Boron-doped LaFeO3 photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by a facile sol–gel method using glucose as a novel complexing agent. The photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-vis DRS, BET, XPS and O2-TPD techniques. The results show that the catalysts formed pure orthorhombic perovskite structures when the boron-doped content was less than 7.5%. The specific surface area of 3.5% B-doped catalysts reached 62.3 m2 g−1, but pure LaFeO3 achieved just 6.4 m2 g−1. The content of absorbed oxygen increased to 61.28% for 3.5% B-doped LaFeO3 from 38.2% for undoped LaFeO3. Compared with undoped and other boron-doped LaFeO3 photocatalysts, the 3.5% B-doped LaFeO3 catalyst exhibits the best photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation after 300 min of simulated sunlight irradiation. The superior photocatalytic activity of B-doped LaFeO3 is ascribed to these factors: first, the large specific surface area; second, the efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes on the surface of the catalyst; third, the increase in oxygen centers for photocatalytic activity.


Abstract The formation of the water-soluble glycolchitosan-copper (II) complex was studied by ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy and by viscosity measurement. The structure of the polymer complex in question was found to change with pH value of the system. The glycolchitosan-copper (II) complex was active as a free-radical initiator for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile in the presence of carbon tetra- chloride. The maximum conversion was observed at neutral pH, and was influenced by the presence of neutral salts. Relation- ship between the activity of the polymer complex for initiating the polymerization and its structure was discussed.


In this paper,the polarographic behaviors of a new synthesized reagent 2 (2,3,5 triazolyazo) 5 dimethylaminobenzoic acid (TZAMB)[with copper(Ⅱ)] are investigated.In 0.01 mol/L KHP HNO 3 0.l mol/L KNO 3 supporting electrolyte, Cu(Ⅱ) TZAMB complex gives a sensitive cathodic second derivation complex adsorption wave at -0.09 V(Vs.SCE).The peak current is linearly proportional to the concentration of copper(Ⅱ) in the range of 2.0×10 -7 ~2.0×10 -6 mol/L. The detection limit is 1.0×10 -8 mol/L. This method can be applied successfully to the determination of trace copper in food with satisfactory result.


Course information lies at the heart of university and college business processes and providing information about learning opportunities to existing and prospective students is a fundamental part of delivering the business of higher education. Despite the essential nature of this information, the management of course data remains a complex, and costly, process and evidence suggests that prospective students find it difficult to access reliable information about certain types of provision. Jisc has been working for some time on the development of common data standards to facilitate the exchange and presentation of this type of information (in particular through development of a standard for course advertising known as XCRI-CAP: eXchanging Course Related Information Course Advertising Profile which influenced the European Metadata for Learning Opportunities - Advertising standard). From September 2011 through to March 2013 Jisc funded a sector wide programme, the Course Data Programme: making the most of course information, to support improved management of course information. 93 universities and colleges participated in stage one of the programme to review their readiness for standardising their approach to course information and to develop an implementation plan and 63 of those continued into stage two of the programme to implement their proposals and deliver 'feeds' of course information for external use. This paper looks at the experiences of those institutions in trying to make the most of one of their most important data assets. At a casual glance, the scope of the programme may seem quite limited and strictly technical in nature. The requirement on HE institutions could be stated quite simply as:' The production of a machine readable 'feed' of course information in a standardised format'. This does however mask the considerable distance many universities and colleges needed to travel in order to be able to collate and present their data in this way. The overall intention of the programme was always to expose the wider issues around the management of course information and to offer a standards-based approach as a common way for the sector to move forward. This paper focuses on techniques applied and lessons learned that may be of value to other EUNIS members and highlights open source products and guidance materials that are openly available for others to use.


In the autumn of 1962 we initiated a research project whose results have been given additional significance by the defeat of the Norwegian Labor Party after a rule of thirty years. Our original intent was to determine how and to what degree students, socialized in two countries with as different cultures, value systems, economics, and political institutions as Norway and the United States, might differ in their political behavior and beliefs. Tle results we obtained from data collected


Cloud Computing is one of the emerging technologies. This research paper aimed to outline cloud computing and its features, and considered cloud computing for machine learning and data mining. The goal of the paper was to develop a recommendation and search system using big data platform on cloud environment. The main focus was on the study and understanding of Hadoop, one of the new technologies used in the cloud for scalable batch processing, and HBase data model which is a scalable database on top of the Hadoop file system. Accordingly, this project involved the design, analysis and implementation phases for developing the search and recommendation system for staffing purpose. So, mainly the action research method was being followed for this.


Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency. A bowel obstruction due to the appendicitis is in most cases functional with a paralytic ileus mechanical bowel obstructions are rare or exceptional. We describe a rare case of a mechanical bowel obstruction due to a strangulation of the last ileal loop by the appendix.


In this paper we report the results of our final work completed to improve the reliability and usability of the Norback-Utschig Presentation Scoring System developed at Georgia Tech, and based on executive input. Our approach was the modified Delphi method, a multi-stage feedback process used to generate consensus among diverse stakeholders. The method was used to collect data for seven of the 13 presentation skills not yet having high reliability between raters: "initial and final impressions," "logical flow," "key points," "layout and design," "graphics," "vocal quality," and "personal presence." Data was collected from a variety of individual stakeholders, and modifications were made to the scoring system. For example, "initial connection" was renamed to "first impression." The definition of the following skills were clarified to make them easier to understand: "logical flow," "key points," "layout and design," "graphics," "vocal quality" and "personal presence." Once the skills were modified, the new scoring system was tested for reliability in three settings—industrial engineering teaching assistants and the two developers of the scoring system, biomedical engineering teaching assistants and one developer, and a class of nuclear engineering seniors. Results indicate that the reliability between raters of all skills tested improved at a significant level. The revised skills now have good to high reliability. Implications for instruction will be discussed.


George Soros's theory of reflectivity focuses on the interactions between expected, actual, and fundamental values of variables. The fundamental values are affected by the historically contingent paths of the other two variables so that the equilibrating process is turbulent, path dependent (nonergodic), and may give rise to extended disequilibrium boom-bust phases. Such patterns are consistent with classical and Keynesian ideas of equilibration, but they invalidate notions such as rational expectations and the efficient market. The purpose of this paper is to lay out Soros's theory and show that it can be formalized in a simple and general manner with testable propositions.


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: hydrogen fluoride generator (apparatus for feeding a gas mixture), having a pressure vessel, a feeder, a throttling device, an evaporator, a carrier gas, wherein the pressure vessel is a compressor which feeds the carrier gas (air) at stable excess pressure; the feeder is an air stabiliser; the evaporator is in form of a vessel (flask) which is inert to the aqueous solution of the reactant and vapour of the gaseous mixture inside, wherein the second end of the inlet pipe of the evaporator is the solution of the evaporator, the outlet pipe is in the space over the solution, where partial vapour of the gas is directed by the excess air pressure into an ejector, where the entire evaporator is inside a temperature-controlled cabinet in order to eliminate the effect of ambient temperature, where the first gas channel for air contains a compressor, a stabiliser, a throttle, a check valve, the inlet pipe for the evaporator, vapour of the gas over the solution, the outlet pipe, the ejector, an outlet line for the gas mixture, two more streams of the carrier gas are fed into the ejector: the first is undried air in the channel from the compressor through a second stabiliser, a second throttle, a first T-branch into the ejector, the second is dried air in the channel from the compressor through a third stabiliser, a third throttle, a drier, a first T-branch into the ejector, from which the air mixture (carrier gas) and the determined gas are fed for analysis into a gas analyser or for some other use of the gas, wherein the hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid) solution is used as the aqueous solution of the evaporation space. EFFECT: ensuring gas generation volumes required for calibrating and increasing accuracy of setting concentration of the control gas mixture of gas analysers and a novel apparatus for generating hydrogen fluoride. 3 cl, 1 dwg


In 2019 in Russia endometrial carcinoma was diagnosed in 27151 patients, 6820 women died from the disease. The standard of frontline therapy for patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma is platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy with satisfactory efficacy – the median progression-free survival is about 13 months, and up to 50% of patients achieve objective response to therapy. On the other hand, for patients with recurrent endometrial cancer after frontline chemotherapy the results of chemotherapy remained generally unsatisfactory, the objective response rate to standard treatment was about 10 to 15%. During the last few years there significant progress has been made in this area – studies identified a subgroup of patients with a high level of microsatellite instability (MSI-high) highly sensitive to pembrolizumab therapy. In this subset of patients, who account for up to 25% of patients with metastatic endometrial cancer, the objective response rate to pembrolizumab monotherapy is up to 57%. Further studies have shown that the addition of lenvatinib to pembrolizumab therapy may be a highly effective therapeutic option for patients without MSI-high. This article describes a clinical case of the successful therapy of a patient with platinumresistant endometrial carcinoma with a combination of pembrolizumab and lenvatinib.


The spectrum of the Laplacian of successive Barycentric subdivisions of a graph converges exponentially fast to a limit which only depends on the clique number of the initial graph and not on the graph itself. The proof uses an explicit linear operator mapping the clique vector of a graph to the clique vector of the Barycentric refinement. The eigenvectors of its transpose produce integral geometric invariants for which Euler characteristic is one example.


We propose and experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of a highly efficient FBG-based quasi-distributed sensing system employing dual-wavelength cyclic pulse coding. Significant improvement in the measurement range, resolution and TDM multiplexing capabilities can be achieved, as well as crosstalk reduction with respect to a single wavelength TDM-based FBG interrogation scheme. The mechanism of noise reduction by quasi-periodic cyclic coding is experimentally demonstrated, pointing out significant improvement in accuracy with respect to dual-wavelength single pulse TDM-based FBG interrogation. The proposed technique can also enhance the sensing range of hybrid fiber optic sensor systems in which continuous monitoring of distributed and discrete points are simultaneously measured over the same sensing fiber.


Gastrojejunostomy without gastrectomy for benign disease has been rarely performed in Japan. This paper reports a case of stomal gastric cancer occurred 40 years after simple gastrojejunostomy, with a review of 30 such cases seen in the Japanese literature. A 63-year-old woman had had gastrojejunostomy for pyloric stenosis in 1952. In 1992, gastroendoscopy revealed a stomal gastric cancer. Subtotal gastrectomy, partial jejunostomy and lymphnode dissection were performed. Pathologically, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma infiltrating into pm, a little, and gastritis cystica polyposa were shown around the cancer lesion. Recent studies of carcinoma of the remnant stomach have indicated a possible participation of stimulus of duodenal juice in the development of the carcinoma. Gastric carcinoma following gastrojejunostomy is uncommon and the same etiologic mechanism as carcinoma of the remnant stomach can be thought.


Objectives: To describe the clinical features and classify the scalp defect after cancer resection; Evaluate the surgical effectiveness of scalp defect treatment by local tissue. Object-Method: 25 patients with scalp defects after cancer resection are treated with plastic surgery with local tissue; Non-controlled clinical intervention, progressive research. Results-Discussion: The average age of the patient was 66.33; The main cause is squamous and basal cell epithelial cancer; skin defects are mainly large types> 20cm2 (52%), extensive surgery of scalp flap shaping surgery combined with skin grafting accounts for 52%. The near result was good at 68%; the far results are good with 80%. Conclusion: In elderly patients with many combined diseases when there is a medium (5-20 cm2) and large (> 20 cm2) scalp defect, the use of local skin flap in combination with skin graft is the best treatment option.


The statement "The inequalities of basic constituents in the body are the root cause for different diseases" is the fundamental principle of the Ayurveda, which indicate the control of different fundamental elements in the body (Sharira) is the sign of good health and free from diseases. Ayurvedic remedies and therapies are found very effective and useful to sustain the equilibrium of these fundamental elements in the body. Vatarakta is a chronic joint and body pain disease accompanied by pain, stiffness, swelling over joints which involve vitiated Vatadosha as well as Raktadhatu. Aggravated Vata is blocked by vitiated Rakta, which leads to further aggravation of Vata Dosha. Vatarakta have two Avasthas i.e., Uttana and Gambhira. Uttana Vatrakta affects Twacha and Mansadhatu whereas Gambhira mainly affects Asthi, Majjadi Gambhira Dhatu. Nidan Panchak is one of the finest and important method of diagnosing disease, its causes & prognosis. Nidan Panchak consists of 5 components viz. Nidan, Purvarupa, Rupa, Upshaya & Samprapti. Every component of Nidan Panchak helps the physician for better understanding of disease growth & treating the disease at an earliest possible stage. Nidana Panchak is the main and important diagnostic tools in Ayurveda. The present life style not only disturb the healthy Aahar but Vihara also. Sedentary lifestyle along with mental stress, consumption of nonveg and highly protein diet, excessive alcohol intake are some of the causing factors which origins acute exacerbation of Vatarakta. The etiological factors responsible for Gouty arthritis, pathology and clinical features are quite similar to Vatarakta.


This paper studied the relationships of nutrient elements of litter,soil fauna and soil from six major forest types of Xiao Hinggan Mountains.It was revealed that both the average content of elements and the variance from litter,soil fauna and soil in different forest types were not the same.The variance analyses(ANOVA) of nutrient elements from earthworm,enchytraeidae,centipede and other soil fauna showed that K,Ca,Mg and Fe had an influence on the growth of soil faunas.The significant linear relationship of K,Na and Fe with litter,soil fauna and soil indicated that these elements were closely related with litter,soil fauna and soil.Furthermore,the nutrient elements in leaf litter and soil were closely related to the biomass,density,and group of soil fauna.The order of the average relevant coefficient was: groupbiomassdensity.


My interest in chemical safety has led me to focus on small-scale chemistry and
green chemistry, which enables me to introduce the low-cost and practical hands-on chemistry experiments to schools and universities in Thailand and ASEAN countries. These experiments include the organic chemistry using the Small-Lab Kit, the portable organic lab kit invented by me. It has the benefit of saving chemicals and energy, as well as reducing experimental time and waste, but most importantly increasing chemical safety to the students and laboratory staff. In addition, I have voluntarily serviced for several scientific and science-related non-profit organizations which I can contribute more to the scientific community and also learn some new things at the same time


The recent growth of mobile channels has provided steadily increasing opportunities for individuals to access news and other mass-mediated content. Media ecological perspectives argue that the introduction of such new technologies can shift the existing biases in prevailing social systems. According to one ecological perspective, the theory of the niche, when new media technologies are successfully introduced into a domain, displacement may occur unless some alteration is made to the resource base. Interstices are conceptualized as the gaps in the routines of media users between scheduled activities. Through the use of a diary method, participants logged access to news using a variety of communication technologies, including mobile channels. Results indicated that traditional media occupied traditional niches with little evidence of displacement, while mobile channels occupied a new niche: access in the interstices.


The scope and focus of the research reported in this document is to implement a collaborative high-level research-grade application software platform for scientific experimentation and data analysis. By doing so, we aim at exploring, extracting value from, and making sense of massive, interconnected datasets. Namely, the software is designed as an application layer that makes use of suitable statitiscal, exploratory or descriptive techniques, as well as visualisation tools, in order to produce reasonable interpretations of data – e.g. consisting in crowdsourced data from social media, as well as other domain-orientated data, like sensor-based and geospatial data – that are logical but not definitive in their claims. We believe that by starting small and building quickly through a pilot, and by gaining experience from its deployment, it is possible to foster interdisciplinary and collaborative research that conjoins domain expertise. All together, it will lead to more holistic and extensive approach of entire complex systems. In order to consider all the potential issues and address all possible challenges in the future implementation, we adopt a multi-stage approach that aims to first acquire a clear vision of how to use data analysis and analytics, and thereafter this vision to the strategic needs of our research institution. Part I of the report provides the current Big Data and open technologies context (landscapes) in terms of European policies, states the motivation for our approach, and the foundations for an open, verifiable, reproducible, collaborative, and participatory framework for its deployment, and formulates applicable recommendations for implementation. Indeed, while it relies mainly on secondary literature – on Big Data, open technologies and data-driven decision making, as well as policy documents – this report actually defines a set of practical guidelines for the deployment and implementation of a Big Data software solution in our institution.


Deng Zhongxia Chinese communist party of the great revolutionist,theoretician,the outstanding leaders of the labour movement,he organized and led Changxindian movement and save the great strike.long as the main leaders of the trade union,wrote a lot of movement of works.The leadership of the labour movement practice,Deng Zhongxia gradually understand the historical mission and the working conditions for the party must be made to the Chinese working class education.according to the workers in china's actual conditions,Deng Zhongxia asked to conduct literacy education,the unity of class consciousness of education and education,publicity and education,we should pay attention to his varied and publicity and education instruments,etc.


THE corrosion of metals, particularly as the formation of rust when iron and steel are exposed to the action of the elements, is familiar to everyone. It is known that such exposed metal surfaces must be periodically painted, coated, or otherwise protected to prevent this rusting action. Underground metallic structures are also subject to corrosion. Practically none of the common metals is found as a metal in its natural state and, when unprotected, those metals tend to revert to that natural state as an oxide or other chemical compound. The presence of electrical currents, particularly direct currents, will cause corrosion under certain conditions and will protect a metal against corrosion action under other conditions.


Purpose – the main idea of measuring intellectual capital is that organisations, institutions and enterprises can successfully manage and control intellectual capital with the consequences that it increases company's value added and assures normal and stable activity. Nevertheless, many authors indicate that intellectual capital is a complex and sophisticated concept, which is difficult to capture, measure and manage. Intellectual capital measurement models are controversial due to inconsistent and different perspectives, point of views demonstrated by management, distinction between academic theory and practical execution. The main purpose of this scientific paper is to present contradictions appearing while trying to capture, measure and manage intellectual capital. Design/methodology/approach – scientific literature review. Findings – the knowledge era has brought a new perspective into every organisation, institution and management strategies are becoming more related with intangibility. The concept of intangible assets can be analyzed and investigated through intellectual capital point of view. Nowadays academic literature is full of intellectual capital scientific papers and can be categorized into three main groups: intellectual capital as a concept, intellectual capital structure and structural parts, intellectual capital measurement models. This scientific paper is prepared to analyze the third group, which concerns mostly of how to capture, measure and manage intellectual capital. Research limitations/implications – the most challenging aspect is the discrepancies and contradictions in the measurement of intellectual capital. The differences of various enterprises broaden the perspective of intellectual capital and multiple points of view and attitudes are formalized into different methods of intellectual capital capture, measurement and managing. Practical implications – the universal model of intellectual capital measurement could help enterprises to focus on the intellectual capital management itself. The main goal and concentration to the intellectual capital management and not to the understanding the concept would save time and increase the productivity and efficiency in every day's procedural activities. Originality/Value – the ability to understand and implement intellectual capital evaluation methodology is essential for every enterprise. As a consequence, the efficiency and productivity is increasing and the value of the company is growing.


The primary properties and changing law of a kind of inorganic thermal insulation mortar taking Flue Gas Desulphurization gypsum(FGD gypsum) as raw material and small expanded and vitrified balls as lightweight aggregate were studied.The cementitious material made up with FGD gypsum,slag powder,and small amount of cement and activator owned excellent hydration and hardening function,and the 28 d compressive strength can be reached above 25 MPa.The results show that the primary properties of such prepared thermal insulation mortar can meet with the requirements of related standards.Moreover,the utilization ability of industrial waste brings them good environmental benefit and social benefit,so the market prospects are broad.


1 NDUCING permanent and self-reproducing changes in living cells provides much inheritable variability for genetic studies. A wide variety of artificial mutagenic agents is known, and it seems to be a useful approach for breeding work. The study of mutation is also a major source of information on the theory of the gene (GOLDSCHMIDT 1955; STADLER 1954). Experiments were undertaken to find out whether centrifugal force is capable of producing mutations in barley. Phenol, which is known to produce a high mutation rate in various organisms, was used for comparison with centrifugal force. Centrifugation has often been applied to biological materials, but the problem of mutation has been largely neglected. TANAKA and KAWAGUCHI (1932) and KAWAGUCHI (1936, 1938a,b) obtained triploid and hexaploid silkworms by centrifuging hybrid eggs at 3500 rpm for ten minutes. Some of these were mosaics for the somatic characters studied. KOSTOFF (1937) studied the effect of centrifuging upon the germinated seeds of various plants. They were centrifuged repeatedly for periods of 15-30 minutes at 10004000 rpm. Abnormalities obtained included variations in leaf shape, semisterility, and variegated leaves with chlorophyll deficiency. Centrifugation also led to formation of aneuploid and polyploid cells. SAX (1943) found that centrifuged and irradiated Tradescantia microspores had a higher frequency of chromosomal aberration than microspores which were irradiated only. WOLFF and VON BORSTEL (1954) found that preirradiation centrifugation decreased the number of chromosomal aberrations in Tradescantia and Vicia while postirradiation centrifugation increased aberrations. But they were unable to demonstrate any mutagenic influence of centrifugation alone. DODSON and Yu (1958) centrifuged barley seeds at 25000g for six hours, and found mitotic clumping, extensive fragmentation of chromosomes, and some amitosis in root tip cells. The mutagenic effect of phenol has been tested by HADORN and NIGGLI ( 1946) and NIGGLI ( 1948) on Drosophila and by STUBBE


A framework for image visibility restoration and haze removal is proposed. The proposed technique utilizes hybrid median filtering in conjunction with accelerated local Laplacian filtering for initial dehazing of images. For visual enhancement and correct restoration of colors, constrained  $l_{0}$ -based gradient image decomposition is applied. The proposed technique not only effectively removes haze from the images but also addresses the issues of distorted colors, visual, and halo artifacts, and haze removal from sky region in images in a better way when compared to other techniques. Experiments were performed on outdoor RGB images as well as remotely sensed images. The effectiveness of our proposed technique is demonstrated by quantitative and visual analyzes.


Objective To monitor the epidemic dynamic and transmission state of filariasis after the disease was eliminated in Hongya County so as to cosolidate the control achievement.Method Surveillance on etiology,mosquito vector and key population was conducted in endemic areas of Hongya County.Besides,investigation and re-examination of original chronic filariasis cases were carried out.Result Surveillance results showed that no microfilariemia was found in 3 521 persons,no positive was found in 2 038 mosquitoes,and no microfilaria was detected in key population.15 out of 306 original filariasis cases still existed in 2005 and they all received special care and treatment from the government.Conclusion Filariasis transmission has been interrupted and the achievement of elimination of filariasis is consolidated in Hongya County.


We have obtained a first set of observations of the (O I) /sup 3/P/sub 0/ -/sup 3/P/sub 1/ (145.5 ..mu..m) transition. We observed the line both in a 1' x 1' beam centered on the Trapezium and in a 7' x 7' beam encompassing most of the Orion Nebula. We also have constructed a wide-beam (7' x 7') map of the region which shows that most of the emission is confined to the central regions of the nebula. These observations may be compared with reported measurement of the /sup 3/P/sub 1/-/sup 3/P/sub 2/ (63.2 ..mu..m) transition in Orion and are consistent with optically thin emission in the 145.5 ..mu..m line and self-absorbed 63.2 ..mu..m emission lines. We discuss mechanisms for the excitation of neutral oxygen and conclude that much of the observed emission originates in the thin, radio recombination line-emitting C II/H I envelope bordering on the H II region.


Purpose
User-driven innovation has been proven to successfully increase the value of products and services in companies with direct linkages to the end-user. The construction industry demonstrates low productivity and innovation performance. In refurbishment the end-users are very visible and can either be seen as an innovation potential or burden. The purpose of this study was (1) examine the level of UDI in refurbishment, (2) develop UDI framework suitable for refurbishment and (3) mapping of UDI enablers.

Method
The research design is a case study of renovation within social housing associations, and where user involvement processes have been the primary scope of analysis. The data analysis consisted of the mapping of user-related activities regarding the level of involvement and the extent of power allocated to the end-user in influencing the end product. Additionally, a literature review on UDI has been carried out.

Findings
This research validated a possible theoretical implementation of UDI on refurbishment projects. In addition, the research identified present barriers related to the current form of procurement and incentive structures.

Limitations
The research was only based on Danish refurbishment projects.

Implications
This exploratory research has resulted in the development of a potential new paradigm of applying UDI in the construction industry. This research takes the initial steps towards creating a body of knowledge within UDI in the context of refurbishment projects.

Value
This research is pointing towards higher degree of user-driven innovation in refurbishment and in the construction industry in general.


A system and method for stimulating a user, the system comprising: a set of pads configured at head regions of the user; a band having a first end coupled to a first pad of the set of pads and a second end coupled to a second pad of the set of pads; a bridge coupled the band to an electrode during use; and a set of links, each link coupled at a first region to an interior portion of its corresponding pad, and coupled at a second region to the bridge, having an elastic modulus above a threshold modulus, such that in a first mode, displacement of the set of pads produces displacement of the electrode away from the head region of the user, and in a second mode, release of the set of pads orients protrusions of the electrode approximately normal to the head region.


The invention discloses an RF LDMOS (ratio frequency laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor) device, which is structurally characterized in that a drain end N type light doping region adopts lateral nonuniform N doping, one side near a polycrystalline silicon grid is provided with an N type middle doping region with relatively higher doping concentration and with the depth deeper than that of the drain end N type light doping region, the doping concentration of the region near the drain end is relatively lower, and through the regulation on the lateral doping concentration of the drain end N type light doping region, when the high breakdown voltage of the device is ensured, the conduction resistance of the device is effectively reduced. The invention also discloses a manufacture method of the RF LDMOS device.


Objective:To examine the relationship among measures of gait, balance, and community integration in adults with brain injury. Setting:Two rehabilitation hospitals. Participants:Thirty-four community-dwelling individuals with brain injury, aged 18 to 61 years (mean = 32 years), who were able to walk at least 12 m independently or with supervision. Mean time post–brain injury was 52 ± 44 months. Design:Cross-sectional study. Main Measures:Community Balance and Mobility Scale, Dynamic Gait Index, Ten-Meter Walk Test for gait speed, and the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ). Results:Mean balance and gait scores were as follows: 54 ± 26 of 96 on the Community Balance and Mobility Scale; 19 ± 5 of 24 on the Dynamic Gait Index; and gait speed of 1.36 ± 0.88 m/s. Mean score on the CIQ was 16 ± 5 of 29. Correlations between the balance/gait measures and the total CIQ score ranged from 0.21 to 0.30 and were not significant. All 3 balance/gait measures correlated significantly with the CIQ Productivity subscale (range = 0.38–0.52). Conclusions:The ability of people with brain injury to engage in work/school/volunteer activity may be reduced by impairments in balance and mobility. Future research should explore this relationship and determine whether interventions that improve balance and mobility result in improved community productivity.


CARBAMAZEPINE (Tegretol) has been used for more than eight years in other countries for the treatment of epilepsy and, more recently, trigeminal neuralgia. The earliest reports on its effect in trigeminal neuralgia were by Blom1,2in Sweden, Bonduelle et al3in France, and Spillane4and Taylor5in England. Since then, there have been a number of additional papers.6-9The authors are in agreement on the effectiveness of this drug in trigeminal neuralgia, but the type and number of side effects have been quite variable. There have been occasional reports of serious hematopoietic effects,10,11but no repeated blood studies over long periods have been reported. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the side effects and also the application of this drug in some of the other neuralgias such as postherpetic, tabetic, and atypical facial neuralgia. A double-blind technique was necessary. Carbamazepine is an


The trend towards miniaturization and higher levels of integration in DC-DC power converters over the past two decades has been mainly enabled by improved device technologies allowing increasing switching frequencies. However, overall reductions in sizes of power converters don't always follow escalated switching frequencies. Whereas power density can dramatically increase as a function of increasing frequency, it is also known that there is an optimum frequency (or frequencies) beyond which the reverse is true. At some point, any further increase in switching frequency ultimately results in degraded performance. This paper investigates the frequency scaling limitations of integrated passive components. A methodology is developed to theoretically analyze and maximize frequency and performance of passive components for power conversion in terms of efficiency and power density, considering materials, thermal management, packaging and in-circuits functions among others. This is also an attempt to answer the question "what is the optimum power conversion frequency for a particular integrated passive component of a certain technology in my circuit, given all the specifications and the design freedom that I have"?


The reaction of phenols with benzyltrimethylammonium dichloroiodate(1–) in dichloromethane-methanol in the presence of CaCO3 or NaHCO3 for several hours at room temperature gave iodophenols in good yields.


Let F be a totally real field of narrow class number one, and let E/F be a modular, semistable elliptic curve of conductor N � (1) .L etK/F be a non-CM quadratic extension with (Disc K, N) = 1 such that the sign in the functional equation of L(E/K, s) is −1. Suppose further that there is a prime p|N that is inert in K .W e describe a p-adic construction of points on E which we conjecture to be rational over ring class fields of K/F and satisfy a Shimura reciprocity law. These points are expected to behave like classical Heegner points and can be viewed as new instances of the Stark-Heegner point construction of [5]. The key idea in our construction is a reinterpretation of Darmon's theory of modular symbols and mixed period integrals in terms of group cohomology.


Abstract:
 Myripristis chryseres Jordan & Evermann, 1903, is recorded for the first time in the Easter Island Ecoregion. Two specimens were observed swimming along a rock cliff and entering a cavern at ∼163 m depth near the peak of Pukao seamount, located ∼85 km (46 nm) west of Easter Island. This report expands the geographic range of M. chryseres eastward by ∼3,800 km and is the first report of the species for the eastern Pacific. It is unclear whether this new record is indicative of a relatively recent range expansion or a lack of visual surveys in the region, which are especially important for surveying fishes that are less likely to be caught by line and trawls because of their behavior and the complex rocky habitats in which they live.


We present a structured literature survey of User Experience (UX) dimensions and influencing factors in authentication research. The survey is based on authentication papers presented between 2010 and 2015 on the major human-computer interaction (HCI) and usable privacy and security (UPS) venues. 19% of the found papers include UX topics. Those papers show that there is a variety of ways how authentication research can profit from UX. Nevertheless, UX is often rather a by-product and not recognized as a field of study. We further discuss opportunities and challenges of including UX in authentication research.


Among recent proposals for next-generation, non-charge-based logic is the notion that a single electron can be trapped and its spin manipulated through the application of gate voltages (Rev. Mod. Phys.79, 1217 (2007)). In this talk we present numerical simulations of such Spin Single Electron Transistors (SSET) in support of experimental work at the University at Albany, State University of New York aimed at the practical development of post-CMOS concepts and devices. We use COMSOL based Multiphysics finite element simulation strategy to solve the Schrödinger-Poisson equations (with and without exchange-correlation effects) self-consistently to obtain realistic confining and gating potentials for realistic device geometries. We will discuss the calculation of the gate-tuned ``g-factor" for electrons and holes (Phys. Rev. B 68, 155330 (2003)) in electro-statically defined quantum dots including the Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interactions numerically from realistic wave functions for asymmetric and symmetric confining potentials. This work is supported through funding from the DARPA/NRI INDEX center.


A large number of transcripts have been generated by the development of high throughput sequencing technologies. Predicting lncRNA from transcripts is a challenging and important task. In this paper, we propose LncPred-IEL, an iterative ensemble learning long non-coding RNA prediction method. LncPred-IEL not only considers features widely used for the lncRNA prediction, but also take into account sequence-derived features used in the RNA sequence classification, so as to make use of diverse information. LncPred-IEL builds base predictors based on different groups of features, and employs a supervised iterative way to combine base predictors and build ensemble models. Our studies demonstrate that supervised iterative way can learn the representations that help to separate lncRNA and protein-coding transcripts, and further improve the performances. Experiments demonstrate that LncPred-IEL outperforms several state-of-the-art methods when evaluated by 10-fold cross-validation. The capability of LncPred-IEL for the cross-species prediction is also tested. As complementary to wet experiments, LncPred-IEL is a useful computational tool for lncRNA prediction.


Item cloning is a technique that generates, on the fly, a large set of operational items from an item template. Item cloning greatly reduces the cost of item development, increases the number of operational items available, and enhances item security. However, some researches have shown that item clones from the same parent might not be completely psychometrically isomorphic, therefore causing variability in item parameters of clones. The purpose of this study is to examine different means of dealing with the variability of clone items in order to moderate the possible loss of precision in ability estimation in CAT. To possibly capture the difference in item parameters among clones, two functions are investigated. First, the expected response function (ERF), which models the random variations of item clones in item parameters within the family, is considered; with the ERF, a close-fitting three-parameter logistic (3PL) item-characteristic curve can be obtained and used in CAT. Second, the expected item information functions (EIIF) are proposed in this study to obtain a close-fitting 3PL item information function. In addition to the ERF and EIIF, three different item selections are also evaluated in this study: the maximum item information (MII) method; the minimum expected posterior variance (MEPV) method, and the maximum posterior weighted information (MPWI) method. To examine the effect of item cloning on measurement precision in CAT, a simulation study was designed and conducted. The main findings of this study are: first, when the items are sufficient for certain ability levels, the loss of precision is not observed or is small; and second, the ERF parameters are promising in terms of reducing the possible precision loss due to the lack of isomorphic clones and the lack of adaptive item templates in the pool.


Objective:C-reactive protein(CRP) is one of the body's inflammatory response factors.The epidemiological data support that CRP correlates with adverse cardiovascular events.In particular,the most appropriate cut point for CRP and the prognostic significance of those cut point in different population remains unclear.The study aimed to determine the optimal cut-off point of baseline C-reactive protein for the prognostic prediction of Chinese patients undergoing coronary revascularization.Methods:This study is a retrospective registered study from a single center.The study has enrolled 414 patients who underwent coronary revascularization from July 2003 to September 2005 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital.All patients received aspirin or clopidogrel for anti-platelet aggregation,and the dosage of β-Blocker and statins were adjusted individually to the target dose.Revascularization includes stent implantation and coronary artery bypass grafting surgery(CABG).Demographic data,clinical features,laboratory test results,revascularization information were recorded.The telephone follow-ups were done according to a pre-designed questionnaire,all the collected data were input into computer databases.The median follow-up time was 551 days.The major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events(MACCE) include death,acute myocardial infarction,stroke and re-revascularization.The receiver-operating characteristics(ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal cut-off point of CRP.Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used for evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes between high level CRP group and low level one.Results:By ROC curve analysis,the CRP optimal cutoff point is 5.5 mg/L.With CRP 5.5 mg /L as the cutoff point,the study population was divided into two groups,low-CRPgroup(CRP ≤5.5 mg /L) 266 people,the high CRP group(CRP 5.5 mg /L) 148 people.With the covariates as history of hypertension,diabetes,family history of early-onset coronary heart disease,smoking,male,and the differences in baseline factors such as age,peripheral angiopathy,diagnosis,left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),white blood cell count(WBC),Hemoglobin(HGB),Glomerular filtration rate(GFR),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),medication,forward stepwise(Conditional LR) method was applied in Cox regression analysis.Cox regression analysis shown only CRP level could contribute to the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events(MACCE) during the follow-up.Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that MACCE-free incidence with the high CRP group was significantly lower than those with the low CRP group(log-rank,P 0.001).Conclusions:Baseline CRP levels of the patients with coronary revascularization is still an independent predictor for long-term follow-up adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.CRP 5.5 mg/L may be the most appropriate cutoff point for Chinese people to evaluate its prognostic value.The coronary heart disease patients with CRP 5.5 mg/L have much higher risk for longterm follow-up MACCE.


This thesis locates, examines and intetprets Ute written sources ofinfonnation guiding how delinquent school-aged young people are viewed in relation to their education in Western Australia. The study involved an examination of texts discussing post industrial socio historical events and current policy, practice and research in relation to students who El!"e alienated from school, including those who have criminal histories. An exploration of the discourses assembled around the construction of Western Australian school-aged offenders as alienated students revealed an ongoing assumption that children and youth from low socio-economic backgrounds are often governed as low school achievers who are less likely to complete compulsory schooling. In the documents examined leaving school early was regularly discussed and linked to unemployment, poverty and criminal activity. This thesis presents an interpretation of the role these discourses have played in the construction of Western Australian school aged offenders as alienated students (Gubrium & Holstein 2000, p. 503). The theoretical and methodological framework underpinning the study takes a post positivist, constructionist position and places the study finnly within an interpretive research context. The methodology draws from the work of Foucault in relation to how discourses shape knowledge and have a powerful influence over the social structum in which people are governed as citizens. The study also uses a critical henneneutic approach where I acknowledge how my own interests and biases influenced the way I interacted with the literature examined. The justice and education discourses were examined in one Western Australian education district in order to place this study of discourse in a socio-historical context The metropolitan education district chosen provided a range of education and justice documents describing the ways in which col!aborative efforts between the Departments of Education and Training and Justice construct s,..hool-aged offenders as alienated students (EDWA Swan Education District Retention and Participation Funding Annual Report 1999 and Submissions for Y2000, 1999). The justice texts highlight how the construction of school-


Objective To evaluate the serum TBIL concentration of the patients selected from our hospital and study the character istics of its distribution.Methods 54794 samples were selected and TBIL were detected by using Dimension RXL system.The data were evaluated with retrospective statistical analysis.Results The mean serum TBIL concentration was 13.59 μmol/L with a median of 12.60 μmol/L and SD was 6.67 μmol/L.The 97.5% and 99% upper level were 25.00 μmol/L and 34.40 μmol/L separately.The distribution of serum TBIL concentration for the crowd was abnormal.Conclusion The concentration of the serum TBIL of the patients from our hospital may have changed and the reference range for our hospital should be re-evaluated.


We use Monte Carlo simulations to investigate properties of systems of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules inside (10,10) and (15,15) nanotubes. In the case of the (10,10) nanotube, ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules form a quasi-one-dimensional system. The thermodynamical properties of this system such as energy and heat capacity are found to be very close to the properties of a one-dimensional system to which interaction with a nanotube is added. The structural properties are found to be insensitive to the quasi-one-dimensional nature of the system and are the same as those calculated for a one-dimensional system of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules. The transformation from a periodic to a nonperiodic state (``melting'') is a gradual one and cannot be detected through the heat capacity. Inside the (15,15) nanotube, a system of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules behaves differently. Most notably, the heat-capacity curve shows an extra peak when compared to the result for the (10,10) case. We show that this is due to the ``melting,'' i.e., transformation of a zigzag structure existing at low temperatures to a disordered one. We also show that systems with very high density $(g95%)$ do not show this peak and ``melt'' differently.


At the present time, a period of four to five weeks elapses in the average case of subdiaphragmatic abscess before a definitive diagnosis is made and treatment is instituted. In many cases, diagnosis is made much later, even though the lesion is not rare. It is our purpose to emphasize the need and possibility of making an early diagnosis by drawing attention to the roentgen manifestations of this lesion, and to indicate the preponderance of thoracic phenomena in these manifestations. In studying a patient suspected of having a subphrenic abscess, fluoroscopic and radiologic examination of the chest and abdomen should be performed in both the recumbent and the erect positions. Postero-anterior and lateral films of the thorax should be made, including high-contrast studies with the Bucky diaphragm. Films of the abdomen should include the diaphragm area with the patient erect. Upper and lower abdominal films should also be obtained in the recumbent position, so that the right subphrenic soft-tissue mass may...


The magnetopause of a symmetric quadrupole embedded in a parallel streaming plasma is calculated by means of the method of the Chapman-Ferraro problem. The results are discussed with special attention being given to the position of the neutral points for the two symmetric cases of interaction.


The electronic and magnetic properties of thin (one, to three monolayer) epitaxial Fe films grown on W( 100) are studied using spin-polarized angle-resolved photoemission. Low-energy electron-diffraction studies of a number of samples confirm excellent epitaxy for monolayer films and suggest that twoand three-layer films begin to form strain-relieving dislocations. Submonolayer iilms manifest no in-plane remanent spin polarization at T = I15 K, but effectively quench W( 100) surface states and surface resonances. Monolayer and thicker films yield spin-polarized photoelectrons under remanent magnetic conditions. Analysis of spin-polarized electron energy distribution curves (EDCs) corresponding -to even-symmetry initial states along the I-M direction of the two-dimensional Brillouin zone yields a flat majority-spin band at 0.95 eV and an exchange split pair of bands (AE,, = 2.15 f 0.2 eV at T, 1.2 f 0.2 eV at a) which exhibit significant dispersion. No significant changes in the binding energies of spin-up or -down features in EDCs obtained above the Curie temperature at f; (normal emission geometry) were detected.


Body parts and their Pramana are specially described in Ayurveda which is an important part of Rachana Sharir. Description of Angula Pramana was found in Vedic Kala, Purana-Upanishad Kala. Samhita Kala like Vrahtai (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Sangraha, Astanga Hridya) Kashyapa Samhita, Bhela Samhita, Sharangadhara Samhita, Vangsena Samhita, and Kautilya Arthashastra. Pramanas are not useful only in Rog and Rogi Pariksha but also useful to know about his/her Ayu such as Hitaayu, Ahitaayu, Sukhayu and Dukhaayu. At the time of Acharya Charaka, the length and breadth of different Anga-Pratyanga was measured by using their own fingers. This technique of measurement is known as Anguli Pramana. Anguli Pramana which is based on Swa-Angula Pramana is used for measuring the dimensions (Ayam, Vistara and Parinaha etc.) of the different Anga Pratyanga of the body. The study was conducted on 200 volunteers in the age group of 16-40 years. One Angula as a unit of Angula Pramana was obtained by measuring the width of Madhyamparva of middle finger of working hand. The measurements were taken in centimetres for standardization as per metric system and then converted into Anguli Pramana based on individual.
This article summarizes the facts related to Anguli Pramana from classical literature, Ayurvedic literature and modern literature along with result of our research work to identify the anatomical landmark of Shadanga to measure through Anguli Pramana and its impact on physical health in present era. At present, there are many physical anomalies either they are genetic disorders, endocrine disorders, traumatic injury which results as anatomical disfiguration of body parts that can distinguish from their Anguli pramana or anthropometry.


This study addresses the issue of the competition between the United States and Russia in the Middle East. The study examines the most important aspects which the two powers are competing for in the Middle East. These aspects include: geopolitical field, energy field and arms race. To better understand the US-Russia competition in the Middle East, the current Syrian crisis is taken as a case study. The investigation shows that the attitudes of the United States and Russia have been contradictory and disagreeable in Syria. The strategic interests and objectives that one party seeks to achieve are contrary to the interests and objectives of the competing party. As a final result, the study proved that what is happening in Syria represents the sharp competition between the United States and Russia which can be considered as an extension of their broader competition in the Middle East region. Also, since Syria holds a significant position in the region in strategic, economic, and energy terms, the possibility of reaching a complete solution depends on the compatibility of visions and attitudes between the two major powers and this is unexpected to be accomplished in the near future.


In summer 1999, we performed a survey optimized for the discovery of irregular satellites of Uranus and Neptune. We imaged 11.85 deg 2 of sky and discovered 66 new outer Solar system objects (not counting the three new Uranian satellites). Given the very short orbital arcs of our observations, only the heliocentric distance can be reliably determined. We were able to model the radial distribution of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Our data support the idea of a strong depletion in the surface density beyond 45 au. After fully characterizing this survey's detection efficiency as a function of object magnitude and rate of motion, we find that the apparent luminosity function of the trans-Neptunian region in the range m R = 22-25 is steep with a best-fitting cumulative power-law index of α ≃ 0.76 with one object per deg 2 estimated at magnitude R o = 23.3. This steep slope, corresponding to a differential size index of q ≃ 4.8, agrees with other older and more recent analyses for the luminosity function brighter than 25 mag. A double power-law fit to the new data set turns out to be statistically unwarrented; this large and homogeneous data set provides no evidence for a break in the power-law slope, which must eventually occur if the Bernstein et al. sky density measurements are correct.


Objective:To explore the relationship between LRP16 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Methods:Immunohistochemistry staining (two-step Envision method) was used to detect LRP16 expression in NSCLC and non-neoplasia lung tissues of NSCLC. Results:The positive rate of LRP16 in 52 cases of NSCLC was significantly higher than that in non-tumorous lung tissues(51.92% vs. 0%,P0.01). The up-regulation of the expression of LRP16 was related to cancer differentiation, the positive rate of LRP16 in poorly differentiated group(72.73%) was significantly higher than that in well(41.67%) and moderately-differentiated group(27.78%)(P0.05). The positive rate of LRP16 in adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that in squamous carcinoma(P0.05). The expression of LRP16 didn't show any difference between the differentce of TNM stages and lymph node metastases status. Conclusion:The expression of LRP16 increases in NSCLC, and the up-expression of LRP16 is useful for evaluating the malignancy of NSCLC.


This paper aims to introduce and share globally Korea's experiences and practices regarding library policy and to bring new evidence to establish national library policy by introducing Korea's Five-Year Library Development Strategic Plan, as laid out by the Presidential Committee on Library and Information Policy in 2014. Serving as a centre for cultural community, the library of today contributes to the realization of happiness for every citizen by facilitating the public's participation in and boosting of opportunities for cultural activities. With a vision of 'The Library Creating Happy Life and Future', in 2014, the committee announced seven driving strategies, with twenty strategic tasks and ninety-two specific implementation tasks in the Second Library Development Strategic Plan. This plan has yielded fruitful results and has led to success in developing libraries in Korean society. Considering that the situation varies from one country to another, the plan introduced in this paper cannot be regarded as a one-size-fits-all model. Korea's practice, however, is well localized and well developed through collaborative work among several government bodies and stakeholders of libraries in Korea, so it is expected that this policy will provide a good example of a strategic plan for developing libraries in the long run.


The study of the General Vernaza beach's recreational use, presents this beach as one of recreational places for the people of Vernaza and Salitre, it offers facilities such as the malecon that has 200 m approximately; besides some food and entertainment places, especially on holidays. Its one of the most representative places of Salitre where the montubio rodeo takes place and its beach appears on the dry season (June to November); on the rainy season appears a watercourse on the Guachapeli estuary, that is very attractive for the canoe rides. This study shows that the place does have facilities for receiving more tourists, which would offer multiple positive social impacts for the population, but it has the problematic situation of not having enough tourist affluence. The Salitre Tourism Directive confirmed that they havent done enough promotion for this beach. On the beach opening on July 9 th 2011, it was possible to notice that there was an increase in the tourist flow, which proves that with more promotion, the tourism would rise.


The political economy literature investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) based largely on aggregate data, ignoring the actual decision makers. The authors conduct a survey of U.S. chief executive officers— the actual decision makers—of corporations that have investments in Latin America to understand FDI inflows. The authors find that investment risk related to property-rights protection, adherence to rule of law, and an effective court system weighed most heavily in U.S. firm preferences. The results suggest that rather than stress democracy itself as a determining factor, researchers might better focus on the institutions found within democracies.


In some sense,if there are not social problems there are not social policies.Therefore,the definination of social problems can impact on the formation,perfection and the function of social policy For a long time,facing complicated social problems,our government usually falls into two different mistakes when dealing with them: politicizing the social problems and using economic means to solve the social problems in general.We can define them as "Non-social problematization".This "Non-social problematization" leads to many obscurities for social policy,which sets up obstacles for the development of our social undertakings,and affects the social harmony.


M. P. Lichy, B. Wietek, J. P. Mugler III, W. Horger, M. Menzel, C. M. Mueller-Horvat, K. Siegmann, P. Martirosian, B. Kiefer, C. D. Claussen, F. Schick, H-P. Schlemmer Dep. of Radiologic Diagnostics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, n.a., Germany, Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States, MR-Application Development, Siemens AG Medical Solutions, Erlangen, n.a., Germany Purpose To evaluate the clinical benefit of T2-weighted (T2w) body imaging with high isotropic resolution with a sequence based on single-slab 3D turbo spin echo (TSE) with variable-flip-angle refocusing RF pulses and high sampling efficiency, called SPACE. Materials and Methods All examinations were performed on a 1.5 T whole-body MR scanner (Magnetom Avanto, Siemens Medical Solutions), equipped with 32 independent rf-channels. In all cases a combination of bodyand spine-matrix coils were used for signal reception (Total Imaging Matrix). The 3D T2w SPACE pulse sequence was specifically designed to permit spatially-selective imaging with a high-quality slab profile while using short nonselective, variable-flip-angle refocusing RF pulses to achieve very short echo spacings and thus a very high sampling efficiency [1,2,3,4]. In addition parallel imaging (acceleration factor 3) was used along the in-plane phase encoding direction to reduce the required number of phase encoding views. Sequence parameters were: TR/TE=1500/124ms, 2 averages, FoV = 380mm, 144 slices per slab, base matrix = 384, iPAT factor = 3 (GRAPPA), bandwidth 407 Hz/Px, turbo factor = 71, echospacing = 4,2 ms, resulting isotropic voxel size (1.0 mm), resulting measurement time 10 min 32 sec. Slab orientation was coronal or sagittal. In case of a small volume of interest, the number of slices was reduced to minimize measurement time (minimum approximate 7 min). All examinations were performed while the patients were breathing freely. For imaging of rectal cancer, a dilution of water und ultrasound gel was used additionally. To reduce disturbing bowl motion in these cases, n-butyl-scopolamine (Buscopan) was applied intravenously. In total, three healthy volunteers and 36 patients were examined. Areas of interests were: pelvis n= 21 (7 patients with rectal cancer, 2 with cervix carcinoma), spine n=10, extremities n=4 and the chest n=1. For volunteer examinations, signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise (CNR) ratios were evaluated using a region-by-region analysis. Examinations with the SPACE sequence were compared with conventional T2w 2D TSE (512 base matrix, slice thickness 3mm). Multiplanar reconstructions of 3D data were also performed according to the angulation of the conventional 2D T2w images. Image quality and visualisation of lesions for all sequences were rated by two experienced radiologists. Results The 3D T2w SPACE sequence provided sufficient SNR and high isotropic resolution of 1mm in all patients. No reinforcement of artefacts was obvious (e.g. caused by vessel pulsation or bowel motion). CNR was sufficient for all kinds of clinical diagnosis and all lesions were clearly visualised by the 3D data sets. However, contrast behaviour was rated slightly inferior compared to that for the conventional 2D T2w TSE, but without affection of the lesion detection. In all cases, the possibility of oblique data reconstruction of the data acquired with SPACE was of clinical relevance and improved diagnostic quality of the MR examination. Conclusion The combination of parallel imaging techniques and the T2-weighted single-slab 3D SPACE method with variable-flip-angle refocusing RF pulses will allow conventional multiplanar 2D T2w TSE imaging to be replaced for all relevant clinical examinations of the body trunk. The achievement of 3D image data with high, isotropic spatial resolution and the usage of interactive 3D visualisation software for image reading essentially improve the diagnostic potential of MRI. In cases with complex anatomical relationships, e.g. the spine, this technique allows access to all relevant structures and improves not only the diagnosis but also therapy planning.


ions, at best an irrelevance, at worst a dangerous source of misconceptions distracting us from reality. The true relationship between these two contrasting attitudes, and the justification for each has often been obscured by the smoke of combat. " (P. 63). But the conclusion from a number of sources (Zilboorg and Henry, 1941; Ackerknecht, 1959; Schneck, I960; Kendell, 1975) appears to point out that the present dichotomy and confusion governing these alternative approaches is the product of history rather than the original philosophies. As Kendell argues, the need for diagnosis remains in that it "serves the important negative function of excluding from consideration many other types of problem". Further, the need for diagnosis becomes greater as different methods of treatment are shown to be differentially effective with different types of patient. Such a position does not necessarily imply, however, that Plato's concept of illness, in terms of a qualitative change, is the only way around this problem. Hippocrates more ably recognised and distinguished between various manifestations of mental illness than Plato, yet stressed and maintained a philosophical approach based on the study of individual manifestations of illness. But it may be useful, as Kendell believes, to retain the importance of diagnostic procedures which have some basis in a classified system of illness, whilst not necessarily accepting the concept of diseases as distinct and separable entities. H. SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF MENTAL ILLNESS Hippocrates was a forceful advocate of the view that mental illness should be placed within the boundaries of medicine. He fiercely opposed attempts to retain mental illness in the realms of theology and philosophy which was current practice at the time. His attempts to achieve a medical explanation for such illnesses are highlighted in his work on epilepsy, which, until Hippocrates, was considered an illness of the gods. Hippocrates is reported to have written: , if you cut open the head you will find the brain humid, full of sweat and smelling badly. And in this way you may see that it is not a god which injures the body but a disease ..." (Zilboorg and Henry, 1941, P. 44). Not only was Hippocrates a firm believer in mental illness being considered as a medical problem, but it also seems that his view of mental illness was extremely flexible and enlightened even by modern standards. Zilboorg and Henry (op. cit.) claim that: n. . . Hippocrates, depending upon the case and occasion, favoured a purely anatomical view represented even in the twentieth century, which claims that a disease or injury to the brain is the sole cause of mental illness. Yet he also believed in the physiological theory, in our days represented by psychiatric endocrinology, which claims that certain body juices are responsible for madness. Finally, he was occasionally of the opinion that purely mental, emotional states may produce deep changes, even physiological changes, in an individual; " (P. 46). The concept of multi-causality favoured (at least occasionally) by Hippocrates was only possible via his approach and concern with the individual and with the concept of illness as a quantitative deviation from normal. It is doubtful whether a purely (Platonic) qualitative approach lends itself to similar flexibility. It would certainly seem on the surface that the multi-causal concept of illness does not fit with the concept of there being disease entities; since, as entities, each disease is considered to have its own (idiosyncratic) aetiology, course and outcome. As will be discussed later, the adoption of the diagnostic approach, especially through Kraepelin (based on a Platonic orientation to medicine) has seriously handicapped multi-causal theories of mental illness. Had Hippocrates's influence been more enduring and not opposed by Plato and subsequent religious dogma and superstition, it is possible that present day conceptualisations of mental illness would be more flexible. As it is, it was only in 1975 that Akiskal and McKinney published their important paper on the integration of ten models of depression and attempted to show that depressive illness could be viewed as a multi-component phenomenon. Plato, disagreeing with Hippocrates, argued that there are two kinds of mental illness, one the result of disease, the other a gift of the gods. This retrograde step had a devastating effect on subsequent attempts to understand mental illness. In effect Plato contributed in returning mental illness back into the realms of theology and philosophy. Thus as Zilboorg and Henry (1941) argued: "As a result, the great effort made by Hippocrates seemed not a little in vain: by reintroducing the concept of divine, revelatory madness, Plato reasserted the "low" nature of ordinary madness a conception which Hippocrates opposed as much as the conception of sacred madness. The medical point of view was thus considerably weakened by Plato; this is particularly true in view of the fact that Platonic thought exercised an enormous influence for several centuries, including the early part of the Christian era" (P. 53). Plato's belief in a condition of sacred madness placed the mind and soul in a complex interrelationship. With the decline of the Greek and Roman era of medicine and the spread of organised, dogmatised religion, Plato's views of mentality became firmly incorporated within early Christian teachings. By its monopoly of what little education there was, the church shackled the development of medicine with its emphasis on endless interpretation of classical ideas. Genuine debate and the expansion of knowledge by further observation came to an end. The dogma of the early Christian church brought the further development of science in any form to a slow and hesitant crawl. The problem of the mentally ill became the jurisdiction of the church, and as such soon became the subject of demonology. Although Plato's philosophical view of mental illness certainly contributed to this development, the demenological relationship between mind, soul, madness and demons can be found in many places in the Bible. It was common for healers, including Jesus Christ for example, to heal the mentally ill by the casting out of devils. It is however surprising how long this belief lingered on. Even today in some religious quarters, exorcism is used as a way of attempting to cure the mentally ill. So entrenched did the demonological approach become that it was not until 1567 when Johann Weyer (1515-1588) published a detailed treatise advocating that witches be treated as mentally ill, was the demonological view seriously challenged. But even as famous and as respected as Weyer was in his day, the demonological view lingered on. For example, Daniel Sennett (1572-1637), a noted clinician of his day, believed that cases of ecstatic mental illness were caused by the devil. Van Helmont (1577-1644)r another highly respected clinician of his day, considered that disease (especially mental illness) was brought by the devil as payment for sin. Thomas Willis (1621-1675), most noted of all, especially as a physician and neuroanatomist, believed in devils and in the harsh treatment of the mentally ill. He argued that it was only by torture and torment that the disorderly minds of the possessed and mad could be brought into a meek and ordered state. But the Renaissance slowly saw the barriers of fear and superstition broken. Two men especially stand out in the return to open scientific research in the study of man. The first of these was Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo restated a typical Hippocratic orientation to science by declaring that "Science comes by observation not by authority" (Blakemore, 1976). His dissection of human corpses for the purpose of anatomical observation and drawing led him into direct conflict with the church and eventually he was forced to leaveRome. Nevertheless his drawings and approach to the study of the body had a considerable impact on the medical world and were used for some considerable time (e.g., especially the pictures of the baby in the mother's womb). Leonardo's example of observation by dissection was slowly copied. But there was an area of the body which the church remained adamant about in its condemnation of its dissection. This -was the brain.


ABSTRACT This article presents a novel control strategy for a 1-ϕ 2-level grid-tie photovoltaic (PV) inverter to enhance the power quality (PQ) of a PV distributed generation (PVDG) system. The objective is to obtain the maximum benefits from the grid-tie PV inverter by introducing current harmonics as well as reactive power compensation schemes in its control strategy, thereby controlling the PV inverter to achieve multiple functions in the PVDG system such as: (1) active power flow control between the PV inverter and the grid, (2) reactive power compensation, and (3) grid current harmonics compensation. A PQ enhancement controller (PQEC) has been designed to achieve the aforementioned objectives. The issue of underutilisation of the PV inverter in nighttime has also been addressed in this article and for the optimal use of the system; the PV inverter is used as a shunt active power filter in nighttime. A prototype model of the proposed system is developed in the laboratory, to validate the effectiveness of the control scheme, and is tested with the help of the dSPACE DS1104 platform.


Abstract. Enyiukwu DN, Chukwu LA, Bassey IN. 2020. Nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions of southern pea (Vigna unguiculata) and mung bean (Vigna radiata) seeds grown in humid Southeast Nigeria: A comparison. Trop Drylands 3: 41-45. Pulses are important components of African cuisines. Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) are commonly consumed in most parts of Nigeria, but mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) though new in the agro-landscape, is gradually gaining popularity. Its popularity is based on the speculation that it is of higher nutritional content than cowpeas. This work evaluated the nutritional compositions of seeds of both pulse crops grown in humid southeast Nigeria using classical and spectrometric analysis. Results obtained from the study showed that the mean proximate compositions of mung bean (17.70%) did not statistically (P?0.05) differ from that recorded for cowpea seeds (17.30%). However, irrespective of the high magnesium content (62.39 mg g-1) of mung bean, the mean mineral nutrients in cowpea (270.69 mg g-1) is grossly higher than (145.58 mg g-1) recorded in mung bean due largely to high presence of potassium (1.29 g 100 g-1) in cowpeas than in the former. Data from this study also showed that higher contents of flavonoids (11.31 mg g-1) make the mean content of phytochemicals in mung bean (4.21 mg g-1) to be slightly higher than but statistically (P?0.05) at par with that obtained in cowpea seeds (3.67 mg g-1). Generally, the nutrient contents in mung beans are not substantially higher than that of cowpea and vice versa. It is therefore recommended based on data obtained from this study that both be used to supplement each other in African diets due to their differential contents of flavonoids, magnesium, and potassium for better well-being and health.


To find out the quality of concrete, we need to test the concrete. Which is non destructive test  or testing without damaging the test object, namely with an UPV (Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity). In this study using 4 variations of coarse aggregate composition (mix design), namely porous variation, RCA (Recycled Coarse Aggregate) variation, pumice variation and fiber variation. The UPV test results in this study show that the relationship of compressive strength with amplitude (A1) or transmission time (t0) is concluded that the low homogeneity value causes higher energy loss so the amplitude value becomes lower and the value transmission time depends on the density of the concrete. In the value of compressive strength that affects homogeneity, it does not mean the higher the uniform material (homogeneity), the higher the compressive strength value. Keywords : Amplitude, Concrete, Compressive Strength, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, Transmission Time


Abstract Societies that abuse the religious rights of their subjects are likely to suffer damaging consequences; the experience of minorities under persecution is a major contributor to the failure of some processes of nation-building. The persecution of minorities can contribute to political unrest and instability because groups under siege often go underground and learn to operate clandestinely, possibly developing ideologies that justify violence, and even creating effective military wings. Persecution also influences the power dynamics within a particular movement, concentrating power in the hands of a few clerics, and fostering sympathies with co-religionists abroad, while deconstructing national identity.


During last thirty years several legal instruments were established to improve environmental protection and to push through the idea of sustainable development. Strategic environmental assessment is one of these legal instruments. This diploma paper describes the legal instrument of Strategic Environmental Assessment involved in three levels of positive law. At international law level the Kiev Protocol on strategic environmental assessment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Trans-boundary Context (The Espoo Convention) is the most important document dealing with this instrument. The Protocol was adopted by an Extraordinary meeting of the Parties to the Espoo Convention, held on 21st May 2003. Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Trans-boundary Context was originally adopted at Espoo on 25th February 1991. The Kiev Protocol on strategic environmental assessment was adopted in cooperation with World Health organization. So it is focused not only in environmental protection, but also in protection of human health. Each state which is the party of the Protocol shall ensure that a strategic environmental assessment will be carried out for plans and programs which have significant environmental effects. There is one more important document on international level related to the issue of strategic environmental impact assessment, the Aarhus Convention (United Nations Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters). This convention was done at Aarhus on 25th June 1998. The Convention is built on three pillars: access to information; public participation in environmental decision-making; and assess to justice in environmental matters. At the level of European Union law the strategic environmental assessment is set up by Directive 42/2001/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment. This directive index plans and programs which are subject to the process of strategic environmental assessment. In accordance with Directive on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment, an environmental assessment is carried out of certain plans and programs which are likely to have significant effects on the environment. The directive also describes particular steps of the process. According to the Directive the environmental assessment shall be carried out during the preparation of a plan or program and before its adoption or submission to the legislative procedure. At the level of Czech national law the issue of the strategic environmental assessment is solved by Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 100/2001Coll. The process of strategic environmental impact assessment under the Czech national law is very similar both to the Kiev Convention and European law. Expression conceptions refer to the same documents as expression plans and programs used by the Directive 210/42/EC. In its last part this diploma paper is dealing with problem of illegally ratified conceptions. There are few legal instruments in the form of official complaints usable for aces of the public. Only the form of conceptions adopted under the Act No. 183/2006Coll. makes it possible to file an action to an administrative court.


[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] This article describes a unit in which students investigate total solar eclipses, such as the one coming August 21, from several perspectives. It incorporates mathematical thinking and aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Lead States 2013; see box, p. 51). Figure 1 (p. 48) lists instructional tasks for the unit numbered in the recommended sequence. The first three tasks review patterns and teach students the relationship between the phases of the Moon and eclipses. The final tasks are more complex, linking observations from Earth with space phenomena. The technology resources listed in Figure 2 (p. 49) include immersive visualizations from websites and free downloadable software that can strengthen student understanding. Students should already have studied foundational Earth-Sun-Moon interactions before high school, so the introductory material in this unit can be used for review and to assess students' prior knowledge. Types of models This article refers to physical, virtual, and mathematical modeling. Models include anything useful for thinking about and understanding science. For our purposes, physical modeling involves physical objects, such as a. lamp representing the Sun. Virtual modeling refers to planetarium visualizations or software models such as those in ? the Celestia and Stellarium programs (Figure 2). Mathematical modeling refers to mathematical approaches to understanding phenomena such as ' relative speed. Instructional tasks 1. Patterns in the lunar cycle (Earth-based perspective) Direct observations Begin reviewing patterns in the sky by having students document sunrises, sunsets, and Moon phases. Students can sketch in their science notebooks how the Sun and Moon move in the sky over the course of a day or night as well as the visible shape of the Moon over longer periods. A compass (or compass app) will help them note orientation. Students will notice a pattern if they make observations at the same time daily. They should add predictions and "I wonder" questions and statements when they notice something of interest. Ask students basic formative assessment questions such as, "In what direction does the Sun rise or set?" and "Where does the Moon rise and set?" Then, encourage students to think more deeply by asking them, "Why do these objects rise in the east and set in the west?" Although lunar phases and their cause are taught in middle school, teachers can reintroduce students to the appearance of the Moon from Earth, the phase names, and the position of the Moon in relation to the Earth and Sun during the lunar cycle. Teachers can assess students' direct observations through their science notebook sketches and questions answered during class or in their notebooks. Point out that the Sun's and Moon's respective diameter-to-distance ratios from the Earth are similar, which means the two appear to be about the same size when viewed from Earth. This helps explain how the Moon just barely fully blocks the Sun during a total solar eclipse. As an extension, students can think about the Moon slowly moving away from Earth (at a rate of about 4 cm per year), due primarily to the energy drain from constant tidal pulling on Earth. Given that today, the Moon appears to be approximately 4.6% larger than the Sun, students can compute how long it will take for the Moon to move approximately 4.6% (16,700 km) farther away. This works out to about 418 million years before the Moon's apparent size is too small to cover the Sun completely--preventing total solar eclipses from ever occurring again. Planetarium and virtual modeling A planetarium complements students' real-world observations, allowing the educator to control variables such as time and date to help make patterns apparent. An alternative is simulation software such as Stellarium (Figure 2), which also enables students to quickly gather data about patterns in the sky. …


The photocatalytic degradation of CHCl_3, CHBr_3, CCl_4, and CCl_3CO_2^- is investigated in aqueous TiO_2 suspensions. A common intermediate, the trihalomethyl radical, is involved in the degradation of each substrate except for CCl_3CO_2^-. CHCl_3 and CHBr_3 are degraded into carbon monoxide and halide ions in the absence of dissolved oxygen. The anoxic degradation proceeds through a dihalocarbene intermedi ate, which is produced by sequential reactions of the haloform molecule with a valence band hole and a conduction band electron. Carbon dioxide and halide ion are formed as the primary products during CHCl_3 degradation in the presence of oxygen. Under these conditions, the trihalomethyl radicals react rapidly with dioxygen. At pH > 11, degrada tion of the haloforms is enhanced dramatically. This enhancement is ascribed to photoenhanced hydrolysis. The secondary reactions of the trichloromethyl radical generated during CCl_4 photolysis is strongly influenced by the nature of the electron donors. Both •CCl_3 and Cl^- production increase substantially when 2-propanol is present as an electron donor. A new photocatalytic mechanism for CCl_3CO_2^- degradation, which involves the formation of a dichlorocarbene intermediate, is proposed.


The angles of view such as the future and fate of football athletics,this paper expounds the quality and competence an excellent football coach should possess.The quality concerned consists of ideological virtue,profound theoretical knowledge,specialty techniques and experiences.


The objective of this paper was to briefly review development paradigms and their applications to African countries and propose a new development paradigm. Past development paradigms were briefly reviewed. It was showed that The Common thread in all the past development paradigms is that they all failed to consider the recognition of and commitment to The Common Good as the key element without which other initiatives will not bear sustained outcomes. I then put forth a set of conditions/propositions to be implemented for The Common Good to be defined, nurtured, improved, optimized and sustained.


Aims:  To use molecular beacon based nucleic acid sequence‐based amplification (NASBA) to develop a rapid, sensitive, specific detection method for norovirus (NV) genogroupII (GII).


The present work describes one possible way to prepare a stable aqueous suspension of carbon sphere particles with a positive charge that is suitable for simultaneous electrodeposition with zinc on steel substrate. In order to stabilize the suspension against aggregation, tri-block amphiphilic copolymer Pluronic F127, which is commercially available, was adsorbed on the surface of carbon sphere particles. This polymer contained poly (ethylene oxide) blocks as hydrophilic segments and poly (propylene oxide) blocks as the hydrophobic part. Scanning electron microscopy and visual observations confirmed the stability of the obtained suspension. The carbon sphere particles were embedded into the zinc coating by the co-electrodeposition process. The surface morphology of the composite coating was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The influence of the carbon spheres on the cathodic and anodic processes was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry studies. The electrochemical investigations were realized in a model corrosion medium (5% NaCl solution with pH 6.7) by application of selected methods such as polarization resistance, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which revealed higher protective ability of the composite coating against corrosion in an aggressive environment.


On 13 February 2008, the Council decided to consult the European Economic and Social Committee, under Article 80(2) of the Treaty establishing the European Community, on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on reciprocal recognition of navigability licences for inland waterway vessels (Codified version) Since the Committee unreservedly endorses the proposal and feels that it requires no comment on its part, it decided, at its 443rd plenary session of 12 and 13 March 2008 (meeting of 12 March) by 121 votes in favour and 6 abstentions, to issue an opinion endorsing the proposed text.


Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has proven to be a commercially viable method to extract bitumen from oil-sands reservoirs in western Canada. To understand the influence of steam injection on reservoir and surrounding rocks and potential impacts of surface deformation on the environment, various types of instrumentation and 4D-seismic surveys have been applied in SAGD projects. The effect of geomechanics on SAGD has been well documented. Collecting essential geomechanical data, properly interpreting them, and incorporating them into numerical models are necessary to ensure meaningful history matching and understanding of reservoir performances. This paper outlines geomechanical-data acquisition and field-monitoring methods from a reservoir-engineering perspective, and the applications of geomechanics in SAGD analyses. Minimal-data-acquisition programs are suggested to collect the necessary geomechanical data for different analysis purposes in SAGD projects. Primary instrumentation is briefly overviewed, and recommendations for instrumentation selection are provided. Using generic Canadian-oil-sands reservoir and rock properties, the subsurface and surface changes and deformations are simulated, including permeability changes, reservoir movements, and strains and surface uplifts. Simulations were conducted using a commercially available simulator. The limitations of the simulator are also noted. The method to couple the results of geostatistics modelling, reservoir simulation, and geomechanics in SAGD simulation and to link them with a 4D-seismic survey in history matching is provided.


A kind of multi-dimensional data compression algorithm for cluster-based protocol is proposed.The purpose of algorithm is reducing the wireless traffic without decreasing the accuracy of sensing information in wireless sensor network.Further more;a kind of clustering routing strategy,based on multi-dimensional data compression algorithm,is achieved.The experiment and simulation results show that wireless traffic can be significantly reduced by using the routing strategy based on this data compression algorithm.And the life of wireless sensor network can be prolonged.


Yizkor Book collections contain firsthand commemorative accounts of events from the era surrounding the rise and fall of Nazi Germany, including documents from before, during, and after the Holocaust. Prior to our effort, information regarding the content and location of each Yizkor Book volume was limited. We established a centralized index and metadata repository for the Yizkor Book collection and developed a detailed search interface accessible worldwide.


In this paper, we always assume that $p=6f+1$ is a prime. First, we calculate the values of exponential sums
of cyclotomic classes of orders 3 and 6 over an extension field of
GF(3). Then, we give a formula to compute the linear complexity of all $p^{n+1}$-periodic
generalized cyclotomic sequences of order 6 over GF(3). After that, we compute the linear complexity and the minimal polynomial of a $p^{n+1}$-periodic, balanced and generalized cyclotomic sequence of order 6 over GF(3), which is analogous to a generalized Sidelnikov's sequence. At last, we give some BCH codes with prime length $p$ from cyclotomic sequences of orders three and six.


This paper examines the possibility of a complete and final transfer of copyright to a computer software through an acquisition of assets in a company. Furthermore, it is examined whether it is possible to qualify the transfer as a purchase according to The Sale of Goods Act (1990:931). The question of whether the transfer should be regarded as a purchase in accordance with The Sale of Goods Act, serves as a purpose for investigating the possibility to determine the software as a faulty good. It is also important for the question of liability in such event. This study particularly aims to investigate how the presence of open source code in proprietary source code can result in the software being considered as a faulty good. This is especially highlighted through an acquistion of assets in a company, since such a transfer could possibly result in distribution in a sense which activates the terms in GNU GPL for the entire source code. An acquistion of assets is helpful to describe the process of the transfer and highlight the risks for both parties.

When an employee creates a computer program, the copyright, in its entirety, is transferred to the employer in accordance with 40 a § in the Act on Copyright in Literary and Artistic Works (1960:729). There is a principle stating that the parties must specify what parts of the copyright they intend to transfer, should the company thereafter transfer the copyright to another party. In court, the principle is applied next to general principles of contracts. The Sale of Goods Act is generally considered applicable for complete and final transfers of intellectual property.

The source code is protected as a literary work in accordance with 1 § in the Copyright Act (1960:29). The source code can either be considered proprietary, and thereby a trade secret, or open, and thereby free to distribute. Copyright is used as a means to make the licensees of GNU GPL redistribute the modifications they make. Since the concept of copyleft makes the source code available to all licensees, it can be problematic if the use of open source code is unintentional.

Finally, the study aims to assess whether The Sale of Goods Act constitutes an appropriate regulation of the liability for a faulty software, when open source code has been incorporated into the proprietary source code. There is no precedent ruling about the specific issue at hand, neither does the preparatory work for The Sale of Goods Act or the Copyright Act reveal a clear answer. In legal doctrine, intellectual property in general is examined and in some cases patents also. The existing material about faulty software concerns delivery from an outside party, which is relevant to the issue at hand. Thus, the answers are sought in doctrine, which appears to be fragmented. There is no uniform answer to whether The Sale of Goods Act states an appropriate regulation between the parties for when there is no agreement to determine when the good should be considered as faulty. However, the author finds that, considering the proposals in doctrine, a reasonable balance ought to be achieved if there is no strict liability. There ought to be a consideration of the circumstances in the particular case. The assessment can be based upon the buyer's expectations about actual utilization, legal exploitation and protection against competition. The buyer's expectation is presented a reasonable guideline in determining the liability. That is, when there is neither an agreement nor a fixed standard for determining whether the software is faulty.


In this paper we study some properties of radical functors, radical and coradical classes in the category of modules. In particular, a generalization of the radicals and preradicals are studied by Timoshenko. Mathematics Subject Classification: 16S90, 16D90


The Kalamkas, Karazhanbas, Severo-Buzachi, and Zhalgiztyube fields are on the Severo-Buzachi arch. The section of the Kalamkas field consists of Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous sediments. This structure is a brachy-anticline that extends in an east-west direction. It has a central and an eastern crest, bounded by the -1100 m structure contour. On the northeast flank is a zone of loss of correlation, interpreted as a fault. On the top of horizon Yu-1 its dimensions are 26.0 by 7.0 km and closure is 100 m. Dips are 1-2°. On the structure maps the Jurassic pay zones are cut by faults into seven blocks. In the section of Kalamkas field are six commercially gas-bearing horizons in the Neocomian, two gas-bearing in the Aptian, and seven horizons in the Jurassic. Two of the Jurassic are gas-oil, and the rest are oil-bearing. The largest of these are the gas pool in Neocomian horizon A and the gas-oil pool of Jurassic horizon Ju-I. The pools are the blanket-crest type and are sealed by faults. The productive beds are sandstones, siltstones, and clays. The oil of all horizons is heavy (density of 0.9-0.914) and contains 32.9% light oils. Viscosity at the surface is 92.9-266.1 sp and under formation conditions it is 18-22 sp. Dissolved gas is 80-94% methane, 3-13% ethane, 0.6-3.4% propane, 1-2.5% butane, and carbon dioxide up to 0.9%. The oils are