Both Benin and Ghana are amongst Africa's most celebrated examples of democratic success, but there is growing divergence in the capacity of their state institutions to act as effective agents of development. Why? This dissertation argues that modes of party financing are integral to understanding patterns of patronage-based recruitment to public office, and that these patronage practices have consequences for the broader developmental capacities of the state. The first part of the dissertation shows that leaders use political patronage not only as a means of "buying" votes," but more fundamentally as a means of exerting control over the state's resources. How leaders choose to access and control these resources depends on the size of the private sector and the strength of party organizations, both of which vary considerably across African countries. Where party organizations are strong and the private sector large, patronage is likely to be concentrated primarily at the elite level to facilitate the exchange of contracts for financial support to the party. Conversely, where private capital is more scarce, leaders will concentrate patronage at the public service level, enabling political supporters to access state revenue and rents for their party. These varying patronage practices have consequences for the broader developmental capacities of the state. Elite level patronage leads to more stability and cohesion in the executive which, among other things, strengthens commitment to development programs over time even in the face of serious implementation challenges. High levels of public service patronage, by contrast, heighten organizational problems including technical deficiencies amongst public personnel, the frequent disappearance of state resources for political use and excessive control over bureaucratic agencies. This latter environment is particularly challenging for the implementation of development programs. The argument is developed by combining comparative case analysis of Benin and Ghana with medium-N cross national analysis on a broader set of African countries. The case analysis draws on three principal sources of data collected in both countries, including 1) a comprehensive database containing appointment and biographical information on all cabinet ministers from the early 1990s through 2013, 2) an original survey of over 500 civil servants in each country and 3) interviews with approximately 60 political and state actors. Together, the data allow for a novel empirical strategy that considers patronage across both elite and public service levels of the executive apparatus, and lends considerable support to a party-financing based explanation of the relationship between multi-party politics, patronage and state institutional capacity. Although the neopatrimonial perspective in African politics often leads us to believe that patronage is both ubiquitous and uniformly detrimental to African states, this project shows otherwise. Instead the dissertation's findings suggest the need to consider not only how much patronage, but which jobs are distributed and to whom. In so doing, the project moves away from monotonic conceptions of the relationship between democracy and state capacity, asking instead how multi-party politics interact with neopatrimonial forms of authority to produce variation in state institutional capacity. Which Jobs for Which Boys? Party Financing, Patronage and State Capacity in African Democracies


Objective In order to find a way treat children's hand of deepburn. Methods Early tangential excision and full thickness skin grafting. Results Twelve cases (16 hands) all have good outlook and functional restoration. Conclusion Early tangential excision and full thickness skin grafting is one of the best ways to treat children's hand of deepburn.


The equivalent circuit of PWM rectifier is proposed and its model is established in dq coordinates to analyze the dual close-loop controller of variable structure current control and PI voltage control in detail.To minimize the vibration of variable structure control and reaching time,the PID reaching law is introduced and theoretically studied,based on which an improved control strategy is proposed.Its design is analyzed in detail and verified by simulation and experiment.Results indicate that,the PWM rectifier under the improved variable structure control has small input current distortion and excellent static and dynamic performances during load variation,operating with unity power factor.


We consider the question "How much strong generative power can be squeezed out of a formal system without increasing its weak generative power?" and propose some theoretical and practical constraints on this problem. We then introduce a formalism which, under these constraints, maximally squeezes strong generative power out of context-free grammar. Finally, we generalize this result to formalisms beyond CFG.


The Madrid-Sevilla AVE railway has been working since 1992. In its layout there are 17 tunnels with a variable length between 300 and 2,500 meters. All these tunnels have a massive concrete lining with metallic reinforcement in some sections. The high circulation speed of trains in this line makes it necessary for all its facilities to comply with extremely rigorous specifications, and this obliges to the implementation of a watchfulness and maintenance plan for them. In this plan, the inspeetion of the tunnellining is included. The tunnel inspeetion program started in 1995 and includes the auscultation, both visual and using geophysical techniques, the perforation of slim bores and the observation through boroscopio. The fundamental part of this inspection is carried out through the Georadar geophysical technique with the specific aim of identifying pos sibie voids in the concrete lining. As a secondary objective, the possible variations in the lining thickness are studied.


One thing Mr Norman St John-Stevas, leader of the House of Commons, promised earlier this year was that the 1980-1 parliamentary timetable was not going to be overloaded with legislation. A quiet life for a change, it seemed, awaited MPs. Alas, this is now said to be unlikely. The new session, which opens on Thursday 20 November, is starting late. So the Government is going to be pushed for time to complete its programme within the parliamentary year, which will last until about the end of October 1981. That being so, one of the more meaningful sentences in the Queen's Speech will be the standard one at the end?"Other measures will be placed before you." Under this blanket promise we can expect a Health Services (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill. The point is that not having been promised specifically nobody can make political capital out of its non-appearance if time is found lacking. The Bill is expected to tidy up the rough edges left by lasr year's legislation on the reorganisation of the National Health Service and may tackle, among other things, the vexed problem of the registra tion of old people's homes. The major Bill from the DHSS will be a Social Security one carrying out the second stage of the reform of sickness benefit payments. The Government wants to shift responsibility for the first eight weeks of sick pay from the State to employers, which will mean a saving of some 5000 civil service jobs?a highly desirable end in these days of public spending cuts. The trouble is that many general practitioners are opposed to having to write sick notes for employers rather than for the DHSS. This is one of the most contentious issues in their relationship with the department and was not helped by the hope that under the new scheme they would continue to issue them free. While the Government may well be able to impose the new scheme on reluctant employers and unions, the co operation of GPs is essential since the scheme would fail without the provision of sick notes. GPs had seized on the proposed change as a chance to divest themselves of the whole time-consuming business, but negotia tions have led to a compromise proposal under which the issuing of sick notes would be removed from their terms of service. This would leave the way open for the profession to set its own level of charges, which could hardly be less than that for a prescription. Decisions have still to be taken, but the indications from the DHSS are that Ministers may be prepared to allow this concession in an attempt to buy the reluctant acquiescence of the doctors. There will also be a major Transport Bill, which will make the evidence of new and accurate breath-testing machines per missible in a court of law. The effect will be to speed up appear


Ghosts are digital images that contain highly constrained patterns of signed pixel values. The pixels are located so as to create zero-sums when discrete projections are taken across the image at a pre-determined set of angles. Ghosts can be applied to create image/anti-image pairs. An image that is entangled with its anti-image can be used to achieve forward error-correction in redundant data transmission schemes. Ghosts can also be used to help reconstruct images from asymmetric sets of real, noisy tomographic projection data. Minimal ghosts do these tasks most efficiently. We present here new methods to construct minimal ghost images that employ just 2N pixels to obtain zero-sum projections for N angles. Construction of an Nth order ghost had previously required O(2N) pixels.


orebodies occur as stratabound concentrations in specific stratigraphic units within thick stratigraphic successions. Mineralization systems may range from sedimentary basinal brines to magmatic hydrothermal carbonate replacement and skarn systems. These restricted ore-hosting intervals typically are related to the susceptibility of certain units to postdepositional alteration and porosity enhancement by fluid systems ranging from near-surface to burial diagenesis that commonly are inherited from their depositional framework. Common sedimentary basin examples include stratabound breccia or other porosity zones resulting from differential removal of soluble components that provided permeable zones for subsequent fluid migration, including MVT-mineralizing sedimentary brines as in the Tennessee and Pine Point districts (e.g., Kyle, 1983). In more dynamic tectonic settings, reactive sedimentary successions adjacent to plutons commonly are host to skarn-type metal deposits, but seldom are these relationships pursued from the context of detailed analysis of unaltered strata that can be correlated with the altered and mineralized intervals. The Ertsberg-Grasberg district in Papua, Indonesia, hosts two giant porphyry and skarnhosted Cu-Au systems that formed between 3.3 and 2.5 Ma in the Central Range that forms the Highlands of western New Guinea. These Cu-Au systems are associated with two dioritic intrusive centers, the Grasberg Igneous Complex and the Ertsberg Intrusive Complex, that were emplaced into a deformed sedimentary sequence of Cenozoic carbonate and late Mesozoic siliciclastic strata. The lithologic variations allow the assessment of the development of alteration assemblages for specific rock types and their relationship to economic mineral concentration (Fig. 1). The Ertsberg-related system contains 3.6 Gt grading 0.60% Cu and 0.44 ppm Au (Leys et al., 2012) in four skarn deposits, the Ertsberg, the Ertsberg East Skarn System, the Dom, and the Big Gossan (Mertig et al., 1994). These deposits represent hypogene copper sulfide concentrations with high complementary gold values. The Ertsberg East Skarn System (EESS) is one of the world's largest skarn-hosted Cu-Au orebodies; economic mineralization is vertically continuous for more than 1,500 m in steeply dipping strata along the flank of the Ertsberg Intrusive Complex. EESS ores are hosted by mixed assemblages of lower Paleogene siliciclastic and dolomitic carbonate strata that have been altered to Mg-rich skarn assemblages. Prograde skarn assemblages in the dolomitic lower Waripi formation and the limestone member of the Ekmai formation are dominated by forsterite and diopside (Rubin & Kyle, 1998). The alteration assemblage of calcareous strata in the younger Faumai and Kais formations is dominated by monticellite and diopside. Unaltered strata from a stratigraphic interval equivalent to the EESS skarn-hosted ores have been characterized with regard to their petrographic features, major element compositions, and petrophysical properties (Gandler, 2006; Gandler & Kyle, 2008). These stratigraphic units are interpreted to be responsible for the varied skarn lithologies within the EESS. The dominant prograde skarn assemblages are controlled by protolith composition, notably the relative abundance of quartz, dolomite, and calcite. Models based on isochemical metamorphism of mixed assemblages of quartz and dolomite suggest that the formation of forsterite-diopside-dominant skarn assemblages resulted in the greatest amount of porosity increase, which served to host Cu-Au concentrations. (Gandler, 2006; Gandler & Kyle, 2008). Additional variables include pre-alteration porosity and permeability, but those are generally low. Magnetite is a component of prograde alteration, preferentially replacing dolomitic strata and commonly hosting high grade Cu-Au ore. Thus, EESS Cu-Au concentrations were locally controlled by J. Richard Kyle, Laurel Gandler, Heidi Mertig, Jeffrey Rubin, and Matthew Ledvina, 2014. Stratigraphic Inheritance Controls of Skarnhosted Metal Concentrations:Ore controls for Ertsberg-Grasberg District Cu-Au skarns, Papua, Indonesia. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 88(supp. 2): 529-531.


Yariv reagents are glycosylated triphenylazo dyes that bind to arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), proteoglycans found in plant cell walls that are integral for plant growth and development. Yariv reagents are widely utilized as imaging, purification, and quantification tools for AGPs and represent the only small molecule probe for interrogating AGP function. The ability of Yariv reagents to bind to AGPs is dependent on the structure of the terminal glycoside on the dye. The reason for this selectivity has not been understood until the present work. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we show that the Yariv reagents form supramolecular aggregates with helical chirality. More significantly, the ability of the Yariv reagent to bind AGPs is correlated with this helical chirality. This finding paves the way towards developing a more detailed understanding of the nature of the Yariv‐AGP complex, and the design of AGP‐binding reagents with higher affinities and selectivities.


In this paper we applied the graphic method to determine the index of convergence for a class of n(4)order non-symmetric imprimitive nearly reducible Boolean matrix with at least one pair of nonzero symmetry entries and whose given period is two.Our results are as follows:(1)we deduced several formula of index for the class of imprimitive nearly reducible Boolean matrices;(2) we obtained the index set(S_1∪S_2∪S_3)for the class of imprimitive nearly reducible Boolean matrices.


The use of high volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete and its relationship to green building and sustainable design has been steadily increasing over the last decade. Most of the information and case examples showcase construction projects that have the luxury of time, i.e. the project is willing to wait 3 days for initial set, or 10 days for stripping strength. In most cases, specifications call for 56-day strength instead of the standard 28pday strength. These results are largely based on what designers are willing to accept as performance limits on HVFA. Recent large-scale projects have proven that it is possible to generate high strength concrete results, 5 hour initial set times and 2-day stripping strengths, utilizing HVFA. The increasing demand for green construction and sustainable design projects, compounded by LEED™ programs will only drive the demand for this type of material higher. An actual case example HVFA is included that showcases high performance results from the lab to the field and the more challenges faced in combating myth, misconception, and resistance to HVFA as high performance concrete.


This thesis aims to interrogate the notion that biography is a 'traditional, old-fashioned' genre immune to change through an investigation of the work of contemporary female biographers. Whilst biography is constrained by what could be defined as an historicist definition of fact, evidence that is immutable and cannot be altered to make a psychological or artistic point, the genre has been transformed because women's life writing has taught us that conventional biography is inadequate for telling the narratives of women's lives. Women writing biography have made experiments. Whilst some have failed, female biographers have demonstrated that the form can be adapted to incorporate a post-modern understanding of the self and the role of the author, and act as a valuable medium for telling the stories of the lives of women who have been hidden or ignored by history. The first two chapters provide a theoretical and historical framework for the writing of individual female biographers. Today a feminist epistemology has emerged- a more sophisticated post-modern form that is concerned with the theories or grounds of Knowledge rather than with the politics of feminism that dominated the biographies of the seventies. Chapters Three to Seven are devoted to contemporary female biographers who have made a significant contribution to the genre and thus helped to redefine the form. The final chapter is a synthesis of the conversations undertaken with women biographers for this thesis in order to provide a conceptual framework for my conclusions.


Background Autoimmunity is the most commonly accepted theory in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. This is supported by the association of vitiligo with many other autoimmune diseases, such as Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the laboratory profiles of a cohort of patients with nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV). Patients and methods This cross-sectional study included 100 patients with NSV and 100 age-matched and sex-matched healthy volunteers as controls. Laboratory workup included thyroid-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, free thyroxine, antithyroid peroxidase antibody, antithyroglobulin antibody, and antinuclear antibody (ANA). Results Thyroid-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine showed a significant difference between patients with vitiligo and control (P=0.007). There was a statistically significant increase in the level of antithyroid peroxidase antibody (P=0.000) and antithyroglobulin antibody (P=0.000) antibodies in patients with NSV. Conclusion NSV is associated with disturbance of thyroid function tests and significant increase of thyroid autoantibodies.


By the comparative analysis on the common fishing technologies of matching tools for directional drilling,the feasibility and practicability of sleeve fishing technology are made clear for handling the hole accidents in nearly horizontal directional drilling.According to the requirements of the construction technology and based on the specific parameters of the drilling tools in nearly horizontal directional drilling,the sleeve fishing rod for directional drilling is developed,which can match the rig with rated torque 6000N·m.The successful application in Chengzhuang coalmine proved the feasibility of sleeve fishing technology which can satisfy the application requirement with the rational structure.


In the article,the comparative study of the bioactivity was carried out between eight yeast strains and four mold strains to screen good strain with high activity.The biomass,the crude protein content,living bacteria number,fermentative fragrance of eight yeast strains were determined,and the biomass and synthesis of the enzymes of four mold strain was measured.The result indicated that yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BC,BD,Candida utilis BY,Candida tropicalis BR and Aspergillus niger H3 had the excellent production performance,which can be selected as experimental strains of probiotics for ruminants.


We describe the case of a newborn with 22q11 deletion and an unusual form of common arterial trunk with the main pulmonary artery arising anteriorly at the level of the common arterial valve sinus. Case reports: We report the case of a term newborn male who presented to our institution with a prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease. His mother was a 29-year-old woman with 22q11 deletion who was evaluated in the high-risk perinatal clinic after an abnormal fetal ultrasound. The initial fetal echocardiogram performed at 26 weeks of gestation showed a common arterial valve overriding a large subarterial ventricular septal defect, with no significant stenosis or regurgitation of this valve. The pulmonary arteries were not clearly identified. Subsequent fetal evaluation showed what appeared to be a main pulmonary artery arising anteriorly to the ascending aorta, very proximal to the common arterial valve, at the level of the arterial valvar sinus (Figure 1; Movie I). No infundibulum or separate right ventricular outflow tract or second semilunar valve could be visualized. Prenatal counseling was given toward the likely diagnosis of a truncus arteriosus. After an uneventful term delivery with an Apgar score of 8/8, the patient was empirically started on prostaglandin infusion until a truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch could be ruled out. A chest radiograph demonstrated mild cardiomegaly with increased pulmonary blood flow consistent with left-to-right shunt (Figure 2). An echocardiogram within the first few hours of life demonstrated a single outflow tract with a trileaflet semilunar valve overriding the crest of the ventricular septum and a large subarterial ventricular septal defect. It was confirmed that the main pulmonary artery arose anterior to the aorta at the level of the arterial valvar sinus (Figure 3A through 3D; Movies IIA through IID), coursed anteriorly to the ascending aorta, and arched up above the transverse aorta before branching into confluent, good-sized leftand right-branch pulmonary arteries. The single semilunar valve was competent, with neither regurgitation nor stenosis. The aortic arch was rightward and intact. At this time, this lesion was not considered ductal dependent, and the prostaglandin infusion was discontinued. Even though the initial oxygen saturation was 85%, the patient developed unexplained desaturation by day of life 2, which motivated empirical resumption of the prostaglandin infusion. Because of the unusual echocardiographic findings, the possibility of additional sources of pulmonary blood flow, and the continued question as to whether this cardiac defect should be called truncus arteriosus type I or pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and aortopulmonary window, the patient underwent a cardiac catheterization. Hemodynamic assessment revealed the right ventricular pressure and the main pulmonary arterial pressures to be isosystemic. There was no hemodynamic evidence of semilunar valve stenosis. The distal main and branch pulmonary arterial pressures were approximately half systemic, consistent with distal main pulmonary artery stenosis. Angiography revealed a main pulmonary artery arising anteriorly at the level of the sinuses of the single semilunar valve, coursing anterior to the ascending aorta (Figure 4; Movie III), arching up above the aortic arch before diving posteriorly and branching into left and right pulmonary arteries. Crisscrossing of the pulmonary arteries was noted (Figure 5; Movie IV). The aortic arch was rightward and intact, with an aberrant left subclavian artery. There was no ductus arteriosus, which made the diagnosis of truncus arteriosus likely. Chromosome analysis revealed the patient to have 22q11 deletion. On day of life 7, the patient underwent complete surgical repair (Figure 6). The main pulmonary artery was transected from the ascending aorta, and the aortopulmonary communication was closed with a bovine pericardial patch. A 12-mm Contegra graft (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn) was then anastomosed between the right ventricle and the transected main pulmonary artery, just proximal to its bifurcation. A secundum atrial septal defect was partly closed with a running Prolene suture (Ethicon, Inc, Somerville, NJ), leaving a 3-mm


Object: To study the X-ray characteristics in child with mycoplasmal pneumonia,and increase the cognition of the sick.Methods: 63 mycoplasmal pneumonia chest X-ray data which had been proofed by clinical and laboratory checking were analyzed.Results: l.Small spot or fan-shaped infiltration was shown in 23 cases(37%);2.Interstitial infiltration was shown in 19 cases(30%);3,The shadow of the hilar was thicken in 11 cases(17%);4.Segment or big leaf type infiltration was shown in 10 cases(16%),liquid accumulation in the chest was shown in 2 cases.Clinical manifestations are cough(63 cases),fever(52 cases).There may be an extrapulmonary complication.Pharynx was positive for Mycoplasma pneumonia rapid culture.It could be cured in 2 to 3 weeks if treated with erythromycin or azithromycin.Conclusions: Child mycoplasmal pneumonia shows varied X-ray performance.It is easy to confuse with virus and germ pneumonia mutually.According to the X-ray performance,the combination of clinical and the laboratory checks,has certain meaning to the earlier period diagnosis.Tracking the lesions with chest radiograph is one of the most simple and effective way.Macrolide is the drug of first choice for treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia.


The value of data increases by multifold if they are presented in spatial context. For the meaningful use of data, the data table and the spatial component, the map, should be processed and prepared in such a way that they can be integrated easily. Common identification code for data and map units (point, line or polygon) is the key to this integration.


The importance of the Felicity effect became apparent in the 1970s when research groups investigated the acoustic emission (AE) properties of glass fiber reinforced thermoset plastics (FRP). Interest in FRP laminates was stimulated by the poor performance of tanks, vessels, and process equipment fabricated from the material. Failures ranged from minor leaks to catastrophic rupture. The lack of a non-destructive test for evaluating their structural adequacy contributed to the


Finite element method is used for post-buckling analysis of pipeline usually. In order to study effect of interaction between pipeline and seabed, FEM of pipeline exposed on seabed is built based on ANSYS, interaction between pipeline and seabed is studied, as results show that critical buckling force is increased with lateral frictional coefficient increasing, axial frictional coefficient has little effect on critical buckling force; critical buckling force is reduced with yielding displacement increasing, which can be used for engineering design.


Large deviations from the expected atomic thermal vibrational amplitude in Cu-O rows in a YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} ({ital T}{sub {ital c}}=92.5 K) crystal have been observed in a wide temperature range (300{endash}30K) by ion channeling. In contrast, Y-Ba as well as Cu-O rows in nonsuperconducting deoxygenated YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6.2} specimens show a normal decrease in the atomic vibrational amplitude as the sample temperature is lowered. These anomalous results in the YBCO superconductor provide a clear indication of uncorrelated static and dynamic distortions associated with Cu-O rows. Possible implications of these structural changes are discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}


OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of repeated Finnish sauna baths on the concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) and 3-nitrotyrosine in relation to pro-oxidative and antioxidative status in young males with different physical activity levels.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was performed on healthy males (aged 20-25 years), representing the training (T, N = 10) and non-training groups (NT, N = 10). The protocol included a series of 10 sauna baths during 3 weeks. One bath consisted of three 15-min sessions, with 2 min recovery. Before the first and the 10th treatment, measurements of body composition, blood pressure, rectal temperature, and plasma concentrations of the total pro-oxidative and antioxidative status, 3-nitrotyrosine and NOx were performed.

RESULTS
A significant increase in physiological parameters during sauna treatments, as well as a significant decrease in the total antioxidative status before the 10th bath, were observed in both groups. The series of sauna baths caused a significant increase in the total antioxidative status in the T group, and a decrease in the total oxidative status in the NT group. A significant decrease in 3-nitrotyrosine in both groups before the last treatment, and also in the T group after the last treatment, was noted. In both groups, a significant increase in NOx concentrations was observed after the first bath.

CONCLUSIONS
A series of sauna baths contributes to the improvement in the prooxidative/ antioxidative balance. The increased production of nitric oxide may lead to a better vascular relaxation and blood flow.

http://ijomeh.eu/pdf-114185-47782?filename=The influence of Finnish.pdf


We propose an entanglement measure to quantify three-qubit entanglement in terms of negativity. A monogamy inequality analogous to the Coffman-Kundu-Wootters inequality is established. This consequently leads to a definition of residual entanglement, which is referred to as the three-pi in order to distinguish it from the three-tangle. The three-pi is proved to be a natural entanglement measure. By contrast to the three-tangle, it is shown that the three-pi always gives greater than zero values for pure states belonging to the W and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger classes, implying that three-way entanglement always exists for them; the three-tangle generally underestimates the three-way entanglement of a given system. This investigation will offer an alternative tool to understand genuine multipartite entanglement.


ABSTRACT Various technical terms concerning the internal structure of English words refer to the fact that parts of the original version of a word have been cut off or lost: aphesis, clipping, aphaeresis, elision, and many others. This paper focuses on the role of aphesis and aphaeresis in Late Modern English (LModE) dialects. The paper's main aim is a close-up investigation of the specific conditioning factors. Given that aphesis and aphaeresis have been particularly relevant in English dialects and that they are therefore more than an aspect of style and colloquial speech, the paper will discuss the linguistic, in particular, the phonological/phonotactic and morphological rules involved, thus filling an obvious gap in the state of the art. In contrast to most previous publications, this study is corpus-based, with all data coming from EDD Online 3.0, the new digitised version of Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary.


The boundary element method applications to dynamic fracture mechanics are presented. In the present approach displacement and traction boundary integral equations are used for crack representation. The time-dependent solutions are obtained using the time domain method, integral transform method or dual reciprocity method. The dynamic stress intensity factors are calculated using crack opening displacements and the path-independent J-integral. Some new applications of these methods are also shown.


The catalysis of chiral symmetry breaking in the massless weakly coupled QED in a magnetic field is studied. It is shown that the effect is due to the dimensional reduction $D\to D-2$ in the dynamics of fermion pairing in a magnetic field. The dynamical mass of fermions (energy gap in the fermion spectrum) is determined. The temperature of the symmetry restoration is estimated analytically.


In 1813 Congress established a principle to make government accessible via documents generated by the three branches of government. So much information is available right here at Traurig Library. Check out the new on-line and print documents!


Abstract Projected employment reports indicate that most new jobs will involve occupations in which computer skills are essential, but surveys reveal that many people with a disability currently lack these computer skills. One way to address the gap is to prepare students while they are attending primary and secondary school. The National Business Education Association developed technology standards for all students in grades K–12 and recommend that keyboarding instruction begin in third or fourth grade. However, research studies indicate that general education teachers, special educators, and business education teachers do not feel prepared to teach keyboarding to students with a disability. This article reviews current practices in keyboarding instruction and provides suggestions for adaptations for students with disabilities.


Let $A$ and $B$ designate $n\times n$ matrices with coefficients in a field $F$. In this paper, we completely answer the following question: For $A$ fixed, what are the possible characteristic polynomials of $A+B$, where $B$ ranges over matrices of rank $\le m$?


(57) Abstract: MAY is irregular, also vehicles for transporting payload on the surface that may contain stairs. Vehicle includes a support member for supporting the payload, the grounding element which is movable with respect to the local axis being movable with respect to a second axis having a defined relation with respect to the support. Transportation is also a powered drive to allow controllable motion of the ground element, at least variation likely operating condition with respect to the inclination in a plane which extends in the front and rear when no power is supplied to the power operated device having a power driven device actuated. Vehicle also has an input device for receiving an instruction regarding direction of required movement of the vehicle from the assistant not riding the vehicle.


The distribution of mosquitoes and associated vector diseases (e.g., West Nile, dengue, and Zika viruses) is likely a function of environmental conditions in the landscape. Urban environments are highly heterogeneous in the amount of vegetation, standing water, and concrete structures covering the land at a given time, each having the capacity to influence mosquito abundance and disease transmission. Previous research suggests that socioeconomic status is correlated with the ecology of the landscape, with lower-income neighborhoods generally having more concrete structures and standing water via residential abandonment, garbage dumps, and inadequate sewage. Whether these socio-ecological factors affect mosquito distributions across urban environments in the United States (US) remains unclear. Here, we present a meta-analysis of 22 paired observations from 15 articles testing how socioeconomic status relates to overall mosquito burden in urban landscapes in the United States. We then analyzed a comprehensive dataset from a socioeconomic gradient in Baltimore, Maryland to model spatiotemporal patterns of Aedes albopictus using a spatial regression model with socio-ecological covariates. The meta-analysis revealed that lower-income neighborhoods (regions making less than $50,000 per year on average) are exposed to 151% greater mosquito densities and mosquito-borne illnesses compared to higher-income neighborhoods (≥$50,000 per year). Two species of mosquito (Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti) showed the strongest relationship with socioeconomic status, with Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti being 62% and 22% higher in low-income neighborhoods, respectively. In the spatial regression analysis in Baltimore, we found that Ae. albopictus spatial spread of 1.2 km per year was significantly associated with median household income, vegetation cover, tree density, and abandoned buildings. Specifically, Ae. albopictus abundance was negatively correlated with median household income, vegetation cover, and tree density. Ae. albopictus abundance and the cover of abandoned buildings were positively correlated. Together, these results indicate that socio-ecological interactions can lead to disproportionate impacts of mosquitoes on humans in urban landscapes. Thus, concerted efforts to manage mosquito populations in low-income urban neighborhoods are required to reduce mosquito burden for the communities most vulnerable to human disease.


"As I happen to be interested at the present time in the variation and distribution of the native houses of New Guinea, it has occured to me that I might put a few of the conclusions at which I have arrived in the form of an essay. [...]"


Three types of interpenetrating polymer network, acrylic/soft segment polyurea, acrylic/copolyurea and acrylic/copoly (urea isocyanurate) IPNs have been made by reactive blending in reaction injection molding (RIM). The purpose of this study is to evaluated the processability, reaction kinetics and microstructure of these materials. The processability of these blends in RIM have been evaluated in term of mixing quality and the materials′ appearance. The reaction kinetics of the blends have been investigated based on the results of adiabatic temperature rise (ATR) The reaction sequence was identified by the ATR data. The morphology of these blend were observed with transmission electron microscopy. The study indicated that the solvent effect of the acrylic monomers improved the processability of the polyurea in RIM. The three types of blends exhibited good mixing quality in RIM processing and resulted in uniform appearance. The macrophase separation in these blends had been suppressed. The three types of blend showed different reaction features. The sequential reaction feature resulted in particle dispersed morphology, whilst simultaneous reaction character led to fine morphology with intensive chain interpenetrating between the conponents. These materials can be used as engineering plastic and the matrix of fibre reinforced composites by RIM.


Objective
To explore the clinical application value of carbon nanoparticles labeled lymph node staining combined with artery approach in radical resection of sigmoid colon cancer.

Methods
The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 40 patients with sigmoid colon cancer who were admitted to the Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital) from December 2015 to June 2016 were collected. Among 40 patients undergoing radical resection of sigmoid colon cancer, 20 using nanometer carbon lymph node staining combined with artery approach and 20 using the traditional lymph node sorting were respectively allocated into the observation group and control group. Observation indicators: (1) detection of the lymph node and pathological examination; (2) follow-up situations. Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect adjuvant chemotherapy, tumor recurrence or metastasis and surgery-related complications up to June, 2017. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as ±s, and comparisons between groups were evaluated with the t test. Comparisons of count data were analyzed using the chi-square test. The comparisons of ordinal data were analyzed using the nonparametric test.

Results
(1) Detection of the lymph node and pathological examination: 40 patients underwent successful radical resection of sigmoid colon cancer. The lymph node sorting time, total and average numbers of lymph node sorting, total and average numbers of lymph node with diameter 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the metastasis rate of patients, average number of positive lymph nodes with diameter 0.05). During the follow-up, there was no surgery-related complication.

Conclusion
The carbon nanoparticles labeled lymph node staining combined with artery approach in radical resection of sigmoid colon cancer can increase the sorting rate and number of lymph node, and improve the accuracy of postoperative pathological staging.

Key words:
Sigmoid colon neoplasms; Colonic neoplasms; Nanometer carbon; Pathological examination; Lymph node sorting; Pathological staging


Background Musculoskeletal complaints (MSC) are common in the general population, causing a major disease burden to the individual and society. The association between MSC and mortality is still unclear. To our knowledge, no study has hitherto evaluated the association between MSC onset within the last month (incident MSC) on the one hand, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality on the other. Methods This prospective population-based cohort study was done using data from the second Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT2) linked with data from a comprehensive national registry of cause of death. A total of 25,931 participants at risk for incident MSC were included. Hazard ratios (HR) of mortality were estimated for participants with incident MSC using Cox regression based on a mean of 14.1 years of follow-up. Results Participants who reported incident MSC did not have an excess mortality compared to those with no MSC in the analyses of all-cause mortality (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.89–1.10) and cause specific mortality. This was true also after adjustment for several potential confounding factors. No clear association between the number of MSC body sites and mortality was found. Conclusion Incident MSC were not associated with an increased mortality, neither for all-cause mortality, nor cause-specific mortality.


CONTEXT
We present a post-hoc approach to improve the recall of ICD classification.

METHOD
The proposed method can use any classifier as a backbone and aims to calibrate the number of codes returned per document. We test our approach on a new stratified split of the MIMIC-III dataset.

RESULTS
When returning 18 codes on average per document we obtain a recall that is 20% better than a classic classification approach.


The performance of a dipole antenna is evaluated for different distances from the human body by using the Method of Moments (MoM) in the 2.45 ISM band. This is done by considering the antenna in close vicinity to a homogeneous lossy cylinder and the calculated total radiated field around the body is validated through comparison with CST Microwave Studio simulation results. Perspectives are discussed regarding communication via creeping waves.


E Ik (Cervus elaphus) are an important large wild herbivore in the western United States that need to maximize intake of digestible energy and essential nutrients. Elk, similar to other free ranging herbivores, are governed in their search for food by the law of least effort, as expressed by Geist (1982). Necessary resources must be obtained with a minimum of effort and risk in order to maximize the benefits derived. The acquisition of nutrients either by maximization of quantity consumed, and/or optimization of quality through selectivity, requires least effort so that the net gain to the animal is maximized. This says that managers need to ensure the highest quality forage possible while providing security for wild herbivores from predators, or harassment or interruption of natural activities by outside influences such as human activity. We need to understand that overrides between influences can occur. If animals are denied high quality forage they often increase risk to obtain forage elsewhere. Wild ungulates use of agricultural land when native ranges lack forage quality is one example. The extensive migration of elk through seemingly adequate habitat to non-traditional ranges is another. Elk numbers in the United States have been increasing over the last 25 years. In most cases the limiting factor to growth and maintenance of the elk populations has been the availability of winter range habitat. Elk no longer have the opportunity to exert freedom in their choice of winter range habitat and seasonal migration routes because of various human activities that directly or indirectly influence elk behavior and habitat availability. In some cases, historic winter ranges are completely gone, or greatly restricted by urbanization through construction of human habitation and/or intensive agricultural operations. Winter range habitat for elk varies from public ownership, to a mosaic of public and private, to completely private land. The need exists to manage winter ranges more intensively to prevent reduced elk production, damage to the range resource, and conflicts with private landowners. In this paper we provide a rationale for livestock grazing systems that enhance the grazing opportunities of elk.


The objective of the present paper is to introduce a certain general class
P(p,α,β)(p∈N={1,2,3,…}, 0≤α<p  and  β≥0) of p-valent analytic functions in the open unit disk U
and we prove that if f∈P(p,α,β) then Jp,c(f), defined by
Jp,c(f)=c


The purpose of the WFS specification, proposed by the the OpenGIS Consortium (OGC), is to describe the manipulation operations over geospatial data using GML. Web servers providing WFS service are called WFS Servers. WFS servers publish GML views of geographic features stored in data sources such that the user can query and update data sources through a user defined feature type schema. In this work, we study the problem of answering WFS queries through a feature type schema, when the data is stored in a relational database. A feature type is specified by the feature type schema and a set of correspondence assertions. The feature type's correspondence assertions formally specify relationships between the feature type schema and the relational database schema. We define the semantic for WFS query answering and present an algorithm that translate a WFS query defined over a feature type schema into a SQL/XML query defined over the relational database schema.


Abstract Computer technology has advanced rapidly in the past two decades. Many complicated petroleum science and engineering problems have been solved numerically using computers. Consequently, less attention has been paid to analytical methods. Higher education institutions have a tendency to offer more numerical analysis courses and less advanced mathematics courses than before. As a result, the analytical skills of graduating petroleum scientists and engineers are declining. This article demonstrates that analytical methods are still favorable in solving some petroleum science and engineering problems. The demonstration example is the proof of the Young–Laplace equation using the theory of Calculus of Variations applied to petroleum fluids.


To understand the nature of the marketing channels, marketing costs, margins, price spread and producer's share in the consumers' price of coconut, a study was conducted in central Kerala. Results indicate that about 51% of the respondents sold coconuts in the non-husked form. Furthermore, most farmers (86%) traded it on-farm, and only about 14% of the respondents sold it outside. The most common marketing channel identified was the 'producer—copra maker—oil miller—wholesaler—consumer'. The concept of concurrent margin, employed to find out the marketing margin showed that the producer's share in consumer's rupee was only 60.58%, implying a high price spread. Value addition at the farm-level, however, may help the producers to secure a higher proportion of the final product price and reduce the price spread.


Compared with low-earth-orbit synthetic aperture radar (SAR), geosynchronous SAR (GEO SAR) due to the long synthetic aperture time and the sensitive effect of the earth's rotation, has great range migration in its echo and the extension of the receiving time window, resulting in the conventional timing design unusable. To solve this problem, a timing design method for GEO SAR is proposed in which the range migration is taken into consideration to avoid loss of echo. The equations and steps of the timing design are given in detail and in addition the range ambiguity and the azimuth ambiguity for GEO SAR are also discussed. Simulated results have verified the validity of the proposed timing design method for GEO SAR.


In recent years, many kinds of humanoid robots have been developed. A disadvantage of a simple robot is a lack of movements unlike some humanoid robots have arms. The authors test simple robots could realize fluent communication as well as humanoid robots. What kind of motion should do as basic communication movements for a simple robot was researched in pre-experiments. Based on the results of pre-experiments, the proposed simple robot was created. Using pepper and a simple robot, the authors conducted an experiment to evaluate the impression. The following knowledge is obtained by results of experiments. A proposed simple robot with emotional motions is evaluated as well as Pepper in "Familiarity", "Enjoyment", and "Performance." A proposed simple robot with emotional motions is evaluated higher than simple robot without emotional motion "Familiarity", "Enjoyment" and "Activity." Even with the proposed simple robot, the author can realize the same degree of communication as Pepper by multimodal transformation.


Agri-food products diversity and contemporary problems of food safety are leading to an uncertainty about the quality of products along the production chain. In this regard, the present study aimed to identify main factors in decision making of certified products consumers. To this effect, was performed a non-probabilistic sampling survey by sending an online questionnaire answered by 220 people. Among the factors that determine certified products consumption are monthly income, educational level and number of people in the family. The high price is considered as one of the barriers to certified products consumption. It was found that there are consumers who do not know what certification is. This fact constitutes an obstacle on certified products buying decision. Studies show an increase in importance when consumers attach to certification after educational campaigns. In this sense, it is necessary to develop information and awareness campaigns of the characteristics of certified products.


Embedded solitons(ES) represent solitary waves which reside inside the continuous spectrum of a nonlinear-wave system. This type of solitons was first reported by Yang et al. [1] in optical models characterized by opposing dispersion and competing nonlinearities at fundamental and second harmonics. More specifically, optical media with quadratic χ and cubic χ nonlinear susceptibilities can support ES solutions. The evolution of ES is governed by the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations [2]:


lesterol is an important part of cell membrane integrity and a disruption of this may result in muscle breakdown. Both statins and ezetimibe are known to increase individually the risk of rhabdomyolysis though no interaction exists. Our patient had multiple predisposing factors to rhabdomyolysis, including her age (>65 years), gender and history of hypothyroidism. There are three hypotheses for the cause of rhabdomyolysis in this patient: (i) statin and pregabalin interaction through the effect on the muscle membrane and intracellular calcium; (ii) statin and clarithromycin through their interaction with the CYP450 enzymes; and (iii) the addition of both ezetimibe and simvastatin which individually increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis.


The translation of titles is an important part of the translation of movies.By analyzing a large number of movie titles,the author has drawn a conclusion that the translated movie titles should be concise and generalizing with commercial advertising characteristics.In terms of some correlative translation theories,this paper introduces four principles and six translation methods in the translation of movie titles,which might provide certain references for future movie title translation.


The mode of school-enterprise cooperation and collaborative education is the inevitable means of training the application-oriented undergraduate talents. However, due to the constraints of the basic conditions, such as policies and regions, etc., it is difficult for the local colleges and universities to carry out school-enterprise cooperation. In this paper, the in-depth analysis is conducted from aspects of school-enterprise cooperation goals, entry point and normalization factors, etc., by taking engineering as an example. And the methods and ideas for establishing long-term effective school-enterprise cooperation and collaborative education mechanism is explored. Keywords—school-enterprise cooperation, talent training, application type, training mode


This paper analyzes the thermal elastic-plastic-creep at the bottom of slots in turbine disks using three-dimensional finite elements. Considering the low cycle of engine parts during takeoff-operating-landing process, the yield stress surface of the material is treated according to the kinematic hardening rule. Since the plastic strains are caused by transient loads when starting the engine, being time-independent, while the creep strains are caused by hold time and large loads under high temperature, being time-dependent, the calculation is performed for these two cases, respectively. This would be more correspondent to the practical states of engine. The computation results show that the creep of turbine disks is under neither constant stresses nor constant strains, but is under the combination of both. This phenomenon brings forward a new concept to predict the fatigue/creep life of turbine disks.Copyright © 1985 by ASME


Abstract Using within-family variation from twins and siblings, I find that smokers earn approximately 16% less than nonsmokers. Possible explanations for this earning difference are addiction-related productivity declines and earning reductions from higher health insurance costs. To investigate further, I use variation in the provision of employer-supplied health insurance (ESHI) to examine the mechanism of whether the addiction or insurance component has a larger influence on earnings. While I generally observe a larger earning penalty for smokers with ESHI than smokers without ESHI, the earning difference is statistically indistinguishable from zero.


Remote sensing data are commonly utilized for agricultural applications pertaining to the assessment and monitoring of crop health. However, capabilities to detect and monitor livestock and associated operations, such as dairies and ranches, are comparatively limited. We acquired and characterized spectral reflectance signatures for materials expected to be common in unobscured areas of livestock agricultural facilities, i.e., livestock and waste material. Representative samples were measured in field surveys and the laboratory using an ASD FieldSpec 4 spectroradiometer spanning the 0.4-2.5μm reflective spectrum. We then applied the new signatures with conventional target detection algorithms to data collected by NASA/JPL's AVIRIS-NG imaging spectrometer to determine the feasibility of producing compositional distribution maps. Resulting match planes successfully delineated groups of livestock and waste materials, generally bounded by fenced pen areas, and inspection of high scoring pixel spectra suggested good agreement with ground truth measurements. This research is an initial demonstration of high spectral and spatial resolution AVIRIS-NG data to identify materials such as hair, which exhibit both broadband VIS-NIR pigmentation and narrow, structural protein-attributed SWIR vibrational absorption features. Further study may contribute toward enhancing land use/land cover map products and complementing investigations of biogenic methane sources.


The Third Rhone Correction (R3) is the largest environmental project attempted in Switzerland in recent decades. It includes the Rhone river and a significant part of its valley for over a 160 km and will cost € 0.6-1.0 billion over a period of time of about 30 years. The project, which is at the moment in a design phase, was triggered by a series of large flood events in the past 20 years that made people realize that the present design is no longer ensuring an adequate protection. The project aims at contributing to the sustainable development of the whole Rhone valley region. This includes not only flood-security objectives but also economical, social and ecological ones. A large adherence of the stakeholders to the project is perceived as a main precondition for its success. This is critical especially as the land use is subject to competing interests. While its proponents argue that participative processes give an adequate response to some of the most critical issues, careful planning is needed in order to maximize its chances of success. However, surprisingly little guidance can be found in the literature with respect to the structuring of the decision process, especially for such a large project. The main objective of this research is to provide a sound decision-making framework as well as scientific methods for the establishment of a sustainable management concept for the Rhone fluvial landscape. After introducing the project and its objectives, we concentrate on the initial phases of the participative process: structuring the decision process itself, identification and structuring of stakeholders and of their position in the participative process, in particular their level of participation, and the identification of their objectives. The most prominent existing methods for these tasks are reviewed and applied to this problem. The methods themselves as well and their outcomes are evaluated with respect to the characteristics of the 3rd Rhone Correction, especially with respect to the Swiss and Valais Canton context. As a result, customised hybrid methods are proposed. Transactions on Ecology and the Environment vol 67, © 2003 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541


Increasing ion source life and output remains a key challenge to improving the productivity and cost of ownership of ion implant tools. This paper describes how recent developments in source design, materials selection, and operation, combined with the careful optimization of gas chemistries, have improved source performance, particularly for dedicated species operation.


THE contemporary critics of Thomas Hobbes have received but scant attention from writers on the history of Political Thought in England. These cannot plead lack of material as their excuse; the Leviathan would excite comment in any age; in the golden age of English political writing it could never hope to escape criticism. The supreme achievement of Hobbes was to lay hold of the weapon usually employed to defend a democratic theory of government, and to wield it in the interests of an unqualified, unrelieved, despotism. Contract means a bargain; a bargain implies some limitation upon the exercise of authority; hence, clearly, society which refers to contract as the source of its origin, must be a society whose life is controlled by a responsible power. Before the days of Hobbes it was in this light that political theorists usually interpreted the doctrine of the Social Contract. In the Leviathan, however, we find this theory paraded as a justification for binding men with the chains of an unlimited authority. For, in the eyes of Hobbes, the one outstanding characteristic of human nature is its essential viciousness. As Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, put it in " A Brief View and Survey of the Dangerous and Pernicious Errours to Church and State in Mr. Hobbes's Book entitled Leviathan 1 " Man only, created in the likeness of God Himself, is the only creature in the world, that out of the malignity of his own nature, and the base feare that is inseparable from it; is obliged for his own benefit, and for the defence of his own right, to worry and destroy all his kind, until they become yoaked by a Covenant and Contract that Mr. Hobbes hath provided for them."2 Nor would the theory of natural equality found in the Leviathan stand the test of criticism. Indeed, ". . . . every man's experience will afford him abundance of examples in the number of his own acquaintances, in which, of those who have alwaies had equal advantages of Education, Conversation, Industry, and it may be of virtuous inclinations, it is


A numerical analysis model of the thermo-photovoltaic(TPV)system was constructed,and the matching properties of different modules were investigated.The influences of the emitter temperature and the velocity of the cooling system on the cell temperature and power output were discussed.The results indicate that there is an optimal velocity of the cooling system at which the maximum system efficiency is gained at every certain emitter temperature. With the increase of the emitter temperature,both the system efficiency and the net power output increase.But due to the rise of the cell temperature,the increase grads of the system efficiency drop.When the emitter temperature reaches 1 800K,the maximum system efficiency of 18.22% is gained.


INTRODUCTION The industry demand for students with adequate problem solving and business skills is increasing. To better prepare students for the challenges of the business world, the Accreditation Board for Engineering Education (ABET) has defined a set of accreditation criteria (3a-k) which identify 11 outcomes expected of engineering graduates. Previous studies have addressed the importance of case study in enhancing students' learning (e.g. Sankar et al., 1995; Raju and Sankar, 1999, Sankar and Raju, 2003; Mehta et al., 2007). However, little empirical investigation has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of cases in improving students' learning. To help students meet the expectation the Laboratory for Innovative Technology and Engineering Education (LITEE) team at Auburn University worked with industrial partners to develop a series of multimedia case studies under NSF support #0442531. These case studies help students visualize the real world problems and play the roles of concerned engineers and managers. Students work in teams and present solutions to the posed problem, analyze their solution and defend their rationales.


In this paper, bilayer pseudospin FET (BiSFET) is fabricated and tested for the condensate using Coulomb drag measurements in the double layer graphene system. The basic BiSFET structure can also be used as 2D-2D single particle tunnel FET, and the single particle h-h and e-e 2D-2D tunnel FETs, which is graphene's single-atom thickness could lead to more ideal interlayer tunneling characteristics provided the layers can be aligned. Single particle tunneling current calculations have been performed which show NDR characteristics, reminiscent of the BiSFET, albeit with higher operating powers.


This paper discusses the depth acuity research conducted in support of the development of a Modular Multi-Spectral Stereoscopic (M2S2) night vision goggle (NVG), a customizable goggle that lets the user select one of five goggle configurations: monocular thermal, monocular image intensifier (I2), binocular I2, binocular thermal, and binocular dual-waveband (thermal imagery to one eye and I2 imagery to the other eye). The motives for the development of this type of customizable goggle were (1) the need for an NVG that allows the simultaneous use of two wavebands, (2) the need for an alternative sensor fusion method to avoid the potential image degradation that may accompany digitally fused images, (3) a requirement to provide the observer with stereoscopic, dual spectrum views of a scene, and (4) the need to handle individual user preferences for sensor types and ocular configurations employed in various military operations. Among the increases in functionality that the user will have with this system is the ability to convert from a binocular I2 device (needed for detailed terrain analysis during off-road mobility) to a monocular thermal device (for increased situational awareness in the unaided eye during nights with full moon illumination). Results of the present research revealed potential depth acuity advantages that may apply to off-road terrain hazard detection for the binocular thermal configuration. The results also indicated that additional studies are needed to address ways to minimize binocular incompatibility for the dual waveband configuration.


This article discusses China's future efforts to control population growth, trends in population dynamics over time, and the results of the revision of the Ninth Five Year Plan and the population control plan in 2010. It is argued that population growth for the nation and individual regions must be balanced with economic growth. Population control must be specific to regional circumstances. Statisticians are working to establish accurate base figures and to administer another 1% sample survey. Under the Eighth Five Year Plan, the first born total fertility rate fell below 1 and second births were delayed. It is expected that in the Ninth Five Year Plan fertility will rise slightly. Many regions, including Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shandong, include a majority of women pursuing successful careers and delaying childbearing. Population projections under the Ninth Five Year Plan must account for these delayed childbearers that might number as high as 100,000 in many provinces. Little is known about the reproductive patterns of the floating population. Many migrants do not have access to contraceptives. Population control programs must take into account the aforementioned conditions. Population control in 2010 must take into account other factors, such as China's maximum population capacity, optimum population size, and the country's ability to control fertility. It is estimated that China can sustain a maximum capacity of about 1.6 billion people or as few as 0.7-1 billion. Current population control programs are potentially capable of reducing population over the next 20 years to 0.7-1 billion. A realistic goal would be to contain population (including Hong Kong and Macao) to within 1.3 billion by the year 2000 and to within 1.4 billion by 2010. These targets will be difficult to achieve.


A non linear model of active control of the landing gear has been established. According to the state equations and a reasonable objective function, the comprehensive performance of landing gear is optimized. By numerical simulation, the taxiing performance of an active control system landing gear and that of a passive system landing gear are compared.


The presented paper proposes an ant colony algorithm for continuous optimization (CACO-DE). ACO algorithms are always used for discrete optimization problems,but rarely for continuous optimization. CACO-DE is designed based on the numerical encoding in which each real number is changed into a string made up of characters {0,…,9}. The length of encoding depends on the accuracy and dimension of the solution. Artificial ants construct solutions being guided by a high dimension pheromone vector. The framework of the proposed algorithm is similar to the classical ACO except for the updating rule and local search strategy. Some preliminary results obtained on benchmark problems show that the new method can solve continuous optimization problems faster than other ant and non-ant methods.


The magnetic entropy changes and magnetoresistance were studied in Ni45Mn42Cr2Sn11 ferromagnetic shape memory alloy near the martensitic transition temperature. The substitution of Mn by Cr leads to the rapid decrease of the martensitic transition temperature. A large magnetic entropy change, ΔSM, of 15 J/kg K in a magnetic field of 10 kOe and a large negative MR of 45% in a magnetic field up to 50 kOe were observed in this alloy. The temperature and magnetic field induced martensitic transition should be the origin of large ΔSM and MR in Ni45Mn42Cr2Sn11 ferromagnetic shape memory alloy.


An oft-used statement in American and Canadian legal writings is that an employer's unilateral termination of a worker is the capital punishment of industrial relations. 2 The employment-at-will rule prevalent in most American states is the antithesis to the law in most European countries, where job security laws abound. This rule permits either the employer or employee to terminate the employment relationship at any time, with or without cause. Domestic legislation in Europe consistently requires the employer not only to show good cause but also to tender statutory notice to a worker who is to be terminated. Moreover, these laws usually require the company to pay the affected worker severance pay, generally gauged by his period of service. The American at-will rule, the absence of statutory severance pay, and the dearth of pre-termination notice are anomalous to worker protections common in Europe. This article will compare and contrast American law with the usual European laws regarding restrictions on employers and rights of employees in termination cases. Part I addresses relevant supranational conventions and treaties that have instigated much domestic employment legislation in Europe. In particular, the Intemational Labor Organization and the European Commission have been significant in this area. Part II has two sub-sections. First, an elaboration of Irish law exemplifies the myriad of worker protections and management obligations in termination decisions. The second section includes more summary treatment of some other European countries: four pre-2004 European Union member states (Austria,


Based on Qinghai province tackling key project,the mining method and ore prospecting orientation in Yiliping depression of Qaidam basin(2005-G-131),the authors have done the natural evaporation research of brine which containing lithium,boron and potassium.


We introduce a variant of frieze patterns associated to arbitrary Cartan matrices, which we call Y-frieze patterns. We construct Y-frieze patterns from frieze patterns via a variant of the cluster ensemble map. Using cluster algebras, we define unitary Y-frieze patterns, and show that the ensemble map sends unitary frieze patterns to unitary Y-frieze patterns. In finite type, we show that Y-frieze patterns satisfy the same glide symmetry as frieze patterns and conjecture that there are finitely many Y-friezes.


Results of absolute frequency measurements carried on at PTB in the 1995 year with transportable HeNe/CH/sub 4/ laser (Lebedev Institute, Moscow) stabilized over the resolved magnetic hyperfine structure (MHPS) of F/sup (2)//sub 2/ methane line (/spl lambda/=3.39 /spl mu/m) are presented.


Recently, intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have been increasingly brought to task for failing to meet the expectations that researchers and vendors were raising. Promises that IDSs would be capable of reliably identifying malicious activity never turned into reality. While virus scanners and firewalls have visible benefits and remain virtually unnoticed during normal operation, intrusion detection systems are known for producing a large number of alerts that are either not related to malicious activity (false positives) or not representative of a successful attack (non-relevant positives). Although tuning and proper configuration may eliminate the most obvious spurious alerts, the problem of the vast imbalance between actual and false or non-relevant alerts remains.


A model of the left ventricle was built incorporating a mitral and an aortic valve. The bicuspid mitral valve was seen to achieve most of its closure during diastole. This was shown to be due to a ring-vortex occupying the left ventricle together with flow deceleration through the mitral ring during the latter part of diastole. The vortex was asymmetrical in the model, because of the shape of the ventricle, and this caused the anterior cusp to close earlier in diastole than the posterior cusp. Enlargement of the ventricle eliminated the vortex and resulted in later closure of the mitral valve. The effect of atrial systole on valve closure was studied experimentally and theoretically.


Photograph of baptistry painting done by Perry for the Church of Christ in Victory, Texas. Scene depicts wide water with various types of trees, clouds.


Introduction: In the Colombian Andean mountain areas, mules are the basis for the development of agricultural activities of peasant economics. In the management of the mules, the empirical knowledge of the peasants for the nutritional aspect predominates, which implies having animals in optimal body condition for the work of loading. One of the important aspects of management related to animal welfare is the determination of body condition (engraving level), the quality can be calculated by means of subjective (visual) and objective techniques such as measurement of fat thickness by ultrasound. Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine the engraving in different anatomical regions of the body and its relationship with the body condition score (CCP) in working mules. Methods: mules aged between 5 and 30 years old, from 4 municipalities in western Cundinamarca (n = 42) were measured. In each example, the PCC scale (1-9) was measured visually and the thickness of subcutaneous fat using ultrasound at 5 anatomical sites (dorsal-EGD, lumbar-EGL, girth-EGC, cross-EGCR and anca-EGA). Results: The average CCP in the mules was 5.2 ± 1.1 and the averages of thickness of subcutaneous fat found for the EGD, EGL, EGC, EGCR and EGA regions were 5.2 ± 2.1 mm, 3, 9 ± 0.8 mm, 7.0 ± 2.2 mm, 4.7 ± 1.5 and 4.2 ± 1.2 mm, respectively. Moderate correlations were found between PCC and EGD (r = 0.39; p <0.01), PCC and EGA (0.49; p <0.01), PCC and EGC (r = 0.43, p <0 , 01. Conclusions: It is concluded that the distribution of the subcutaneous engraving is different for the 5 anatomical sites evaluated, evidencing a greater engraving in the region of the girth followed by the dorsal region.


Kaman Sciences Corporation has designed a 64 kW Concentrating Photovoltaic Applications Test Center (APTEC). The APTEC employs a combined concentrating photovoltaic array in a total energy system application for load sharing the electric and thermal demands of a large computer center with the interfaced electric and natural gas utility. The photovoltaic array is composed of two-axis tracking heliostats of Fresnel lens concentrating, silicon solar cell modules. The modules are cooled with a fluid which transfers heat to a ground coupled heat sink/storage unit for subsequent use in meeting the computer center's thermal load demand. The combined photovoltaic power system shares basic components - a power conditioning unit, batteries and thermal conditioning equipment - with the electric and natural gas utility service, improving the computer center's operating availability time and displacing a portion of the fossil fuel required to power the computer center with solar energy. The detailed system design is reported.


swamps of South Carolina and echoes other historians in noting how enslavers viewed "swamps as unruly slaves, requiring discipline before they would submit to cultivation and mastery" (124). He ventures from the various types of maroon settlements in Lowcountry and Savannah River swamps, to the lower Mississippi Delta, to the Great Dismal Swamp—home to the "most successful maroon community in the American South" where "hundreds, possibly thousands" of maroons lived and even raised "several generations" (138). In his final body chapter, "Landscape of Freedom," Silkenat brings the reader to the Civil War era and concludes that "environmental destruction undergirded the argument for Southern secession and the formation of the Confederacy," as "proponents of this new slaveholding republic articulated an environmental vision predicated on territorial expansion and enslaved Black labor" (149, 151). But as Silkenat describes in the book's conclusion, the abolition of slavery ended neither racial oppression nor environmental degradation. While "freedom presented a new set of environmental opportunities and challenges" for Black Southerners, slavery had already "polluted everything it touched" (169). The sharecropping regime into which white landowners and former enslavers forced many African Americans only exacerbated the environmental destruction that they had put into motion under slavery (171). Silkenat closes the book with the briefest of invocations of the climate crisis, as he argues that the ongoing reckoning with American slavery must also "see the scars on the land" that the institution left behind (172). Nonetheless, it is impossible to read Scars on the Land without reflecting on the climate crisis's growing impacts on the contemporary southern environment, and Silkenat's compact synthesis is a valuable primer on the precedents for how intertwined environmental and racial exploitation, as well as resistance to those regimes, can manifest. Caroline Grego Queens University of Charlotte


Credit rating is a measure of a firm's creditworthiness in financial markets. The cost and benefit given from credit rating is supposed to affect the capital structure decision in the following year. This research examines the effect of each rating level on the capital structure level and examines how credit ratings are substantial for the firms to reach the optimal capital structure. It will also compare the impact of credit ratings from different agencies. Quarterly data of 110 firms that fulfil the requirements are gathered from 2010 until 2021. Panel data analysis using the fixed effects method shows a nonlinear U-shape between Standard & Poor's and Fitch's credit rating on capital structure level and on the distance to optimal capital structure level. Low and high rated firms tend to have higher debt levels in the following year and have a larger distance to the optimal capital structure level. Meanwhile, mid rated firms have lower debt levels and smaller distances. However, the result is opposite using Moody's rating and insignificant using PEFINDO's rating. This research suggests that credit rating is important to the capital structure decisions and other Indonesia firms could acquire credit rating especially from international rating agency.


Abstract In this paper, a novel method is proposed for the optimization, by finite element method (FEM) analysis, of the design variables of sheet-metal-forming processes. The method is useful when one or more non-controllable process parameters can be modelled as a random variable that introduces a degree of uncertainty into a process solution or, in other words, when the effect of any combination of design variables on the process response is disturbed by the non-controllable effect of a random vector of parameters. The method is particularly suited to problems with large FEM computational times, small process window, and large non-uniform variance of results. The process window is the region in the space of the design variables where the failure probability (i.e. the probability that wrinkling or excessive thinning occur) is lower than a given α value. The problem is formulated as the minimization of a cost function, subject to a reliability constraint. The cost function is indirectly optimized through a 'metamodel', built by 'Kriging' interpolation. The reliability, i.e. the failure probability, is assessed by a binary logistic regression analysis of the simulation results. The method is described and applied to a real production problem, a flexforming operation with large probability of failure by wrinkling, where the fluid pressure curve must be optimized. This particular industrial example has been chosen because several solutions found by process engineers did not prove to be robust in respect of a random variation in the coefficient of friction. A simple and conventional design approach would lead to an unreliable solution.


With the definition of effective operations as stated in the paper cited above (this Journal, vol. 35 (1970), p. 217), the last step of Lemma 1 does not appear to extend to types ≥ 3. This may be rectified by altering the second clause of the definition of effective operation (loc. cit. p. 217) to read: ℱ is an effective operation of type i + 2 with Gödel number f∈E i+2, if for every g∈E i+1 there is an effective operation of type i + 1 (not depending on ℱ and f) with Gödel number g such that ℱ() = p(f, g). With this definition the proofs go through without alteration. There are two other variants for representing an effective operation by higher type objects. I. We adopt the definition of effective as given in the text, and require the terms to satisfy the additional condition II. Here we add to the definition of effective operations given in the text the condition: If ℱ and ℱ1 are effective operations of type i + 2 and for all effective operations of type i + 1, then ℱ = ℱ1. We now require terms s, t ∈ fi to satisfy the additional condition The proof of Lemmas 1 and 2 are easily modified to establish I and II. Perhaps II may be regarded as giving the most natural characterisation since in this case all terms represent continuous functionals.


Cooperating optimization of Multi-energy systems have been paid more and more attentions in recent years. This paper focuses on the optimal operation of a CCHP integrated energy station. An optimization model considering the on/off linkage of auxiliary equipment consumption is proposed. The models of the main equipment in the energy station, such as LiBr absorption chiller, ground source heat pump, gas boiler, electric chiller, etc. are improved with piecewise linear method to get more precise description of efficiency curve. The operation cost and exergy efficiency are introduced as the evaluation indexes for the operation of CCHP integrated energy station. The simulation cases are presented to investigate effect of the proposed model compared with the traditional model. The results show the proposed model in this paper could get lower operation cost and higher efficiency than the traditional one.


OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of oral estrogen/progestin on incontinence and related lower urinary tract conditions among female nursing home (NH) residents.


The cooled IR detectors are used in a wide range of applications. Most of the time, the cryocoolers are one of the components dimensioning the lifetime of the system. The current market needs tend to reliability figures higher than 15,000hrs in "standard conditions". Field returns are hardly useable mostly because of the uncertain environmental conditions of use, or the differences in user profiles. A previous paper explains how Thales Cryogenics has developed an approach based on accelerated ageing and statistical analysis [1]. The aim of the current paper is to compare results obtained on accelerated ageing on one side, and on the other side, specific field returns where the conditions of use are well known. The comparison between prediction and effective failure rate is discussed. Moreover, a specific focus is done on how some new applications of cryocoolers (continuous operation at a specific temperature) can increase the MTTF. Some assumptions are also exposed on how the failure modes, effects and criticality analysis evolves for continuous operation at a specific temperature and compared to experimental data.


Operation of micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) relays at temperatures down to 4 K is demonstrated for the first time. Due to a dramatic reduction in hysteretic switching behavior and elimination of contact oxidation, MEM relays can be operated reliably with sub-25 mV voltage signals at temperatures below 100 K. This makes them advantageous for implementing ultra-low-power digital logic circuits for cryogenic applications such as quantum computing.


The purpose of this study is to propose an intelligent cervical- lumbar traction system for rehabilitation because the population of the chronic skeletal neuromuscular disease is dramatically increasing. There are two major shortcomings for traditional traction systems. One is traction control is based on an open-loop manual structure. The other is only one set of fixed EMG applies to therapeutic services for all patients. In this study, a learning ENG knowledge base is constructed and will auto-renew patient's data after each therapy. To achieve intelligent control, two fuzzy controllers by DSP chips are designed. An EMG fuzzy controller is used to deduce more suitable EMG from the constructed EMG knowledge base. According to the deduced EMG, the traction weight will be different for different patient rehabilitation. A traction fuzzy controller is used to accurately control a DC motor to achieve a safe and comfortable therapy. The system not only combines myoelectric signal feedback and autocontrol of traction weight avoiding muscle harm or causing more pain after traction because of the improper manipulation, but also provides a graphic user interface for more convenient. However, it will be increasing the value of product itself, but also give a great deal of inspirations to the future related researches.


The foundation of Murcia has arisen a great debate, which includes from the Modern Age to nowadays. This article explains that debate by means of the authors who have written about this matter and the information sources that they have used for that.


Background: Rapid response teams (RRTs) have been shown to decrease cardiopulmonary arrest (code) rates outside of the intensive care unit (ICU). Because a primary action of RRTs is to transfer pat...


Introduction 1. It happens all the time 2. Discovering you are pregnant 3. Making choices 4. Considering abortion 5. Considering adoption 6. Considering motherhood Afterword Resources


Music programmes facilitated by music therapists are becoming more popular for vulnerable young people in mainstream and alternative school settings, however evaluation strategies have been sparsely documented within the music therapy literature. This article contributes eight interview topics for use in evaluating music programmes with adolescents. A rationale is provided for the need for such a tool with particular reference to the challenges of understanding how helpful a programme has been for young people based only on their behavioural responses. The limitations of using unstructured interviews are also explored because of the tendency to solicit a limited number of perspectives, rather than a more complete and integrated view. Eight topics for shaping evaluation interviews with young people are proposed that are informed by Ken Wilber's conceptual map of four quadrants with inside and outside views – labelled in this paper as eight perspectives. A brief overview of Wilber's quadrant thinking is provided and the rationale for each of the eight topics is then detailed. The responses of six young people are used to illustrate the types of answers that might be anticipated, including descriptions of: emotional engagement in music, feeling understood, expressing identity, safety and intimacy, feeling better, musical and non-musical achievements, relationship changes and musical connections with others. The relevance of the topics is then discussed in context of the music therapy literature and possibilities for adapting the topics to suit the local context are recommended.


Automatic spray gun (100) for coating liquid, which on a robot (300) can be fastened, for spray-coating of objects. The longitudinal axis of the spray nozzle (10) defines a straight apparatus center line (64). The flange surface of a Apparateflansches (66) extends perpendicular to the center line of apparatus (64) and is fastened to a robot flange (308). A tube connecting apparatus (1) on the rear of the spray gun (100) is designed such that all hoses (310) that are required for the supply of the spray gun with liquid or gaseous fluids, in parallel to the apparatus center line (64) from the rear of the spray gun rearwardly away extend in the robot flange (308). The spray gun is preferably of modular design.


maximum ~200 words). A recent National Academies report stated: "Large-scale simulation and the accumulation and analysis of massive amounts of data are revolutionizing many areas of science and engineering research. Increased advanced computing capability has historically enabled new science, and many fields today rely on high-throughput computing for discovery." At Yale, we see the emergence of huge quantities of data at multiple scales as a major driver of transformative scientific research. We highlight challenges in three particular disciplines: materials science, bioimaging, and astrophysics. To address these challenges, many innovations in CI will be crucial: better networks combining high speed with secure access and authentication; new, scalable storage architectures supporting better management, access, curation, and preservation; improved cybersecurity technologies supporting controlled data access essential to collaborative research; new CI funding models encouraging more flexible responses to infrastructure needs (especially storage); development of inter-institutional or regional communities of CI expertise; and enhanced cloud-based methodologies facilitating inter-institutional collaborations. We also discuss two other topics of great importance: CI workforce development and training, including creation of long-term career paths; and the need for direct connections between agency awards of research funding and guarantees of sufficient and appropriate CI to complete the research. Question 1 Research Challenge(s) (maximum ~1200 words): Describe current or emerging science or engineering research challenge(s), providing context in terms of recent research activities and standing questions in the field. Submission in Response to NSF CI 2030 Request for Information PAGE 2 DATE AND TIME: 2017-04-03 16:08:17 REFERENCE NO: 207 According to a recent report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: "Large-scale simulation and the accumulation and analysis of massive amounts of data are revolutionizing many areas of science and engineering research. Increased advanced computing capability has historically enabled new science, and many fields today rely on high-throughput computing for discovery. Modeling and simulation, the historical focus of high-performance computing, is a well-established peer of theory and experiment." At Yale, we see the emergence of huge quantities of data at multiple scales as a major driver of transformative scientific research in a number of disciplines. Below are three examples that highlight future cyberinfrastructure needs as a result of this data deluge. In the design and engineering of "hard materials," computation is being applied to ever more complex materials systems (i.e., more realistic materials models) involving multiple length scales, time scales, and dynamic and evolving materials. Aside from the sheer size and scale of such computations, a major research challenge confronting the entire field is to build reasonable and representative starting structures for the modeling. The problem is acute since experimental characterization is often unable to provide the sufficiently fine-grained structural information over large spatial domains needed to specify a (relatively) unambiguous structural model. In addition to the importance of enhancing characterization tools to routinely provide high resolution structural information on materials, computational materials scientists will routinely need to simulate a large number of possible realizations of the materials structure (all obeying whatever constraints are known from experiments) to build statistical models of how the material may behave. This will require novel approaches to building large classes of "reasonable" or "likely" models (terms whose meaning must be defined as part of the research endeavor) that are to be simulated in parallel and from which one should be able to draw useful conclusions. Looking further ahead, as advanced automated experimental characterization tools come on line (and some already exist in the form of specialized advanced x-ray or electron beams systems that produce 3D structural data on materials), the sheer volume and variety of data that they will produce will present a challenge. This will require computational advances coupled with high speed storage and on-the-fly computation that is co-located at the characterization facility. Only in this way will useful information be extracted from the experiments to help make computation and experiment go hand in hand and make synchronized progress. Another important example is bioimaging, which provides a wealth of information that has a broad range of applications in basic research, and in clinical settings, including both disease diagnosis and the guidance and management of therapeutic interventions across many clinical disease domains, including neurodevelopmental disorders, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Information is typically acquired from a variety of imaging modalities and assembled post hoc, often without an a priori strategy of optimizing image acquisition and analysis to the diagnostic or therapeutic task at hand. In addition, image-based information can be derived at multiple scales, such as microscopic images from pathology or in vivo endoscopy to organ level imaging from computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Going forward, it will be critical to integrate and optimize innovative image acquisition across multiple scales and multiple modalities with state-of-the art advances in computational analysis and machine learning for image-based diagnosis, therapy targeting and outcomes assessment. Ever more sophisticated computational and statistical models will be required to make sense of the data as well as to quantify results to guide subject-specific analysis/diagnosis and intervention, potentially even providing online feedback to the acquisition system. Clearly, bioimaging is a field well-positioned to take advantage of the latest large-data-driven processing/analysis concepts based on manylayered neural network architectures (deep learning) for both image-derived biomarker assessment and prediction. However, currently, large image data repositories must be equipped with some sort of record keeping or normalization to account for variations in data acquisition, such as those across acquisition sites (i.e. hospital or imaging center) or across imaging-equipment manufacturer. In addition, patient/data confidentiality (i.e. HIPAA) issues are challenging and must be addressed. To handle all of this, new paradigms must be developed based on cloud computing concepts that can integrate information across multiple imaging scales (e.g. cellular imaging all the way to millimeter scale organ imaging), multiple energy sources/modalities (e.g. optical imaging using fluorescent dyes, MRI, PET, X-Ray, CT, ultrasound) and multiple physical locations (imaging centers) in order to assemble both training and test data for the algorithms of the future. To date, such cloud-based strategies and thinking have yet to be fully developed or thought out. High-throughput hierarchical data pipelines must be created that are sensitive to the bandwidth requirements of both processing algorithms and data transport. This may require, for instance, that computational kernels be mapped to appropriate processing hardware (e.g., GPUs) located close to the data banks holding the image information. Finally, as a third specific example, we cite astrophysics. It is not possible to perform direct laboratory experiments for many astronomical phenomena due to the extreme time, distance, and energy scales involved. Advanced cyberinfrastructure must be used to create virtual universes and probe in detail the dynamics of complex astronomical phenomena such as the formation of galaxy clusters or the merging of two black holes. Almost every subfield of astronomy—from the study of origin, evolution and fate of planets, stars and galaxies to the largescale structure (LSS) of the universe—has been impacted by continuing improvements in computational algorithms and hardware. This includes our ability to observe the sky, enabling massive surveys such as the upcoming LSST project, which will scan the visible sky every Submission in Response to NSF CI 2030 Request for Information PAGE 3 DATE AND TIME: 2017-04-03 16:08:17 REFERENCE NO: 207 night to unprecedented depth, generating petabytes of data in the process. Cosmological simulations have become an essential tool for studying the formation and evolution of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and LSS of the Universe. Starting from well-defined initial conditions of the early universe, modern cosmological simulation codes can accurately follow how dark matter and normal matter, such as gas and stars, collapse to form galaxies and galaxy clusters and how these different components interact throughout a build-up of the LSS. Such simulation codes must resolve phenomena at multiple spatial and temporal scales, incorporating numerous coupled dynamical equations to address the effects of gravity and hydrodynamics, as well as sub-grid models that are beginning to address the formation of stars and black holes. In the future, the next steps in making astrophysical simulations increasingly realistic will require simulations to follow many more variables at each spatial location to contend with significant new complications associated with improved sub-grid models for the physics of star and galaxy formation, radiation hydrodynamics in non axisymmetric environments, stiff and complex chemical or nuclear reaction networks, and multi-phase media including non-thermal components such as cosmic rays and magnetic fields. In order to validate the results of such complex simulations, it will be essential to compare results to the observational data from the LSST and other projects. In aggregate, these projects