Purpose. The article is devoted to the social-philosophical analysis of the main models of linguistic communication and the identification of the dialectical unity of communication and information aspects of the language, as it is the language that is an attribute of social existence in general and human one in particular. The most important "markers" of the language are information and communication. The more complex and branched the society activity is, and the more, in this regard, the amount of the accumulated information (scientific, political, artistic) is, the more important role the language communication plays in its functioning. It makes it possible to communicate between people and their communities, makes the link between generations possible, contributes to the accumulation and transmission of social experience, enrichment, translation of cultural heritage. Methodology. During the research, the author was guided by the fundamental principles of dialectical methodology. In particular, they were the principles of the unity of logical and historical, development, universal connection of phenomena, etc. The central place belongs to the method of philosophical reflection, which in this work is expressed in the explication of ontological, epistemological, axiological coordinates of communication and information issues. Results. The results of the study are that the author explicates the essence of linguistic models of communication, identifying the factors influencing the understanding in the communication process, and justifies the inter-transition and convergence of information and communicative aspects of the language. Practical implications. The results of the study might help to deepen our understanding of the language phenomenon, as well as systematize its information-communicative nature.


Form of fertilizer affects composition of salad greens. This response may vary with growth rate or environment during growth. The interaction of environment and form of fertilizer was examined for salad greens grown as successive plantings in unheated high tunnels. Eight species, including eleven plantings of lettuce and spinach, were grown with either a nitrate-based complete soluble fertilizer in perlite or with an organic fertilizer, namely leaf compost: perlite 1 : 1 v/v amended with cottonseed meal. For each species, relative growth rate and specific leaf area varied with time of year. Fertilizer had little effect on growth rate, but specific leaf area was generally greater for plants with organic fertilizer. For many species, leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) were raised by 10 to 20% with organic, compared to nitrate-based, fertilizer. How-ever, some species responded differently. For instance, organic fertilizer lowered Ca in spinach and nitrate and K in kale. The nutrient concentrations varied with time of year, but each nutrient had a different pattern. The seasonal variation was similar in magnitude to that due to fertilizer. Interaction of effects of season and fertilizer were significant only for N and P in lettuce. Salad greens grown in high tunnels had low concentrations of nitrate, and nitrate varied less with fertilizer or season than did total or reduced N. *Approved by the director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.


With change in the pattern of disease occurrence and increase in the interest in health, efforts to assess the health status on patients covering their subjective awareness at the same time as clinical and objective evaluation on health are continued. To measure health-related quality of life can be one of these efforts. This study was performed to evaluate the relevance of the quality of overall health-related-life and oral health condition. Also the second year (2014) materials in the 6th the National Health and Nutrition Survey were applied to this study. The factors affecting general health related quality of life measured by EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D) have been confirmed by gender, age, education level, income level, private health insurance, perceived health status, toothache experience during the last 1 year, remaining tooth number. As oral health plays an important role in determining the overall health conditions, objective oral health state influences the whole body health. Hence, it can be regarded that oral health is ultimately related to the general health-related quality of life.


Abstract. Recently learner models have been opened to the learners they represent. However, as yet there is no standard way of describing and analysing open learner models. This is in part due to the variety of issues that can be important or relevant in any particular model. Nevertheless, this lack of a framework to discuss open learner models makes it difficult to compare the features of open learner models in different systems. We believe this is a serious barrier to the effective use of open learner modelling. This paper presents such a framework and gives an example of its use to describe a system. 1. Introduction Self [1] points out that various components of learning environments can be usefully made open, stating that "it is only the fact that learner models have traditionally been 'closed' that opening them up is such a big deal". However, this does not diminish the importance of open learner models. Open learner models are models of the user that are available for viewing - usually by the learner, and sometimes also by others. The externalisation of the learner model can be in a simple form such as a skill meter showing learner progress as a subset of expert knowledge [2]; or the information presented can be more complex, such as a graphical externalisation of a Bayesian network [3]; a hierarchical tree structure [4]; a conceptual graph [5]; or textual descriptions of knowledge and misconceptions [6]. Students can even be involved in the maintenance of their learner model, for example by being able to edit it [4], or by negotiating the contents of the learner model with the system [5,6]. Furthermore, learner models can be opened not only to the learner modelled, but also to other users (e.g. peers or instructors) [7]. As indicated by the above, interactions with an open learner model, and presentation formats of open learner models, differ. Other differences include the extent to which a learner model is accessible to the learner; who may initiate access (learner and/or system?); whether the learner has access to information regarding uncertainty in the model; flexibility of access to the model. In fact, the seemingly simple matter of making a learner model open turns out to involve a quite complex range of choices, each with significant implications. This has important implications for the designers of new personalised teaching systems with open learner models. It also makes it harder to see the important differences between ways that existing systems have made use of openness of learner models. Furthermore, descriptions of open learner models do not follow any standard (or even any pattern). This paper addresses the need for an open learner modelling framework for use by researchers,


Objective To explore the clinical effect of shuttle-like transverse incision in breast conservative surgery.Methods 25 breast cancer patients admitted from Nov.2003 to Sep.2006 were underwent conservative surgery by shuttle-like transverse incision,with general anesthesia in 9 cases and local anesthesia in 16 cases.After mini-drainage tube was placed in wound,the breast wound was closed by interrupted suture and subcutaneous continuous suture with Prolene.Results All cases discharged in average 7 days without complications as incision infection,subcutaneous effusion or epidermal necrosis.Good breast shape was achieved in all patients and no one relapsed within 1 to 34 months follow-up.Conclusion Shuttle-like transverse incision could be a good selection for breast conservative operation.


Howard Philips and David Killingray Introduction Part I: Virological and Pathological Perspectives 1. Edwin D. Kilbourne A Virologist's Perspective on the 1918-1919 Pandemic 2. Jeffery K. Taubenberger Genetic Characterisation of the 1918 'Spanish' Influenza Virus Part II: Contemporary Medical and Nursing Perspectives 3. Wilfried Witte The Plague That was Not Allowed to Happen: German Medicine and the Influenza Epidemic of 1918-1919 in Baden 4. Nancy K. Bristow 'You Can't Do Anything for Influenza': Doctors, Nurses and the Power of Gender During the Influenza Epidemic in the United States Part III: Official Responses to the Pandemic 5. Geoffrey W. Rice Japan and New Zealand in the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Comparative Perspectives on Offical Responses and Crisis Management 6. Mridula Ramanna Coping with the Pandemic: The Bombay Experience Part IV: The Demographic Impact 7. Wataru Iijima Spanish Influenza in China, 1918-1920 8. Kevin McCracken and Peter Curson Flu Downunder: A Demographic and Geographic Analysis of the 1919 Pandemic in Sydney, Australia 9. N. P. A. S. Johnson The Overshadowed Killer: Influenza in Britain in 1918-1919 10. D. Ann Herring and Lisa Sattenspiel Death in Winter: Spanish Flu in the Canadian Subarctic 11. Beatriz Echeverri Spanish Influenza seen from Spain 12. Patrick Zylberman A Holocaust in a Holocaust: The Great War and the 1918 'Spanish' Influenza Epidemic in France 13. Andrew Noymer and Michel Garenne Long-Term Effects of the 1918 'Spanish' Influenza Epidemic on Sex Differentials of Mortality in the USA: Exploratory Findings from Historical Data Part V: Long-Term Consequences and Memories 14. James G. Ellison 'A Fierce Hunger': Tracing Impacts of the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic in Southwest Tanzania 15. Myron Echenberg 'The Dog that Did Not Bark': Memory and the 1918 Influenza Epidemic in Senegal Part VI: Epidemiological Lessons of the Pandemic 16. Stephen C. Schoenbaum Tranmission of and Protections against Influenza: Epidemiological Observations Beginning with the 1918 Pandemic and the Implications


More than three decades have passed since Deng Xiaoping opened China to the outside world with a series of sweeping economic reforms. Yet, before China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, even at the height of free trade in the 1990s while lowering trade barriers overall, the Chinese government continued to protect some industries. This article explores the cross-industrial variation in trade protectionism in the 1990s, when the Chinese government was negotiating for accession to the WTO. It demonstrates that the major incentive of the Chinese government for trade protectionism was political, involving such factors as the state sector' si nef ficiency, the ease with which workers could organize to rebel, and bureaucratic organizations' pressure on the government on behalf of certain industries. The Chinese government chose to protect certain industries to prevent free trade from exacerbating social instability in the 1990s.


Part I: The Study of Comparative Economic Systems, Introduction: What is Comparative Economics? The Roots of Modern Economic Systems. Part II: The Modern Market Economy. How a Market System Works. When a Market System Doesn't Work. The Framework of a Modern Economy. Part III: Mature Capitalism in Europe. Some Features of Mature Capitalism in Western Europe. The Multinational Model of the European Union. The Economic Consequences of the European Union. Part IV: East Asian Capitalism. The Japanese Economy. The east Asian Model. South Korea. Taiwan and Singapore. Indonesia. Part V: Planned Economies. The Classical Command Economy. The Consequences of Soviet-Style Socialism. The Yugoslav Model. Market-Socialism - Is it Possible? Part VI: The Problems of Transition. Economics Transition in Western Europe: Britain and East Germany. The Transformation Process in Former Socialist Countries. The Russian Economy Since 1986. The Experience Performance of Other Post-Communist Regimes. Chinese Economic Reform. Conclusion.


China's human rights record often draws the attention of western academia. The reviewed book purports to assess 'human rights in China as a set of social practices'.1 1 Eva Pils, Human Rights in Ch...


The daily mobility increases and concerns the whole population. It is a complex phenomenon that influences in the quality of life and has environmental and territorial impacts. Here we analyze the differences of gender in the daily mobility in the Community of Madrid. We study the influence of the age, activity and nationality. Special mention is made of differences between the ages of 26 and 40 years, the time of life when the contrasts are greater. Finally, we differentiate types of metropolitan spaces in order to introduce the


Abstract : In this thesis, the author presents an analysis of the challenges which confronted the United States government and the intelligence community after September 11, 2001 and examines some of the criticisms of government agency action, specifically the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the years prior to the terrorist attacks on the homeland. The author provides a historical overview of the FBI prior to September 11, 2001 and then discusses both the transformational challenges and successes encountered by the FBI post 9/11 in an effort to create a predictive intelligence capability within the agency while maintaining its current statutory responsibilities as the nation's primary federal investigative and law enforcement agency. The thesis examines both military transformational processes, as well as the British Model of Domestic Intelligence, and provides recommendations relevant to the ongoing and strategic transformational efforts by the FBI.


Using the well-established chiral effective model for QCD matter, which includes all known hadrons up to m = 2.6 GeV and quarks, this study examines the phase structure of QCD matter and fluctuations of conserved charges focussing on the chiral and deconfinement phase transition. At small baryochemical potentials the effective model shows a smooth cross over in both order parameters and, at larger potentials, does not give indications for the existence of a first order phase transition and a critical end point. Compared to lattice QCD and thermal model fits of experimental data the chiral transition from the effective model is in line with recent data (Fig. 1).


This study aims to analyze preferences, consumption patterns and consumer satisfaction in purchasing Shinta Banana Chips in Bandar Lampung City. Respondents were taken by the accidental sampling method as many as 50 respondents and data collection was carried out from May to June 2022.  The analytical method used is conjoint analysis, qualitative descriptive analysis, Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). The result showed that the consumers of Shinta Banana Chips were mostly female aged 18-25 years as many as 26 consumers. The attributes of banana chips that became consumer preferences were sweet taste with a size of 250 grams, crunchy textured with plastic packaging. Shinta Banana Chips consumers usually buy and consume 250 grams of Banana Chips as many as 34 respondents (68%). The average purchase of 200-750 grams was 27 respondents with the frequency of purchasing Shinta Banana Chips at most 1-2 times per month (78%). The variation of the Shinta Banana Chips taste that many consumers like is the chocolate flavor variation (30%) with the reason that consumers consume it for their own consumption. Halal label is considered very important (86%). Consumer satisfaction was obtained by 86.41% in the very satisfied category. Key words: banana chips, consumer, consumption pattern, preference


We describe recurring patterns of numbers that survive each wave of the Sieve of Eratosthenes, including symmetries, uniform subdivisions, and quantifiable, predictive cycles that characterize their distribution across the number line. We generalize these results to numbers that are relatively prime to arbitrary sets of prime numbers and derive additional insights about the distribution of integers counted by Euler's phi-function.


single a Researchers investigated the effects of single doses of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control) psilocybin over 12 weeks in 233 patients with treatment resistant depression. They were given the treatment in specialised rooms designed to provide a non-clinical and calming atmosphere where a specially trained therapist was available to provide psychological support. The psychedelic effects of psilocybin last as long as eight hours, and once these had passed the participants were able to return home.


Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has attracted increasing attention as an innovative anticancer agent. However, using DHA to treat cancer usually depends on the synergistic effect of exogenous components and the unexpected release of DHA during delivery greatly reduces the effectiveness of cancer therapy. Herein, we reported a programmed release nanoplatform of DHA to synergistically treat cancer with CaCO3 mineralized Fe-TCPP NMOF, which could avoid DHA leakage during transport in bloodstream. When the nanoplatform reached tumor sites, the weak acidic microenvironment and high concentration of GSH programmatically triggered the release of DHA and activation of TCPP, which enabled the synergistic Fe2+-DHA mediated chemodynamic therapy, Ca2+-DHA mediated oncosis therapy, and TCPP mediated photodynamic therapy. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the nanoplatform showed enormously enhanced anticancer efficiency and negligible toxicity by adopting triple synergistic therapy methods. The current platform could provide more opportunities for the design of safe, controllable, and effective drug delivery platforms.


This article presents the results of an empirical experiment designed to gain insight into what is the effect of the minimax on the evaluation function. The experiment's simulations were performed upon the KRK chess endgame. Main result is that dependencies between evaluations of sibling nodes in a game tree and an abundance of possibilities to commit blunders present in the KRK endgame are not enough to explain the success of the minimax in practical game-playing as was previously believed. The article argues that correlation between a high branching factor in the game tree and having a winning move available is something that minimax implicitly takes into account and that this is at least partially responsible for its success. Second part of the article presents 'weighted minimax', an attempt at exploiting dependencies between evaluations of sibling nodes in a game tree and shows that its results could be promising.


In the view of application,this article analyzed the selection in the BP neural network design of the network layers,the number of hidden layer neurons,the learning rate,the expected distortion,etc.,put forward the corresponding improving measures.The neural network technology was brought into the engine fault diagnosis,an engine fault diagnosis model based on BP neural network was put forward,an engine fault diagnosis system was designed,which was verified by simulating valve clearance failures.


It has been reported that anti-dengue antibodies at subneutralizing concentrations augment dengue virus infection of monocytic cells. This is due to the increased uptake of dengue virus in the form of virus-antibody complexes by cells via Fcl, receptors. We analyzed the effects of recombinant human gamma interferon (rIFN-y) on dengue virus infection of human monocytic cells. U937 cells, a human monocytic cell line, were infected with dengue virus in the form of virus-antibody complexes after rIFN-y treatment. Pretreatment of U937 cells with rIFN-y resulted in a significant increase in the number of dengue virus-infected cells and in the yield of infectious virus. rIFN-y did not augment dengue virus infection when cells were infected with virus in the absence of anti-dengue antibodies. Gamma interferon (IFN--y) produced by peripheral blood lymphocytes from dengue-immune donors after in vitro stimulation with dengue antigens also augmented dengue virus infection of U937 cells. IFN--y did not augment dengue virus infections when cells were infected with virus in the presence of F(ab')2 prepared from anti-dengue immunoglobulin G. Human immunoglobulin inhibited IFN-y-induced augmentation. IFN-y increased the number of Fc,, receptors on U937 cells. The increase in the percentage of dengue antigen-positive cells correlated with the increase in the number of Fcl, receptors after rIFN--y treatment. These results indicate that IFN-y-induced augmentation of dengue virus infection is Fc,, receptor mediated. Based on these results we conclude that IFN-'y increases the number of Fc,, receptors and that this leads to an augmented uptake of dengue virus in the form of dengue virus-antibody complexes, which results in augmented dengue virus infection. number of FcY receptors on human monocytes and monocy- tic cell lines (6, 17). In this study we investigated the effect of IFN--y on dengue virus infection of U937 cells, a human monocytic cell line. IFN--y augmented dengue virus infection of U937 cells when cells were infected in the presence of anit-dengue antibody. The augmenting effect of IFN-y was Fc,, receptor dependent. We conclude that IFN--y increases the number of FcY and that this results in the augmented infection of the cells by dengue virus-antibody complexes.


As an array of external factors render instability to the current economic and financial situation, preparation of the accounting (financial) reports have undergone significant alterations. The spread of COVID-19 was of the strongest influence on financial reporting by shifting the deadlines of the reports and breaking one of the key accounting principles – the sustainability principle and exacerbating the post-reporting events disclosure problem. The current events also encumber realistic assessment of financial stability of a company by creating significant market and credit risks. The epidemiologic situation, the falling energy prices and the dollar growth are of a direct influence on the accounting report structure by inflating such an indicator as accounts receivable. Since operations are suspended, and the revenue and net profit fall, the companies are unable to pay their employees, to the budget and extra budgetary funds as well as other counteragents on time. A lower net profit reflected in financial reports hurts the investment attractiveness of many local companies. The accounting forms also reflect changes in cash flows and obligations of a company necessary for economic analysis. Economic uncertainty and stagnation mean that accounting (financial) reporting is necessary both for the internal users of information to make effective managerial decisions and for the external users, including investors, to analyze the investment potential and possible investment of funds important for the organization as well as for banks to analyze the possibility of credit repayment. This is why our research will help to account for all the aspects while preparing and forming a financial report in education.


In this short note we have produced different kind of magic squares using digital letter having only the algorisms: 0, 1, 2, 5, and 8. The interesting fact in considering these five digits is that the day 8th May 2010 also have these ones (08.05.2010). Moreover, the magic squares presented have some interesting properties, such as: they remains the same if we rotate them by 180 degree, or see in the mirror, or see on the other side of the paper, etc. Two palindrome semi-magic squares of order 3x3 are also given. Still, we have considered other dates having four digits.


Agricultural landscapes in the taiga zone played a crucial role as a habitat-forming factor manifested in a sharp increase in biodiversity of northern ecosystems. In the past two decades an intensive overgrowing of agricultural land with bushes and forest occurs. These lands acquired new values and are of great importance in the livelihood of local people.


This research aims to understand and analyze the effectiveness of Bina Lingkungan program in Kota Karang Raya fisherman community. The approach in the research is quantitative approach, this approach to the primary use strategy for research using a questionnaire survey data collection. Respondents in this research are 67 people, the sample in this experiment using purposive sampling techniques. An analysis of the data used in this research using percentage technique and factor analysis. Research shows: (1) Many fishermen in Kota Karang Raya village have children more than three. The number of dependents while a minimum income as fishers make their family needs not enough, especially the need for education of the children. (2) On the variables of Bina Lingkungan for knowledge program, the purpose of Bina Lingkungan, benefits of Bina Lingkungan and accuracy of targets of Bina Lingkungan, the results is very effective. While on the variables of socialization and monitoring of Bina Lingkungan the results really ineffective. Overall, research on the effectiveness of the Bina Lingkungan program in Kota Karang Raya fishermen community can be concluded quite effective, because the calculation on the effectiveness of the results 77,31 %. In accordance with Litbang Depdagri the value of this percentage included in the category of quite effective. (3) based on the results of factor analysis, beneficial of program Bina Lingkungan factor have value the influence of most large eigenvalue with a total of 2,398 and value of varianced 29,969 % explained as much as.


We develop an asset pricing model with rich heterogeneity in asset demand across investors, designed to match institutional holdings. The equilibrium price vector is uniquely determined by market clearing across institutional investors and households. We relate the model to Euler equations, mean-variance portfolio choice, factor models, and cross-sectional regressions on characteristics. We propose an instrumental variables estimator for the asset demand system to address the endogeneity of institutional demand and asset prices. Using U.S. stock market data, we illustrate how our approach could be used to understand the role of institutions in asset market movements, volatility, and predictability.


Background: Hypothyroidism is one of the endocrine diseases found in human being, it is not a immediate fatal disease, but progress in chronic status that lead to other diseases. Several machine learning techniques were applied to hypothyroidism for the prediction of hypothyroid medical diseases. Methods: The dataset used for UCI repository which has 3163 observations with 151 belongs to category hypothyroid disease. Considered with two missing data method, four imbalance data method and two kinds of classification models by using serval evaluation indexes to find a better model. Results: After comparison of these models, query_on_thyroxine and lithium were ignored and TBG was reconsidered in the model. A new RF imputation method was used. Finally, all variables model have 100% accuracy but cost time and money, only use TSH, FTI, TBG, TT4 and age variables model also can keep 0.9988 AUC, which will more useful in real case. Conclusion: Both all variables mode and five variables model have very high accuracy than previous studies, a nonparametric ensemble model is suggest in this case. But there also have some limitations like out-of-date data, hypothyroidisms type were not considered.


This article argues in favor of a history of teachers in a Latin-American scale. It presents the main difficulties of approaching a complex research object in a big scale. Some of those difficulties come from the heterogeneity of political experiences and educational national systems in Latin America. Some other difficulties come from the multiple dimensions of ´teachers` as a research object in the field of history of education. The article shows that it is necessary to establish interpretative lines that could provide explanations at a regional level, and that each dimension of that object requires, for its full comprehension, of its relationship with the other dimensions. In this frame, it is important to develop studies that approach the history of teachers in the regional space, analyzing the common and specific characteristics of the different national cases. To do so, teachers have been identified as the axis of the study, including teachers´ training, the ideas about their role, the mechanisms of their recruitment, the regulations about their work and their collective action organizations.


This paper presents experimental multispectral 3D surface scanning system RoScan, which is capable of capturing 3D models of a surface, containing a spatial representation of the object, colour of each point of the surface, its temperature and roughness. Such models are provided with accuracy up to ±0.12 mm and thermal resolution of 0.05◦C, what makes it suitable for 3D thermal body scanning in medicine. Basic principles, parameters, and functional capabilities are discussed, and developed tools for data analysis are presented. The RoScan system is suitable for early detection of inflamed regions and its objective quantification. It can be also used for evaluation of treatment suitability or for monitoring during a recovery process. To show this, the case study monitoring of inflammation related to eczema caused by an allergic reaction is presented. The inflammation development is studied using RoScan during eczema growth and after the application of two different external dermatologics – Protopic R © 0.1% topical ointment and ointment from shea butter and coconut oil. On this particular subject, measured characteristics demonstrated a stronger effect of Protopic R © 0.1% on eczema healing, as the evolution of inflammation in the area treated with this dermatologics started to recover earlier and culminated on the lower value of temperature gradient then the second ointment.


Fluorescence is a known phenomenon used in different fields of research. For the purpose of this study, different types of fiber optic sensors were used to investigate cancerous tissues with one photon fluorescence. Several probes were tested in terms of their sensitivity and efficiency of resulting measurements. The obtained fluorescence spectral characteristics, with intensity peaks typically falling in 480-520nm range, outlined clearly pathologically changed areas. The intensity of detected fluorescence determines the evaluation of disease advancement.


-Measurement of form features becomes reliable and a necessity for conformance of accuracy defined on the modeled geometry with the manufactured geometry. Evaluation of form errors in manufactured parts is essential in determining its conformance to the tolerance specification. These specifications are established to provide acceptable limits on part variation in order to ensure functional equivalence. In the present work, the form errors are evaluated for circularity by Three Point Method. The results are compared with the CMM results. The part or component considered for the work is an eccentric shaft. The shaft is divided into different datum (Z) levels. The input data for the part (component) is taken by inspecting the part by advanced measuring instrument viz., Co-ordinate Measuring Machine.


The CindyJS Project brings interactive mathematical visualization to a broad variety of devices. Using projective geometry, homotopy methods and well tuned algorithms the CindyJS project is one of the first real time capable software projects in this field that at the same time approaches high-level mathematical descriptions and performance.


Effect of applied pressure and solution composition(solute concentration,pH and hardness) on membrane fouling during ultrafiltration(UF) of bovine serum albumin(BSA) was systematically investigated.In addition,structure of the UF membrane used was imaged by the scanning electron microscope(SEM).It was found that(1) limiting flux existed during the membrane filtration process;(2) increasing the applied pressure and protein concentration only increased the fouling rate but did not enhance the extent of membrane fouling;(3) membrane fouling was alleviated while pH was increased and hardness was decreased.


1Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; 2Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vivekananda Dental College for Women, Tiruchengod, Tamilnadu, India Background: The mylohyoid nerve is a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), which is a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular nerve (MN). It is the source of motor nerve supply to the mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric muscle. At times, it provides sensory innervation to the mandibular teeth and skin below the chin. Since the location, anatomical variation and communications of the mylohyoid nerve are varied, it becomes clinically important to have an in-depth knowledge when treating patients for dental and maxillofacial procedures. Such anatomical variations of the mylohyoid nerve innervations may account for failure of the nerve blocks and hence, knowledge is very important for the practitioner. Materials and Methods: A thorough literature search was done using the key words mandibular nerve, communications of the mylohyoid nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve, failure of dental anaesthesia, mylohyoid nerve and dental implants "from the Databases – PubMed, Scopus Embase and Web of Science (years 1952–2020)". Results: The mylohyoid nerve may contain motor and sensory fibres, it may pass through the mylohyoid groove or canal and communicate with other nerves, which is clinically significant. Such anatomical variations may be one of the reasons for the failure of the inferior alveolar nerve block. Conclusion: Awareness of these variations is very significant in planning treatment and avoiding any unnecessary steps. The most frequently encountered anatomic variation of the mylohyoid nerve was innervation of the submental skin and the anterior teeth.


In an online social network, users exhibit personal information to enjoy social interaction. The social network provider (SNP) exploits users' information for revenue generation through targeted advertisement, in which the SNP presents advertisements to proper users effectively. Therefore, an advertiser is more willing to pay for targeted advertisement to promote his product. However, the over-exploitation of users' information would invade users' privacy, which would negatively impact users' social activeness. Motivated by this, we study the privacy policy (policies) of the SNP(s) with targeted advertisement, in both monopoly and duopoly markets. We characterize the privacy policy in terms of the fraction of users' information that the provider should exploit, and formulate the interactions among users, advertiser, and SNP(s) as a three-stage Stackelberg game. By leveraging the model's supermodularity property, we prove the threshold structure of users' equilibrium information levels. We discover the overall information that can be exploited by an SNP is non-monotonic in the exploitation fraction. Monopoly (one SNP) study shows our proposed optimal privacy policy helps the SNP earn even more advertisement revenue than full exploitation policy does. The situation of the duopoly market is much more complicated. In that case, if the service quality gap between the two SNPs is large, the stronger SNP will choose a conservative privacy protection policy that drives the other SNP out of the market. However, if the service quality gap is small and the advertisement revenue is promising, the stronger SNP would choose an aggressive policy to exploit the advertisement revenue and both SNPs will have positive market shares.


The armed conflict experienced in the municipality of Algeria, Antioquia, has substantially transformed the lives of people, in this sense, the subjectifications acquire a substantial character in relation to the context where they live and their particularities. The political subjectifications of young people for the construction of territorial peace, are constituted as bets that have historically been stigmatized and made invisible, which can aim to transform their social reality, through dialogue and intergenerational construction.


A method is derived herein that provides a geometric interpretation of frequency regions in the Nyquist plane over which simple oscillations cannot occur. These criteria answer a question of system behavior when Popov-type criteria are violated.


Globalization is a complex concept that involves political, economic and socio-cultural orders and has created new global ideologies. Globalization is a multifaceted word that does not refer to a single notion, but can be characterized as a systematic integration of commercial, cultural and technological advancements. The information and communication revolution is one of the most important factors in globalization, and has changed people's relations and the relative meaning of time and space, reducing communicative distance, demolishing physical boundaries while increasing relations between people, governments and cultures. Through information and communication technologies, substantial populations on earth are exposed to foreign cultures and ideas and feel the threat of loosing their national and religious identities Neyestani & McInturuff, 2006).


Objective: To evaluate the clinical effects on occlusal reconstruction using telescopic dentures. Methods: Thirty-two patients with abnormal occlusion were treated with occlusal reconstruction using telescopic dentures. The masticatory efficiency before and after treatment,the change of the retention of the dentures,and the conditions of the abutment teeth were chosen to be the factors to assess the effects of the treatment. Results: The clinical data showed that the differences of the masticatory efficiency and the retention of the dentures between the stages before and after treatment were significant,but the difference of the retention of the telescopic dentures between the periods of 3 months and 3 years was not significant. Most of the patients were satisfied with the telescopic dentures in comfort and esthetics. Follow-up visits revealed that there were a few abutment teeth showed some problems in the periodontal tissues and/or the hard tissue of the teeth. Conclusion: The telescopic dentures showed good clinical effects in increasing masticatory efficiency. Because of its esthetic feature,good retention and protection to the remained abutment teeth,it is a good choice for the treatment of the occlusal reconstruction.


In an earlier paper the writer' in collaboration with A. S. Granger pointed out that subcutaneous injection of liver extract (dog) may lead in the case of the dog to an increased elaboration of nitrogenous end-products into urea. From the fact that liver extracts which had been heated to 55° C. were not found to possess this stimulative action, attention was directed to the possibility of an enzymatic formation of urea. In view of these results regarding the formation of urea, it has seemed of interest to study the influence of this same treatment -namely the subcutaneous injection of liver extract upon the hepatic metabolism of uric acid. It long has been known that the animal organism is able to destroy uric acid. Frerichs and Woehler 2 fed uric acid to dogs and rabbits and found in the urine only a small part of the uric acid ingested. Stokvis3 was the first to note that if uric acid is added to a freshly hashed liver a considerable portion of the uric acid disappears. Ascoli 4 showed that if defibrinated blood containing uric acid is perfused through a surviving liver there is a progressive loss of uric acid. The capacity of the various isolated organs to destroy uric acid has been investigated directly by Brunton and Bokenham, 5 Wiener,6 Jacoby, 7 Schittenhelm,8 Burian and Schur, I Croftan, 0 Almagia,1' and others. From the researches of these investigators it seems that the liver, kidney, marrow, muscle, spleen, lymph glands, intestinal wall, and blood possess a varying ability to catabolize uric acid. In herbivorous animals the most active organ weight for weight in destroying uric acid is the kidney; and in carnivora and omnivora the liver. Burian and Schur, and


Test and analytical procedures are described that determine the relationship between direct current and resultant harmonics in a convertor transformer. It is shown that a linear relationship exists between lower-order harmonics and direct current. The effect of `fluxing' the transformer is also shown, and it is found that `under-fluxing' a transformer in the presence of direct current has little effect.


The ancient Chachapoya were an aggregate of several ethnic groups that shared a common language, religion, and material culture. They inhabited a territory at the juncture of the Andes and the Amazon basin. Their position between those ecozones most likely influenced their genetic composition. We attempted to better understand their population history by assessing the contemporary genetic diversity in the Chachapoya and three of their immediate neighbors (Huancas, Jivaro, and Cajamarca). We inferred signatures of demographic history and genetic affinities, and contrasted the findings with data from other populations on local and continental scales.


The honey bee Apis mellifera L. showed patterns of biological variations as this species has an unusually large geographical distribution. Morphometric studies were carried out to investigate the geographic variation or ecotype evolved with colonies sampled from three different locations of Northern India. Morphometric analysis of worker bee was carried out taking twelve morphological characters viz., proboscis length, femur length, tibia length, metatarsus length, metatarsus width, fore wing length, fore wing width, hind wing length, hind wing width, cubital index, body size index and pigmentation of tergites. It was observed that all the morphometric variables significantly varied among the colonies. Correlation analysis indicated that colonies from three locations were strongly related despite morphological differences, and hence these populations could be considered as ecotypes.


2286 Poster Board #-Session: P161-III EFFECT OF DONOR AGE ON FORMULAS USED TO ESTIMATE CREATININE CLEARANCE IN RENAL TRANSLANT RECIPIENTS. Yasir A Qazi, Indrani Raman, Aijaz Gundroo, Sudheer Ummadi, Mohamed Rehman, Mohamed El-Shahawy, Moro Salifu, Rocco C Venuto. USC Multiorgan Abdominal Transplant Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Division of Nephrology, Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, NY; SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY. Estimation of renal allograft function by formulas used to calculate creatinine clearance remains a valuable tool in clinical practice.The formulas require age for calculation and since GFR declines after age 40, their accuracy in recipients(R) who have a significant age difference with their donors(D) is unclear. Our study tested the accuracy of formulas when an age differenceof at least 10 years existed between the D and R.120 stable renal transplant recipients were enrolled in the study. All patients had 24 hour urine collections for CrCl (24CrCl) and were included in the analysis only if the creatinine excretion was between 15-25mg/kg.75 patients met the criteria with 46 patients receiving kidney from a younger donor (Rage>Dagmean age difference = 20 ± 6.8 yrse) and 29 from an older donors (Rage<Dagemean age difference = 24 ± 5.4 yrs). 24 CrCl was compared to CockroftGault(CG), MDRD and MDRD adjusted for BSA using the D and R age in both groups. In the Rage>Dage group, MDRD normalized for BSA correlated well to the 24CrCl using both the D and R age ( r=0.81 and 0.82, p<.0001). However, MDRD without the BSA correlated less than the CG(r=0.65, r=0.68 vs r=0.81,r=0.79). In the Rage<Dage, CG using both the D and R age correlated well ( r=.86 and 0.87,p<.0001). The MDRD and MDRD normalized for BSA underestimated the 24CrCl (Table).Our study demonstrates an inconsistency of commonly used formulas to estimate creatinine clearance between the two groups.A significant age difference between the D and R may account for discrepancies noted in studies that compared these formulas to radioisotopic studies. Donor age, in addition to the recipients age may be an important varable to estimate GFR. A large study using radioisotopic estimation of GFR is needed to confirm this observation. TABLE 1 ClearanceMethod N Mean (ml/min) ± SD Min Max 24CrCl 46 68.3 19.8 31.8 120.5 CGdonor 46 74.4 24.4 37.9 132.3 CGrec 46 60.1 19.5 29.2 114.3 MDRDrec 46 54.4 17.9 27 102 MDRDdon 46 59.8 20.8 29 116 MDRDrBSA 46 57.5 18.6 27 100 MDRDdBSA 46 63 21.3 29 110 TABLE 2 CLEARANCE METHOD N MEAN SD MIN MAX 24CrCl 29 46.6 12.6 28.5 70.9 CGdonor 29 37.4 14.4 16.9 67.5 CGrec 29 48.1 17.5 21.8 87 MDRDdon 29 41.8 13.8 20 73 MDRDrec 29 37.7 12.3 17 68 MDRDrBSA 29 41.7 15.6 21 82 MDRDdBSA 29 37.8 13.9 18 71 Abstract# 2287 Poster Board #-Session: P162-III 2287 Poster Board #-Session: P162-III A NEW SIMPLE FORMULA TO ESTIMATE CREATININE CLEARANCE IN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS WITH STABLE GRAFT FUNCTION. Yasir A Qazi, Moro Salifu, Indrani Raman, Aijaz Gundroo, Sudheer Ummadi, Mohamed Rehman, Mohamed Elshahawy, Marianna Markell, Rocco C Venuto. USC Multiorgan Abdominal Transplant Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Division of Nephrology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY; Division of Nephrology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY. The purpose of this study was to verify the accuracy of our previously described formula to estimate creatinine clearance in stable renal transplant recipients (RTR's). All patients had 24-hour urine collection for CrCl (24hr CrCl) and were included in the analysis only if their creatinine excretion was between 15-25mg/kg.182 collections were obtained from patients who had stable graft function as determined by stable serum creatinine and body weights on previous three visits. Of 182 patients, only 120 met the inclusion criteria. Demographics, laboratory data and calculation of clearance using the 24hrCrCl, Cockroft-Gault (CG), MDRD, Nankivell formula were performed for each patient. Results were compared to our previously described formula for estimation of creatinine clearance in RTR's : [55.1+(weight in kg * 0.65)-(25.5*Cr in mg/dl)]. The mean age was 48±13 years, weight 74.75±18 kg, Scr 1.73 ±.58 mg/dl, BUN 28 ± 11.6 mg/dl, albumin 3.5 ± 1.2mg/dl and BSA 1.8±.27. The mean clearances ( in ml/min) for these formulas were: 24CrCl (61.07±21.36), CG (55.69±19), MDRD (48.79±17), MDRD normalized for BSA (50.80±18), Nankivell (48.10±. 16.57), new formula (60.01±16.79). The correlations with 24CrCl were as follows CG (r= 0.81), MDRD (r= 0.68), MDRD normalized for BSA (r= 0.83), Nankivell (0.81), our formula (0.84). The new formula had the highest correlation with 24CrCl. The relative simplicity and good accuracy of our formula adds a new method of estimating creatinine clearance in renal transplant recipients with stable graft function. The accuracy of the formula is now being validated by radio isotopic GFR study. CrCl NEW NANKIVELL CG MDRD MDRDbsa FORMULA CrCl 1 NEW FORMULA 0.84 1 NANKIVELL 0.81 0.84 1 CG 0.81 0.87 0.84 1 MDRD 0.68 0.63 0.77 0.71 1 MDRDbsa 0.83 0.81 0.91 0.88 0.92 1 Abstract# 2288 Poster Board #-Session: P163-III 2288 Poster Board #-Session: P163-III PERI-TRANSPLANT CHANGE IN PROTEINURIA AMONG PREEMPTIVE KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS. Jag Gill, Nadia Zalunardo, Gary Nussbaumer, David Landsberg, John S Gill. Nephrology, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. New onset proteinuria after kidney transplantation is a potentially important indicator of allograft dysfunction. The diagnostic importance of proteinuria in preemptive kidney transplant recipients is often unclear


In this work, we will discuss the gender relations that permeate the organization and use of the bathrooms of an institution of Early Childhood Education, through the different uses and appropriations that girls and boys daily make of these spaces. Considering that bathrooms are spaces of symbolic high density for the investigation of gender relations and sexuality, we will question the power relations present in these manifestations. The empirical scope that integrates this reflection is based on an ethnography carried out in an institution located in the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo. The results indicate a spatialization process from a gender perspective, showing how space is an important element of children's control, based on adult logic and based on power structures. We identify a profitable interaction of children with the spaces of the bathrooms, in an intense movement of collective construction of strategies to circumvent and subvert the binary and dichotomous logic according to which these spaces are structured.


An instrument examining the perceptions of "ideal" family functioning was administered to 536 adolescents aged 12 to 18 yr. in Barbados. Analysis indicated fairly extensive differences between the views of male and female students, somewhat fewer differences in age and type of school attended, and very few differences associated with household composition and religious affiliation.


This study aimed at investigating the relationship between the family's income and parents' level of education and the sons' and daughters' choice of their major study at the university. To achieve this goal, information was obtained from a sample of (1416) individuals out of (30495) who were accepted at the public universities in the first semester of the academic year 2002/2003. This study shows that there is a positive relationship between the parents with high level of education and their sons' and daughters' choice of their major study. On the other hand, there is also a relationship between the family's income and the choice of the sons and daughters for certain kinds of majors at the university.


Several results are deduced in studying type 1 χC_ 11 modules.First,let χ be any class of Rmodules,then the following statements are equivalent for an Rmodule M.(1)M is a type 1 χC_ 11 module;(2)For every χsubmodule N of M,there exists a direct summand K of M,such that K∩N=0,and KN is an essential submodule of M;(3)For every χesubmodule N of M,there exists a direct summand K of M,such that K∩N=0,and KN is an essential submodule of M;(4)For every χecomplementary submodule N of M,there exists a direct summand K of M,such that K∩N=0,and KN is an essential submodule of M. Moreover,let χ be any class of Rmodules which is closed under submodules,M=M_1M_2,if M_1 and M_2 are type 1 χC_ 11 modules,M_1 or M_2 is in χ,then Rmodule M is a type 1 χC_ 11 module. And lastly, let χ be any class of Rmodules,which is closed under submodules,M=M_1M_2,M_1 is a type 1 χC_ 11 module,M_2 is a C_ 11 module,then Rmodule M is a type 1 χC_ 11- module.


This article presents the data of the morpho-physiological analysis of the reproductive buds of Syringa josikaea Jacq. that was introduced in the city of Murmansk located in the Far North of Russia. It is shown, that in the conditions of the Arctic climate, the beginning of differentiation of the axes of the inflorescences and the organogenesis of flowers can occur both: a year before blooming and in the spring period, two-three months before its beginning. The polyvariance of the floral organogenesis in cenopopulations of the S. josikaea of Murmansk city has been revealed. Experimental data on the polyvariance of the organogenesis of reproductive organs of lilac are first obtained in the Arctic urbanized territory.


The aim of this paper is to highlight the main features of entrepreneurial businesses and to shed light on the determinants of the growth of small firms undertaking an IPO. For this purpose, we centre our attention on companies going public on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM), a market dedicated to young and growing companies. In the paper we investigate the post-IPO performance of 665 listed firms that have gone public during the period from 1995 to 2006. In the work the factors influencing business performance are inferred from a broad range of variables (e.g. accounting information, CEO and board age, educational background and past experience). Our findings confirm that small companies listed on the AIM grow at a faster rate after the IPO. It seems that intangible assets are important determinants of their fast growth. The results of this work underline the relevance of secondary markets, such as the AIM, as a valuable alternative to traditional financial institutions in providing capital to small and entrepreneurial companies.


This article describes the main characteristics being developed on production basis of JSC SIC Almaz-Fazotron transmitting-receiving module of active phased antenna arrays for X-band and their requirements. The authors propose to introduce a pulse mode receiving channel to eliminate the possibility of positive feedback in the transmitting channel, caused by a large total gain.


Edited by David H. Persing, Fred C. Tenover, Yi-Wei Tang, Frederick S. Nolte, Randall T. Hayden, and Alex Van Belkum 960 pages. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2011. $189.95 ISBN: 9781555814977

I found Molecular Microbiology: Diagnostic Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition to be an excellent resource for laboratory professionals and the clinical care team. This book provides chapter-by-chapter detail regarding the various molecular techniques that have been incorporated into use in microbiology laboratories during the past …


Abstract Background We previously showed that highly dynamic PIP2, septin, and PKC-Mkc1 cell wall integrity pathway responses correlate with echinocandin activity against C. albicans and attenuated virulence during invasive candidiasis. Our objectives were to determine whether PIP2 dysregulation in response to an echinocandin results in aberrant localization of the septation and cytokinesis apparatus, and to quantitate aberrant localization. Methods Live cell imaging (LCI) was performed for 3 hours (Nikon A1 confocal microscope, NIS Elements software; Tokyo) on C. albicans irs4 mutant and wild-type SC5314 expressing fluorescently labeled PIP2 and Cdc10 (septin), Act1 (actin), or Myo1 (myosin). Results C. albicans irs4, in which PIP2 5'-phosphatase is disrupted, mislocalizes PIP2 and septins, and over-activates the PKC-Mkc1 pathway in a manner similar to echinocandin-exposed C. albicans SC5314. LCI revealed that PIP2 co-localized with Act1 and Myo1 at aberrant sites in C. albicans irs4, similar to PIP2-Cdc10 co-localization. 83% of co-localizing patches were in cells undergoing active cytokinesis. 78% of patches were at sites of cytokinesis, which reflected both normal budding and abnormal, wide-necked budding; 5% of patches localized to aberrant plasma membrane sites during cytokinesis. 17% of co-localizing patches were in cells that were not undergoing active cytokinesis. 6% of patches were at old cytokinesis sites; 11% of patches were at aberrant plasma membrane sites. Similar PIP2-septin-actin-myosin dysregulation was observed in C. albicans SC5314 immediately upon 4x MIC caspofungin exposure (Figure; videos). Conclusion Dysregulated C. albicans PIP2 recruits the septation and cytokinesis apparatus, including septins, actin, and myosin, to sites of incomplete cytokinesis at bud necks and to sites of aberrant, ectopic septation in plasma membranes of both dividing and non-dividing cells. Our data support a model in which a dysregulated PIP2 response is triggered immediately upon echinocandin exposure, over-activates the PKC-Mkc-1 pathway, and correlates with the extent of fungicidal activity and attenuated virulence. PIP2-septation-cytokinesis dysregulation is likely to lead to C. albicans death by promoting cell lysis, or selecting cells to undergo apoptosis. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


The purpose of this paper is to trace the market creation for environmental services of forest resources in China.The history and current situations of market creation for environmental services of forest resources have been analyzed.Market creations for watershed management,biodiversity conservation,landscapes and carbon storage have been further discussed.Challenges and policy recommendations have been presented in the paper.


Suggests that in many companies that have adopted value‐based management, there is a need to shift the focus of management attention from the measurement of value, to the creation of wealth. Argues that shareholder wealth creation is a creative endeavour on the part of the management and employees of a business – and that wealth will only be created for shareholders if management delivers financial performance that exceeds market expectations. This requires the successful implementation of higher value strategies developed from new ideas – not simply the adoption of value‐based measurement and incentive systems.


Objective To discuss the effect of alleviating pain in neonates by taking 24% sucrose solution orally and non-alimentative sucking.Methods A total of 100 mature neonate suffering from hyperbilirubinemia were stochastically separated into contradistinguishing group(n=50) and intervention group(n=50).Every neonate in the intervention group took 2 milliliter 24% sucrose solution orally and was given non-alimentative sucking 2 minutes before venipuncture,while the contradistinguishing group were given no any measures to alleviate pain.The depth of pain and crying time as well as the variation of heart beating rate,respiratory rate and blood oxygen saturation of the two groups were observed.Results The scores of NFCS and NIPS with crying time in intervention group were significantly lower than that in the control group(P0.01).The variation of heart beating rate,respiratory rate and blood oxygen saturation in the intervention group were significantly smaller than that in the control group(P0.01).Conclusion Taking sucrose solution orally and non-alimentative sucking might alleviate pains of neonates evidently.


This abstract is summarizing production and subsequent experimental testing of 3D profile of the symmetrical I shape concrete from UHPC matrix and reinforced with textile glass fibres. Upper and bottom covering strips of this profile are at the outside fibres reinforced with textile glass reinforcement. Position of this reinforcement is fixed in the distance of about 3 mm from outside fibres and is connected with reinforcement of the profile stem located in its axis. Such prepared beams were tested with four-point flexure evenly loaded until fracture. Course of the measurement was continuously recorded by the automatic logger, where mostly increase of the force in relation to deflection in the middle of the span and change of position of supports were recorded. From the recorded data were prepared graphic outputs compared with the same experiments performed on I profile which is not reinforced, i.e. only UHPC matrix, and for comparison also on the profile made from UHPC matrix with use of metal wires. In the conclusion were compared achieved test results. Mainly suitability and loading capacity of individual beam types was compared. Within the experiment were performed supporting tests based on which were determined material characteristics of tested matrix and textile glass reinforcement. Tests were performed in the Klokner Institute within solution of the grant project GACŘ 13-12676S.


Fang Dongmei is one of the representatives who changed the traditional Chinese culture into modern type in the 20th century.He integrated the traditional Chinese thought of life priority with western philosophy and aesthetics,and se up the aesthetic value based on life.It can be argued that his aesthetic thought inherits traditional Chinese culture and accepts the essence of modern western philosophy.His thought intends to arrive at a situation of rationality and perfection.


ii Acknowledgements iv Vita v List of Tables viii List of Figures x Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Methods 22 Chapter 3: Results 31 Chapter 4: Discussion 50 References 63 Appendix A: SSI Instrument Full Scale 70 Appendix B: Tables 76 Appendix C: Figures 105 Appendix D: SSI-T Instrument 119 Appendix E: SSI-PS Instrument 122


In the mid-1990s, a group of Latin American intellectuals brought together by Anibal Quijano, Enrique Dússel and Walter Mignolo created the "Modernity/ Coloniality/Decoloniality Project." The intellectual group which makes up the project, have proposed to examine the phenomenon of modernity from the historic-cultural experience of Latin America. To accomplish this, the group has been developing a conceptual model which seeks to critically rethink global social structures, based on the relationships between power and knowledge from the historical formation of the capitalist/modernist world system. First of all, this article explores the historical basis of the "Modernity/ Coloniality/ Decoloniality Project." Secondly, it presents the most important epistemological proposals and conceptual categories derived from the project. Finally, it suggests how these ideas contribute to making anthropological reflection more profound. PALABRAS CLAVE |


ERbeta has been associated with estrogen-induced promotion of memory function and neuronal survival. Based on the optimized complex structure of human ERbeta LBD bound with genistein, computer-aided structure-based virtual screening against a natural source chemical database was conducted to determine the occurrence of plant-based ERbeta-selective ligands. Twelve representative hits derived from database screening were assessed for their binding profiles to both ERs, three of which displayed over 100-fold binding selectivity to ERbeta over ERalpha.


The paper builds the reliability evaluation model of distribution generation with the random power output characteristics, based on island operating mode, analyses how to calculate the island probability, then combined with proposed method of literature [9], obtains the distribution network reliability index considering distribution generation with the random power output characteristics. Finally the imitation and calculation of IEEE-RBTS Bus6 demonstrate the efficiency and practicability of the proposed calculating mode.


And as a feedstock - as a method of forming the purity quartz combusting This very low contamination and defect level of the silica glass ingot (ingot), wherein the silica glass ingot feedstock quartz article concentric (concentrically) rotational play that button (platen ) on the free-formed.


Multiple endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (even three or more) for recurrent bile duct stones appear to be safe and effective. Late complications are relatively frequent but are endoscopically manageable

In 1974, Professors Meinhard Classen (Germany) and Keiichi Kawai (Japan) independently published their pioneering experience of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (EBS).1,2 This bold innovative work was performed in the face of considerable antagonism from the surgical community, which considered that endoscopists had no business in the biliary tree, traditionally regarded as surgical "turf". In the 30 years since, countless thousands of patients have benefited from EBS, being spared major surgical and radiological procedures. That an electrosurgical incision of a centimetre or less can have such beneficial effect is testament to the ingenuity of the pioneer endoscopists and their partners in industry. EBS is now an everyday event in endoscopy units around the world, the great majority being completed safely and achieving the desired goal. Indeed, we tend to take EBS for granted. The recent National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference Panel deemed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and EBS to be essential tools in the management of patients with acute cholangitis, pancreatitis, and choledocholithiasis.3 EBS has been shown to be safe and effective in experienced hands but it is undoubtedly associated with both short and long term complications.4

Recurrent bile duct stone formation is not uncommon following EBS. The literature suggests an incidence ranging from 4 % to 24%.5,6 Further ERCP with extension of the previous sphincterotomy is often the treatment of choice in patients with recurrent choledocholithiasis but little is know of the long term results and complications of this treatment. In this issue of …


eighth day after my visit, and that he has continued to do so to this date, as a dresser of tin; that he has no pain or difficulty in swallowing, but bas had pains in his head occasionally, with drowsiness. He can move his head a little from side to side, but if he attempts to do so beyond a certain point, he has immediately a fulness in the fore-part of his head. The throat has retained its natural form, and the right cornu of the os byoides is in its proper position. This person told methat he knew two cases similar to his own, in wbich the parties recovered perfectly after the head had been pulled back; one, a lad of 14, who made a summerset when jumping off a hedge on some straw; and the other was a mason, aged 24, who fell off a high boiler which he was surrounding with brick work. June 20th, 1849.-This man visited me at Truro, on account of some trifling ailment, which afforded me the opportunity of seeing that he was in very good health. He is a very temperate man, and still works at Wheal Budnick.


Introduction. The article's relevance is determined by the need to find new ways to study Russian classics in a modern school setting. As studies show, students' quality of classics perception decreases every year, explained by socio-cultural conditions and methodological aspects. This problem requires special attention in connection with the past and upcoming 200th anniversaries of the most significant canonical writers: I.A. Goncharov, M.Yu. Lermontov, I.S. Turgenev, A.A. Fet, N.A. Nekrasov, A.N. Ostrovsky, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy. The author believes that literary anniversaries are a good incentive to revive the most influential classical literature and include students in their country's cultural life. And the literature teacher might benefit from knowing the anniversaries mentioned above and whether there are any events dedicated to these anniversaries. Teachers should also contribute to a philological environment in the school and continuously improve literary and methodological competence. The study is based on the biography and works by Turgenev, whose 200th anniversary was widely celebrated in 2018. We want to share the experience of teaching the creative heritage of an outstanding Russian writer in a modern school; we identified the difficulties that literature teachers face and outlined productive ways to overcome psychological and pedagogical contradictions in the theory and practice of literary education, which happens primarily due to the gap between the scientific and pedagogical studies of Turgenev's works. Materials and methods. The study hypothetically formulated the problem, which was confirmed during the analysis of scientific and methodological works and while evaluating students' residual knowledge. Results and discussion. Stereotypes of students' perception of the writer's personality and his creative work are revealed. Productive ways and forms of acquaintance with the author's personality, new genres of creating a biographical sketch are considered. Particular attention is paid to Turgenev's concept of nature and love, their aesthetic and philosophical essence. New methods of enhancing the reading activity are proposed, particularly methods to create intertextuality (based on the appeal to the landscapes by the artists from the Barbizon school). The ways of acquainting students with the writer's manor texts in the context of the Russian manor culture are presented. Specific recommendations are given to include the "Home of the Gentry" novel in the 10th-grade literature class. New approaches to the study of the "Fathers and Sons" novel are revealed, the comparison teaching method of the television series based on the writer's work "Bazarov's Mistake" by Avdotya Smirnova is proposed. Conclusion. To actualize the students' perception of Turgenev's novel, a model of a lesson dialogue is developed with the involvement of works of modern Literature (Vera Tchaikovskaya's remake "New under the Sun"). In general, the study showed that it is possible to teach further methodological improvement of Turgenev's creative work at school by relying on established traditions and using new forms and methods of the reading activity organization, and by increasing the philological competence of the literature teacher.


An interesting rearrangement of ar-curcumene oxide over single oxides like Al 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , Eu 2 O 3 , Nd 2 O 3 , Sm 2 O 3 and binary oxides like Al 2 O 3 -Y 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 -Eu 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 -Sm 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 -Nd 2 O 3 is described. Among single oxides, Al 2 O 3 favourably yielded alcohols while rare earth oxides favoured the formation of ketones. Activity and selectivity considerably changed when binary oxides are used as catalysts.


This paper describes the joint QUAERO submission to the WMT 2012 machine translation evaluation. Four groups (RWTH Aachen University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, LIMSI-CNRS, and SYSTRAN) of the QUAERO project submitted a joint translation for the WMT German→English task. Each group translated the data sets with their own systems and finally the RWTH system combination combined these translations in our final submission. Experimental results show improvements of up to 1.7 points in Bleu and 3.4 points in Ter compared to the best single system.


Bacteroidetes are abundant members of the human microbiota, with species occupying the distal gut capable of utilising a myriad of diet- and host-derived glycans. Transport of glycans across the outer membrane (OM) of these bacteria is mediated by SusCD protein complexes, comprising a membrane-embedded barrel and a lipoprotein lid, that are thought to operate via a 'pedal-bin' mechanism in which the lids open and close to facilitate substrate binding. However, additional cell surface-exposed lipoproteins, namely surface glycan binding proteins and glycoside hydrolases, play critical roles in the capture and processing of large glycan chains into transport-competent substrates. Despite constituting a crucial mechanism of nutrient acquisition by our colonic microbiota, the interactions between these components in the OM are poorly understood. Here we show that for the levan and dextran utilisation systems of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, the additional OM components assemble on the core SusCD transporter, forming stable glycan utilising machines which we term 'utilisomes'. Single particle electron cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures in the absence and presence of substrate reveal concerted conformational changes that rationalise the role of each component for efficient nutrient capture, as well as providing a direct demonstration of the pedal bin mechanism of substrate capture in the intact utilisome.


The removal and management of the Atlantic Forest over the past centuries caused the destruction of most of this ecosystem. Among the few remaining areas of Atlantic Forest north of the São Francisco River is the Reserva Biológica (REBIO) Guaribas. This study inventoried the ichthyofauna of the REBIO Guaribas (Mamanguape, Paraíba) and its surroundings. Two streams were sampled bimonthly (1 within the REBIO and the other adjacent to it) and another 11 additional sites were sampled once, resulting in 18 species of fish (7 families and 7 orders). Characiformes was the most representative order, with12 species. This species list is an important tool for impact assessments as well as conservation and management plans, given the current state of knowledge about Brazilian rivers and streams, especially those of the northeastern Atlantic Forest.


It is generally understood that patients who have cardiovascular disease are at risk of cardiac complications after surgery. In patients undergoing major or vascular surgery, the risk of such complications can be signi®cant. Eagle and colleagues studied patients enrolled on the CASS (Coronary Artery Surgery Study) registry who subsequently underwent non-cardiac surgery. They reported a perioperative myocardial infarction rate of 8.5% in patients with medically managed coronary artery disease who underwent vascular surgery. The authors de®ned high-risk surgery as surgery associated with a risk of perioperative death or myocardial infarction of greater than 4%. Abdominal surgery, thoracic surgery, and head and neck surgery fell into this category. For patients undergoing these types of surgery who had medically treated coronary artery disease, the overall perioperative myocardial infarction rate was 2.7% and the overall death rate 3.3%. This compared with rates of 0.8 and 1% respectively in patients undergoing similar surgery who did not have coronary artery disease. Data such as these are often considered with information on the prevalence of coronary artery disease to obtain some indication of the population burden of disease. For example, in 1990 Mangano stated that 25 million patients undergo major surgery in the USA each year and suggested that perhaps 6±7 million of these people are at risk of perioperative cardiac complications. Such estimates suggest that perioperative cardiac complications are both a major issue in the care of individual surgical patients and a major public health issue. This review will examine in more detail the population impact of perioperative cardiac morbidity and the implications of this for the individual patient.


A new kind of eight dimensional (8D) basis is suggested to describe geometric objects and processes in three dimensional (3D) vector space. In contrast to an ordinary 8D multivector basis for a corresponding geometric Clifford algebra G3.0, it is built from three kinds of complementary idempotent paravectors, defined through three basis vectors of Cartesian frame of reference. The new basis is extremely useful to describe all kinds of objects in G3.0 homogeneously, using only real numbers. It is especially suitable to describe and simulate interference phenomena for rotating vectors, bivectors, paravectors, spinors and other kinds of spatially anisotropic information carriers on traditional computers.


Park Honan's landmark biography of Jane Austen has been lavished with praise since its original publication. Written in an accessable atyle and meticulously researched, this book combones intanacy with Austen as a child and a woman.


Objective: We sought to determine the incidence and imaging features by coronary angiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of anomalies in which the right, circumflex, and left anterior descending coronary arteries arise separately from the right sinus of Valsalva. Background: The anomalous origin of all major coronary arteries from separate ostia in the right sinus of Valsalva has been reported as exceedingly rare, with mainly isolated cases reported. A knowledge of the origin and proximal courses of aberrant arteries is critical for patient management. Methods: 42 consecutive patients without other congenital heart disease referred to our institution for MRI evaluation of anomalous coronary artery over a six year period were evaluated. Analysis of angiograms and MRI was done to determine the anatomic origin and proximal pathway of coronary arteries (determined by conventional angiography and MRI) and degree of any stenosis (by angiography). Results: Seven of the 42 patients (17%) in this referral population had the described anatomy. Both conventional angiography and MRI depicted the origin and proximal courses of these arteries. In all patients, the circumflex passed behind the aorta. In three, the left anterior descending passed through the ventricular septum; in four, it passed anterior to the pulmonary trunk. Conclusions: This series is the largest ever reported on this complex anatomical variant and the first to give a systematic analysis of the anatomy by angiography and MRI. This constellation of multiple anomalous coronary arterial origins and proximal courses may not be as rare as previously reported. Published 2007Wiley-Liss, Inc.


The role of sulfhydryl compounds in reducing radiation damage to biological systems has been extensively studied. These compounds are known to react by mechanisms including free radical scavenger, repair of damage sites, and capacity to form mixed disulfides (1-3). We determined the specific influence of sulfhydryl compounds in reducing radiation damage to amino acids of cytochrome c, hemoglobin, and ovalbumin in solutions under anaerobic conditions (1). Results show that the sulfhydryl compounds offer considerable protection to the radiolabile amino acids such as histidine, methionine, phenylalanine, and cystine. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on solid amino acids, peptides, and proteins indicate that radiation-induced unpaired electrons finally localize on sulfur atoms (4-8). Gordy and Miyagawa (4) suggested that unpaired electrons can migrate through certain segments of polypeptide chains of protein. Furthermore, Henriksen et al. (7, 8) showed an intermolecular transfer of unpaired electrons from protein molecules to sulfur protectors. Collectively, this evidence suggests that the ideal radiation protector is a molecule that can release and accept electrons and hydrogen atoms easily without itself becoming dissociated. If this is the case, selenoamino acids would be a better protector than analogous sulfur amino acids. This is because the ionization potential and bond energy of selenium compounds are smaller than that of sulfur compounds (9), and also selenium has more metallic character than sulfur (10). The biological function of selenium as a trace nutrient can be ascribed to the oxidation-reduction properties of compounds like selenoamino acids and selenoproteins (11, 12). Lipid antioxidant properties of selenoamino acids and selenoproteins have been described (11-14). Other mechanisms, especially free radical scavengers and repair of damage sites, are probably of great importance in its biological function. Selenium analogs of 2-aminoethylisothiouronium. HBr (AET) and related compounds have been synthesized, and the selenium analog of cysteamine has been shown to have a radiation-protective effect in mice (15). The purpose of this research is to test the effects and mechanisms of selenoamino


OBJECTIVE To observe the injury of nickel sulphate to the lens of Wistar mice and the protec-tive effect of Qigui Jiedu Decoction. METHODS Wistar mice were grouped randomly:Nickel sulphate group of subcutaneous injection,Qigui Jiedu Decoction group,Tiopronin Tablets group and Control group. We observed the changes of the lens and shot them under the slit lamp every two weeks. Forty-five days after injecting nickel sul-phate,we evaluated the turbidity of the lens which we referred to the LOCS Ⅱ and LOCS Ⅲ under double blind method. The final scores of the mice were analysed using the software of SPSS. RESULTS In area P of lens,the score of nickel sulphate group (2.18±0.54) was higher than that of Qigui Jiedu Decoction group (1.78±0.59),Tioronin Tablet group(1.54±0.73)and the Control group(0.57±0.62). The distinction had a statistics meaning (F= 35.28,P0.05). In area N of lens,the score of Nickel sulphate group (2.00±0.38)was higher than that of Qigui Jiedu Decoction group(1.83±0.38),Tioronin Tablet group(0.65±0.71)and the Control group(0.18±0.47). The distinction had a statistics meaning (F=78.64,P0.05). The area A and C of lens had no obvious turbidity. The distinction had no statistics meaning(P0.05). In area A and P of lens,the score of Nickel sulphate group (2.25±0.57) was higher than that of Qigui Jiedu Decoction group (1.83±0.64),Tioronin Tablet group (1.61±0.77) and the Control group (0.61±0.62). The distinction had a statistics meaning (F=30.24,P0.05). When we compared the total score of all the groups,the score of Nickel sulphate group (4.50±0.82)was higher than that of Qigui Jiedu Decoction group (3.91±1.14),Tioronin Tablet group (2.50±1.80)and the Control group (0.93±0.88).The distinction had a statistics meaning (F=38.14,P0.05). CONCLUSIONS Nickel sulphate can injury the lens of Wistar mice. Qigui Jiedu De-coction and Tioronin Tablet have protective effect in pre-venting injuring from nickel sulphate.


Subsurface separation criteria have evolved empirically over the years. They still are based largely on untested assumptions about safety factors, comfort values, and survey tool accuracy. A mathematical analysis of the probability of collision combined with a decision tree describing the consequences provides a method of risk evaluation. The mathematics can be simplified under certain special assumptions, allowing key features of the problem to be illustrated. This paper reports on a flow chart of the directional-drilling tolerance setting procedure that shows how the methods described can be used in daily well-planning operations.


A.PROCEDE AND DEVICE FOR REMOVING SOOT FROM THE EXHAUST GASES OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, THE SOOT DEPOSITED IN A FILTER 1 BEING ENHANCED BY COMBUSTION THROUGH THE USE OF ADDITIVES. P> B.CARACTERIZES AS A SOOT REMOVAL PRODUCT 31, IN A PULVERULENT OR LIQUID FORM, WHEN A FIXED PASSAGE RESISTANCE OF THE FILTRATION MEDIUM 10 HAS BEEN MET, AND A FIXED TEMPERATURE OF THE SOOT FILTER HAS BEEN REACHED 1, IS ADDED, FROM A CONTAINER 30, EXHAUST GAS, UPSTREAM FILTERING MEDIUM 10, QUANTITY DOSED AND FINALLY DISTRIBUTED BY COMPRESSED AIR. C.L ' INVENTION APPLIES TO DIESEL ENGINES.


Robotic systems are playing a very essential role in the field of small as well as large industrial applications. In this paper, the design of first and second order sliding mode controllers are proposed to perform the desired tasks. To illustrate this technique a single link flexible robotic arm is used. One of the most powerful algorithm for designing controllers is the sliding mode controller (SMC) with the drawback of chattering which degrades its performance. So to avoid it and to track our desired trajectory twisted algorithms is used. Lyapunov stability criteria was applied for the verification of controllers' stability. Finally all the two algorithms were compared using simulations. Keywords— Controller, Sliding Mode, Robotics, Chattering, Twisted Mode Controller, Flexible joint, single link.


Recently, several generalizations of the notion of orthogonal polynomials appeared in the literature. The aim of this paper is to study their zeros. Let P k be the unique polynomial of exact degree k such that Z b a x i P k (x) dd(x) = 0; for i = 0; : : : ; k ? 1 where is a positive Borel measure on a; b]. P k is the polynomial of degree k belonging to the family of orthogonal polynomials on a; b] with respect to the measure. It is well{known that the zeros of P k are all real, distinct and in a; b] and that they interlace with the zeros of P k+1. Recently, several generalizations of the notion of orthogonality appeared in the literature. This paper is devoted to the properties of their zeros. The deenitions and the rst results on the number of their real zeros will be given in Section 1. Since these rst results do not give a complete information on the zeros, some additional results will be proved in Section 2. The last section will be devoted to some vector generalizations of Chebyshev polynomials. The results presented in this paper are far to be complete. They are only given here as a starting point for further investigations. 1. Deenitions and rst results In this section, we shall deene the various generalizations of orthogonal polynomials that will be studied and we shall give a rst result on the number of their real zeros. All the results are based, in fact, on the notion of quasi{orthogonal polynomials that will be treated in Subsection 1.1. Then, the cases of biorthogonal, simultaneous orthogonal and vector orthogonal polynomials will be discussed. The questions of existence and uniqueness of these polynomials will not be considered here and the polynomials will always be assumed to be uniquely determined by the orthogonality conditions apart from a nonzero multiplying factor. The case of quasi{orthogonality will also be discussed. 1.1 Quasi{orthogonal polynomials Let L be a linear functional on the space of polynomials and let P k be a polynomial of exact degree


To determine post-ruminal digestibility (PD) of non degradable protein in rumen  (NDPR) of several feedstuffs used commonly in bovines, the mobile nylon bag technique (MNBT) not previously digested was used in pigs. The crude protein disappearance data were analyzed through a random block statistic design using GLM procedure from the statistic software SAS. In previous studies there were similar values of PDNDPR to the experimentally obtained for the used feedstuffs.


GPS cannot perform well in urban area because of multipath problems that make GPS location contain low accuracy. So, the map matching method is the method to adjust GPS location to reduce GPS location error. However, the current map matching method requires GPS high frequency data for adjustment and it does not perform well in GPS low frequency data. So, the study explores the idea to improve the map matching method based on a kind of machine learning technology by using the classification method to adjust the low frequency GPS location. This research uses features such as speed, heading and location of the previous GPS point for a training machine learning the model and adjust points of the GPS location. The objective of this study is to develop accuracy of the map matching method and the speed of map matching method for low frequency GPS data. After processing data, we found that Random Forest is the machine learning model that contains highest precision, recall and F1-Score. Moreover, this model is a low sensitivity model when frequency of data changes, but Decision Tree is the fastest model in prediction time and it takes lower time for training than Random Forest model.


Fusarium solaniom produced maximum PHB depolymerase by 48 h when grown in BHM containing 0.2%, w/v PHB, pH 8.0 at 25C. Statistical optimization studies using Plackett Burman design of PHB depolymerase production yielded maximum PHB depolymerase activity aer 2 days as against 4 days in the unoptimized conditions with a 2-fold increase in activity. Partial puri�cation of the extracellular poly-ββ-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) depolymerase PHAZFFFFFF from F. solani om by two steps using ammonium sulphate (80% saturation) and affinity chromatography using concanavalin-A yielded 162.3-fold purity and 63% recovery of protein. e enzyme composed of a single polypeptide chain of 85KDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE. e enzyme stained positive for glycoprotein by PAS staining. Optimumenzyme activity was detected at pH 7.0 and 55C.e enzymewas stable at pH 7.0 and 55C for 24 h with a residual activity of almost 85%. Paper chromatography revealed ββ-hydroxybutyrate monomer as the major end product of PHB hydrolysis. Complete inhibition of the enzyme by 1mMHgCl2 (100%) indicated the importance of essential disul�de bonds (cystine residues) for enzyme activity or probably for maintaining the native enzyme structure.


This qualitative grounded theory designed study identified perceptions and interpretations of leaders and leadership from the perspective of mid-level fire and emergency services officers. The findings from this study discovered a possible pathway for instilling the philosophy of servant leadership into the fire and emergency services. The study took place at a large metropolitan fire and emergency services agency in the Western United States. The 15 participants in the study were affiliated, uniformed and sworn, mid-level fire and emergency services officers. The literature used to form this study, identified negative issues associated with current leadership practices within the fire and emergency services and their relations to both the physical and mental stresses that many responders suffer. The study's theoretical finding was mid-level fire and emergency service officers interpreted the role of a leader to be that of serving their followers. The theoretical finding seemingly aligns closely with the philosophy of servant leadership.


The optimal selection of camera configurations (camera locations, orientations, e.t.c) for multi-camera networks remains unsolved. Most of the previous approaches do not generalize well to large scale networks. They only focus on proposing various objective functions to achieve different tasks. To tackle with this problem a transdimensional simulated annealing algorithm is proposed. Comparison with the state-of-the-art method based on binary integer programming (BIP) show that the proposed approach also offers similar performance on small scale problems and better capability to deal with large scale problems.


The aim of the research – consists of carrying out the analysis of the financial costs of the state departments of the health care for the purchasing of pharmaceuticals. The analysis is carried out in the data processing centre of the Krasnodar branch of "Medical insurance company "Siberia". The object of the research is the structure of budgetary expenditures on provision of the necessary medicines (from there on – PNM). For the retrospective evaluation of the resources spent on the provision of medicines, the method of pharmaco-economic analysis is applied – the ABC-analysis, which can be used to calculate funding requirements. Thus, to identify the structure of the cost of pharmaceuticals across the Krasnodar Territory in the PNM, the ABC-analysis of the full list of the privileged medications on international not patented and trade names was carried out.


The purpose of this analysis is to examine the causal relationship between civil liberties and economic growth in Indonesia. The data used are panel data from 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2021 to 2019, and the analysis tool after testing the selection of suitable analytical models to use in this analysis is the common effects model. The results of this analysis show that while civil liberties are positively important to Indonesia's economic growth, economic growth is not important to Indonesian civil liberties. Civil liberties capacity can affect economic growth by 0.17%, the rest is influenced by other variables not included in this analysis.


A novel bipolar graphite felt electrode for the use in Vanadium Redox Batteries and other electrochemical systems is introduced. The innovation renders possible reduction of processing time and costs of bipolar electrodes drastically compared to conventional carbon polymer composite electrodes used in Vanadium Redox Batteries and other battery systems. The conductivity of the new electrode type is similar to values of conventional electrodes, however, they show significant improvements in mechanical properties. The functionality of such novel electrodes is approved in the application of Vanadium Redox Batteries and the results show comparable performance of the electrodes to conventional materials. In addition, electrode delamination due to side reactions occurring during cell overcharging with carbon black filler material used in conventional electrodes is avoided. At the moment such bipolar electrodes are applied in Vanadium Redox Cells but design and properties promise further suitable applications in different battery systems.


Humic compounds were reported to be generally similar in structure. Indications that differences in environmental conditions could have effected changes in the nature of humic compounds are available, however. The present study was conducted to evaluate variations in soil humic compounds as related to soils and analytical differences. To include a wide variety of environmental conditions, two Alfisols, two Mollisols, two Ultisols, and two Vertisols, located in different regions of the USA, were sampled and analyzed for humic and fulvic acids and extractable Si, Al, Fe, and Mn contents associated with organic matter. The results indicated that the Mollisols, with the largest amounts of organic matter, were characterized by the highest concentrations of Na4P2O7-extractable Al and Fe in the A horizons, among the four soil orders studied. The Vertisols contained high extractable Si and appreciable Fe and Al contents, suggesting that the humic compounds in the Vertisols might not only be associated with large amounts of extractable Ca, but that Si, Al, and Fe extractable by Na4P2O7 have also played an important role in their formation and accumulation. More humic (HA) than fulvic (FA) acid was isolated in the Mollisols and Vertisols than in the Alfisols and Ultisols. In the Ultisols six to seven times more FA than HA was extracted with Na4P2O7 in the A horizons. A negative correlation was found between total soil N, Na4P2O7-extractable Al and Si, and FA/HA ratios, confirming that N and extractable Al and Si contents were more closely associated with HA than FA. Analytical procedures and differences in soil groups have affected the changes in infrared spectra. Na4P2O7 yielded HA with better resolved spectra than NaOH, and allowed for the definite distinction in HA spectra between soil groups. Differences in HA spectra between soil groups were attributed to inherent different soil conditions.


The author reviews the study on social relations by academic world.Based on interviewing with more than 200 ethnic immigrants seeking jobs in Beijing and Shenzhen,the author points out that immigrants use combination of different kinds of social networks in three stages of migration and job seeking.


"This study discusses the future directions of effective Design for Deconstruction (DfD) using BIM-based approach to design coordination. After a review of extant literatures on existing DfD practices and tools, it became evident that none of the tools is BIM compliant and that BIM implementation has been ignored for endof-life activities. To understand how BIM could be employed for DfD and to identify essential functionalities for a BIM-based deconstruction tool, Focus Group Interviews (FGIs) were conducted with professionals who have utilised BIM on their projects. The interview transcripts of the FGIs were analysed using descriptive interpretive analysis to identify common themes based on the experiences of the participants. The themes highlight functionalities of BIM in driving effective DfD process, which include improved collaboration among stakeholders, visualisation of deconstruction process, identification of recoverable materials, deconstruction plan development, performance analysis and simulation of end-of-life alternatives, improved building lifecycle management, and interoperability with existing BIM software. The results provide the needed technological support for developing tools for BIM compliant DfD tools." 1 Akinade, Olugbenga O. Akinade, et al, "Waste minimisation through deconstruction: A BIM based Deconstructability Assessment Score (BIM-DAS)," Resources Conservation and Recycling 105 (2015) 167-176 Abstract: "The overall aim of this study is to develop a Building Information Modelling based Deconstructability Assessment Score (BIM-DAS) for determining the extent to which a building could be deconstructed right from the design stage. To achieve this, a review of extant literature was carried out to identify critical design principles influencing effectual building deconstruction and key features for assessing the performance of Design for Deconstruction (DfD). Thereafter, these key features were used to develop BIM-DAS using mathematical modelling approach based on efficient material requirement planning. BIMDAS was later tested using case study design and the results show that the major contributing factors to DfD are use of prefabricated assemblies and demountable connections. The results of the evaluation demonstrate the practicality of BIM-DAS as an indicator to measure the deconstructability of building designs. This could provide a design requirement benchmark for effective building deconstruction. This research work will benefit all stakeholders in the construction industry especially those interested in designing for deconstruction. "The overall aim of this study is to develop a Building Information Modelling based Deconstructability Assessment Score (BIM-DAS) for determining the extent to which a building could be deconstructed right from the design stage. To achieve this, a review of extant literature was carried out to identify critical design principles influencing effectual building deconstruction and key features for assessing the performance of Design for Deconstruction (DfD). Thereafter, these key features were used to develop BIM-DAS using mathematical modelling approach based on efficient material requirement planning. BIMDAS was later tested using case study design and the results show that the major contributing factors to DfD are use of prefabricated assemblies and demountable connections. The results of the evaluation demonstrate the practicality of BIM-DAS as an indicator to measure the deconstructability of building designs. This could provide a design requirement benchmark for effective building deconstruction. This research work will benefit all stakeholders in the construction industry especially those interested in designing for deconstruction. 1. All abstracts, summaries and keywords are taken from the cited texts.