Geospatial data is urgently needed in decision-making processes to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at global, national, regional and local scales. While the advancement of geo-technologies to obtain or produce geospatial data has become faster and more affordable, many countries in the global south still experience a geospatial data scarcity at the rural level due to complex geographical terrains, weak coordination among institutions and a lack of knowledge and technologies to produce visualised geospatial data like maps. We proposed a collaborative spatial learning framework that integrates the spatial knowledge of stakeholders to obtain geospatial data. By conducting participatory mapping workshops in three villages in the Deli Serdang district in Indonesia, we tested the framework in terms of facilitating communication and collaboration of the village stakeholders while also supporting knowledge co-production and social learning among them. Satellite images were used in digital and non-digital mapping workshops to support village stakeholders to produce proper village maps while fulfilling the SDGs' emphasis to make geospatial data available through a participatory approach.


This evaluation report sets out the main findings from the Fostering Community Change in the Occupied Palestinian Territories Project, which ran from April 2010-November 2012. The DFID-funded Within and Without the State programme co-financed this EU-funded project which worked to strengthen the capacity of Palestinian civil society to identify its needs and priorities, and engage with power holders around these issues. The evaluation details the areas of assessment, and makes recommendations for the future of the work in the West Bank and the design of future governance programmes.


Focused case management seeks to identify and treat potential sexually transmitted disease (STD) transmitters while they are still infectious. Basic to this approach is the assumption that a core group of high-frequency transmitters is responsible for the creation of mini-epidemics in the broader population. The epidemiologic parameters salient to STD transmission include the duration of infectivity the frequency of contact between infected and susceptible persons and the efficiency of transmission during each such contact. Female commercial sex workers comprise the main target group for focused case management given the ease of identification; lacking however are large-scale evaluations of the long-term impact of such interventions. To be effective focused case management programs must actively seek out potential transmitters rather than rely on clinic attendance and must provide treatment at frequent intervals.


End of the Cold War was considered as a transitional period for NATO. In this period, new tasks of NATO were based on the way of ensuring the peace and stability in Europe and cooperation with NATO nonmember countries and according to this second way, the issue of establishing the NATO forces out of the boundaries of member countries was proposed for the first time. In this paper, we seek to examine the factors affecting the expansion of NATO after the Cold War. In summary, the results of study show that the following factors are effective in this regard: creating the racial and ethnic crises in the Balkans and inability of European countries in resolving this crisis, existence of new threats against the interests of West such as terrorism, Islamic fundamentalism, Weapons of mass destruction, etc ..., fear of Russia's revival and return of this country to the authoritarianism and regain the control of eastern Europe, lack of alternative for a capable and ensuring security structure instead of NATO. [Iraj Mazarei. Effect of NATO expansion into the Central Asia and the Caucasus and Russia's reaction to it. Life Sci J 2012;9(4):2941-2949] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 430


This article describes the application of coal water mixture in industrial boilers in Hangzhou.Analysis of the coal water mixture industrial boiler's energy saving,economy and the influence of water in the coal water mixture on the calorific value is given through comprehensive investigation and thermal testing.This article also finds out some problems in the operation of coal water mixture industrial boiler,proposes targeted energy-saving measures considering the combustion characteristics of coal water mixture boilers,hoping it can promote the use of coal water mixture.


A complication of chronic liver disease (CLD) is the abnormality of coagulation. In clinical practice, this increased risk of bleeding has not been identified as a protective factor against stroke or systemic embolism associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). The objective of this study was to assess the safety of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) agents vs warfarin in CLD patients with AF.


Purpose – The mixture of attapulgite and bentonite was used as a thickener, and polyalphaolefin was used as the base oil to prepare the new lubricating grease. Some solid particles such as Polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE), MoS2, nano-calcium carbonate and graphite were added in the new lubricating grease as anti-wear additives to investigate the tribological sensitivity. Design/methodology/approach – The new lubricating grease was evaluated by optimol-SRV reciprocating friction and wear tester, and the wear volumes were determined using a MicroXAM-3D. At the same time, the dropping point and the cone penetration were investigated and analyzed. The tribological properties of the new lubricating grease and the sensitivity of some solid lubricating additives to the new lubricating base grease were investigated; pure organic-bentonite and pure organic-attapulgite base grease were used as contrast. Findings – The new lubricating grease based on the surface-modified bentonite/attapulgite clay base grease was synthe...


In a paper read before The National Association for the Study of Epilepsy Dr. Ernest Jones says (1) : " The customary concentration of attention on the more sensational aspects of epilepsy, namely, the fits, has, by furnishing a narrow conception of it, done much to retard our knowledge of the disease as a whole." Dr. Jones goes on to point out how a study of the physical and mental characteristics present in the interparoxysmal periods is of prime importance as regards diagnosis, for, as he shows, it is scarcely


Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out what experiences of mothers of adolescents with Internet addiction tendencies and to reveal the meanings of mothers' experiences. Methods In order to achieve the purpose of the study, a Korean-style Internet addiction self-diagnosis test (K-scale) was conducted on mothers and adolescents, respectively. The results showed that both mothers and adolescents were "potential risk users" and "high risk users.". Among them, a study was conducted on mothers. The interviews were analyzed using Giorgi's phenomenological method, and the four-step procedures were applied to grasp the overall meanings, distinguish the meanings, convert the academic terms, and integrate them into general structural statements. Results As a result of the study, 72 semantic units, 36 sub-components, and 8 components were derived. The eight components were "feeling a sense of crisis," "response to eliminate problems," "vicious cycle of conflict," "collapsing presence as a mother," "getting smaller in a relationship," "considering mother's role," "attempting to change," and "picturing hope." It was revealed that mothers experienced worsening experiences when they only tried to eliminate their children's Internet addiction problems, and that it led to a virtuous cycle of recovery when they tried to reset their relationship with their children through existential concerns about the mother's role in frustrating situations. Conclusions This study is meaningful in that it examined the mother's experiences in coping with Internet problems by exploring in detail and in-depth what experiences of mothers of adolescents with Internet-addiction tendencies. Based on the results of this study, psychological and educational intervention directions were presented to solve the difficulties of mothers of adolescents with Internet addiction tendencies.


Targeting the redundancy filtering problem of Web service automatic composition, this paper proposes a novel approach to find the solutions with logic formula. For an original service composition getting by the parallel layered planning graph, it constructs composite services with a backward method according to the source services of parameters starting from the user request outputs. The combination process of the source services is treated as a process of converting a conjunctive normal to a disjunctive normal form, which can filter all the redundant services and reduce the combination scale rapidly. Experiments with large service repository illustrate that the approach is correct and can improve the efficiency of service composition.


Three-dimensional (3D) porous structure Bi2WO6/reduced graphene oxide hydrogels (BWO/rGO HGs) were prepared via a facile one-pot hydrothermal process for supercapacitor applications. Compared with the pristine Bi2WO6 powder, the 3D porous structure BWO/rGO HGs demonstrates much more excellent capacitive behaviors. The BWO/rGO HGs electrode exhibited a good specific capacitance of 268.7 F g-1 at a current density 0.75 A g-1. It shows better cycle stability with 81% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles at 3 A g-1. In addition, the charge storage mechanism was discussed detail by EIS analyses combined with micro morphology of the materials. The remarkable electrochemical properties could be attributed to the binary metal oxide loaded on 3D porous architectures of reduced graphene oxide hydrogels, which provided an excellent electrical conductivity substrate and more channel for ions diffusion. The results indicate that a new synthesis route of 3D porous structure hydrogel loaded binary metal oxide have potential applications in energy storage device.


We have developed a carmlete single chip AM/FM radio integrated circuit embodying all the necessary function for an AM/FM radio system. It includes the AM/FM front end, AM/FM IF amplifiers, AM AGC, AM/FM detector, audio pre and power airplifiers, variable capacitor diode for the FM AFC, tuning indicator circuit, electric volume, as well as a regulated supply. As a result, the application of this IC enables a complete AM/ FM radio system without any use of active ccmponents.


In this research synthesized amino is derivative of Schiff-bases by using electrolysis cell. Electrochemical reduction of para-nitroaniline and electrocatalysed condensation have been carried out at zinc electrode and anode from coal in the presence of potassium chloride as supporting electrolyte in water/methanol solution, and in the application of 20V voltage, where interaction is in two stages: the first stage involves the electrochemical reduction of nitro group and get the amino and the second phase also, azo Schiff was synthesized between para-nitroaniline and metoxybenzealdehyde by electrolysis method, which was supplied with a zinc electrode as cathode to perform electrochemical reduction in the medium of methanol and sodium hydroxide and in the application of 9.5V voltage, the reaction was carried out in two phases. The first stage included condensation to form the Schiff bases, the second stage included electrical coupling, in both cases the reaction monitoring by TLC plates was found that the time needed to complete the reaction was three hours and with a high yield of 98%. The identity of the product was confirmed by available spectroscopic techniques .


An evaluation of perinatal care in Saudi Arabia is submitted by presenting the perinatal mortality rate (p.M.R.), Early neonatal mortality rate (E.N.M.R.) and fetal mortality rate (F.M.R.) for year 1982-1985 of a hospital. The following formulas were used:These represent the trend towards improving antenatal, perinatal and neonatal care in Saudi Arabia, although it is not statistically significant.


In this paper, we address the problem of dynamic channel access by a set of cognitive radio enabled nodes (e.g., broadcast access points), where each node acting in a selfish manner tries to access and use as many channels as possible, subject to the interference constraints. We model the dynamic channel access problem as a modified Rubinstein-Ståhl bargaining game. In our model, each node (player) negotiates with the other nodes to obtain an agreeable sharing rule of the available channels, such that, no two interfering nodes use the same channel. We solve the bargaining game by finding Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibrium (SPNE) strategies of the game. First, we consider finite horizon version of the bargaining game and investigate its SPNE strategies. We then extend these results to the infinite horizon bargaining game. Furthermore, we identify Pareto optimal equilibria of the game for improving spectrum utilization. The bargaining solution ensures that no node is starved of channels. We also conduct extensive simulations to study how the "self-gain" maximizing strategy of the players impact system wide performance.


The actual mass transfer cavitation models are limited by the grid size dependency of the Volume-Of-Fluid method. A new multi-scale approach is developed which can model the presence of bubbles smaller than the grid size. Using this method for simulations of cavitating hydrofoil will lead to a better modelling of the mixture of vapor and liquid in the transition region between the attached cavity and the shedding cloud. The principle of this approach is to complement the VOF method with a two-way coupling Lagrangian particle tracking method. The VOF-LPT coupling model is tested on simplified configurations for the breakup of an attached cavity. The results show that the model successfully displays the formation of small structures and gives a better description of the liquid/gas mixture.


: Implementation of the practical teaching reform and improving students' ability of engineering practice and professional quality is an important measure to fully implement the national medium and long-term education reform . It is also a critical approach to develop complex, application-oriented, innovative and pioneering talents. However, the depth of teaching practice is not reachable,and issues of relevance is not strong. Now construction enterprise or project site practice and practical teaching methods are commonly used, but there are also safety risks and the constraints of time and space. Firstly, the BIM application status of both


Saddle-node bifurcation and limit-induced bifurcation are closely related with voltage collapse.The sensitivity of loading margin to voltage stability with respect to parameters can be derived by left eigenvectors multiplier method or equivalent linear equations method.The former method needs to compute the left eigenvector associated with the zeros eigenvalue of power flow Jacobian matrix,evaluated at critical point.And the sensitivity can be derived with left eigenvector by additional computation.The latter method can directly compute the sensitivity.The two methods are analyzed and deduced in detail,and demonstrates the equivalence of the two methods.Numerical results with IEEE9 bus test system verify the validity of the two methods and equivalence of the two methods.


among ' feudal' chieftains continued till they were overwhelmed by the Ghorid conquest. Habib's views, in spite of their rather crude and obvious ideological basis, receive a surprising measure of support. The critical research which would support or undermine his views on the social effects of the Ghorid conquests yet remains to be published. In 1969 a lead was given in the Presidential Address to the Medieval India Section of the 31st India History Congress, entitled Technological changes and society : 13th and 14th centuries. This was by Habib's son, Professor Irfan Habib, who has done much to uphold and extend the traditions of interpretational research into Indo-Muslim history in which his father was a pioneer and a guide.


The ion phase-space dynamics in the Coulomb explosion of very large ({approx}10{sup 6}-10{sup 7} atoms) deuterium clusters can be tailored using two consecutive laser pulses with different intensities and an appropriate time delay. For suitable sets of laser parameters (intensities and delay), large-scale shock shells form during the explosion, thus highly increasing the probability of fusion reactions within the single exploding clusters. In order to analyze the ion dynamics and evaluate the intracluster reaction rate, a one-dimensional theory is used, which approximately accounts for the electron expulsion from the clusters. It is found that, for very large clusters (initial radius {approx}100 nm), and optimal laser parameters, the intracluster fusion yield becomes comparable to the intercluster fusion yield. The validity of the results is confirmed with three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations.


Simple Summary Biocatalytic redox reactions perform a central role in producing chiral compounds, thus, have been receiving growing attention in the biochemistry area. The majority of redox reactions often require the nicotinamide cofactor as stoichiometric reductants. Various dehydrogenases have been employed for cofactor regeneration. However, the addition of extra substrates and the accumulation of corresponding byproducts demands extra costs for subsequent separation and purification. Water-forming NADH oxidase (Nox) has attracted substantive attention as it can oxidize NADH to NAD+ without concomitant accumulation of by-products. However, its applications have some limitations in some oxidation-reduction processes when its optimum pH is different from its coupled enzymes. Still, there are few reports regarding the shift of pH optima in Noxs. In this study, we modified the optimum pH of a Nox based on surface charge rational design. The Nox variations obtained in this work suggest promising properties for NAD+ regeneration. Abstract Cofactor regeneration is indispensable to avoid the addition of large quantities of cofactor NADH or NAD+ in oxidation-reduction reactions. Water-forming NADH oxidase (Nox) has attracted substantive attention as it can oxidize cytosolic NADH to NAD+ without concomitant accumulation of by-products. However, its applications have some limitations in some oxidation-reduction processes when its optimum pH is different from its coupled enzymes. In this study, to modify the optimum pH of BsNox, fifteen relevant candidates of site-directed mutations were selected based on surface charge rational design. As predicted, the substitution of this asparagine residue with an aspartic acid residue (N22D) or with a glutamic acid residue (N116E) shifts its pH optimum from 9.0 to 7.0. Subsequently, N20D/N116E combined mutant could not only downshift the pH optimum of BsNox but also significantly increase its specific activity, which was about 2.9-fold at pH 7.0, 2.2-fold at pH 8.0 and 1.2-fold at pH 9.0 that of the wild-type. The double mutant N20D/N116E displays a higher activity within a wide range of pH from 6 to 9, which is wider than the wide type. The usability of the BsNox and its variations for NAD+ regeneration in a neutral environment was demonstrated by coupling with a glutamate dehydrogenase for α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG) production from L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) at pH 7.0. Employing the variation N20D/N116E as an NAD+ regeneration coenzyme could shorten the process duration; 90% of L-Glu were transformed into α-KG within 40 min vs. 70 min with the wild-type BsNox for NAD+ regeneration. The results obtained in this work suggest the promising properties of the BsNox variation N20D/N116E are competent in NAD+ regeneration applications under a neutral environment.


Aims To examine the factors that relate to antipsychotic prescribing in general practices across England and how these relate to cost changes in recent years. Background Antipsychotic medications are the first-line pharmacological intervention for severe mental illnesses(SMI) such as schizophrenia and other psychoses, while also being used to relieve distress and treat neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. Since 2014 many antipsychotic agents have moved to generic provision. In 2017_18 supplies of certain generic agents were affected by substantial price increases. Method The study examined over time the prescribing volume and prices paid for antipsychotic medication by agent in primary care and considered if price change affected agent selection by prescribers. The NHS in England/Wales publishes each month the prescribing in general practice by BNF code. This was aggregated for the year 2018_19 using Defined Daily doses (DDD) as published by the World Health Organisation Annual Therapeutic Classification (WHO/ATC) and analysed by delivery method and dose level. Cost of each agent year-on-year was determined. Monthly prescribing in primary care was consolidated over 5 years (2013-2018) and DDD amount from WHO/ATC for each agent was used to convert the amount to total DDD/practice. Result Description In 2018_19 there were 10,360,865 prescriptions containing 136 million DDD with costs of £110 million at an average cost of £0.81/DDD issued in primary care. We included 5,750 GP Practices with practice population >3000 and with >30 people on their SMI register. Effect of price In 2017_18 there was a sharp increase in overall prices and they had not reduced to expected levels by the end of the 2018_19 evaluation year. There was a gradual increase in antipsychotic prescribing over 2013-2019 which was not perturbed by the increase in drug price in 2017/18. Regression Demographic factors The strongest positive relation to increased prescribing of antipsychotics came from higher social disadvantage, higher population density(urban), and comorbidities e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Higher %younger and %older populations, northerliness and non-white (Black and Minority Ethnic (BME)) ethnicity were all independently associated with less antipsychotic prescribing. Prescribing Factors Higher DDD/general practice population was linked with higher %injectable, higher %liquid, higher doses/prescription and higher %zuclopenthixol. Less DDD/population was linked with general practices using higher %risperidone and higher spending/dose of antipsychotic. Conclusion Higher levels of antipsychotic prescribing are driven by social factors/comorbidities. The link with depot medication prescriptions, alludes to the way that antipsychotics can induce receptor supersensitivity with consequent dose escalation.


This guide tells you what you need to know about mechanical and physical properties and other pertinent information in the design and use of steel castings. Contents include: Introduction Industrial Applications Advantages Specifying Purchasing Policy Functional Considerations of Design Manufacturing Design Considerations Concurrent Engineering Engineering Drawings for Casting Production Redesign of Steel Castings Cast-Weld Construction Pattern Equipment Casting and Molding Processes Melting Finishing/Heat Treatment/Inspection Process Capability and Tolerences Quality Control and Quality Assurance Carbon and Low Alloy Steels for Pressure Containing and Structural Parts, Wear Resistant Steels Corrosion-Resistant High Alloy Steels Nickel Base Coatings Heat Resistant High Alloy Steels Low Temperature and Cryogenic Steels Hardenability and Heat Treatment Weldability and Welding Machinability Physical Properties.


We define uncertainties in position and momentum for states of N identical fermions of spin s. We prove that in a one-dimensional world the product of these uncertainties is greater than or equal to (N/(2s + 1))h/2. We generalize this to arbitrary numbers of dimensions; in particular, the corresponding result in three dimensions has the factor h/2 replaced by (3/4) (h/2)/sup 3/.


This research project followed an earlier similar project on Nigeria, applying the same methods. A sample of manufacturers was surveyed to document their responses to infrastructure deficiencies in electricity, water, transport, telecommunications, and waste disposal. They found the manufacturers undertook significant expenditures to offset deficiencies in publicly provided infrastructure services, and that changing public policy toward privately supplied infrastructure and changing the pricing of public infrastructure could yield significant savings in social costs. Thailand and Indonesia have made significant strides in following the policies for private sector participation in infrastructure provision. Nigeria, where public infrastructure monopolies still dominate, lags behind, yet stands to benefit most from such policy reform. Government policy toward the industrial organization and pricing of infrastructure sectors can significantly help a developing economy realize the benefits of private sector participation in the provision of infrastructure services.


Quasiresonant scattering of light in two dimensions can be described either as a scalar or as a vectorial electromagnetic wave. Performing a scaling analysis we observe in both cases long lived modes, yet only the scalar case exhibits Anderson localized modes together with extremely long mode lifetimes. We show that the localization length of these modes is influenced only by their position, and not their lifetime. Investigating the reasons for the absence of localization, it appears that both the coupling of several polarizations and the presence of near-field terms are able to prevent long lifetimes and Anderson localization.


Extensive use of biological and ecological potential of plants for the beekeeping industry is possible only as a result of study and development of honey resources on forest lands. The magnitude of honey flow depends on the amount of nectariferous plants and their species composition, duration of blooming and location of nectariferous base and other natural and anthropogenic factors. The studying of nectariferous resources on forest lands was held by the base and improved methods of field and stationary studies using reference material. To assessment of the potential honey production of forests by the amount of nectar (sugar), formed during photosynthesis of nectariferous plants on a certain area the composite index, bioresource potential of forests for honey flow is proposed. The determination of bioresource potential of forests in different areas was performed considering indicator of sugar productivity. As development progresses of nectariferous resources the assortment of nectariferous plants, the area, occupied by them and the dynamics of the age structure of the forest area on the territory of the Rostov region were determined. Despite the small percentage of forest land area in the region, a lot of nectariferous plants grow there: locust, various species of maples, elms, and honey shrubs. In the age structure of forest communities on the forested area the proportion of middle-aged trees and growing stock is increased. For differentiated assessment of honey flow, zoning of vast territories the special index district of honey flow is introduced. Evaluating the areas of honey flow, characteristics of conditions directly influencing on it are given. The approximate store of honey and possible amount of beehives for the development of beekeeping are defined. Five areas of honey flow are distinguished within the Rostov region. The first area has the best bioresource potential of forests for honey flow (3261 tons). The approximate store of honey on forest lands of the Rostov region is about 6468 thousand tons and possible amount of beehives for the development of beekeeping is about 54000. Evaluation of nectariferous resources on forest lands allows to use forage base of beekeeping completely and rationally. On the basis of honey flow areas one can evaluate, project and use honey flow, and also perform technological methods improving forage base of beekeeping.


Switched-capacitor building blocks are presented which are suitable for implementation in GaAs MESFET technology. They include gain stages, operational amplifiers, and transmission gates. Switched-capacitor design techniques are discussed that minimize filter sensitivity to GaAs op-amp limitations. Experimental results are presented on a variety of GaAs switched-capacitor circuits, including a gain stage, a second-order bandpass filter, and a third-order low-pass filter. The circuits demonstrate sampling rates exceeding 100 MHz without significant loss of accuracy.


To support the design efforts of engines in which liquid propellants are used, one is often required to analyze incompressible, two-dimensional or axisymmetric flows within ducts and cavities with rotating walls and complicated geometries. The steady-state solution is of interest in most cases. This code is intended to provide a tool for efficient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of such flow problems, taking advantage of the artificial compressibility concept and the Beam-Warming numerical scheme modified for second order accurate, implicit boundary conditions. These concepts ensure a stable, robust, and accurate algorithm due to the reduced speed of sound and the accuracy of the boundary conditions. The code is dedicated only to two-dimensional or axisymmetric flows with or without swirl. Three-dimensional computation is excluded to increase efficiency and speed. This paper briefly presents the theory of the code, as well as several benchmark applications with comparison to well known analytical solutions. In all these test cases, the code produced accurate results.


Sichuan Province is located in the southwest China,it crossed over climate zones from subtropical to subfrigid.Winter wheat occupied the main part among wheat crops growing in Sichuan Province,only a small part of spring wheat and barley distributed in this province.The whole planting area of wheats is about 1.333 million hm2,the weeds occurrenced area is above 1.067 million hm2.At present,the area of chemical control is over 60% of the total wheats cultivated area.The weeds types in wheat field in Sichuan Province consists of above 80 species,which belongs to about 20 families respectively,mainly distributed in the family of Poaceae,Asteraceae,Cruciferae,and Caryophyllaceae.Because of cropping system change and continuous use of same kind of herbicides for many years,the change of weeds population and succession of community in farmland accelerated.The herbicide types used also developed from a few old types to above 20 types at present,especially brought in some new safe and high efficiency types of herbicide including tribenuron-methyl,fenoxaprop-p-ethyl,and clodinafop-propargyl,which basically meeted the needs of weeds chemical control in wheat field in Sichuan Province.


Cinematography is a practice at the heart of film production which traditionally involves the control of light and camera technologies to creatively capture moving imagery. The orchestration of light is central to this discipline and has historically and conventionally been understood as a passive force, evidenced in the common terms 'lumen' and 'lux'. This paper offers an alternative understanding of the nature of light in the context of moving image practice using a framework of performative materiality, which allows consideration of light as an active force that is implicated in the creation of images with a real physical presence in the world. Drawing on the work of Karen Barad (2007), Barbra Bolt (2010) and Tim Ingold (2013), this perspective opens the possibility for light to be discussed in terms of its material relations and potentialities rather than as a neutral medium affording visibility. This performative view situates the cinematography practitioner in a concurrent, symbiotic relationship to light. Rather than a revealing force that sits outside of material processes, light can be seen as an implicated force to be worked with akin to the way that a potter might throw clay or a basket weaver might ply reed. Just as Ingold, Bolt and Barad discuss the ever-changing flux of matter, light is itself ephemeral, changing with the sun's movement throughout a day or the stream of photons emitted from an artificial source. In a cinematographic context, we can consider the practitioner following a flow of light, for example, listening to its character, qualities and possibilities when illuminating each scene.  This paper arises as part of my practice-led PhD in the Digital Cultures Research Centre at the University of the West of England, which has been supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council's 3d3 Consortium.


This paper describes the design and measurement of a 2 × 2 sequential‐rotation array (SRA) of circularly polarized antenna elements. A larger 4 × 4 array is also realized by connecting four 2 × 2 SRA subarrays by using a corporate feeding network. The feeding networks of these arrays are built with CPW lines using MCM‐D technology. The arrays operate in the K‐band at around 25 GHz. The analysis is carried out both theoretically and experimentally. The proposed arrays enjoy high impedance bandwidth, high circular polarization bandwidth, and good isolation between the RHCP and the LHCP modes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 581–585, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20702


The concepts of time, entropy and observation are discussed on the basis of Hawking's universal wavefunction. I conclude that there is no observable reversal of cosmic expansion. Hawking's recent suggestion of a simple symmetric initial condition for the quantum state of the universe [1,2] has caused broad interest in quantum gravity. Although the general formalism of quantum gravity has been thoroughly studied since the pioneering work of DeWitt [3], the deep problems of its interpretation, which have been emphasized especially by Wheeler [4], still prevail. Most important among them are the lack of an external concept of time and of an external observer or measurement device required for the conventional probability interpretation. Another fundamental problem that may be decidable on the basis of Hawking's proposal is that of the relation between the thermodynamic and cosmologlcal arrows of time [5]. These, in turn, seem to be connected with the time arrow of quantum measurement and the reduction of the state vector [6].


We are concerned with of existence of solutions to the semilinear elliptic problem
$$
 \begin{cases}
 - \Delta u=\lambda_{k}u+u^3 &\text{in } \Omega, \\
 u= 0 &\text{on }\partial \Omega,
 \end{cases}
$$%
in a bounded domain $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{4}$. Here $\lambda_k$
is an eigenvalue of the $-\Delta$ in $H_0^1(\Omega)$. We prove that this problem has a nontrivial solution.


The article reviews some aviation accidents that seemed to be caused by electromagnetic interference that might have affected the aircraft's instrument landing system. While there has been concrete evidence to show that radio frequency (RF) interference from consumer electronics is likely to have caused only a very small number of commercial airline accidents, there is still room for concern. A commercial airliner is a study in electronic complexity, and a host of laptops, cell phones, game systems, CD players all produce emissions that range across several frequencies. The article argues for joint industry-government cooperation to perform evaluation and testing to determine the extent of the hazard caused by various electronic devices carried aboard by passengers. Recommended is the development and deployment of a real-time tool to help flight crews detect RF emissions.


In this work, unsupported Pt, Pt-Ru (1:1 wt. % Pt:Ru ratio) and Pt-CeO2 (1:1 wt. % Pt:CeO2 ratio) electrocatalysts were synthesized and evaluated as anodes for the ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR) in out in H2SO4 electrolyte. The nanomaterials were prepared by slowly dropping the precursors in a NaBH4 solution, in a reduction process of 10 min. Analysis by XRD showed the formation of polycrystalline electrocatalysts, while the chemical composition characterization indicated a ratio between the different elements in the bimetallic materials close to the stoichiometric value. Selected area electron diffraction patterns evaluation carried out in the TEM apparatus helped in the identification of Pt (1 1 1) in the three anodes, Ru (1 0 0) in Pt-Ru, and CeO2 (1 1 1) in Pt-CeO2, confirming the formation of Ru and CeO2 phases. The results from the electrochemical characterization by Linear Scan Voltammetry (LSV) showed that the Pt-Ru material possess a higher mass catalytic activity for the EGOR, followed Pt-CeO2, compared to Pt-alone. The nano-sized Pt-Ru and Pt-CeO2 anodes demonstrated a high electrochemical stability in accelerated potential cycling tests, with very low surface area losses in the hydrogen adsorption/desorption region after 500 polarization cycles. The results indicated that the bimetallic electrocatalysts are candidate anodes for Direct Ethylene Glycol Fuel Cells.


We consider an infinitely repeated Bertrand game, in which prices are publicly observed and each firm receives a privately observed, i.i.d. cost shock in each period. We focus on symmetric perfect public equilibria, wherein any "punishments" are borne equally by all firms. We identify a tradeoff that is associated with collusive pricing schemes in which the price to be charged by each firm is strictly increasing in its cost level: such "fully sorting" schemes offer efficiency benefits, as they ensure that the lowest-cost firm makes the current sale, but they also imply an informational cost (distorted pricing and/or equilibrium-path price wars), since a higher-cost firm must be deterred from mimicking a lower-cost firm by charging a lower price. A rigid-pricing scheme, where a firm's collusive price is independent of its current cost position, sacrifices efficiency benefits but also diminishes the informational cost. For a wide range of settings, the optimal symmetric collusive scheme requires (i) the absence of equilibrium-path price wars and (ii) a rigid price. If firms are sufficiently impatient, however, the rigid-pricing scheme cannot be enforced, and the collusive price of lower-cost firms may be distorted downward in order to diminish the incentive to cheat. When the model is modified to include i.i.d. public demand shocks, the downward pricing distortion that accompanies a firm's lower-cost realization may occur only when current demand is high. Copyright 2004, Wiley-Blackwell.


SUMMARY. The copepod zooplankton of Tjeukemeer was sampled at weekly intervals for 3 years (1969–1971), and ten species were recorded. Five species contributed more than 99% of all individuals collected. Acanthocyclops robustus is the most abundant species (66%), followed by Mesocyclops leuckarti (13%), Cyclops vicinus (11%), Eurytemora affinis (9%) and Diacyclops bicuspidatus (1%).

The ecology of the A. robustus population in Tjeukemeer differs from other A. robustus populations in that it dominates the open water zone. This is an additional argument for a taxonomic revision of the A. vernalis-robustus complex.

Seasonal periodicity in abundance of each species was very similar in 3 successive years.

All cyclopoid species went into diapause, A. robustus and M. leuckarti during winter, D. bicuspidatus and C. v. vicinus during summer. Most species diapause in a particular copepodite stage.

The seasonal variation in the population structure, the fecundity and the sex ratio are described. Both population structure and sex ratio were influenced by diapause and size-dependent mortality. The fecundity was more influenced by the water temperature and the age structure of the female population than by food situation or size of the females.


ABSTRACT The characteristics and mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) adsorption on three different biochars derived from agricultural/forestry wastes through pyrolysis at various temperatures (100 to 500 ºC) were investigated. In this study, the H2S breakthrough capacity was measured using a laboratory-characterized using pH and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The results obtained demonstrate that all biochars were effective in H2S sorption. The sorption capacity of the biochar for H2S removal is related to the pyrolysis temperature and pH of the surface. Certain threshold ranges of the pyrolysis temperature (from 100 to 500 ºC) and pH of the surface are presented. It also concluded that the sorption capacity (for removing H2S) of rice hull-derived biochar is the largest in three biochars (camphor-derived biochar, rice hull-derived biochar, and bamboo-derived biochar). These observations will be helpful in designing biochar as engineered sorbents for the removal of H2S.Implications: This paper focuses on the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by biochars derived from wastes. The characteristics and mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) adsorption on three different boichars derived from agricultural/forestry wastes through pyrolysis at various temperatures were investigated. In this study, the H2S breakthrough capacity was measured using laboratory characterization with pH and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The results obtained demonstrate that all biochars were effective in H2S sorption. The sorption capacity of the biochar for H2S removal is related to the pyrolysis temperature and pH of the surface.


Background: Atherosclerosis increases the risk of acute-phase CI (aCI) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which can be life threatening. Atherosclerosis is also closely related to diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Novel biomarkers are needed to follow the progress of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results: Screening by protein arrays identified deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) as an antigen recognized by IgG antibodies in sera of patients with both atherosclerosis and aCI and the antibody was detected in Western blots. The serum antibody levels in healthy donors (HDs) and patients with aCI, transient ischemic attack (TIA), DM, AMI, or CKD were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (Alpha) LISA using recombinant DHPS protein. Serum DHPS antibody levels were significantly higher in patients with any of these diseases than in HDs. The difference was greatest in patients with DM and CKD. DHPS antibody levels were well correlated with artery stenosis and the presence of hypertension. The serum level of this DHPS antibody may reflect the extent of atherosclerosis caused by DM, CKD and/or hypertension. Conclusions: Serum antibody levels against DHPS may be useful in diagnosing atherosclerosis and associated aCI, TIA, DM, AMI, and CVD.


An energy-efficient speech extraction (SE) processor is proposed for robust user speech recognition (SR) in head-mounted display (HMD) systems. User SE is essential for robust user SR in a noisy environment. For the low-latency SE, the FastSE algorithm is proposed to overcome the time-consuming constrained-independent-component-analysis-based user speech selection process, which results in < 2-ms SE latency. Moreover, a reinforced-FastSE scheme is proposed to achieve 97.2% accuracy with only 33-kB FastSE on-chip memory for the low-power HMD applications. Also, a reconfigurable matrix operation accelerator is implemented for the energy-efficient acceleration of the dominant matrix operation in SE. As a result, the proposed SE processor achieves 1.3× higher speed with 4.24× smaller memory compared to the state-of-the-art work, so SR in a noisy environment becomes possible for mobile HMD applications.


The present invention relates to a process for preparing a glass substrate on a transparent superhydrophobic zinc oxide coating, comprising the steps of: a pretreatment of the substrate; b. Preparation of zinc oxide sol; C Preparation of the zinc oxide coating; d.... surface-modified zinc oxide coating. Compared with the prior art, the beneficial results of the present invention are: equipment simple process, low cost, mild reaction conditions conducive to industrial mass production. Prepared by the process transparent superhydrophobic zinc oxide coating, having excellent hydrophobicity and transparency: contact angle greater than 160 °, the rolling angle is less than 8 °, water droplets above the coating roll freely, with good self-cleaning properties; light transmittance of nearly 90%, similar to the glass blank, having good visible-light transmittance. Surface modifier in the present invention are alkyl silane coupling agent, instead of the fluorine-containing compound, low cost, less environmental pollution, the modified coatings stable.


We propose a new framework for automatic surveillance camera calibration by observing videos of pedestrians walking through the scene. Unlike existing methods that require accurate pedestrian detection and tracking, our method takes noisy foreground masks as input and automatically estimates the necessary intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters using prior knowledge about the distribution of relative human heights. Our algorithm is computationally efficient enough for online parameter estimation. Experimental results on both synthetic and real data show the robustness of our method to camera pose and noisy foreground detections.


In oder to evaluate the effect of the intravenous oxytocics(Sparteine Sulfate) during late second stage of labor, following experiment was made. In 20 cases of control group, delivery was managed routinely without oxytocics. In the other hand, 20 cases of expermental group, delivery was managed by using slightly modified Dieckmann`s method: deliver the anterior shoulder, wait 30 seconds, inject 100mg. of Sparteine Sulfate intravenously, deliver the posterior shoulder, wait 30 seconds and then slowly deliver the baby. At the sametimes, blood loss during delivery was measured by Acid-hematin spectro-photometric method. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Mean blood loss during delivery, one table loss, was 279ml. and 109ml. in control group and experimental group respectively. 2) Mean duration of third stage was 8.8min. and 3.9min. in control group and experimental group respectively. In 75 per cent of experimental group separation and expulsion of the placenta could be completed within 3min. 3) In the control group two cases of atonic uterine bleeding, over 500ml., was observed, but no such cases in experimental group. 4) Comparison of estimated and measured blood loss was of considerable interest. When losses were small, they were over-estimated and when they were large, they were under-estimated.


In this paper,we consider the HIV virus model with cells which has potential reversibility,and analyze the local stability and global stability of uninfected equilibrium point and no immune balance point.Then we discuss the global stability of immune equilibrium point of chronic infection.


Need of energy is constantly increasing because of increase in population and industrialization globally. Depletion of fossil fuel, increase in pollution level and imbalance in the ecological level of the earth, etc. cause researcher to think for alternative solution of fossil fuel. Biodiesel derived from crops may be replacement of petroleum-derived fuel used for transport and power generation without adversely affecting the crisis of food and also keeping the environment clean. This research paper talks about algae cultivation, process for algae to biofuel conversion, conceptual design and general layout of slow pyrolysis process. B40 gives approximate 54% mechanical efficiency compared to B0 of 51% in an I.C.Engine. Thus, algae biodiesel may address current burning issues of the country as well as of the earth like global warming, treatment of sanitation/waste water, carbon sequestrations, rural development via creating lots of employment, etc


Adiyaman University, Department of Ceramics, 02040, Adiyaman Turkey. Cukurova University, Department of Archaeometry, 01330, Adana, Turkey University of Ege, Vocational School of Ce me, zmir, Turkey. University of Stanford, Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, CA, USA. Katholieke University Leuven, Department of Archaeology, Leuven, Belgium. University of Northern British Columbia, College of Science and Management, Canada University of Keele, School of Physical Sciences and Geography, Keele, UK Ca University, Depatment of Economics, Mersin, Turkey.


By laser-interference lithography, reactive-ion etching, and selective wet-chemical etching using a citric acid-based solution, we have fabricated large periodic arrays of AlGaAs microdisks with periods of 4 μm and disk diameters between 1.5 and 2 μm. The arrays are characterized by temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy. Taking into account the below-threshold absorption of the quantum wells inside the disks, we get disk quality factors close to the theoretical maximum value. We demonstrate that our technique allows one also to produce one-dimensionally or two-dimensionally coupled arrays of microdisks.


6126 Background: While cancer information websites have been developed by major organizations, their appropriateness for cancer patients in multiethnic, multilingual public hospital settings has received limited attention. Therefore we explored Internet access and patient assessment of the PLWC and SKF websites in a public hospital population.

METHODS
A questionnaire was developed to evaluate cancer information seeking behavior, internet use and access, and content usability of two cancer websites and administered by interviewers and translators to consecutive consenting patients seen in an oncology clinic. Ethnicities of participants included Caucasian (25%), African American (19%), Hispanics (42%) and Asian (11%). Primary language was English in 53%; 56% had a high school education or less and 74% had income less than $35,000.

RESULTS
Of the 52 participants, 71% had computer access and 44% searched cancer information online, with more interested in obtaining online information in the future (63%). When shown sample content from the two websites, the majority stated both were "easy to understand" (PLWC-96%, SKF-96%) and had "easy to understand terms" (PLWC-94%, SKF-92%). Somewhat fewer respondents agreed the websites provided "information they could use" (PLWC-88%, SKF-80%) or they would return to these websites (PLWC-73%, SKF-68%). The majority planned to "discuss website information with their oncologists" (PLWC-82%, SKF-70%).

CONCLUSIONS
Information from both PLWC and SKF websites appears to be appropriate, understandable and accessible to multiethnic, multilingual cancer patients seen in public hospital settings. If issues related to finding such appropriate sites are addressed, these sites may represent a valuable resource for cancer information in such patient populations. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


Background: The incidence of adult patients with falls seeking medical assistance in the Salt Lake City area, Utah, is 28,000 per million adult inhabitants. Objective: We sought to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk assessment and cardiovascular abnormalities in patients presenting with nonaccidental falls at the University of Utah hospital and its affiliated clinics. Methods: We conducted a search of all patients in the University of Utah patient database as well as 9 affiliated primary care and family practice clinics in Utah who were evaluated for a "fall" during October 2009. We analyzed the records of 338 patients who had a fall within the previous 3 months. Nonaccidental falls were defined as falls unrelated to a contact incident or "slip or trip." Results: Nonaccidental falls occurred in 81 (24%) patients, 39 of these being ≥65 years old. Cardiovascular risk assessment and specifically orthostatic testing were evaluated in 40% and 3% of the patients, respectively. In patients ≥65 years old, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk assessment, orthostatic testing, and carotid sinus massage were equally low at 56%, 5%, and 0%, respectively. Cardiovascular abnormalities were present in 17 (21%) patients, with 9 of them being referred for cardiac evaluation. Conclusion: Our results highlight the inconsistent assessment of potential cardiovascular risk factors in patients with nonaccidental falls, supporting the adoption of a standardized approach in these patients.


This page is designed to help you test your own understanding of the concepts covered in this issue, and to reflect on what you have learnt. We hope that you will also discuss the questions with your colleagues and other members of the eye care team, perhaps in a journal club. To complete the activities online – and get instant feedback – please visit www.cehjournal.org


assessment has gradually shifted toward an individualized or collaborative approach whereby respondents play a more active role in the assessment process. This approach, often used in clinical practice, emphasizes an individual's personal or life experiences as primary data and test results as secondary data (Fischer, 1979; 2000). Additionally, providing feedback to clients or an interpretation of the results of their assessment, which is often neglected in psychological assessment (Pope, 1992), is a key feature of the collaborative approach (Dorr, 1981).


We consider lossy image coding methods using integer wavelet transforms and describe new applications of lossless JPEG2000 coding for re-encoding without the use of any coding parameters, such as the target rate. The relationship between lossless and lossy coding based on JPEG2000 is discussed and an efficient lossless coding method for lossy images is proposed. The proposed method is useful for the dubbing and editing of images and video sequences. By providing the result of some simulations, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


(57) Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention is 1 and 3-position of the ring nitrogen, carbon in each of the 2,4 and 5 positions of the ring, the radical substitutions held in the respective 4 and 5 It provides a polymer comprising imidazole ring unit having the group G1 and G2. G1 and G2 are each independently cyano, selected from the substituent group for substituting a substituent, and cyano derived from cyano. This polymer is formed by at least two cyclic imidazole units. In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel imidazole compounds usable as a monomer for forming the present polymer. In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of using the polymer as a coupling agent / activator for synthon synthesis.


The aim of the article is an introduction to the understanding of causality in the International Relations. Different conceptualizations of causality determine different approaches to research and knowledge. The article discusses four different ways of understanding the causality inspired by certain philosophies of science: neo-positivism, critical realism, reflectivism and pragmatism. Author selected the philosophies of science that created categories to be helpful to explain and discuss issue relevant to the study of international relations and are present in the works of scholars of International Relations. Consciousness of the importance of the problem causality and the different ways of understanding its can serve as an inspiration for polish researchers of international relations.


Phonology, as it is practiced, is deeply computational. Pho nological analysis is data-intensive and the resulting models are nothing o ther than specialized data structures and algorithms. In the past, phonological c omputation – managing data and developing analyses – was done manually with pencil a d paper. Increasingly, with the proliferation of affordable computer s, IPA fonts and drawing software, phonologists are seeking to move their computati on work online.Computational Phonologyprovides the theoretical and technological framework for this migration, building on methodologies and tools from co mputational linguistics. This piece consists of an apologyfor computational phonology, a history, and an overview of current research. Documentation and Description. Phonological data is of essentially three types: texts, wordlists and paradigms. A text is any phoneti cally transcribed narrative or conversation. A wordlist is any compilation of lin guistic forms which can be uttered in isolation, with information about pronunc iation and meaning. A paradigm is broadly construed to mean any tabulation of word s phrases which illustrates contrasts and systematic variation. Any of the se data types may be annotatedwith more abstract information originating from a phonolog ical theory, such as syllable boundaries, stress marks and prosodic stru cture. Additionally, any of these data types may be associated with recordings of a udio, video or physiological signals. Digitizing this documentation and description brings all the different media types together, makes the cross-links n avigable, and opens up many new possibilities for management, access and preserva tion. Exploration and Analysis. The data types described above are closely interconnected in phonological practice. For instance, the disc overy of a new word in a text may require an update to the lexicon and the construc tion of a new paradigm (e.g. to correctly classify the word). Fresh insig hts may lead to new annotations and further elicitation, closing the loop in th is perpetual, exploratory


Overcurrent relays especially IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) relays are most commonly used protective device in the distribution system. It is vital that during abnormalities or faults, the IDMT overcurrent relay must be capable to isolate only the faulty part of power system from the healthy system. The operating time of IDMT relays can be reduced with proper coordination between primary and backup relay by selecting the optimum values of TMS (Time Multiple Setting) and PS (Plug Setting). This paper presents problem to determine the optimum values of TMS and PS. The problem is formulated as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to solve the optimization problem. The MATLAB program is developed to find the optimum value of the objective function. The obtained results are compared with Genetic Algorithm (GA).


Objective To investigate the effect of q ue rcetin on learning and memory action. Methods Open fiel d test, step through test and Morris water maze test were used. Resul ts In the open field test, spontaneous behaviors of quercetin grou p (10 mg·kg -1·d -1) in novel surroundings were greatly enhanced. Co mpared with the control group, the checks of locomotion, the times of rearing an d the times of grooming were increased by 38.88% (P0.05), 57.23% (P0.0 1) and 28.49% (P0.05), respectively. In the step through test, the ability of keeping memory in the group fed with quercetin (10mg·kg -1·d -1) was significantly increased compared with the control group, the STL (step-thro ugh latency) of quercetin group was increased by 55.72% (P0.01). In the Mor ris water maze test, the ability of spatial learning and memory in quercetin gro up (10 mg·kg -1·d -1) was greatly enhanced. During the 4th training, latencies of quercetin group with 10 mg·kg -1·d -1 were decreased by 53.7% (P0.01) compared with the control group, while the effect of querc etin group with 5 mg·kg -1·d -1 was similar, but in a dosage-depen dent manner. Conclusions Quercetin can enhance learning and memory ability in aged mice.


The legal system includes institutional practice such as the set-up,implementation and adjustment of law,and ideological elements such as the legal awareness of citizens,government officials and social organizations.This paper traces the legal systemof Tibetans-inhabited South Gansu area in history,presents the present situation of legal environment there,and proposes some suggestions concerned for improvement.


The allocation of resources to roots and shoots can greatly alter total plant mass. Allocation is thought to be the consequence of growth processes (i.e uptake rates, transport rates, growth rates) and the communication between them via signalling mechanisms. Feedbacks that alter growth processes are induced in nature by changes in the internal pools of carbon and nitrogen, but how these function together to define allocation remains unclear. We introduce a framework model of internal feedback responses to changes in plant carbon and nitrogen concentrations. We evaluate how well the model responds to changes in carbon and nitrogen availability by simulating external environmental perturbations that influence the uptake of resources. The model reflects experimental results when looking at the effect of atmospheric CO2 and soil nitrogen concentrations on total plant mass and replicates observed responses to leaf defoliation events. Overall this shows that a combination of known signalling mechanisms are sufficient to reproduce experimentally observed responses to external resource availability. Model simulations highlight key areas of uncertainty where more empirical data is needed. In particular, quantitative data is needed to establish the strengths and rates at which feedback responses to carbon and nitrogen substrate concentrations alter growth and uptake rates.


We have demonstrated that the formation of C54 TiSi2 on Boron-doped single crystal silicon substrates, under RTA annealing conditions in a Nitrogen ambient, leads to a thicker TiN capping surface layer, thinner silicide layer, higher C49 to C54 transformation temperature and greater interface roughness compared to C54 TiSi 2 formation on undoped single crystal silicon substrates. Titanium films 32 nm thick were deposited on undoped and boron-doped single crystal silicon substrates. The films were annealed at 3 /C/isn nitrogen to final quenching temperatures between 500 °C and 900 TC. Ex-situ four point probe sheet resistance, cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the resulting TiN on TiSi2 bilayer. The C49 to C54 transformation occurs circa 760 TC and 810 TC for the undoped and boron-doped cases respectively. HRTEM observations reveal a thick 20 nm TIN layer on the C54 TiSi2 film in the boron-doped case but only fine dispersed TiN particles embedded on the top of the silicide in the undoped case. It was observed that the resultant silicide in the boron-doped case was thinner and the TiSi2 /Si(100) interface is rougher. XRD and TEM analysis show that in the boron doped case, there is a preferred C54 (040) orientation compared to a random orientation for the undoped case.


With analog blocks frequently representing the biggest risk in single substrate mixed-signal designs, intellectual property (IP) libraries of fabrication-proven and fully-characterized analog cells can offer a low-risk method to decrease time-to-market (TTM), in any group where TTM is the dominant factor of success. While the development of these libraries has received significant research attention, analog and mixed-signal designs are frequently developed from scratch without much benefit from external IP. We believe that a reason for this recalcitrance has been a lack of confidence in the external IP, and specifically the limited access to characterization that has been done to describe the IP. In this paper, we develop methods to characterize IP with a focus on decreasing TTM. Further, we show how these same characterizations yield performance metrics which are useful in calibrating abstract models to shorten the simulation time for large systems, as well as providing performance specifications for cell-level functional verification. The collection of simulation test benches, interpretation of results, and control scripts is our "characterization environment." As an example, we develop a system of simulation libraries to characterize the behavior, sensitivity to parameter variation, and performance of analog library cells, which are combined for the fabrication of a delta-sigma modulator analog to digital converter (DeltaSigma ADC). Finally, we show how the characterization of libraries of analog cells is a key form of IP necessary to promote the common use of external analog IP libraries


Classical systems neuroscience positions primary sensory areas as early feed-forward processing stations for refining incoming sensory information. This view may oversimplify their role given extensive bi-directional connectivity with multimodal cortical and subcortical regions. Here we show that single units in human primary somatosensory cortex encode imagined reaches centered on imagined limb positions in a cognitive motor task. This result suggests a broader role of primary somatosensory cortex in cortical function than previously demonstrated.


From the *Department of Social Medicine, VU University Medical Center/ EMGO+ Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; †Working Party on Infection Prevention, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; ‡Section of Acute Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; §Department of Anesthesiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and ||The Netherlands Institute of Health Services Research, NIVEL, Utrecht, the Netherlands.


Development has been a dominant trope of global political and economic life since the 1950s. As such it has been inevitably linked to some of the most important social processes of this era: colonialism, globalization, postcolonialism, global ecological crisis, the rise of environmentalism, and more. Consolidation of the contemporary consumer society came, hand in hand, with the certainty that it sustained a way of life that, like collateral damage, included a global ecological crisis. From many parts of the world new voices raised concerns about the costs of globalization and proposed alternatives and solutions; thus, modern eco-criticism was born. This article analyzes the historical process of emergence of eco-critical concepts as well as appropriation, redefinition, and use of these concepts by politicians and economists. Specifically, we reflect on how "development" and "growth" under heavy criticism during the 70s were gradually transformed into "sustainable development" first, and, as this conversion was still raising significant disapproval, to "sustainability" later. Adoption of these new ideological frameworks aimed at legitimizing development allowed Western societies to ignore more critical approaches such us "zero growth" or "degrowth".


One secret sharing scheme that uses the Mignotte's sequence and another secret sharing scheme that uses the Asmuth-Bloom sequence are proposed in this paper. Both the secret sharing schemes are based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT). Novelty of the two proposed schemes is that the shares of the participants are reusable i.e. same shares are applicable even with a new secret. Also only one share needs to be kept by each participant even for the muslti-secret sharing scheme. Further, the schemes are capable of verifying the honesty of the participants including the dealer. Correctness of the proposed schemes is discussed and show that the proposed schemes are computationally secure.


The paper presents a centralized distributed system for cyberattack detection in corporate network based on multifractal analysis. According to the study the concept of a system was developed, which combines the requirements of centralization, distribution and self-organization. The proposed distributed system for cyberattack detection in corporate network is implemented in the form of software. The functioning of the detection module is achieved by involving the method of detecting cyberattacks based on multifractal traffic analysis. The KDD Cup data set what used information about normal traffic and known network attacks was used. Experimental studies with a centralized distributed network attack detection system in computer networks have demonstrated detection overall accuracy at the level of 91% with an average data processing time of 8 seconds.


The nature and variability of the springtime rainfall onset at the Guinean coast is explored. The coastal onset is defined as the time when the oceanic extent of the rain band crosses the Equator. The oceanic extent is defined as the location where the rain rate falls below 2 mm day−1. The mean coastal onset averaged over 1979–2009 from Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) rainfall data is on 11 May with a standard deviation of 14.5 days. This result is robust and seen in different rainfall products. The coastal rainfall demise is determined as the time when simultaneously the peak rainfall at the coast weakens and the rainfall over the Sahel intensifies. The mean coastal demise is 26 June with a standard deviation of 9.5 days. This implies that the mean length of the coastal phase is 47 days with a standard deviation of 13 days. The coastal onset and its demise are primarily driven by changes in sea‐surface temperature (SST) between the Guinean coast and the Equator. There exists a 301 K threshold below which the equatorial cold tongue develops rapidly and leads to the coastal onset 10 days later. The same threshold applies to SSTs near the coast, where the water cooling precedes the end of the coastal rain phase by 16 days. Sea‐surface temperature anomalies in the southeast Atlantic in winter are potentially a predictor for the coastal rainfall variability in spring. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society


This study compared perceptions of family functioning in families bereaved by an adolescent or young adult child's sudden violent death (accident, homicide, or suicide), parents' perceptions of family functioning based on parental role, and described the family typologies represented in a population-based sample of parents. A sample of 135 bereaved parents provided data over three time points. Results of the study showed that bereaved mothers and fathers rated their families as more flexible than did a normative sample, and fathers rated their families as less close than the normative group. Clinical and methodological implications for the findings are discussed.


Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) technology with the DCT encoding, orthogonal coding can make the transmitted video data extended to sub-channel of the each group, and this can improve the capability of the well-narrowband jamming system. Experimental results show that, the coding method can not only make good use of the transmission of the video data, but it also has very clear-Narrowband interference robustness. And the mistakenly bit rate of system has been improved significantly.


The corrosion prevention within oil-and-gas pipe-lines, welded joints and oil-gas industrial
equipment is important to increase their service reliability and ecological safety. There was done an
analysis of different technologies for the corrosion prevention. The perspectives are within plasma coating
of aluminoceramics upon the outer surface and silicate-enamel upon the inner side of pipes. Such a
combination guarantees the corrosion prevention, reduces the expenses upon energy for oil and gas
transportation, 1.5 times decreases the pressure loss. The method by the usage of poly amid coating
"RILSAN" provides high corrosion resistance, elasticity, nontoxicity, smooth surface. It was used by OAO
Gazprom for the gas-line "Blue stream" which goes through the hydro sulfuric ambient of the Black Sea at
a depth of 2150m. The application of anticorrosive and hardening coating by means of cold gas-dynamic
spraying upon pipe-lines with the further preservation of physicochemical features of the sprayed material
and pipe particles; the protection method of the pipe-line welded joints with the inner coating; the creation
of the oil-pipe-lines with an extra corrosion resistance to apply in the hydro sulfuric containing ambient; the
usage of titanium and its alloys for the creation of the reliable and ecologically safe equipment to win oil
and gas in the shelf-plates, which may contain chemically aggressive components, and its service life may
reach 60 years, and also by lifting of high sulfurous gas on the continent.
The complex usage of new technologies and materials will demonstrate high reliability and ecological safety of oil-and-gas lines, oil-gas-industrial equipment.


In recent years, document supply has lagged far behind bibliographic control. By virtue of automation and telecommunication technologies, online searching in union catalogues has been made possible as well as in catalogues of some distant libraries. All these developments have increased largely requests for interlibrary loaning which has grown rapidly also due to the growing number and prices of publications. Technology and devices of document transmission have broadened, from the traditional reproduction equipment to telefacsimile, to magnetic storage of text, to CD-ROM and to various optical media of data. Technological development is still under way, the availability of documents has been made easier technically but for poor countries the application of modern devices and facilities has become more and more difficult.


Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of posterolateral approach combined with medial approach for treatment of trimalleolar fracture.Methods Ten patients with trimalleolar fracture were treated with posterolateral approach combined with medial approach.After operationa,all the patients were followed up for 5-29 months(16 months) averagely.To observer the condition of bone cicatrizing,the position of internal fixation and the functional recovery of damaged limbs.Results All the 10 patients were followed up,all of them had primary healing,and there were no complications such as wound infection,re-displacement,malunion,delayed union,nonunion or implant loosening,or internal fixation breaking.All the patients achieved normal gait at the last follow-up.According to the Olerud-Monlander standard,the results were excellent in eight cases,good in two cases.Conclusion The use of posterolateral approach combined with medial approach provided advantages of simple performance,clear exposing,strong fixation and no complications,therefore,it is a feasible and effective approach for trimalleolar fracture;It is better to expose and complex the trimalleolar fracture by posterolateral approach combined medial approach.According the order that form posterior to lateral to medial,we can complete anatomical reductioneasily.


We show evidence of rapid photo-erasure of ultra stable Type-II fibre Bragg gratings written with a femtosecond laser into the active medium when employed as high reflectors in >1kW medium power Yb3+-doped Q-switched fibre laser cavities.


In order to characterise the presumed epitopes of arabinogalactans, isolated from the extract of the cell-cultured Echinacea purpurea, two oligosaccharides were synthesized. The whole synthetic route was based on the successful combination of the (methoxydimethyl)methyl (MIP) and the (2-naphthyl)methyl ether (NAP) protecting groups. A β-(1→6)-linked trigalactoside was prepared, which contained a NAP ether at position 2'.This protecting group was selectively removed using either DDQ or Pd-C/H 2 and the acceptor was ready for further glycosylation.We have used two arabinofuranosyl donor compounds: 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl arabinofuranosyl trichloroacetimidate and a peracetylated α-(1→5)-linked diarabinofuranosyl trichloroacetimidate. For the deprotection of the tetra- and pentasaccharides a common procedure was used. All of the synthesized compounds were characterized by 1 H and 1 3 C NMR spectroscopy, as well as by MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry.


* Introduction: Social Justice and Neoliberalism - Katie Willis, Adrian Smith and Alison Stenning * 1. Voices from the Trueque: Barter Networks and Resistance to Neoliberalism in Argentina - Pete North * 2. Confounding Neoliberalism: Priests, Privatization and Social Justice in the Peruvian Andes - Elizabeth Olson * 3. Travelling Neoliberalism: Polish and Ghanaian workers in London - Jon May, Kavita Datta, Yara Evans, Joanna Herbert, Cathy McIlwaine and Jane Wills * 4. Neoliberalization and its Discontents: The Experience of Working Poverty in Manchester - Vinny Pattinson * 5. Bargaining with the Devil: Neoliberalization, Informal Work and Workers' Resistance in the Clothing Industry of Turkey - Ergul Ergun * 6. Transitions to Work and the Making of Neoliberal Selves: Growing up in (the former) East Germany - Kathrin Horschelmann * 7. The Emergence of a Working Poor: Labour Markets, Neoliberalization and Diverse Economies in Post-Socialist Cities - Adrian Smith, Alison Stenning, Alena Rochovska and Dariusz ?wi?tek * 8. Difference without Dominance: Social Justice and the (Neoliberal) Economy in Urban Development - Colin Marx * Conclusions: Neoliberalization, Social Justice and Resistance - Alison Stenning, Adrian Smith and Katie Willis


The successful operation of the WorldView-1 satellite has enabled advanced high-accuracy mapping using high-resolution satellite images, with or without the use of ground control points (GCPs). The stereo capability of the WorldView-1 sensor also provides the opportunity to extract high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). This article will examine the effectiveness of automatic DEM extraction using WorldView-1 stereo pairs with and without the use of GCPs.


This study uses contingent valuation (CV) method to elicit residential consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water supply services in Rajshahi city, Bangladesh. It identifies the factors affecting households' WTP through a multiple regression analysis. Accordingly, a sample of 150 households with piped water connection was chosen to be interviewed with the use of a face-to-face questioning technique. The results from this study show that households are willing to pay more for improved services which is important for the policy makers in devising appropriate water tariff. Among various indicators, households' income, education and type of housing have emerged as three most important factors in affecting consumers' WTP.


Since 1968, patient identifiable records of hospital discharges, cancer registrations and death records have been held centrally in Scotland in machine readable form. Patient details are held in order to enable record linkage using probability matching. In the 1970s and early 1980s over forty ad hoc linkages were carried out. Since the late 1980s, the records have been brought together into permanently linked data sets the largest of which now contains over 12 million records spanning the years 1981 to 1995. These linked data sets have enabled a wide range of analyses to be carried out in response to demands from the health service and the medical research community. They have ranged from relatively simple aggregations of data at the patient level to complex studies of long term patient outcomes. Outcome indicators such as 30 day survival after acute myocardial infarction are now published at hospital level. In addition to the main "internal" linkages over seventy linkages have been carried out between external data sets such as surveys (e.g., the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study), employee records and clinical audit records and the centrally held linked data sets. The linkage techniques used have evolved to meet the challenges posed by a wide range of customer requirements and data sets. In particular there has been a shift from traditional sort-and-match methods to one pass techniques involving indexing in memory. This has been necessary to enable the linking of relatively small data sets to the main data set without multiple sorting of the data. The technique is currently being adapted to the main linkages to enable much more rapid incorporation of new data. Appropriate use of "best-link" principles has made possible either very high linkage accuracy (e.g., the linkage of Scotland's two main population registers) or reasonable accuracy in linking very poor quality data sets (e.g., linkage of records of victims of cardiac arrest to death records). The paper will use the Scottish experience to illustrate how the application of probability matching needs to be closely attuned to the precise characteristics of and, in particular, the relationship between the data sets to be linked.


There are few data on epidemiological and clinical features of adult ulcerative colitis (UC) patients in the different Italian regions, mainly derived from administrative sources such as Hospital Discharge Register. The aim of this study was to assess the main clinical and epidemiological features of adult patients diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC) in Sardinia, Italy.

 We evaluated the main clinical features of UC patients followed-up in 7 Gastroenterology/Endoscopy Units in Sardinia, Italy. Data were obtained from medical patients' records and from a questionnaire administered at inclusion visit.

 442 patients with UC were included: 52.3% were female, with a female-to-male ratio of about 1.1. 10.9% of patients were active smokers and 36.2% were former smokers. Median age at diagnosis was 39 years (IQR 20). 4.5% of patients were <16 years old at diagnosis; 52.7% were diagnosed at age ranging from 17 to 40 and 42.7% at age >40. About three quarters of patients were diagnosed between 17 and 49 years old (23.2% between 17 and 29, 25.5% between 30 and 39 and 23.2% between 40 and 49). Disease extent at diagnosis was proctitis in 18.3% of patients, left-sided colitis in 40.3% and extensive colitis in 39.8%. After a median disease duration of 8 years (IQR 13.8), proximal extension of proctitis or left-sided colitis (from E1 to E2/E3 or from E2 to E3) occurred in 12% of patients. 16.3% of patients developed extraintestinal manifestations, the most frequent being articular (10.6%). There were six patients (1.4%) with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis. Two patients developed colorectal cancer. Patient-reported vaccination rates were 30.3% for hepatitis B, 2% for HPV and 1.6% for pneumococcus. The most common therapy was mesalazine: 85.4% of patients were taking it at baseline. 9% of patients were taking corticosteroids, either systemic or with low bioavailability, while 51.7% were exposed to one or more courses of steroids during their disease course. Azathioprine was used by 9.2% of patients; 15.8% withdrew it during their disease course, mainly for adverse events. Overall, 95 patients (21.5%) were exposed to one or more biologic agents: 72 patients (75.8%) were exposed to one biologic agent, 17 (17.9%) to two biologic agents and 6 (6.3%) to three biologic agents. At the study inclusion, 12.4% of patients were under treatment with infliximab, 2.7% with adalimumab, 1.1% with golimumab, and 2.3% with vedolizumab. 3.4% of patients underwent surgery.

 In a real-world clinical context, this multicentre study provides important clinical data on UC in Sardinia. Overall, disease phenotype and treatment characteristics were not significantly different from that reported in the other Italian and European cohorts


Context. So called superluminous supernovae have been recently discovered in the local Universe. It appears possible that some of them originate from stellar explosions induced by the pair instability mechanism. Recent stellar evolution models also predict pair instability supernovae from very massive stars at fairly hi gh metallicities (i.e., Z∼ 0.004). Aims. We provide supernova models and synthetic light curves for two progenitor models, a 150 M⊙ red-supergiant and a 250 M⊙ yellow-supergiant at a metallicity of Z = 0.001, for which the evolution from the main sequence to collapse, and the initiation of the pair instability supernova (PISN) itself, has been previou sly computed in a realistic and self-consistent way. Methods. We are using the radiation hydrodynamics code STELLA to describe the supernova evolution of both models over a time frame of about 500 days. Results. We describe the shock-breakout phases of both supernovae which are characterized by a higher luminosity, a longer duration and a lower effective temperature than those of ordinary Type IIP supernovae. We derive the bolometric as well as the U, B, V, R and I light curves of our pair instability supernova models, which show a long-lasting plateau phase with maxima at Mbol ≃ −19.3 mag and−21.3 mag for our lower and higher mass model, respectively. While we do not produce synthetic spectra, we also describe the photospheric composition and velocity as function of time. Conclusions. We conclude that the light curve of the explosion of our initially 150 M⊙ star resembles those of relatively bright type IIP supernovae, whereas its photospheric velocity at early times is somewhat smaller. Its 56 Ni mass of 0.04 M⊙ also falls well into the range found in ordinary core collapse supernovae. The light curve and photospheric velocity of our 250 M⊙ models has a striking resemblance with that of the superluminous SN 2007bi, strengthening its interpretation as pair instability supernova. We conclude that pair instability supernovae may occur more frequently in the local universe than previously assumed.


Utilization and Comparison of Multi Attribute Decision Techniques to Rank Countries in Terms of Human Development Index

Hersh Soltan Panah
Assistant professor of Islamic Azad Univesity Sanandaj
Hiva Farughi
Member of Scientific Board of Kordestan University
Mahmood Golabi
MA in Management

Abstract
Human Development Index (HDI) that is reported by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) for countries across the world has been used as a useful tool for ranking countries in terms of human development. Since HDI is calculated from the arithmetic mean of amount of life expectancy at birth, education and GDP per capita indexes, with equally allocated weight, it has always faced criticisms by some scholars and policy makers. Therefore, in an attempt to eliminate some of the weakness associated with the index, this study utilizes Entropy and AHP techniques to obtain the relative weights of HDI constituents. SAW and TOPSIS techniques, as well as Numerical Taxonomy analysis are also used as a replacement for arithmetic average method for ranking countries in terms of human development range. Each of the above methods, due to their specific approach, has different results. Therefore, apart from statistical analysis for individual method, an aggregated approach is also employed to rank countries in terms of Human Development Index.

Keywords: Human development, HDI, Entropy, AHP, TOPSIS, Numerical Taxonomy


OF DISSERTATION A DESIGN PATHFINDER WITH MATERIAL CORRELATION POINTS FOR INFLATABLE SYSTEMS The incorporation of inflatable structures into aerospace systems can produce significant advantages in stowed volume to mechanical effectiveness and overall weight. Many applications of these ultra-lightweight systems are designed to precisely control internal or external surfaces, or both, to achieve desired performance. The modeling of these structures becomes complex due to the material nonlinearities inherent to the majority of construction materials used in inflatable structures. Furthermore, accurately modeling the response and behavior of the interfacing boundaries that are common to many inflatable systems will lead to better understanding of the entire class of structures. The research presented involved using nonlinear finite element simulations correlated with photogrammetry testing to develop a procedure for defining material properties for commercially available polyurethane-coated woven nylon fabric, which is representative of coated materials that have been proven materials for use in many inflatable systems. Further, the new material model was used to design and develop an inflatable pathfinder system which employs only internal pressure to control an assembly of internal membranes. This canonical inflatable system will be used for exploration and development of general understanding of efficient design methodology and analysis of future systems. Canonical structures are incorporated into the design of the phased pathfinder system to allow for more universal insight. Nonlinear finite element simulations were performed to evaluate the effect of various boundary conditions, loading configurations, and material orientations on the geometric precision of geometries representing typical internal/external surfaces commonly incorporated into inflatable pathfinder system. The response of the inflatable system to possible damage was also studied using nonlinear finite element simulations. Development of a correlated material model for analysis of the inflatable pathfinder system has improved the efficiency of design and analysis techniques of future inflatable structures.


In distance learning,course is the link combining learning and instruction,which are separated by physical distance and time.Curriculum development should include selection of the content,selection of learning media,interaction design,learning support and assessment.

Key words:
Distance learning; Course; Learning media; Interaction; Learning support


The studies in the catalysts for dehydroisomerization of n-butane are reviewed. The catalysts on studying can divide into two kinds: the transition metal bifunctional catalysts and the nitride, carbide and oxycarbide catalysts of transition metals. The pore structure requirement to the reaction of butane one-step dehydrogenation for the acidic supports of catalysts and the catalytic reaction mechanisms are described. The future development of the two kinds of catalysts is prospected.


Organizations create high-impact inventions when they combine disparate strands of technology in their corporate research and development. We theorize that when undertaking complex inventive search characterized by high breadth, i.e., drawing on multiple diverse technology components, an organization's propensity toward high-impact inventions depends on its stock of experience with recombining such components and on the focus of its inventive search. Building on learning transfer theory, we argue that the complexity and causal ambiguity of higher-breadth projects is such that experience with similar inventive search will be a poorer guide, comparatively reducing their inventive impact; however, this negative effect can be attenuated by the degree of focus of an organization's contemporaneous inventive search. Using a longitudinal data set of patents from the photographic imaging industry, we find support for our predictions.


Phase A vanadium dioxide [VO2(A)] films were irradiated by electron beams with different doses ranging from 1.2 × 1013-1.2 × 1015 /cm2 and at an energy of 1.0 MeV.The films before and after electron irradiation were tested by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope,a self-designed resistance temperature instrument and Fourier mid-infrared spectrum.The effects of irradiation doses on the structure,electricity and optics characteristics of the film were investigated.The results show that a 1.2 × 1013 cm-2 irradiation dose can induce point defects in the films.A 1.2 × 1015 cm-2 dose of irradiation can induce an annealing effect in the films.As the irradiation dose is increased,the resistance temperature coefficient of the film increases,the transition temperature can be altered,the width of the hysteretic cycle increases by almost 89.1%,the magnitude order of resistance before and after phase tran-sition increase,and the crystalline grains change through the following measurements: 31.8 nm→21.3 nm→20.3 nm→33.5 nm.The transmittance of semiconductor phase film below the transition temperature is affected by point defects,but the transmittance of metal phase film above the transition temperature is affected by the size of crystalline grains.


The rate-controlled constrained-equilibrium (RCCE) method for dimension reduction of combustion chemistry is revisited from a geometric viewpoint. A constrained equilibrium manifold (CEM) is defined as all compositions that satisfy the maximum-entropy or minimum-free energy conditions of the gas mixture, subject to specified constraints. The RCCE method is based solely on thermodynamics, and it is shown that this method contains a hidden assumption of an orthogonal projection that projects the rate equation of the chemical system onto the CEM. An extension of the RCCE method is constructed by making an alternative projection based on the conjecture that, near the CEM, there is a close parallel inertial manifold (CPIM). The CPIM assumption introduces the chemical kinetics directly through the local Jacobian and hence leads to greater accuracy than RCCE. The comparison between the RCCE method and its extension is made in the test calculations of hydrogen–air and methane–air autoignition.


This paper provides an overview of polar modulation transmitter solutions for 3G radios with different modulation formats. Conventional (linear Cartesian) transmitter architectures are summarized and some known realization inefficiencies are highlighted. Polar modulation is presented as an improved transmitter architecture and its implementation impairments are discussed. Finally, a single-chip GSM/EDGE transceiver solution is presented.


The way we live on our own is distinguished from those of the other countries while the society changes rapidly globalized with the flow. It is called housing culture when culture is discussed in dwelling, what contains living. With the beginning of building Mapo Apartment in 1962, apartment has become the most popular type of housing and currently is provided more than 50% of housing unit in Korea. Even though it has been criticized for a problem of standardization in its form and social issues, its provide increases in its number and its types become hilghly diversified in construction. Therefore the housing culture of apartment should be accepted as a characteristic of our society and it's time to find the identity of our housing culture and make a progress in it. Studies related to apartment are also increased in its number and diversified in its range. The purpose of this study is to go through the trend of studies related to apartment and to analyze subject and content changes according to politic, social and economic changes for the recent 10 years. The study would provide the basic research material related to apartment both to academic area and companies in the future.


A pulse delay more than ten times the pulse width was experimentally achieved in low-loss coupled cavity waveguides formed by 300 photonic crystal nanocavities.


Young people are, as a group, at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unwanted pregnancy and binge-drinking. The primary method of contraception that offers protection against both pregnancy and STI transmission is condoms. Whilst research examining the relationship between alcohol use and sexual behaviour suggests a complex association dependent on many factors, it is vital that interventions devised to encourage condom use are effective in binge-drinking populations. This feasibility study arose from a systematic review of the literature identifying the previous skills-based interventional work of Jemmott et al. (2005) as the most robust of its kind in the field. An adapted version of this skills-based intervention was put together using national resources for use with a university binge-drinking population in the UK. This feasibility study identified changes to practical condom skills, theoretical condom knowledge and skills, intentions to use condoms and condom use self-efficacy for the information-only group and skills-based group with tentative findings suggesting an increased retention of knowledge for the skills-based group in terms of theoretical knowledge and skills. Actual condom use was not found to have improved at follow-up 4–7 weeks post-intervention. These findings will be discussed here in terms of what they can tell us about the feasibility of running a powered trial, and a number of recommendations arising from the observed strengths and limitations of the current study and intervention content will be proposed.


Trains have been running on the Stuttgart S-Bahn since 1 October 1978. The network then consisted of 65 km of lines, but by 27 September 1981 had been extended to 133 km. Traffic has grown steadily over these first three years in operation and time keeping has been very good.


w x 1.1. This is a continuation of 13 in an effort to use algebraic group actions to study the representations of restricted Lie algebras of Cartan type. In this paper we study the representation theory of certain finite-diw x mensional Hopf algebras that arise from the construction in 13 . The representation theory of these Hopf algebras closely resembles the representation theory of Frobenius kernels of reductive algebraic groups in positive characteristics. Let G be a connected reductive algebraic group scheme over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p ) 0. It is well known that if F : G a G is the r th iteration of the Frobenius map and G s ker F , r r there is a chain of normal subgroup schemes G eG e ??? eG. In earlier 1 2 terminology this is equivalent to the existence of a chain of finite-dimenŽ . Ž . sional cocommutative Hopf algebras Dist G ; Dist G ; ??? ; 1 2 Ž . Ž . Dist G , where Dist G is known as the r th hyperalgebra of the distribur Ž . Ž . tion algebra Dist G of G. Let g be the Lie algebra of G and u g be its restricted universal enveloping algebra. There exists an isomorphism of


Generally, there is value (new information) in the ms on how MJO amplifies drought in western Canada. I have concerns around the following which the authors may want to attend to before final acceptance. 1. As pointed out in the comments, there are obvious lapses in spelling and writing which must be corrected. 2. Although the title of the ms refers to the Canadian Prairies, the reality is that it only covers Alberta and Saskatchewan (Figure 1). The Prairies include MB. It would also seem that coastal BC was affected most by the 2015 drought according to Figure 1 but does not enter into their discussion much. Why? 3. Structurally, a section under results (lines 131 to 141) are actually part of methods/study area. 4. The generation of a Rossby wave train (mechanism for delivery of drought conditions) is purely circumstantial from the