Neither the epistles of Paul (authentic or disputed) nor the Acts of the Apostles address the death of the apostle, but this is a focus in the later apocryphal acts. This article examines the importance of this image of Paul as a martyr for the development of early Christianity in North Africa. Evidence from Tertullian, from texts describing the death of Cyprian of Carthage, and from the writings of Augustine, demonstrates that Paul was the model martyr for the African church. Paul's status as such became a major point of contention in the competing claims to authority and legitimacy during the Donatist Controversy. The article analyses rhetorical claims to the Pauline legacy from the Caecilianist side (the writings of Optatus of Milev and Augustine) and the Donatist side (a mosaic from Uppenna and the Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs). Each side claimed that their martyrs were the true successors of Paul, and therefore they were the true Christians in Africa.


This was a study of the UK labour market for professional economists. As we started to analyse the demand and supply of economists in the United Kingdom, we soon discovered that published data were inadequate for the purpose. We therefore decided to mount a survey of staff and students in all departments/schools/faculties/divisions of economics in universities, polytechnics, colleges of higher education and Scottish Central Institutions to obtain information about the supply of economists. On the demand side, we used published and unpublished data on the 'First Destinations' of economics graduates and we also conducted structured interviews with a non-random sample of leading employers of economists and careers officers. From both the survey and the interviews we gained indications of salaries; in addition, we looked at what little work has been done by others on the earnings of economists. It was on the basis of this evidence that we reached our conclusions. This is a summary of a report commissioned by the Royal Economic Society in I987 and published by the RES in I989. Page references in the text refer to the published report. The opinions expressed in it are ours and not those of the RES.


Drawing on in-depth interviews with rural Christians living in the South who identify as lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB), this study analyzes how they negotiate their religious, geographic, and sexual identities. We find that most interviewees employed two strategies to reconcile their Christian and gay identities: emphasizing a personal connection to an accepting God and finding a local church in their rural community in which they felt accepted. We argue that rural contexts influenced interviewees' reliance on these strategies and show how individuals can construct multiple interpretations about themselves, which do not always align with existing cultural assumptions. In addition, we argue that gender differences exist with regard to participants' residential choices and the importance they place on "community". We find that, in general, women value the privacy and freedom afforded to them in rural areas, a sentiment that is echoed in their religious choices while many of the men value the close knit community they find in their small towns.


Climate econometrics is a new sub-discipline that has grown rapidly over the last few years. As greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are a major cause of climate change, and are generated by human activity, it is not surprising that the tool set designed to empirically investigate economic outcomes should be applicable to studying many empirical aspects of climate change. Economic and climate time series exhibit many commonalities. Both data are subject to non-stationarities in the form of evolving stochastic trends and sudden distributional shifts. Consequently, the well-developed machinery for modeling economic time series can be fruitfully applied to climate data. In both disciplines, we have imperfect and incomplete knowledge of the processes actually generating the data. As we don't know that data generating process (DGP), we must search for what we hope is a close approximation to it. The data modeling approach adopted at Climate Econometrics (http://www.climateeconometrics.org/) is based on a model selection methodology that has excellent properties for locating an unknown DGP nested within a large set of possible explanations, including dynamics, outliers, shifts, and non-linearities. The software we use is a variant of machine learning which implements multi-path block searches commencing from very general specifications to discover a well-specified and undominated model of the processes under analysis. To do so requires implementing indicator saturation estimators designed to match the problem faced, such as impulse indicators for outliers, step indicators for location shifts, trend indicators for trend breaks, multiplicative indicators for parameter changes, and indicators specifically designed for more complex phenomena that have a common reaction 'shape' like the impacts of volcanic eruptions on temperature reconstructions. We also use combinations of these, inevitably entailing settings with more candidate variables than observations. Having described these econometric tools, we take a brief excursion into climate science to provide the background to the later applications. By noting the Earth's available atmosphere and water resources, we establish that humanity really can alter the climate, and is doing so in myriad ways. Then we relate past climate changes to the 'great extinctions' seen in the geological record. Following the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century, building on earlier advances in scientific, technological and medical knowledge, real income levels per capita have risen dramatically globally, many killer diseases have been tamed, and human longevity has approximately doubled. However, such beneficial developments have led to a global explosion in anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. These are also subject to many relatively sudden shifts from major wars, crises, resource discoveries, technology and policy interventions. Consequently, stochastic trends, large shifts and numerous outliers must all be handled in practice to develop viable empirical models of climate phenomena. Additional advantages of our econometric methods for doing so are detecting the impacts of important policy interventions as well as improved forecasts. The econometric approach we outline can handle all these jointly, which is essential to accurately characterize non-stationary observational data. Few approaches in either climate or economic modeling consider all such effects jointly, but a failure to do so leads to mis-specified models and hence incorrect theory evaluation and policy analyses. We discuss the hazards of modeling wide-sense non-stationary data (namely data not just with stochastic trends but also distributional shifts), which also serves to describe our notation. The application of the methods is illustrated by two detailed modeling exercises. The first investigates the causal role of CO2 in Ice Ages, where a simultaneous-equations system is developed to characterize land ice volume, temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels as non-linear functions of measures of the Earth's orbital path round the Sun. The second turns to analyze the United Kingdom's highly non-stationary annual CO2 emissions over the last 150 years, walking through all the key modeling stages. As the first country into the Industrial Revolution, the UK is one of the first countries out, with per capita annual CO2 emissions now below 1860's levels when our data series begin, a reduction achieved with little aggregate cost. However, very large decreases in all greenhouse gas emissions are still required to meet the UK's 2050 target set by its Climate Change Act in 2008 of an 80% reduction from 1970 levels, since reduced to a net zero target by that date, as required globally to stabilize temperatures. The rapidly decreasing costs of renewable energy technologies offer hope of further rapid emission reductions in that area, illustrated by a dynamic scenario analysis.


Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) show high potential in adsorptive removal of aromatic sulfur compounds; however, the crucial factors affecting the adsorption performances are scarcely clarified. In the present study, three classic aromatic sulfur compounds (i.e., thiophene, benzothiophene, and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene) as well as five typical MOFs (i.e., MOF-5, HKUST-1, MIL-53(Fe), MIL-53(Cr), and MIL-101(Cr)) were selected for study. The adsorptive desulfurization performances of MOFs were investigated by using a fixed-bed adsorption system. In the case of thiophene, the adsorption capacity of MOFs decreases in the order MIL-53(Cr) > HKUST-1 > MOF-5 > MIL-53(Fe) > MIL-101(Cr). For the first time, the adsorbate–adsorbent interaction was examined in detail by using infrared spectra and temperature-programmed desorption. Such an interaction was demonstrated to be the most important factor affecting adsorption performance. When the molecular size of aromatic sulfur compounds is comparable to or smaller t...


Let $R_m$ be the (unique) universal homogeneous $m$-edge-coloured countable complete graph ($m\ge2$), and $G_m$ its group of colour-preserving automorphisms. The group $G_m$ was shown to be simple by John Truss. We examine the automorphism group of $G_m$, and show that it is the group of permutations of $R_m$ which induce permutations on the colours, and hence an extension of $G_m$ by the symmetric group of degree $m$. We show further that the extension splits if and only if $m$ is odd, and in the case where $m$ is even and not divisible by~$8$ we find the smallest supplement for $G_m$ in its automorphism group.
(This unpublished paper from 2007 is placed here because of renewed interest in the topic.)


Students have difficulties in physics because of the abstract nature of concepts and principles.1 One of the effective methods for overcoming students' difficulties is the use of analogies to visualize abstract concepts to promote conceptual understanding.2,3 According to Iding,4 analogies are consistent with the tenets of constructivist learning theories, which claim that learners should be actively involved and new concepts should be based on learners' previous experiences. When analogies are used during the teaching-learning process, they may promote students' understanding of abstract science concepts.5 This paper suggests a capacitor analogy that aims to foster students' conceptual understanding of capacitors in a slightly different way than Greenslade's analogy.6


This paper reports on a two-rise system (TRS) for drilling deepwater development wells which eliminates some of the limitations of conventional subsea technology and allows flexibility in well programs. Shell Offshore Inc.'s deep exploratory wells in Garden Banks 426 and 471 have encountered drilling problems that were attributed to limitations in casing sizes imposed by conventional subsea drilling systems. These problems are not uncommon in exploratory deepwater, deep well drilling in the Gulf of Mexico. Reservoir depths of up to 19,500 ft true vertical depth (TVD) and 7-in. production casing requirements led to potentially troublesome and expensive well plans. Because of the constraints placed on the development drilling program by completion requirements and directional drilling, a two-riser system was designed and fabricated. Solving such significant drilling problems has reduced overall development costs.


This paper investigates non-data-aided (NDA) SNR estimation for QAM transmission over additive white Gaussian noise channels. It proposes a novel class of moment-based SNR estimators. This class is found to be a generalization of the well-known moment-based M2M4 SNR estimation method for PSK modulation. The performance of the proposed estimators is evaluated for M-PSK and rectangular 16-QAM modulation.


This chapter discusses bimolecular reactions from both a microscopic and macroscopic point of view. The outcome of an isolated reactive scattering event can be specified in terms of an intrinsic fundamental quantity, the reaction cross-section that can be measured in a molecular beam experiment. It depends on the quantum states of the molecules as well as the relative velocity of reactants and products. The relation between the cross-section and the macroscopic rate constant is derived. The rate constant is a weighted average of the product between the relative speed of the reactants and the reaction cross-section. The chapter concludes with the special case of thermal equilibrium, where the velocity distributions for the molecules are the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. The expression for the rate constant at temperature T is reduced to a one-dimensional integral over the relative speed of the reactants.


1. Introduction 2. The Death and Resurrection of Jesus in Q? a. Q and the Death of Jesus b. Easter Faith in Q? c. Q and Jesus the Son of Man 3. Q 13:34-35: The Jerusalem Lament Logion (A survey of previous scholarship on the saying) 4. Assumption in Antiquity a. Ancient Near Eastern Antecedents b. Assumption in Greco-Roman Literature c. Assumption in Jewish Literature d. Assumption in Early Christian Literature. 5. The Death and Assumption of Jesus in Q 13:34 a. The Reconstruction of the Saying b. The Rejection of Jesus and the Abandonment of Jerusalem's House c. The Assumption of Jesus i. Post-Mortem Vindication ii. Exaltation iii. Parousia d. Q 13:34-35, Jesus, and the Redaction of Q 6. Implications of Assumption in Q a. Absence, Invisibility, and Return in Q b. A Christological Basis for Corporate Vindication in Q c. Q's Eschatological Instruction d. Q 11:29-30: The Sign of Jonah 7. The Assumption of Jesus in Q and Early Christianity a. An Assumption of Jesus from the Cross? b. Mark's Empty Tomb Narrative (Mark 16:1-8) c. Resurrection and/or Assumption: How Different is Q Conclusions.


Wavelet decomposition is proposed as an innovative tool for analyzing and classifying data acquired during test runs performed in Italy along the Florence-Rome high-speed railway line. It is based on the multi-resolution analysis typical of the wavelet transform: such analysis was applied to the traction current measurements. The wavelet tool allows automatic analysis of the data collected and detection of singular break arcs due to losses of contact of the pantograph. Software used for processing data was the Wavelet toolbox package developed inside a Matlab environment. Some examples of analysis from experimental data are reported in this paper.


A literary anthology celebrating every variety of animal life from microbe to mouse, eagle to elephant, in verse and prose from ancient times to the present, including imaginary monsters and fabled beasts. The book is intended for readers of anthologies, pet and animal lovers, natural historians, nature lovers, members of RSPB, RSPCA, gift purchase.


Sir,

Flexometallic/reinforced tubes are often used to replace the tracheostomy tubes during laryngectomy procedures. This report identifies the problem that can happen with the insertion of flexometallic tube (Rusch®, Teleflex Medical, Germany) through a low tracheostoma that was solved with the use of flexometallic tube from another manufacturer (UnoFlex™, Unomedical Sdn Bhd, Kedah, Malaysia).

A 38-year-old male with carcinoma larynx was scheduled for total laryngectomy. He had already been tracheostomised with 8.0 mm ID Portex® tube. Following induction of anaesthesia, the Portex® tracheostomy tube was replaced with 8.0 mm ID flexometallic tube (Rusch®, Teleflex Medical, Germany) till its black mark was at the tracheostoma and the cuff was inflated. However, soon after this, auscultation of the chest revealed absence of air entry on left side and a drop in saturation to 92% with 100% O2, associated with sudden increase in peak airway pressures to 30 cm H2O leading to suspicion of endobronchial intubation. Therefore, the tracheal tube was gradually withdrawn with simultaneous auscultation for air entry on the left side. However, the tube appeared to remain endobronchial despite pulling the tracheal tube till proximal portion of its cuff was visible at the stomal site. At this juncture, we replaced the existing flexometallic tube (Rusch®, Teleflex Medical, Germany) with another 8.0 mm ID flexometallic tube from another manufacturer (UnoFlex™, Unomedical Sdn Bhd, Kedah, Malaysia) which was inserted until its cuff was well below the stomal site. This resulted in bilateral equal air entry, improvement in SpO2 to 100% and return of airway pressures to 16 cm H2O. Rest of the intraoperative period was uneventful and at the end of the surgery, the flexometallic tube was replaced by 8.0 mm ID Portex® tube.

Most patients with carcinoma larynx scheduled for total laryngectomy would have been already tracheostomised or will require a preoperative tracheostomy. Proceeding to total laryngectomy with standard tracheostomy tube has got various problems like flange interfering with surgical site, difficulty in fixation and accidental dislodgement due to excessive drag by ventilator circuits. Whereas flexometallic tubes can be easily angled away from the surgical site without getting kinked and safely secured by suturing or taping it to the chest wall of the patient.[1] Though these tubes are certainly useful, there are various complications associated with these tubes like narrowing of the lumen and complete obstruction.[2,3,4]

Flexometallic (Rusch®, Teleflex Medical, Germany) tubes usually contain a barrel shaped large cuff meant for a better seal and their use in patients with low tracheostomy may lead to endobronchial intubation as the distance between the proximal end of the cuff and the tip of the tube is relatively long (8 cm) compared to the other brand (UnoFlex™, Unomedical Sdn Bhd, Kedah, Malaysia) tube, where it is 6 cm [Figure 1]. Thus, changeover to UnoFlex™ tube, (which has smaller cuff) solved the problem of endobronchial intubation in our case. Though different manufacturers produce tubes with different cuff size for added advantage, this may become detrimental at specific situations.

Figure 1

(a) Flexometallic (Rusch®) tube 8.0 mm ID. (b) Flexometallic (UnoFlex™) tube 8.0 mm ID. (c) Tracheostomy (Portex®) tube 8.0 mm ID

In cases where low tracheostomy is anticipated, this problem can be avoided by the use of laryngectomy tubes. Laryngectomy (Montando®) tubes are reinforced cuffed tubes with J-configuration that have a short distance between cuff and tip and also short bevel to avoid endobronchial intubation.[5]


In product and service sales, both global and local, it is important to be familiar with the impact of product's origin and country image formation process. The complex problems of determining the impacts of product origin are presented through the prism the empirical research of meat product impact on the consumer sensorical evaluation of other meat properties. The aim of the research was to determine consumer perceptions of meat product regarding its origin and a potential impact of its origin on the sensorical evaluation of other meat properties. Data was collected during the experiment. The participants were consumers of meat product. By testing the correlation model with multiple analysis of variance for repeated measures it was determined that there was a statistically significant correlation between the factors. The research represents a deeper investigation of impact of countryof- origin (COO) on consumer perceptions. The research results support manufacturers and marketing managers in understanding the role of COO in the domestic and international high-volume mass market.


The paper introduced the design curve of the gear system which put a comprehensive value on by Hertz Stress,Bending stress and Scuffing,made simple calculation on the strength design of the gear and satisfied the general requirement for gear design.


Some education experts said that a learner should be mastered in four major language skills. Writing is one of those basic skills and learners often face difficulty to master in and commit errors in this skill, especially in the area of spelling. Spelling skills of words is very important factor in writing skill. It is fact that English language has complex system because it is not a syllabic language and has layers of sound, pattern, meaning of one word due to influence of other languages that's why second language learners have trouble to master in this skill. Therefore, the researchers conducted to this study in order to find out the types and causes of errors which learners make in their written work. The purpose of this study also was to identify the best teaching strategy which may be useful in learning spellings of words. The sample in this study was 100 students of 8 th grade and 20 teachers who were teaching them by using English as medium of instruction. Students' writing samples were collected and analyzed and teacher's information were taken by using questionnaire. The results gained from the analysis of students' writing samples and teachers' questionnaire have revealed four types of errors which were made by 8th grade students and three actual causes of committing spelling


HCIxB 2017, May 6-11, 2017 , Denver, Colorado , USA. Abstract A smart environment may help a new person quickly get acquainted about the environment. Such features can be more critical for cases of making an indoor environment more accessible to people with visual impairment. With the intention to promote the integration of visually impaired people in society, this paper reports efforts on methodologies for building smart and accessible indoor office environments with the help of Apple's Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology called iBeacon to provide location awareness and enable easy access to information about the environment to people with visual impairment. We present our preliminary work on developing an iterative based approach in improving the configuration of given number of iBeacons to gain optimal signal coverage in a given office space environment and enabling smart features such as tagging points of interest and push notifications.


Introduction Part I. 1. The Emergence of Diplomacy and the Great Powers The Early Techniques, Instruments, and Ideas of Diplomacy States and Raison d'etat in the Seventeenth Century War and Ceompetition in the Eighteenth Century 2. The Classical System of Diplomacy, 1815-1914 Building a System with a Balance of Power and a Concert Change and an Experiment with a Defensive Alliance System Further Change and an Experiment with Bipolar Alignment Characteristics of the System 3. The Diplomatic Revolution Begins, 1919-1939 Attempts at Peacemaking and System Building Public Opinion and Foreign Policy Economics and Foreign Policy Totalitarian and Democratic Diplomacy and the Contrast of Norms 4. A Postwar System of Security: Great Power Directorate or United Nations? Plans for a Postwar System of Security Force and Statecraft as Envisioned by the United Nations Charter Changing World Conditions and Readjustments 5. The Cold War The Origins and Escalation of the Cold War Seeking Restraints Through Deterrence, Diplomacy, and Detente Persistent Problems and the Final Demise of the Cold War 6. The Evolving International System "A World in a Rapid State of Transition" Challenges to Nation-States and National Sovereighnty Terrorists and the "War Against Terrorism" Partners or Rivals? Part II. 7. Lessons of History and Knowledge for Statecraft Classical Writers on the Importance of Historical Lessons The Historical Habit of Mind The Challenges of Learning and Applying Lessons of History Structured, Focused Comparisons 8. Negotiation Principles of Negotiation The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815 The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1972-1975 Negotiations Over Nuclear Weapons in North Korea, N993-2005 Analysis 9. Deterrence Principles of Deterrence Collective Security for the Post-1815 Settlement British and French Attempts to Deter Hitler's Attack on Poland, 1939 Contemporary American Deterrence Over Taiwan Analysis 10. Coercive Diplomacy Principles of Coercive Diplomacy American "Gunboat Diplomacy," 1852-1941 U.S. Policy Toward Japan, 1938-1941 The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Analysis 11. Crisis Management Principles of Crisis Management Bismarck as an "Honest Broker" in the Crisis of 1878 The "Guns of August," 1914 Managing the 1973 Arab-Israeli War Analysis Part III. 12. Ethics and Other Restraints on Force and Statecraft Practical, Structural, and Political Restraints Ethics and International Politics Ethical Restraints for Foreign Policy Ethical Restraints for Armed Force Epilogue: Some Reflections on History, Theory, the Diplomatic Revolution, and Challenges Ahead


Many intricate problems of city comprehensive law management result from the devoid of law education, law awareness or law performance, which take deep root in shortage and distort of law cultural awareness, namely the traditional spirit of law. The comprehensive law practice for city management needs raising both traditional law spirit and law cultural awareness for city comprehensive law management, settling properly problems of people's livelihood and improving management concepts, so building an atmosphere with sustainability and law cultural awareness of the people and the human rights.


A versatile approach to the synthesis of new cardanol derivatives through a combination of aromatic iodination of 3-n-pentadecylphenol and palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions has been developed. The extent of aromatic iodination is controlled by stoichiometry and affords either the mono-, di- or tri-iodo-cardanol derivatives. Suzuki, Heck and Sonogashira protocols were successfully applied for the vinylation, arylation and alkynylation of the iodo-cardanols. 2,4-Diiodo-5-n-pentadecylphenol underwent an unusual sequential regioselective dehalogenation/vinylation reaction. Sequential alkynylation/cyclisation of 2-iodo-3-n-pentade-cylphenol derivatives were also investigated.


The author presents a series of documents which permit a state-of-conservation examination of the beaune polyptych. Despite numerous restorations, the painting is well conserved.


Murat Yildiz, Marlon Pflüger, Anita Riecher-Rössler, Gregor Berger, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland: Patients with brain lesions offer the unique opportunity to investigate mechanisms of psychosis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of pericallosal cerebral artery aneurysm associated with acuteonset psychosis with symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia. Aneurysms of the pericallosal cerebral artery are rare, representing only approximately 4% of all intracranial aneurysms. The patient was a 56-year-old right-handed man with cardiovascular risk factors hypertension and smoking without any previous history of seizure disorder, head trauma or substance abuse. The patient had been in his usual state of good health until 6 months earlier, when he developed acute severe headache. On the following day he was admitted to hospital with a right leg paresis. On the same day cranial computed tomography (CT) showed hypodense frontoparietal lesions without any signs of bleeding. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed the following day showed small lesions mainly in the white matter of the left frontal and parietal lobes with involvement of the anterior cingulate, and interhemispheric frontal bleeding that was classified as subarachnoid haemorrhage graded Hunt and Hess III. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) demonstrated two small left pericallosal artery aneurysms (both B10 mm) adjacent to the neighbouring haemorrhage. Four days after the onset of symptoms clipping of both aneurysms was performed. Six days after the clipping the hemiparesis on the right leg deteriorated. Brain MRI showed no evidence of new bleeding but there was a new infarct in the left frontal region ventral to the genu of the corpus callosum. A second DSA showed stenosis through vasospasms in the left anterior artery. In the coming weeks right leg paresis gradually improved but persisted to the same extent until discharge. In neuropsychological testing attention was assessed as being inconspicuous. Verbal memory was impaired due to difficulties in word retrieval. He had a tendency to perservate. Six months after the aneurysm bleeding he was admitted to the emergency department of University Hospital Basel because of sudden onset of aggressiveness, incoherent speech, auditory hallucinations and delusion of persecution. The symptoms had started gradually 3 days earlier. He had no indication of suicidal intent. Cranial CT and MRI on the following day showed stable known infarcts. Treatment with 7 mg haloperidol and 10 mg diazepam was initiated. In the coming days his delusions and aggressiveness weakened. The main affected brain regions in the present patient are also implicated in schizophrenia. In the present case there was a marked lesion in the white matter of the frontal lobe. This falls in line with growing evidence that white matter changes play an important role in schizophrenia [1]. It is believed that one of the main factors for volume loss in the brain of schizophrenia patients could be due to reductions of neuronal connections [2]. It is hypothesized that in this disconnectivity syndrome model the frontal lobe in addition to the anterior cingulate cortex is taking centre stage [3]. This is supported by the observation that neoplasms of the white matter occurring in anterior brain areas rather than in posterior parts may cause psychosis [4]. Moreover, as seen in the present case, lesions in the parietal lobe result in ideomotor apraxia and difficulties in switching from one movement to another [5]. But psychosis remains a rare condition after damage to brain tissue and, unlike in the present patient, is usually associated with lesions of the right hemisphere.


Diverse classes of metallic nanostructures have been explored recently for a variety of applications, including energy efficient catalytic transformations. The morphology, size, and local chemical environment of the catalytic nanomaterials can have dramatic effects on their reactivity. Herein, we demonstrate a peptide-template-based approach for the synthesis of Pd and Pt nanostructures of varying morphologies under ambient conditions. In this report, we examine the effect of the metal/peptide ratio over an expansive range to demonstrate the stepwise production of materials ranging from nanospheres to nanoparticle networks for the Pd structures. Interestingly, when the metallic composition was changed to Pt, only spherical materials were generated, indicating that the metallic composition of the nanostructures plays a key role in the final morphology. The hydrogenation of allyl alcohol was then employed as a model reaction to examine the catalytic reactivity of these metallic nanomaterials. Under environm...


HYPERVELOCITYIMPACTENERGYLOSSANDTRACKSHAPEINAEROGELS:THEORYANDEXPERIMENT. G.Dom´inguez, A. J. Westphal, Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, CA USA, S. M. Jones, Jet PropulsionLaboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA, M. L. F. Phillips, Pleasanton Ridge Research Corporation,Hayward, CA USA.We have developed and tested a theoretical model of im-pact cratering in aerogels that derives the impact crater dimen-sions directly from the energy and momentum deposition ofthe projectile [1]. We outline our work below.1. Energy loss of projectiles in AerogelThe energy and momentum loss of the projectile can be usedto derive the shock wave strength at the interface betweenthe aerogel and the projectile. Energy loss is given by thefollowing:dEdz= −(F


By referring to the relevant volume of "The Law of South Africa" the practitioner is able to check a point quickly and easily without recourse to time-consuming research. The work's matter of fact statement of the law eschews speculative disgressions and spares the tedium of having to sift through a text to distinguish between the writer's opinion of what the law should be and the law as actually applied. Furthermore, the work's title scheme ensures that all the relevant statutory material is assembled in one place, saving the user the task of working through a labyrinth of common law and statutory provisions. In addition to a cumulative index volume and one for a cumulative table of cases, there are annual cumulative supplements and a frequent updating service. The titles in the encyclopaedia are listed alphabetically and divided into numbered paragraphs, each of which deals with one aspect of the law concerned. The subject matter is further divided by sub-headings, and running heads are inserted over each page. Moreover, each volume is equipped with a table of statutes and cases, a bibliography and an index. Each title is compiled by one or more jurists, all of whom are experts in their field. Academics, practitioners and judges have all contributed, and Butterworth staff members have sub-edited their text to guarantee the accuracy of case citations, statutory reference and quotations from judgements and ensure uniformity of treatment throughout the work.


Affect and sentiment uncovered from multi-lingual product reviews might provide richer and more valuable clues to the underlying consumer knowledge and preferences on the product across culture. In present study, the reviews of two movies with the same genre from IMDB and DouBan were analyzed. Preliminary results indicate that there is no substantially strong evidence supporting the 'foreign language effect' in our study, partly due to the limited data studied. In additions, the results revealed that both positive and negative emotions can be interpreted as an implicit and strong recommendation signal, which might in turn be valuable in making prediction on the popularity of a movie. However, due to the limited data, the significance of different emotion labels in affecting a predicted popularity of a movie is unclear.


The way to express one's feelings during interlocution engenders subjunctive in which image is formed for the externality and incarnation of one's intention,namely,to empathize something or someone with one's intention or emotion only for tangible embodiment's purpose.This will inevitably trigger off the metaphorization of conceptual structure as well as grammarization in syntactic structure,all of which occur in image mapping and projection in mental space.


The minimization of the total weight of the tiltable component of an enclosed antenna structure with a given topology and a given initial design subject to relative deformation constraints (rms limits) in both face-up and face-side attitudes as well as to certain structural constraints is formulated, and the solution to this problem is sought by a modified version of the gradient projection method of nonlinear programming. The given initial design should satisfy all the structural constraints, but it may violate one or both deformation constraints. The solution is obtained in two steps by first finding a feasible solution, that is a solution which satisfies all the constraints, and then minimizing the total weight subject to structural and deformation constraints. The structural constraints, for the sake of simplicity, have been assumed to be linear. The method is tested by optimizing a plane truss of a large radio telescope antenna.


The technological development of recent hardware systems of car navigation systems allows the real time computation of 3D models of digital terrain models including buildings and Streets. Unavailability of a European database with 3D content decelerated the progress in this area. In consideration of the given business possibilities, establish for this industrial sector, is the request of new, more efficient and reasonable data acquisition methods is fully justified. This article generally describes the development of data acquisition technologies and the experience with 3D models at Harman Becker. 1. ADVANCE DEVELOPMENT Harman Becker Automotive Systems innovative systems GmbH (HBAS), is one of first Provider of car navigation systems worldwide and leading in the quality and innovation. The decision to implement the 3D content into our navigation system was made already back at the end of the nineties. Back then a 3D research and the development team was created, with the task to implement the 3Ddata into a car navigation systems. At that time, it was obviously known that in the near future the hardware capability would allow such representation of whole city models displayed in car navigation systems 1.1. Availability of 3D data The analyses of existing 3D-data coverage and data acquisition technologies were initially disillusioning. There were neither coverage of city models nor a sufficient quality of digital terrain models for use in car navigation systems. Date were suitable for overview models only. On the other hand, for all involved parties it was definitely clear, which potential and benefits for the end customers has this 3D representation on a navigation system. Instead of waiting for progress on 3D market content, HBAS decided to move forward by starting an own intensive development. There were two main areas of activity: The cooperation with communal data suppliers and research centers and the own production of 3DLandmarks. 1.2. Government and City models The cooperation with the German cities leading in manufacturing 3D models, was focused on the following two goals: on one side the exploration of existing 3D data: their quality formats and structures, on the other hand, the feasibility studies and development of 3D-Prototyps based on delivered models. The results were analyzed together with involved parties of government measurement authorities. Preliminary result already proofed that the data from these authorities were qualified for the production of 3D navigation, even with the limit of different data formats and contents. Additional Photogrammetric Week '07 Dieter Fritsch (Ed.) Wichmann Verlag, Heidelberg, 2007


Smith et al. (1) discussed the resistance to insulin properties of protein ingestion, focusing on the possible role of leucine as a master regulator of mTOR activation. But, finding leucine not guilty of insulin resistance is not a surprise as biochemistry indicates other amino acids as possible offenders.

As already described (2,3), some amino acids could be peculiarly and directly implicated in insulin resistance. …


In our previous study, we have used CeO2 as a simulation material of a fission fuel, UO2, because CeO2 has many properties that are similar to UO2. We reported the effects of swift heavy ion irradiation (mainly 200 MeV Xe ions) in CeO2 to simulate radiation effects of high energy fission products in UO2 [1,2]. To study radiation effects at higher energies and with heavier ions additional irradiation experiments were performed with 1.7 GeV Au ions. Beam-induced structural modifications were analysed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD).


Abstract Objective While fibromyalgia (FM) affects both men and women, differences exist in several factors including prevalence, symptoms and attitudes. Understanding these differences will help define the best approach to the clinical management of this still poorly-understood disease. This systematic review sought to identify gender differences in FM. Data sources The databases PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, and Pesquisa were searched using the terms "fibromyalgia", "men" and "women" and the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" for articles dealing with this topic published in any language in the past 20 years. The task force initially identified citations for 257 published articles. Study selection Of 257 records extracted, 28 articles were finally selected for inclusion. Data Extraction In the 28 studies, 2 studies were a clinical trial and the remaining studies were descriptive (10), observational studies (12), retrospective studies (2) and prospective studies (2). Articles were abstracted and quality of the studies determined using specific criteria. Data Synthesis The methodological quality of the studies reported in these articles was good (PEDro score 6.00±1.3328). Gender differences were detected in FM prevalence, symptoms and coping. Conclusions Overall, men with FM experienced more stress and worse sleep quality while women complained more of pain-related symptoms. Both sexes showed low physical activity levels. Both men and women responded well to manual treatment reporting substantial pain relief.


I may terminate this review of these exquisite organic products by a pretty tale from the Talmud, teaching us that the people of that day esteemed but one object in nature of higher value than pearls. It tells us that when Abraham approached Egypt he locked Sarah, his wife, in a chest that none might behold her beauty. But when he came to the place of paying customs the officer said to him, " Pay custom." And he said, " I will pay the custom." They said to him, "Thou carriest clothes;" and he said, " I will pay for clothes." Then they said, " Thou carriest gold ;" and he replied, " I will pay for gold." On this they cried, " Surely thou bearest the fine silk ;" and he answered, " I will pay custom for the finest silk." Then they said, " Surely it must be pearls that thou takest with thee ;" and he only answered, " I will pay for pearls." As they knew of nothing more valuable than pearls, they demanded that the box should be opened in order that it might be determined what concealed treasure it was for which the owner was willing to pay customs even as for fine pearls. And the box was opened, and then, as now, beauty and virtue, idealized in woman, were acknowledged of earthly treasures to be as pearls of great price.


1 O.M.M, Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 2 DDS, Student Research Committee, Dental Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 3 Student Research Committee, Dental Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran


117 heads of Ala-Tau breed cattle were studied cytogenetically. The 1/29 translocation was present in 13 animals of unusual for this breed light-grey colour. Chimerism 2n = 59/2n = 60 was found in twins. Dominant mutation transforming dark brown colour to the light-grey seemed to be present in the 1/29 chromosome locus, near the centromere region.


Due to high in desulfurization activity, big in sulfur capacity and easy in regeneration, iron oxide desulfurization sorbents have been used to remove hydrogen sulfide derived from coal gas at normal temperature. At the same time the removing H2S from coal gas containing CO can generate COS, which is more difficult to removal than H2S. γ-FeOOH desulfurization sorbent was prepared by the fast oxidizing method. Kinetics study of COS formation in γ-FeOOH desulfurization was performed under 40-80°C,the CO+H2S+N2 mixtures and over a residence time of 0.04~0.09s. LevenbergMarquardt and lsqcurvefit methods in MATLAB are used for the regression of experimental data. The established kinetics model of COS formation is described by the following: rCOS=8.9990*104exp(-22540/RT)PCOPH2S. The recognition of mechanism model reveals that Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism can perfectly fit with this reaction system.


The system Na decyl sulfate/water/decanol/Na sulfate, which forms a nematic NL lyomesophase with planar micelles at 298 K, changes to a CG phase at 295 K on cooling. Phase CG studied by X-ray diffraction has a lamellar structure with repetition distance 31.4 A. Comparison of observed and calculated intensities from a step-function model defines the CG phase as a coagel where anhydrous lamellar aggregates of extended tilted bilayers are dispersed in water. This result gives support to the model of aggregates of micelles in the NL phase previously proposed.


The first part of this article deals with the characteristics of scientific discovery from an anthropological point of view, in other words taking into account the fact that the world is full of a variety of alternative axiological orders (more than some humanitarians universalists would like). The second part discusses the "tendencies" of scholars (spokesmen and champions of "world demistification") to shape (on a global scale) human thinking and action that conforms to the rules of scientific outlook and the picture of reality. One can say that the article is devoted to the permanent "tendency" of scholars to view the world as a state of affairs which cannot be coherent because an Instauratio Magna is indispensable. That means that scholars willingly appear in the role of world explorers and designers of a utopia for the entire world.


This paper analyses reasons that HACCP failing to be put into effect in some enterprises in our country and discusses the factors affecting effective implementation of HACCP, some suggestions are given based on analysed problems.


The interaction of multiply charged ions (He2+, O3+, and Xe20+, v ≤ 0.6 a.u.) with gas phase pericondensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules (pyrene and coronene) was studied. Positively charged ionic products were analyzed with a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer.


The activity which, for want of a better name, we call "Educative Medicine" is an adjunct to industrial nursing which contributes most efficaciously toward employee well-being and productivity. It consists both of counseling the individual in respect to his personal problems and of advising groups on community health hazards. It may be said that the primary objective of an industrial medical service is to conserve the health of the employee up to and even beyond the age of retirement, and this cannot be achieved without his cooperation. "Educative Medicine" is a valuable aid in obtaining such cooperation. In our service, counseling begins as soon as the first contact is made with a new employee. For instance, the reasons motivating certain procedures (such as breast examinations in the case of female applicants) are explained affably to the examinees even during the pre-employment medical examinations. This educative aspect of industrial medicine is a function of the nurse even more than of the physician. As soon as the applicant has been inducted into the company's service, the nurse invites him to come in and discuss the company's medical policy and the Medical Department's interest in him. In the ensuing


Loss-of-function analyses in yeast and flies identify molecular complexes that regulate ribosomal DNA transcription. Regulating Nucleolar Size The higher proliferation rate of cancer cells requires an increased rate of protein synthesis. Thus, cancer cells often show increased rates of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription and have more ribosomes and larger nucleoli, which are nuclear structures that function in ribosome biogenesis. Neumüller et al. identified genes in yeast that, when ablated, resulted in smaller or larger nucleoli. A similar analysis in Drosophila enabled the identification of evolutionarily conserved molecular complexes that increase or decrease nucleolar size when the complex constituents were targeted by RNA interference. Understanding how cells regulate rDNA transcription could provide new therapeutic avenues for interfering with the unrestricted growth that occurs in cancer. Regulation of cell growth is a fundamental process in development and disease that integrates a vast array of extra- and intracellular information. A central player in this process is RNA polymerase I (Pol I), which transcribes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes in the nucleolus. Rapidly growing cancer cells are characterized by increased Pol I–mediated transcription and, consequently, nucleolar hypertrophy. To map the genetic network underlying the regulation of nucleolar size and of Pol I–mediated transcription, we performed comparative, genome-wide loss-of-function analyses of nucleolar size in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster coupled with mass spectrometry–based analyses of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) promoter. With this approach, we identified a set of conserved and nonconserved molecular complexes that control nucleolar size. Furthermore, we characterized a direct role of the histone information regulator (HIR) complex in repressing rRNA transcription in yeast. Our study provides a full-genome, cross-species analysis of a nuclear subcompartment and shows that this approach can identify conserved molecular modules.


For biosensing applications it is often desirable to immobilise biomolecules securely on the electrode surface. The research described here was performed to develop and characterise modified conducting polymers suitable for use in the development of biosensor arrays. The research pursued centred around a post polymer-deposition modification strategy based on nucleophilic substitution of the pentafluorophenol group of the polymerised pyrrole derivative, pentafluorophenyl 3-(pyrrol-1-yl) propanoate (PFP). The activated ester present within this derivative is as an ideal reaction site for amine terminated species.

Initially, electrochemical polymerisation growth conditions were determined and controlled to produce homopolymer and copolymer films with different structural and electrochemical characteristics. These polymer films were subsequently modified through various chemical reactions (e.g. with biotinylated species) to produce templates that could be used to biosensor developments. Furthermore, an important aspect in the development of a biosensing interface is the minimisation of non-specific adsorption and to that end a strategy was developed that involved modifying poly(PFP) films with poly(propyleneglycol) motifs. Usefully, an XPS based technique was developed to determine the extent of adsorption of labelled biological macromolecules on the modified poly(PFP) surfaces.

Significantly, towards the development of a multianalyte biosensing substrate, a method was developed to control the reaction of solution based amine terminated species with the homopolymer poly(PFP). This involved electrochemically doping the polymer film to inhibit/promote nucleophilic reaction with amine containing species. Preliminary examples are given of the application of this technique was to micropattern species on multi-digitated electrodes.


In this present paper, by making use of the familiar concept of neighborhoods of p valent functions, the author prove coefficient bounds and distortion inequalities, and associated inclusion relations for the (n, δ) -neighborhoods of a class of p -valently analytic functions with negative coefficients, which is defined by means of a certain non-homogeneous Cauchy-Euler differential equation. Relevant connections of some of the results obtained in this paper with those in earlier works are also provided. Mathematics subject classification (2000): 30C45.


The objective of this study is to investigate the causes of the escalation commitment type of faulty decision making and evaluates its destructive effects on the firms, business, state, governments and for all other decision makers. The model is developed step by step and analyzed purely on theoretical foundations. The model identifies certain factors that may lead to escalation commitment in decision making. Even though the escalation commitment is faulty decision, many decision makers including business leaders, head of the states and other decision makers have one way or other adopted escalation commitment in decision making and created disasters for their organizations as well as for the world. The Two World Wars, Vietnam War, Iraq war are some of the examples where the actors and decision makers adopted escalation commitment and employed more and resources, soldiers and thus only created deaths and destructions and such destructions are so massive that minor gains, if any, do not justify such escalation commitment. The results and findings of this study show that sunk cost, absolute power of the leaders, non-accountability, blind support, hiding own faults, personal involvement are some of the major factors that may lead to such escalation commitment while rational thinking in decision making process can put a halt to such faulty decision making where enormous resources and the lives of the millions of the people can be saved if the decision makers apply rational thinking prior to any decision making process. This study will serve as eye opener to the world leaders and to major decision makers in busines and key policy makers to prevent escalation commitment by forcing the decision makers to rational thinking, accountability and by curbing their absolute powers and placing other restrictive measures prior to commit any further resources, manpower and waging any unnecessary wars.


Posttransplant outcome assessments are publicly reported for patient and regulatory use. However, the currently reported 1‐year posttransplant graft survival assessments are commonly criticized for not identifying clinically meaningful differences between programs, and not providing information about longer‐term posttransplant outcomes. We investigated the association of different posttransplant outcome assessments available to patients at the time of listing with subsequent posttransplant graft survival. The posttransplant assessments were from period prevalent, rather than incident, cohorts with more timely 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year follow‐up and 6‐, 12‐, 18‐, 24‐, and 30‐month cohort windows. The association of these assessments at listing with subsequent posttransplant graft survival included candidates listed between July 12, 2011, and December 15, 2015, who subsequently underwent transplant before December 31, 2018. The assessments with 1‐year follow‐up had uniformly weaker associations than the assessments with 3‐ and 5‐year follow‐up. The assessments with 5‐year follow‐up had the strongest association in kidney and liver transplantation. For kidney, liver, and lung transplantation, assessment windows of at least 18 months typically had the strongest associations with subsequent graft survival. Posttransplant assessments with 5‐year follow‐up and 18‐30‐month cohort windows are better than the current posttransplant assessment with 1‐year follow‐up, particularly at the time of listing.


Organic tin compounds are toxic for aquatic organisms. They are persistent both in water and adsorbed on solids or sediments. In living bodies they cause various types of defects of internal organs or tissues, malformations and growth disorders. Analytical methods for determination of organic tin compounds are summarized and evaluated. At present GC techniques with MS detection systems are preferred.


Intravenous clonidine was used to treat systolic hypertension (systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm Hg) in 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction and documented sympathetic overactivity (high plasma norepinephrine). Its effects on haemodynamics and blood gases were studied. After one hour, clonidine significantly reduced the systolic (195±7 to 137±7 mm Hg, p < 0.01) and diastolic (81±4 to 60±3 mm Hg, p < 0.01) blood pressures as well as the systemic vascular resistance (26±2 to 20±1 IU, p < 0.01). The cardiac index was reduced from 2.8±0.2 to 2.4±0.2 l/min.m2, p<0.01. This change was related to a reduction of the heart rate (92±4 to 81±4 beats/ min, p < 0.01) as the stroke index was unchanged. Pulmonary wedge pressure (15±3 to 10±2 mm Hg, p < 0.01) and rate pressure product (18.034±1.159 to 11.274±917 mm Hg, beats/min, p < 0.01) were also significantly decreased. The arterial oxygen tension did not change significantly but there was a significant drop in the mixed venous oxygen saturation (63±2 to 61±2%, p<0.02) and oxygen transport (433±41 to 409±36, p < 0.01). Clonidine is thus able to normalize blood pressure in acute myocardial infarction ; this is accompanied by a reduction in myocardial oxygen requirements and pulmonary wedge pressure. Oxygen transport to the tissues, however, may be decreased.


The general concept of energy is somewhat unclear as long as it is confined to physics, since every chapter of it defines its own particular concept of energy. The general concept can be elucidated in terms of the hypergeneral (philosophical) concepts of concrete thing and changeability. In this way one succeeds in crafting a minitheory that identifies energy with mutability, and that regards it, as well as its conservation, as the universal property of concrete things. The moral is that physicists and philosophers can learn from one another.


part, no doubt, because the times have not invited the publication of books which do not promise a wide sale, in greater part because the theater is in a period of change and dolor, deserted by many of its best artists, important dramatic books in English, either creative or critical, have been few during recent months. To compile even a small list it is necessary to go back into 1932. Of the critical or scholarly books probably the most important, and certainly the most interesting, is Lee Simonson's The Stage Is Set (Harcourt, Brace, 1932). Mr. Simonson is one of our most distinguished American scene designers, a director of the Theater Guild, and a man of strong opinions with the gift of equally strong expression. His book, which surveys the whole field of modern stage design, hesitates at no critical or philosophic implications of the subject and tries to see the theater whole and as a part of the living and evolving world. It is among his contentions that scenic art is really as old as the theater, that its natural evolution is toward the representational, and that many of the problems of the modern designer were once solved by the painters.


We propose a candidate, which we call the fractional Galois ideal after Snaith's fractional ideal, for replacing the classical Stickelberger ideal associated to an abelian extension of number fields. The Stickelberger ideal can be seen as gathering information about those L-functions of the extension which are non-zero at the special point s = 0, and was conjectured by Brumer to give annihilators of class-groups viewed as Galois modules. An earlier version of the fractional Galois ideal extended the Stickelberger ideal to include L-functions with a simple zero at s = 0, and was shown by the present author to provide class-group annihilators not existing in the Stickelberger ideal. The version presented in this paper deals with L-functions of arbitrary order of vanishing at s = 0, and we give evidence using results of Popescu and Rubin that it is closely related to the Fitting ideal of the class-group, a canonical ideal of annihilators. Finally, we prove an equality involving Stark elements and class-groups originally due to Buyukboduk, but under a slightly different assumption, the advantage being that we need none of the Kolyvagin system machinery used in the original proof.


Project management allows organizations to manage change and incorporate emerging needs and requirements while seamlessly providing critical services to stakeholders. Effective project management requires project managers to anticipate issues and plan for "things to go wrong" while maintaining effectiveness and efficiency. Similarly, emergency response requires response agencies and organizations to act effectively and efficiently during and/or immediately following a disaster. In the U.S., emergency response agencies have a long history of managing changing environments. In recent years, the emergency management community has begun shifting its focus to preparedness capacities needed to respond to "maximum of maximums" scenarios. These planning scenarios are meant to critically stress assets, plans, and procedures at all levels of government and go beyond the capabilities of government solutions. The same process does not exist, yet, in project management. This analysis represents a first attempt to identify emergency management practices that can assist project managers in coping with a "maximum of maximums" scenario during project execution. THE COMMON CONSTRUCT Project managers and emergency management practitioners share a long history of coping with changing environments, managing unforeseen conditions, and addressing unanticipated requirements. Established best practices – in both disciplines, require managers to anticipate and plan for potential threats, while maintaining effectiveness and efficiency in project execution. These practices allow project managers and emergency managers to remain agile and responsive while operating within the construct of their respective disciplines. Further, both disciplines require practitioners to make sound, rapid, and accurate decisions— based on the best information available at the time. Emergency managers and project managers 1 Second Editions are previously published papers that have continued relevance in today's project management world, or which were originally published in conference proceedings or in a language other than English. Original publication acknowledged; authors retain copyright. This paper was originally presented at the 1 st Annual University


Consider the problem of choosing a set of actions to optimize a real-valued polymatroid function subject to matroid constraints. The greedy strategy provides an approximate solution to the optimization problem, and it is known to satisfy some performance bounds in terms of the total curvature. But the total curvature depends on the values of the objective function on sets outside the matroid. If we are given a function defined only on the matroid, the problem still makes sense, but the existing bounds involving the total curvature do not apply. This motivates an alternative formulation of such bounds. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an extension of a polymatroid function defined on the matroid to one defined on the whole power set. Our results give rise to bounds for systems satisfying the necessary and sufficient conditions, which apply to problems where the objective function is defined only on the matroid. When the objective function is defined on the entire power set, the bounds we derive in general improve over the previous ones. To illustrate our results, we present a task scheduling problem.


Objective:To study the risk factors for intrahepatic lipid accumulation in type 2 diabetic patients with central obesity.Methods:1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess intrahepatic lipid content in drug naive type 2 diabetic patients with central obesity. Body adiposity and its distribution, metabolic feature and the serum adipocytokines were compared in subjects with different degree of intrahepatic lipid content. Results: There was no difference of simple parameters such as body weight, body mass indes (BMI), waist circumstance, waist hip ratio (WHR) between the little-intrahepatic lipid group and marked-intrahepatic lipid group , while significant difference was seen about intraabdominal fat markedly lower than those of little-intrahepatic lipid group (P=0.022), but both groups had similar level of serum leptin and TNF-α. After adjusted for sex and age, analysis IHCL was closely related to intraabdominal fat area%,(r=0.58),liver volume(r=0.46),serum adiponectin (r=0.43) and HOMA-IR (r=0.62), all P0.05.Conclusion:IHCL was closely related to intraabdominal fat area%, liver volume, serum adiponectin and HOMA-IR in type 2 diabetic patients with central obesity.


Abstract : Close Air Support (CAS) is our oldest and most controversial air support mission. Although there have been significant changes in technology and force structure in each of the services, the doctrine for the employment of CAS has changed very little. The recent Roles and Missions reports have only increased the debate of how and where CAS is performed. The Army, with its fleet of attack helicopters, now finds itself as a provider of CAS. The Marine Corps has always provided its own CAS and will continue to do so but the evolution of the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC) is causing some concern over the possible loss of CAS assets. The Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL) has become a point of dispute since the Army has fielded organic weapons systems with increased ranges and seeks to place the FSCL at greater ranges. Consequently, the area that has generally become the zone of action for CAS has grown exponentially. Precision guided munitions (PGMs) have come of age and now give us the capability to strike with lethality with reduced risk of fratricide. Our CAS doctrine needs to be revised and refined to reflect the tremendous advances in technology and changes in force structure and capability that have occurred in the armed forces in recent years.


Many observational studies have evaluated the potential risks of taking gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, a form of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), to treat prostate cancer. These studies have concluded that there may be an increased chance of developing adult onset diabetes mellitus due to undergoing this therapy. However, these studies have failed to provide adequate biological evidence to support these claims. The purpose of this research project is to determine if this type of therapy increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus. Serum and whole blood samples were drawn for testing on prostate cancer patients at the beginning of treatment and again after three months of GnRH agonist therapy. Five analytes were measured to provide an overview of glucose metabolism in hopes of showing a correlation between ADT and diabetes mellitus. Prostate cancer patients were asked to provide blood samples which were tested for 1) fructosamine, 2) total protein, 3) hemoglobin A1c, 4) testosterone and 5) dehydroepiandosterone-sulfate (DHEAS). If ADT does increase the risk of diabetes mellitus, these analytes will indicate an impaired glucose metabolism at three months compared to before the treatment was initiated.


Aiming at restructuring the conventional energy delivery infrastructure, the concept of energy Internet (EI) has become popular in recent years. Outstanding benefits from an EI include openness, robustness and reliability. Most of the existing literatures focus on the conceptual design of EI and are lack of theoretical investigation on developing specific control strategies for the operation of EI. In this paper, a class of control strategies for EI considering system robustness and operation cost optimization is investigated. Focusing on the EI system robustness issue, system parameter uncertainty, external disturbance and tracking error are taken into consideration, and we formulate such robust control issue as a structure specified mixed H 2 / H ∞ control problem. When formulating the operation cost optimization problem, three aspects are considered: realizing the bottom-up energy management principle, reducing the cost involved by power delivery from power grid (PG) to microgrid (MG), and avoiding the situation of over-control. We highlight that this is the very first time that the above targets are considered simultaneously in the field of EI. The integrated control issue is considered in frequency domain and is solved by a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Simulation results show that our proposed method achieves the targets.


This thesis is the first comprehensive exercise in comparing UK labour protection standards with the requirements of the labour and employment rights treaties ratified by the government since 1945. The early chapters of the thesis (1-4) set out a historical and philosophical understanding of the development of collective and individual labour rights in UK. The broad dichotomy of collective and individual rights is placed within the context of international standards set out in European (the European Union and the Council of Europe) and United Nations (including the International Labour Organisation) fora. In latter chapters (5-7), the thesis sets out in empirical detail the labour protections necessary to ensure UK compliance with the standards required by the most influential of these rights instruments across three 'benchmarking' chapters. These benchmarking chapters cover the fields of collective labour law, the ordinary terms and conditions of employment, and workplace equality. The empirical analysis in those chapters shows that full freedom of association has been denied, and continues to be denied working people in the UK on the artificial premise that individual rights enjoy a primacy over those which are exercised collectively. This thesis concludes by reprising the principal steps necessary to secure such compliance, as well as the extent of UK breaches in relation to freedom of association, and by showing what could be done by a future government, within the limits of international and regional obligation, to extend and entrench protection for full freedom of association, and for the raft of individual employment rights that the government is bound to guarantee.


Hill and Robinson explore the role of digital technologies within fine art practice with specific focus on their recent projects Matrix of Movement and Talking Place: Unfolding Conversations to challenge conventions that map, organise, archive visual digital data in response to the human experience of walking. Hill and Robinson now traverse landscapes in different hemispheres, in seemingly different yet ominously similar ways.


Based on the design idea of distributed control system for material plant, GE90 - 70 PLC, Genius Network, (Simplicity monitor software are used to collect data of the material system and control the system in Magang Port Material Plant. Through the actual operation of the system, the overall productive technology requirements are therefore met.


This document is not intended to create, does not create, and may not be relied upon to create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable as law by any party in any matter civil or criminal. Photos used in this document are taken from public Web sites; they are in no way an endorsement of the product illustrated. The opinions or points of view expressed in this document represent a consensus of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The products and manufacturers discussed in this document are presented for informational purposes and do not constitute product approval or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Justice.


The utility model relates to a mine drilling device, and particularly provides a water drainage detection hole controller which solves the water outflow control problem of a water drainage detection drill hole in an underground coal mine. The water drainage detection hole controller comprises an anchoring sealing section, a lengthening section, a flange plate and an opening sealing device, wherein the front end of the anchoring sealing section is a cone-shaped head, the rear end of the anchoring sealing section is connected with the lengthening section, the tail end of the lengthening section is connected with the flange plate which is connected with the opening sealing device, an inserting port is arranged on one side of the opening sealing device, and a water stop inserting plate is inserted into the inserting port. The water drainage detection hole controller is mounted on each of the drill holes which are in use, when water draining pipelines cannot play a role due to shutdown of the power or other factors in the underground coal mine, the water drainage detection hole controllers can timely block water and prevent the water from flowing out, and therefore the problems that production is affected and a flood accident happens can be avoided. When air flows back in the mine, the water drainage detection hole controllers can plug the drill holes in a sealing mode, and therefore the fact that that workers are specially sent to certain areas for discharging the water in an air back-flowing process and an air stopping process in the mine so that air stopping and the shutdown of the power cannot be achieved is avoided. By means of the water drainage detection hole controller, not only can work efficiency be improved, but also accidents caused by stay of the workers in the mine and other factors because of back-flowing of the air are reduced.


The cost-minimization part of a specific factors model with perfect capital movements and both perfect and imperfect competition is used here to explain the growth rate of wages as a function of technical change, terms of trade changes, interest rate changes and the growth rate of the labour supply. Our estimation of the perfect competition model for 67 combinations of countries and sectors yields the result that technical change explains a higher percentage of wage growth than changes in the terms of trade do before the 1980s. From the 1980s onwards international trade is slightly more influential than technical progress. Much more important than these two are changes in the sector specific labour supply in all countries but the UK. In the UK terms of trade changes matter most. However, since we cannot exclude increasing returns, a model with imperfect competition is also estimated. Besides a confirmation of the strong results for labour, evidence of increasing returns is found in especially the Netherlands and the US. Almost no evidence hereof is found in Germany and the UK. Finally we consider policy conclusions.


This paper studied the forms of organic phosphorus in topsoil by Bowman-Cole's method.The results showed that phosphorous efficiencies of all treatments were increased compared with the control except N treatment.Phosphorous efficiency of M2NP treatment was the highest,increased by 5.59% compared with the control.The differences of total organic phosphorous of NP,M1,M1N,M1NP,M2N and M2NP were significant and respectively increased by 92.7%,133.8%,133.9%,191.3%,172.1% and 201.5% respectively compared with the control.Labile organic phosphorus increased most in organic phosphorous of all treatments except N treatment,increased by 205.1% 420.5% compared with the control.Labile organic phosphorus of M2NP was increased by 420.5% compared with the control.Active organic phosphorus and moderately resistant organic phosphorus were the main components of Cinnamon organic phosphorus,accounting for 70% of the total organic phosphorus.Labile organic phosphorus and moderately resistant organic phosphorus contributed most to the available phosphorus.


While psychological distress among old women has brought with it more negative impact than those of men in Europe and the U.S., there is still a question whether such impacts also influence the sexual behavior on the part of women. This study is an attempt to explore the issue, focusing on the correlation between both psychological and biological factors and sexual behavior. The study takes the case of some old women in the monopouse stage,  at the sub-district of LIMO, Depok, West Java. Method of the study employs quantitative research with cross-sectional study, using purposive sampling technique. The study was conducted during Nov – Dec 2012. The finding of the study reveals that there a positive correlation between the variables under study.


451 ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA: EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL FEATURES AND OUTCOME OF A CARIBBEAN COHORT FROM GUADELOUPE P. Helias | W.C. Lafrance | T. Chalabi | O. Hippomene | D. Clavier | S. Gaumond | M. Berdou | M. Saliege | B. Garin | M. Laruelle | J. Deloumeaux | M. Parrens | V. Baccini Hematology and Oncology Department, University Hospital of Guadeloupe, Pointe à Pitre/Abymes, France; Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Guadeloupe, Pointe à Pitre/Abymes, France; Pathology, University Hospital of Guadeloupe, Pointe à Pitre/Abymes, France; Pharmacy, University Hospital of Guadeloupe, Pointe à Pitre/Abymes, France; Medical Oncology, Medical Center of Saint Martin, Saint Martin, France; General Cancer Registry of Guadeloupe, University Hospital of Guadeloupe, Pointe à Pitre/Abymes, France; Pathology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Pessac, France


The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 C.E., and the concurrent loss of formal independence, was arguably the single most fundamental event affecting the future of the Jewish people during the subsequent centuries. The immediate reaction to the destruction of the Temple among the populace was one of despair and a feeling of a "loss of center," as is evidenced in some of the post-destruction literature. This response was tempered and moderated to a certain degree by the subsequent rabbinic leadership, through moderation of the mourning practices, institution of formal commemoration rituals, and the substitution of other forms of worship and religious behavior in the wake of the loss of the Temple rituals. Nevertheless, the memory of the Temple as a defining element in the Jewish worldview retained a place of importance in post-destruction Jewish literature, in both legal corpora such as the Mishnah, and non-legal traditions, as exemplified by aggadic tales composed during the first centuries of the Common Era.


This research paper deals with an experimental investigation of mechanical properties of prepared composite panels. Flexural behavior in three-point bending test is measured. Composites are prepared in order to satisfy requirements for transport industry. Totally, three material compositions are tested with different multiaxial reinforcing fabric and polyester resin. All samples are produced by low-pressure vacuum infusion mainly used for large-scale composite parts. Furthermore, fire resistance of prepared laminates is tested and appropriate classification into corresponding categories is also done. Experimental results proved suitability of prepared glass fiber composites for application in transport industry.


The deformation-induced transformation from austenite (γ ) into martensite (α') while deforming steels containing metastable austenite, is well known. The deformationinduced martensitic transformation demonstrates a high level of plasticity and occurs when deforming austenite at a temperature of MS or higher. In addition to the chemical composition of austenite, such as the amount of carbon in solid solution, the MS temperature, stacking fault energy1–7) and microstructural factors such as grain size,7–11) morphology12–14) and crystal orientation15,16) of austenite, the transformation behavior is also heavily dependent on the stress state17) and deformation temperature.18–20) The transDeformation-Induced Martensitic Transformation Behavior of Retained Austenite during Rolling Contact in Carburized SAE4320 Steel


This article aims to analyse the role safe houses (or houses that are deemed safe by their occupants) play in one of Bram Stoker's first published works, The Primrose Path (1875). Moreover, it will briefly underline similar roles houses play in Dracula (1897), and other works by Stoker, in order to show that he developed this theme all along his literary career.


We present the elemental abundance and H2 content measurements of a damped Lyα (DLA) system with an extremely large H i column density, log N(H i) (cm−2) = 22.0 ± 0.10, at zabs = 3.287 toward the QSO SDSS J081634+144612. We measure column densities of H2, C i, C i⋆, Zn ii, Fe ii, Cr ii, Ni ii, and Si ii from a high signal-to-noise and high spectral resolution VLT-UVES spectrum. The overall metallicity of the system is [Zn/H] = −1.10 ± 0.10 relative to solar. Two molecular hydrogen absorption components are seen at z = 3.28667 and 3.28742 (a velocity separation of ≈52 km s−1) in rotational levels up to J = 3. We derive a total H2 column density of log N(H2) (cm−2) = 18.66 and a mean molecular fraction of f = 2N(H2)/[2N(H2) + N(H i)] = 10−3.04 ± 0.37, typical of known H2-bearing DLA systems. From the observed abundance ratios we conclude that dust is present in the interstellar medium of this galaxy, with an enhanced abundance in the H2-bearing clouds. However, the total amount of dust along the line of sight is not large and does not produce any significant reddening of the background QSO. The physical conditions in the H2-bearing clouds are constrained directly from the column densities of H2 in different rotational levels, C i and C i⋆. The kinetic temperature is found to be T ≈ 75 K and the particle density lies in the range nH = 50–80 cm−3. The neutral hydrogen column density of this DLA is similar to the mean H i column density of DLAs observed at the redshift of γ-ray bursts (GRBs). We explore the relationship between GRB-DLAs and the high column density end of QSO-DLAs finding that the properties (metallicity and depletion) of DLAs with log N(H i) > 21.5 in the two populations do not appear to be significantly different.


Abstract It is estimated that 10 million persons in me United States have at least one mental disorder and at least one substance-related disorder in any given year. Dual disorders are common in psychiatry, but misdiagnosis may be even more common. Drug and alcohol testing should be expanded from routine use in the Olympics and intercollegiate athletics to psychiatric diagnosis of drug intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal states. Major Depression is co-morbid with opiate addiction, alcohol dependency, tobacco smoking, and many other substance abuse disorders. Drug use induces adaptations in brain systems associated with mood and motivation. The acute rewarding effects of drugs change the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Cessation of drug self-administration induces dysphoria and anhedonia as a result of changes in monoamine levels in brain reward circuits; opposite to the effects that occur after the administration of drugs of abuse. While most models for dual disorders assume compulsive or volitional use or self administration, we have been interested in second-hand exposure which was common in the past among flight attendants and occurs today between smoking parent and child. We expand the concept from parent-to-child environmental tobacco toxicity to a workplace toxicity hypothesis for anesthesiologists. Such a hypothesis can explain the high rates of depression, workplace and social distress, drug abuse, and drug addiction among anesthesiologists. While co-occurring disorders have been the focus of epidemiolog-ical studies and twin and genetic studies, the role of exposure to potent drugs of abuse in the intra-uterine, home, and workplace environment has been neglected. We have demonstrated the unequivocal presence of fentanyl and other potent drugs of abuse in the air that anesthesiologists breathe in the operating room. Drug exposure sensitizes the brain. When sensitization is coupled with the stress of operating room, employment may produce the pattern of co-occurring disorders seen in anesthesiologists but not psychiatrists. Prevention is the goal in environmental or toxicity-related illness. After diagnosis, treatment for dual disorders should be vigorous with remission of all disorders in mind. For anesthesiologists, limiting toxic environmental exposure may prevent both drug and affective disorders.


A new cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS) system in rice(Oryza sativa L.) was inbred by Neijiang hybridization Rice Technology Development Center,named after Wanhui 88 type.Our experiments showed that there was difference in the PCR banding pattern of mtDNA among CMS-88A,CMS-WA,CMS-ⅡA,CMS-Di,CMS-GA.The different bands between its sterile line Neixing 2A and maintainer line Neixing 2B were recovered and sequenced.The results obtained two 667 bp mtDNA's fragments which were 2A sequence and 2B sequence.2A sequence and 2B sequence were similar except for the 57th G→T,100th T→C and 161st C→T.Functional analysis showed that the core promoter of atp6 gene was destroyed by 100th T→C point mutation.Through amplification of cDNA fragments of the mitochondrial gene atp6 containing 5' by RT-PCR in Neixiang 2B,Neixiang 2A,Neihui 5550,and the results showed that atp6 of Neixiang 2A could not normally express.Therefore,CMS-88A was due to the mitochondrial atp6 gene core promoter mutation in the region,leading to atp6 no normal transcription,which could be inadequate for the mitochondria,resulting in pollen abortion.


Anorexia nervosa dramatically demonstrates the inseparability of mind and body and is a classic example of a psychosomatic disorder. It is primarily a psychic and secondarily a somatic disturbance. Inasmuch as the personality reaction of the individual suffering from anorexia nervosa more nearly conforms to compulsion neurosis than that of any other psychiatric disorder and, in addition, has cachexia rather than anorexia as a leading symptom, it is suggested that the illness would be more accurately termed compulsion neurosis with cachexia. Although definitive data as to etiology are not available, evidence presented indicates that constitutional defect probably predisposes to the illness, which becomes manifest at puberty or shortly thereafter because of severe and deep psychological conflicts centering in the family constellation. The dynamics of these conflicts are discussed and the conclusion drawn that the patient's basic difficulty lies in her more intimate interpersonal relationships. Adequate phys...


Hip fracture is often associated with high morbidity, mortality and heavy economic burden. It is also a major risk factor for a subsequent fracture.Therefore strengthening the treatment the subsequent fracture and the prevention of osteoporosis are necessary and the key to improve the quality of life in elderly patients with hip fractures. The balanced nutrition, calcium and vitamin D supplementation is the foundation, early osteoporosis drug treatment is the key, and secondary causes, in addition to the treatment of osteoporosis, exercise of coexisting diseases appropriate and preventing falls are important supplements. In a word, strengthening the comprehensive management of senile osteoporosis can obtain good clinical effects. In this paper, literature about osteoporosis in elderly hip fracture patients and those with high risk population fall was reviewed in order to provide reference management of senile osteoporosis.


IT is apparent on reviewing the literature of pancreatitis' in recent years that several lesions are being discussed under this title. Most authors discuss acute pancreatitis, either acute cedema of the pancreas (acute interstitial pancreatitis) or acute necrosis of the pancreas (acute hremorrhagic pancreatitis), whose pathology, symptoms and signs are known to all. In addition, there is the clinical entity of acute or subacute recurring or relapsing pancreatitis (Priestley, 1950), characterized clinically by repeated episodes of upper abdominal pain. The physical findings are comparable with mild episodes of acute pancreatitis. A still further syndrome is that of chronic recurrent or relapsing pancreatitis (Maimon, Kirsner and Palmer, 1948; Gambill, 1951). This again is described as an entity characterized by episodes of pain in the upper


In order to enhance the indication performance of Tunnel-in-the-Sky (TIS) in the flight instrument to assist the pilots' operation, flight operation-oriented strategies for tunnel are advocated. Dynamic driving strategy for tunnel is proposed to generate tunnel data dynamically, which endows the tunnel with a return-to-path guidance capacity. Transition strategy from the current flight path to the predicted path using Clothoid is applied to improve the tunnel traceability. To intuitively support the pilots' operation and reduce their workload, the estimated fight vector, expected flight vector and their corresponding driving algorithms are introduced. Experimental evaluation indicates the feasibility of the tunnel driving strategy and the valid effect of Clothoid transition. Optimal predictive time parameters for flight vectors are chosen by statistical analysis. These experiments validate the operation-oriented Tunnel-in-the-Sky design.


In this study, the Trichoderma harzianum chitinase gene(Chit42) was mutated by using Error-prone PCR method. On the basis of conventional PCR, the optimal conditions of Error-prone PCR were investigated by improving Mg2 +concentration in PCR system, adding appropriate concentration of Mn2 +, adjusting the concentrations of four kinds of dNTP(dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dGTP). Error-prone PCR was executed by adding 5.0 mmol· L- 1Mg2 +, 0.5 mmol· L- 1Mn2 +, 0.04 mmol· L- 1dATP and dGTP; 1.5mmol· L- 1dTTP and dCTP for amplifying the chit42 gene. Total 10 clones were selected at random, the sequences results showed that 57 mutations occurred in 13 370 nucleotides, 0.4% mutation rate can be obtained by Error- prone PCR. This study laid a solid groundwork to produce mutant for the directed evolution of enzyme molecule.


The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has become a remarkable vehicular communication network for exchanging information between vehicles and other infrastructures. It plays a significant role in the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) by improving vehicle safety and traffic efficiency. However, trust management in IoV suffers in existing systems, even utilizing blockchain. Blockchain is a decentralized and secure technology that improves the security and privacy of incorporating applications. Many researchers proposed various blockchain-enabled IoV applications to enhance trust in the IoV network. But these suffer from vehicle safety, secure authentication mechanism, and higher computational cost. This paper presents a review of existing Blockchain-enabled IoV systems and analyzes them. Therefore, a blockchain-enabled IoV framework has been proposed to increase the trust among all connected nodes in the blockchain network. A 3-step authentication algorithm has been presented to enhance trust management in the IoV system. The proposed framework can establish secure communication among all connected entities. The implementation of the proposed framework assures the trustworthiness of the IoV network.


This paper has studied the early marriage of rural female youth and relevant countermeasures, and put forward some reflections in order to attract the attention of the relevant personnel. By referring to related researches of domestic and foreign scholars, the author found that there are a few researches about this phenomenon after 1990s in domestic documents. The gender-specific researches are much fewer, and lack theoretical explanation. The foreign scholars mainly focus on empirical research, and we can only learn from their relevant theories and research methods. Therefore, it is very necessary to research the early marriage of rural female youth under the background of social transformation. Keywords—rural female youth; early marriage; domestic and


Protein refolding is known to be dependent on various factors, some of the important ones are the concentration of the protein sample, temperature, pH and also the concentration of the denaturant. Protein folding and aggregation are competing reactions and the factors responsible for the partition between these two reactions are still not well understood. One factor that has not been studied is the effect of a folded protein on the refolding of denatured state/form(s) of the same protein. This study aims to determine the degree to which protein refolding is template‐driven by studying the refolding of lysozyme (a model protein). The effects of adding a folded template (native state), on the renaturation yield of denatured states of lysozyme was ascertained by biological assays, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and intrinsic fluorescence studies. We have observed that at a template concentration of 40 µg/mL and denatured‐reduced protein concentration of 160 µg/mL that there is an approximate 3 % increase in refolding yield based on biological assays. Since protein refolding is such a critical cellular process and given that protein aggregation is at the root of numerous diseases, the gain from this study will provide useful information on the factors that govern protein refolding, which could be extended to minimize the process of protein aggregation.


Minimum unit pricing (MUP) for alcohol has been placed on the health policy agenda of many countries following the proposal by the Scottish Government to introduce minimum prices in response to the high and rapidly increasing burden of alcohol-related disease in Scotland. The policy also targets aggressive marketing by large supermarket chains that offer alcohol at prices close to or below the cost of the taxes and duty as a loss-leader to attract customers into stores. It is an explicit recognition of the fact that the most effective health promotion policies are those that take population-wide approaches, instead of targeting only those at highest risk (Rose, 1985).


According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method for inserting a tag performed by an apparatus for inserting a tag to a stereo audio signal includes the steps of: receiving an original stereo audio signal; analyzing an energy distribution of the original stereo audio signal with respect to an azimuth angle; determining respective effective azimuth angles for control information for controlling tag information and a plurality of tag information in consideration of the energy distribution; modulating the plurality of tag information and the control information generated based on the effective azimuth angle; generating a left signal and a right signal by using the modulated control information and the plurality of modulated tag information; and generating a multi-tagged stereo audio signal by mixing the generated left and right signals with the original stereo audio signal. Accordingly, the present invention can effectively provide an additional server to a user and more effectively insert and extract the tag information.


In this post, we study whether (and how) the spread of COVID-19 across the United States has varied by geography, race, income, and population density. Have urban areas been more affected by COVID-19 than rural areas? Has population density mattered in the spread? Has the coronavirus's impact varied by race and income? Our analysis uncovers stark demographic and geographic differences in the effects of the pandemic thus far.


The acceptability and cost-effectiveness of postpartum contraception were assessed in an operations research project conducted at the Peruvian Social Security Institute (IPSS). IUDs and barrier methods were offered to a randomly selected group of postpartum and postabortion women served at the largest IPSS hospital in Lima. A similarly selected control group was discharged without postpartum contraception. By the end of the study almost 90% of the women who were offered postpartum family planning accepted a contraceptive method and 1/4 accepted an IUD. 68% of the postabortion group who received family planning accepted a modern contraceptives; 43% accepted IUDs. Follow-up interviews were conducted at 40 days and 6 months postpartum. Women who were offered contraception in a hospital were more likely to be using IUDs and less likely to not be contracepting than the controls both at 40 days and 6 months. IUD use among the experimental group was almost 50% higher than in the control group at 6 months and nonuse of contraception was 40% less. The effect of experimental intervention was limited to women who actually received an IUD in the hospital. Women who were offered but did not accept a method were no more likely to be using contraception at either of the 2 time parameters than women in the control group. Every woman who accepted an IUD in the hospital rather than from an outpatient family planning clinic saved 2 outpatient visits on the average. Implementing postpartum family planning services delivery on all maternity wards could save 3% of the annual projected IPSS family planning budget for all of Lima and free up to 71% of the current outpatient delivery capacity. The study demonstrated the acceptability of postpartum family planning services delivery among social security patients. The program raised both IUD use and total contraceptive prevalence at 6 months postpartum by which time most women were again fecund and were therefore at risk for pregnancy. More importantly postpartum services delivery also represented significant cost savings for IPSS by averting additional outpatient family planning consultations. (authors modified)


ABSTRACT In June 2020, the hasthtag #TF1raciste began trending on French Twitter after the synopsis of a TV series broadcast on France's first television channel described a female character of Maghrebi descent as a beurette. As the term was being debated on many a media outlet, sociologists explained that beurette is embedded in a colonial rhetoric that fetishizes Oriental women and noted that its contemporary usage is mostly associated with the pornographic industry, suggesting a discriminatory if niche representation of Arab women in France. Through an analysis of the travel writing of Gilles Kepel, France's leading expert on Islamism, this article argues that this representation is not restricted to the marginal production of adult content but that it is instead found in a public representation of Islam that, behind its denunciation of Islamism, hides a French yearning for the colonial mission civilisatrice.


We show that weakly incoherent optical beams propagating in a Kerr medium exhibit a universal algebraic coherence after a short propagation time, mimicking the quasi-long-range order of ultracold quantum Bose gases in two dimensions. If two plates are inserted in the medium, this optical quasi-condensate gives rise to a long-range Casimir-like force, attractive at large distances and repulsive at short distances.