ion. Rabbits wereimmunized withthe4918-24Y and4918-37M cytoplasmic fractions toproduce anti-yeast-phase andanti-mycelial-phase hyperimmune sera. Each radiolabeled cytoplasmic fraction wasabsorbed withanti-mycelial-ph ase immunoglobulin, anti-yeast immunoglobulin, andimmunoglobulin fromnormal rabbit serum. Staphylococcal protein A wasusedtoremoveimmunecomplexes. The labeled, nonabsorbed proteins werealso analyzed bytwo-dimensional electrophoresis. Highly reproducible protein spotpatterns wereobtained whichdefined hundreds ofproteins ineachextract. Thespecificity oftheimmunoglobulin preparations wasextremely broad, andasmanyas168cytoplasmic antigens were detected. Eighty-three antigens wererecognized inthemycelial-phase extract only bytheanti-mycelial-ph ase immunoglobulin. However, comparative analysis revealed thatallofthese proteins werepresent inatleast oneother extract. Therefore, noneofthemwasunique tothemycelial morphology. Eleven antigens weredetected inthe2252-37Y extract that werenotpresent intheextracts from strain 4918, whichindicates thatproteins obtained fromdifferent strains may express similar antigenic determinants, butdiffer intheir physiochemical properties. Candida albicans isanimportant yeast component ofthesuperficial microbial flora ofhumansandothermammalsandanoccasional cause ofgrave systemic infection. C.albicans is polymorphic andiscapable ofgrowth ineither ayeast orapurely mycelial phase orasamixture ofyeastandpseudohyphae. Thefilamentous forms areassociated withclinical infection. Therearescores ofpublications ontheyeastphase antigens ofC.albicans andthedetection ofantibodies tothem,butonlya handful of immunological investigations ofthemycelial phase. Aswithmanyyeasts, thefirst antigenic analyses ofC.albicans focused onthecell wall polysaccharides. The predominant cellwall components, largely glucans andmannans, are chemically andantigenically similar tothose of


Abstract The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) recommends using a hybrid geoid model to derive orthometric heights from ellipsoid heights. The accuracy of GEOID03 and GEOID09 were assessed independently in Connecticut. The present research analyses the spatial behavior of residuals derived from the comparison of differential levelled NAVD 88 orthometric heights and GPS-derived orthometric heights (using GEOID03 & GEOID09) at 72 benchmarks in Connecticut. Both geometrical and geostatistical analyses were performed on the residuals. A planar regression model indicates a weak spatial relation for residuals derived from GEOID03. This weakness was not noted in the analysis of residuals derived from GEOID09. Results of a four-parameter regression model does not indicate any need for a correction surface. A kriging surface was created with a fitted spherical semivariogram model and suggests GEOID09 captures more spatial variability of geoid undulation than GEOID03 in Connecticut.


This article focuses on thirty-eight law schools that are providing externship opportunities to a high percentage of their students. The article considers practical means for attaining high levels of student participation in externship learning experiences. The article also consider methods for providing effective faculty oversight of externships in law schools with such high levels of student participation, and offers suggestions for marshaling law school resources to maximize student participation in externships.


High-cycle fatigue property of AZ31B magnesium alloy plats at room temperature were studied,and the temperature changes on the surface of samples was tested by infrared thermographic technology.The fatigue fracture position and fatigue limit of the alloy was confirmed according to the relationship between temperature and stress during fatigue test and the temperature distribution difference on sample surface.The results show that the fatigue fracture position could be predicted according to the change of the temperature on alloy surface,and the fatigue limit tested by the method was 107.5 MPa,the value was agreement with the fatigue limit tested by conventional fatigue test.The temperature of magnesium alloy increased to a certain temperature,and then decreased to room temperature at the earlier stage of loading,and the temperature raised quickly before fracture.


In the invention, it introduces fire switch signal into a MCU, arranges one-way small-power output circuit in the e-control device for the main relay, and isolates with a diode the fire signal and the input signal after main relay closing. When closing the fire switch, the e-control device closes the main relay, the accumulator supplies power to control device through both fire switch and main relay; once monitoring the switch off, the MCU stores data into E2PROM or FLASH; finally, the control device turns off the relay. This invention can prolongs accumulator lifetime.


Abstract:Over the course of her illustrious career, Doctor Mary Putnam Jacobi (1842-1906) persuasively challenged the biologically-determined, sexually-polarized theories that are still considered essential to the medical orthodoxy of her day. Inspired by her clinical research and professional observations, Putnam Jacobi sought to supplant the flawed arguments of some of her more famous colleagues with her own vision of physiology, which underscored a unifying similarity among all living beings. The concepts of motility and vibrant materiality frequently operate in her writings as rich metaphors for healthily functioning individual and social bodies. Taking her influential views into account would help us develop less settled, more complex, and more fully historicist understandings of how both medicine and biology were constituted at the time. In turn, making this more robust medical dialogue the framework for our interpretations of fictional depictions of medical women helps bring hitherto underappreciated thematic and formal elements to light.


AP&T invited editorial columns are restricted to discussing papers that have been published in the journal. An editorial must have a maxi‐ mum of 500 words, may contain one table or figure, and should have no more than 10 references. It should be submitted electronically to the Editors via http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/apt. We thank Drs Sonnenveld and De Knegt for their insightful comments on our recent article.1,2 Chronic hepatitis delta is often undiagnosed particularly in HBeAg‐negative patients with low levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and normal or almost normal ALT, features that mimic, as they pointed out, the HBV inactive state. Therefore, the first message is the importance of testing for HDV antibodies in all HBsAg‐positive patients as suggested by the European Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines.3 Then, the performance of HDV‐RNA led to iden‐ tification of patients with chronic hepatitis delta, as in our cohort and in line with previous reports,4 where up to 27% tested negative for HDV‐RNA. Therefore, the next step in patients positive for anti‐HDV is the determination of HDV‐RNA at least twice in order to confirm the diagnosis. Early identification of chronic hepatitis delta is imperative for the appropriate management of these patients. In our cohort, 30% of sub‐ jects presented signs of cirrhosis already at baseline, and 27% pro‐ gressed to cirrhosis within follow‐up. Several studies including ours have shown that the presence of hepatitis delta viremia is the main factor associated with development of clinical events.2,5 An interesting aspect of our study is that therapy with interferon (IFN) reduced the risk of clinical events. Long‐term prognosis of un‐ treated patients showed they had the highest likelihood of developing clinical events while those who achieved maintained virological re‐ sponse (MVR), in our small number of cases (N = 10), did not develop any (Figure 1). Those with a transient response, who relapsed after IFN discontinuation, exhibited a lower risk than untreated patients (mean time to clinical events: 258 ± 25 vs 221 ± 27 months for IFN


Significant performance improvements can be obtained if the topology of an elastic structure is allowed to vary in shape optimization problems. We study the optimal shape design of a two-dimensional elastic continuum for minimum compliance subject to a constraint on the total volume of material. The macroscopic version of this problem is not well-posed if no restrictions are placed on the structure topology; relaxation of the optimization problem via quasiconvexification or homogenization methods is required. The effect of relaxation is to introduce a perforated microstructure that must be optimized simultaneously with the macroscopic distribution of material


Abstract It has been widely shown that pedestrians' level of frustration grows with the increase of pedestrian delay, and may cause pedestrians to violate the signals. However, for agencies seeking to use multimodal signal performances for signal operations, the pedestrian delay is not always readily available. To tackle this issue, this study proposed a finite mixture modeling method to estimate pedestrian delay using high-resolution event-based data collected from the smart sensors. The proposed method was used to estimate pedestrian delay at four signalized intersections on a major arterial corridor in Pima County, Arizona. The results showed the proposed method was able to capture and track the actual pedestrian delay fluctuations during the day at all the study intersections with average errors of 10 s and 13 s for mean-absolute-error and root-mean-square-error, respectively. In addition, the proposed model was compared with three conventional methods (HCM 2010, Virkler, Dunn) and the comparison results showed that the proposed method outperforms all the other methods in terms of both mean-absolute-error and root-mean-square-error. Furthermore, it was found that the proposed method is transferable and can be used as a network-wide delay estimation model for intersections with similar traffic patterns. The application of the proposed method could provide agencies with a more reliable, robust, and yet accurate approach for estimating pedestrian delay at signalized intersections where the pedestrian data are not readily available. In addition, it will allow system operators to quantitatively assess existing delays and enact changes to incorporate the better serve pedestrian needs.


X-ray diffraction, thermomechanical and thermogravimetric studies on polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl-tris(methoxyethoxy)silane) (poly(AN-co-VTMES)), poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyltriethoxysilane) (poly(AN-co-VTES)), and poly(acrylonitrile-co-methylmethacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) (poly(AN-co-MPTMS)) have been made for investigating their structure. The thermomechanical analysis results revealed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) for the copolymers are lower than for PAN. The lowering of Tg in poly(AN-co-MPTMS) is more significant than those of poly(AN-co-VTES) and poly(AN-co-VTMES). The incorporation of silane comonomers in the copolymer resulted in the reduction of crystallinity but the crystalline lattice was not disturbed, what is suggested to be due to the location of the silane containing segments in the amorphous region. Thermal stability of the copolymers was also studied.

Rontgenstreuung, thermomechanische und thermogravimetrische Untersuchungen wurden an Polyacrylnitril (PAN), Poly(acrylnitril-co-vinyl-tris(methoxyethoxy)silan) (Poly(AN-cc-VTMES)), Poly(acrylnitril-co-vinyltriethoxysilan) (Poly(AN-co-VTES)) und Poly(acrylnitril-co-methylmethacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilan) (Poly(AN-co-MPTMS)) durchgefuhrt, um ihre Struktur zu ermitteln. Die Ergebnisse der thermomechanischen Analyse zeigen, das die Glastemperaturen der Copolymeren niedriger liegen als fur PAN. Die Erniedrigung der Glastemperatur ist bei Poly(AN-co-MPTMS) starker ausgepragt als bei Poly(AN-co-VTES) und Poly(AN-co-VTMES). Der Einbau von Silancomonomeren in das Copolymere fuhrt zu einer Verringerung der Kristallinitat, jedoch wird das Kristallgitter nicht gestort, da die Silangruppen enthaltenden Segmennte sich in den amorphen Regionen befinden. Die thermische Stabilitat der Copolymeren wurde ebenfalls untersucht.


The photolysis of CD2CO at 313 nm in the presence of neopentane was carried out over the temperature range 576–706 K. Analysis of the products and isotopic analysis of the methanes demonstrate abstraction of H from neopentane and D from CD2CO by methylene. The relative kinetics of abstraction of H and D have been measured over the temperature range, and the absolute value for the collision yield of the abstraction of H from neopentane by CD2 at 653 K has been been estimated to be about 1.5 × 1011 mole−1 cm3 sec−1, a value 103 times larger than the corresponding reaction of CH3.


The primary advantage of using 3D-FPGA over 2D-FPGA is that the vertical stacking of active layers reduce the Manhattan distance between the components in 3D-FPGA than when placed on 2D-FPGA. This results in a considerable reduction in total interconnect length. Reduced wire length eventually leads to reduction in delay and hence improved performance and speed. Design of an efficient placement and routing algorithm for 3D-FPGA that fully exploits the above mentioned advantage is a problem of deep research and commercial interest. In this paper, an efficient placement and routing algorithm is proposed for 3D-FPGAs which yields better results in terms of total interconnect length and channel-width. The proposed algorithm employs two important techniques, namely, reinforcement learning (RL) and support vector machines (SVMs), to perform the placement. The proposed algorithm is implemented and tested on standard benchmark circuits and the results obtained are encouraging. This is one of the very few instances where reinforcement learning is used for solving a problem in the area of VLSI.


A jury consisting of Mats Hammarström (Uppsala University), Caroline Hartzell (Gettysburg College) and Eric Neumayer (LSE) has awarded the 2013 Journal of Peace Research 'Nils Petter Gleditsch Article of the Year Award' to Anja Shortland (King's College London), Katerina Christopoulou (Risk Management Solutions) and Charalampos Makatsoris (Brunel University). In its assessment of all research articles published in JPR's 50th volume, the jury paid attention to theoretical rigour, methodological sophistication and substantive relevance. According to the jury, the prize-winning article, 'War and famine, peace and light? The economic dynamics of conflict in Somalia 1993– 2009', Journal of Peace Research 50(5): 545–561, devises a creative means of testing a central argument in the war economy literature regarding the economic incentives actors may have for prolonging a conflict. Noting the problems that the absence of reliable economic data poses for statistical tests, the authors cleverly employ night-time light emissions as a proxy for income. Employing geospatial analyses of settlement patterns in Somali cities, the authors find that while rich residents are generally able to insulate themselves from the effects of conflict, the poor reap a significant dividend from the peace. The authors' finding that some groups benefit economically from the international aid flows triggered by conflict constitutes yet another piece of evidence they suggest needs to be considered by actors associated with peace initiatives.


Somatic mutations in ASXL1 seem to have a negative prognostic impact in patients with several myeloid neoplasms, including myelofibrosis (MF). The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence and profile of ASXL1 mutations in MF.


Salinity is one of the major problems facing crops worldwide. Salinity can severely affect plants in a negative manner. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of NaCl on morpho–physiological, biochemical, structural and ultrastructural properties in Solanum melongena seedlings under different NaCl concentrations. Plants treated with high concentrations of NaCl showed a nonsignificant decrease in shoot height compared to the controls. However, NaCl concentration of 50 mM and above significantly decreased leaf area, while 75 mM and above significantly reduced the photosynthetic rate (PN) and leaf total sugar content when compared with plants treated with less-concentrated NaCl and the controls. Thick root sections from plants grown in 100 and 150 mM NaCl exhibit severe deformation in the epidermal and cortical layers. Additionally, TEM micrographs of plants treated with 75, 100, and 150 mM exhibited bulgy chloroplasts with loss of integrity thylakoid membranes associated with large starch grains. The changes in plant ultrastructure observed in this study broaden our knowledge about the impact of salinity at the cellular level.


A theoretical model for the joint formation was developed for diffusion brazing. The phenomena of dissolution and solidification were included into the model. A thermodynamic justification for the isothermal brazing occurrence in the meta-stable conditions was developed. It involved the application of the criterion of higher temperature of the solid / liquid (s/l) interface. The dissolution of the filler metal in the substrate was described by the solute concentration within the dissolution zone (liquid film) situated at the substrate surface. The selection of the parameter was justified by the Thermocalc calculation of the Ni-Al phase diagram for meta-stable equilibrium. According to the model assumptions, the solidification was accompanied by undercooled peritectic reactions resulting in formation of intermetallic phases. The average Al – solute concentration measured across a given Al3Ni2/Al3Ni/Al3Ni2 joint confirmed that the solute concentration was conserved within the joint sub-layers. The Ni-Al phase diagram for meta-stable equilibrium referred to for the solidification was also calculated by means of the Thermocalc Software. It allowed to locate the solidification path, s/l interface path and redistribution path onto the mentioned diagram. Superposition of both calculated phase diagrams was also given to show that the joint formation occurred cyclically under the meta-stable conditions. Isothermal formation of the Ni/Al/Ni joints has been performed at different temperatures. The following temperatures have been applied: 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, and 1000 C. The solidification was arrested and the actual morphologies frozen. It allowed to make a measurement of the Al solute concentration across each joint by means of the EDX micro-analyzer to estimate average solute concentration, . Regardless of the temperature, the solidification path was always the same.


As the banks in India strive to cope with ever tightening grip of top line and bottom line, the task of acquiring new customers and retaining the existing ones assumes an unparalleled significance especially in the light of competition of peer banks and other financial institutions. At this juncture most of the banks have recognized 'Relationship Manager '(RM) as a separate role, deployed the right manpower to take up that role and also went ahead with specialized training inputs to them toward capacity building and empowerment. On this backdrop, a differentiating factor that would give any bank an edge over others is the customer-centric culture.


Abscisic acid receptors are targeted for degradation by a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases at different subcellular locations, which modulates hormone signaling in plasma membrane, cytosol, and nucleus The turnover of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling core components modulates the plant's response to ABA and is regulated by ubiquitination. We show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) RING Finger ABA-Related1 (RFA1) and RFA4 E3 ubiquitin ligases, members of the RING between RING fingers (RBR)-type RSL1/RFA family, are key regulators of ABA receptor stability in root and leaf tissues, targeting ABA receptors for degradation in different subcellular locations. RFA1 is localized both in the nucleus and cytosol, whereas RFA4 shows specific nuclear localization and promotes nuclear degradation of ABA receptors. Therefore, members of the RSL1/RFA family interact with ABA receptors at plasma membrane, cytosol, and nucleus, targeting them for degradation via the endosomal/vacuolar RSL1-dependent pathway or 26S proteasome. Additionally, we provide insight into the physiological function of the relatively unexplored plant RBR-type E3 ligases, and through mutagenesis and biochemical assays we identified cysteine-361 in RFA4 as the putative active site cysteine, which is a distinctive feature of RBR-type E3 ligases. Endogenous levels of PYR1 and PYL4 ABA receptors were higher in the rfa1 rfa4 double mutant than in wild-type plants. UBC26 was identified as the cognate nuclear E2 enzyme that interacts with the RFA4 E3 ligase and forms UBC26-RFA4-receptor complexes in nuclear speckles. Loss-of-function ubc26 alleles and the rfa1 rfa4 double mutant showed enhanced sensitivity to ABA and accumulation of ABA receptors compared with the wild type. Together, our results reveal a sophisticated mechanism by which ABA receptors are targeted by ubiquitin at different subcellular locations, in which the complexity of the ABA receptor family is mirrored in the partner RBR-type E3 ligases.


Abstract This paper sets out to discover if the history of outdoor education, within the UK and more particularly Scotland, provides its modern exponents with a legacy of prescribed conservatism or alternatively a form of education which embraces, or is capable of embracing, diversity of theory and practice. It begins in the post World War II period entitled "out of the ashes" and charts the history decade by decade. Secondary sources are used and include statutory instruments as well as the body of literature that relates to outdoor education. The paper has succeeded in adding to the literature through uncovering rarely used sources. Secondary sources have been supplemented by primary data in the form of interviews. The interviews were used to provide detail and fill gaps where secondary sources were lacking. The time between the post-war period until the end of the 1960s charts the growth of outdoor education provision. This growth is characterised by diversity where common themes such as "fitness for war", "character building" "social education" "recuperative holiday for socially disadvantaged young people" and "progressive education" emerge as competing and contrasting claims. Consequently it can be stated that outdoor education defies definition in terms of being a fixed entity of common consent, homogeneous over time and space.


nificance of the military labour market which was a feature of South Asia from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century. Associated with this labour market, there is a fascinating section on the emergence of the idea of Rajput, initially an open category which only subsequently came to be martialled in clans with genealogies and warrior heroes. There is the no less fascinating story of the military revolution brought to the Deccan by gunpowder technology. Unlike much of the rest of the world, because of the topography of the Deccan and because of technological innovation both in guns and in fort design, the introduction of gunpowder advantaged defenders against attackers. Then, Eaton delights in telling us about Persian dictionaries, many more of which in the period were produced in South Asia than in Iran. India in the Persianate Age is a brilliant achievement, and one which is easy to read. I noted only one flaw. Eaton has Nur Jahan buried in her husband's mausoleum in Shahdera (Lahore), rather than in the separate mausoleum she constructed for herself. This said, the book offers a new way of thinking about South Asian history in the years - which avoids some of the distorting and damaging ways of the past. It should be rapidly adopted outside the highly politicised contexts of South Asia. One can only hope that, despite the calls of nationalist histories, its influence is felt there as well.


The prevalence of ocular hypertension and its role in the aetiology of glaucoma is examined. A follow up study of ocular hypertensive patients of an optometrist suggests that neither the level of I.O.P. between 21 mm Hg and 29 mm Hg, the duration of hypertension nor the age of the patient have value in predicting the natural course of the condition.

Since raised I.O.P. is not necessarily present in subjects having typical glaucomatous field loss, a finding of pressures within the normal range should not influence the decision making process for management of patients having risk factors or other signs of glaucoma. Guidelines are suggested for the management of those ocular hypertensive patients for whom careful assessment indicates a low risk of glaucoma.


A formula is calculated for the change in the capacitance between two electrodes mounted on an aircraft as the ground is approached. A simple and compact altimeter based on this principle gave good results up to a height equal to the length of the aircraft.


Abstract A spectre haunts how we think about housing—describing it in binaries, in oppositions, in 'essentialised' identities (formal/informal, north/south, social/spatial, product/process). What does a more nuanced understanding of assemblages—drawn from the original work of Deleuze and Guattari—have to offer housing studies to move beyond such dichotomies? This paper outlines a conceptual framework where housing is re-thought as an unfolding of socio-material processual-relations and desires forming a field of intensities. This theoretical framework is used to think through empirical findings from a six-month socio-spatial ethnography conducted in Karail, the largest informal settlement in Dhaka that houses 300,000 people. The findings, seen through assemblages, allow identifying, firstly, the interconnections between different actors across different binaries that make it work and secondly, the different modes of settlement's production itself. Lastly, the paper recasts the settlement as a manifestation of a landscape of intersecting desires in an effort to speak of housing in a new language transcending the stifling dichotomy of top-down/bottom-up.


Questionnaire and external respiration studies in 295 workers engaged into nickel production (including 158 smokers and 137 nonsmokers) revealed that smoking (7.92 +/- 0.63 packs/year in average) causes clinical symptoms of broncho-pulmonary diseases, lower functional parameters, increased risk of acute and chronic respiratory diseases preceding to chronic bronchitis.


The effectiveness of management initiatives implemented in the context of the European Common Fisheries Policy has been questioned, especially with regard to the Mediterranean. Some of the analyses made to compare the fishing activity and management measures carried out in the North East Atlantic and in the Mediterranean do not take into account some of the differentiating peculiarities of each of these regions. At the same time, they resort to traditional fisheries management measures and do not discuss the role of marine protected areas as a complementary management tool. In this respect, the apparent failure of marine protected areas in the North-East Atlantic compared with the same in the Mediterranean is challenging European fishery scientists. Application of the classical holistic view of ecological succession to the functioning of fishery closures and no-use areas highlights the importance of combining both management regimes to fully satisfy both fishery- and biodiversity-oriented goals. We advocate that an optimal management strategy for designing an MPA to protect biodiversity and sustain fishing yields consists of combining a network of no-use areas (close to their mature state) with fish boxes (buffer zones maintained by fishing disturbance in a relatively early successional stage, where productivity is higher), under a multi-zoning scheme. In this framework, the importance of no-use areas for fisheries is based on several observations: 1) They preserve biological diversity at regional scale, at all levels –specific, habitat/seascape, and also genetic diversity and the structure of populations, allowing natural selection to operate. 2) They permit, the natural variability of the system to be differentiated from the effects of regulation and to be integrated in appropriate sampling schemes as controls. 3) They maintain the natural size and age structure of the populations, hence maximizing potential fecundity, allowing biomass export to occur from core to regulated areas, dampening the fluctuations derived from deviations from the theoretical optimal effort in the fishing zone.


The purpose of this study was to provide a deeper understanding on the role of Website design in online purchase. Multiple case study method was chosen and two web sites from Pakistan were select ...


Objective: To characterize the humoral immune responses in the early phase of primary HIV-1infection,and provide materials for further study of virus-host interaction during primary HIV-1 infection.Methods: The serological responses and viral replication characterization during primary HIV infection were studied by testing HIV specific antibody,viral load,CD4 cell number and viral isolation.Nested-PCR was used to amplify the C2-V3 region of env gene.The gene was then sequenced and analyzed to identify the subtype of the virus.Results: The HIV-infected person was confirmed to be primary HIV-infected.The ELISA results showed that S/CO value was going up continually.The Western blot showed that more and more specific bands showed up over time.All the specific bands were showed 183 days after infection.The viral load amounted to 18 000cp/ml 3 months after infection,and then went down.The virus isolated from PBMC of the patient showed very strong infectivity and was easily cultured in vitro.The gene sequence analysis showed that the subtype of the virus isolated was CRF01_AE.The gene distance analysis showed that the virus was closest to 93TH054 virus from Thailand.Conclusion: The virus that the patient was infected with was probably originally transmitted from Thailand.The identification of this early HIV infected person is of value for the study of evolution of HIV during primary infection in China.


Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) the most common cancer (43.6%), followed by ampullary cancer (32.4%), cholangiocarcinoma (14.2%), and duodenal cancer (9.8%). no di ff erences in patient demographics between the two groups age, gender, and underlying diseases. Patients in the CT group had higherserum bilirubin (p 5 0.025), higherserum alkalinephosphatase (p 5 0.047), lower serumhematocrit(p 5 0.043), and larger CBD diameter(p 5 0.005) compared totheEUS group.The Tand M staging were notdi ff erent betweenthe two groups; however, the percentage of patients withnodal metastasis was higher in theCT group (p 5 0.014). Multivariate analysis showed a trend towards higher recurrence and 5-year mortality rate in the CT group with odds ratios (OR) of 1.33 (95% CI, 0.82-2.13) and 1.43 (95% CI, 0.84-2.42), respectively. Subgroup analysis of PDAC and cholangiocarcinoma demonstrated a signi fi cantly higher mortality rate of patients in the CT group with an OR of 2.82 (95% CI, 1.14-6.99, p 5 0.026) and a trend toward a higher recurrence rate after surgery with the OR of 1.45 (95% CI, 0.80-2.66) compared to the EUS group. Conclusion: EUS added a diagnostic value in the early detection of periampullary cancers, which may lead to a survival bene fi t, especially in PDAC and cholangiocarcinoma.


The Orthodox church and stronghold complex located in Radruż is so famous that it is considered one of the most fabulous executions of defensive-sacral wooden architecture in Poland. Built in the 16th century, it comprises the church and other elements that constitute an outstanding illustration of Orthodox Church building art, its symbolism and principles according to which hundreds of similar Orthodox or Greek Catholic churches were constructed. On the other hand, it is clearly defensive in nature, resembling a small medieval fortification, and the conjunction of the religious and defence function is what makes it unique. Conservation works performed in recent years were concluded in 2013 with listing this complex – and three other Orthodox churches situated in the same area – among world heritage by UNESCO. Largely because of this, Radruż – a small Polish borderland village that was almost completely unknown several years ago – nowadays attracts tourists from around the world. This clearly testifies to the fact that the conservation and renovation of historical churches can contribute hugely to the development of such vast, little populated, but beautiful areas and to their increased popularity.


Considering the shortage of LEACH protocol, a novel dynamic multi-hop routing protocol named Balance Energy-efficient and Real-time with Reliable communication protocol based on Connected Dominant Set (BERR-CDS) is proposed in this paper. BERR-CDS protocol fully takes account of the energy consumption of an individual node and entire network, a rational transmission path from source node to sink node is searched, aiming at the network topology changes which are caused by the death of cluster head, the invalidation of cluster member nodes and new nodes joining, BERR-CDS designs the corresponding valid mechanism to respond, and it can rapidly adapt to the topology change of network. Simulation results show that BERR-CDS protocol has better performances in term of energy consumption, network lifetime and reliability, it is an ideal routing protocol in wireless sensor networks.


Highland soils are mostly Vertisols which is characterized by low content of nitrogen and are generally waterlogged due to abundant rainfall. With this view a field study was conducted at Ambo Agriculture Research Center experimental site during the main cropping season of 2013-2014, with the aim to determine the effects of drain depth on root depth (RD), yield and yield components of maize grown on Vertisols and to identify appropriate nitrogen source and time of application for maize production. The treatment was arranged factorial with five drain depths (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 cm), two nitrogen (N) sources (urea and ammonium sulfate) and two timings of N applications (twice and thrice). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that drain depths, 45 and 60 cm deep resulted in deeper root system and higher grain and stover yield than drain depths of 0, 15 and 30 cm. Grain and stover yields, 1000 grain weight and harvest index (HI) were highly significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by drain depths, nitrogen sources and time of application, and the interaction effect of drain depths and N source. The maximum grain yield (6.33 t ha), stover yield (7.57 t ha), 1000 grains weight (423.83 g) and HI (44.80%) were obtained from drain depth of 60 cm coupled with thrice split application of ammonium sulfate (AS). However, the above yields are on par with 45 cm deep drain. Similarly, thrice split application of N source gave better grain and stover yields, 1000 grain weight and HI than twice at 45 and 60 cm drain depths and the lowest were obtained from undrained plots (0 cm). Hence, drain depth of 45 cm coupled with ammonium sulfate and thrice split application could enhance maize production on Vertisols in Ambo and similar areas.


Abstract The coronavirus pandemic affects the lifestyle, mental and physical health of people, especially those at direct risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2. In the period from November 2020 to February 2021, data were collected from 296 healthcare workers through the GAD-7 generalized anxiety questionnaire, as well as through self-assessment of their physical and mental health status, and the degree of perceiving the coronavirus as a threat. The results show that about one-third of the participating healthcare workers experienced mild generalized anxiety, and about one-fifth of them, moderate or severe symptoms of anxiety. Health professionals with the highest generalized anxiety were younger, with deteriorated physical and mental health (not only subjectively estimated by the participants but also objectively diagnosed health workers with coronavirus), less religious, having an intimate partner. More perceived threat of coronavirus was associated with increased generalized anxiety in healthcare professionals. Healthcare workers with a higher level of generalized anxiety were more likely to have difficulties doing their jobs, taking care of things at home, or getting along with other people. The anxiety experienced is of immense importance for the functioning of the individual. It is recommendable for healthcare specialists to feel that they receive social support to reduce their anxiety levels and to better balance their work and personal life, having more free time to take care of themselves and their close relationships.


In this research, the finite volume method is employed to solve the 3D Helmholtz equation of sound propagation in the coastal environment. The grid system consists of triangular grids in horizontal plane and sigma-layers in vertical dimension. A 3D sparse matrix solver with complex coefficients is formed for solving the resulting acoustic pressure field. The recent CSLP and ADEF1 preconditioning methods are applied to efficiently solve the matrix system iteratively with MPI parallelization using a high performance cluster. This model is then coupled with the Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) for simulating sound generated by offshore wind energy platform constructions in a range-dependent setting. Details of the development and initial validation will be presented. Keywords: Sound, Coastal Ocean, Finite Volume, Offshore Wind, Coupling, CSLP, ADEF1, Helmholtz equation.


For many multidimensional applications of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, the estimation of the covariance matrix for each resolution cell is a critical processing step. The context of this work is the application of covariance matrix estimation for multi-baseline interferometric SAR data sets. In order to ensure local stationarity, which is needed for an unbiased estimation, adaptive techniques are necessary. In this paper, a new approach for adaptive covariance matrix estimation is proposed and evaluated based on measures known from the field of image processing. The procedure is centered around the idea of checking whether the neighboring pixels belong to the same statistical distribution as the currently investigated pixel by applying a threshold to the respective probability density function. All inlier pixels are then used to estimate the complex covariance matrix of the reference pixel. From this covariance matrix, both amplitude and interferometric phase values are extracted, which are then combined for all pixels in the stack in order to employ techniques for the evaluation of filtering efficiency that are typically used in image denoising research. It is found that the proposed algorithm provides high filtering efficiency and good detail preservation at the same time. Apart from that, it is found to be particularly suitable for small-sized stacks of coregistered SAR imagery.


It was discussed for the necessity of project-based teaching method using in the teaching of soft drink technology.Then the basic principle of the design and the measures for the implementation were put forward.Meanwhile,the project of producing pure water as an example was also analyzed.The results showed that after the project teaching method was put to use,the interest in specialized course and initiative in learning had been enhanced greatly.And that obtained good teaching effect.


This paper explores the decrease in interconnect capacitance that can be achieved by the use of mesa-shaped wires. A methodology for creating mesa interconnect is described that uses simple postprocessing steps following standard CMOS IC foundry processes. By removing the oxide between metal lines and replacing it with air, the fringing capacitance between metal lines and the substrate is reduced as is the capacitance between adjacent metal lines. The decrease in capacitance resulting from the removal of the oxide between metal conductors is predicted using a 2-D electrostatic field solver and verified by measurements on test structures fabricated in an 0.5 /spl mu/m HP CMOS process. Capacitance of mesa interconnect structures was reduced by roughly 40% for these test structures. For circuits dominated by interconnect capacitance, cutting the parasitic capacitance by 40% cuts the power dissipation by 40% and cuts the gate delay by 40%. Therefore the power-delay product is reduced by roughly 65% and the energy-delay product is reduced by roughly 80%. Although many issues must still be addressed to make this form of interconnect practical, the results presented in this paper suggest that the rewards in terms of decreasing capacitance could well be worth investing the effort to solve these issues.


THE PRESENT ARTICLE AIMS TO ANALYZE THE MAIN JURIDICAL BASES FOR THE "WAR ON TERROR", TAKING AS INITIAL POINT FOR THE STUDY THE SEPTEMBER 11TH ATTACKS AND AS FINAL POINT THE DEATH OF OSAMA BIN LADEN. IT ANALYSES, THEREFORE, THE LAW, THE DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL COURTS AND THE UNDERSTANDINGS OF SCHOLARS CONCERNING THE MAIN AREAS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW WHICH ARE AFFECTED BY THE "WAR ON TERROR", SUCH AS JUS AD BELLUM (RULES REGULATING THE USE OF FORCE BETWEEN STATES), INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW.


14C N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-nitrosourea was prepared at a specific activity of 30 mCi/mmol and 1.29 mCi/mmol by a two-step synthetic sequence using 14C ethanolamine as the labelled precursor. Its purification was performed by HPLC using a Lichrosorb-DIOL column eluted by ethyl ether. The overall radiochemical yield was 10%.


Erythromycin formation decreased in Streptomyces erythreus as a function of the ammonium concentration present in the medium. Total inhibition of synthesis was obtained with 100 mM NH4Cl but medium pH and culture growth were not significantly affected. A similar effect was obtained with NH4NO3 or (NH4)2SO4 indicating that ammonium ion probably repressed formation of antibiotic.


Many reported computer execution-speed benchmarks involve artificial programs exploring the fixed- and floating-point instruc tion sets. Instead, we report results from two actual dynamic- system simulation problems long used as benchmarks by the simulation community. PHYSBE (Korn and Wait 1978) is a blood- circulation model used in physiological studies, and the Hidinger benchmark (Hidinger 1982) is a practical three-dimensional flight simulation (really a torpedo/ autopilot simulation) developed at the Naval Ocean Systems Center. Such programs can give realistic indications of practical results obtainable with different machines. Specifically, we report on a study of measured and predicted simulation speeds of personal computers with speeded-up clocks and of new 32-bit personal computers. This is a glimpse into a new, bright world of very cost-effective simulation; an 80386/ 387-based PC clone outruns a timeshared VAX 11/780 in the flight-simulation benchmark.


Objective To explore the dynamic changes of the levels of blood glucose(BG) and its relationship to clinical manifestations in patients with acute cerebral infarction(ACI).Methods Seventy-five ACI patients were divided,according to BG level on second day after admission,into groups A(n=28,with higher BG),B(n=47,with normal BG).The relationship of BG to infarct location,degree of neurological deficit(using United States National Institute of Stroke Scale,NIHSS)and prognosis was analyzed.Results There was significant difference in severity of neurological deficit between 2 groups(P0.01);no significant difference in BG incidence was noted between patients with infarct in different diseased regions(P0.05);there was significant difference in clinical efficacy between 2 groups(P0.05).Conclusion Hyperglycemia may aggravate damages to nervous systems in ACI patients.Level of BG can be used as an important index for assessment of severity and prognosis.


T here is a folk notion that experts in a given line of work do rather poorly at that particular feature of their personal life. The carpenter is said to put off making needed repairs to his home. The doctor is said to neglect his own health. The preacher is said to give Junior too little of the necessary disciplining. And so on. What would such a line of thought lead one to expect about the way family life specialists -including members of the National Council on Family Relations-conduct their own married life, if any? Presumably, it would suggest the hypothesis that a relatively large proportion of such specialists never marry and that, of those who do marry, a relatively large proportion disrupt their marriage by separation or divorce. One of the purposes of this paper is to examine some research that sheds light on this hypothesis. But some alternative hypotheses also deserve mention. The second one is the direct opposite of the first one. According to this hypothesis, persons who specialize in the study of family life should be equipped with unique insight about how to select the right type of marriage partner for a person of their type and about how to keep their own marriage intact (Glick, 1967); hence, a relatively large proportion of NCFR members should marry and remain married. A third hypothesis is that NCFR members are human beings after all, and as a consequence some of them will make a hasty choice of a marriage partner or have bad luck with regard to critical devel-


In their article Imperfect Alternatives: Institutional Choice and Reform of Investment Law, Sergio Puig and Gregory Shaffer develop a clear and discerning comparative framework to evaluate alternatives to the current system of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). In her essay Incremental, Systemic, and Paradigmatic Reform of Investor-State Arbitration, Anthea Roberts offers us a bracingly candid typology to describe the various actors involved in the recent efforts toward reform. My essay is meant to complement these excellent contributions and to focus unflinchingly on the tripartite role of the state itself. What I call the ISDS Trinity can be understood as shorthand for the state's systemic role as (1) law-giver, (2) protector of investment, and (3) respondent. Looking at current and future design trade-offs, I suggest that whether an institutional choice is embraced within the ISDS system has a lot to do with how well the reform validates each of these three roles. In this way, the ISDS Trinity offers further insight into how each state will approach the various trade-offs and intercamp dynamics described by Puig and Shaffer, and by Roberts, within the current debate. Put another way, the ISDS Trinity sheds additional light on whether a reform to the system will be well-received by a state and thus enjoy a greater chance of adoption.


We determine the refractive index dispersion of a quaternary tungsten-tellurite glass over a broad spectral range from 0.4 to 3 μm from the wavelength dependence of the phase matching conditions for third-order nonlinear optical frequency conversion. We discuss the optimum phase-matching geometries for this task and obtain the wavelength-dependence of the refractive index to within three significant digits by a least-squares fit of a Sellmeier-type equation to the phase-matching data.


This paper examines the relationship between finance and growth in the agricultural sector in South Africa using a structural equation model (SEM) approach. A total of 500 smallholder farmers were surveyed in the Mpumalanga and North West Provinces using a structured questionnaire. Data from the 362 responses received was captured in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and analyzed using the Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS). It was observed that short-term debt and long-term debt contribute to growth in the farmers' output. This is achieved through the acquisition of improved seed technologies and pesticides using short-term debt on the one hand. On the other, longterm debt is used to acquire capital equipment used on the farm. Furthermore, labor was observed to have a positive and significant influence on the farmer's output growth. The implications of the study are that farmers should use more long-term debt than short-term debt to maximize productivity. These results support policies directed at increasing credit supply to farmers in South Africa.


In the modern society, human resource is the most vital source for the development of every nation, race or ethnicity because only qualified people can properly manage other sources. Therefore, many countries in the world have implemented policies to enhance domestic human resource and attract high-quality workers from other countries. In order to help the economy of a country integrate with international organizations, it is essential to mention the important role of science and technology work forces. The training and developing high quality human resource has become a top mission in many countries and the United States (US) has become the leading country in the field.


Speeding up the modular multiplication holds the key to improving the performances of ECC algorithms in GF(2m).This paper presents an analysis of the comb polynomial multiplication(windows of width ω)and NIST reduction polynomials and features a faster modular multiplication algorithm of sliding window by combining the two operations.The algorithm can reduce the computing time by overcoming the shortcomings of modular-after-multiplication in time and storage space.The analysis of mathematic modeling and simulating shows that the new algorithms features computation efficiency about 21 percent greater than former modular-after-multiplication and NIST reduction polynomials and only ω-1 values are needed in pre-computation.


An innovation acceptance model at the individual level, considering both certainty and uncertainty, is developed according to decision theory. Through von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function, certain equivalent of uncertain profit is given and the effect of uncertainty on potential user's decision-making is thus quantified. Potential user's belief of the profit from using innovation is regarded as a continuous random variable, and a belief updating method based on Bayesian Updating Rule is given. Innovation acceptance sequence of potential users, in the form of the least pieces of information that a potential user needs for adopting innovation, is obtained. Based on decision-making model at the individual level and the distribution of some characteristics of potential users in the whole population, a macrolevel innovation diffusion model is developed.


This study aims to determine the activity of students and teacher activities, and increase student achievement in science subjects in class IV in 168 Rejang Lebong Public Elementary School through the application of discussion methods. The type of research conducted is Classroom Action Research conducted in two cycles, each cycle consisting of four stages, namely the planning stage, the stage of action, the observation phase, and the reflection stage. The instrument used consisted of teacher and student observation sheets and written test sheets in essay form. The learning outcome data obtained were analyzed descriptively by referring to classical learning completeness. From the data analysis showed that in the first cycle the average score of the teacher observation score was 33 with good criteria, and the average score of the observation of students was 24 with good criteria, in the second cycle the average teacher observation score was 35 with the criteria of good and average the average student observation score is 26 with good criteria. The results of classical learning completeness analysis in the first cycle amounted to 60.60% with an average value of 6.78. In cycle II classical learning completeness increased to 93.93% with an average value increasing to 8.52. Thus it can be concluded that the application of discussion methods improves student learning outcomes
Keywords: Discussion Method, Activity, Learning Achievement.


By SABINA KUMAR 117 million people in the United States today suffers from a chronic disease associated with an insufficient oxygen delivery to muscle. Clinicians need a fast, easy, non-invasive way to measure oxygen saturation. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive procedure whose signal reflects tissue oxygenation. We hypothesized however that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measures of hemoglobin and/or myoglobin 02 saturation do not reflect the venous oxygen saturation because of the Hb and Mb contributions to the NIRS signal. A computational model previously developed to describe the dynamic and spatial changes of O2 concentration in blood and tissue domains of contracting skeletal muscle was modified to quantify Hb and Mb contributions to the NIRS signal. In addition, the effect of blood flow kinetics in a normal and disease with NIRS signal was studied.


Objective:To investigate the value of B-Ultrasonic in the diagnosis of acute abdomen in adults. Methods:110 cases of adults with acute abdomen determineted by clinical and operation. Results: the overall accuate rate is 91.23%.in abdominal abscess the rupture of liver and spleen, acute pancreaitis, acute cholecystitisis is 91.3%, 93.5%,92.7%,respectively. Conclusion: B-Ultrasonic is an important method for the diagnosis of acute abdomen in children.


By using a variety of methods and apparatus, such as using the above-described nozzle (1) can be sprayed on the inclined surface. Method for spraying a fluid on a lawn with the inclined surface may include an operation for spraying the fluid using a 110 to 130 degree flat fan spray angle of 4.5 to 9.0 degree tilt angle. According to some embodiments, the operation of spraying a fluid can include an operation for spraying the fluid using a 120 or 127 degree flat fan spray angle. According to some embodiments, the operation of spraying a fluid can include an operation for spraying the fluid using a 4.5 degree tilt angle. According to some embodiments, the operation of spraying a fluid can include an operation for spraying the fluid using a 6.5 degree tilt angle. According to some embodiments, the operation of spraying a fluid can include an operation for spraying the fluid using a tilt angle of about 9.0 degrees. According to some embodiments, the tilt angle may include a rear face of each. According to some embodiments, the orifice of the nozzle (1) is formed by the interaction of the V-shaped slot 10 is cut through the hole with a hemispherical end to produce a cut oval body orifice hole.


There are two ways to think about knowledge. One way is to start, so to speak, at the bottom. With animals. The idea is to isolate knowledge in a pure form, where its essential nature is not obscured by irrelevant details. Cats can see. Dogs know things. Fido remembers where he buried his bone. That is why he is digging near the bush. Kitty knows where the mouse ran. That is why she waits patiently in front of the hole. If animals are not conceptually sophisticated, do not posses language, do not understand what it takes to know, then this merely shows that such talents are not needed to know. If, then, pursuing this strategy, you want to find out what knowledge is, look at what Fido has when he sees where his food bowl is or remembers where he buried his bone. Think about Kitty as she stalks a bird or pursues a mouse. And this, whatever it is, is exactly what we've got when we know that the universe is over ten billion years old and that water is the ash of hydrogen. It is true that in its grander manifestations (in science, for example) knowledge may appear to be totally beyond Fido's and Kitty's modest capacities, but this is simply a confusion of what is known (recondite and well beyond their grasp) with knowledge itself – something they have (albeit about more humble topics) in great profusion.


The invention discloses a device and a method for hydraulic structure deformation distribution type optical fiber monitoring. The device comprises a through-bottom vertical shaft, wherein a displacement platform is arranged in the through-bottom vertical shaft, drill bit driving devices are arranged at the two sides of the displacement platform, are connected with conical drill bits, and are respectively connected with lifting ropes, the lifting ropes are wound around coiling discs, the middle part of the displacement platform is connected with one end of each of a pair of springs, the other end of each of the pair of springs is hinged to a vertical measuring ruler, the vertical measuring ruler penetrates through a scale platform, an optical fiber hanging bucket is arranged between the two springs, a wavy loop optical fiber is arranged in the optical fiber hanging bucket, an optical fiber buckle is arranged on the wavy loop optical fiber, an optical wave transmitter is arranged at the input end of the wavy loop optical fiber, and an optical wave collector is arranged at the output end of the wavy loop optical fiber. The device has the advantages and characteristics that the repeated use is realized, the installation is very convenient, the real-time detection and maintenance are realized, the distributed type structure is realized, the micro and macro effect and real-time effect are realized, the suitability to complex environment is high, and the like.


CuO·SnO2 Nanocomposite powders were prepared by solid state reaction from Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, SnCl4·5H2O with NaOH at low temperature. The crystal form, particle size and morphology of the material were characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR, SEM-EDS and XPS. The results showed that CuO·SnO2 nanocomposite was composed of CuO with monoclinic crystalline structure and SnO2 with tetragonal crystalline structure. The average particle size of the CuO·SnO2 nanocomposite was about 10 nm.


Actinic keratoses are pre-malignant skin lesions that require personalized care, a lack of which may result in poor treatment adherence and suboptimal outcomes. Current guidance on personalizing care is limited, notably in terms of tailoring treatment to individual patient priorities and goals and supporting shared decision-making between healthcare professionals and patients. The aim of the Personalizing Actinic Keratosis Treatment panel, comprised of 12 dermatologists, was to identify current unmet needs in care and, using a modified Delphi approach, develop recommendations to support personalized, long-term management of actinic keratoses lesions. Panellists generated recommendations by voting on consensus statements. Voting was blinded and consensus was defined as ≥ 75% voting 'agree' or 'strongly agree'. Statements that reached consensus were used to develop a clinical tool, of which, the goal was to improve understanding of disease chronicity, and the need for long-term, repeated treatment cycles. The tool highlights key decision stages across the patient journey and captures the panellist's ratings of treatment options for attributes prioritized by patients. The expert recommendations and the clinical tool can be used to facilitate patient-centric management of actinic keratoses in daily practice, encompassing patient priorities and goals to set realistic treatment expectations and improve care outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE Actinic keratoses are skin lesions that form due to long-term, repeated exposure to the sun. Lesions can progress to squamous cell carcinoma; hence a key treatment goal is to prevent malignant progression. There is limited guidance on personalizing care for individual patients and supporting shared decision-making between physicians and patients to prevent suboptimal treatment outcomes. To support personalized actinic keratoses care, a group of 12 expert dermatologists used e-surveys to generate recommendations and develop a clinical tool. These can be used to guide shared decision-making between patients and healthcare professionals to support optimal, personalized, long-term care.


Outlier screening is a popular approach employed for automotive product lines. There have been many outlier methods proposed. In practice, it is desirable to choose the "best" outlier method. This work develops a notion of applicability associated with an outlier method on a given set of wafers. A measure for applicability is proposed and experiment results are presented to illustrate its effects for finding outliers and for analyzing customer returns based on data collected from several automotive product lines.


Spot samples and tidal cycle anchor stations from Pointe des Monts to Lake St. Pierre are used to map concentrations, grain size and weight/volume ratios of suspended particulate matter. Their distributions are related to salinity, current depths and to bottom samples. A turbidity maximum maintained by tidal current


When the petioles of detached tobacco leaves (10–17 cm2) were incubated in aqueous solutions containing [14C]metalaxyl, uptake of the fungicide was dependent on the temperature and photoperiod. Detached leaves took up 78% more [14C]metalaxyl at 26°C than at 16°C. The rate of uptake in the light at 21°C was linear, but after an additional 20h in the dark, there was only twice as much fungicide in the leaves. Different sized leaves contained the same amount of fungicide per cm2 area. Uptake by detached leaves of the 14C-labelled anilide lactones ofurace and RE-26940 [2-methoxy-N-(tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-thienyl)acet-2′,6′-xylidide] was similar to that of metalaxyl. At the concentration of metalaxyl (66 ng ml−1) that controlled blue mould (Peronospora tabacina) on detached tobacco leaves, the amount of fungicide in the leaves was found to be 7.25 ng. Autoradiography showed that the distribution of [14C]metalaxyl in detached leaves after incubation for 23h was uniform, although higher concentrations of the label were present in the smaller veins of the leaves.


Fatigue tests were carried out on 11 specimens of butt-welded joints between cast steel and rolled steel plates.A 1:4 transition for different thicknesses and V-groove butt weld with backing strip were used at the joint.Effects of different ratios of thicknesses between cast steel and rolled steel plates and welding defects on fatigue behavior were investigated.Past research results of similar joints from other literatures in the world were reviewed,and comparison study was made between the experimental results in this paper and those in the literatures.Design guidelines for fatigue strength of butt-welded joints between cast steel and rolled steel were recommended.


This paper presents a new type of CMOS time-of-flight (TOF) range image sensor using single-layer gates on field oxide structure for photo conversion and charge transfer. This simple structure allows the realization of a dense TOF range imaging array with 1515 mum2 pixels in a standard CMOS process. Only an additional process step to create an n-type buried layer which is necessary for high-speed charge transfer is added to the fabrication process. The sensor operates based on time-delay dependent modulation of photocharge induced by back reflected infrared light pulses from an active illumination light source. To reduce the influence of background light, a small duty cycle light pulse is used and charge draining structures are included in the pixel. The TOF sensor chip fabricated measures a range resolution of 2.35 cm at 30 frames per second and an improvement to 0.74 cm at three frames per second with a pulsewidth of 100 ns.


Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a metal oxide which has many applications in industry and can be synthesized by many different synthesis methods. In this study, MgO was synthesized by using two different methods which were sol-gel and solid-state reaction methods. Both samples were annealed at 800 oC for 24 hours and characterized by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The band gap energies for both samples were determined by using UV-Vis NIR Spectroscopy. The band gap values of the samples are evaluated from the data. It was found that the band gap energies of the MgO using different synthesis route were not the same.


Abstract This study aimed to analyze and compare the accuracy of models to predict the grain yield (GY) of common bean cultivars with contrasting growth habits using spectral indices. The common bean cultivars used were IAC Imperador and IPR Campos Gerais, which have determinate and indeterminate growth habits, respectively. The plants were grown under five irrigation levels (54, 70, 77, 100, and 132% of the crop evapotranspiration) to generate variability. The normalized difference vegetation (NDVI) and leaf chlorophyll (LCI) indexes were measured at the following phenological stages: V4 (third trifoliate leaf), R5 (pre-flowering), R6 (full flowering), and R8 (grain filling). The spectral indices were used individually for each phenological stage and associated with simple and multiple regressions (SLR and MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict GY. Then, stratified models by cultivar and general models were established using data from both cultivars. The accuracy of NDVI-based GY predictions for both models at R6 phenological stage (ANN and SLR average) was acceptable (R2 = 0.64; RMSE = 0.37 Mg ha−1; MBE = −0.14 Mg ha−1) but poor for LCI predictions. The highest accuracies were observed at reproductive phenological stages, mainly R6. The ANNs algorithm did not show superior GY prediction accuracy compared to SLR. NDVI-based remote sensing is feasible to predict and monitor common bean yield potential using cultivar-specific and general models.


Things tell a story. Their parts hang together so as to work out a climax .... Retrospectively, we can see that altho no definite purpose presided over a chain of events, yet the events fell into a dramatic form, with a start, a middle, and a finish. In point of fact all stories end; and here again the point of view of a many is the more natural one to take. The world is full of partial stories that run parallel to one another, beginning and ending at odd times. They mutually interlace and interfere at points, but we cannot unify them completely in our minds.


The fourth annual Social Journalism Study, conducted by Cision Germany and Canterbury Christ
Church University, is charting the changes of how journalists and media professionals use social
media for their work and in their communication with PR professionals.

It shows that social is part of the journalists toolkit in their everyday work for a range of different tasks. However the results show a concentration of time and focus on social media so rather than using a large range of tools for a large amount of time journalists are choosing to focus on specific tools, namely Facebook and Twitter whilst experimenting on a much smaller scale with more bespoke tools for particular activities. Whilst many believe they could not carry out their work without social media, Finnish journalists feel it has helped their productivity but this hasn't in turn decreased their workload so essentially it helps them produce more content. The relationship with PR professionals is satisfactory but there are areas to improve around the quality of their contribution to journalists work and the reliability of information. Email remains the main communication channels for PR professionals but there is evidence from a small number of
journalists that they would like to see social media used more widely for sharing PR content with
journalists.


One of the core objectives of supply-side drug law enforcement is to reduce drug use by raising the cost of buying drugs. The effectiveness of this strategy depends on how illicit drug users respond to the rise in costs. The aim of the current study was to estimate how methamphetamine users would respond to changes in the prices of methamphetamine and heroin, using hypothetical drug purchasing scenarios. A sample of 101 people who reported using methamphetamine in the past month was recruited from primary healthcare facilities in Sydney, Wollongong and Newcastle. Participants were given a hypothetical fixed drug budget, presented with a range of drug 'pricelists' and asked how many units of each drug on the pricelist they would buy with their drug budget. The prices of methamphetamine and heroin were varied independently across successive trials and the quantity of each drug purchased at each methamphetamine and heroin price was recorded. Results revealed that methamphetamine purchases decreased significantly as the price of methamphetamine increased (a 10% price increase led to an 18%-19% fall), as did heroin purchases in response to heroin price increases (a 10% price increase led to a 16%-27% fall). Among methamphetamine users, increases in methamphetamine prices produced some substitution into heroin. Additionally, dependent methamphetamine users purchased more pharmaceutical opioids while the non-dependent group purchased more cocaine. Dependent and non-dependent heroin users also responded differently to changes in the price of heroin. Dependent heroin users reacted to increased heroin prices by significantly increasing their purchases of methamphetamine, pharmaceutical opioids and benzodiazepines. At the same time they purchased less cocaine. Non-dependent heroin users responded simply by increasing their purchases of pharmaceutical opioids. In most instances where substitution occurred, the fall in consumption of amphetamine (or heroin) was considerably greater than the increase in consumption of other drugs.


We investigated solution-derived ZnO films as liquid crystal (LC) alignment layers via ion-beam (IB) irradiation. Solution processing was adopted to replace the sputtering method for the deposition of ZnO films as LC alignment layers. Uniform and homogeneous LC alignment was achieved, and a high-performance LC system was achieved using these substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that surface reformation of ZnO films by annealing and IB irradiation affects the uniformity of the LC alignment and allows control of the pretilt angle. Superior electro-optical (EO) characteristics of twisted nematic-LC cells constructed with IB-irradiated ZnO films were observed, which indicates that the proposed solution-derived ZnO films have strong potential for use in the production of advanced LC displays.


ABSTRACT To optimize use efficiency of production resources, Newfoundland (NL) dairy farmers intercrop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) with field pea [Pisum sativum subsp. sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir.]. An experiment was conducted in 2000 and 2001 in a temperate sandy loam to determine seeding rate complementarity of barley and oat in pea-barley and pea-oat intercrops for forage and nitrogen (N) yields. The monocultures of barley and oat were each sown at 85 and 170 kg ha−1, and pea was sown at 150 kg ha−1. For pea-barley and pea-oat intercrops, pea was sown at 150 kg ha−1 and each cereal component was sown at 85 and 170 kg ha−1. The nine treatments were referred to, respectively, as pea150, barley85, oat85, barley170, oat170, pea150-bar-ley85, pea150-oat85, pea150-barley170, and pea150-oat170. The land equivalent ratio (LER), defined as the relative land area under monoculture that is required to produce the yields achieved in intercropping, and its analogues were used to compare biological efficiency and economic benefits that pea-cereal intercrops had over monocultures. There were no significant effects of year and year H treatment interactions on forage and N yield. Barley170 gave the highest forage yield, N yield and net return. Oat85 gave the lowest forage and N yield, and pea150-oat85 gave the lowest net return. Mixing pea with barley or oat significantly reduced the yields of all three component crops relative to the monoculture crop. Reduction in both forage and N yields of pea due to intercropping ranged from 40% in pea150-oat85 to 48% in pea150-oat170. Doubling the seeding rate of barley from 85 to 170 kg ha−1 reduced land advantage in terms of both forage and nitrogen (N) yield, although among the intercrops, pea150-barley170 was the most profitable in forage and N yield, and net economic return. As a result, pea150-barley85 gave the highest land advantage in terms of forage yield and pea150-oat170 gave the highest land and monetary advantage in terms of forage yield and forage N yield.


In order to better evaluate bilingualism in derf children, this study examined whether observers (N=37) from different backgrounds would agree on deaf children's use of either American Sign Language (ASL) or English signing. Observers represented a range of background experience in a variety of schools and programs; 6 were deaf; 31 were hearing; 10 identified themselves as primarily ASL signers; and 27 as primarily Pidgin Sign English users. Observers viewed a videotape and decided whether the child signer was using ASL or English signing. Judgments were compared to those of a panel of sign Language specialists. General results indicated no significant differences among observers at different levels of experience nor between deaf and hearing observers. However, the average score of deaf observers was significantly higher than that of hearing observers in identifying one child using ASL. Observers made their judgments predominantly on the basis of language use rather than structure or content. Results suggest that professionals working with deaf children cannot reliably distinguish between ASL and English signing and that years of experience with the deaf or being deaf oneself was of minimal assistance. Continued study of differences and similarities in ASL and English signing is recommended. Includes 29 references. Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.


Based on strength analysis of telescopic arm of rock drill rig in theoretic calculation,the paper obtains strength condition,dangerous section and position of the telescopic arm.Then stress measurement is carried.The results anastomose those tested,so,this can provide valuable reference for designing the telescopic arm.


In spite of its growing popularity, researchers have focused little attention on the effectiveness of combining traditional classroom instruction and online learning, a practice generally referred to as blended learning. The modest research on blended learning to date has tended to focus on higher education, leaving a significant gap in the research regarding K-12 education. Even less attention has been given to blended learning in charter school K-12 education. Framed within Vygotsky's theory of social development, the purpose of this causal-comparative research study was to determine if there were any significant differences when comparing charter school students who participated in a blended learning approach to reading and math with students who studied the two subjects in fully online classes and with students who studied them in traditional classrooms with no online learning. The design was causal-comparative with a nonrandomized control group. The study compared the archived 2014 State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness scores of 1797-2298 students in one charter management organization: students in a blended learning environment, students who received traditional classroom instruction, and students who used fully online learning. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used in combination with appropriate post-hoc comparisons to evaluate group means. The study determined that there is not a statistically significant relationship between traditional, blended, and fully online students and math scores, nor between traditional and blended learning students and reading scores. However, there was a statistically significant relationship between fully online students and higher reading scores.


Accounting for the financial aspects of an organisation's performance is a statutory requirement. Accounting for sustainability is currently a voluntary activity. However, companies are increasingly reporting aspects of their social and environmental performance. Sustainability accounting provides a useful tool to identify, evaluate and manage social and environmental risks, by identifying resource efficiency and cost savings, and linking improvements in social and environmental issues with financial opportunities. It also allows comparison and benchmarking of performance, and identification of best practice. Organisations committed to sustainability look beyond immediate profits to returns and value, which can be achieved over many years and in ways that can consider environmental and social issues. This book should be of benefit to construction firm directors and project managers, as well as clients. It includes a detailed case study with full colour photographs.


The crime of insurance swindling is probably implemented by the common people besides insured,the assured and beneficiary.The stipulating of the subject range of the crime of insurance swindling in the current criminal law of our country should be further expanded.The 2nd paragraph of article 198 of the criminal law should be deleted;About the settlement of punishment of fine,the fine system calculated by day on the foundation of the fine system calculated by proportion can be used.


Objective To investigate the treatment of children with two kinds of suction method with pneumonia clinical effect,in order to find a more effective method of pediatric suction.Methods Treated 80 cases of children with pneumonia patients were retrospectively analyzed,these patients were randomly divided into two groups,one group for the experimental group,the other group was the control group,40 patients in each group.Control group with conventional suction method,the experimental group were deep suction method,suction method were observed in children with total effective method of comparing two suction effect.Results In the control group,suctioning effective in 25 cases,15 cases;experimental group effective 38 cases,2 cases,and the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion Correct and effective respiratory care can significantly improve the cure rate in children with pneumonia and success rate,and can shorten the course,reduce the length of stay and hospital costs.


Abstract The mechanism of pinhole generation during welding flake graphite cast iron is examined. As a result, the oxidisation progresses inwardly along the interface between matrix and flake graphite, and then oxides such as SiO2 and MnO are generated. The oxidisation progresses through the graphite in the surface of the nearby eutectic cell. When oxidised cast iron is welded, oxides are deoxidised by the graphite and carbon monoxide gas is generated. The carbon monoxide gas comes up to the surface of the welding bead, but sometimes does not reach the surface and it becomes solidified from the top because the cooling rate at welding is very fast. This is how pinholes are generated. Also the effect of components of flake graphite cast irons on the pinhole generation is investigated. The number of pinholes increases with the increase in C, Si, Mn, Ni or Cu. Conversely, when the elements of P, S, Cr, Mo and Mg increase, it becomes difficult to generate pinholes.


We describe an unusual intranodal vascular proliferation following acute toxoplasmosis in a man. This proliferation is distinct from other benign vasoformative nodal lesions. It could be interpreted as a reactive healing process that might be misdiagnosed as nodal Kaposi's sarcoma. Some criteria to avoid such misdiagnosis are presented.


The introduction of hyperspherical coordinates allows the separation of an N-anyon Schr{umlt o}dinger equation into a hyperradial and a hyperangular part in a harmonic well. While the hyperradial part is analytically solvable, we present a systematic procedure to solve the hyperangular equation. The inclusion of a perpendicular magnetic field and inverse-square-type particle-particle interaction does not complicate the problem. The interplay of exchange statistics and conventional particle-particle interaction is emphasized. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}


Erbium doped integrated optical planar waveguide amplifiers in silica on Si have received an extensive attention since the first report on amplification was presented last year [1]. This work by Kitagawa et al, showing 13.7 dB gain in a 19.4 cm long channel waveguide, is still the most significant result presented so far though also other laboratories now have fabricated Er-doped components on Si [2,3,4]. The ultimate goal however, is a few cm long high gain amplifier. The required extremely high Er-concentrations in such components, break the assumption that Er can be treated as isolated ions. Quenching through energy transfer between closely located neighbouring ions result in a serious pump efficiency reduction, and has to be considered in the description. The goal of this publication is to perform an optimisation of the amplifier with respect to Er- concentration and waveguide core design by including these quenching processes.


Trajectory data can be used to predict traffic congestion and analyze crowd behavior patterns, which makes it more important in daily applications. For a long time, the volume of location data collected by various equipment will obtain an high speed increasing. Hence, it will be a enormous challenge to storage and transmit that big data. Due to the fact that traditional trajectory compression algorithms such as Douglas-Peucker algorithm are fast but not optimal algorithms. So, a kind of parallel algorithm utilizing Hopfield Neural Network is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm is an optimization algorithm with parallel computing capability, which satisfies fast processing to some extent. Finally, experience shows that the proposed algorithm can implement trajectory compression with fixed compression ratio and less accuracy loss compared with other existing algorithms.


Such is the power of the Protestant imagination in American culture that when social scientists study American religion they typically take Protestants as the paradigmatic exemplars of whatever issue they are interested in explaining and, quite unabashedly if unselfconsciously, dismiss Catholics (and other non-Protestants) as outliers, the unexplained variance that can legitimately remain unexplained. This is the case notwithstanding the fact that Catholics have long been the single largest denomination in America. Michael Carroll judiciously explores this bias in the received historiography of American Catholicism, one that Catholic and non-Catholic scholars alike have perpetuated. Essentially, this view assumes that Catholic habits in America, in all their peculiarity, are vestiges of a pre-immigration "primitive" (i.e., devotional and non-intellectual) religiosity that Catholics institutionalized upon settling in America. Carroll organizes his book and the elaboration of his thesis in terms of five case studies, whose content underscores the originality and historical revisionism of his argument. This includes: (1) the invisibility of Irish Protestants in American religious history, even though, as demographers document, Protestants comprise a majority of Irish Americans; (2) the establishment of a post-Famine Irish American Catholicism that was substantially different to Irish Catholicism; (3) an Italian American folk Catholicism whose emphasis on saints and feast days emerged as a cultural innovation largely in the 1920s and 1930s and not as part of their turn-of-the-century immigration baggage; (4) Cajun Catholicism, which has been largely ignored to date despite its longevity in America; and (5) Hispanic Catholicism. Carroll's final chapter takes a somewhat different turn. Here he focuses on the Protestant bias in psychological measures of religion, notably the elevated emphasis on intrinsic faith as if "faith alone .|.|. is what most of all establishes and shapes an individual's personal relationship with a transcendent God" (p. 162), something that is at odds with Catholic theology, and more generally, the emphasis on the "word" (the authority of the Bible) rather than other sources of religious experience and authority (emphasized in Catholicism). In each chapter, Carroll presents the standard view, then marshals strands of evidence from a variety of sources to challenge it, and offers an alternative explanation. For example, situating his claims in the recently expanding literature on the social disciplinary impact of religion (following Weber, Elias, Foucault), Carroll argues that Famine-era Irish American immigrant women, employed as domestics by middle-class Protestant families, embraced a strongly hierarchical, Roman Catholicism whose ritualized obligations (of weekly mass attendance, abstinence, support of the church), fitted well with the disciplinary habits also required by their employers (selfsurveillance, punctuality, deferred gratification) (pp. 56–58). This is an intriguing argument. Its persuasiveness, however, and the mechanisms of its generalized impact on Irish American and American Catholicism would benefit from greater empirical substantiation, a weakness in the social discipline literature as a whole. In any event, Carroll further argues that although Irish women domestics could have become Protestant, they did not, because they wanted to maintain an Irish identity and saw post-Famine Catholicism as more intertwined than Protestantism with being Irish (p. 59). Thus, Carroll accounts for the specific nature of the Catholicism which came to dominate American Catholicism by largely grounding it in its American societal context. Carroll turns to a different literature to explain Cajun Catholicism in rural Louisiana and its marginalization of church rituals for more home-based folk-religious practices. Here he opts for the increasingly popular "doing gender" thesis. Carroll argues that Cajun wives and mothers who, for example,


High‐resistivity (84 and 1250 Ω cm) n+pp+ silicon solar cells, with thickness ranging from 56 to 250 μm, were irradiated by 1‐MeV electrons and their performance evaluated using a specially developed analytical model. It was found experimentally that, contrary to expectations based on previous performance data for lower resistivity cells, the greatest cell degradation occurred for the present higher‐resistivity cell. In addition, the degradation was found to be much greater than that observed for cells with base resistivities typical of those currently used in space. Relevant details of the analytical model are presented. Computer calculations of optically injected minority carrier distributions, and all voltage components at the maximum power point, are used to interpret the experimental results. The analytical model is valid for both low and high injection and includes the effects of band‐gap narrowing in the cell's heavily doped regions. It was concluded that, for the thicker higher‐resistivity cell, l...


The beam‐beam interaction in e+e− colliders is not well understood This affects the p;erformance of existing colliders and could lead to surprises in new ones. Developing ideas for calculations, simulations and experiments which could illuminate the details olf the beam‐beam interaction was the primary activity of this Working Group on beam‐beam interactions. (AIP)


University of California, Santa Barbara,United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California,Battelle,Land and Sea Surveys, Inc.. Chief Scientists: Bruce Robison, Stanley Margolis. Geophysical data (sidescansonar, underwatercamera, underwatertelevision, ottertrawl, grab) of field activity A-8-87-SC in Off Pt. Sal, California from 11/16/1987 to 11/18/1987, http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/a/a887sc/html/a-8-87-sc.meta.html.


Dental trauma can present with severe injuries on multiple teeth that had no previous history of dental treatment. When teeth present with multiple concomitant injuries, the relative prognosis of individual units may be difficult to ascertain1,2,3. As such, long-term planning may be best carried out after the acute healing phase is complete. In complex cases such as those of polytrauma, multidisciplinary team planning may be sought. Once post-trauma stabilization has been achieved, an objective assessment of the dentition can commence. Where non-vital teeth have questionable restorability but are amenable to endodontic treatment, the primary aim of preventing the development of an apical lesion and postponing extraction can be considered an astute way of preserving the alveolar form. Maintenance of teeth in this way can aide implant provision especially where extraction and immediate placement is envisaged4,5.


When analysing the coupled mechanics of the cochlea, due to the interaction between fluid coupling and basilar membrane motion, it is convenient to divide the cochlea longitudinally into a discrete number of sections. This report considers the fluid coupling in such a discrete model. The fluid coupling is analysed using a wavenumber formulation and is separated into long wavelength and short wavelength components. The short wavelength components are then seen as one of a number of sources of additional longitudinal coupling that could be incorporated into a modified model of basilar membrane dynamics. The effects of non-uniformity and asymmetry in the fluid chamber areas can then be taken into account to predict both the pressure difference between the chambers and the mean pressure. The results from the analytic formulation, in which the fluid is assumed to be incompressible, are also compared with those of an acoustic finite element model for the fluid coupling. Although the agreement is good at low frequencies, a resonance is observed at about 11 kHz due to the compressibility of the fluid, although this does not appear to affect the coupled cochlear response.


A model is reported which accounts for the attractive and repulsive ionic forces in terms of a more realistic and less parametric generalized exponential potential, which incorporates the exchange and correlation effects due to electrons in a simple and effective manner. The electronic contribution is computed by using the Ashcroft model potential combined with the modified dielectric screening due to Shaw. The phonon dispersion in f.c.c. iron shows good agreement with experimental findings


We investigate a class of topological monoids with a suitable family of characters which we call Feller topological monoids. We extend the classical notion of subordinators to subordinators on Feller topological monoids. Under suitable assumptions, we prove a L\'evy-Khintchine type representation for such subordinators. In addition, a L\'evy-It\^o like decomposition is obtained. These formulae generalize the classical ones for subordinators.


Contemporary fluvial geomorphology faces challenging questions, especially as it goes by understanding the Late Holocene/Anthropocene period, which has repercussions today and are intrinsically important to understand the human river disturbance. Given the scale that physical rates operate in complex river systems, two conceptual paths were developed to analyze the spatial and temporal organization. The network view emphasizes controls on catchment-scale and a reach approach focuses on discontinuity and local controls. Fluvial geomorphology has seek to understand the organization of complex river systems from the integrated view of the continuity and discontinuity paradigm. This integrated approach has stimulated within the geomorphology, the emergence of new theoretical-methodological instruments. It is recognized that rivers management is an ongoing process, part of the socio-cultural development, which refers to both a social movement and scientific exercise.


The second pulse signal output from GPS receiver is highly synchronous with the universal coordinated time, and it has a high accuracy. But since its error is ranged in normal distribution, the error of a single second pulse signal may be large. To improve the accuracy and stability of the synchronous timer in GPS, this paper presents a new method to implement highly accurate and stable clock by the synchronization of crystal oscillator clock with GPS clock, which is based on the complement of the errors between GPS and crystal oscillator. The designed synchronous timer is not affected by the possible transient invalidation of GPS. It has a high reliability and can satisfy the requirements of the status monitoring system in power network.


Natural radioactivity can produce measurable quantities of radiation damage in rocks and buried pottery and its gradual accumulation in time gives us a "clock" which can be used for datation in Geology and Archaeology. Thermoluminescence (TL) is used to estimate the accumulation of radiation damage in pottery. In this paper we present first results in the datation of some of the sherds coming from the archaeological site Piruro, Tantamayo, Huánuco, situated at 3800 m of altitude in the Peruvian Andes, excavated by Rozenberg and Bonnier. Two of the sherds, the 3063 and the 3071, come from the same layer and have the ages 910±140 and 840±100 respectively which give for the context the age 870 (±30, ±90) A.D. 1110. Other two sherds, the 3131 and the 3162 have the ages 520±60 (A.D. 1460) and 580±80 (A.D. 1400) respectively. All ages are in years refered to 1980.


The field dependences of the specific magnetization of pure and doped (with chromium or germanium) single crystals of higher manganese silicide (MnSi 1.71-1.75 ) were determined at 4.2 K in weak (up to 1 kOe) and strong (up to 150 kOe) magnetic fields. Replacement of some of the manganese atoms with chromium or some of the silicon atoms with germanium first gave rise to paramagnetism, but beginning from a certain critical dopant concentration, it induced ferromagnetism. The Curie temperatures T C of the doped samples were determined from the temperature dependences of the differential magnetic susceptibility measured using an alternating current (of 250 Hz frequency) and by plotting the Belov-Arrott curves


Language remains an integral part of man's co-existence, particularly the natural language. This is because it is the most effective medium of communication among humans. Hence, no sphere of human endeavour can be sustained without language as it is the medium through which information, ideas and opinions are expressed. Moreover, in order to access and document information either in print or through electronic media, one must be able to decipher the language code of the information concerned. Hence, the need for language in effective library services cannot be overemphasized particularly in the academic libraries. This paper therefore examined the role of Language in Sustainable Library Services in the Nigerian Academic Libraries with focus on French language. With the rising number of students studying French Language in the Nigerian tertiary institutions, there tends to be a language barrier between the library staff and the French Language learners seeking for information items. It is therefore needful for the library personnel to be sent for French language training courses which will afford them opportunity to acquire French language skills that could facilitate sustainable library and information service delivery in the Nigerian Academic Libraries.


In this paper, an effective method is proposed that combines supervised and unsupervised unmixing. We assume a linear model for the hyperspectral data and incorporate information about endmembers that are known to be in the data into the model. This information can be acquired from a spectral library or extracted from the data. Utilizing a priori information can both improve the unmixing, and reduce the complexity of the problem. The method is quantitatively evaluated using simulated data and it is shown that the unmixing results improve and the computational time decreases when a priori information is used. The method is also applied on a real hyperspectral data set of an urban landscape. The estimated abundance maps improve when information about known endmembers is incorporated into the model.


Abstract : This paper describes the application and the approach to modeling and simulation for Knowledge Management for Distributed Tracking (KMDT). This is an ongoing research and development program to explore methods to improve command, control, and decision support functions in the battle space. The focus of the simulation effort is on a hypothetical scenario designed to simulate how knowledge management technologies, such as ontologies and intelligent agents can be used to improve battle space awareness. New decision-making processes are needed in command centers to enable distributed network-based tracking. Agents can use web services to access data and schemas at multiple platforms in the battle space. New methods are needed to support distributed tracking with dissimilar sensors such as RADAR and SONAR. These approaches can reduce the uncertainty in the detection, localization, classification and identification of unknown contacts.


The loss of hydrophobicity of nylon caused by water salinity, electric stress and temperature is investigated. The hydrophobicity is determined by measuring the contact angle using a droplet of distilled water at room temperature. To investigate the loss of hydrophobicity, nylon specimens are immersed in saline water solutions. The salinity is varied from 5 to 100,000 /spl mu/S/cm. The aging temperatures are 0, 23.5 (room temperature), 50 and 75/spl deg/C. The time of immersion is up to 336 hours. Electric field is applied in air at room temperature. From this study it is found that the contact angle of water on nylon decreases with increasing salinity of water. The contact angle decreases rapidly with increasing temperature of the saline water. The contact angle decreases with increasing time of subjecting the specimen to a fixed value of high dc electric stress in air at 23.5/spl deg/C.