This paper explores the effects of four modes of political participation--voting, campaigning, peaceful protest, and aggressive behavior--on two fundamental attitudes, political efficacy and regime support. Theories of democratic participation argue that positive effects should be seen for at least the first three modes, while little is known about the effects of political violence. Using longitudinal data from the mid-1970s in West Germany, it becomes apparent that these modes of participation have vastly different effects on these political orientations. Voting is found to influence regime support in a positive fashion, while campaign activities influence feelings of political efficacy. Peaceful protest has little effect on either attitude, and aggressive behavior has strong negative effects on regime support. The results are discussed in light of theories of democracy which predict developmental effects of political activity, and in light of previous research which investigates these effects in other countries and in other contexts.


Whether a new type of community can be successfully constructed in rural areas in China depends on the realization of the integration of farmers' political concerns,economic interest and culture needs.Based on a rational analysis of the ways to make the new type of community systematic,functional and identified,it is clear that the integration of farmers' interests exerts the same effects as the construction of new type of rural community.Therefore,the route of constructing a new type of community safeguarding farmers' interests must be found and designed accordingly.


In this work, we investigate channel estimation in time-varying multi-relay cooperative network. Since channels vary with time, training blocks are inserted periodically to trace channel variation, and we adopt Kalman filter to take advantage of the temporal correlation of channel coefficients. By storing previous channel estimate, Kalman filter simply requires to process the newest observation to update current channel estimate with relatively low complexity. To perform data detection, we need to channel state information over each data block as well. Therefore, estimates over previous training blocks are interpolated to estimate channel over data blocks based on linear mean-square-error (LMMSE) criterion. Since estimates over training blocks are obtained from Kalman filter, it consequently improves estimation quality of the channel over the data blocks.


[Objective] To investigate the features of B-mode ultrasonography image of gallbladder in acute arsenic poisoning victims,and to discuss the value of ultrasonography image in diagnosing this kind of disease.[Methods] B-mode ultrasonography images of gallbladder in 38 acute arsenic poisoning patients were taken and analyzed.[Results] Wall thickening,unsmoothness,bulging lesion,and contractile dysfunction of gallbladder as well as bile ducts enlarging were observed,their positive rates were 39.5%,26.3%,13.2%,26.3%,23.7% respectively.[Conclusion] The acute arsenic poisoning patients usually suffer from gallbladder disorders and B-mode ultrasonography is an ideal imaging method for them to detect gallbladder disorders.


Schema theory has become an important linguistic theory in cognitive linguistics which has developed in recent years.It is the product of combining linguistic and psychological research.This theory has been paid attention and successfully applied to foreign language teaching by more and more foreign language educational practitioners.English listening teaching is one of it.In this article,we attempt to illustrate the guiding meaning of schema in English listening teaching by analyzing the realizing process of English listening comprehension and adopting the basic theory of schema theory.


Nowadays, digital signage are become ubiquitous, and it was surround us, it can be in airports, train terminals, and bus station. Other than that, it also can use as menus
board in fast food restaurants. But there still lack of efficient digital signage management system to control or manage the digital signage update. Digital signage
management system is very useful to manage the digital signage. With this system, update the signage information will become easy and faster. It will also locate all the
signage location and monitoring the digital signage information. This can easier the staff to know what information are displaying by the digital signage. The system will build in an advertisement company based, to show better how to manage the digital signage as advertising display on it.


Let P=1"-+-(-1'1)' the direct sum of the p X P identity matrix and the negative of the q X q identity matrix. The following theorem is proved. THEOREM: IJ the matrices A and Bare P-orthogonal (orthogonal with respect to P) and P·skew-symmetric (skew-symmetric with respect to P) then [A , B] = AB-BA may be expressed as th.e difference, C-D, oj matrices wh.ich are P·orthogonal, P-skew-symmetric. Expli cit expressions for th e matrices C a nd D are give n.


Rituximab is widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but clinical response varies. Efficacy is determined by the efficiency of depletion, which may depend on a variety of Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)-dependent mechanisms. Previous research was limited by complexity of the FCGR locus, not integrating copy number variation with functional SNP, and small sample size.The study objectives were to assess the effect of the full range of FcγRs variants on depletion, clinical response and functional effect on NK-cell-mediated killing in two rheumatic diseases with a view to personalised B-cell depleting therapies.A prospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted in 873 patients [RA=611; SLE=262] from four cohorts (BSRBR-RA and BILAG-BR registries, Leeds RA and Leeds SLE Biologics). For RA, the outcome measures were 3C-DAS28CRP and 2C-DAS28CRP at 6 (+/-3) months post-rituximab (adjusted for baseline DAS28). For SLE, major clinical response (MCR) was defined as improvement of active BILAG-2004 domains to grade C/better at 6 months. B-cell depletion was evaluated by highly-sensitive flow cytometry. Qualitative and quantitative polymorphisms for five major FcγRs were measured using a commercial multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Median NK cell FcγRIIIa expression (CD3-CD56+CD16+) and NK-cell degranulation (CD107a) in the presence of rituximab-coated Daudi/Raji B-cell lines were assessed using flow cytometry.In RA, for FCGR3A, carriage of V allele (coefficient -0.25 (SE 0.11); p=0.02) and increased copies of V allele (-0.20 (0.09); p=0.02) were associated with greater 2C-DAS28 response. Irrespective of FCGR3A genotype, increased gene copies were associated with a better response. In SLE, 177/262 (67.6%) achieved BILAG response [MCR=34.4%; Partial=33.2%]. MCR was associated with increased copies of FCGR3A-158V allele, OR 1.64 (95% CI 1.12-2.41) and FCGR2C-ORF allele 1.93 (1.09-3.40). Of patients with B-cells data in the combined cohort, 236/413 (57%) achieved complete depletion post-rituximab. Only homozygosity for FCGR3A-158V and increased FCGR3A-158V copy number were associated with increased odds of complete depletion. Patients with complete depletion had higher NK cell FcγRIIIa expression at rituximab initiation than those with incomplete depletion (p=0.04) and this higher expression was associated with improved EULAR response in RA. Moreover, for FCGR3A, degranulation activity was increased in V allele carriers vs FF genotype in the combined cohort; p=0.02.FcγRIIIa is the major low affinity FcγR and increased copies of the FCGR3A-158V allele, encoding the allotype with a higher affinity for IgG1, was associated with clinical and biological responses to rituximab in two autoimmune diseases. This was supported by functional data on NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In SLE, increased copies of the FCGR2C-ORF allele was also associated with improved response. Our findings indicate that enhancing FcγR-effector functions could improve the next generation of CD20-depleting therapies and genotyping could stratify patients for optimal treatment protocols.NoneThis research was funded/supported by the joint funding from the Medical Research Council (MRC) and Versus Arthritis of MATURA (grant codes 36661 and MR/K015346/1). MASTERPLANS was funded by the MRC (grant code MR/M01665X/1). The Leeds Biologics Cohort was part funded by programme grants from Versus Arthritis (grant codes 18475 and 18387), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) and Diagnostic Evaluation Co-operative and the Ann Wilks Charitable Foundation. The BILAG-BR has received funding support from Lupus UK, and unrestricted grants from Roche and GSK.The functional studies were in part supported through a NIHR/HEFCE Clinical Senior Lectureship and a Versus Arthritis Foundation Fellowship (grant code 19764) to AWM, the Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund to JIR and MYMY (204825/Z/16/Z), NIHR Doctoral Research Fellowship to MYMY (DRF-2014-07-155) and NIHR Clinician Scientist to EMV (CS-2013-13-032). . AWM, INB, JDI and PE were supported by NIHR Senior Investigator awards. Work in JDI's laboratory is supported by the NIHR Newcastle BRC, the Research Into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, and Rheuma Tolerance for Cure (European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative 2, grant number 777357). INB is funded by the NIHR Manchester BRC.This article/paper/report presents independent research funded/supported by the NIHR Leeds BRC and the NIHR Guy's and St Thomas' BRC. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.Md Yuzaiful Md Yusof: None declared, James Robinson: None declared, Vinny Davies: None declared, Dawn Wild: None declared, Michael Morgan: None declared, John Taylor: None declared, Yasser El-Sherbiny: None declared, David Morris: None declared, Lu Liu: None declared, Andrew Rawstron: None declared, Maya H Buch: None declared, Darren Plant: None declared, Heather Cordell: None declared, John Isaacs: None declared, Ian N. Bruce: None declared, Paul Emery Speakers bureau: Roche, Consultant of: Roche, Grant/research support from: Roche, Anne Barton: None declared, Timothy Vyse: None declared, Jennifer Barrett: None declared, Edward Vital Consultant of: Roche, Grant/research support from: Roche, Ann Morgan Speakers bureau: Roche/Chugai, Consultant of: GSK, Roche, Chugai, AstraZeneka, Regeneron, Sanofi, Vifor, Grant/research support from: Roche, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals


In real life, many engineering problems are nonlineble NP problems, in order to solve some of these problems, we put forward a competitive volleyball algorithm.The algorithm proposed in this paper is a meta-heuristic technique based on swarm optimization. It is inspired by the competition between volleyball teams in a league and the improvement in players' overall abilities in order to win the Most Valuable Player award. Several specific terms relating to competition, such as pre-match reinforcement, single round robin mechanism, optimal strategy constitute the structure of the algorithm. The sensitivity of several parameters of the algorithm is analyzed and tested for three types of benchmark functions: unimodal, high-dimensional multimodal and low-dimensional multimodal functions. Through the use of these three types of test functions, the performance of this algorithm is compared with nine classical metaheuristic algorithms: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), Harmony Search (HS), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA), Soccer League Competition (SLC), League Championship Algorithm (LCA) and Volleyball Premier League (VPL). CVA has been used to solve three real-world engineering problems. The results show that the performance of the CVA is behaviorally promising and better than the other classical metaheuristic algorithms.


In most underdeveloped countries, students play a large role in the national political life. During the years that Syngman Rhee ruled Korea, however, it appeared that Korean students were an exception to the rule. Their activities had no influence upon the course of national politics. Rather, any student activity that went on was a result of political events, since the students docilely marched in the hundreds of demonstrations sponsored by Rhee to give the appearance of support for his policies. Any other form of political activity was forbidden to the students who were regimented by the Student Defense Corps set up by Rhee's Liberal Party. The political inertness of the Korean students was puzzling, since they appeared to be subject to the same influences as the highly political students of Latin America, the Near East, and Southeast Asia. Though still young, they formed a sizeable portion of the nation's supply of persons with modern educational and thus were in a position to swing more weight in society than students can hope to do in a Western country where a large part of the population is educated. They also were subject to the forces of cultural and social change. In the process of Westernization, the old Confucian philosophy had become discredited, family ties and local loyalties had been weakened,2 and ways of life had changed as technical innovations and urbanization took effect. In other developing nations, the loss of a philosophy to which the students can commit themselves, together with the absence of a community to which modern loyalties can be attached, has led to the growth of nationalism to fill both gaps.3 When students must study under adverse economic conditions, when they face only unemployment upon graduation,4 and when their expectations are unrealis-


Results of thermal environment measurement and questionnaire investigation as to air quality of a supermarket in Lanzhou indicated that the indoor air quality was very poor.In this paper,the strategy of conventional ventilation and personalized ventilation was firstly put forward to be employed simultaneously in large spaces,such as supermarket.Secondly,spatial flow influence factor was applied to choose the optimized air distributions and analyze the effect of eliminating contaminants.It was indicated that methods and results presented here were useful for the disposal of local contamination,design of HVAC and management of large space.


In this paper, an analysis of present scenario of coal in India has been made. In particular, energy requirements for the developing countries are met from coal-based thermal power plants. In India, about 75% coal output is consumed in power sector. In addition, other industries like cement, fertilizer, chemical, paper and thousands of medium and smallscale industries are dependent on coal for their process and energy requirements. Since the country's dependency on coal is increasing, therefore it becomes mandatory for the government to seek for better technologies for fulfilling its needs. Also, increased allocation and better exploitation of coal within the country will moderate the quantity of coal imports, thereby fostering the independency and development of the country.


Results are presented of the characterization of radioactivity inventory of Zapadnoe uranium mill tailings impoundment situated at Pridneprovsky Chemical Plant (PChP; Dneprodzerginsk, Ukraine). Analyses of radioactivity data set based on analytical studies of core material from 15 characterization boreholes allowed significantly refining waste volume and radioactivity inventory estimates. Geostatistical analyses using variogram function have established that radioactivity distribution in Zapadnoe tailings is characterized by regular spatial correlation patterns. Ordinary kriging method was applied to assess distribution of radioactivity in 3D. Results of statistical analyses suggest significant redistribution of uranium in the dissolved form in the residues (presumably due to water infiltration process). The developed structural model for radioactivity distribution is used for further risk assessment analyses. Derived radioactivity correlation scales can be used for optimization of sample collection when characterizing the PChP Site and similar contaminated sites elsewhere.


A case is presented where endocardial fibrosis with pulmonary stenosis, incompetence of the tricuspid valve, and severe right-sided heart failure, proved to be the only signs of a carcinoid tumor in the left ovary.


Structure of a vehicle body rear part in which a back door opening section around which a closed cross-sectional structure is provided wherein the vehicle body rear part includes rear lamp house panels, a back panel section and a back door opening section arranged to incline obliquely such that a lower part is located further toward a vehicle back than an upper part. In the structure, a tail end member extending along a vehicle width direction is coupled to lower side corner portions of the closed cross-sectional structure located on both the left and right sides of the back door opening section, swelling sections extending further outward than the lower side corner portions of the closed cross-sectional structure are provided on both the left and right sides of the tail end member, and the swelling sections are joined to the rear lamp house panels and the back panel section.


Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside arteries. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and enlarge. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to organs supplied by the affected artery. Atherosclerosis can affect any artery in the body, including arteries in the heart, brain, arms, legs, pelvis, and kidneys. As a result, different diseases may develop based on which arteries are affected.
The cause of atherosclerosis isn't known. However, certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise risk for the disease. These conditions are known as risk factors such as smoking, age, gender…etc. A facility- based descriptive case series study will be conducted in King Khalid Hospital in Najran City to assess risk factors in atherosclerotic Saudi Patients above 40 years old. Case series and selective sampling techniques will be used for the selection of 50 atherosclerotic Saudi Patients above 40 years old.
The data will be collected by structural interview (check-list). Data processing and analysis will be done by entering the data into SPSS for Windows7.
My results show that most age group affected by atherosclerosis are from 60-69, also patients effected by atherosclerosis have no dyslipidemia about 64%.  Patients affected by atherosclerosis are diabetes about 65.31%, while we found the duration of diabetes in most atherosclerotic Saudi patients from (6-10 years), (16-10 years) about 29.1%. But patients with atherosclerosis have no stroke 74%.
The patients with atherosclerosis are not smoker about 90%. Most atherosclerotic Saudi patients with diabetes are male about 51.02%., also most atherosclerotic Saudi patients with hypertension are male about 48%. Atherosclerotic Saudi patients with obesity are female about 22%.
The most atherosclerotic Saudi patients with dyslipidemia are female about 26%, and the atherosclerotic Saudi patients with stroke are from age 60-69 years old. The atherosclerotic Saudi patients are somker from age 60-79 years old.


While international archival affairs have played a relatively minor role in the activities of the SAA, it is interesting to recall that the Society was involved in the two most significant decisions in the history of the International Council on Archives its founding in 1948 and its decision in 1966 to give the highest priority to technical assistance for archives in developing countries. Both decisions are related to meetings in Washington. The first, in 1946, has been described by Oliver Holmes who had a significant involvement in the founding of ICA, and the second in 1966 by Morris Rieger, one of the organizers of the Extraordinary Congress and an active participant in the subsequent history of ICA. One of the most significant features of the Extraordinary Congress in 1966 was the worldwide representation made possible by travel grants from the Council on Library Resources. Thus, the impact of representatives from developing countries was felt for the first time, with a resulting emphasis on their needs. The author of a report to the SAA on the congress observed that "the Congress appears to have wandered quite far from its basic theme of scholarly access. The resolutions were much less concerned with this than with the urgent need for archival technical assistance to the underdeveloped regions of the world."1 These resolutions included recommendations 1 ) that UNESCO make regular provision in its budgets for technical assistance to developing countries; 2) that a permanent joint ICA-UNESCO technical assistance planning and coordinating group be established; 3) that there be compiled an international roster of archivists competent to undertake technical assistance missions, as a sort of archival peace corps; 4) that regional archival pilot projects be established in East and West Africa; 5) that a study of film preservation in the tropics be undertaken by ICA; and 6) that regional branches of ICA be set up in Southeast Asia and Africa. Most of the resolutions were based on a report on the activities and problems of ICA by Charles Kecskemeti, executive secretary of ICA. He stressed the importance of technical assistance to developing countries and the need to create regional branches of ICA, which were provided for in the constitution but had not been established because of the lack of financial resources. He reviewed the progress of publications relating to developing countries, chiefly the series of Guides to the Sources of the History of Nations, commenced in 1959 with a subsidy from UNESCO, and manuals on archives in the tropics (Y. Perotin, 1966), archives in Latin America (A. Tanodi, 1961), and on archival buildings and equipment (M. Duchein, 1966). He reported a project in the UNESCO program for a pilot project to create a model archives service in an African country. He referred to studies on


Near infrared (NIR) biomedical probes have attracted a great deal attention for many years because of its advantages of non-invasion, safety, economy, simplicity, and portability. If changes caused by re-distribution of blood volume and oxygenation level are detected, more pathophysiologic information will be revealed. But most of NIR biomedical probes use continuous-wave (CW) light source, which can not reveal enough information about abnormal vascularization because light beams are heavily scattered and diffused by tissues. The frequency of light source is an important factor in absorption and scattering. The goal of this work is to study how the pulse light source affects the near-infrared imaging. The imaging apparatus is composed of NIR light source, lens, CCD (minimal illumination: 0.0003 Lux, S/N ratio: #48 Db), capture card with high precision of 10 bit AD converter and computer. The imaging apparatus make pulse light illuminate the hand with external pressure, using the CCD camera recording the whole course. The date collection sequence is processed via some algorithm to show active blood vessel changes. This trial can monitor continuously the dynamic response of the tissue and output dynamic signature curves of the light intensity


Objective To explore the therapeutic effect and safety of Alprostadil Injection in the treatment of severe chronic hepatitis.Methods 60 patients with severe chronic hepatitis were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group according to the order in hospital,with each group of 30 cases,the control group was given conventional therapeutic: hepatinica,jaundice treating drugs and supportive treatment,and so on;on the basis of the control group,the observation group was given Alprostadil Injection 5 μg plus 10 mL NS,one time a day.The treatment course was 4 weeks.Results The total effective rate of severe chronic hepatitis: the observation group was 70.0%,the control group was 43.3%,there was significant difference between the two groups(P 0.05).After treatment,there was significant difference in the level of TBIL,ALT,PTA and the incidence rate of complications between the two groups(P 0.05).Conclusion Alprostadil Injection is a safe and good drug in the treatment of severe chronic hepatitis.It can be used to treat severe chronic hepatitis as an effective drug.


Poland, and the United States. A few chapters, however, come close to 25 pages, and on the whole they are of considerably higher quality than the rest. Particularly good are the chapters on Australia, Canada, Germany, and Korea. Unfortunately, the editors did not exercise their prerogatives as rigorously as they could have. Consequently some chapters, such as the ones on France and Saudi Arabia, suffer either from awkward constructions or from inelegant translations. Five chapters (on Czechoslovakia, Italy, Poland, the United States, and Venezuela) lack any kind of bibliography, and a sixth (on France) contains a small handful of exclusively French-language sources that, for wellknown reasons, are likely to be of little use to most readers. Perhaps in compensation, the chapters on Australia and Germany contain superb lists of sources suitable for further reading. Regrettably, the editors did not compel contributors to clarify obscure passages. What, for example, is one to make of the concluding paragraph of the chapter on Saudi Arabia?


The automotive intelligence and electrification require the braking system to cooperate with the controller to achieve regenerative and active braking functions. Hence, the range and driving safety of the electric vehicles are improved. Electromechanical brake (EMB) systems completely abandon the fluid and hydraulic elements and replace the traditional hydraulic braking system with a wire harness and electromechanical parts. The braking torque adjustment is achieved entirely by controlling the four-wheel EMBs. At present, reliability and fault tolerance are the key technical issues associated with EMBs. To eliminate the need of any clamping-force sensor due to its vulnerability and high cost, in this article, a switching extended state observer (SESO) is presented to provide rapid force estimation with higher precision. The substrates of the internal linear and nonlinear structures have been unified into a single form by using an equivalent gain method. The SESO is effective to detect the initial contact between the braking disk and pad by estimating the load torque. It is experimentally verified that the developed force sensorless control strategy is accurate and superior to the existing techniques.


We analyzed the current situation and problems of biomedical enterprise-universityresearch institute alliance in China.According to the features of the alliance,we put forward strategies in five aspects:to improve relavant legislation,to strengthen macro guidance,to improve the interest mechanism,to innovate the development mode and to broden the financing channels.

Key words:
Biomedical;  Enterprise-university-research institute alliance


A study was conducted to examine differences in the experiences of injustice and frustration. Ninety-seven high school students were administered four instruments involving word association, incident description, drawing, and completion of forced choice questionnaire items. The data indicate that the sense of injustice is more social while frustration is more personal. Ss reported that an injustice to another was personally experienced by themselves as more painful, more inoral, and more a fl to society than a frustration of another. An injustice also makes them feel more ugly, more angry, more guilty and more motivated to do something about it.


The deaf and mute use sign language by moving their hands, faces, and bodies to talk to each other or normal people. Sign language is non-verbal communication, which is the process of communication by sending and receiving messages without words between people. The number of deaf people is increasing in the world and Iraq in particular, in addition to the problems in communicating with the world and the difficulty of learning sign language by deaf and hard-of-hearing families, there must be other ways to help the deaf communicate efficiently with ordinary people and learn sign language easily. One such method is to use artificial intelligence to create translation software and recognize hand gestures. This paper presents a computer program that can translate Iraqi sign language into Arabic (text). First, the translation starts with capturing videos to make up the dataset, the proposed system uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify sign language based on its features to impute the meaning of the sign. The accuracy of the part of the proposed system that translates sign language into Arabic text is 99% for words sign.


Jingming Dao is a new sect of Taoism arose in the times of Song and Yuan dynasties, which is characterized by pursuing to become celestial beings through practicing some moral principles such as loyalty and filial piety. Most scholars think formerly that the theories of Jingming Dao about loyalty and filial piety are influenced by the Confucianism, but they are different widely from the Confucianism in fact, because their essence is a kind of cultivation for inner alchemy. What this paper discusses about is the basic contents of this special kind of inner alchemy, as well as the relationships and differences with Confucianism and traditional Taoism. We expect it can reveal the special use of the Chinese idea of "Unity of the Heaven and Man".


Semantic web comes out with the vision of making human readable information to be machine processable. Ontology, the core of semantic web, with concept instantiations serves as a domain knowledge base while semantic web query language provides retrieval of that information. In this paper, we presented a system that populates hotel related information in the ontology and a natural language querying platform to retrieve the information from a common interface for decision making. A simple user experiment shows that the system is time effective and helpful in making decisions with minimum queries as compared to browsing even with selected sites.


It is shown that the spectral difference between a short vowel and its long counterpart in the Arabic language can be neglected for isolated vowels. The analysis technique used is time-varying linear predictive coding. To obtain the set of parameters corresponding to an analysis duration T, the reconstruction of the same segment with different durations is performed automatically. The excitation of the LPC synthesis filter is provided by a modified multipulse algorithm. The intelligibility of the synthetic long vowels is satisfactory.<<ETX>>


The US stands out from peer countries in the number of local officials we elect. This is especially pronounced in the area of election administration, with most jurisdictions electing officials to run their elections. Using a newly collected dataset of election administration structures in 449 counties across three states over 60 years, along with a difference-in-differences design, I find that appointed officials out-perform their elected counterparts, increasing voter turnout by nearly two percentage points and raising registration rates by over one percentage point. I present evidence that appointed officials do not receive noticeably more resources than elected officials and do not have more relevant experience. Instead, appointed officials may be monitored and sanctioned better than elected officials. My findings highlight the limits of local elections in securing better government performance and inform ongoing debates over local election administration in the US. For helpful discussion and comments, the author thanks Barry Burden, Ashton G. Ellett, Igor Geyn, Lia Merivaki, Morgan Spangler, Graham Straus, Dan Thompson, Lynn Vavreck, Chris Warshaw, Alexander Whalley, and participants in the 2022 Southern Political Science Association conference, the 2022 Midwest Political Science Association conference, the 2022 Election Sciences, Reform, and Administration conference, and the 2022 American Political Science Association conference. I would also like to thank the Texas Secretary of State's office for responding to requests for information on Texas county election administration, Martha Kropf for sharing data on election administration spending, and Paul Gronke for sharing the 2020 Democracy Fund/Reed College Survey of Local Election Officials. Ph.D. Student, Department of Political Science.


The action of most common oxidising agents on 1,2,4-
triazoline -3 -thione leads to ready cleavage of the C-S bond
to yield 1,2,4-triazole. Prior to this work no 1,2,4-triazole -
3 -sulphonic acids had been reported. Several oxidative methods
have been developed which yield 1,2,4-triazole -3 -sulphonic acid;
of these chlorine oxidation is the most convenient.
A literature survey of the oxidation of heterocyclic thiols
and thiones has been made. Syntheses of substituted 1,2,4-
triazoline -3 -thiones have been reviewed. Thirty monosubstituted 1,2,4-triazoline -3 -thiones as well
as several disubstituted 1 1 2,4-triazoline-3-thiones, 1,2 1 4-
triazolidine -3,5 -dithiones, di -(1,2,4-triazoline -3-thiones),
and fused ring 1,2,4-triazoline -3 -thiones have been prepared.
Chlorine oxidation of all these compounds has been investigated.
In most cases the corresponding sulphonyl chlorides were formed
initially, and these were then hydrolysed to the sulphonic acid
or converted to the sulphonamide. Approximately thirty acids
and fifteen amides were prepared in this way. With certain
2-substituted 1,2,4-triazoline -3 -thiones no sulphonyl chlorides
nor sulphonic acids could be isolated, while with certain
substituents in the 4-position the intermediate sulphonyl
chlorides were formed but could not be converted into the
corresponding sulphonic acids. Bromine oxidation of several monosubstituted 1,2,4-
triazoline -3 -thiones also yielded the corresponding sulphonic
acids though yields were very poor for the parent thione.


Results are given from a study on the effects of mineral fertilizers and overseeding of legumes to graminoid crops on productivity of a six-course fodder crop rotation on leached chernozem soils of Western Siberia. It has been established that the collection of dry matter is increased 1.6 times and the collection of digestible protein 2.0 times as influenced by mineral fertilizers. Overseeding of a legume component increases the collection of dry matter 1.5 times and in years of favorable agrometeorological conditions more than 2 times. With that, the collection of digestible protein for the first rotation cycle (2008-2013) increased 2.4 times and made up 319 kg/ha, and in favorable 2015 increased 3.7 times up to 651 kg/ha as compared with the unfertilized crop rotation. The maximum collection of dry matter was obtained in pure maize sowing both without fertilization and against the background of mineral fertilizers. Sown jointly with broad beans, maize yields to grasses in productivity. The maximum yield of digestible protein in a fodder crop rotation is provided by the mixed sowings of perennial grasses of the first and second years of use. The availability of the fodder unit with digestible protein for the first rotation cycle increased by 23% and made up 91 g as influenced by mineral fertilizers, and by 49% (110 g) as influenced by overseeding legumes that was zootechnic rate. In cover crops, the maximum availability of the fodder unit with digestible protein was 135g when over-seeded legume component and 112 g when applied mineral fertilizers. The phytocenosis of bromegrass and alfalfa also provides zootechnic rate of 107-126 g.


Localization of mRNA of two types of somatolactin, growth hormone, and prolactin in the pituitary of gilthead seabream Sparus auratus L., 1758 The mRNA expression of two types of somatolactin (SL1 and SL2), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) were analysed by in situ non-radioactive hybridization (ISH) in the pituitary of gilthead sea bream Sparus auratus L., 1758. The different SL probes used, 5' end labelled with biotin or dioxygenin, showed a strong signal, mainly in the pars intermedia (PI) of the pituitary gland. We found, for the first time, cells that co-express both SL forms. Furthermore, the GH and PRL oligoprobes showed signs of hybridization in the proximal pars distalis (PPD) and rostral pars distalis (RPD), respectively. Moreover, the study of specimens of three ages and different sizes, produced by asynchronic growth of the S. aurata under commercial farming conditions, found no qualitative differences in the levels of expression of these two SL forms.


Medicines have important effect on population health and it is important to have a system for assessing their effects and monitoring their use, expenditure and price. The basis for all these objectives is the availability of an internationally valid classification system of medicines and a measurement system of their utilisation. Since 1996 the WHO Headquarter has adopted and proposed the ATC (Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical) classiifcation and the DDD (Defined Daily Dose) as the global standard for medicine classification and utilisation sudies, respectively. The EURO-MED-STAT project has defined the criteria for the production, validation and maintenance of national registers with validated ATC codes and DDD values, as suggested by WHO. A register with a valid ATC code and DDD value is able to provide reliable information allowing calculation of utilisation and expenditure indicators (Utilisation in DDD; DDD/1000inh/day and Expenditure per DDD).


All of special education, particularly that for students with emotional and behavioral disorders, faces pressures for nonidentification of disabilities. Special education must come to grips with four distractions from its central mission of providing effective special instruction. These include the issues of disproportionality (statistical over-representation of certain minority groups in special education), stigma, inclusion, and tiered instruction. Tiered instruction goes by a variety of names and acronyms and is most often referred to as multi-tiered system of supports or MTSS. Tiered instruction offers promise in many ways but does not solve any of special education's inherent problems such as making subjective judgments about what students need, sorting, categorizing, and labeling students. Special education appears to have "taken its eyes off the ball", the ball being its core purpose of providing effective instruction and teacher education. Effective instruction and teacher education are fundamentals without which special education will fail to achieve its mission.


Several organic sulfides were carefully selected to relate alkyl/cyclic substitution, chain length, and polysulfide functionality to oxidative performance in a solvent-refined base oil and a hydrotreated base oil. The organic sulfides were tested in the modified Groupement Francais de Coordination (GFC) oxidation test at 160°C. Samples were drawn at 96, 144, and 192 hours and characterized for viscosity increase, total acid number (TAN), and weight percent insolubles in hexane. The viscosity increase, TAN, and insolubles were generally lower in the hydrotreated base oil. Using the solvent-refined mineral base oil, the data indicates alkyl/cyclic substitution, polysulfide functionality and, to a lesser degree, chain length were governing factors for oxidative stability. Collectively, the oxidative stability of the polysulfides tested based on the modified GFC oxidation test in decreasing order of stability is as follows : primary/tertiary alkyl monosulfides > primary/tertiary alkyl disulfides > cyclic disulfides and alkyl trisulfides. Bond dissociation energies of C-S, S-S and S n were used to rationalize the observed ranking.


By analyzing the flight course and spheroid,the term imitates a flight course drawing by computer,and establishes a mathematical model to prove that A hours could be savedin flying in the new flight course.By analyzing the model,we calculate the spherical distance in MATLAB programming method.As to Model 1,we work out the spherical distance in solid geometry,it turns out that it only costs 10 8734 hours to fly from Beijing to Detroit,while 14 7793 hours by the original flight course,and at least 3 9095 hours is saved.As to Model 2,the spherical distance by integral is worked out,finally it concludes that it saves 4 29891 hours.


The heating of tissues by diagnostic ultrasound can pose a significant hazard particularly in the imaging of the unborn child. The demonstration of the temperature field in tissue is therefore an important objective in the teaching of biomedical physics to healthcare professionals. The temperature field in a soft tissue model was made visible and measured using thermography. Temperature data from the images were used to investigate the dependence of temperature increase within the model on ultrasound exposure time and distance from the transducer. The experiment will be used within a multi-professional biomedical physics teaching laboratory for enhancing learning regarding the principles of thermography and the thermal effects of ultrasound to medical and healthcare students and also for demonstrating the quantitative use of thermographic imaging to students of biophysics, medical physics and medical technology.


ortality of the highly dominant and abundant bivalve Mesodesma The mass m donacium along Peruvian sandy beaches represents one of the most conspicuous cases of impacts of strong El Niño events (EN) in nearshore ecosystems, causing considerable shifts in the whole community. More than 25 years after EN-related mass mortalities began, the northern geographic distribution of this commercially important clam is still confined to northern Chile, illustrating its low ability to regain the former distribution. The present work uses a combination of ecophysiological experiments, field work and a literature data compilation. These data were used to assess (i) the significance of the biotic interactions with the spionid polychaete Polydora bioccipitalis in terms of the population persistence of M. donacium; (ii) the response of M. donacium to main abiotic changes expected during EN; (iii) the demographic processes of M. donacium at the current northern range boundary and (iv) the geographical trends in population dynamics of this species and the environmental factors driving them. Features of the association between P. bioccipitalis and M. donacium confirm that the polychaete is a parasite causing deleterious effects on the clam's performance. Evidence of the infestation in fossil shells of M. donacium from fossiliferous deposits of central and northern Chile strongly suggests a long-term association, at least since the Middle Pleistocene, between these species. Even during weak environmental stress events, this parasite can cause the mortality of adult clams, which represents a loss of overall fecundity amounting to over 90% that may delay or prevent northward recolonization. M. donacium was highly sensitive to high temperature, suggesting that the northward distribution is limited by high sea surface temperature. In contrast, it was remarkably tolerant to low salinity, particularly juveniles, which may be related to the selection of river mouths as suitable areas for recruitment. Strong freshwater-input seasonality best explained the patterns in the reproductive cycle of this clam. Owing to the limited upper thermal tolerance, the long-term expansion and dominance of M. donacium from the Pliocene/Pleistocene transition until present seems closely linked to the establishment and development of the cold Humbold Current Upwelling System (HCUS). Consistent patterns of increasing abundance, growth performance, mortality and productivity of M. donacium with decreasing latitude


Railway ballast is made of crushed stone according to the standard NP EN 13450 Aggregates for railway ballast. In Portugal, acceptance requests for railways construction and maintenance works are approved by Rede Ferroviária Nacional REFER, EPE. This rules define that ballast supplying must also comply with technical instruction IT.GEO.001 Ballast and gravel supply. In this technical instruction, limits referring to the ballast's dimensions and mechanical characteristics, are defined as well as the nature of the stone accepted for this application.


Bell lab layered space-time (BLAST) architecture can achieve a tight lower bound on the MIMO channel capacity with a simple transmit structure. It is very attractive because of its capacity ability. However, detection methods for BLAST face two problems: some are high complexity, such as Maximum Likelihood detection; some bear error propagation, which lead to poor performance, such as MMSE SIC method. In this paper, an omni-direction ZF BLAST receiver is presented. Simple omni- direction QR factorization and new detection criteria are performed. Without ordering for cancellation makes the complexity of this scheme very low. Simulation results show that performance of this scheme is prior to that of Bi-direction method presented in (7). Keywords-MIMO; BLAST; full diversity; zero-forcing.


Abstract : Between 1959 and 1961, a committee was established in the Instrumentation Branch of the Aeronautical Systems Division to make an accurate assessment of the state of the art of telemetry transducers with respect to progress in telemetry systems. One of many conclusions reached by this committee was that a central organization was needed to collect and disseminate transducer information on a current basis. Battelle Memorial Institute contracted to determine essential requirements for the establishment and operation of a transducer information center to fulfill this need. The program was initiated by conducting a study of existing information centers to determine whether or not some such organization was active in disseminating transducer information. As a part of this study, letters of inquiry were distributed to approximately 200 researchers, users, and manufacturers of transducers. The replies to these inquires helped define the types of service desired from a transducer information center, types of transducer information needed for providing this service to the technical community, proper selection of storage and retrieval techniques, and the qualifications of technical personnel needed to process information and provide technical assistance. The second phase of the program involved the operation of a pilot transducer information center to study problems that will be faced in the operation of a matured information center. Approximately 600 selected transducer documents were processed during the pilot-operation phase. (Author)


The Asteraceae are generally divided into two large subfamilies, the Cichorioideae (syn. Lactucoideae; tribes Mutisieae, Cardueae, Lactuceae, Vernonieae, Liabeae, Arctoteae) and the Asteroideae (Inuleae, Astereae, Anthemideae, Senecioneae, Calenduleae, Heliantheae, Eupatorieae). Recent phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and chloroplast DNA data show that the Mutisieae-Barnadesiinae are the sister group to the rest of the family. The Mutisieae-Barnadesiinae are here excluded from the Mutisieae and elevated to the new subfamily Barnadesioidae


This paper suggests that there are three important types of reference groups which act together to foster achievement level striving. These are the normative group, the role model and the audience. The normative group defines the roles the individual is to assume, the model provides exemplification of how the role is to be performed, at least adequately, and the audience provides anticipation of rewards for outstanding performance in the role. Expectations for performance level attained in two types of situations are discussed: (a) instances where one or more of the three reference groups is missing in the individual's reference group reporters, and (b) instances where the three reference groups are not "located" in the same concrete group or person. Finally, the reference group theory of achievement is compared with David McClelland's theory of n-Achievement and Max Weber's theory of achievement implicit in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.


Transitions are a hot topic in educational science. At the same time, they have been addressed in educational literature for quite some time, and the multitude of guidebooks in particular have always been concerned with supporting transitions. This paper elaborates how a nineteenth-century guidebook formulates advice on the upbringing of young children to help facilitate the transition from the post-natal to the toddler stage, as well as providing a religious upbringing. The question is answered by a discussion of the selected guidebook Ueber Kleinkinder- Pflege by the pietist teacher Christian Heinrich Zeller.


As part of an international experimental program REBUS, core physics experiments have been implemented on a UO2 core, which consists of 3.3 and 4.0 wt% UO2 fuel rods in a square pitch of 1.26 cm, and two partial MOX cores, which replace 7 × 7 UO2 fuel rods in the center of the UO2 core by fuel bundles made of fresh BR3 MOX fuel or irradiated BR3 MOX fuel with an average burnup of 20GWd/t. Burnup calculations of the BR3 MOX fuel were performed using a general-purpose neutronic calculation code SRAC, and core calculations of the three critical cores were carried out using SRAC, a transport calculation code THREEDANT, and a continuous-energy Monte Carlo code MVP. The measured inventories of major U and Pu isotopes on a sample taken from the BR3 MOX fuel agree with the results of the burnup calculations within 3% deviation. The k eff's of the three cores are from 0.985 to 1.002. The measured burnup reactivity of the irradiated BR3 MOX fuel was well reproduced by the three types of core calculations. The influence of the accuracy of the inventory calculations on burnup reactivity was studied by comparing between the calculated and measured inventories. The result indicates that the biases in the inventory and reactivity calculations compensate each other, and it makes the total biases of the burnup reactivity small.


This paper presents an online feedback-based (FB) field weakening (FW) control technique for interior permanent magnet (IPM) brushless AC (BLAC) machines with due accounting for nonlinear machine parameters and inverter characteristics in traction applications. The proposed method computes the dq-axis current references online instead of employing predefined look-up tables (LUT) as in the conventional schemes. Thus, it provides the flexibility for online parameter update or estimation to enhance the drive system efficiency. It is shown that in the FB-based FW operation where the machine voltage magnitude is maintained at the voltage hexagon boundary via the voltage FB loop using the ideal FB voltage references which the nonlinear inverter characteristics are neglected, the stator flux reference regulated via the voltage FB loop may not be optimally controlled due to the mismatch between the ideal demand and actual voltages applied to the IPM BLAC machine. For a given torque, it results in a higher current magnitude than the ideal demand, and therefore leads to extra copper losses. To solve this problem, a nonlinear inverter compensation (NIC) method is proposed and experimentally validated by measurements on a 10kW IPM BLAC drive. It is shown that by incorporating the proposed NIC technique, the achievable torque under a given speed can be increased up to 4% and the copper losses under a torque demand and given speed can be reduced up to 4% in the FW operation region.


Moisture in low-rank coals is believed to involve at least two fundamentally different mechanisms for binding water to the coal matrix. The objective of our work was to investigate the application of two experimental techniques, dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and immersional calorimetry, to the characterization of moisture content and pore structure of low-rank coals. Dielectric techniques can sometime prove valuable in studying bulk matter containing specific polar molecules. From a theoretical standpoint, a parallel plate capacitor with a vacuum between its electrodes ceases to behave as a pure capacitance (at all frequencies) when a condensed matter dielectric is inserted. If an alternating voltage is applied to the capacitor containing a dielectric, the current and voltage will no longer be precisely ..pi../2 radians out of phase, ..pi../2 being the value for a vacuum-filled capacitor. The degree of departure from ..pi../2 radians as expressed by the angle delta, depends on the lossyness of the dielectric. The process of adsorption (defined as the concentration of a substance on a surface where the substance, the adsorbate, is in a gas or liquid form and the absorbent a solid) is spontaneous and is characterized by a fall in the entropy of the system and a decreasemore » in surface free energy. This necessitates the adsorption process to be exothermic, the resultant energy being referred to as the heat of immersion or heat of wetting. Therefore the exothermic heat liberated when a porous solid is immersed in a liquid is related to the surface energy of the solid and the measurement of it can be used to determine the surface area of various solid samples.« less


The implementation of automatic feeding is an important way to improve the production and reduce the cost of dairy cows. This paper summarize Based on the analysis of the current situation of the feeding equipment of dairy cows, this paper summarizes the application status of feeding equipment for dairy cows, introduces the progress in application of suspension feeding system, self-propelled feeding system and in-site feeding system. Based on the actual situation of our country, it carries out the requirement analysis of the automatic feeding equipment and put forward the research and development direction.


FBXO25 is one of the 68 human F‐box proteins that serve as specificity factors for a family of ubiquitin ligases composed of s‐phase‐kinase associated protein 1, really interesting new gene‐box 1, Cullin 1, and F‐box protein (SCF1) that are involved in targeting proteins for destruction across the ubiquitin proteasome system. We recently reported that the FBXO25 protein accumulates in novel subnuclear structures named FBXO25‐associated nuclear domains (FAND). Combining two‐step affinity purification followed by MS with a classical two‐hybrid screen, we identified 132 novel potential FBXO25 interacting partners. One of the identified proteins, β‐actin, physically interacts through its N‐terminus with FBXO25 and is enriched in the FBXO25 nuclear compartments. Inhibitors of actin polymerization promote a significant disruption of FAND, indicating that they are compartments influenced by the organizational state of actin in the nucleus. Furthermore, FBXO25 antibodies interfered with RNA polymerase II transcription in vitro. Our results open new perspectives for the understanding of this novel compartment and its nuclear functions.


The macroreticular copolymer beads (RCS-4G) were prepared by suspension copolymerization of chloromethylstyrene (CS) and tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (4G) in water, using cyclohexane as a diluent. Then, the copolymer beads carrying phenolic derivatives immobilized via amide, methylene, or ether bond were prepared by subsequent reactions of RCS-4G with various phenolic derivatives. The radical scavenging activity against 2,2-Diphenypicrylhydrazil (DPPH) of the copolymer beads carrying phenolic derivatives immobilized was investigated in toluene. It was found that the copolymer beads had high radical scavenging activity against DPPH. The order of the radical scavenging activity against DPPH of the copolymer beads carrying phenolic derivatives immobilized did not coincide with the order of inhibition activity against the generation of 1,4-dioxane hydroperoxide. The radical scavenging activity against DPPH of the copolymer beads having phenolic derivatives immobilized via methylene bond or ether bond was higher than that of the copolymer beads having phenolic derivatives immobilized via amide bond. It was found that the radical scavenging activity of the copolymer beads having phenolic derivatives was affected by not only the kind of phenolic derivatives immobilized and bond groups through which phenolic compounds were immobilized, but also the swelling ratio of the copolymer beads in toluene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4791–4800, 2006


Abstract Modern electron microscopes are capable of resolving individual molecules in organic crystals but the achievement of this resolution is determined by the contrast and radiation stability of the molecular crystal. This paper discusses the parameters of the molecule that affect the resolution and shows how the technique of high resolution electron microscopy has been applied to phthalocyanines and planar aromatic hydrocarbons.


It is a well-known fact that Kant used the lament of the Trojan queen, Hecuba, from Ovid's Metamorphoses to describe the fate of metaphysics. But these words could equally be used to describe the peculiar fate of the Alcibiades Major. There was a time when this small dialogue was held in high regard and enjoyed much authority.2 The Alcibiades Major was unreservedly attributed to Plato. It was much read, quoted and alluded to. And it is no exaggeration to say that it was one of the key works of the corpus platonicum. The contrast with the present could hardly be more striking.


A sidelobe suppression algorithm based on compressive sensing (CS) theory for stepped-frequency continuous wave ground penetrating radar (SFCW GPR) is proposed. Due to sparse nature of the amplitude and time delay of signals reflected from underground layers and buried objects, an L1-norm minimization regularization approach within the framework of CS is employed to reconstruct the super-resolution SFCW GPR time domain signal for sidelobe suppression. The simulation results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed method.


This paper is focused on the legal and jurisprudential analysis of the ecosystem services provided by forests and wetlands in Argentina during 2000-2012. The study is based on: (a) documentary search and analysis (laws and case-laws); (b) the direct observation method; c) the casestudy approach; and (d) the comparative-descriptive analysis. The primary and secondary data gathered by authors denotes a lack of public policies on ecosystem services in Argentina. On the other hand, due to the fact that there is no political decision about the obligation to pay for these services and any legal parameter pre-established, the economic value of ecosystem services is arbitrary and based on subjective judgment. The article concludes with a proposal for environmental policy oriented towards the implementation of phytoremediation processes to improve water quality in environments wooded riverbank.


The commercial grain yield of maize in the U.S. Corn Belt has undergone significant genetic improvement since the initiation of hybrid breeding in the first half of the 20 th Century. Designing effective molecular enhanced breeding strategies that improve on the outcomes of the conventional pedigree breeding strategies is a challenge for commercial maize improvement programs today. Most of the traits of importance to the breeder are genetically complex and quantitative in nature. Genetically mapping these traits in elite breeding populations is difficult. Conventional mapping approaches in structured populations are often not relevant to the elite crosses of a maize breeder, are time consuming to create and even when successful usually only offer low levels of mapping resolution (ca. 10 to 20 cM). Therefore, considerable interest has emerged in the use of alternative methods for the mapping of quantitative traits. Genetic association mapping methods have been the subject of great interest in human genetics. More recently genetic association studies have been performed in crop plants, with some promising results. Much work still remains to develop association mapping methodology that is applicable to properties, such as pedigree relationships, among the elite populations of a maize breeder. We will discuss the utility of these approaches for mapping complex traits and issues for consideration in their application to breeding.


Jinseuk Lee is the chief representative for Brookfield's Private Funds Group in Korea. He graduated from Cornell in 2006. He has handled notable transactions at Samsung Life Insurance and Liberty Street Asset Management.


Stormwater control measures (SCMs) are decentralized technical elements, which can prevent the negative effects of uncontrolled stormwater flow while providing co-benefits. Optimal SCMs have to be selected and designed to achieve the desired hydrological response of an urban catchment. In this study, automated modeling and domain-specific knowledge in the fields of modeling rainfall-runoff (RR) and SCMs are applied to automate the process of optimal SCM design. A new knowledge library for modeling RR and SCMs, compliant with the equation discovery tool ProBMoT (Process-Based Modeling Tool), was developed. The proposed approach was used to (a) find the optimal RR model that best fits the available pipe flow measurements, and (b) to find the optimal SCMs design that best fits the target catchment outflow. The approach was applied to an urban catchment in the city of Ljubljana, Slovenia. First, nine RR models were created that generally had »very good« performance according to the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency criteria. Second, six SCM scenarios (i.e., detention pond, storage tank, bio-retention cell, infiltration trench, rain garden, and green roof) were automatically designed and simulated, enabling the assessment of their ability to achieve the target outflow. The proposed approach enables the effective automation of two complex calibration tasks in the field of urban drainage.


[97616-73-3] C28H60Sn2 (MW 634.20)

InChI = 1S/C4H6.6C4H9.2Sn/c1-4(2)3;6*1-3-4-2;;/h1-3H2;6*1,3-4H2,2H3;;

InChIKey = DIELKJPCYMLKMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

(allylating reagent for many electrophilies, including alkyl halides, carbonyl compounds, and imines)

Alternate Name: 3-tributylstannyl-2-[(tributylstannyl)methyl]propene; 1,1-bis(tributylstannylmethyl)ethylene.

Physical Data: 160–165 °C/0.04 torr.

Solubility: soluble in most common organic solvents (decomposes in some protic solvents).

Form Supplied in: not commercially available, colorless liquid.

Preparative Methods: preparative mehods are covered in the text.

Purification: Kugelrohr distillation.

Handling, Storage, and Precaution: all organotins should be treated as highly toxic.


An experiment on board the MIR spacecraft showed that a bubble of gas surrounded by liquid can rise to a temperature higher than that of the surrounding walls.


The objective of this study was to determine whether the weight of a vibrating handheld object influenced the perceived intensity of its vibrations. Experiments were conducted to determine the subjective equivalence of vibrotactile intensity for objects that had the same size but had different weights. The results suggest that for the same surface acceleration and hence the same movement, the heavier is the device, the stronger is the perceived intensity


In the current century the extreme or 'ultra' position on the university campus has been to argue for its dissolution or abolition. University leaders and campus planners in Australia have mostly been unmoved by that position and ploughed on with expansive capital works campaigns and ambitious reformulations of existing campuses. The pandemic, however, provided ideal conditions for an unplanned but thoroughgoing experiment in operating universities without the need for a campus. Consequently, the extreme prospect of universities after the era of the modern campus now seems more likely than ever. In this paper we raise the question of the dematerialised or fully digital campus, by drawing attention to the traditional dependence of universities on material and architectural identities. We ask, what is the nature of that dependence? And consider how the current uncertainties about the status of buildings and grounds for tertiary education are driving new campus models.

 Using material monikers to categorise groups of universities is something of a commonplace. There is the American Ivy League, which refers to the ritualised planting of ivy at elite colleges in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The English have long referred to their "red brick" universities and to a later generation as the "plate glass" universities. In Australia, the older universities developed in the colonial era came to be known as the "sandstones" to distinguish them from the large group of new universities developed in the postwar decades. While some of the latter possess what are commonly called bush campuses. If nothing else, this tendency to categorise places of higher learning by planting and building materials indicates that the identity of institutions is bound up with their materiality.

 The paper is in two parts. It first sketches out the material history of the Australian university in the twentieth century, before examining an exemplary recent project that reflects some of the architectural and material uncertainties of the present moment in campus development. This prompts a series of reflections on the problem of institutional trust and brand value in a possible future without buildings.


Preface. Acknowledgments. The Authors. Introduction: Navigating Complex Challenges. 1. Paying Attention. Shifting Between Modes of Attention. Understanding Left Mode and Right Mode Attention. Using Kinesthetic Attention. Paying Attention to Negative Space. Asking Powerful Questions. Developing the Competency of Paying Attention. Cautions. 2. Personalizing. Learning Begins with the Personal Connection. Practicing Assessment for Development (A4D). Practicing Exploration for Development (E4D). Tapping Into Your Passion. Knowing When to Let Go of Your Personal Side. Developing the Competency of Personalizing. Cautions. 3. Imaging. Making Imagination Tangible. Seeing Organizational Vision in a New Light.Exploring Scenarios. Making and Using Metaphors. Making Poetry in the Face of Complexity. Developing the Competency of Imaging. Cautions. 4. Serious Play. Play Enhances Learning amid Turbulence. Play Is a Community Activity. Play Is the Heart of Science and Technology. Developing the Competency of Serious Play. Cautions. 5. Co Inquiry. Building Creative Leadership Communities. Creating Spaces for Group Work. Conducting Dialogue. Putting Something in the Middle. Crossing Boundaries. Developing the Competency of Co Inquiry. Cautions. 6. Crafting. Thinking in Wholes. Crafting Decisions. Building Scaffolds for Learning. Developing Leadership as Science and as Art. Learning from Artists. Developing the Competency of Crafting. Cautions. 7. Creative Leadership in Action. Case Study 1: Task Force Collaboration. Case Study 2: Leadership in New Media. Case Study 3: Individual Leadership Coaching. Case Study 4: Creative Product Innovation.Case Study 5: Executive Interdependence. Case Study 6: Inventing a New Manufacturing Paradigm. Appendix A: The Leading Creatively Program. Appendix B: Our Research Methods. Appendix C: A Reflective Assessment of C2 Competencies: Competencies for Making Sense of Complex Challenges. Appendix D: The ORC Star Mapping Process. Notes. Bibliography. Index. About the Center for Creative Leadership.


Complexity science is often seen as the science of emerging non-linear phenomena. In this paper we discuss some emerging aspects of non-linear solutions in physics. These solutions owe their elegance and simplicity to the complex non-linear structure of the equations, a structure which is dictated by the symmetries of physics. A central theme in these non-linear solutions is that the magnitude of the driving term (or the initial cause in more mundane language), is of little influence on the final solution. In linear approaches one would normally exploit the smallness of the source term by constructing solutions order by order. The non-linear solutions have a very different nature and cannot be constructed by such perturbative means. In contrast to certain other applications in complexity theory, these non-linear solutions are characterized by great stability. To go beyond the dominant non-perturbative solution one has to consider the source term as well. The parameter freedom in these equations can often be reduced by self-consistency requirements. We attempt to assess a possible role of this type of solutions in general complexity theory. In particular we stress the possibility that the complexity of the equations is beneficial rather than detrimental towards the solution of these non-linear equations, as long as this complexity reflects fundamental aspects or principles in the description of the system.


(1984). The trial in heaven in the 'eerste bliscap' and other european plays. Dutch Crossing: Vol. 8, No. 22, pp. 84-92.


Five factors which affect the support capability of railway quick response transportation were discussed in this paper, then a model for evaluating the support capability is put forward based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Hilbert space. The results of AHP were used as the weight operator to establish the Hilbert index space. According to the weak compactness of the unit sphere in the Hilbert space, a model for evaluating the support capability of railway quick response transportation is established. The model has good data (including qualitative data and non-qualitative data) processing capability. The contribution rate of every index and accessibility of general index can be deduced by analyzing the indexes and evaluation object. A case for the evaluation of the support capability for railway quick response transportation is analyzed in the end part of the paper. The result shows that the model presented in the paper is available for the evaluation of the support capability for railway quick response transportation.


The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was an important technology of modern separation and analysis because of its high separating power,high sensitivity,high specificity and wide range of application.Compared with single mass spectrometry,the tandem mass spectrometry was more sensitive and selective,and it can provide more abundant information about molecular structure.Firstly,this paper explained the fundamental principle of tandem mass spectrometry,common mass analyzer and its characteristic,different tandem mode of tandem mass spectrometry and data acquisition of the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Secondly,the author introduced its latest progressive application in the drug metabolism,such as determination of the pharmacokinetics parameter of the drug using tandem mass spectrometry,identification of the drug metabolites using various tandem mass mode,sum of the fit and unfit of each mode,application strategy of the identification of the drug metabolites,and prospects for the application in the drug metabolism in the future.


In this study, we have investigated carbon incorporation in epitaxial Si layers and at interfaces of multilayer epitaxial structures due to desorption of hydrocarbons from chamber walls at elevated temperatures. The experiments were conducted in an ultrahigh vacuum rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (UHV-RTCVD) reactor. We have investigated carbon contamination as a function of deposition temperature, film growth rate, and partial pressure of hydrocarbons. The results show that at higher deposition temperatures (750 and 800°C) carbon levels in epitaxial layers are lower compared to levels in layers grown at lower temperatures (650 and 700°C). It is proposed that at higher temperatures, the carbon concentration in Si is determined by the adsorption-desorption equilibrium and this results in a growth rate independent incorporation process. At lower temperatures, carbon incorporation is limited by the availability of sites for chemisorption. Site availability is determined by hydrogen coverage on Si during growth, and this produces a growth rate dependent incorporation process. Hydrocarbon desorption from the chamber walls increases with increasing hold time at elevated temperatures, resulting in a time dependent increase in the carbon level within epitaxial layers. Carbon contamination at interfaces of multilayer structures was found to depend strongly on the growth temperature. Higher interfacial carbon levels were obtained following growth at higher temperatures when temperature cycling was used to start and stop the growth processes. When gas switching was used for this purpose, interfacial carbon contamination was observed at lower temperatures (650 and 700°C). This is tentatively attributed to loss of hydrogen coverage when Si 2 H 6 is evacuated from the chamber for gas switching and inefficient desorption of physisorbed species from the surface at lower temperatures.


The microcomputer control system of wire cutting tool was introduced.The wire cutting tool of combined motion of x and y axes was transformed to the one of combined motion of x,y,u and v axes so that it can cut taper.The taper control principle,compensation of gear clearance,compensation of top error,short circuit turn back were introduced and the data automatic produce method of symmetry and rotate cutting was analyzed.


In [6] was proved that if R is a principal ideal domain and N ⊂ M are submodules of R[x1, . . . , xn], then the primary decomposition for N in M can be computed using Gröbner bases. In this paper we extend this result to Dedekind domains. The procedure that computed the primary decomposition is illustrated with an example.


A survey on subject analysis of theses/dissertations in print and electronic formats was sent to 280 academic libraries classified as Doctorate-granting Universities under the 2007 Carnegie Classification. Questions were asked about resources used in subject analysis, use of keywords and social tags, personnel involved in subject analysis, Subject Authority Cooperative Program membership, and problems encountered in subject analysis. A total of 205 responses were received, yielding a response rate of 73%. The survey results indicate that subject analysis was done by a large majority of respondents, with a number of comments expressed about challenges facing current subject-analysis practices.


A GC/ECD method was developed for the determination of glucosides.The target compound(phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside) was derivatized with N-methyl bis(trifluoroacetamide)(MBTFA).The derivatization temperature and time were optimized.The result indicated that the best derivatization conditions were achieved at 60 ℃ for 50 min.Fluorine was introduced to the product molecule after derivatization to provide the fundamental element for the detection of GC/ECD.Linear study was conducted by using phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside as a typical compound,and a correlation coefficient(r2) of 0.999 6 was obtained in the range of 0.05-200 mg·L-1.Six glucosides could be accurately identified by GC/ECD after MBTFA derivatization.Repeatability experiment showed that this derivatization combined with GC/ECD determination had a good performance,the relative standard deviation for the corresponding peak area was lower than 3% in 72 h.This method was also compared with the GC-MS method,and the limit of detection of GC/ECD method was greatly lowered.The proposed method is applicable in the determination of trace amount of glucosides in real sample.


In order to study the Noise Vibration and Harshness (NVH) changing characteristics of high-mileage automobile, master the NVH variation regularity of high-mileage automobile, and improve the riding comfort of automobile, based on the principle of statistical analysis and the adaptability of different sampling methods, a robust evaluation method of NVH of high-mileage automobile based on systematic sampling is proposed. In this paper, the basic principle and system implementation steps of this method are described. An example is provided to illustrate the robustness evaluation process of high-mileage automobile vibration acceleration by using the method proposed, and requirements and precautions in using the method are pointed out. The method proposed in the paper can provide a theoretical basis and guidance for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of automobile NVH robustness.


With the advancement of wireless communication, there has been an exponential growth in the need for Wireless communication in medical devices. Due to this fact, wireless sensor networking is getting special attention of many researchers. Today we can get to see wide range of medical devices that work on wireless sensor networking. These devices have almost replaced the conventional medical devices that had hundreds of wires. By the end of 2016, the number of wireless sensors in U.S alone has reached 100 million. This paper has been presented in a view of giving brief


During sailing by wind-driven thrust on the sail, a catamaran sailing yacht generates leeway and heeling. For estimating resistance and moment prediction of a real ship by changing of running attitude, a model test of the ship has to be carried out. This study aims at establishing experimental techniques for a catamaran sailing yacht by changed attitude during running direction. Through the model test, drag and side force of the real ship are predicted. Also through experiment, rolling and yawing moments were considered ※Keywords: Catamaran Sailing Yacht(쌍동형 세일링 요트), Model Test(모형시험), Resistance Prediction(저항추정), Running Attitude(항주자세), Hull Form Design(선형설계)


Objective:To study the biomechanical basis of swan like memory compressive connector (SMC) for treating fractures and nonunions, and the facilitating effects of dynamic memorial stress of SMC for bone healing. Methods:By computer emulation and three dimensional (3D) finite element analysis, the biomechanical behavior of humeral type connector for fixing humerus was emulated and analyzed. The finite element model of humeral type connector was divided into 3 487 units. The number of nodes was 5 397. The element was a unit with 20 nodes, 4 faces. The finite element model of humerus was divided into 5 783 units, the number of nodes was 9 863. And the finite element was a 3D unit with 10 nodes, 4 faces.Results:When the connector fixated humerus, it came in for tension stress in its inner surface, and compressing stress in its outer surface. The maximum first structural major stress of metamorphosed compressive part was 224.5 MPa and -34 MPa, far less than its utmost stress and fatigue limit. The initiative memorial bone holding force for maintaining axial stability was 125.05 N, and the longitudinal initiative memorial compression force was 196 N. The stress distribution in fixed humerus was even, the stress in most nodes was positive stress. Conclusion:The SMC has good anti fatigue and reuse characters. The dynamic memorial compressive stress field is good for the stability of fixation and enhancement of bone healing.


Deflation turns a matrix eigenproblem into two of smaller dimensions by annihilating a block of off-diagonal elements. When does deflation perturb at worst the last significant digit or two of each of an Hermitian matrix's eigenvalues no matter how widely their magnitudes spread? We seek practicable answers to this question, particularly for tridiagonals, analogous to answers for bidiagonals' singular values found by Ren-Cang Li in 1994. How deflation affects singular vectors and eigenvectors is assessed too, as is the exploitation of spectral gaps when known.


Introduction: CT is an essential part of medical diagnosis, and demand for this type of examination is growing all the time. Hence the need to optimise CT protocols in order to minimize the dose delivered to patients while maintaining good image quality.
Objective: This study aims to assess patient radiation doses, and to establish diagnostic reference levels for Adult CT examinations at the Souss Massa regional hospital, Morocco.
Method: This is a cross-sectional study, with data collected between January and June 2023 from 8 CT examinations at the Souss Massa regional hospital. Patient data was specified for each type of CT scan, including age, sex, weight, and height, as well as scanner acquisition parameters including number of series, use of contrast media, rotation time plus slice thickness, the displayed Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIvol), and the Dose Length Product (DLP). DRLs is calculated for each type of CT examinations by estimating the 75% percentile of the CTDIvol and the DLP. The effective dose is calculated according to the following formula:
E(mSv) = EDLP × DLP (mGy.cm). The data are statistically analyzed by SPSS V 21.0 software.
Results: DRLs in terms of CTDIvol, and DLP for brain without contrast media are 64,45 mGy, and 1405,77 mGy.cm respectively. For chest CT without contrast media, they are 11,13 mGy, and 417,73 mGy.cm respectively. The data from the Abdominal CT show that the CTDIvol (9,74 mGy) and DLP (529,31 mGy.cm) values with contrast media are higher than those without contrast media, which are (9,35 mGy) and (515,21 mGy.cm) respectively. DRls in terms of CTDIvol and DLP for Abdomen and Pelvis CT with contrast media are 8,14 mGy and 444,51 mGy.cm respectively. For Chest Abdomen and Pelvis with contrast media they are 8,51 mGy, and 571,30 mGy.cm respectively. The effective dose was 2,37, 6,50, 6,24, 6,76, 5,07, 7,13 mSv for Brain without contrast media, Chest without contrast media, Abdomen without contrast media, Abdomen with contrast media, Abdomen and Pelvis with contrast media, and Chest Abdomen and Pelvis respectively.
Conclusion: Adapting CT protocols according to the morphology of patients and the conditions under which each examination is carried out can help to maintain the doses received by patients at an optimum level.


Objective
To analyse the risk factors of medical complications after hip fracture surgery.

Methods
Clinical data of 327 hip fracture patients undergoing surgical treatment in Beijing Haidian Hospital from January 2009 to December 2013 were retrospectively studied. There were 114 males and 213 females with a mean age of (75.1±15.6) years, 129 patients(39.4%) had femoral neck fractures, and 198 patients(60.6%)had intertrochanteric fractures. Fifty four patients had medical complications during hospitalization (complication group) and 273 patients did not have complications (non-complications group). The clinical features, presurgical comorbidities and operative parameters were documented and compared between two groups. The risk factors of medical complications were assessed by regression analysis.

Results
Univariate analysis showed that age (t=2.85, P=0.007), lying in bed before fracture(χ2=12.86, P=0.000), the history of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases(COPD) (χ2=9.45, P=0.000), coronary heart disease(χ2=10.67, P=0.000), heart failure(χ2=15.85, P=0.000), diabetes (χ2=3.22, P=0.024), cerebrovascular disease(χ2=4.21, P=0.008), anesthesia method(χ2=8.67, P=0.018), American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA) score ≥3 level(χ2=2.01, P=0.042) and the delay time of operation (t=4.24, P=0.037) were significantly different between two groups. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that age(β=0.030, OR=1.030), lying in bed before fracture (β=2.303, OR=10.716), the history of COPD (β=0.831, OR=1.995), coronary heart disease(β=0.858, OR=2.392), heart failure(β=1.971, OR=7.333)and ASA score ≥3 level(β=0.809, OR=2.583) were the independent risk factors of medical complications after hip fracture surgery.

Conclusion
Age, lying in bed before fracture, the history of COPD, coronary heart disease, heart failure and ASA score ≥3 level would increase the risk of postoperative medical complications for patients with hip fracture.

Key words:
Hip fractures; Postoperative complications; Medical complications; Forecasting


In this paper a model which fuses the shopping destination choices made by individuals with shopping expenditure decisions was developed. Economic theory was used to demonstrate a close relationship between these two facets of shopping behaviour. The form of this relationship was then used to develop an empirical model of shopping behaviour. The use of FIML jointly to estimate the models associated with the store choice and shopping expenditure decisions meant that a set of cross-equation parameter restrictions implied by theory could be imposed on estimation. By basing the empirical model of shopping behaviour firmly on economic theory, a number of tests could be applied that are unavailable when ad hoc approaches are used.


The beautiful valley of Kashmir harbors a diversity of medicinal plants that have been used in traditional health care systems for thousands of years. This knowledge, transmitted by oral tradition from generation to generation, has been eroding in recent decades due to rapid cultural change. Besides this, medicinal plants are being overexploited at an alarming rate. Untill now, the traditional uses of medicinal plants in Kashmir have not been reviewed and if reviewed, focus has been either on particular groups or on restricted regions. Here, we present a review of traditional uses of medicinal plants by the People of Kashmir valley in order to provide comprehensive documentation, diseases treated in traditional medicine and suggest perspectives for conservation and management of medicinal plants of Kashmir.


After having attended the Moscow Economic Forum I was surprisedto find that among a vast number of participants I failed to meet at leastone who would share the opinion that the government of Russia hasan elaborate economic policy. The majority of participants are sharingthe opinion that the authorities are enthralled by illusions. There was abelief that oil prices would not fall below 80 dollars per barrel, but theyhave fallen; that after accession of Crimea the West would not imposeany sanctions, but they have imposed ones; that after imposition ofsanctions we would obtain credits in Asia and the Chinese investmentswould flow in Russia, but there is no such flow; that after devaluationthere would be no price rising, and the prices have risen, and etc.


Employee's learning-goal orientation is an important factor considered in organizational creativity research and practice.Using the data from 248 employees,we try to examine the effect of learning-goal orientation on employee creativity based on achievement motivation theory,and explore the mechanism through which learning-goal orientation influence employee creativity applying mood theory.We also try to find the difference in relationship between learning-goal orientation and employee creativity in different context.The result shows that ① learning-goal orientation positively predicts employee creativity;② positive mood partially mediates the effect of learning-goal orientation on employee creativity;③ leader-member exchange positively moderates the relation between learning-goal orientation and employee creativity.Finally,we discuss the theoretical contributions and practical implications of this study,and point out the research direction in the future.


Background: Reduced bone density if left untreated is a known precursor of osteoporosis, a silent disease with increased morbidity. In the developing country, fragility bone fractures occur in the general population, and health-seeking behaviour is low. An incredibly high level of ignorance is observed. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the bone mineral density (BMD) among patients who visited a specialist clinic for screening for osteopenia using the unigamma dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) machine. 54 participants were selected for this study having met the inclusion criteria. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22 with P = 0.05. Results: BMD of 54 women whose ages ranged 42–86 were analysed. Twenty-eight (51.9%) were obese while 7 (13.0%) had normal weight. 50 (92.6%) had low BMD. BMD of the right and left femora correlated more with age (P = 0.015 and 0.008, respectively). Mild and severe osteopenia were found mostly in the left femoral neck and left femoral ward, respectively, while moderate osteopenia was more common in the right greater trochanter. In this population, diagnosis of loss of bone mass by DXA examination is best on the left femur. Conclusion: Reduced BMD was present in most participants. It is advised that Nigerian women have their baseline bone density test to avoid unnecessary preventable fractures later in life. More awareness programmes is advised in the future.


ABSTRACT In this work we present a case study of the multi-scale calibration and validation of MHYDAS-Erosion applied to a Mediterranean vineyard. !e calibration was performed using expert knowledge in linking physical parameters to land uses with the automatic parameter estimation software PEST. MHYDAS-Erosion was calibrated and validated using spatially distributed observations on total discharge and soil loss. Calibration has been performed within six rainfall events; both hydrological and erosion parameters were calibrated using RMSE, R 2 and the modi"ed version of the Nash-Sutcli#e model e$ciency criteria. Calibration results indicate there was good agreement between simulated and observed total discharge and total soil loss at the seven observation points (modi"ed Nash-Sutcli#e e$ciency (mNSE) ranging between 0.89 and 0.95). Acceptable results were obtained in terms of parameter values, identi"cation of their physical meaning and coherence. However, some limitations were also identi"ed, and could be remedied in more detailed studies involving (i) spatially-distributed rainfall on the catchment, (ii) a description of groundwater ex"ltration and (iii) spatially-distributed properties of the ditches over the catchment. Validation results were quite satisfactory for three of the four validation events. !e results from this case study suggest that MHYDAS-Erosion may need a speci"c calibration when applied to another catchment, but once it is calibrated, it could be used for multi-scale soil loss forecasting.


In my paper (Stolaroff 1999), I reported that psychedelic agents, properly understood and applied, are one of the most valuable, useful, and powerful learning tools available to humanity. The Buddhist Magazine Tricycle devoted an issue to psychedelics, wherein contributors varied in their opinion of psychedelics all the way from recognizing important benefits to finding them objectionable and even harmful. I devoted a good part of the above paper to point out how these differences arose because of lack of knowledge of the true potential of psychedelics and their proper employment. Successful outcomes, which can be dramatic and profound, require deep intention and a willingness to encounter and resolve repressed material, which can often be painful. However, resolving such unconscious material results in substantial liberation, permitting greater clarity and understanding, freeing intuition, substantially enhanced well-being, and improving the ability to reach deeply into the core of the Real Self, providing the most fulfilling realization of which people are capable. In the recent book Zig Zag Zen: Buddhism and Psychedelics, a number of the contributors have recognized the value of psychedelics and have pointed out ways in which they can be helpful and of value. While many of the presentations provide deeper understanding of the value and benefits of employing psychedelics, my own experience indicates that there remains room for further understanding and clarification that can provide more effective results. In fact, in some instances it is reported that states are reached when psychedelics are no longer indicated. While in my paper cited above I point out that such a stage can and should be reached, in some of the situations reported the full potential of psychedelics has not been recognized. Very often the desire to abandon further psychedelic exploration is the result of reaching heavily defended areas in the psyche which are quite painful, yet which when resolved result in enormous gains in profound understanding and well being. In other situations, important attributes and methods of enhanced achievement have not be recognized. Consequently, it is my hope that a more careful examination can result in greater understanding and facilitate the deepening of one's meditation practice. In his forward to the book Zig Zag Zen, Stephen Batchelor points out that many have been drawn to Buddhism through their psychedelic experiences; in fact "few would deny the role of these substances in opening their eyes to a life of spiritual and religious meaning" (p. 9). Yet traditional schools of Buddhism for the most part fail to acknowledge a useful role for psychedelic substances, and advise abstinence. Batchelor concludes with the statement ". . . I very much hope that their collective wisdom will not only illuminate the relation between the use of psychedelics and the Buddhist path, but more importantly, help our society as a whole see its way more clearly through the deep confusion that surrounds its attitude toward drugs" (p. 11). Huston Smith in his Preface closes with the statement ". . . the book lays before the reader the major issues that must be taken into account in any serious reflection on this problem. Entheogens have entered Buddhism to stay; there can be no turning back


The basic principles,characters and the influence factors of supercritical fluid extraction are summarized,and the applications of supercritical fluid extraction in plant oil,animal oil and microorganism oil are revealed.At last,the development in the future is prospected.


BMS is a chronic intraoral pain with unknown etiology, being associated with local, systemic, psychologic and neurologic factors. This study constituted a detailed interview, oral cavity inspection, general physical examination, and laboratory examinations to avoid any error and attempted treatment for patients suffering from this condition.


Ashok Malla, MBBS, FRCPC1; Anthony J Pelosi, FRCP, FRCPsych2 Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(1):3-8. Ample Evidence Supports Specialized Early Intervention The last decade has seen a burgeoning interest not only in research in first-episode psychosis (FEP), its treatment, and early detection but also in the establishment of several early intervention (EI) services. While the enthusiasm for EI is inherently appealing, it has its detractors. Whether the benefits of a specialized EI approach to treatment of FEP are worth the costs it may incur has generated some heated debate. While we do not have all the answers yet, I will argue that this new development in service delivery is based on good evidence and likely to be cost-beneficial in the long run. To shed more light, rather than simply generate more heat, it is important to examine several key questions related to EI and its benefits. What is EI? Is it effective? Is it worth the cost and should EI be incorporated into mental health policy in Canada? Should EI include services for patients in the so-called prodromal stage of psychosis? There are several sources of ambiguity in the term EI that go beyond semantics. In the treatment of an FEP, 2 components of EI need to be clearly defined, one that relates to a phase-specific and specialized approach to treatment and the other that addresses issues of reducing delay through early case identification. An additional and more contentious issue relates to treatment of prodromal state. The 2-pronged question most often raised is: Why establish a new and specialized service for this patient population, and why not treat them in the same services as those with more established and chronic illness? The argument for a specialized approach to treatment in the early phase of psychosis goes something like this: in routine care, clinical response to treatment of FEP is generally very good, with relatively high rates of reduction in level of psychotic symptoms and more modest reduction of negative symptoms, often, however, followed by relatively high rates of relapse within the first 2 to 5 years.' Trajectories of long-term outcome are often defined relatively early in the course of illness.2 More intensive efforts at treatment during the early phase may improve outcome, at least for a substantial proportion of patients. In routine psychiatric services, highly specialized and intensive care is usually not introduced until considerably later in the course of illness, after considerable decline in functioning develops. Interventions at this late stage are unlikely to result in any substantial clinical or functional gains. The existent system is generally not equipped to deal with special needs of the young patients (and their family) with a new onset of psychosis. For example, such needs are associated with a significantly younger age, specific developmental stage, nature of psychopathology leading to ambiguity in diagnosis, naivete to the mental health system, and high rate of recreational substance use. Such special characteristics of FEP patients render them unlikely to engage or stay in and be adherent to treatment. In general, most EI services provide a modified version of an assertive case management program along with rational pharmacotherapy and specific psychological interventions such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and family intervention. Two recent randomized controlled studies and numerous, mostly uncontrolled and quasi-experimental, studies have shown that specialized EI services provide superior effectiveness on measures of psychopathology, rates of remission and relapse, adherence to and retention in treatment, greater family involvement in treatment, and better community adjustment.3-4 A recent meta-analysis has confirmed that an enriched intervention provided to patients with FEP is likely to produce significantly better clinical and functional outcome, compared with routine care. …


To improve the condition of MOM(Method of Moment) impedance matrix, block tri-diagonal preconditioner is applied to solve electromagnetic scattering problem. This preconditioner is successfully adopted to Fast Multipole Method which is a fast algorithm of MoM, and shows better convergence without preconditioner.