Based on the analysis of various types of environmental samples in the mining and smelter areas associated with the Khetri Cu and Zawar Pb-Zn deposits, it is concluded that zones of exploitation of all sulphide-bearing mineral deposits are potential areas of arsenic (As) contamination. Without identifying the source of As and various natural and anthropogenic concentrating mechanisms for As, such as natural scavenging of As by Fe–Mn hydroxides in sediments and industrial concentration of Cu, Pb and Zn along with the associated As in smelter operations, the pollution and health problems, as known in West Bengal and Bangladesh, cannot be suitably tackled. THE presence of arsenic in groundwater poses a threat to human health due to its toxic properties 1 . The World Health Organisation (WHO) 2 and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) 3 have set 10 ppb as the limit for arsenic (As) in drinking water. The problems of arsenic contamination of groundwater in West Bengal (India) 4–7 and Bangladesh 8–10 have been widely reported. In its geological occurrence, arsenic is found at high levels in primary sulfide minerals such as arsenopyrite (FeAsS), pyrite (FeS), pyrrhotite (Fe1–xS), orpiment (As2S3) and realgar (AsS) 11 . The estimated large arsenic deposits throughout the world are about 8.65 × 10 6 metric tones (t) 12 . In terms of origin, the hydrothermal volcanic/sedimentary arsenic constitutes 4.5 × 10 6 (t), followed by hydro-mesothermal arsenic 3.61 × 10 6 (t) and hydro-epithermal arsenic deposits 0.544 × 10 6 (t) 12 . The major period of arsenic deposits occurred in the world during carboniferous (about 65% of all As deposits) while at other geological times they are scattered in small quantities 12 . In addition to substituion in sulphide deposits, its ionic radius and valence allow arsenic to substitute in trace amounts for many elements in silicates such as glauconite and other rock-forming silicate minerals 11,13 . The chemical similarities of arsenate (H2AsO4 – ) and phosphate (H2PO4 – ) lead to anion solid solutions between minerals such as pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl and mimetite (Pb5(AsO4)3Cl (refs 11 and 14). Combining both primary minerals and trace substitution in other minerals, arsenic has an estimated average concentration of 1.5 µg/g in the upper crust 11,15 .


The introduction of new technology in the learning process leads to increased opportunities in its organization and involves a pedagogical search aimed at adapting this technology to the learning process of a particular subject. The article proposes a methodology of criteria-based assessment of educational achievements in mathematics based on the features of the content and activity component of the subject of mathematics. The peculiarity of this technology consists in the fact that students make up descriptors in the course of solving problems, which are used in formative and summative assessment later. Each descriptor is a step in the algorithm of solving the problem. An example of creating descriptors for the problem of finding the distance from a point to a plane is given, and alternative descriptors based on various ways and methods for solving the problem are considered. This approach promotes the involvement of students in the design of the assessment process. As a result, students develop a clear idea of the assessment criteria. This way the principle of openness is implemented, and the didactic effect of criteria-based assessment is enhanced.


We explore quantum search from the geometric viewpoint of a complex projective space $CP$, a space of rays. First, we show that the optimal quantum search can be geometrically identified with the shortest path along the geodesic joining a target state, an element of the computational basis, and such an initial state as overlaps equally, up to phases, with all the elements of the computational basis. Second, we calculate the entanglement through the algorithm for any number of qubits $n$ as the minimum Fubini-Study distance to the submanifold formed by separable states in Segre embedding, and find that entanglement is used almost maximally for large $n$. The computational time seems to be optimized by the dynamics as the geodesic, running across entangled states away from the submanifold of separable states, rather than the amount of entanglement itself.


Additional index words. Malus domestics, flowering, spur density, trunk cross-sectional area Abstract. Two-year-old branch sections of 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees growing on 17 rootstock were studied over 6 years to determine the effects of rootstock on shoot morphology and spur quality and describe how these factors may be related to precocity and productivity. Shoot length was affected by rootstock and was positively related to trunk cross-sectional area within each year, but the slope of the regression line decreased as trees matured. The number of spurs on a shoot was largely a product of shoot length. Spur density was inversely related to shoot length, where rootstock with longer shoots had lower spur densities. Flower density was not related to spur density, and shoot length only accounted for a minor part of the variation in flower density. The proportion of spurs that produced flowers was closely related to flower density, indicating that rootstock influence flower density by affecting the development of individual buds rather than by the production of more buds. More vigorous rootstock generally had spurs with larger individual leaves and higher total leaf area per spur, but fewer spur leaves with lower specific leaf weights. More precocious rootstock were also more productive over a 10-year period when yields were standardized for tree size. Tree size was the best indicator of precocity and productivity, which could be predicted with a high degree of certainty as early as the 4th year. Apple rootstock are used primarily for reducing tree size and increasing precocity and yield efficiency. Compared with widely spaced large trees, intensive plantings of small trees resulting from the use of dwarfing rootstock intercept more incident light, which is closely related to dry matter production (Jackson, 1980). Smaller trees generally have less internal shading. Shading in full-sized trees results in areas of the tree canopy characterized by low productivity and poor fruit quality (Ferree, 1989; Heinicke, 1964; Warrington et al., 1995). In addition to improved light interception and distribution, increased partitioning of photosynthates to fruit rather than wood also may contribute to the high yield efficiencies commonly observed with dwarfed trees (Forshey and McKee, 1970; Preston, 1958, 1968). For example, on 27-year-old trees, the ratio of crop to the weight of trunk and branches was 13.7 for trees growing on the dwarfing rootstock, M.9, while for those growing on the vigorous M. 16 the ratio was 4.7. Spur quality and shoot morphological attributes may be one way in which rootstock influence productivity. In the past, spur quality has been measured in terms of spur leaf number, leaf area, mean leaf size, leaf dry weight, specific leaf weight (SLW) and terminal bud diameter (Barritt et al., 1987; Ferree, 1989). Spur density (spurs/m) and the proportion of flowering spurs (flowering spurs/spur) have been used as descriptors of shoot morphology (Ketchie 1984; Warrington et al., 1990), but measurements of shoot length, spur number, flower number, flower density, and lateral shoots may enable a more complete characterization.


In this paper we are presenting the C++ Object Oriented Mechanics Library (OOML). The OOML is a WYGIWYM (what you get is what you mean) tool that allows the fast development of 3D objects for fabrication on a 3D Printer. Designing with a WYGIWYM paradigm help students to communicate and reason geometrically, by applying geometry in real-world settings, and by solving problems through the integrated study of number systems, geometry, algebra, data analysis, probability, and trigonometry. These designed objects can be converted to STL files. The STL file can be used in 3D printers for fast prototyping or with traditional mechanization processes. We have designed and evaluated with students the OOML. Results show that the OOML plus the 3D Printer boosts their creativity. As a non searched result, we have observed that OOML also helps students to understand better the Object Oriented Programming Paradigm.


This is perhaps one of the first books of its kind exclusively dealing with the design issues of hypersonic flight vehicles in great detail. The authors are wellknown experts in this area, having worked on several hypersonic projects for the European Space Agency, the German aerospace industry and its main research organisation (DLR). As a result, they have written an authoritative account of design problems based on first-hand experience. The book covers aerothermodynamic design problems of all categories of hypersonic flight vehicles – the winged re-entry vehicles (chapter 3), the winged airbreathing vehicles (chapter 4) and the non-winged reentry vehicles (chapter 5). The design problems of all three categories of vehicles are described by providing real world examples. The uses of CFD codes, wind tunnel testing and in-flight data in hypersonic vehicle design are very well illustrated. Chapters 3–5 are particularly useful and informative for practitioners, as well as advanced students who may be interested in learning about hypersonic vehicle design. The book assumes a knowledge of compressible flow, aerodynamic principles and a basic knowledge of CFD on the part of the reader. As the authors point out, this information is available in many standard texts on compressible flow and CFD. However, certain topics are not included in these books and the practitioner has to look for information elsewhere, which may not be easily possible. Therefore, the authors have included in chapter 2 an introduction to flight trajectories for aerothermodynamicists, in chapter 6 the description of stabilisation, trim, and control devices, and in chapter 7 the description of forces, moments, centre of pressure, trim and stability relevant to hypersonic vehicles. The inclusion of this wide range of topics in a single book will be very helpful to persons working in this area of aerospace design. Chapter 9 provides a discussion of the thermal state of a hypersonic vehicle, while chapter 10 covers the widely used geff approach and other approximate relations. Chapter 11 covers multidisciplinary design aspects. Appendices A–E are especially valuable; Appendix A provides the governing equations of aerothermodynamics in computable conservation law form; these equations are not easily available in standard CFD and compressible flow texts, while Appendix B provides detailed information and tables of the properties of the Earth's atmosphere that are needed by the designer. Appendices C–E cover the constants, units and their conversion; explanation of various symbols used; and glossary, abbreviations and acronyms, respectively. Each chapter has a comprehensive list of key references. At the end of the book, there is an excellent name index and subject index. Thus, the book provides a fairly complete set of information not easily available in a single textbook on hypersonic flow with a focus on design problems. Thus, it will serve as a valuable resource for the scientists/engineers interested in hypersonic flow and design of hypersonic flight vehicles. Chapters 2–8 of the book have a few problems based on the material covered in that chapter. It appears that the authors probably had in mind that the book could be used as a text for advanced graduate students and the problems could be assigned to the students. The problems are fairly straightforward. Paradoxically, the solutions are also given in the book in chapter 11. However, it appears unlikely to this reviewer that the book will be used as a required text in any university curriculum on hypersonic flow or hypersonic vehicle design. It certainly can be very valuable as a reference book for both advanced graduate students and industrial practitioners. The writing style is excellent although very compact and condensed; it assumes a great deal of familiarity with compressible flow aerodynamics and CFD on the part of the reader. On the whole, the authors should be very highly commended for such an undertaking and for producing a unique and much needed book dealing with aerothermodynamic problems of hypersonic flight vehicles.


Tourism is growing and diversifying in both of the world's Polar Regions. Unlike most othertourism destinations, the Polar Regions are remote, environmentally vulnerable and extreme regarding clima ...


Purpose – The purpose of this study is to compare the oxidative stability of non‐hydrogenated cottonseed oil with that of the partially hydrogenated oils commonly used as a deep‐fat frying medium by the restaurant industry when used to prepare French fries in order to reduce trans‐fatty acids.Design/methodology/approach – Stability characteristics of non‐hydrogenated cottonseed oil and two hydrogenated oils, canola and soybean, were evaluated in deep‐fat frying applications. French fries were analyzed for total polar compounds, and the oils were analyzed for iodine, peroxide, p‐anisidine and totox values, and free fatty acids.Findings – Canola and soybean oil had significantly lower iodine values than cottonseed oil. Free fatty acid values were not significantly different among the oils (0.256 per cent oleic acid). Initially cottonseed oil had higher peroxide, p‐anisidine, and totox values compared with canola and soybean oil. However, as days of frying increased, values trended closer together. Total pol...


Introduction. The article is connected with the importance of financial and legal analysis of the level of expediency and effectiveness of the use of external regulatory standards in the financial legislation of Russia as "global initiatives" in order to achieve standardization of monetary and financial regulation. It is noted that the process of introducing legislative initiatives into the financial law of the Russian Federation is subject to external influence through lobbying by self-regulatory and international financial organizations of global financial market standards. It is shown that external lobbying has not only positive, but also negative aspects that threaten the monetary and financial sovereignty of the state. Materials and methods. The most significant global codes of norms and principles of international financial organizations, the provisions of which are lobbied at the level of legislative initiative, are analyzed. Regulatory and analytical materials were used to assess the need for external influence of global financial standards on the legal norms of the Russian Federation in the field of monetary and financial regulation. The synergetic method in law, used by international organizations for the legal regulation of financial markets, is critically evaluated. Results. The lack of clear criteria for the responsible behavior of systemically important and other participants in financial markets in global standards was noted. There is abstract content of legally significant concepts of obligations and responsibilities in the global codes of the IMF, the Bank for International Settlements, the Council for Financial Stability on the principles of transparency of financial markets, on the set of principles of good faith behavior of participants in foreign exchange transactions, on the transparency of balances of payments, etc. Discussion and conclusions. The danger of external lobbying for "soft law" of financial markets lies in the fact that these norms are adopted without discussion at the UN level and without taking into account the interests of UN member states. Global financial standards threaten the monetary and financial sovereignty of states, creating a supranational monetary and financial structure of global regulation, bypassing the applicable law of national states. Not all global financial standards contribute to the development of the Russian financial sector in the context of a national economic growth strategy.


Four relations are defined the use of which allow a reliability network to be expressed as a mathematical statement. Series and active and standby redundancy connections are allowed. The possibility of requiring more than one of the active branches to be operative is included. At the very least the result allows for typing in place of drawing a network description.


Metaheuristic algorithms have been a very important topic in computer science since the start of evolutionary computing the Genetic Algorithms 1950s. By now these metaheuristic algorithms have become a very large family with successful applications in industry. A challenge which is always pondered on, is finding the suitable metaheuristic algorithm for a certain problem. The choice sometimes may have to be made after trying through many experiments or by the experiences of human experts. As each of the algorithms have their own strengths in solving different kinds of problems, in this paper we propose a framework of metaheuristic brick-up system. The flexibility of brick-up (like Lego) offers users to pick a collection of fundamental functions of metaheuristic algorithms that were known to perform well in the past. In order to verify this brickup concept, in this paper we propose to use the Monte Carlo method with upper confidence bounds applied to a decision tree in selecting appropriate functional pieces. This paper validates the basic concept and discusses the further works.


Medial thigh anatomic variations and proximity of obturator nerve branches to trocar path are important considerations when addressing groin pain associated with transobturator midurethral slings. Background Mesh resection for refractory pain after transobturator midurethral sling may require exploration of structures different than those involved in insertion. Our objective was to describe the muscular and neurovascular anatomy of the medial thigh compartment. Methods Dissections were performed in unembalmed female cadavers. Relationships of medial thigh structures were evaluated relative to the midpubic arch and obturator nerve. An out-to-in transobturator tape was passed in a subset of cadavers, and its relationships to the obturator nerve and adductor muscles were examined. Descriptive statistics were used for analyses. Results Sixteen cadavers were examined. The adductor longus muscle was a median of 37 mm (26–50) from the midpubic arch with tendon length of 26 mm (12–53) and width of 16 mm (14–29). The gracilis was 21 mm (17–26) from the midpubic arch with tendon length of 28 mm (15–56) and width of 45 mm (31–68). The obturator nerve was 58 mm (51–63) from the midpubic arch with width of 5 mm (4–7). No differences between measurements in the supine and lithotomy positions were noted. The transobturator tape was 42 mm (30–47) from the midpubic arch, 36 mm (30–44) from the obturator nerve, and 20 mm (5–31) from the closest obturator nerve branch. The transobturator sling passed through the gracilis muscle in all specimens with variable passage through the adductors longus (75%) and brevis (25%). Conclusions Familiarity with the medial thigh is essential for surgeons utilizing transobturator midurethral slings. Risks of mesh excision should be weighed against benefits before extensive thigh dissection for pain-related indications.


While both plasma arc and oxyfuel cutting systems have their places in the industrial environment, it is plasma that, in many ways, is becoming more popular.


The influence of biogenic surfactants rhamnolipids, trehalose lipids on the growth of legumes was investigated. Rhamnolipid surfactants product of biosynthesis of Pseudomonas sp. PS-17 strain were extracted by Folch mixture from the culture liquid supernatant and trehalose lipid surfactants from biomass of Rhodococcus erythropolis Aс50 strain. Вiocomplex PS, which is a mixture of rhamnolipids and polysaccharides was precipitated from culture liquid supernatantof Pseudomonas sp. PS-17 strain with acidification to pH 3. Seeds of alfalfa and winter vetch were treated before sowing with solutions of biosurfactants or with appropriate culture of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and were grown in vessels in the sand culture conditions. The influence of rhamnolipids and indoleacetic acid on rhizogenesis was set in the biotest with beans cuttings. The optimal concentration of biosurfactants (0.01 g/l) was determined for pre-sowing treatment of alfalfa and winter vetch seeds, which promoted the growth of their aboveground mass by 16-20%. It was shown that treatment of seeds by biosurfactants improved the efficiency of winter vetch seeds inoculation by biopreparation of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms: an aboveground plant mass increased by 34%. It was shown that soaking of beans cuttings in a mixture of biocomplex PS and indoleacetic acid increased the number of formed roots on 26.7% and their weight on 19.2% compared with the control which was indoleacetic acid. It was shown that biogenic surfactants (rhamnolipids, trehalose lipids) stimulated the growth of legumes (alfalfa, vetch), contributed to the increase of vegetative mass and stimulated the formation of symbiosis of winter vetch with bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. It was determined that one of the mechanisms of biosurfactant influence on the plant growth was improving the efficiency of phytohormones, including indole-3-acetic acid.


A robust method for asynchronous modulation recognition without a priori knowledge about modulation and transmission parameters is proposed. The generated features are based on modulation dependent spectral lines observed in the estimated spectra of m-th law transformations of the received signal. A twofold robust normalisation scheme is introduced, which is adequate to build significant feature vectors for linear and nonlinear (FSK) digital modulation types. The series of spectral line occurrences is mapped by a vector quantiser to a series of discrete states. Following this the feature vectors are classified using separate hidden-Markov models (HMM) for each modulation type. The classification results for the modulation types ASK, BPSK, QPSK, 2FSK, MSK and CW, obtained from computer simulations, prove the robustness of the classifier. Furthermore, it clearly outperforms a decision-tree based classifier.


Choose and implement of Cleaner Production plan decide benefit of cleaner production audit.Be basis on cleaner production of thermal power plant,analyzed factor of cleaner production audit for thermal power plan.The author point out principle and method in thermal power plant of cleaner production audit in order offer to availability assist for cleaner production audit of thermal plant.


Abstract A simple, efficient, and environmentally benign method has been developed for the exclusive formation of synthetically significant 1H-benzotriazol-1-ylalkylphenols from hydroxybenzyl alcohols and benzotriazole. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


This research study investigated the self purification capacity of Ona River due to wastewater effluent discharge from manufacturing industries and households in Oluyole area, Oyo state, Ibadan. Nigeria. Water samples were collected and flow rates measured at a length of 950 m along the river and depth of between 0.6 – 1.2 m. Twenty sampling stations were used (S1-S20) at 50 m intervals. Physico-chemical parameters (Chemical Oxygen Denab (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Soluble Solids (TSS), Total solids (TS), Exchangeable cations (EC), and pH) were determined using standard procedures. Discharge was measured using current meter and measuring tape. Time of travel of river, de-oxygenation and re-aeration constants per day of river Ona were also calculated. Results showed maximum and minimum discharge of 15.43 and 2.57m3/s respectively along the stream. Upstream and point of wastewater discharge had BOD and DO values of 33.0, 7.31 and 914.0, 4.21 mg/L respectively. The de-oxygenation constant, re-aeration constant and autopurification factor of Ona river indicated that the river is a swift stream. A predicted critical DO deficit of 8.01 mg/L was calculated while the measured DO deficit was 3.61 mg/l occurring at the point of discharge (S7). The river Ona was able to purify comparatively the pollution load discharged into it.


In platelets the presence of basic subunit proteins of microtubules as well as microfilaments has been verified a long time ago and it was also shown that both of these cytoskeletal systems go through a tremendous reorganization during the activation process. Surprisingly, none of the components of intermediate filaments has so far been identified in these cells, perhaps because platelets were considered too motile to have intermediate filaments, the most static structures among the three major cytoskeletal systems. By using two different monoclonal antibodies (II C4 and II D8) here we attempted to establish if vimen-tin, an intermediate filament subunit protein present in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture and in certain fully differentiated cells also exists in human platelets The IgM type antibodies were characterized by various immuno-morphological and immunobiochemical techniques. They labelled selectively colcemid-sensitive filamentous structures in fibroblasts, in endothelial cells and in vascular but not myometrium smooth muscle and were shown to be monospecific against epitopes on vimentin in fibroblast homogenate. When whole platelet homogenate was submitted to high resolution gradient SDS PAGE and then electroblotted to nitrocellulose sheet, both antibodies reacted with a single protein band of 55 kD that comigrated with fibroblast vimentin. By immunofluorescence microscopy an annular ring-like structure was stained for vimentin that suggests a membran skeletal role for this protein. During pseu-dopode formation a redistribution of vimentin could be observed. Parallel with the disappearance of ring-like structures vimentin appears in pseudopodia suggesting that like in the case of other filamentous systems platelet activation induces a structural reorganization of the intermediate filaments, as well.


Significance Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) has an immunodeficiency component and, in addition, an autoinflammatory component in which autophagy and inflammasome activation are linked and amenable to IL-1 blockade. This study provides a rationale to perform clinical trials to investigate the efficacy of blocking IL-1 in CGD colitis and expands the therapeutic potential of IL-1 antagonists to inflammatory diseases with defective autophagy. Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have a mutated NADPH complex resulting in defective production of reactive oxygen species; these patients can develop severe colitis and are highly susceptible to invasive fungal infection. In NADPH oxidase-deficient mice, autophagy is defective but inflammasome activation is present despite lack of reactive oxygen species production. However, whether these processes are mutually regulated in CGD and whether defective autophagy is clinically relevant in patients with CGD is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that macrophages from CGD mice and blood monocytes from CGD patients display minimal recruitment of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) to phagosomes. This defect in autophagy results in increased IL-1β release. Blocking IL-1 with the receptor antagonist (anakinra) decreases neutrophil recruitment and T helper 17 responses and protects CGD mice from colitis and also from invasive aspergillosis. In addition to decreased inflammasome activation, anakinra restored autophagy in CGD mice in vivo, with increased Aspergillus-induced LC3 recruitment and increased expression of autophagy genes. Anakinra also increased Aspergillus-induced LC3 recruitment from 23% to 51% (P < 0.01) in vitro in monocytes from CGD patients. The clinical relevance of these findings was assessed by treating CGD patients who had severe colitis with IL-1 receptor blockade using anakinra. Anakinra treatment resulted in a rapid and sustained improvement in colitis. Thus, inflammation in CGD is due to IL-1–dependent mechanisms, such as decreased autophagy and increased inflammasome activation, which are linked pathological conditions in CGD that can be restored by IL-1 receptor blockade.


In this paper, Physics Informed Neural Network (PINN) is explored in order to obtain flow predictions near the wall region accurately with measurements (or sampling points) away from the wall. Often, in fluid mechanics experiments, it is difficult to perform velocity measurements near the wall accurately. Therefore, the present study reveals a new and elegant approach to recover the flow solutions near the wall. Laminar boundary layer flow over a flat plate case is considered for this study in order to explore the ability of PINN to accurately predict the flow field. All the required sampling data for this study is obtained from CFD simulations. A wide range of Reynolds number cases from Re=500 to 100000 has been investigated. First, using PINN, the boundary layer solution is obtained with three different types of boundary conditions. Further, the influence of the location of the sampling points on the accuracy is analysed. From the velocity profiles and the skin friction coefficient distribution, it is clear that PINN results are reasonably accurate near the wall with only a few sampling points away from the wall. This approach has potential application in experiments to obtain the near wall solutions accurately with measurements away from the wall.


The parallel hybrid modular multilevel converter (PHMMC) is gaining more popularity for HVDC applications due to lower losses and requirement of small sub-module (SM) capacitor. However, PHMMC suffers from fixed modulation index (MI), large dc side voltage ripples and inability to act against dc faults. A novel hybrid phase converter (HPC) topology is presented in this paper to eliminate the aforementioned limitations of PHMMC. The proposed HPC not only has wide MI range but is also tolerant to dc faults. The dc side voltage ripples of the HPC can be minimized by using the proposed modified control method, which excludes the requirement of dc inductor. A new control method is also proposed to maintain the SMs capacitor voltage. DC fault analysis is also carried out to substantiate the fault blocking capability of HPC. Component level models are developed in PSCAD to validate the working of the proposed HPC and its controller. SM capacitor size is determined analytically, which proves that the HPC requires lower capacitive energy storage per unit apparent power and consequently has lower footprint.


For observation of low frequency gravitational radiation bursts arising from the collapse of galactic nuclei or the formation of black holes in the pre-galactic era of the universe, self-excited electromagnetic oscillators are required which possess a relative frequency instability of less than 1.10-''. The instability can be reduced by coupling the oscillator to a high Q cavity which is thermally stabilized at a temperature below 4°K. An expression for the lowest frequency instability at an optimal power can be obtained by taking into account the thermodynamic fluctuations of the cavity, the shot thermal effect, the shot ponderomotive effect, and also purely quantum self-oscillation fluctuations. Numerical estimates indicate that a relative instability level of 1.10-20 can be attained.


This study firstly aims to investigate the relationship between cultural identity and social integration. Also, to examine any potential variables related to cultural identity and social integration such as age, gender, residency, period of residency, education, wife nationality, income, getting German nationality and getting back the original nationality. The study based on a sample size of (138) respondents from the Arab community living in Germany during the summer of 2011. The researchers developed a questionnaire to measure the attitudes of Arab community towards cultural identity and social integration. The results showed that there was a positive significant relationship between cultural identity and social integration. The results also found that there were no significant differences in all independent variables according to cultural identity. In relation to social integration, the differences were significant regarding income, getting German nationality and getting back the original nationally after obtaining German passport. The significant were favoring for high income, getting German nationality and favoring for those did not get back their original nationality. Key words: Cultural identity; Social integration; Arab community in Germany Resume Cette etude vise d'abord a etudier la relation entre l'identite culturelle et l'integration sociale. En outre, d'examiner toutes les variables potentielles liees a l'identite culturelle et l'integration sociale, comme l'âge, le sexe, la residence, la periode de residence, l'education, la nationalite femme, le revenu, obtenir la nationalite allemande et reprendre la nationalite d'origine. L'etude basee sur un echantillon de (138) des repondants de la communaute arabe vivant en Allemagne pendant l'ete de 2011. Les chercheurs ont elabore un questionnaire pour mesurer les attitudes de la communaute arabe vers l'identite culturelle et l'integration sociale. Les resultats ont montre qu'il y avait une relation positive significative entre l'identite culturelle et l'integration sociale. Les resultats ont egalement constate qu'il n'y avait pas de differences significatives dans toutes les variables independantes en fonction de l'identite culturelle. En ce qui concerne l'integration sociale, les differences etaient significatives en ce qui concerne le revenu, obtenir la nationalite allemande et reprendre l'original a l'echelle nationale apres l'obtention de passeport allemand. Le significatives ont ete favorisant pour un revenu eleve, se nationalite allemande et de favoriser pour ceux ne pas recuperer leur nationalite d'origine. Mots cles: Identite culturelle; L'integration sociale; La communaute Arabe en Allemagne


Prior to shutdown of its EAF melt shop, Caparo Steel developed a white slag tapping practice to improve desulfurization and, hence, steel quality. Final sulfur levels of a maximum of 0.01 weight percent were achieved.


A representative collection of spinel lherzolite xenoliths in Cenozoic basalts from the Baikal Rift (Khamar-Daban Range, Vitim Plateau, and Udokan Plateau), Tien Shan, Bohemian Massif, Pannonian Basin, Catalonia, central and southeastern Spain, Canary Islands, and Lanzarote Island was studied to compare the chemical and isotopic-geochemical composition of the mantle beneath these territories. Comparison of the He signatures, considered together with data on the whole-rock compositions and REE patterns of the samples, reveals variable degrees of lherzolite mantle depletion due to both its original composition and variations in the degree of its partial melting. Another real process is mixing of two reservoirs caused by mantle convection, for example, mixing of a plume component plus subducted lithosphere material. Chemical geodynamics offers various variants of mixing based on studying the isotopic composition not only of the He–Ar and Nd–Sr systems but also of the Pb, Hf, and Os, although realistic implications for chemical geodynamics can be obtained only from the former two systems. This is the e-book version of the article, published in the Russian Journal of Earth Sciences (doi:10.2205/2015ES000546). It is generated from the original source file using LaTeX's epub.cls class.


A camera module package is provided to fix a via hole of a flexible printed circuit board to a bump of an image sensor by one to one matching directly, thereby improving degree of freedom in a circuit design of the flexible printed circuit board and releasing limitation of via hole punching space by reducing a size of the circuit board and the image sensor. A camera module package comprises the following: an image sensor(21) where multiple bumps are formed outside and a light accepting unit is installed in the middle part of an upper surface; a flexible printed circuit board(25) closely connected by a flip chip in the upper surface of the image sensor and have punched multiple via holes(27) to closely connect a joining part; and an optical unit which is composed of a housing mounted on the upper surface of the flexible printed circuit board and a lens barrel connected by a screw in the center of an upper part.


Numerous surveys have shown us that the most widespread, persistent category of such beliefs is in supernatural beings—in gods, ghosts, and suchlike. A sufficient explanation for this phenomenon is critical for several reasons. It is necessary to counter the ―So many believe, therefore there must be something in it‖ argument. It can guide us strategically in our quest to enable more people to hold beliefs that are evidence-based and are therefore more likely to correspond to the realities that the Enlightenment and the scientific process have revealed to us.


Correspondence to Byeong-Bae Park, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea Tel: +82-2-2290-8335, Fax: +82-2-2298-9183, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Copyrightc 2015 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 최근 개발된 B-세포 림프종의 치료 약제


Routine SEM examination of a previously neglected part of the Wealden succession in the borehole at Kingsclere, Southern England, has revealed a very well preserved set of specimens, in a single sample (KCE 777), of a type of early pollen grain only known hitherto from isolated grains. This tectate-columellate monosulcate pollen with sharply segmented muri and sturdy columellae is the earliest known with generally accepted angiospermid characters, and appears to be of Cretaceous Hauterivian age. The nature of the simple tectate pattern over the aperture suggests a style of pollen development to bear in mind when searching for even earlier pollen of this group.


Human urine and particularly rat urine tend to precipitate following collection and/or storage. This precipitation was found to be a function of temperature, was not easily redissolved by dilution, and significantly reduced the concentration of certain cations in solution. We have therefore established methods for contamination-free preparations of rat and human urine samples that maintain all cations fully soluble for accurate analysis. Human urine is diluted (1 + 1) with 0.22 mol dm–3 nitric acid, warmed to 40 °C and then equilibrated to room temperature. Rat urine samples are diluted (1 + 1 + 1) with 30% m/v hydrogen peroxide and 10 mol dm–3 nitric acid, incubated at 40 °C (72 h), further diluted with half the original quantities of peroxide and acid, and again incubated at 40 °C (72 h) before dilution.


and [16] provide the notation and terminology for this paper. For simplicity, we adopt the following convention: E denotes a compact non vertical non horizontal subset of E 2 T , C denotes a compact connected non vertical non horizontal subset of E 2 T , G denotes a Go-board, i, j, m, n denote natural numbers, and p denotes a point of E 2 T. Let us observe that every simple closed curve is non vertical and non horizontal. Let T be a non empty topological space. Note that there exists a union of components of T which is non empty. Next we state a number of propositions: (1) Let T be a non empty topological space and A be a non empty union of components of T. If A is connected, then A is a component of T. (2) For every finite sequence f holds f is empty iff Rev(f) is empty. (3) Let D be a non empty set, f be a finite sequence of elements of D, and given i, j. If 1 ≤ i and i ≤ len f and 1 ≤ j and j ≤ len f, then mid(f, i, j) is non empty. (4) Let f be a non empty finite sequence of elements of E 2 T and p be a point of E 2 T. If 1 ≤ len f and p ∈ L(f), then (f, p)(1) = f (1). (5) Let f be a non empty finite sequence of elements of E 2 T and p be a point of E 2 T. If f is a special sequence and p ∈ L(f), then (p, f)(len p, f) = f (len f). (6) For every simple closed curve P holds W-max P = E-max P. (7) Let D be a non empty set and f be a finite sequence of elements of D. If 1 ≤ i and (8) For all points p, q of E 2 T such that p = q and L(p, q) is vertical holds p, q is a special sequence. (9) For all points p, q of E 2 T such that p = q and L(p, q) is horizontal holds p, q is a special sequence.


On-line parameter estimation over a wireless network based on sliding modes for a high fidelity simulation of a four engine transport aircraft is described in this paper. An approach using a sliding mode observer involving a second-order sliding mode `super-twisting' injection signal to estimate changes in the drag coefficient is proposed. A peer-to-peer wireless network is considered in which one of the computers generates data from a high fidelity four engine transport air-craft model in real-time, which represents a `virtual transport aircraft', and the other computer processes each data package to carry out on-line estimation of the drag coefficient.


A well-known Luenburger observer and two sliding mode observers (SMO) for battery state of charge (SOC) estimation based on an improved battery equivalent circuit are presented. The comparison of their SOC estimation results is discussed. The testing data under different discharge current profiles generated by DUALFOIL battery simulation program are used to extract the circuit model parameters and verify the effectiveness of the observers for the SOC estimation. It shows that two sliding mode based SOC observers have robust tracking performance and provide more accurate SOC estimation in electric vehicle driving conditions.


[Scholars like Alvin Toffler have indicated that the world is in a transition from the industrial age to knowledge age. How does this impact on the Great power system? That great powers posses lead in military, economic, and technological capabilities is well known. The concept of knowledge age does not really give a clear picture of the impact of the transition. This would be best understood as to how this transition impacts on national power of nations. Primarily the technological transition can be seen as Aerospace power, and hence, the 21st century is seen as aerospace age. This emanates from a fusion of four core sectors of technology aviation, space, communication, and computers. This combination will drive not only military power, but also the whole gamut of IT and knowledge industries, and through it the economies of the world. Quite obviously, great powers of 21st century will have to be leading aerospace powers. In this context, we can assess emerging powers like China and India from the perspective of their aerospace capabilities and thus, their ability to challenge technological superiority of the existing great powers. Can aerospace capability become a measure of the gap between the great powers and the emerging powers?]


This paper demonstrates that the lecture method if appropriately used could be an effective teaching method. It is for this reason that it has served the educative purpose for centuries. It defines the lecture method, and examines the factors that have contributed to its enduring usage. The inappropriate use of the lectures is discussed. Then the appropriate use of the lecture is demonstrated. Finally, a conclusion is drawn showing that there are more advantages than disadvantages in using the lecture method in higher education.


The Collection of Lithuanian Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases built by the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore in Vilnius is the largest compilation of this kind, presenting a thorough view of the corpus of Lithuanian traditional paremias. Including new proverbial phrases, although on a reasonably small scale, it provides data about continuity and changes of proverb usage as well. The larger part of the Collection consists of archival data, which is paremias collected mostly from the Lithuanian Folklore Archive (LTR) and Lithuanian Scientific Society's Archive (LMD), with the oldest archive collections dating back to the 19th century. These texts are mainly samples of the spoken language and dialects. Their immense quantity is a distinguishing feature of the Collection. Another large part of this assemblage of Lithuanian paremias consists of texts collected from written sources ranging from archaic to modern examples of literature. It is worth mentioning that there are around 1,500 proverbs from the period of the 16th to the 18th centuries.1 The collection is accessible through three resources: the Card Index, the Publication "Lithuanian Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases" (LPP), and The Electronic Compilation of Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases (eLPP). The Card Index was the first organized and systematized resource of Lithuanian paremias and served as the foundation for LPP and eLPP. The Card Index was created in 1970–1990 following the initiative of the famed Lithuanian paremiologist Kazys


First of all, the authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience regarding the misleading errors that occurred in the paper. [...]


OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) directly inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs.

DESIGN
Prospective, longitudinal study.

SETTING
University research laboratory.

SUBJECTS
Six mongrel dogs in vivo.

INTERVENTIONS
The left thorax of anesthetized and ventilated dogs was opened and the left lower lobe was separately ventilated. The tip of the thermodilution pulmonary artery catheter was introduced into the left lower lobe pulmonary artery. The left lower lobe was ventilated with hyperoxic (95% oxygen and 5% CO2) or hypoxic (95% nitrogen and 5% CO2) gas. By manipulating the occluders placed on both pulmonary arteries, blood flow in the left lower lobe was regulated. Continuous pressure-flow plots for the left lower lobe were then obtained.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Measurements included continuous pressure-flow plot generation, thermodilution cardiac output and blood flow in the left lower lobe, and blood gas analysis. Alveolar hypoxia of the left lower lobe caused blood flow in the left lower lobe to decrease from 371.8 +/- 63.4 to 95.0 +/- 23.4 mL/min and shifted the pressure-flow plot to the right, with a decreased slope and with an increase in the pressure-axis intercept. Subsequently, systemic venous infusion of PGE1 at a rate of 0.3 microg/kg/min had no effect on the pressure-flow plot configuration, blood flow in the left lower lobe, pulmonary vascular resistance, systemic vascular resistance, and PaO2. However, there was a decrease in the pressure-axis intercept of the pressure-flow plot. Infusion of PGE1 at a rate of 3.0 microg/kg/min (high-dose) during hypoxia reduced pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic vascular resistance by 19% and 25%, respectively, and returned the pressure-flow plot toward normal while blood flow in the left lower lobe increased to 122.6 +/- 21.0 mL/min. Consequently, PaO2 decreased from 270 +/- 31 to 144 +/- 32 torr (36.0 +/- 4.1 to 19.2 +/- 4.3 kPa).

CONCLUSION
High-dose PGE1 essentially inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, at the expense of a deterioration in pulmonary gas exchange and systemic blood pressure in dogs.


This paper makes a brief analysis of education in general and of agricultural profile in particular, and highlights existing problems, and the ways to improve them, in order to increase performances in agriculture. The economic development of a country requires transformations qualitative, quantitative and structural, both in economy and how people think. Therefore, there can be no economic development without fulfilling social conditions without changing the institutional framework, without research and education, without technical progress. On Measure the economic development, educational institutions suffer changes of functions, adapting to specific needs of the moment. In traditional societies, education refers to the transmission and reception of knowledge, to the formation of a public opinion, to maintain a broad social consensus. In modern society, the educational institution acquires a special importance, which can be regarded as recruitment agent and the distribution of individuals or group of individuals to different economic roles or positions within the social structure. Because of this, both in developed countries as well as in emerging the education became a variable of profound influence on progress of human society by facilitating economic development.


(57) Abstract: synthetic antigen comprising a hydrophobic component and a hydrophilic component, is provided to induce the CD-1 restricted (T) cell responses in a mammal. These antigens, and CD1 recognition synthetic antigen which induces an immune response, methods of using the compositions in combination further antigens, adjuvants and other substrates are further provided.


Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell is one of pulp woods that is being developed through breeding plantation programs in Indonesia. The research aimed at exploring the chemical and morphological characteristics of fiber, and to determine the rank of plus trees from 4 provenances based on the suitability for pulps. The materials included the plus trees of E. pellita (9 years) from the 2nd generation of progeny tests in Pelaihari, South Borneo. Wood properties under investigation included the chemical properties and morphological fiber characteristics (fiber dimensions and its derived properties). In the present study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Pearson`s correlation. Results showed that the chemical properties of E. pellita, i.e. the contents of ethanol-toluene extractives, hot water soluble extractives, holocellulose, alphacelullose, and lignin were , , , , and , respectively. The average values of wood fiber morphology were mm (fiber length), (fiber diameter), of (lumen diameter), (fiber wall thickness), (Runkel ratio), (Luce`s shape factor), (slenderness ratio) and (solids factor). The AHP scoring rank indicated that the best individuals were 22.214.171.124 (Kiriwo Utara), 126.96.36.199 (North Kiriwo), 184.108.40.206 (Serisa Village), 22.214.171.124 (South Kiriwo), and 18.104.22.168 (South Kiriwo). Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between the levels of fiber length with alpha-cellulose content (r


Abstract The effect of beaver, Castor canadensis (Kuhl), on an eastern brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), population was studied in the vicinity of five beaver dams in the headwaters of Sunkhaze Stream. The beaver dams were found to present a serious obstacle to trout movements but they were not a complete barrier. Estimated unit-area production of bottom organisms was poor in the beaver ponds but the beaver had so increased the bottom area that total production of the stream section was probably more than doubled. Forage fishes appeared to be somewhat more abundant in the beaver ponds than in the open stream and constituted an unexpectedly high percentage of the food of 6- to 10-inch brook trout taken in the ponds. Measurable but not serious water-quality reduction was found in and below the beaver ponds.


SLTBR is an international, not-for-profit society dedicated to fostering research, professional development, and clinical applications in the fields of light therapy and biological rhythms. (includes a list of corporate members that manufacture and distribute light devices) Includes FAQ (frequently asked questions) about SAD.


Cases of supernuiimerary digits of ordinary types are frequently observed. Of the type I present I can find no record. A well known teacher of anatomy in London, after examiniing the photograph, stated that he had not seen nor heard of such a case as this. The child (No 179, Lampman Union Hospital, 1926), in all other respects normal, was born of Canadian parents. Both families disclaimed a history of abnormal structur es, but I have learned that a child of the father's brother has a supernumerary digit.


STUDIES ON HARDNESS OF SEEDS OF POMEGRANATE(Punica granatum L.) Cv. MUSKAT by Keshav Hari Pujari MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) Research Guide Dr. D.A. Rane Department Horticulture Major Field Pomology The present investigation "Studies on hardness of seeds of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cv. Muskat" was carried out in the seedling-originated orchards of Digraj hill of the Department of Horticulture, Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri, during the 'Ambebahar' flowering season of the year 1982 with a view to find out the probable causes of seed hardness in this important local cultivar i.e. Muskat of this region. For anatomical, histo-chemical, chemical and hardness studies, plants of soft, semi-hard and hard seeded types were selected on the basis of standard hardness test. The anatomical study revealed that there was no much difference in the structure and in the radial length of the mesotesta and the sarcotesta of the soft and the hard seeds of pomegranate fruit except in the thickening of the cell walls of the mesotesta. In soft seeds, thick walled sclerotic cells were observed near the tegmen only, while in the hard seeds, the cells of entire mesotesta with the exception of a few cells near the sarcotesta were thickened. Histochemical study showed that the lignin deposition started from 30 to 45 days (after anthesis) onwards and increased as seed matured, whereas at the initial stages, it contained hemicellulose and cellulose. Seed hardness_increased up to the maturity and slightly declined at the ripening (harvesting) ""stageT" There was significant positive correlation between seed hardness and the lignin content of the seed. In general, it can be concluded that the thick walled sclerotic and lignified cells of mesotesta are responsible for hardening of the seed of pomegranate fruit. The lignin has direct effect on seed hardness since the seed hardness increased as the lignin deposition increased.


The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the extent to which the orientation of objects drawn in side view is a function of culture, age, and manual dominance. Right-handed French and Syrian children aged between 6 and 10 years and right-handed adults from the same cultural groups were asked to produce side views of faces, vehicles (car and airplane), self-centered tools with a handle (mug and toothbrush), object-centered tools with a handle (jug and hammer), and animals (dog and fish) using their dominant and nondominant hands. The French participants exhibited a leftward directional bias, whereas their Syrian counterparts displayed a rightward bias. However, no differences between the two cultural groups were observed in the 6-year-olds, who did not present any systematic directional bias in their drawings. Furthermore, regardless of culture, the children did not modify the orientation of the objects in their drawings as a function of the hand used, whereas the hand effect was strong in adults. Finally, despite their directional bias toward the right, the Syrian participants tended to draw the self- and object-centered tools facing leftward. These results are discussed with reference to the current literature on this topic.


In cloud computing, frequent addition and removal of virtual machines (VMs) can cause the resource waste or load imbalance among physical machines (PMs). Replacement of VMs to appropriate PMs needs to be performed periodically, which is called VM migration (VMM). The exist VMM methods mainly aim at optimizing resource utilization for cloud providers, but they neglect the VM performance, which may affect user experience. In contract to existing VMM methods, this paper proposes a Performance-Guaranteed Virtual Machine Migration Strategy (PGVMM) from users' perspectives, which tries to guarantee VM performance for users. First, we study the relationship between the PM workload and the VM performance to improve our previous VM performance model, which can offer help to the following VMM. Second, we take the VM performance and migration cost into account to formulate the VMM as an optimization problem, which tries to guarantee VMs performance with the least migration cost. Third, we propose a dual-threshold greedy-based algorithm to solve the VMM problem efficiently. Then some experiments are conducted to evaluate our algorithm. The results also prove the efficiency of the proposed method.


WITHIN THIS paper discussion will centre upon the application of Article 53 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.1 Specifically, it will concentrate upon the application of the "interest of justice" provision, which appears under Article 53(1) and (2). It will be shown that this provision, which deals with the Prosecutor's discretion when considering whether to instigate both investigations or prosecutions, is grossly inadequate for application within the International Criminal Court (ICC). In addition to this central argument it will be shown that the application of "interests of justice" under the two provisions of Article 53 differ substantially, allowing for greater scope and discretion under Article 53(1)(c) than under Article 53(2)(c). Article 53 borrows heavily from analogous domestic regimes and as such this paper will conduct a comparative analysis with the prosecutorial system of England and Wales. From this analogy it will be seen that the terms "interests of justice" (under Article 53(2)(c) of the Rome Statute) and "public interest" (under the Code for Crown Prosecutor) appear to be synonymous with one another. However, due to the differentiation in wording between Article 53(1)(c) and (2)(c) it will be shown that the domestic "public interest" while hugely insightful as to the scope of the (2)(c) provision is significantly less enlightening in relation to the use of "interests of justice" under Article 53(1)(c). Furthermore, it will be argued that the restrictions in operation under the domestic "public interest" and the "interests of justice" under Article 53(2)(c) while being appropriate for application within a domestic system are entirely inappropriate for application within an international regime. I will contend that the Prosecutor for the ICC must be availed of greater authority to consider the wider "interests of justice" that any one situation may give rise to. In other words, the freedom given to the Prosecutor under Article 53(1)(c) must at least be applied to the application of the term under Article 53(2)(c). Notwithstanding the wider scope of Article 53(1)(c) this author nonetheless advocates the expansion of the "interests of justice" consid-


A general strategy for designing stable hypercarbon CB62−-based cluster-assembled compounds CpM(CB6)q− (M = Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, and Ca) is proposed. This approach takes advantage of (1) the extra stability of a rigid organic aromatic Cp− deck, (2) the electrostatic interactions, (3) charge transfer based on orbital interaction, and (4) the good electronic match between the CB62− and CpM fragments. The nature and origin of various sandwich-type interactions and the requirements and technologies of the sandwiching decks' assembly and stabilization are generally classified and comprehensively revealed. The quite crucial to perform fusion stability investigation is performed by comprehensive thermodynamic stability calculations. The electrostatic and orbital interactions and charge transfer in our designed hypercarbon complexes CpM(CB6)q− are revealed by detailed NBO analysis, orbital characterization, and frontier molecular orbital theory. Detailed analysis and comparison of the intrinsic difference of cluste...


The objective of this study was to evaluate the body height of individuals with the dental analysis by using of the Carrea's and the modified methods. Fifty students had been selected and were submitted to the anthropometric measure and impression of the lower arch, which was applied the Carrea's formulas for Carrea's method with pachymetry and scale and modified method with scale and compass. Central and lateral mandibular incisors and canine were measured on right and left side. It was verified that in the Carrea's method, the correct stature coincided with the interval between the minimum and maximum statures in 36.0% for right side and 48.0% for the left, while the modified method presented 96.0% of coincidence for both sides. Concludes that the modified method presented greater effectiveness when esteem the stature of the individuals when compared with the Carrea's method.


In this paper, as a case of design of fender piles for a home in Wuhan, based on theortical analysis and the field observations, fender piles design method has introduced.


North America, but also that the documentation for that exodus can be uncovered with sufficient imagination and enterprise. As Thomas points out in an interesting first chapter dealing with his research, the task of finding documentation was not an easy one. Nevertheless, 'New Cambria' in Nova Scotia and 'Cardigan' in New Brunswick now join Prince Madoc, William Vaughan, a few gentry families (chiefly the Owen and Harris clans), gold miners in British Columbia, and the Patagonia Welsh in Saskatchewan as high points of Welsh visibility in the Canadian experience. All we need to do now is to fill in the valleys between these peaks, obviously a major assignment. Thomas deals with a relatively limited time span in terms of immigration, although he follows his newcomers into acculturation in the Canadian environment. His period is the decade after Waterloo, a time of agricultural depression and bad crops throughout he British Isles. The parallels with the south of Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland are manifold, although Thomas does not draw them at length. Economic problems at home were combined with the emergence of a Welsh timber trade to British North America, especially New Brunswick, and shipowners (particularly the Davies family) found emigrant contracting a useful way to fill holds that would otherwise make the transatlantic passage in ballast. Many of the problems in the New World faced by the Welsh small farmers who signed up with the contractors were typical of British immigrants of the time; for example, the limited sense of responsibility felt for their passengers by the shippers after arrival in port. The newcomers were literally dumped off the vessel and left to make their own way in the new land. That these early Welsh found official and unofficial assistance within the Maritimes is largely a factor of the extent to which the eastern provinces wanted 'decent' settlers, a category in which the Welsh were considered to fall. Success certainly owed nothing to the contractors themselves.


A large part of the genome is repressed in animal cells. This expression profile is set up during early developmentthroughanumberofdifferentmechanisms,includingsite-specificrepressioncomplexesandglobal DNA methylation which probably work by generating inaccessible chromatin structures. This overall pattern is thenlargelymaintainedthroughoutdevelopment.Earlylineagecommitmentisassociatedwiththeturningoffof pluripotency genes through programmed heterochromatinization, with DNA methylation providing long-term stability and inhibiting somatic cell reprogramming.


The present invention is a component mounting machine which is provided with a substrate transport device, a component supply device, a component transfer device having a mounting head and a head drive mechanism, and a mounting order control device, and which partitions an elongated substrate of a length exceeding a mounting station into a plurality of mounting areas, and sequentially positions each of the mounting areas into the mounting station in order to mount electronic components thereupon. The component transfer device uses, in combination, a general-purpose mounting head for which many types of components can be mounted, and a high-speed mounting head for which fewer types of components can be mounted relative to the general-purpose mounting head and which gathers multiple electronic components at one time so as to perform transport at a low transport height, and the mounting order control device modifies mounting order for the electronic components so as to reduce the number of times of switching of the mounting head which operates and/or the number of times of positioning of the elongated substrate. As a result, it is possible to provide a multiple head combination-type component mounting machine which is capable of shortening the total mounting time for mounting all predetermined electronic components on one elongated substrate.


We present a theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of InGaAsN∕GaAs quantum dot structures. The calculations are based on a 10×10 k∙p band anticrossing Hamiltonian, incorporating valence, conduction, and nitrogen-induced bands. Numerical results for the model system of a capped pyramid-shaped quantum dot with {101} facets on a thin wetting layer are presented. Theoretical results show lowering of the fundamental optical transition on introduction of nitrogen. With appropriate tailoring of the indium and nitrogen concentration this system could be a potential candidate for 1.55 μm emission on a GaAs substrate.


At the beginning of the Chinese socialist revolution and construction,the Chinese Communist Party combined Marxism with the Chinese practice of revolution and construction.However,owing to lack of experience as well as some mechanical and doctrinal understanding of some views of Marx,Engles and Lenin,the Party also made some mistakes.The Socialist Theory with Chinese Features of Deng Xiaoping further promoted the combination of Marxism with Chinese socialist practice,and thus advanced the development of Marxism to a new stage.


We present a database of binaural room impulse responses (BRIRs) measured in an apartment-like environment. The BRIRs were captured at four different sound source positions, each combined with four listener positions. A head and torso simulator (HATS) with varying head-orientation in the range of ±78 • with 2 • resolution was used. Additionally, BRIRs of 20 listener positions along a trajectory connecting two of the four positions were measured, each with a fixed head-orientation. The data is provided in the Spatially Oriented Format for Acoustics (SOFA) and it is freely available under the Creative Commons (CC-BY-4.0) license. It can be used to simulate complex acoustic scenes in order to study the process of auditory scene analysis for humans and machines.


The pulse action of hydrogen on the SPR sensor was experimentally studied. The pulse regime was chosen by means of estimation of hydrogen concentration distribution in a gold film. Impulse was an impulse of electrolysis current with a duration of 2 seconds. The current impulses were repeated every half hour. The SPR curve after exposure to 60 impulses on the sensor shifted to the region of larger angles by 4.51°. The width of the SPR curve has increased 5 times. The amplitude of the resonant absorption of light has decreased significantly. After 60 impulses of hydrogen treatment the SPR sensor has become unsuitable for registration in accurate measurements. The theoretical modeling for changes of the morphology of thin gold film by means of hydrogen treatment was performed. The SPR curve changes were explained by hydrogen embrittlement of the upper layer of the gold film and, thus, by increasing of the surface roughness of the gold film.


In the integration of CAD/CAPP/CAM system, the share of product's manufacturing infor mation is very important. In the Engine five-valve cylinder head CAPP system development, the Pro/Engineer is used to extract the product feature model's manufacturing information, the application program interface (API) of Pro/Engineer, Pro/Toolkit, is used to extract the product feature model's tolerance and material information. And the product's tolerance information and the material's property are then imported into the CAPP system based on oracle DBMS using the EXPRESS language.


The behavior of bureaucrats i of considerable concern in a polity in which, on one hand, career civil servants have significant influence over policy outcomes but, on the other hand, there is also concern about bureaucratic responsiveness to elected officials--the president in particular. Career civil servants have been predominantly portrayed as resistant to their political superiors, although some literature stresses the more cooperative aspects of their behavior. The argument set forth is that bureaucratic behavior is not as easily characterized as these two models-the resistant and the cooperative-suggest. Instead, the extent of resistance varies, depending on agency context. This article presents five organizational features that appear to be significant in promoting or inhibiting resistance: ideology; dominant agency profession; agency esprit; agency history; and careerist confidence. The research is based on case studies of two federal agencies during the Reagan years-the Civil Rights Division and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The analysis employs a modified version of Albert 0. Hirschman's concepts of exit, voice, and loyalty, and an additional concept of neglect, to examine bureaucratic responses to the Reagan administration's agenda of policy change. The political science literature is replete with stereotypical images of the bureaucracy, images that are also shared by politicians and the general public. Bureaucrats are viewed as resistant to change and overly concerned with preserving their turf and maximizing their budgets. Nevertheless, the bureaucracy is the workhouse of government, and citizens rely on it to build the roads, safeguard the air and water, and protect individual rights (Huddleston 1987). Consequently, examining the extent to which career civil servants are cooperative with, or resistant to, the president addresses the concern of how responsive nonelected officials are to elected ones. The author wishes to thank the civil servants interviewed for this study for their cooperation and to thank Marty Gilens and Mina Silberberg for their helpful comments. An earlier version of this artide was presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 1990. I-PART, 2(1992):1:29-62 29/Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory This content downloaded from 18.104.22.168 on Tue, 2 Apr 2013 14:57:27 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Bureaucratic Responses to Presidential Control The Reagan years provide a unique opportunity to test the extent to which some of the popular images of the bureaucracy are borne out by empirical reality. The Reagan presidency has become almost legendary for its concentrated assault on the bureaucracy and for its use of what Richard Nathan has dubbed the "administrative presidency strategy"--a strategy designed to bring federal agencies, and the career civil servants who work in them, more directly under the control of the presidency. The components of this strategy have been well documented (Nathan 1983; Benda and Levine 1988; West and Cooper 1985; Rubin 1985; Lynn 1984; Goldenberg 1984; Waterman 1989). The administrative presidency strategy applied by the Reagan administration consisted primarily of ideologically based political appointments, budget cuts, and personnel cuts, and centralization of regulatory review in Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. The bureaucracy's response to the Reagan administration's attempt to control it has received less attention but warrants closer scrutiny if one is to gain a better understanding of bureaucratic resistance to and cooperation with political principals under conditions where the conventional wisdom would anticipate resistance (but see Lowery and Rusbult 1986). One would expect bureaucrats to be less than accepting of presidential efforts at control for a number of reasons. These reasons include clashing ideologies between liberal bureaucrats and a conservative administration (Aberbach and Rockman 1976); policy disagreement (Stehr 1989); bureaucratic distaste for and resistance to change (Heclo 1977; Pious 1979; Page and Petracca 1983); bureaucratic protection of budgets and turf (Wildavsky 1984; Niskanen 1971; Heclo 1977); and bureaucratic preferences for autonomy and discretion (Mosher 1968; Pious 1979). In short, given a combination of the "anti-bureaucratic" nature of the Reagan administration, the significant departure of its policy initiatives from the status quo, and the conventional wisdom about bureaucratic behavior, there is ample reason to expect resistance to presidential directives from the Reagan administration. The conventional wisdom, however, is not unanimous on this subject, and there are also reasons to expect civil servants to cooperate with their political principals in the presidential branch. Francis Rourke is among those scholars who have found evidence of cooperation. He notes (1987, 219) that fear of "bureaucratic usurpation of power" from the presidency exists among politicians and political scientists "in spite of the fact that genuine cases of bureaucratic challenges to presidential authority since the war have been a rare occurrence." James Q. Wilson (1989, 275) has observed the same phenomenon, 30/J-PART, January 1992 This content downloaded from 220.127.116.11 on Tue, 2 Apr 2013 14:57:27 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Bureaucratic Responses to Presidential Control writing that 'What is surprising is not that bureaucrats sometimes can defy the President but that they support his programs as much as they do." A civil service more cooperative than resistant could result from professional norms encouraging behavior more closely identified with a British model of the "yes, minister" variety and viewing the job of careerists as one of adapting to whomever their political bosses may be. This model, which harkens back to the politics/administration dichotomy, has been given a variety of labels, including "passive extension of the presidency" (Goldenberg 1984), "neutral competence" (Kaufman 1956; Ingraham and Ban 1986), "overhead democracy" (Redford 1969), and "formal" (Peters 1988). In short, one body of literature portrays bureaucrats in a way that leads to the expectation of resistance, while the other branch suggests more cooperative behavior. The argument here challenges both assertions as being overly simplistic. It moves beyond this debate by focusing on the range of resistant and cooperative behaviors actually engaged in by bureaucrats, as well as on the factors contributing to or inhibiting cooperation and resistance. The bureaucratic world is neither outright intransigence nor blind loyalty. Instead, it is nuanced in two important respects. The first is that the dependent variable-bureaucratic behavior in response to presidential control efforts-is itself nuanced. "Resistance" and "cooperation" are overly broad concepts that differ not just in degree but in kind. They also manifest themselves in different ways that have different consequences for the output of the bureaucracy and different implications about responsiveness and insubordination. A modified version of Albert 0. Hirschman's categories of exit, voice, and loyalty can be used to delineate, with greater clarity than in previous research, these differing manifestations of cooperation and resistance. The argument set forth is that because all resistance is not alike and all cooperation is not alike, identifying the dimensions of these concepts is critical to understanding bureaucratic behavior. The second nuance that has been neglected in the bureaucratic-politics literature is that of agency context (but see Stehr 1989). The argument here is that bureaucratic behavior (whether it leans toward resistance or cooperation) is not constant across agencies but varies with organizational context. In short, faced with the same conditions that conventional wisdom predicts would lead to resistance (i.e., the application of the administrative presidency strategy to control the 31/J-PART, January 1992 This content downloaded from 188.8.131.52 on Tue, 2 Apr 2013 14:57:27 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Bureaucratic Responses to Presidential Control bureaucracy), bureaucrats in different agencies exhibit differing degrees and types of resistant and cooperative behavior. Moreover, the source of these differences lies in the nature of the internal environment of each agency. Five organizational factors explain these differences across agencies: careerist ideology, dominant agency profession, agency esprit, agency history, and careerist confidence. The measurement and theoretical grounding of these independent variables is discussed below, following a more complete discussion of the use of Hirschman's categories as framework for coding bureaucratic reactions to the Reagan presidency. BUREAUCRATIC RESPONSE OPTIONS Career civil servants have a range of responses available to them when faced with executive redirection. This discussion explores the use of some of these options with the concepts of exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. These provide a framework for grouping response options in a way that allows examination of the nuances of bureaucratic behavior. Exit, voice, and loyalty have come to be closely associated with the work of Albert 0. Hirschman (1970). While bureaucratic responses were not the focus of his work, a modification of his categories enables more accurate description of bureaucratic behavior, thereby bringing the dimensionality of that behavior into sharper focus. Career civil servants who decide to resist presidential directives have two options: exit and voice. Exit occurs when a civil servant resigns from his or her job and when that resignation is precipitated, at least in part, by dissatisfaction with or in response to presidential control efforts, policy changes


Aim: Some of our obese patients who were receiving 10 mg/day sibutramine reported feeling hunger at night. To address this, we designed a randomized, prospective clinical trial to study the efficacy and safety of 10 mg sibutramine twice daily (bid), and compare this treatment with 120 mg orlistat three times daily (tid) and 850 mg metformin (bid).


The Pinguiophyceae class. nov., a new class of photo‐synthetic stramenopiles (chromophytes), is described. The class includes five monotypic genera, Glossomastix, Phaeomonas, Pinguiochrysis (type genus), Pinguio‐coccus and Polypodochrysis. These algae have an unusually high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially 20:5 (n‐3)(EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid). These fatty acids are the basis for choosing the Latin noun 'Pingue' (= fat, grease) as the root for the class name. Analyses of nuclear‐encoded 18S rRNA and chloroplast‐encoded rbcL gene sequence data showed that these algae formed a monophyletic group that could not be placed in any other class. Morphologically, the species are all single‐celled microalgae from picoplanktonic size to over 40 urn in length. Each cell has one (or two) typical chloroplast(s) with a girdle lamella and a surrounding chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum. Pyrenoids occur within the chloroplast, varying from embedded to stalked, and membranes penetrate into the pyrenoid in all five genera. Phaeomonas has motile cells with two flagella, and the forward‐directed flagellum bears mastigonemes (tripartite flagellar hairs). Two other genera (Glossomastix, Polypodochrysis) produce zoospores that possess only one smooth flagellum (no mastigonemes), and this flagellum apparently is the mature flagellum, a feature previously unknown in the photosynthetic stramenopiles. The major carotenoid pigments in the pinguiophytes are fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin and P‐carotene, as well as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c‐related pigment(s). These features support recognition of the Pinguiophyceae class. nov. as a unique group of algae.


Incipient fault detection and identification (IFDI) of cutting arms is a crucial guarantee for the smooth operation of a roadheader. However, the shortage of fault samples restricts the application of the fault diagnosis technique, and the data analysis tools should be optimized efficiently. In this study, four machine learning tools (the back-propagation neural network based on genetic algorithm optimization, the naive Bayes based on genetic algorithm optimization, the support vector machines based on particle swarm optimization, and the support vector machines based on dynamic cuckoo) are applied to address the challenge in the IFDI of cutting arms. The commonly measured current and vibration data cutting arms are used in the IFDI. The experimental results show that the support vector machines based on dynamic cuckoo outperform the other methods. Besides, the performance of the four methods under different operating conditions is compared. The fault cause of cutting arms of the roadheader is analyzed and the design improvement scheme for cutting arms is provided. This study provides a reference for improving the fault diagnosis of the roadheader.


Discrete Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and hybrid of Neural Network (NN) and HMM are popular methods in handwritten word recognition system. In the hybrid system, NN is used for character level recognition while HMM is used for producing word score based on the probability of the hypothesized characters combined. All reported results shows better recognition for the hybrid system due to better discrimination capability of the NN. A more recent recognition method based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) has been suggested as an alternative to NN. In speech recognition (SR), SVM has been successfully used in the context of a hybrid SVM/HMM system. It gives a better recognition result compared to the system based on hybrid NN/HMM. This paper describes part of the joint work between CAIRO, UTM and IRCCyN, Nantes, France in developing a hybrid SVM/HMM based word recognition system. It mainly compares NN and SVM in a word recognition system based on character level discriminant training.


This study aims to produce learning media products Lectora inspire on ecologically charged short stories for class XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Percut Sei Tuan, determine the feasibility of Lectora inspire learning media on ecologically charged short stories for class XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Percut Sei Tuan, and its effectiveness the product developed in the form of learning media Lectora inspire on ecologically charged short stories for class XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Percut Sei Tuan. The research method used is a research and development method that refers to the DDD-E model (Decide, Design, Develop, Evaluate). The results showed that: (1) the results of the validation of the material included the feasibility of content obtaining an average of 84,09% with very good criteria, the feasibility of presenting an average of 83,33% with very good criteria, and language eligibility getting an average of 86,25% with very good criteria. The results of the validation of design experts obtained an average of 90.17% with very good criteria. (2) The results of individual trials obtained an average of 81.25% with good criteria, small group trials obtained an average of 86.34% with very good criteria, and limited field trials obtained an average of 90.1% with very good criteria. (3) The results of the effectiveness of learning media are obtained through student learning outcomes in the pretest and posttest. The average score at the pretest was 70.36 and at the post-test was 82.06.


This paper analyses the algebrization process of mathematics in the seventeenth century from the viewpoint of the contributions of the mathematician Pietro Mengoli (1625-1686), probably the most original student of Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598-1647). The most innovating pare of Mengoli's work is the use of algebraic language for building and calculating the summations, the triangular tables, the quasi proportions and the quadratures of the infinite figures. Mengoli is a good example of seventeenth century mathematics, which consider algebra as a complement to geometry and not as two opposite disciplines.


The research represents the natural working out of an early interest in the unauthorized building phenomenon in Italy. The initial target was to record, in geographical viewpoint, the current situation of illegal building trade and outlines a typological map. During the analysis, the trend has been shown the impossibility to act in that meaning. Given the particular distribution of unauthorized building work has appeared essential, however, to make it more accessible knowledge.
When going to find a different interpretation of unauthorized, was reached, however, the existence of a present geography of weak build, which would affect the entire sector of building in Italy, not just illegal. Make manifest these geographies has therefore become the main objective of the research. For this purpose it is made of a model capable of bringing the multiple illustrative cases of building activity encountered on national territory. The basis of the new method, the deepening of the gap between the norm and society, the gap between society and politics, the distinction between legality and illegality.
The analysis is divided into four phases.
The first part is reconstructed theoretical framework from a geographical point of view. After summarizing the state of the art achieved by observing geographical unauthorized building, are shown what appear to the actual facts of the matter. After re-defined areas of research and expanded the system problematic, are exposed to the purposes and methods, anticipating the paradigm which is believed to follow. It is in the later stages that embodies the concept of "building weak." The purpose is to highlight, in relation to the three parameters up to standard-society-nature (terms properly contextualized), the variation of the profile of weakness act to construct in Italy.
The second part dealt with the issue of illegal building trade. In addition of inner considerations to the phenomenon, it is shown that in some cases the illicit action, normally weak, be supported by the various plaintiffs through plausible social and / or environmental reasons. To substantiate the different kind of fragility, the study of specific case studies identified in the country.
In the third phase, the object becomes more properly the weak house. After an extensive review of the main moments regulatory planning, has been proved as well as the constructive action lawful, normally strong, is sometimes weakened by names and / or environmental. After this exposure in detail the relevant examples, useful to investigate the area of gray placed on the border of legality and legitimacy.
In the fourth part, first to bring the reflection terms as much as possible to anticipate some conclusive and prospects of development of research, it shall indicate the main exit routes discernible so far.
This work starts a new approach regarding the consideration of geographic territorializing agents, currently the most practiced. Attempts to shed light on some aspects little considered in the evaluation principles planners. Makes no claim to formulate a definitive research, but only inaugurate what we hope will become an indispensable step in the civil, political, and ethical consideration for the next future


The Native Community strongly recommends integrating Native language and culture (NLC) into reading instruction to improve outcomes for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) students. However, little is known about the extent to which recommended practices are used and what might facilitate their implementation. The National Indian Education Study conducted by the U.S. Department of Education surveys teachers of AI/AN students on their instructional practices. This descriptive study builds on previous analysis of survey data, which identified measurable dimensions of NLC in instruction. We now examine (a) the extent to which teachers implement these dimensions and (b) what teacher, classroom, and schoolwide characteristics facilitate implementation. Outcomes suggest that the recommended practices are rarely implemented, and that AI/AN teachers speaking Native language(s) and teaching in classrooms with high AI/AN enrollment located in schools employing AI/AN teachers and staff implement the recommended practices more often. We discuss implications for teacher education and support.


This essay proposes several guiding parameters for ecofeminism's development as a moral theory. I argue that these provide necessary directives and contexts for ecofeminist analyses and social/ecological projects. In the past these have been very diverse and occasionally contradictory. Most important to the core of ecofeminism's vitality are close links between theory and political activism. I show how these originated in ecofeminism's history and advocate a continued participator? and activist focus in the future.


Abstract : The nature of hydrogen bonding, phase segregation, and hard segment organization was studied in a series of segmented polyurethanes based on hydroxy terminated polybutadiene (HTPBD) soft segments and hard segments consisting of either 2,4- or 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 1,4-butanediol (BDL).


Copies of the Society's publications may be obtained as follows: (i) Research Reports and Occasional Papers (New Series) from leading booksellers or direct from Thames and Hudson Ltd., 30-34 Bloomsbury Street, London WCiB 3QP. (ii) Antiquaries Journal (subscriptions or back numbers) from Journals Subscriptions, Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP. (iii) Archaeologia and all other publications from the Editor, Society of Antiquaries, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London WiV oHS.


This study investigates the possible mechanisms related to the wide range of relative humidity in cirrus clouds (RHi). Under the closed adiabatic assumption, the impacts of vertical motion and ice crystal deposition/sublimation on RHi are investigated through in situ observations and parcel model simulations. Vertical motion is an active external force that changes the RHi, and ice crystal deposition/sublimation plays a role in mitigating the change in the RHi. They are the two most important mechanisms involved in controlling the RHi fluctuation during cirrus evolution and could well explain the wide range of RHi in wave-related cirrus clouds. Furthermore, a comparison of statistical cloud characteristics from both observations and simulations shows that a very low value (e.g., 0.001) for the water vapor ice deposition coefficient is highly unlikely.


With significant advance of rare earth permanent magnets (REPM) and power electronic components in the last two decades REPM motor drives have gradually been integrated into various automotive applications. Those include electric traction and propulsion, various X-by-wire and other electromechanical systems. REPM traction motors for electric propulsion and REPM motor drives for electric power steering (EPS) applications, just to name a few, are successful commercial examples in today's automotive marketplace for mass production. In spite of many perceived benefits, for instance reduction of weight and CO2 emission, automotive REPM drive manufacturers have today to face high manufacturing costs, due primarily to a recent tremendous price increase of REPM. In this paper, permanent magnet design technology is reviewed, which covers the main PM categories with key features. The aim is to provide a fundamental guideline for material selection. Furthermore, synthesis, design and optimization of magnetic circuits of magnet rotors for different permanent magnet motor topologies are discussed. For electric motors in automotive applications it is of great importance to minimize the cost without compromising the motors' performance, overall reliability and stability with respect to demagnetization. A number of innovative magnetic circuit design examples are revealled in this report, demonstrating how to handle different types of motor topologies and which kind of magnet should be used for.


found them. By studying how the poets used them he hopes to identify typically lyric attitudes and concerns. His handling of the myths is sober and level-headed, though sometimes over-confident and rationalistic. For example, three versions of the Peleus-Thetis story are neatly identified from known sources; it is then assumed that Alcaeus must have used one of these in fr. 42. Moreover, Iliadic stories are assumed to have come from our Iliad, Hesiodic stories right from Hesiod's Catalogue, and so on. The occurrence of a unique voaros for the Atreidae in Sappho fr. 17 should be enough to warn one against such certainty. Even if one accepts M.'s views on this fixed state of early mythography, it remains to be said that the result for the interpretation of the poems is seldom impressive. Usually the lyrical 'newness' is described in terms taken from Hermann Frankel, with much talk of ephemerality, individuality and absence of moral judgments (this last from Bruno Snell). The criticism sometimes dwells on the level of unhelpful generalities like: 'Sie stehen allein da und entscheiden sich ohne oder gar gegen die Tradition zu einer ihnen gemafien Lebensweise: Sappho wahlt die innere Selbstgenugsamkeit in der Freude am Schonen, Alkaios sucht die Gemeinschaft' (209). In spite of the author's stated hopes I suspect this book will be consulted, specialists apart, by those interested in the early state of the myths.


The Bozi 3 gas reservoir in the Tarim Basin is a typical ultra-deep fractured tight sandstone gas reservoir, in which the main formations are the Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation and the Baxigai Formation. The reservoir has the characteristics of deep burial, tight reservoir matrix, well-developed fractures, large differences in well productivity, and regional pressure distribution. These characteristics bring development challenges in well deployment, production allocation, gas production rate optimization, and production improvement. The main reservoir of Bozi 3 is deposited in the braided river delta, fan delta, and shallow lake environment with adequate provenance and a strong hydrodynamic environment, which provides favorable depositional conditions for the formation of thick sandbodies. Although the buried depth of the Bozi 3 gas reservoir is over 6,000 m, it has undergone an evolutionary process of long-term shallow burial in the early stage and rapid deep burial in the late stage, which protects the primary pore, and the finally formed reservoir has the characteristics of an extra-low pore and ultra-low permeability pore structure. Late tectonic movements caused the Bozi 3 gas reservoir to experience strong uplift under a strong nappe-thrust environment, forming a large number of high-angle fractures around the faults. Although the fracture distribution is inhomogeneous, tensile fractures at the top anticline have a low-filling degree and good effectiveness, which effectively improve Bozi 3 reservoir properties. Through analysis of the reservoir characteristics and influencing factors of the Bozi 3 gas reservoir, it is concluded that the difference in reservoir characteristics is the main reason for the large difference in production of adjacent wells and zonal distribution of formation pressure at the early development. This study can also provide a reliable geological basis for well deployment, production allocation rationalization, and gas production rate optimization in the study area.


Objective: To determine the frequency of various factors of delayed arrival of patients with acute MI to the hospital. Study Design: Descriptive. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology/ National Institute of Heart Diseases (AFIC/ NIHD), Rawalpindi, from October 2006 to January 2007. Methodology: One hundred patients with acute MI were interviewed for information about the time of onset of symptoms and past medical history. The demographic data and the time of arrival to Emergency Room (ER) were noted from the hospital records. The nature of symptoms and the subsequent events up to the arrival at the ER of AFIC/ NIHD were inquired about and the cause of delayed arrival determined. All the data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 10.0. Results: Misinterpretation of symptoms was the chief factor for delayed hospital arrival (49%) followed by consulting a local medical practitioner (25%), living in an area far away from any hospital (10%), waiting for the symptoms to subside with treatment at home (8%), lack of transport (4%) and having no attendant to bring the patient to the hospital (4%). Conclusion: Lack of awareness of ischemic symptoms, wasting time by going to local clinics and logistic difficulties are the chief factors causing delayed hospital arrival in patients of acute MI.


Preconception is an important factor in learning process. Usually we try to make the concept transformation in order to achieve significant construction in learning process. So we proposed the inquiry teaching model based on preconception. Then we use an example of online teaching to illustrate application of the inquiry teaching model