacity. So, a surrogate must make treatment decisions on the patient's behalf. Third, this surrogate and the patient's physician disagree over the treatment plan. The surrogate wants to continue life-sustaining treatment. But the physician thinks that this treatment is non-beneficial and that continuing it would be medically and ethically inappropriate. Accordingly, the physician wants to stop such interventions and instead focus on comfort measures only.While such conflict is frequent, in Section II, I establish that medical futility disputes can usually be prevented or resolved informally. With better communication and documentation of patients' end-of-life treatment preferences, there will be fewer conflicts. And even to the extent that futility disputes continue to arise, they can almost always be resolved informally within the hospital. The parties are able to eventually reach consensus in around 95% of medical futility disputes. Only around five percent remain intractable. In Section III, I turn to address the resolution of these intractable futility conflicts. Most of them can be resolved through what I call "surrogate replacement." The clinician cannot get consent from the current surrogate to stop life-sustaining treatment. But the clinician can often replace that surrogate with a new decision maker who will provide consent. After all, it is likely that the current surrogate is exceeding the scope of her authority. It is likely that the current surrogate is not acting consistent with the patient's wishes or best interest, when she demands aggressive measures that offer the patient little or no benefit yet impose significant burdens.But there are limitations to surrogate replacement as a dispute resolution mechanism. Some surrogates cannot be replaced. For example, the surrogate, often for religious reasons, may be making the very same treatment decisions that the patient would have made for herself. Such a surrogate is a faithful and loyal agent. The conflict arises not from a discord between the patient and her surrogate but from discord between the patient (or at least her wishes and values) and her clinician. In such cases, the clinician may want to take unilateral action and stop life-sustaining treatment without either patient or surrogate consent. In Section IV, I outline the three main legal approaches that states have taken with respect to healthcare providers unilaterally withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatment. First, some states affirmatively permit clinicians to stop life-sustaining treatment without consent. I refer to these as "green light" states. Second, some states categorically prohibit clinicians from stopping life-sustaining treatment without consent. I refer to these as "red light" states. Third, some states provide vague and uncertain guidance about whether clinicians may stop life-sustaining treatment without consent. I refer to these as "yellow light" states.I conclude by evaluating these three dispute resolution procedures. Both red light and green light states increase the risk of error. Red light states constrain clinician discretion. They mandate life-sustaining treatment even in circumstances where the administration of such treatment is medically and ethically inappropriate. On the other hand, green light states give too much unaccountable discretion to clinicians. They permit clinicians to stop life-sustaining treatment with minimal oversight, increasing the risk that clinicians will stop even medically and ethically appropriate treatment.We can mitigate green light state errors by bolstering the required elements of procedural due process. But yellow light states offer an even greater opportunity for improvement. Not only do yellow light states have the legal safe harbor immunity of the red light states but they also have the oversight and accountability that red light states lack. This oversight and accountability is currently too unpredictable and chilling. But the medical profession is developing practice guidelines that should make yellow light safe harbors more certain and appealing.


Prediction of structural dynamics of the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is rather difficult, because of a number of phenomena occurring during the scrap melting process. Three large electrodes, corresponding to each phase of a AC circuit, are lowered by the main mast towards the scrap to activate the melting process, induced by the electric arc. Electric current fed to each electrode produces a strong magnetic field and applies an electromechanical force on the other electrodes. Arc voltage looks irregular upon time, even because of the scrap motion within the vessel and temperature growth. The vertical position of the mast is controlled by an hydraulic actuator. Nevertheless, a heavy vibration of the structures affects the regularity of the melting process. A fully coupled model of the whole system is herein proposed, through a multi-physics approach. A first analytical approach, describing the electric circuit of the whole system, is implemented into a Multi Body Dynamics (MBD) model of the EAF, while a reduced Finite Element Method (FEM) model of the flexible structures is used for a preliminary optimization of the design parameters. Electromechanical forces due to the mutual induction among the electrodes are computed and the dynamic response of the system is investigated. Proposed model allows a first refinement of the EAF design, although a complete experimental validation on the real machine has to be performed, in spite of problems due the extremely difficult accessibility of structures during the melting process.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


In the 1993 Kushiro-oki Earthquake of Richter magnitude 7.8, simultaneous recording of earthquake motions was successfully made at the ground surface and at a depth of 77 meters in a dense saturated sand deposit. The peak horizontal acceleration was 0.47 g on the ground surface and 0.21 g at a depth of 77 meters. The acceleration record at the ground surface showed a distinctive ground response, which consisted of a cyclic motion having a period of about 1.5 seconds overlain by a spike at each peak of the motion. In order to study the mechanism of this peculiar ground response, effective stress analysis was conducted on the dense saturated sand deposit. The model used for this study was a strain space multiple mechanism model, which takes into account the effect of principal stress axis rotation. The recorded earthquake motion at a depth of 77 meters was used as the input earthquake motion for the analysis. Sampling after in-situ freezing was done in order to evaluate the properties of the sand. The results of the analysis indicated that the observed ground response was due to the effect of dilatancy of sand, which plays a significant role in the response of the dense saturated sand deposits during strong earthquake motions.


Unhealthy alcohol consumption is a global health problem. Individual and public health, and socioeconomic consequences are attributable to harmful alcohol use. Epidemiological studies have shown that alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) are the top two pathologies among alcohol-related diseases. Consistent with the major role that the liver plays in alcohol metabolism, uncontrolled drinking may cause significant damage to the liver. This damage is initiated with excessive fat accumulation in the liver, which can further progress to advanced liver disease. The only effective therapeutic strategies currently available for ALD are alcohol abstinence or liver transplantation. Any molecule with dual pronged effects at the central and peripheral organs controlling addictive behaviors and associated metabolic pathways could be a promising therapeutic target to treat AUD and ALD. Ghrelin, a hormone primarily derived from the stomach, has such properties and regulates both behavioral and metabolic functions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding the peripheral and central functions of the ghrelin system and its role in AUD and ALD pathogenesis. We first discuss the correlation between blood ghrelin concentrations and alcohol use or abstinence. Next, we discuss the role of ghrelin in alcohol-seeking behaviors, and finally its role in development of fatty liver by metabolic regulations and organ-crosstalk. We propose that understanding the ghrelin system may open an innovative avenue for improved treatments for AUD and associated medical consequences, including ALD.


The invention discloses a non-rigid face detection and tracking positioning method. The method comprises the following steps that: a camera shoots a photographic image or a video image; and face detection and tracking are carried out. According to the method of the invention, a shape information mechanism of an object is created through using a model similar to an active appearance model (AAM); an active shape model (ASM) adopts a parametric sampling shape to form an object shape model; a PCA method is adopted to construct a motion model of control points for describing a shape; and a group of parameters is utilized control the position change of the shape control points, so that the shape described by the shape control points can be approximate the shape of a current object. The method simply uses the shape of the object and the shape-based training model, so that the method can be implemented more easily.


Higher education has experienced a significant transformation from traditional face-to-face instruction to online instruction. The purpose of this quantitative causal-comparative study was to determine to what extent postsecondary online faculty utilized brain-based learning techniques as part of their academic practices in the online asynchronous learning environment and to assess differences in the use of these techniques between online full-time and online adjunct faculty employed by two public universities and one private university located in the Southwest region of the United States. The theoretical framework of Hart's (1983) brain-based learning theory (BBLT) informed this study. The sample consisted of 539 accepted and completed surveys. The participants completed 55 questions based on brain-based learning. Quantitative data were collected using Klinek's (2009) questionnaire about brain-based learning knowledge, beliefs, and practices. The data from the questionnaire measured the online faculty's knowledge, beliefs, and practices of brain-based learning techniques. The data were analyzed using descriptive information about the sample computing frequencies of the variables. Cronbach's alpha reliabilities were conducted to complete the descriptive statistics for the first research question. The statistical analysis used for research question two and three was Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) using a 2×2 factorial design to test the hypotheses. The researcher found that there was a significant difference between the BBLT practices of the online faculty from public (M = 3.45) and private universities (M = 3.28), F (1, 294) = 1.62, p = .004, ŋ2 = .044. The study revealed that there is a lack of knowledge about BBLT supporting the need for professional development and training.


Contour detection is an important and fundamental problem in computer vision which finds numerous applications. Despite significant progress has been made in the past decades, contour detection from natural images remains a challenging task due to the difficulty of clearly distinguishing between edges of objects and surrounding backgrounds. To address this problem, we first capture multi-scale features from pixel-level to segmentlevel using local and global information. These features are mapped to a space where discriminative information is captured by computing posterior divergence of Gaussian mixture models and then used to train a random forest classifier for contour detection. We evaluate the proposed algorithm against leading methods in the literature on the Berkeley segmentation and Weizmann horse data sets. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed contour detection algorithm performs favorably against state-of-the-art methods in terms of speed and accuracy.


Based on analysis of bonded steel strengthening in RC structure with ANSYS,the FE model is essential.If the FE model is not correct,mistakes will be made.In this paper,based on the application study of ANSYS in the analysis of bonded steel strengthening in RC structure combined with the specific characteristics of the steel-bonded RC beam.From method of creation model,material and the structure relationship,the seletion of the FE model and the application of the ANSYS,the boundary condition processing,solution precision,convergence and so on,the auther gave the building method of FE model to the steel-bonded RC beam.The paper introduced the application of using ANSYS with an example about bonded steel strengthening in RC structure,then,gave some programs for creation reinforce elements.The ANSYS analytic results indicated that the reliability and economy of the ANSYS simulation results was well.The methods of ANSYS analysis could be an assistant approach in civil engineerings.Thus it offers some experiences on the design method of bonded steel strengthening technology.


Suppose that °t°t has a well-defined tangent line at the point (x, y), say T. Then T can be expressed by (1): the unit vector u(0) = (cos @, sin @) is normal to T and p(0) may be interpreted as the signed distance from the origin to T. Thus a singularity-free plane hedgehog is simply a convex curve (see Figure la). Furthermore, a not too singular plane hedgehog (i.e., a plane hedgehog that has a well-defined tangent line at every point) is a curve that has exactly one oriented tangent line in each direction (see Figure lb), and that has exactly one nonoriented tangent line in each direction if it is projective (see Figure lc).


Oxford Journals are conducting experiments with partial open access publishing ( Journal of Experimental Botany ), full open access publishing ( Nucleic Acids Research ), institutional repositories (SHERPA) and subject repositories (PubMed Central). Initial results regarding open access have been encouraging, in that usage appears to have increased, but it is unclear whether open access publishing can be viable without support from institutional subscriptions. Early evidence suggests that free availability of articles through repositories also leads to increased usage but may have a detrimental impact on subscription revenues.


This paper develops a monthly cash budget modeled in Excel to illustrate how a spreadsheet simulation analysis can be performed to directly incorporate uncertainty in both sales and collection patterns to determine cash balances. The paper provides a numerical example, formulas as well as assumptions for a cash budget extending from January through December. It also describes how to perform a simulation using the build-in capabilities of Excel RAND function. The cash budget model is run 5000 times to capture the probability distribution of the minimum ending cash balance over that period (end of July). Simulation results support that the mean cash balance in July is considerably less than the positive cash balance obtained in July when no uncertainty in sales and collection patterns are assumed and that the standard deviation of the July cash balance is quite large. In fact, results indicate that there is a 50 percent probability that the July cash balance will be negative. Cash budgeting decisionmaking is clearly improved by specifying normal probability distributions for each uncertain critical variable such as sales and collection patterns. Excel's build-in capabilities allow students with no programming skills to perform complex and realistic risk analyses of real financial problems.


ABSTRACTWe have developed a common-reflection-point (CRP)-based kinematic migration velocity analysis for 2D P-wave reflection data to estimate the four transversely isotropic (TI) parameters VPo, δ, and e, and the tilt angle ϕ of the symmetry axis in a TI medium. In each iteration, the tomographic parameter was updated alternately with prestack anisotropic ray-based migration. Iterations initially used layer stripping to reduce the number of degrees of freedom; after convergence was reached, a couple of more iterations over all parameters and all CRPs ensured global interlayer coupling and parameter interaction. The TI symmetry axis orientation was constrained to be locally perpendicular to the reflectors. The VPo dominated the inversion, and so it was weighted less than δ and e in the parameter updates. Estimates of δ and e were influenced if the error in ϕ was >5°; estimates of VPo were also influenced if the error in ϕ was >10°. Examples included data for a simple model with a homogeneous TI layer who...


written around the theme of defeasible deontic logic: researchers may even find a challenge to unify different approaches in one general theory, like general possible world semantics to give an account for all the different conditional obligations that appear throughout the book. Wiebe van der Hoek Department of Computer Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.089, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands. firstname.lastname@example.com.


With new technology of CMYKIR separation we create double space in design of postage stamp. The procedure is to connect the two images, visual and Infra information. Theme is divided to motif and its hidden context. Purpose of camouflage, double information is discussed and analyzed on small dimensions of postage stamp. New phases are defined in preparation of graphics for new methods of separation channels of graphics to obtain effect of infrared hidden images in visible picture. We introduce new technology of scanning in ultraviolet and infrared selections: 570, 715, and 850 nanometers. At the same time ultraviolet colorants are set with the migration from yellow to brown. Scanning is conducted with the barrier of UV 254 nm. With these methods of scanning we extend the tools for authenticating postage stamp as security paper. Two independent informations on a stamp are planned as graphical and printing solution with a goal of extending the quality of printing process and development of new security inks.


Atactic polypropylene was functionalized by reaction with dicumyl peroxide (8 wt.−%) and allyl compounds (8 wt.−%) such as eugenol methylether, allylphenylether, allylurea, N-allylthiourea, diethyl allylmalonate, N-allylaniline at 170°C. Using tert-butyl azidoformate carbamate groups (1.8 wt.−%) were attached to atactic polypropylene. The mechanism of both types of reactions is discussed.


Research on possible health effects of electric and magnetic fields (EMF) has been conducted for more than two decades. During the past decade, the focus has been on possible associations of magnetic field exposure with cancer. The effort to clarify the possible health risk of EMF exposure involves the disciplines of epidemiology, biology, physics and engineering. EMF cancer epidemiologic studies have examined both children in residential settings and adults (primarily) in occupational studies. More recent studies have emphasized larger numbers, improved methodologies and better exposure assessment. In the laboratory, the search for reproducible biological responses to EMF exposure continues in studies of cells and animals. The goal is to identify and characterize interaction mechanisms, which could lead to a definition of EMF "dose". Animal cancer studies using large numbers of animals with a variety of EMF exposure conditions are employing established models to test for a possible carcinogenic role. Even in the presence of uncertainty about health risks, options for managing fields are being evaluated. These include new transmission line configurations, methods to reduce net currents in distribution systems, and shielding.


Tolyporphins A–R are the newest additions to the family of native tetrapyrroles. LC-MS-dMRM and absorption spectroscopy have been employed for analysis of mixtures containing the 18 distinctive natural products.


Current air traffic demand has challenged the capability of the outdated national airspace system (NAS) structure. Airport and passenger delays have hit their highest levels in recent years. An analysis of historical data has shown that of the daily NAS operations, 33% occur between several high density city pairs. Dynamic airspace super sectors (DASS) propose to structure common flight paths/ribbons connecting the highest demand city pairs, which experience greater than 60 flights per day. These high occupancy ribbons would provide a more manageable traffic flow between these cities to reduce congestion and air traffic controller (ATC) workload. Data collected from the modeling and simulation of a ribbon used to evaluate DASS as a potential alternative to the current NAS structure. Modeling of the ribbon dimension and structure as relates to throughput of the system and ATC workload simulated with total airport & airspace modeler (TAAM). The effect of on and off ramps on the ribbon design modeled with Arena. Preliminary system analysis has shown that a primary consideration for DASS is the technological upgrades to both aircraft and air traffic controller systems which necessary for DASS to be an effective alternative. The technological infrastructure, in conjunction with operational performance analysis is the basis for our final recommendations


This experiment,conducted in Dengjiadongwu Village of Jiande City,Zhejiang Province,is mainly to study the growth of pecan seedlings and roots affected by different substrate and container.The results show that method of cultivate seedling effected the indexes of seedling diameter and seedling height,especially ordinary cultivating container,substrate types and removing embryos measures had some effect on root diameter,but had no association with the height of the root.The indexes of underground have no association with container types,but are effected by substrate types and removing embryos measures,especially using 40% turfs+40%pearlite+20%vermiculite as substrate and removing half of embryos,in this condition,the indexes reach the maximum.So,in the process of producing,we can choose ordinary cultivating container,40% turfs+40%pearlite+20%vermiculite as substrate and removing half of embryos,not only can we container-seeding get,which substrate ligther,roots stronger,but also root system developed insure the survival rate of forest planting.


Twenty‐eight patients with dacryocystorhinostomies (DCR) a.m. Iliff were examined. 70% of the DCR in patients with idiopatic stenosis and 33% of the DCR in patients with post‐traumatic stenosis had an open DCR. When the catheter was removed 3 weeks or later after surgery the success rates were 93% and 50%, respectively. It is concluded that DCR a.m. Iliff is a simple and reliable method.


Scalable coding is useful when a variety of resolutions are simultaneously required or when resilience to errors is necessary. This paper describes spatial and SNR scalable coding schemes which are based on subband coding with quadtree-based classified vector quantization. It is expected that the proposed scalable coding techniques can be efficiently adapted for simulcast coding and error resilient coding over ATM networks when used with interframe coding and motion compensation techniques. It is also shown that the proposed techniques are superior to the JPEG standard in which hierarchical (spatial scalability) and progressive (SNR scalability) modes are used for the comparison.


The properties and benefits of composites are discussed in the context of a future vision. Australian case histories will be presented to highlight what is already possible and challenges will be set for engineers and managers to be creative with the future of public works. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E212977.


Bringing forward sustainable transformation as envisioned within the Agenda 2030 requires comprehensive monitoring of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) formulated therein. To monitor and report progress on goal 6 on clean water and sanitation and its eight pertinent targets, 11 indicators were stipulated in an elaborated process. Yet, through continuous scientific and public scrutiny and debate several gaps and weaknesses were identified. Amongst others, these globally defined indicators are found to reflect weakly the diversity of national realities, capacities and levels of development. To translate the targets into national contexts and fully cover all aspects of the SDG 6 targets, the utilization of complementary indicators is recommended. Within this paper, following a critical appraisal of the SDG 6 indicators, possible complementary indicators are collected from literature and screened based on their quality, relevance for the national context and data availability. A deepened status quo of the SDG 6 targets and corresponding problem areas are outlined for the context of Austria, where water and sanitation infrastructure as well as regulation and governance of water bodies are widely established. Despite increasing the monitoring effort, it is concluded that complementary indicators are practicable to support coherent policy-making and ultimately contribute to the Agenda 2030's aspiration that all countries take action.


Compound of the formula ** ** or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: B is phenyl or a 5- or 6-membered ring, wherein a carbon adjacent to the carbon at the point of attachment of said ring phenyl or heteroaryl to a is optionally substituted by R32, the other carbon adjacent to the point of attachment carbon is optionally substituted by R36, adjacent to R32 carbon and two atoms from the carbon at the point of attachment is optionally substituted by R33 , adjacent to R36 and two atoms from the carbon carbon junction is optionally substituted by R35 and R33 any adjacent to both R35 as carbon is optionally substituted by R34; R32, R33, R34, R35 and R36 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido, acetamido, haloacetamido, amidino, guanidino, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, alkoxyamino, alkylamino, alkylthio, amidosulfonyl, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl selected , hydroxyhaloalkyl, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxamido, cyano, and Qb.


High δ18O values (>3.0 ‰) from a 9-kyr resolution benthic foraminiferal stable isotope record from the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 690B located on the Maud Rise, Antarctica indicate a heavily glaciated Antarctic continent during Late Oligocene (27.8-24.5 Ma). Values ranging 2.5-3.0 ‰ during interglacial periods and 3.0-3.6 ‰ during glacial intervals are consistent with an ice sheet near or larger than modern size. In addition, this record does not exhibit the long-term Late Oligocene warming trend seen in records from low-latitude drill sites. Oxygen isotope values from 26.0-24.5 Ma are comparable (ranging between 2.5 and 3.3 ‰) to values that preceded the δ18O event Oi2b at 26.7 Ma, indicating no significant glacial collapse occurred during the Late Oligocene. A gradient between ocean basins during the Oligocene has already been linked to the development of a modern, multi-layered ocean, and worked to bathe the low to mid-latitude, deep-sea records with a warmer water mass. We suggest this masked the significant Antarctic glaciation in low-latitude paleoceanographic records. Additionally, we propose a resolution for conflicting lines of evidence from some Antarctic proximal records suggesting significant glaciation and others suggesting reduced glaciation during the Late Oligocene by allowing a modern-sized ice sheet to grow on an Antarctic continent as more land surface area existed above sea-level during this time. This could allow at least some portions of the Antarctic coastline to remain ice-free during glacial minima while still maintaining modern or near-modern ice volume.


Immigration reform has reappeared on the national agenda in recent weeks. Once considered an urgent priority, comprehensive reform of U.S. immigration policy has taken a back seat to the climate bill and other efforts. But Arizona's passage of the strictest immigration law in the country has drawn attention from both the left and the right--and prompted President Obama to restore comprehensive reform to his legislative agenda. Debate about Arizona's law, which makes it a state crime to fail to carry immigration documents, is contentious and ongoing. But whether the law is an assault on civil liberties or a laudable effort to protect national borders, many business leaders would argue that it's focused on the wrong problem. The debate about poor, undocumented immigrants distracts from a more important issue for America's future: the need for an immigration policy to power innovation. The capacity of immigration to spark America's invention machine is part of our national mythology. Immigrants, the story runs, come to this country poor and hungry and ready to work. Some of them become inventors and innovators themselves. Others encourage their children to pursue higher education, and those children, driven by the immigrant work ethic, become inventors and innovators. Or highly educated, skilled individuals come to the United States for its intellectual and civil freedoms and stay, contributing their abilities to the national talent pool. The story is supported by the numbers. Ideas and brain power from overseas helped make the United States a leader in innovation, and they continue to do so. According to the 2003 National Survey of College Graduates, immigrants account for a disproportionately large share of advanced degrees in science and engineering, and they hold patents nearly twice as often as native-born Americans. What's more, a 2008 study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that inventive immigrants have a "spillover" effect, boosting the patent rate in the population around them. But recent immigration policy has created barriers for the immigrants we need most: graduate students and entrepreneurs. These are the innovators of tomorrow and today, and U.S. immigration policy offers them no easy route into the country. Students once enjoyed a fairly simple entry process, as long as they were in school. But the Patriot Act significantly raised the barriers for prospective students, building new bureaucratic walls around the nation's borders. Getting a student visa is now a long ordeal, requiring multiple forms, much time, and a face-to-face interview at a U.S. consulate. As a result, foreign-student enrollment at US graduate schools plunged; it's only recently begun to climb again. Worse, these students must leave the country once they receive their diplomas. There is no provision for newly minted scientists and engineers to remain in the country. Some may be able to find jobs that come with H1B visas, which allow companies to hire foreign workers when an appropriate American hire cannot be found, but the pool of H1B visas available is small, and getting them is expensive and complicated for both the employer and the employee. According to NSF data, foreign students earned 36% of doctorate degrees in the sciences and 64% of engineering doctorates in 2006, so this represents a huge loss of talent and skills. In this context, it's easy to agree with James Rogers, CEO of Duke Energy, who has said, "Every person in this country who graduates with a PhD ought to have a visa stapled to that PhD." The problem is receiving some attention. A recent report from the Council of Graduate Schools urged President Obama to include in immigration reform "a system that welcomes immigrants with advanced education and skills," which would include a new visa category for students in STEM fields that would facilitate continued residency after graduation for students who wish to stay in the United States. …


Integration of renewable energy sources is one of the most challenging issues that is being dealt with in the today's electricity networks. In order to facilitate such integration, new technologies and adequate control systems and algorithms need to be developed and put into practice. In this thesis, a three-level demand side management system based on direct load control of electric water heaters is proposed. The system utilizes load shifting capabilities of electric water heaters in households in order to optimize operation of power system at different voltage levels, particularly focusing on networks with high penetration of renewable energy sources. The first control level of the proposed concept operates at low-voltage level of the power system. Its objective is to control the power balance of the low-voltage area by shifting the load of electric water heaters to the time periods with high renewable energy sources production. This should ensure reduction of adverse effects of renewable energy sources on power quality in the low-voltage networks since it reduces line loading and reverse power flows, which in turn reduces voltage fluctuations observed in the network. The second control level operates at medium-voltage level of the power system while pursuing the same objective as the first control level. The objective is achieved by coordinating operation of multiple systems at the low-voltage level which allows to improve control performance by accessing additional demand-side potential in low-voltage networks with low renewable energy sources penetration and also allows to incorporate medium-voltage network transmission constraints into the control process. Finally, the third control level aggregates demand-side management potential from multiple medium-voltage networks in order to provide ancillary service to the transmission system operator which is then used for load-frequency control in real-time. When the transmission system operator decides to activate the provided ancillary service, the two lower control levels ensure distribution of the request among the electric water heaters in the aggregation so that the regulation energy is delivered as required. Despite that in this case mitigation of issues associated with renewable energy sources is not a direct objective of the system, the two lower levels of the control system ensure that when delivery of regulation energy is requested by the transmission system operator, the distribution of the request to activate electric water heaters is performed in a way that minimizes negative impacts on power quality. The optimal dispatch of electric water heaters with regard to the given


There are more and more disasters in recent years. A big amount of rescuers gather at the disaster point every time when a disaster happens. Humanitarian logistics, whose impact is more and more important in disaster relief, is now concerned by academic world and governments. The first part stated the background and significant of army-civilian cooperation. The second part sorted and classified the basic theory of the army and nongovernmental organization. The third part analyzed the relationship between the army and the people,then concluded that the similarity between army and people is the foundation of cooperation、 complementary differentiation is the necessary condition of cooperation,put forward the theory of logistics based on army-civilian cooperation. The forth part analyzed the possible conflicts,profound a process model of army-civilian cooperation in humanism logistics. At last,the paper put forward the three aspects should be careful considered in army-civilian cooperation decision based on humanism logistics. Key Word:humanitarian logistics, civil-military collaboration, humanitarian aid


ABSTRACT This paper analyses the ability of a classical shallow-water–Exner model to simulate the complex process of breaching of a non-cohesive earthen embankment, with a special focus on the sediment transport modelling. Two experimental test cases are presented: the overtopping of a sand embankment over its whole width, involving only vertical erosion, and a full three-dimensional (3D) breaching problem, with lateral erosion of the banks. Various sediment transport formulations are tested, including sheet-flow and classical bed-load, with and without accounting for a steep slope correction factor. It is shown that the steep slope correction does not play significant role in the simulated results. Variations are nevertheless observed in the results obtained with the different sediment transport formulations. These variations are amplified for the full breaching problem, where a local bank-failure operator is used. This highlights the importance of a good sediment transport modelling to accurately simulate a full breaching process.


Development of effective strategies to detect, treat, or prevent COVID-19 requires a robust understanding of the natural immune response to SARS-CoV-2, including the cellular response mediated by T cells. We used an unbiased, genome-wide screening technology, termed T-Scan, to identify specific epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 that are recognized by the memory CD8+ T cells of 25 COVID-19 convalescent patients, focusing on epitopes presented by the six most prevalent Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) types: A*02:01, A*01:01, A*03:01, A*11:01, A*24:02, and B*07:02. For each HLA type, the patients' T cells recognized 3-8 immunodominant epitopes that are broadly shared among patients. Remarkably, 94% of screened patients had T cells that recognized at least one of the three most dominant epitopes for a given HLA, and 53% of patients had T cells that recognized all three. Subsequent validation studies in 18 additional A*02:01 patients confirmed the presence of memory CD8+ T cells specific for the top six identified A*02:01 epitopes, and single-cell sequencing revealed that patients often have >5 different T cell clones targeting each epitope, but that the same T cell receptor Valpha and Vbeta regions are predominantly used to recognize these epitopes, even across patients. In total, we identified 29 shared epitopes across the six HLA types studied. T cells that target most of these immunodominant epitopes (27 of 29) do not cross-react with the endemic coronaviruses that cause the common cold, and the epitopes do not occur in regions with high mutational variation. Notably, only 3 of the 29 epitopes we identified reside in the spike protein, highlighting the need for new classes of vaccines that are designed to elicit a broader CD8+ T cell response.


Abstract Kaye, H. S. (CDC, Atlanta, Ga. 30333), H. B. Marsh and W. R. Dowdle. Sero-epidemiologic survey of coronavirus (strain OC 43) related infections in a children's population. Amer J Epid 94: 43–49, 1971.—Acute and convalescent serum pairs and control sera collected from subjects living in a children's home over a 7-year period (1960–1967) were examined by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test with coronavirus strain OC 43. Ninety-three serologic conversions were observed; 44 were associated with reported illnesses and 49 with no reported illnesses. In three distinct outbreaks during the winter and spring quarter of 1960–1961, 1964–1965, and 1966–1967, 67 conversions occurred. Seroconversions to strain OC 43 were associated with as much as 19% of the respiratory diseases in a single season. Over the 7-year period coronavirus strain OC 43 accounted for 3% of the total 1328 respiratory illnesses. Evidence of preexisting antibody was apparent in one-third of the children showing seroconversions. The HI test was more sensitive for serodiagnosis than the complement-fixaticn test. The major presenting complaints of the children with respiratory disease associated with coronavirus strain OC 43 were sore throat, cough and coryza; the predominating symptoms were pharyngitis, coryza, fever and cervical adenitis.


The antioxidant activities of extracts from five cultivars of Chinese jujube were studied and their antioxidant activities were compared with VE.The results indicated that the antioxidant activities differed in cultivars.The antioxidant activities,restoring abilities,scavenging effect on the DPPH· radical decreased in the order of ZiZyphus Jujuba cv.Jinsixiaozao,ZiZyphus Jujuba cv.yazao,ZiZyphus Jujuba cv.Jianzao,ZiZyphus Jujuba cv.Junzao,ZiZyphus Jujuba cv.Sanbianhong.The antioxidant activities of extracts from Zyphus Jujuba cv.Jinsixiaozao,ZiZyphus Jujuba cv.Yazao and ZiZyphus Jujuba cv.Jianzao were stronger than VE.Significant differences(P0.05)were found among Zyphus Jujuba cv.Jinsixiaozao,ZiZyphus Jujuba cv.yazao and VE,while no significant differences(P0.05)of antioxidant activities were found between VE and ZiZyphus Jujuba cv.Jianzao.Additionally,no correlation between total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of extracts from five cultivars of Chinese jujube was found.


Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is one of the most important root vegetables of both tropical and temperate countries. It belongs to the family Apiaceae having chromosome number 2n=18. The primary centre of origin of carrot ranges from Afghanistan to Mediterranean region and South-west Asia is the secondary centre of origin. Carrot is used as a salad, cooked as vegetables preferably with potatoes and peas. It is cultivated all over India for both forage and human consumption. They have been used to control ulcers, eczema, boil and are used in cosmetics preparations to fight wrinkles. It improves brain health, treating wounds, supporting better digestion, maintaining healthy hair and skin and International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 7 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Objeetive:The discussion old age 2 diabetes patients merge the heart blood vessel of brain pathological change correla- tion dangerous factor and clinical nurse the main point.Method:The regression analysis 179 examples old ages 2 diabetes patients condition situation,divides into it the merge heart blood vessel of brain pathological change group 97 examples,the not big blood ves- sel pathological change group 82 examples,conduct the comparison research.Result:①Case of illness group patients are addicted to the sweets,are addicted to the meat,the smoking history,the low blood sugar manifest suddenly the history,the low blood sugar have the frequency remarkably to be higher than the comparison group;The movement frequency is prompt remarkably is lower than the comparison group;②The Logistic regression analysis demonstration,the old age 2 diabetes merges heart blood vessel of brain pathological change and the diet control degree,smoking,frequently the low blood sugar manifests suddenly concerns.Conclusion: The diet control difference,has the smoking history,frequently the low blood sugar manifests suddenly is the old age 2 diabetes mer- ges heart blood vessel of brain pathological change dangerous factor,must positively adopt correspondingly nurses the measure.


Myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized by T cell‐dependent autoantibodies to the acetylcholine receptor on the post‐synaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction. The production of autoantibodies is regulated by T cells via cytokines. To investigate the involvement of interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) in MG, the mRNA levels of these cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells without stimulation in vitro were quantified by competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique. The mRNA level of TNF‐α was significantly lower (P = 0.0004) in the overall group of MG patients compared with controls. IL‐10 was also lower in MG patients (P = 0.008), most markedly in non‐thymectomized patients (P = 0.016). There were no significant differences in IFN‐γ and IL‐4 between patients and healthy controls, but the mRNA levels of IL‐4 in non‐thymectomized patients was significantly lower than in controls (P = 0.02) and in thymectomized patients (P = 0.03). These results, reflecting the in vivo expression pattern of these cytokines in the periphery, suggest an altered cytokine expression at the systemic level in MG.


In this paper, a hyperchaotic RTD-based cellular neural network is proposed and its hyperchaotic dynamics is demonstrated. The Lyapunov exponents spectrum is presented, and some typical Lyapunov exponents are calculated in a range of parameters. Several important phase portraits are presented as well.


Learning during the COVID19 pandemic through on I ine and I earning from home has severa I cha II enges and risks of I earning I oss that have a I ong term impact. To eva I uate this, we conducted a thorough ana I ysis of the I oss of recorded I earning evidence documented between March 2020 and August 2021.This systematic review aimed to gather avai I ab I e data and documents that are current I y reported in the I iterature study. Given its urgency, 6 studies were identified: Five of them found evidence of student I oss among at I east some of the participants. The remaining studies found significant reductions in aspects of ear I y chi I dhood cognitive and academic achievement. In addition, four of the studies observed increasing gaps in which certain student demographics experienced more significant I earning I oss than others. There is a decrease in the I eve I of participation of chi I dren and parents in fo II owing on I ine and the number of I earning hours decreases. It was decided that further research was needed to increase the number of studies produced, their geographic focus, and the number of students they observed.


Nitrogen doping treatment with the subsequent electropolishing (EP) of the niobium superconducting cavity can significantly increase the cavity's quality factor up to a factor of 3. The nitrogen doping experiment has been successfully repeated and demonstrated on both single cell and 9-cell cavities and the best nitrogen doping recipe has been searched. But the mechanism of the nitrogen doping effect remains unclear. Nitrogen doping study on niobium samples was carried out in Peking University. The niobium samples were manual processed to avoid heat generation. The experiment condition is close to that of the Fermilab. After the nitrogen doping treatment, the samples were mildly electropolished with the thickness of 1.3μm, 1.9μm, 3.3μm, 4.2μm, 5.1μm, 5.9μm and 7.0μm. The time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) measurements show that the samples directly after nitrogen doping have a much higher nitrogen concentration in the depth of about 90nm. When the EP removal is larger than 1.3 μm , the samples' impurity elements is remarkably reduced and their distribution is similar to each other. Also the measured results to some extent prove that EP removal can introduce H to the niobium surface.


A number of factors must be considered when selecting a convention site. Typically, most selections are based on the decision makers' knowledge and experience, which may lead to biased decisions based on the decision makers' subjective judgment. This study establishes decision-making evaluation factors and attributes for convention site selection based on a literature review. After surveying experts' opinions using questionnaires, we employed the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to analyze the weighting of the factors and attributes. The results show that of the five evaluation factors, site environment is the most important, followed by meeting and accommodation facilities, local support, extraconference opportunities, and costs. Additionally, the five most important attributes among the 20 evaluation attributes are the suitability of convention facilities, suitability and quality of local infrastructure, climate, city image, and political conflict or terrorist threats.


We propose an advanced architecture which works better than typical architecture of social networks. We are going to study architecture of social networking sites. Our architecture uses a load balancing module for buffering user queries before transmitting them to data server. In this paper, query optimization of user queries for faster results has been discussed. Our experimentation exhibits possibility of data failure reduction due to external disturbances.


Abstract : This report describes the final phase of a research project that examined some key technical requirements of the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) Seafarer's Training, Certification and Watchkeeping Code (STCW Code), as amended in 1995. During this final phase, the issues associated with the conducting of valid and reliable assessments were examined on simulators, on training ships, and, in particular, on commercial vessels. Assessment procedures were adaptable to the circumstances of each of these settings. On commercial ships, regular officers with little training in the process and with little time to devote to preparation, conducted successful assessments using self-contained and ship-specific procedures. Thorough prior preparations of the assessment "package" to be handed over to them were found to be a necessary prerequisite. The different assessment settings (e.g., simulators, training ships, or commercial vessels) offer different strengths for assessing proficiencies, and are discussed in the report.


The issue of internal wave‐mesoscale eddy interactions is revisited. Previous observational work identified the mesoscale eddy field as a possible source of internal wave energy. Characterization of the coupling as a viscous process provides a smaller horizontal transfer coefficient than previously obtained, with vh ffi 50 m 2 s 21 in contrast to nh ffi 200‐400 m 2 s 21 , and a vertical transfer coefficient bounded away from zero, with ny 1 ( f 2 /N 2 )Kh ffi 2.5 6 0.3 3 10 23 m 2 s 21 in contrast to ny 1 ( f 2 /N 2 )Kh 5 0 6 2 3 10 22 m 2 s 21 . Current meter data from the Local Dynamics Experiment of the PolyMode field program indicate mesoscale eddy‐ internal wave coupling through horizontal interactions (i) is a significant sink of eddy energy and (ii) plays an O(1) role in the energy budget of the internal wave field.


This study aims to investigate whether gender differences in the prevalence of depressive symptoms, with girls reporting more depressive symptoms than boys, are related to gender differences in cognitive schema vulnerability. A cross-sectional study investigating adolescents from both clinical (N = 110) and non-clinical samples (N = 118) was conducted, using the Young Schema Questionnaire - Short Form (YSQ-SF) as a measure of cognitive schema vulnerability. Results show that adolescent girls tend to score higher on several maladaptive cognitive schemas, and that these schemas tend to be more highly correlated with depressive symptoms compared to adolescent boys. Further, cognitive schema vulnerability mediated the relationship between life-stress and depressive symptoms in girls but not in boys.


Aphids of the family Aphididae possess symbiotic bacteria of the genus Buchnera in cells, called mycetocytes, within the haemocoel (Buchner, 1965; Douglas, 1989; Munson et al., 1991). The bacteria are transmitted directly from the maternal aphid to her offspring, and aposymbiotic aphids (i.e. bacteria-free aphids) do not occur naturally. However, the symbiotic bacteria can be disrupted with antibiotics, such as chlortetracycline or rifampicin; and these treatments cause a dramatic reduction in larval growth rate and adult fecundity of both the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Mittler, 1971a; Douglas, 1988a) and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphonpisum (Srivastava & Auclair, 1976; Ishikawa & Yamaji, 1985). Structural, metabolic and behavioural studies indicate that, at the appropriate dosage, these antibiotics have little or no direct deleterious effect on the aphid (Griffiths & Beck, 1974; Douglas, 1988b; Prosser et al., 1992). These data raise the possibility that elimination of the symbiotic bacteria could contribute to the control of aphid pests. However, most studies on the 'performance' (survival, growth, fecundity etc.) of antibiotic-treated aphids have used aphids maintained on chemically-defined diets, frequently of composition very different from the natural aphid diet of phloem sap. Mittler (197 lb) and Sasaki et aL (1991) have demonstrated that bacteria-free M. persicae and A. pisum, respectively, perform poorly on plants, but the experimental designs of these investigations did not permit detailed comparisons between dietand plant-reared aphids. The specific purpose of the present study was to compare the performance of aphids, containing and lacking bacteria, on plants and diets.