;P##$~. overnments talk. They listen and they $8 gmt speak. Government communication occurs $*&gg$&:? ***4 ,-I .,gav9B:' . in a number of different ways. Historically, political parties, mass media, interest groups have all contributed to our public conversation drectly and routinely. In the past these methods were supplemented by advertising. Now, seemingly, the previously normal means have been overshadowed by the power and presence of government advertising. It is not confined to any one political party or any region. We see it everywhere: the government of Ontario, for instance, spent $4 million on a series of health-care ads, one of which showed a young boy with a Band-Aid and a tag line that said "sometimes change hurts";' the government of Quebec used it to complain that Ot tawa was short-changing Quebecers in transfer payments" (see Figure 5 ) ; the government of British Columbia spent $5 million to persuade its citizens that the Nisga'a treaty was a sound one;' the federal government bombards our homes around Canada Day reminding us that, according to the United Nations, Canada is the best disdain for rhetoric was a philosophical one in that rhetoricians were not interested in transcendental truths but rather in persuading the audience of an argument. Plato's student, Anstotle, in his book Rhetoric, disagreed with his teacher, arguing instead that rhetoric could be used for both good or evil. Unlike Plato's dialectic, which dealt with broad philosophical principles and certainty, Anstotle's rhetoric dealt with specific issues and probability based on how plausible the audience found the argument. In its most general sense, rhetoric is about finding the best mode of persuasion. Aristotle wrote:


In register‐based pharmacoepidemiological studies, each day of follow‐up is usually categorized either as exposed or unexposed. However, there is an underlying continuous probability of exposure, and by insisting on a dichotomy, researchers unwillingly force a nondifferential misclassification into their analyses. We have recently developed a model whereby probability of exposure can be modeled, and we tested this on an empirical case of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID)‐induced upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB).


The structure of freeze-fractured gap junctions was studied by electron microscopy and subsequent pattern analysis using a computer controlled image processing system. Rat mammary tumor cells (BICR/WIR-k) which are permanently coupled via gap junctions when cultered as monolayers were used under different fixed and unfixed conditions. Active (coupling competent) gap junctions seem to be characterized by loosely packed connexons, whereas non-active (permanently closed) gap junctions may consist of tightly packed particles.


An electric pressure rice cooker having a load cell is provided to cook rice easily by fixing a load cell on a supporter to judge the amount of rice and water via a micro processor precisely by electrical signal. An electric pressure rice cooker having a load cell comprises an inner pot, an inner pot base(200), a body, a lower temperature sensor(410), a load cell bracket(430), a supporter(400), a load cell(420), and a micom. The load cell bracket is mounted on the inner pot base and wraps the outer surface of the inner pot base. The supporter of 'L' type is mounted on the load cell bracket and has a vertical unit, a horizontal unit, and a receiving unit for receiving the lower temperature sensor. The load cell is mounted on the load cell bracket, outputs an electrical signal corresponding to the displacement of the vertical unit of the supporter in a condition that the load cell key on a manipulation panel is selected and is combined by the horizontal unit of the supporter, the load cell bracket, and a fixing unit by implementing an opposite-movement from the vertical unit of the supporter. The micro processor judges the amount of rice and water by inputting the electrical signal from the load cell.


ABSTRACT News coverage plays a significant role in the tourism industry. 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has severely affected the tourism-related businesses and has been featured in Chinese news coverage. This research studied 499 newspaper articles through automated content analysis. Nine key themes were identified, including COVID-19's impact on tourism, people's sentiment, control of tourism activities and cultural venues, the role of the hospitality industry, national command and local response, tourism disputes and solutions, corporate self-improvement strategies, government assistance, and post-crisis tourism product. This research provides insights into future investigations of the tourism crisis related to an epidemic.


A mechanistic model was developed to describe the creep-fatigue interaction of 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel based on a damage mechanics approach. The model assumes that each of the fatigue and creep damage consists of basic damages with a size and density. The mechanism of the creep-fatigue interaction is considered to be an early growth of a size of fatigue basic damage from a creep basic damage formed prior to fatigue loading. The model interprets well the experimental creep-fatigue life under complex strain histories.


Leading energy loss of the flow valve in hydraulic rock drill was analyzed and its formula was presented.For the purpose of minimizing energy loss and steady orientation of the flow valve,a set of equations about the movement journey of the flow valve were deduced.The conforming method of the movement journey was pointed out and the movement journey was calculated by means of the example.


Objectives: The objectives of this study are: 1) To understand the reasons of non-urgent non-referred patients to use the Emergency Department (ED), 2) To understand the "urgency" and "concern" perceptions of non-urgent non-referring patients. 3) To determinate the associated factors with the use the ED for non-urgent non-referred patients. Methods: Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting: Emergency Department (ED) of "Infanta Cristina" General Hospital, Parla, Madrid, Spain. Patients: non-referred non-urgent adult patients were selected by Emergency Department Triage system in levels IV and V, on weekdays between 10:00 and 22:00 hours, from April 26 to July 30, 2010, to be surveyed using a structured face-to-face interview. Main outcome measures: sociodemographic characteristics, personal experience with the health care centre (HCC) and ED, urgency and concern of symptoms, previous health care use regarding current health problem, reasons to visit the ED, comparative evaluation of ED and HCC. Results: 73% of the patients came directly to the ED. More efficient technical services (42%), the HCC was closed in this time (35%), promptly resolution of the health problem (22%) and more accessibility (20%) were the most important reasons to come directly to ED. 27% of the patients went previously to the HCC and then they came to the ED because they did not get better with the treatment prescribed (71%) and they went to know a second opinion (39%). 70% of the patients considered that their health problem was not serious but they thought this situation had to be resolved promptly. 63% of the patients were very worried for their health problem and the same proportion considered that their family doctor could not resolve this problem. Finally, 50% considered that the ED had more technical capacity to resolve their health problem. conclusions: High efficacy and effectiveness, in terms of technical resources and promptness, were the main reasons of non-referred non-urgent adult patients to use the ED. The high preoccupation, but not the perception of seriousness perception, of the health problem was the most important factor to seek care in an active and quickly way. The previous institutional experience in HCC could influence those reasons.


The anthocyanins in Ficus padana were extracted and identified by using high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS). The individual anthocyanins were identified by comparing between their mass spectral data and published data. The first compound (peak 1) was identify as a pelargonidin 3-(6"-p-coumarylglucoside)-5-(4"'-Malonylglucoside) and the second compound was identify as a pelargonidin 3-(6''-Malonylglucoside). The second one is a major compound that taking up to 91% of the total anthocyanin content in F. padana extract. The antioxidant activity was determined with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays and results showed that extract possessed high antioxidant capacity.


In this papper we consider the problem of solving 3D diffusion problems on distributed memory computers. We present a parallel algorithm that is suitable for the number of processors less or equal 8. The pipelining method is used to enlarge the number of processors till 64. The computational grid decomposition method is proposed for heterogenous clusters of workstations which preserves the load balancing of computers. The numerical results for two clusters of workstations are given.


Because preservation of the myocardium is now regarded as one of the key therapeutic strategies in treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction, i t is essential that all patients be diagnosed promptly upon arrival a t the emergency room or coronary care unit. Although the electrocardiogram clearly has been regarded as the definitive study in deciding which patient should receive immediate thrombolytic therapy and/or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, two-dimensional echocardiography may provide additional valuable information with regard to regional and global left ventricular function. In some patients presenting with chest pain and nondiagnostic ECGs, such as paced rhythm, conduction disturbances, and left ventricular hypertrophy, two-dimensional echocardiography may provide prompt recognition of regional wall motion abnormalities and acute ischemia. In one study, a group of patients undergoing successful thrombolytic therapy had improvement in regional and global left ventricular function as determined by two-dimensional echocardiography compared to a matched control infarct patient group who did not receive thrombolytic therapy.'


IRB Exempt Form Project Title: The Effects of Interlocutors on Student Performance on Constructed Dialogue Tasks Assessing Primary Phrase Stress Production 1.1 Responsible Project Investigator. The RPI must be a non-visiting member of UIUC faculty or staff who will serve as project supervisor at UIUC. Students, interns, post-doctoral researchers, and visiting faculty from other campuses may not serve as RPI, but should be listed as investigators, if applicable. Last Name: Davidson First Name: Fred Academic Degrees: Ph.D Dept. or Unit: Linguistics Office Address: Mail Code: Street Address: City: Zip Code: Phone: Fax: E-mail: UIUC Status (please mark one): Non-visiting member of X Faculty Staff 1.2 Investigators. Please list: All investigators who are different from the RPI, including those from other institutions. Include all persons who will be directly responsible for the project's design or implementation, the consent process, data collection, data analysis, or follow-up. Last Name: Boyd First Name: Ryan Academic Degrees: BA Dept. or Unit: Linguistics Office Address: Mail Code: Street Address: City: Zip Code: Phone: Fax: E-mail:


We study the problem of repairing Reed-Solomon codes with low-access complexity in the rack-aware storage model that allows collective information processing in the nodes that share the same rack. Building on recent work of the access complexity for the rack-aware storage model, we derive a lower bound on the amount of information accessed for repairing multiple failed nodes within a single rack from any number of helper racks. Further, we construct a family of Reed-Solomon codes that only require accessing a relatively small number of symbols to repair failed nodes in a single rack. In particular, for certain code parameters, our construction attains the bound on the access complexity with equality and thus has optimal access.


We followed the changes in G protein α subunit expression and levels throughout the brain during the naltrexone‐precipitated withdrawal syndrome in morphine‐dependent rats. Intraperitoneally injected naltrexone (10 mg/kg) in rats made tolerant to morphine resulted in sustained withdrawal. Additional naltrexone doses 6, 24 and 72 h later still induced a significant abstinence syndrome. At the fifth naltrexone injection (8 days later) counted signs were completely resolved but checked ones were not. Besides the behavioural modifications, opiate withdrawal affected G protein expression in the central nervous system. In situ hybridization showed that Gαs and Gαo mRNA, whose levels are increased in tolerance, changed further during opiate withdrawal. Specifically, the αs mRNA in the hypothalamus was reduced after the first naltrexone injection and reached the control level with subsequent doses. However, αo mRNA expression in the olfactory system remained elevated after repeated naltrexone injections, declining to the control value only after the fifth dose. The amounts of Gαs and Gαo protein closely followed the time course of mRNA. The relationship between behavioural and biochemical parameters is discussed, together with the regional selectivity of the modifications.


IMT-2000 system is expected to start its service at the beginning of 2000 on the purpose of providing with the highest qualitative service through one mobile terminal. In this paper, we investigate some of the important issues which need to be addresses in designing an authentication protocol for IMT-2000. Also proposed is an authentication protocol which addresses the above issues, and we design a correct and efficient authentication protocol to establish secure communication channel. Our protocol provides an authentication of the communication entities, location privacy, and secure messaging as well as global roaming service.


This work describes a hot electron induced current gain degradation study in advanced self-aligned sidewall spacer NPN bipolar transistors. The effects of the extrinsic base drive-in thermal cycle on current gain degradation and intrinsic base link-up are discussed.


The transition state models in two mechanistically distinct pathways, involving (i) an enamine carboxylic acid (path-A, 4) and (ii) an enamine carboxylate (path-B, 8), in the proline-catalyzed asymmetric α-amination have been examined using DFT methods. The path-A predicts the correct product stereochemistry under base-free conditions while path-B accounts for reversal of configuration in the presence of a base.


Abstract. Every transit trip begins and ends with pedestrian travel. People need to walk to access the transit services. However, their choice to walk depends on many factors including the connectivity, level of comfort and safety. These factors can influence the pleasantness of riding the transit itself, especially during the first/last mile (FLM) journey. This had triggered few studies attempting to measure the pedestrian-friendliness a walking environment can offer. There were studies that implement the pedestrian experience on walking to assess the pedestrian-friendliness of a walking environment. There were also studies that use spatial analysis to measure it based on the path connectivity and accessibility to public facilities and amenities. Though both are good, but the perception-based studies and spatial analysis can be combined to derive more holistic results. This paper proposes a framework for selecting a pedestrian-friendly path for the FLM transit journey by using the two techniques (perception-based and spatial analysis). First, the degree of importance for the factors influencing a good walking environment will be aggregated by using Analytical Network Process (ANP) decision rules based on people's preferences on those factors. The weight will then be used as attributes in the GIS network analysis. Next, the network analysis will be performed to find a pedestrian-friendly walking route based on the priorities aggregated by ANP. It will choose routes passing through the preferred attributes accordingly. The final output is a map showing pedestrian-friendly walking path for the FLM transit journey.


Over the past few years, the futures market has been successfully developing in the North-West region. Futures markets are one of the most effective and liquid-visible trading mechanisms. A large number of buyers are forced to compete with each other and raise their prices. A large number of sellers make them reduce prices. Thus, the gap between the prices of offers of buyers and sellers is reduced due to high competition, and this is a good criterion for the liquidity of the market. This high degree of liquidity contributed to the fact that futures trading took such an important role in commerce and finance. A multi-step, non-cooperative n persons game is formalized and studied


Sena et al present a study relating temporal variability in cloud radiative effects to variability in various quantities including near-surface aerosol index, microwaveretrieved cloud liquid water path, as well as boundary-layer decoupling index and lower-tropospheric stability from 1-min resolution data with a conditioned sampling of low-level non-precipitating liquid-water clouds from 14 years of data at the ARM SGP site. The central result, presented in Fig. 6a, is that the surface aerosol index is uncorrelated with the cloud radiative effect, indicating a negligible aerosol influence on cloud radiative effect. This comes along with Fig. 6b demonstrating the dominant effect of LWP variability on the cloud radiative effect. The result is corroborated by


Resolved beams of ions with energies between 10 and 150 kev were passed through thin targets and the resulting beam analyzed as to momentum and energy. Equilibrium charge ratios were obtained for various ions after passing through thin films of Ni or organic polymer. Cross sections for several reactions of oxygen ions with gas targets were also obtained. For gaseous targets, some of the products of dissociative reactions exhibited two side peaks differing in energy from the normal peak. By relating this displacement to a velocity change produced by dissociation alone, the kinetic energy change involved in the dissociation of the ion can be calculated. Values for a number of cases are tabulated.


Minnaert constants (K) were derived from non atmospherically corrected, high-sun elevation angle Landsat TM data (8 June 1996 and 13 July 1997) and DEMs at 30x30 m spatial resolution using the IDL procedure developed at Dartmouth College. K constants were calculated for two contiguous areas in northern Apennines, the former (366 ha) covered by beech (Fagus Sylvatica) forest and the latter (343 ha) by mixed deciduous forest (Quercetalia pubescentis). Calculated Minnaert K ranges for the two forest types and dates were 0.21-0.26, 0.49-0.55 and 0.58-0.63 for bands 3, 4 and 5 respectively, with an r significance level of the K values estimates between 0.77 and 0.91. The correlation factors between uncorrected TM bands 3, 4 and 5 and the cosine of solar illumination angle (i) ranged from 0.70 to 0.91, thus indicating that 49% to 83% of the variance of these bands in this rugged forested area is explained by the topographic effect. K regression significance as well as topographic dependence of TM data tended to increases from band 3 to band 5 for both dates and forest types. Minnaert normalization was effective at removing the topographic effect reducing the correlation coefficients of the three corrected bands with cos (i) within the range -0.07/+0.02.


Today, evolution of science and technology has reached tremendous rate. Major breakthroughs in sciences, technology, medicine, and engineering make our everyday life more and more comfortable. Today it is nearly impossible to find an engineer who does not use complex mathematical tools for formal modeling of design products, CAD systems for drawings, electronic handbooks and libraries, and the Internet to find necessary data, information, and knowledge. But what happens when we need to invent a radically new solution? To generate a new idea? To solve a problem when no known problem solving methods provide results? What tools and methods do we have to cope with these situations? It happens that when it comes to producing new ideas, we still rely heavily on thousands-years-old trials and errors method. It is good when a new brilliant and feasible idea is born quickly. But what price we have to pay for it most of the time? Waste of time, money and human resources. Can we afford this today, when competition is accelerating every day and capability to innovate becomes a crucial factor of survival? Certainly, not. But if there is anything that can help? Fortunately, the answer is "yes". To considerably improve innovative process and avoid costly trials and errors, leading innovators use TRIZ, a scientifically-based methodology for innovation. Relatively little known outside the former Soviet Union before the 90, it rapidly gained popularity at world-leading corporations and organizations, among which are DSM, Hitachi, Mitsubishi, Motorola, NASA, Procter & Gamble, Philips, Samsung, Siemens, Unilever, just to name a few. This article presents a brief overview of TRIZ and some its techniques with focus on technological applications of TRIZ. TRIZ origins TRIZ (a Russian acronym for the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) was originated by the Russian scientist and engineer Genrich Altshuller. In the early 50, Altshuller started massive studies of patent collections. His goal was to find out if inventive solutions were the result of chaotic and unorganized thinking or there were certain regularities that governed the process of creating new inventions. After scanning approximately 400.000 patent descriptions, Altshuller found that only 2% of all patented solutions were really new, which means that they used some newly discovered physical phenomenon – such as the first radio receiver or photo camera. 98% of patented inventions used some already known physical principle but were different in its implementation (for instance, both a car and a conveyer may use the air cushion principle). In addition, it appeared that a great number of inventions complied with a relatively small number of basic inventive principles. Therefore, 98% of all new problems can be solved by using previous experience if such experience is presented in a certain form, for instance as principles or patterns. This discovery had given impact on further studies which let to discovery the basic principles of invention. More than thirty years of research resulted in revealing and understanding of origins of an inventive process, and formulation of general principles of inventive problem solving. At the same time, first TRIZ techniques were developed. Later, many researchers and practitioners worldwide united efforts and largely extended Altshuller's approach with new methods and tools. Today, a number of companies and universities worldwide are involved to enhancing TRIZ techniques and putting them to the practical use. Modern TRIZ TRIZ offers a number of practical techniques, which help to analyze existing products and situations, extract core problems and generate new solution concepts in a systematic way. TRIZ fundamentally changes our view on solving inventive problems and innovative design as shown in figure 1. Instead of random generation of thousands of alternatives among which only one can work, TRIZ uses systematic approach to generate new ideas as sh. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 2, Issue 3, April-May 2014 ISSN 2091-2730 233 www.ijergs.org Fig 1. Modern TRIZ Modern TRIZ is a large volume of knowledge. It includes such techniques as Inventive Principles, Patterns of standard solutions, Functional Analysis, Databases of physical, chemical and geometrical effects, Trends and Patterns of technology evolution and Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving, which is also known as ARIZ. TRIZ is not easy to learn. However, most of its techniques can be learned and applied independently that simplifies the processes of learning and implementation. This is shown in Fig. (1) Common Patterns of Inventions Let us have a look as how TRIZ works by comparing two problems. First problem: how to protect a hydrofoil moving at a high speed from hydraulic cavitation, which results from collapsing air bubbles which destroy the metal surface of the foil? Second problem: how to prevent orange plantations from being eaten by apes if installing fences around the plantations would be too expensive? Are these problems similar? At a first glance, not at all. However from the TRIZ point of view, they are similar, because both the problems result in identical problem patterns. In both cases, there are two components interacting with each other and the result of the interaction is negative. In the first situation, the water destroys the foil, in the second – an ape eats an orange. And there is no visible and simple way to improve the situations. To solve this type of problems, TRIZ recommends introducing a new component between the existing ones. Well, but how? We tried it, and it did not work – fences are still expensive. What did the best inventors do in this case? Analysis of the best inventions showed that this new component has to be a modification of one of the two existing components! In TRIZ, the word "modification" is being understood in broad terms. It can be a change of aggregate state of a substance, or a change of color, structure, etc. What can a modification of the water be? Ice. A refrigerator is installed inside the foil and freezes the water thus forming an ice layer over the foil surface. Now, the cavitations destroy the ice, which is constantly rebuilt. What can be the "modification" of the orange? A lemon! The ape does not like the taste of the lemon so it was proposed to surround the orange plantations with lemon trees. As seen in figure 2, TRIZ suggests recommendations on solving new problems accordingly guidelines drawn from previous experience of tackling similar problems in different areas of technology. Wellknown psychological methods for activation of thinking (brainstorm, for instance) or traditional design methods aim at finding a specific solution to a specific problem. It is difficult – too much information has to be browsed and there is no guarantee that we move in a right direction. TRIZ organizes translation of the specific problem into abstract problem and then proposes to use a generic design principle or a pattern, which is relevant to the type of the problem. As clear, by operating at the level of conceptual models, the search space is significantly reduced that makes it much easier to find the needed solution concept among the patterns TRIZ offers.(Fig.2) International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 2, Issue 3, April-May 2014 ISSN 2091-2730 234 www.ijergs.org A b s tr a c t p r o b le m A b s tr a c t s o lu tio n P RIN C IP LE S O O F F T R IZ S p e c if ic p r o b le m S p e c if ic s o lu t io n T R I A L S & E R R OR S


A novel balanced modulator which uses a pulse-density-modulated sine wave as a carrier is presented. The use of oversampling improves the spectral performance for low-frequency signal processing, at the cost of extra logic in the carrier generation circuit. The circuit is suitable for operation in the audio range.<<ETX>>


We construct the so far unknown lagrangian of D = 6, N = 2 F(4) Supergravity coupled to an arbitrary number of vector multiplets whose scalars span the coset manifold SO(4,n)/SO(4) × SO(n). This is done first in the ungauged case and then extended to the compact gauging of SU(2) × , where SU(2) is the R-symmetry diagonal subgroup of SU(2)L × SU(2)R SO(4) and is a compact subgroup of SO(n), n being the number of vector multiplets, and such that dim () = n. The knowledge of the lagrangian allows in principle to refine the AdS6/CFT5 correspondence already discussed, as far as supersymmetric multiplets are concerned, in a previous related paper. With respect to the latter we also give a more exaustive treatment of the construction of the theory at the level of superspace Bianchi identities and in particular of the scalar potential.


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to mechanical engineering and can be used in aircraft engine building. The method of improving erosion resistance of compressor blades of a gas-turbine engine made of titanium alloys includes ion-beam cleaning of a surface followed by deposition of an ion-plasma multilayer coating in the form of a given number of pairs of layers consisting a layer of titanium with a metal and a layer of compounds of titanium with a metal and nitrogen. The surface undergoes electrolytic-plasma polishing before ion-beam cleaning. The metal used in the layers of titanium with a metal and layers of compounds of titanium with a metal and nitrogen is vanadium. The layer of titanium with vanadium is deposited with a thickness of 0.2-0.3 mcm, and the layer of compounds of titanium with vanadium and nitrogen has a thickness of 1.1-2.2 mcm, with total thickness of the multilayer coating of 5.0-7.0 mcm. The layers of compounds of titanium with vanadium are deposited in argon ion-assisted mode and layers of compounds of titanium with vanadium and nitrogen are deposited in nitrogen ion-assisted mode. EFFECT: effective protection of blades made of titanium alloys from erosion while simultaneously increasing endurance limit and cyclic life. 9 cl, 1 ex


The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a pilot preventive mental health workshop on adolescents attending 8 schools in the district of Lo Espejo, located in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile, who participated in the nationwide program "Habilidades para la Vida II" during 2011. The study sought to explore the effects of the application of this 6-month preventive intervention on the adolescents' school maladjustment (SM) and psychosocial dysfunction (PD) variables. A pre-experimental study with no control group and with pre- and post-intervention measurements was designed. Purposive intensity sampling was used to select 65 adolescents of both sexes attending 7 th grade at the time of the intervention. The analysis considered repeated measures ANOVA and t -tests for related samples. The results showed that the intervention reduced the level of the risk factors associated with SM; however, it was not effective in modifying the adolescents' PD.


This article is devoted research of an admissibility of application of the CAE-modules which have been built in in Autodesk Inventor 11, as given product is the most widespread at the machine-building enterprises of Ukraine. For the analysis the built in module «Master of designing» has been chosen.


In this paper we introduce, discuss, and evaluate several algorithms that combine wavelet and fractal based image compression in the spatial domain. Experimental results show the importance of avoiding block-based wavelet transforms in such schemes.


Breast cancer is a leading cause of significant morbidity and mortality for women. Methods to reliably detect the earliest stages of breast cancer have been widely sought because the success of breast cancer treatment is influenced by how early a malignancy is diagnosed. Current methods for early detection rely on either physical examination to palpate a tumor or radiography. The development of genetic tests that enable accurate risk assessment for individuals in high-risk families has been predicted to have substantial medical benefits. Significant and unprecedented media fanfare informed both medical professionals and the general public about exciting new discoveries in breast cancer genetics, namely, identification of two critically important breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 , helping to create an immediate demand for clinical tests for these genes. The identification of genetic alterations underlying the development of breast cancer has ushered in an exciting and challenging new era in oncology, genetics, and molecular diagnostics.

DNA diagnostic tests for breast cancer genes, including BRCA1 , BRCA2 , and TP53 (which causes breast cancer in the context of the Li–Fraumeni cancer predisposition syndrome), are currently available in most cases only for individuals who have clear family histories of one of the hereditary breast cancer syndromes. Presymptomatic DNA-based assessment for breast cancer risk has had only limited use in clinical practice to date. In cases of autosomal dominant breast cancer (∼5% of all breast cancers), identification of the specific BRCA disease-causing mutation has enabled more-accurate risk-modification counseling for first-degree relatives and facilitated susceptibility testing for family members. Presymptomatic identification of a germ-line BRCA mutation provides individuals with specific, if not yet well studied, options for preventive medical management. For example, initial studies indicate that women who have inherited a mutant BRCA1 allele from an affected mother have a markedly increased risk of developing …


Serial correlations in asset prices are often associated with irrational investment decisions (e.g., speculative bubbles) or inefficient markets. This paper shows that even asset prices determined rationally in an efficient market become predictable if underlying cash flows contain predictable components. In particular, I show that cash flows from real estate tend to contain a predictable "overshooting" component, due to slow adjustments in asset supply. Such predictable cash flows result in overshooting prices of real estate. Even though rational capitalization rates counteract the overshooting, the property price still exhibits predictability. The analysis indicates that the rational benchmark price must be carefully modeled when one tests irrationality or inefficiency in asset prices.


In article the features of business-modelling inside the process of CIS development are considered. Problems of business-model correctness are investigated. Perspectives of imitating modelling use for verification of business models are considered


The article deals with the issues of Communal Seniors Council as an institution of social participation in local government. The considerations start with the discussion of the concept and the essence of social participation and participation of the elderly in public life. Then, the Communal Seniors Councils were analysed in the light of the Act on the Municipal Self-Government, the functions of the Seniors' Councils, as well as the social participation of the elderly in the United Kingdom and Germany also were presented.


There have been a number of studies estimating the costs of repairing, replacing, or renovating aging distribution networks. Although useful in general terms, characterizing a system by age and/or breaks per mile of mains is of limited use to a utility trying to manage increasing maintenance costs. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into developing a data base centered approach for reliability analyses and suggest which analytical tools may be the most useful.


It is well known that earthworms of various species, with widely differing feeding and burrowing habits, can have a considerable effect on the structure and composition of the upper levels of the soil. It is, however, often difficult to relate these effects to soil fertility in particular situations and to manipulate worm populations to produce beneficial results.


In order to forecast the trend of the water resources supply and demand balance ability in Fujian Province,which is experiencing social and economic reformation,an indicator system for trend forecast of the water resources supply and demand balance was established.Scenario analysis,nonlinear regression,and auto-regression were adopted to forecast indicator variables,and AHP was applied in weight estimation to assess the water resources supply and demand balance trend in regions of Fujian Province using the method of weighting summation.The results showed that the water resources supply and demand balance ability will slowly be enhanced in Fujian in the future except in the Zhangzhou region,but the rate of enhancement will slow down.Due to the effects of changing contributions of factors such as water resources abundance,water supply ability,efficiency of water consumption,and water demand tendency on the water resources supply and demand balance,it should be noted that the water resources supply and demand balance countermeasures must be adjusted according to differences in time or space.


Karst subsided columns greatly develope in Chengzhuang colliery,and some transmissibility subsided columns would badly threaten mining safety.By studying strata sedimentation history,regional tectonic evolvement history,three-dimensional exploration data and hydrologic geology data etc,it has been brought forward that subsided columns formation is attributed to both dissolution and erosion of Ordovician water to lime rock and the differential uplifting-subsidence of strata in different structure stages.The subsided columns,which have crevices extending to the strata containing water,surface water and accumulating water gobs,have stronger transmissibility and easily give birth to water outburst accidents.


The paper is a brief survey of the application of mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints (MPECs) in engineering mechanics. An MPEC is the challenging class of nonsmooth and nonconvex optimization problems for which, in our case, some of the constraints represent complementarity conditions. We provide an overview of MPECs, some solution approaches that we have adopted, and some engineering mechanics problems that we have solved.


The invention relates to a racemization recycling method for chirality 1-benzyl-3-hydroxypiperidine. The racemization recycling method specifically includes the steps that resolution recycled chirality N-benzyl-3-hydroxypiperidine (I) serves as raw materials, and racemization recycling is conducted under the effect of strong alkali to obtain N-benzyl-3-hydroxypiperidine. The racemization recycling scheme has not been reported in literatures, the reaction is simple, and the racemization recycling method is suitable for industrial mass production.


The terahertz (THz) range of electromagnetic waves (0.1– 10THz)—which lies between the microwave and optical regions—is of great interest. This is mainly because this band of the electromagnetic spectrum includes the frequencies of rotational and vibrational spectra of complex (e.g., biological) molecules. Most dielectric materials are transparent in the THz region, and THz waves are already used in many biomedical applications (e.g., for the detection of dangerous and illicit substances, as well as for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases). Photoconductive antennas are the most-developed room-temperature sources of THz radiation. However, ultrafast low-temperature-grown gallium arsenide (GaAs)—which is typically used as a substrate for such antennas—suffers (because of its large band gap) from low thermal efficiency, low carrier mobility, and a pump limit at a wavelength of about 850nm. An alternative substrate material is thus required so that efficient and tunable THz radiation can be generated. Quantum dots (QDs) were first discovered in the 1980s,1 i.e., around the same time as photoconductive antennas.2 The properties of these particles are controlled by both their size and the material from which they are made. QDs exhibit discrete energy levels and are highly configurable, and QD materials are successfully used in multiple applications, e.g., for lasers,3 saturable absorbers,4 photovoltaic devices,5 and biosensors.6 To generate pulsed and continuous wave (CW) THz radiation, photoeffective semiconductors that also possess a high carrier mobility and ultrashort carrier lifetime are necessary (i.e., QD wafers perfectly meet all the requirements). Figure 1. Left: Schematic diagram of a quantum-dot-based photoconductive antenna. The structure—grown over a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR)—contains indium arsenide (InAs) quantum dots (QDs) within a gallium arsenide (GaAs) lattice. Right: Transmission electron microscope image of one of the InAs QDs.


Objective To study the relationship between blood pressure and vasoactive substances in patients with obstructive nocturnal apnea syndrome (ONAS) ,and the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on the disease. Methods Ten healthy control, 15 patients with severe ONAS confirmed by polysomnography,and 12 ONAS patients treated by CPAP were recruited. Mean arterial pressures (MAP) at night were measured, and plasma concentrations of endothelin (ET), angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ ),atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and calci-fonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in all groups were assayed,and the correlation between the two characteristics was analyzed. Results (1)Compared with the controls, the indexes of apnea/hyponea (AHI) and MAP in the ONAS patients were markedly high, but the mean and the lowest Sa02 were notably low.The levels of plasma ET, Ang Ⅱ and ANP in these patients increased dramatically, while the level of plasma CGRP decreased significantly. Moreover,the ET,Ang Ⅱ and ANP levels were in positive corelation with MAP. (2)In ONAS patients,after receiving the CPAP treatment , the time of phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ sleep decreased, and the time of rapid eye movement increased. In addition, both AHI and MAP dropped, while the mean and the lowest SaO2 elevated. In contrast to CGRP,the other vasoactive substances decreased significantly. Conclusions (1)At night the blood pressure of the ONAS patients rises while that of normal people drops down. (2)Hypertension at night in ONAS is induced by increased secretion of ET, Ang II and ANP, and depletion or reduction of CGRP resulting from hypoxemia and hy-percapnia in ONAS. (3)The CPAP therapy not only improves the quantity of sleep, corrects hypoxemia in patients,but also decreases the blood pressure by lowering the levels of ET.Ang Ⅱ and ANP and increases that of CGRP.


In addressing the still under-researched subject of public sector organization responses to budget cuts, this paper concentrates on the nature of strategic decisions on what to cut. Fourteen external and internal strategic decision responses are identified. A conceptual framework identifying a number of critical variables influencing the strategic decision process is presented and illustrated.


Pure electric field-controlled 180° magnetization switching plays a vital role in low-power magnetoelectric memory devices. Using micromagnetic simulation, we engineered a square-shaped epitaxial Fe3Si nanomagnet on a PMN-PT piezoelectric substrate to make the magnetic easy axis slightly deviate 18° from the piezostrain axis, aiming to break the symmetry of the magnetization distribution and achieve deterministic magnetization reversal paths. Under the coaction of a magnetic field and an electric field, the simulated magnetic hysteresis loops and magnetic domain patterns reveal a fourfold to twofold magnetic anisotropy transition and magnetization reversal paths. Stimulated by pure electric field-induced piezoelectric strain, deterministic 180° magnetization reversals are accomplished by the two successive clockwise 90° switching process. The results help to comprehend electrically regulated deterministic magnetization reversal and pave an avenue for designing multistate spintronics devices.


We study the dependence of the location of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) peaks on the parameters of the generalized Chaplygin gas model, whose equation of state is given by p = − A/ρ α , where A is a positive constant and 0 < α ≤ 1. We find, in particular, that observational data arising from Archeops for the location of the first peak, BOOMERANG for the location of the third peak, supernova and high-redshift observations allow constraining significantly the parameter space of the model. Our analysis indicates that the emerging model is clearly distinguishable from the α = 1 Chaplygin case and the ΛCDM model.


The study's goal is to determine the efficiency of the reinforcement technique in second-grade intermediate students' academic success on the topic of the Holy Qur'an and Islamic education. The study's goal is to determine the efficiency of the reinforcement technique in second-grade intermediate students' academic success on the topic of the Holy Qur'an and Islamic education. To achieve the purpose of the research, the researcher used an experimental design with partial control and a post test, which is dependent on the experimental group that is taught using the reinforcement strategy and the control group that is taught using the traditional technique. The researcher selected Ibn Al-Atheer Secondary School for Boys as the location. The researcher used an experimental design to attain the purpose of the r The researcher chose Ibn Al-Atheer Secondary School for Boys, affiliated with the General Directorate of Salah al-Din Education (Department of Education) on purpose to conduct the experiment. The research sample amounted to 60 students, with (30) students for the experimental group and (30) students for the control group. There was a balance between the two groups in terms of chronological age, academic achievement for the previous year, intelligence, and academic achievement for the parents). There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied using the reinforcement strategy and the average scores of the control group students who studied using the usual method of achievement.


Recent Italian earthquakes have underlined the need for wide monitoring and safety assessment of architectonical heritage. This has emerged also from requirements of the new Italian Technical Recommendations for buildings. Within this subject the paper investigates the seismic vulnerability of a specific monumental masonry building: the Vicarious Palace (Palazzo del Vicario) in Pescia, a small town near Florence. The structural behavior of the Palace was investigated using a finite element model in which the non-linearities of the masonry were considered by proper constitutive assumptions. The seismic behavior was evaluated by the pushover method, according to the Italian Technical Recommendations. The results were compared with the ones obtained by a simplified approach based on the kinematic theorem of limit analysis. Comparisons of the expected seismic demand vs the seismic capacity of the Palace confirm the weakness of this type of building to suffer extensive damage under earthquakes, as frequently observed in similar construction typologies. Additionally, the comprehension of the structural behavior under seismic loading allows the identification of a proper retrofitting strategy.


Recent works have been applying self-attention to various fields in computer vision and natural language processing. However, the memory and computational demands of existing self-attention operations grow quadratically with the spatiotemporal size of the input. This prohibits the application of self-attention on large inputs, e.g., long sequences, high-definition images, or large videos. To remedy this, this paper proposes a novel factorized attention (FA) module, which achieves the same expressive power as previous approaches with substantially less memory and computational consumption. The resource-efficiency allows more widespread and flexible application of it. Empirical evaluations on object recognition demonstrate the effectiveness of these advantages. FA-augmented models achieved state-ofthe-art performance for object detection and instance segmentation on MS-COCO. Further, the resource-efficiency of FA democratizes self-attention to fields where the prohibitively high costs currently prevent its application. The state-of-the-art result for stereo depth estimation on the Scene Flow dataset exemplifies this.


The absorption of P by cotton, an indeterminate type plant, from two radioactive nitric phosphate fertilizers of about 17 and 44% water-soluble P and aqueous solution of H₃PO₄ fortified with NH₄NO₃ to give an N/P ratio equal to the two 20-20-0 nitric phosphates was studied in a field experiment at rates of 0, 20, and 60 pounds P per acre on a calcareous soil. Applications of the fertilizers were drilled 6 inches deep and 6 inches to the side of the row at three different stages of plant growth to relate absorption of P with different growth stages. The data indicate that more P was derived from the fertilizer at the 60-pound rate than the 20-pound rate of application. At least as much or more P was absorbed from the nitric phosphates of 17 and 44% water-soluble P as from the 100% water-soluble P of H₃PO₄ applied in aqueous solution when they were applied in April and June. However, when the same materials were applied on July 19, less P was absorbed from the nitric phosphates than the wholly soluble aqueous H₃PO₄ fertilizer. The relative effectiveness of the nitric phosphates was greatest for the early application and decreased with the subsequent later applications.


Urbanization promots the readjustment of the industrial structure,and vice versa.Caused by adjustment of the industrial structure,flow between different industries,consolidation of production factors,either directly or indirectly affect the regional eco-system.This article in the perspective of the construction of ecological civilization,studies the status of development of industrial structure in the process of urbanization in Guangxi and its development trend in the future,for guiding the economy of Guangxi develop faster and better.


The invention discloses a special nitrile rubber gasket for a capacitor, which is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 55-60 parts of nitrile rubber, 3-4 parts of zinc oxide, 1-2 parts of sulfur, 2-3 parts of stearic acid, 1-2 parts of an anti-aging agent MB, 1-3 parts of sodium citrate, 4-5 parts of methyl acrylate, 2-3 parts of methyl phenyl silicon oil, 0.5-1 part of ethylene bis oleamide, 10-13 parts of tree ash, 3-5 parts of barium sulfate, 10-12 parts of carbon black and 12-15 parts of modified attapulgite. By adding the modified attapulgite, the gasket disclosed by the invention can be used for improving the processing property of rubber; by use of an environment-friendly compounding agent, the gasket is free from toxic and side effect and environmental pollution; the gasket disclosed by the invention is reasonable in formula, simple in process, short in production cycle, high in efficiency, and good in oil resistance; moreover, the gasket is long in service life and low in cost.


AIM:To detect cyclooxgenase-2(COX-2),β-catenin(β-cat) and matrix metalloproteinase-7(MMP-7) expression in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer(HNPCC) and sporadic colorectal carcinoma(CRC),and to analyze their relationship with the biological behaviour of HNPCC.METHODS:The SP Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect COX-2,β-cat and MMP-7 protein expression in sample tissues of 28 HNPCC,30 sporadic CRC and 10 normal colorectal cancer.All of the specimens were selected beforehand by hMSH2 and hMLH1 Immunohistochemical staining.And their corresponding clinical data were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS:The positive expression rates of COX-2,β-cat in cytoplasm and MMP-7 expression differed significantly between HNPCC and sporadic CRC(χ2 = 14.8352,P = 0.0001;χ2 = 5.6425,P = 0.0175;χ2 = 10.6454,P = 0.0011).Positive rates of malposed β-cat and MMP-7 were closely correlated with the neoplastic invasive depth in HNPCC group and sporadic CRC group(P = 0.0127,P = 0.0001;P = 0.0227,P = 0.0261) and lymph node metastasis(P = 0.0000,P = 0.0001;P = 0.0227,P = 0.0261),but not with the sex,the size or position of the tumour.COX-2 expression was bound up with the neoplastic invasive depth(P = 0.0166) in HNPCC group,but not with the lymph node metastasis.However,in sporadic CRC group,COX-2 expression was related with neither neoplastic invasive depth nor lymph node metastasis.There was a stable positive relationship among COX-2,malposed β-cat and MMP-7 expression both in HNPCC and sporadic CRC(COX-2 and malposed β-cat:r = 0.417,P = 0.011,r = 0.504,P = 0.006;malposed β-cat and MMP-7:r = 0.396,P = 0.027,r = 0.429,P = 0.021;COX-2 and MMP-7:r = 0.315,P = 0.028,r = 0.429,P = 0.021).CONCLUSION:The present study demonstrates that the COX-2,β-cat in cytoplasm and MMP-7 expression has marked difference among HNPCC,sporadic CRC and normal colorectal tissues.This may be an important reason why HNPCC tumors have a less invasive and metastatic potential compared with sporadic variants.


We show that smooth curves in the same biliaison class on a hypersurface in $\mathbf{P}^3$ with ordinary singularities are linearly equivalent. We compute the invariants $h^0(\mathscr{I}_C(d))$, $h^1(\mathscr{I}_C(d))$ and $h^1(\mathscr{O}_C(d))$ of a curve $C$ on such a surface $X$ in terms of the cohomologies of divisors on the normalization of $X$. We then study general projections in $\mathbf{P}^3$ of curves lying on the rational normal scroll $S(a,b)\subset\mathbf{P}^{a+b+1}$. If we vary the curves in a linear system on $S(a,b)$ as well as the projections, we obtain a family of curves in $\mathbf{P}^3$. We compute the dimension of the space of deformations of these curves in $\mathbf{P}^3$ as well as the dimension of the family. We show that the difference is a linear function in $a$ and $b$ which does not depend on the linear system. Finally, we classify maximal rank curves on ruled cubic surfaces in $\mathbf{P}^3$. We prove that the general projections of all but finitely many classes of projectively normal curves on $S(1,2)\subset\mathbf{P}^4$ fail to have maximal rank in $\mathbf{P}^3$. These give infinitely many classes of counter-examples to a question of Hartshorne.


The synthetic assessment of traffic noise in urban residential area based on noise impact index (NII) is more relevant to the real situation of noise pollution, as compared with the traditional LeqA evaluation system. In this paper, Guangzhou Tianyi residential area is selected as an example to investigate how to use the intermediary role of graphic data obtained by Geographic information System (GIS) to realize the subregional management of population and noise levels in the calculation of NII, which can further simplify the process of computation, enhance the efficiency and subjectively testify the rationality of the assessment results.


Assessment is one of the crucial components of the instruction. People within the educational community, i.e. policymakers, educators, students, parents, administrators, have different ideas regarding the implementation of assessment strategies (Dietel, Herman, and Knuth, 1991). While some believe traditional assessment methods are more effective, others think that alternative assessment tools are superior. This article is written to inform people particularly in the field of distance education about assessment practices at a distance. However, the content of assessment is not a field specific and it can be applied to various instructional settings (Simonson, Smaldino, Albright, and Zvacek, 2000). Therefore, anyone who is directly or indirectly related to education –distance or face-to-facemight find the information presented in this article useful.


In this research paper we present a new high efficient three-junction photovoltaic cell with anti-reflective coating. The aim of our research work is to improve the photon absorption and reduce the photon reflection as well as the trasmission. The use of anti-reflective coating (ARC), Gallium-Phosphide-Oxide on the photovoltaic cell based on InGaAs/InGaSb has increased the photon absorption significantly. In this work we have analyzed the photon absorption, photon reflection and photon transmission of existing high efficient solar cells. Real Time Photonics Simulator has been used to simulate the performance of the solar cells. The simulation results show that with the inclusion of Gallium-Phosphide-Oxide on the multi-junction photovoltaic cell the photon absorption increases significantly. Our three-junction photovoltaic cell based on GaPO/In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.5Ga0.5Sb shows dramatic improvement of photon absorption in the range of 479nm – 767nm wavelength of the solar spectrum. With the addition of GaPO in place of GaP we see a tremendous increase of photon absorption, which significantly increases the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell


A sensitive extraction spectrophotometric method based on flotation–dissolution is described for the determination of trace levels of the organophosphorus pesticide dimethoate. Dimethoate is converted into a molybdophospho complex by reaction with ammonium molybdate in sulfuric acid medium. The complex floating on the interface of the aqueous and organic layers along with Methylene Blue as an ion associate is separated and dissolved in acetone. The colour system obeys Beer's law in the range 0.02–0.16 µg ml–1 of dimethoate. The molar absorptivities of the system calculated in terms of phosphorus and dimethoate are 1.5 × 105(±100) l mol–1 cm–1 and 1.08 × 106(±100) l mol–1 cm–1, respectively. The standard deviation and relative standard deviation were 0.006 µg ml–1 and 3.2%, respectively. The method was satisfactorily applied to the determination of dimethoate in water, soil and plant materials.


In recent times, sensor security and reliability has become an important concern due to the growing applicability of sensor-based networking infrastructures. In this paper, we present here a novel multi-layer framework to protect confidentiality and integrity of data stored on sensors. The framework allows automatic and fast development of security extensions to the sensor operating system.


The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) is the study of the interaction of electrically conducting fluids and electromagnetic fields. This paper presents the numerical modelling of the coupling electromagnetichydrodynamic phenomena using the Finite volume Method (FVM) in cylindrical coordinate and the stream vorticity formulation ξ, ψ in two-dimensional in an annular induction MHD pump. The magnetic induction and the electromagnetic force in MHD pump are presented. The variation of the velocity in the channel of the MHD pump in harmonic mode is also done.


In article the results of investigation of efficiency of various neurovisualisation methods, including such, as CT and MRI, in diagnosis and treatment of intracranial meningeomas are presented. Results of research of 30 patients at the age of 25 -65 years with various localization of extramedulary tumours are presented. Efficiency and prognostic value of each methods in an estimation of a preoperative status of the patient, studying of characteristics of tumours is shown. Proceeding from the aforesaid, there are actual questions of a constant perfection of patients examination tactics with intracranial meningeomas.


The USDA's March Grain Stocks and Prospective Plantings reports contained modest surprises for the soybean market. March 1 soybean inventories were larger than expected and producers reported intentions to plant more acres of soybeans than expected. At the same time, estimates of the size of the South American crop continue to decline and a sharp reduction in the U.S. soybean crush this spring and summer still appears to be needed. As if that is not enough uncertainty, the usual uncertainty about potential U.S. production will persist through August.


ON August 1-1, 1935, the Soria I ~{'c:urit.v .\('1 rnlcl'NI the sixth year of its sen-icC' to the Amel'icun people, Unquestionahly, the Act is the major piece of social )rgislation of th(' L'nited Stales, It has established the Federal Old 4\gl' and SUlTi,-ors' InsurancC' system, led to till' establishment of Ihe State and rrerritul'ial Ulwrnplo~·mpnt Compr!1sation !:i\'stcms and exlrllcled th(' State Public As,islanre systems that 'lIToI'd uid to lhe needy aged, the blind and depmdent chil,h'en, Jt has fostered matcl'nal a.nd child weJful'C' programs. ,"ocational I'ch,tbiLitation. and publiC' health wOJ'k. Although the jJl'o.e:ressi'"C' ,,'olution of the Act has onl\' recentlv bC'gun, it. represcnts one of ~ the mo;t concrete aehie,'ements of the last deeade: the acknow1cdgJllcll L of gO\"('l'ull1enln I responsibility for th,' "lIe\'iation of all phases of insC'l'urity. In this artic\(', the highli!(hls Ull" opemtion of till' diITcl'ent programs that eonstitutfl the Soeial Security system will \)r rC"ipwecl briefly,


This paper studies approximating properties of Stancu variant of Lupa¸s operators using Korovkin approximation theorem. Some direct theorems are proved and Voronovskaja type theorems for first and second order derivatives are established.


Thymectomy increases the susceptibility of F1 hybrid rats to graft-versus-host (GVII) disease induced by the i.p, injection of parental strain spleen cells. Susceptibility is further increased by sublethal irradiation or by lethal irradiation followed by syngeneic bone marrow transfusion, and is maximal after combined thymectomy and irradiation. There appears thus to be a relationship between the size of the host's lymphoid reserve and susceptibility to GVH disease. There is evidence that susceptibility depends also on the capacity of the host's lymphoid system to regenerate, and this process requires the presence of a thymus. Donor spleen cells, in contrast to bone marrow cells, do not require the presence of a thymus for attaining competence to mount a GVH attack.


Considering the Linear Programming (LP) decod- ing of Low-Density-Parity-Check (LDPC) code (1), we describe an efficient algorithm for finding pseudo codewords with the smallest effective distance. The algorithm, coined LP-loop, starts from choosing randomly initial configuration of the noise. T he configuration is modified through a discrete number of steps. Each step consists of two sub-steps. First, one applies LP decoder to the initial noise-configuration deriving a pseudo-codew ord. Second, one finds configuration of the noise equidistant from the pseudo codeword and the all zeros codeword. The resulting noise configuration is used as an entry for the next step of the LP-lo op algorithm. The iterations converge fast to a pseudo codeword neighboring the all zeros codeword — domain of the pseudo codeword attraction shares a common piece of error-surface with the all zeros codeword domain. Repeated many times the LP-loop procedure is characterized by the distribution function (frequency spectrum) of the pseudo codeword effective distance. Effective distance of the coding scheme is approximated by the shortest distance pseudo-codeword in the spectrum. Efficie ncy of the LP-loop algorithm is demonstrated on examples of the Tanner (155, 64, 20) code and Margulis p = 7 and p = 11 codes (672 and 2640 bits long respectively) performing over Additive- White-Gaussian-Noise (AWGN) channel.


We study the local lifting property for operator spaces. This is a natural non-commutative analogue of the Banach space local lifting property, but is very different from the local lifting property studied in C*-algebra theory. We show that an operator space has the λ-local lifting property if and only if it is an LΓ1, λ space. These operator space are λ-completely isomorphic to the operator subspaces of the operator preduals of von Neumann algebras, and thus λ-locally reflexive. Moreover, we show that an operator space V has the λ-local lifting property if and only if its operator space dual V* is λ-injective.


The artificial mouth is a robotic device that simulates a human mouth. It consists of moveable lips and an adjustable air supply. In this study the use of a genetic algorithm to compute air pressure and lip pressure values so that the artificial mouth can correctly play five notes on a brass instrument is investigated. In order to properly play a brass instrument, a player must apply proper tension between the lips and apply proper airflow so that the lips vibrate at the proper frequency. A fast search algorithm was needed because it takes about 4 seconds to measure the frequency produced by each combination of pressure parameters. This measurement is slow because of the slow moving mechanics of the system and a delay produced while the notes are measured for pitch. The efficiency of this algorithm was compared to an exhaustive search. Experimentation was performed using various combinations of genetic parameters, including population size, crossover rate, and mutation rate. The genetic search was shown to be about 10 times faster than the exhaustive search because the genetic algorithm searches only very small portions of the search space.


When comparing a pair of attribute values, English speakers can use a "larger" comparative ("A is larger/longer/higher/more than B") or a "smaller" comparative ("B is smaller/shorter/lower/less than A"). This choice matters because it affects people's inferences about the absolute magnitudes of the compared items, and influences the perceived truthfulness of the comparative sentence itself. In 4 studies (total N = 2335), we investigated the language that people use to describe ordinal relations between attributes. Specifically, we examined whether demography, emotion, and personality predict the tendency to use "larger" comparatives rather than "smaller" ones. Participants viewed pairs of items differing in a single attribute and indicated the word they would use to describe the relationship between them; they also completed a series of self-report measures. Replicating previous work, we found a robust tendency to use "larger" comparatives, both when people chose between two adjectives and when they freely produced their own words in a sentence completion task. We also found that this tendency was more pronounced in older participants, those with positive mood or outlook, and among people high in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. However, these effects were very small, with meta-analytic effect sizes indicating they explain less than 1% of the variance. We conclude that, although people's use of comparative adjectives is influenced by properties of the items that are being compared, the way that people describe magnitude relations is relatively stable across variation in a range of important traits and dispositions, protecting decision-makers from a potentially undesirable source of bias in their inferences and representations of described options.


Multicultural and Anti-Racist Education have emerged in the
1980's as the main alternative approaches to race and
education. But the debate between them has become a sterile
one. The central arguments of the 'radical' critique that
underpins anti-racist education have revealed fundamental flaws
in the analysis and strategy of multicultural education.
However, this has not lead to a coherent alternative framework
for policy and practice. Rathef, it has suggested that it is
theoretically and practically impossible to oppose racism in
and through education. My aim is to demonstrate that such a
conclusion depends upon errors in how the 'radical' critique
theorises the racial structure of society, in how it analyses
policy and practice 'on race in education and consequently, in
how it relates racial structure to educational processes.
The theoretical and methodological differences with the
'radical' critique provide the major foci of the thesis. The
first is an extensive consideration of theories of racial
stratification which draws upon an outline of race relations in
post-war Britain. The second is the analysis of different
approaches to race and education, their periods of dominance,
their base values and concepts and the relation between them.
The third focus is the 'anti-racist' policy of an LEA and this
allows one to clarify the relation of LEA policy to national
policy and school practice. Fourthly, I outline a model of
institutional racism in education in order to give detail of
the relation between racial structure and educational
processes. The final focus is the ideological and practical
educational context for multicultural and anti-racist education.
Through the issues that I consider I aim to suggest a
theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of
policy and practice which incorporates the insights of the
'radical' critique but engages with the complexity of the
relation between race and education.


The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is a model for a wide range of biological processes including chemotaxis, cell-cell communication, phagocytosis, and development. Interrogating these processes with modern genetic tools often requires the expression of multiple transgenes. While it is possible to transfect multiple transcriptional units, the use of separate promoters and terminators for each gene leads to large plasmid sizes and possible interference between units. In other eukaryotic systems this challenge has been addressed through polycistronic expression mediated by 2A viral peptides, permitting efficient, co-regulated gene expression. Here, we screen the most commonly used 2A peptides, porcine teschovirus-1 2A (P2A), Thosea asigna virus 2A (T2A), equine rhinitis A virus 2A (E2A), and foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A (F2A), for activity in D. discoideum. We find that these 2A sequences are effective but that, unexpectedly, combining the coding sequences of two proteins into a single transcript leads to notable decreases in expression level with strain-dependent magnitudes, suggesting unexplored constraints of gene expression in D. discoideum that merit further investigation. Our results show that P2A is the optimal sequence for polycistronic expression, opening up new possibilities for genetic engineering in this model system.


The paper aimed to evaluate whether the residual ceramic core in a hollow blade could be found through analyzing the residual ceramic core's image of radiographic contrast.Moreover,it analyzed some important influence factors of imaging contrast which could be educed from the formula of image's radiographic contrast.Forthermore,some values under certain energy were also calculated through the formula.In addition,through comparing the results of experiment with the calculating results according to the formula,it was shown that the image contrast could be increased efficiently by improving the grads of film and the scattering ratio of X-ray.Finally,the minimum ceramic core's thickness which could be tested on the material of blades was also acquired.


We confirm a long-term rotational drift of 0.0031 degrees/year of the STIS CCD based upon analysis of 50CCD flatfields spanning over 20 years of calibration data. Using the dust motes present in the flatfields, we extract the positions of the motes in each image, allowing us to develop a catalog of stable, high 'signal-to-noise' mote features and track their relative positions over time. We find that the motes appear to be moving at the aforementioned rate relative to an approximate center of rotation located at X=468.02, Y=411.18 in detector pixel coordinates. Given the relatively large errors in centroiding the unusually-shaped and often asymmetric motes, we perform an MCMC slope-fitting analysis to derive an uncertainty on the rotation of ± 0.0001 degrees/year. Our derived rotation rate value is similar to two previous complementary CCD analyses: a measurement of spectral trace rotation in the grating L modes, and a time-dependent offset in detector true north position angle relative to the FITS header orientation keyword in science images. We therefore recommend that archival and future STIS CCD images should have their header information updated accordingly to account for this rotational drift. We also suggest similar corrections for rotational effects with respect to the reference files for spectral traces.


AbstractA programmable linear polarisation meter has been developed principally for on site measurement of the corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete. The special features of this instrument are its programmable potentiostatic mode of operation. a simultaneous 300 Hz ac measurement facility to evaluate the resistance due to the concrete, and an instrument earth connection to maintain a monitoring bar at the same potential as the main reinforcement when they are uncoupled to perform linear polarisation. The features of the instrument are experimentally investigated and assessed.


The research is focused on the role of two related key concepts, namely variables and data, in the impact evaluations of public projects. A difficult task of the evaluators and researchers is to select the appropriate variables to ensure the best model of reality and satisfy the evaluation methods' needs. Therefore, the paper aims to look at the current knowledge and discuss how variables and data could be best used to connect the evaluation models, the particularities of the intervention with the potential of the advanced quantitative assessment methods. The results emphasise that evaluations operate with data with different levels of granularity, as required by the intervention logic. Structuring data in clusters and categories, performing evaluability assessments are useful in assessing data quality and limitations and improving them. In line with the existing literature, we demonstrate that data accessibility is a key constraint and imposes adjustment of the desired evaluation model to a feasible one. While Big Data and Open Data systems significantly improved data quality in evaluations in recent years, blockchain, as a ledger technology with default features related to decentralisation and security, is expected to bring large benefits to evaluation. For evaluators and policymakers, blockchain potential is an area of further research looking for additional advantages that could enhance the use of quantitative methods.


The synthesis of hybrid controllers that satisfy eventuality specifications is studied. Linear automata that accept continuous inputs are considered. The feedback control derivation is based on reachability analysis. A computational procedure for the reachable set, based on Fourier elimination and convexity analysis techniques, is derived. A feedback controller that guarantees the system will visit a given convex target set without violating state constraints is obtained.


The first section of this paper explores an analogy between the generic characteristics of essay-writing and those of blogging, as modes of tentative, processual textual practice. Blogs open up a new age for essay-writing, in a medium well suited to develop some characteristics of the genre. The second section of the paper puts forward some parameters to gauge a number of dimensions of originality and relevance in blog posts, some of them specific and some non-specific to the medium.


This paper discusses a method for pricing the storage of inbound containers in a container yard. The pricing structure is characterized by a free-time-limit and a storage price for the storage time that extends beyond the free-time-limit. A cost model is developed from the viewpoint of a public terminal operator as well as a private terminal operator. Unlike a previous study on this issue, this study assumes that the retrieval times follow a discrete probability distribution, which is more realistic than the previous study. A solution procedure is suggested and illustrated by using numerical examples.


A feasible "NOSE" (nanoparticles-catalyzed organic synthesis enhancement) protocol has been developed for N,N-diformylation of bisuracil derivatives using nano-Al2O3 rods as an efficient, inexpensive, and recyclable catalyst under solvent-free reaction condition at 40°C. The catalyst was reused up to the 4th cycle without affecting the rate and yield of the N,N-diformylation products appreciably.


AIM:To investigate the clonality and the pattern of CDR3 sequence of TCR Vα and Vβ repertoire in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL).METHODS:The CDR3 of TCR Vα 29 and Vβ 24 subfamily genes were amplified in mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of one case with APL using RT-PCR.The positive PCR products were further labeled with fluorescent and analyzed by genescan technique for the CDR3 size,to evaluate clonality of the detectable TCR Vα and Vβ T cells.The products of the oligoclonal T cells were analyzed by sequencing to define the sequence of CDR3.RESULTS:Oligoclonal T cells expressed TCR Vα6,Vα10 or Vβ23 genes were identified from the APL patient.The molecular characteristics of the CDR3 of Vα and Vβ genes rearrangement were Vα6NJα17,Vα10NJα35 and Vβ23NDβ1NJβ2.7.The amino acid sequence of CDR3 region in TCR Vα 6,Vα10 and Vβ23 subfamilies were CAMRENSAGNK,YLCAGDELLWECA or CASSSKWAGGTYEQY,respectively.These sequences were accepted by GenBank(Accession Number EU544946,EU544947 and EU647219).CONCLUSION:Three idiotype Vα and Vβ sequeces are identified in a case with APL,which is thought that may mediate the host specific immunity response for leukemia cells in APL.It might provide data for farther research on the specific immunotherapy of APL.


Abstract : This treatise examines consequences of alternative styles of leadership in designing and managing naval warships: (1) Leading toward intermediate goals aimed mainly at keeping equipment working, as compared to (2) leading toward ultimate goals of effective performance during violent combat. Consequences of intermediate leadership goals include distorted shipboard organization, inability to remain aware of changes in battle readiness, and shipborad environments lacking sense of purpose. Major potential remedies include designation of combat team leaders as the 'Real VIPs' on board. Provision of effective combat uniforms, elimination of conditions that exacerbate the impacts of stress and violence, and and designation of designed capabilities as the primary basis for keeping track of changes in readiness. Appendix summarizes published materials providing detailed discussions.


We consider the design of robust hypothesis testing when the sensors censor their observations in order to comply with communication rate constraints. We assume that the sensors are identical and the communication constraint is divided evenly among the sensors. As a result, the scenario considered boils down to a single sensor communicating to a fusion center. The design phase is divided into two parts. In the first part, the censoring regions are assumed to be determined a priori and least favorable densities (LFDs) are sought for under the communication rate constraints whereas in the second part, the LFDs are determined a priori, satisfying the communication rate constraints by the use of a robustness parameter e.


The Phobos 2 spacecraft, initially injected into an elliptical orbit around Mars on January 29, 1989, was subsequently transferred, on February 18, 1989, to a nearly circular orbit, close to that of the Phobos moon, with an areocentric radius of the order of 9,600 km. The spacecraft remained in this orbit until the end of the mission, on March 27, 1989. This paper summarizes the plasma and wave observations carried out in the night sector of Mars with the plasma wave system (PWS). Embedded in the magnetic field structure of the Martian tail, cold electron enhancements (tail rays) with densities in the range 10-65 cm{sup {minus}3} are observed in association with broadband wave activity extending from a few hertz up to several kilohertz; these enhancements appear to have characteristics analogous to enhancements observed at Venus. The ion outflow through the Martian eclipse region is estimated from Langmuir probe measurements to be of the order of 10{sup 25} ions/s.


A 43-year-old man presented with bilateral visual field defect. Large disc cupping, retinal nerve fiber layer defect, and normal intraocular pressure were found in both eyes. Although the patient was prescribed an anti-glaucoma eye drop, the visual field defect deteriorated after two months of treatment. The patient was diagnosed with sensory, taste, and hearing impairments, as well as depression, caused by folic acid and vitamin B 6 (pyridoxal) deficiencies at an internal medicine department. The Visual field and ocular blood flow improved after two months of treatment with folic acid and pyridoxal, but the visual field deteriorated again when the treatment was discontinued. Because normal-tension glaucoma can be accompanied by systemic disorders including folic acid and vitamin B6 (pyridoxal) deficiency, attention should be paid to general conditions as well as ocular findings.


The writer systematically analyzes the main types,background of formation,function of the nongovernmental anti-corruption forces and discussions its problems.nongovernmental anti-corruption forces need to be institionalized and normalized.Professional anti-corruption needs to be combined with nongovernmental anti-corruption forces and nongovernmental anti-corruption forces should be actively cultivated


Available Medications Orlistat is a medication that reduces the absorption of fats from food that is ingested. It should be taken with each meal. Orlistat is the only medication for weight loss available over the counter (in a lower dose than the prescription medication), but you should ask your doctor before taking it. Major side effects of orlistat include gassiness, cramps, and oily stools. Lorcaserin is a medication that acts on serotonin receptors in the brain to decrease appetite. Headaches and upper respiratory tract infections are possible side effects of lorcaserin. You should not take lorcaserin if you also take other medications that affect serotonin, which include some antidepressants and treatments for migraine headaches. A combination of phentermine (a stimulant medication) and extended-release topiramate (an antiseizure and antimigraine medication) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012. Because of the stimulant component, you should not use this medication if you have uncontrolled high blood pressure or heart disease. It can also cause anxiety and insomnia. It may increase the risk of certain birth defects, so women who might become pregnant should use a reliable form of birth control and monitor for pregnancy regularly while taking the drug. A combination of bupropion (an antidepressant and smoking cessation medication) and naltrexone (a medication for alcohol and opioid dependence) was approved by the FDA in September 2014. The most common side effect is nausea, and this medication can increase heart rate and blood pressure. It should not be used in patients with uncontrolled high blood pressure, those with a history of seizure disorders or anorexia or bulimia, or those undergoing alcohol or drug withdrawal. Liraglutide is a medication that was previously approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes and has been recently approved in a higher dose as an obesity medication for patients with or without diabetes. It works like a hormone called glucagon-like peptide 1, which helps control blood sugar and also promotes weight loss and maintenance. A higher dose is used to treat obesity than to treat diabetes alone. It is available only as a once-daily injection. The most common side effects are nausea and diarrhea. Blood pressure is usually improved, but there is a small increase in heart rate. There may be an increased risk of pancreatitis. Studies in animals have shown an increased risk of a rare form of thyroid cancer, but it is not known if this is true for humans. Some other medications are approved for short-term use (<3 months), but they are frequently prescribed by doctors for longer periods. These include phentermine alone (not in combination with topiramate) or other stimulant medications. These can cause increases in heart rate and blood pressure, which should be carefully monitored by a doctor, and can cause other side effects such as dry mouth, difficulty sleeping, and headache.


The production of quarkonia is one of the most promising signals at the LHC for the study of the production properties of Quark Gluon Plasma. In addition to the , the extent to which is suppressed should give much insight into the new state of matter. The large muon acceptance and the high precision tracker make the CMS detector ideal for studies of this physics. The performance of the CMS detector for quarkonia measurements in heavy-ion collisions in the dimuon channel is presented. Dimuon reconstruction efficiencies and mass resolution are calculated using detailed detector simulation. Mass spectra and signal to background ratios are estimated with a fast Monte Carlo program. Results obtained with the fast Monte Carlo are compared with more detailed simulations.


8508 Background: The prognosis for children with anaplastic Wilms tumor (AWT) is poorer than that for children with favorable histology Wilms tumor. An objective of the fifth National Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS-5) was to evaluate the efficacy of treatment regimens for AWT. Methods: Prospective single-arm studies were conducted between August 1995 and June 2002. Patients with stage I AWT were treated with Regimen EE-4A (vincristine/dactinomycin x 18 weeks). Patients with stages II-IV focal anaplasia (FA) were treated with Regimen DD-4A (vincristine/dactinomycin/doxorubicin x 24 weeks and XRT). Patients with stages II-IV diffuse anaplasia (DA) were treated with Regimen I (vincristine/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide alternating with cyclophosphamide/etoposide x 24 weeks and XRT). Results: 282 patients with AWT enrolled on NWTS-5. 79 of these patients had major protocol violations, mostly consisting of late regimen changes due to revision of histologic subtype after central pathology review. Among the 203 patients ...


We have undertaken a comprehensive, molecular‐assisted alpha‐taxonomic examination of the rhodophyte family Liagoraceae sensu lato, a group that has not previously been targeted for molecular studies in the western Atlantic. Sequence data from three molecular markers indicate that in Bermuda alone there are 10 species in nine different genera. These include the addition of three genera to the flora — Hommersandiophycus, Trichogloeopsis, and Yamadaella. Liagora pectinata, a species with a type locality in Bermuda, is phylogenetically allied with Indo‐Pacific species of Hommersandiophycus, and the species historically reported as L. ceranoides for the islands is morphologically and genetically distinct from that taxon, and is herein described as L. nesophila sp. nov. Molecular sequence data have also uncovered the Indo‐Pacific L. mannarensis in Bermuda, a long‐distance new western Atlantic record. DNA sequences of Trichogloeopsis pedicellata from the type locality (Bahamas) match with local specimens demonstrating its presence in Bermuda. We described Yamadaella grassyi sp. nov. from Bermuda, a species phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from the generitype, Y. caenomyce of the Indo‐Pacific. Our data also indicated a single species each of Ganonema, Gloiocallis, Helminthocladia, Titanophycus, and Trichogloea in the flora.


While in the process of designing a graduate course on education policy the author learns that so many students once were classroom teachers, felt called to it, but were disillusioned by what they found in schools and thus sought refuge in education policy. Schools are driving out millennials or discouraging them from entering in the first place. We should help remedy that by providing teachers with more support through giving them time and an apparatus to help them improve if we find their performance lacking. We also should stop putting them at the epicenter of the nation's education woes.


Fast-converging methods for reconstructing phylogenetic trees require that the sequences characterizing the taxa be of only polynomial length, a major asset in practice, since real-life sequences are of bounded length. However, of the half-dozen such methods proposed over the last few years, only two fulfill this condition without requiring knowledge of typically unknown parameters, such as the evolutionary rate(s) used in the model; this additional requirement severely limits the applicability of the methods. We say that methods that need such knowledge demonstrate relative fast convergence, since they rely upon an oracle. We focus on the class of methods that do not require such knowledge and thus demonstrate absolute fast convergence. We give a very general construction scheme that not only turns any relative fast-converging method into an absolute fast-converging one, but also turns any statistically consistent method that converges from sequence of length &Ogr;(e&Ogr;(diam(T))) into an absolute fast-converging method.


Combining with years of asphalt concrete pavement construction experiences,it discusses control technology of improving smoothness of the high grade asphalt pavement from four aspects,such as road bed recondition,emphasizing on the sub-layer,standardizing all procedure construction technology,and adopting effective management measure,thus reaching aim of improving pavement smoothness.


We propose previously unknown allotropes of phosphorus carbide (PC) in the stable shape of an atomically thin layer. Different stable ge-ometries, which result from the competition between sp 2 bonding found in graphitic C and sp 3 bonding found in black P, may be mapped onto 2D tiling patterns that simplify categorizing of the structures. Depending on the category, we identify 2D-PC structures that can be metallic, semi-metallic with an anisotropic Dirac cone, or direct-gap semiconductors with their gap tun-able by in-layer strain. There is growing interest in 2D semiconductors , both fundamental and as potential components in flexible, low-power electronic circuitry. A large number of substances with unique advantages and limitations has been studied in this respect, but consensus has not been reached regarding the optimum candidate. Semi-metallic graphene with an excellent carrier mobility has received the most attention so far, but all attempts to open up a sizeable, robust, and reproducible band gap have failed due to the negative side effects of the different modifications. 1–4 Transition metal dichal-chogenides (TMDs) such as MoS 2 5,6 or TcS 2 7 do have a sizeable fundamental band gap, but a lower carrier mobility. Recently isolated few-layer films of black phosphorus, including phos-phorene monolayers, combine high carrier mobility with a sizeable and tunable fundamental band gap, 8,9 but have limited stability in air. 10 Since both elemental carbon and phosphorus form stable 2D monolayers, which have been studied extensively, it is intriguing to find out, whether the compound phosphorus carbide (PC), also called carbon phosphide, may also be stable as a monolayer and display properties that may even be superior to both constituents. The plausibility of a 2D structure of PC derives from the same threefold coordination found both in graphene and phos-phorene. On the other hand, the 2D structure will likely suffer from a competition between the planar sp 2 bonding characteristic of graphene and the significantly different non-planar sp 3 bonding found in phosphorene. The postulated 2D structure of PC with 1:1 stoi-chiometry is fundamentally different from the amorphous structure observed in deposited thin solid films, 11 the postulated foam-like 3D structure , 12 or the postulated GaSe-like multi-layer structures of PC containing C and P with the same sp 3 hybridization. 13,14 On the other hand, 2D allotropes of PC are somehow related to postulated and partly to observed fullerene-like structures of CP x 15,16 and CN x …


A new pixel structure for the demodulation of intensity modulated light waves is presented. The integration of such pixels in line and area array sensors finds application in time-of-flight three-dimensional imaging. In 3D range imaging an illumination module sends a modulated optical signal to a target, where it is reflected back to the sensor. The phase shift of the reflected signal compared to the emitted signal is proportional to the distance to one point of the target. The detection and demodulation of the signal is performed by a new pixel structure named drift field pixel. The sampling process is based on the fast separation of photogenerated charge due to lateral electrical fields below a high-resistive transparent poly-Si photogate. The dominant charge transfer phenomenon of drift, instead of diffusion as in conventional CCD pixels, allows much higher modulation frequencies of up to 1 GHz and a much higher ultimate distance accuracy as a consequence. First measurements performed with a prototype pixel array of 3x3 pixels in a 0.8 micron technology confirm the suitability of the pixels for applications in the field of 3D-imaging. Depth accuracies in the sub centimeter range have already been achieved.


Objective : This article reviews the role of energy and diet in the aetiology, treatment and prevention of athletic menstrual dysfunction.
Data sources and extraction : Research reviewed was derived from English language journals.
Data synthesis : Although a number of factors may contribute to the development of athletic menstrual dysfunction, negative energy balance while participating in strenuous physical activity, appears to be the primary factor. Numerous studies have compared the energy intakes of athletes with and without menstrual dysfunction, but only 4 studies have carefully measured energy balance using 7-day diet and activity records. In all 4 of these studies, a negative energy balance was reported in active women with menstrual dysfunction. Only 2 studies have attempted to reverse menstrual dysfunction by improving energy balance, but these studies were too short and had small sample sizes. Thus it is not known what level of negative energy balance triggers the development of this disorder. The primary nutrition related health consequences of athletic menstrual dysfunction are suppressed reproductive hormones, the potential for poor bone health, low nutrient intakes (protein, carbohydrate, essential fatty acids, calcium, B vitamins, iron and zinc), and the risk of developing disordered eating behaviours.
Conclusions : A growing body of research indicates that a negative energy balance is the primary factor contributing to athletic menstrual dysfunction. Treatment and prevention of this disorder need to focus on improving energy balance, while allowing for sport participation and the maintenance of a competitive body weight and composition (n=240).


The case of optimized mobile path of battle field Command and Control System (C2S) is studied. A model of stochastic chance constrained programming is constructed. On its basis,the genetic algorithm is put forward to solve it. The necessity-node in war is processed. And the method about how to optimize path with stochastic is given. An experiment of C2S of mobile division which uses this method is shown the effectiveness. Its result is compared and can be used to solve the problem to choose paths during C2S movement. The further problems are proposed finally.


Molecular programs controlling metastatic cancer progression are diverse in different cancers as well as within the microenvironment of a single lesion. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has become the method of choice for investigating cell structure and function in tissues and organs, including the invasion and progression of cancer lesions. Using a novel approach of infrared‐excited (IR‐)MPM at wavelengths above 1080 nm that enhances deep tissue microscopy in orthotopic fibrosarcoma and melanoma xenografts, we here show deep collective invasion of hundreds of connected cells. These multicellular masses proliferate and simultaneously move with velocities of up to 200 μm per day along pre‐existing blood vessels but not tumor‐induced neovessels and proliferate ("invasive growth"). Collective invasion strands further maintain invasion and robust survival during otherwise regression‐inducing experimental radiation therapy. Both, primary growth and survival and increased resistance to experimental therapy were ablated by interfering with beta1/beta3 integrins, implicating integrin‐mediated signals as microenvironmental denoinators of response to therapy. In conclusion, intravital deep tumor imaging by IR‐MPM identifies the tumor‐vessel interface as preferred niche of invasive growth, radioresistance and enhance preclinical anti‐cancer therapy.


II Pegasi has been observed during a multi-wavelength campaign (including GINGA, IUE, VLA and optical observations) in August 1989. The resulting datasets are published by Doyle et al. (1992). Here, an analysis of the quiescent X-ray and radio observations and of the X-ray observations of a major flare is presented. For both the flare and the quiescent emission, photometric and spectroscopic optical data are also discussed. The quiescent X-ray emission shows a power-law tail up to 18 keV