[1] A regional-scale Observation System Simulation Experiment was used to examine how the assimilation of window infrared brightness temperatures for both clear-sky and cloudy sky conditions impacts the accuracy of atmospheric analyses at convection-permitting scales when using an ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation system. The case study tracked the evolution of a large extratropical cyclone and associated cloud features across the central United States during 4–5 June 2005. Overall, the assimilation results revealed that the infrared brightness temperatures had a large positive impact on the simulated cloud field with the best results achieved when both clear-sky and cloudy sky observations were assimilated. The infrared brightness temperatures substantially reduced the bias and root mean square error in the cloud top pressure, cloud water path, 6.95 and 11.2 μm brightness temperatures, and vertical profiles of cloud condensate. Inspection of the thermodynamic variable statistics showed that the assimilation of conventional surface and upper-air observations produced more accurate temperature and wind analyses. When both cloud-affected and thermodynamic variables are considered, however, the best analysis was achieved when conventional observations and clear-sky and cloudy sky 8.5 μm brightness temperatures were assimilated simultaneously.


Objective This study aimed to improve methods of islet isolation and transplantation in rats.Methods Modified stationary digestion method and islet transplantation using yellow tip method was used in this study.Results ①Time of islet isolation was 164.00±1.74min ②The yield of pureislets was 320.50±44.25/rat ③Purity of islets was 95.90±0 99(%) ④Time of islet transplantation was 27.60±1.71min.⑤At 1~2 days after syngenic islet transplantation,blood glucose level of diabetic rats fell under 200mg/dl.⑥Islets,exocrine tissue and lymph nodes were clearly divided,when ground reflector of microscope was used.Conclusion ①Islet isolation and transplantation method after improvement was more convenient.②Ground reflector of microscope was useful for observation of islets.


Pulsed infrared and optical flux from HZ Her has been detected during the 1983 prolonged X-ray low state by simultaneous observations with the Lick Observatory Shane 3.1 m and Crossley 91 cm telescopes. The pulsed fluxes in the 1.0-2.5-micron bandpass and the 3200-7500 A bandpass agree in pulse frequency and phase and were measured to be 31 and 13 microJy, respectively. These pulsed fluxes indicate that the reprocessed pulsation spectrum is consistent with optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung radiation with a characteristic temperature of 25,000 K (+25,000; -12,500) which is modulated in intensity. An apparent earth-approaching Doppler velocity of about 65 km/s is observed for these pulsed fluxes; this velocity can be interpreted as pulsed X-ray reprocessing by material in the mass transfer stream between L1 and the outer edge of the accretion disk. Other optical observations made during and before the 1983 prolonged X-ray low state show that the optical pulsations may have been subtly affected by the obscuration responsible for the X-ray low. 21 references.


The invention discloses a virtual disk mapping method. The method comprises the steps of acquiring a feature vector of a virtual disk to be mapped and a feature matrix of each data storing device, calculating out a first value vector and a second value vector of each data storing device through a first calculating strategy and a second calculating strategy according to the feature vector of the virtual disk to be mapped and the feature vector of each data storing device, deciding the fit degree between the virtual disk to be mapped and each data storing device according to the first value vector and the second value vector and mapping the virtual disk to be mapped to the data storing device with the highest fit degree with the virtual disk to be mapped. The virtual disk mapping method in the embodiment can directly map the virtual disk to be mapped to the data storing device with the highest fit degree with the virtual disk to be mapped according to the fit degree. Thus, the mapping speed of the virtual disk to be mapped is improved.


Michelle Murphy. Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience. viii + 259 pp., illus., bibl., index. Durham: Duke University Press, 2012. $84.95 (cloth); $23.95 (paper). In Seizing the Means of Reproduction Michelle Murphy scrutinizes the intimate connections formulated between reproduction, technoscience, and feminism in the shadow of the Cold War. She deftly presents how feminist practices of reproductive control, which attempted to remake the terms of medical care through self-help, were entangled with broader historical formations that included neoliberalism, racial relations, and U.S. imperialism. By meticulously historicizing the development of feminist projects of the 1970s and 1980s, Murphy shows that seizing the means of reproduction is not just about being in command of reproduction, but is more about how we constitute reproduction, which shapes how it can be imagined, altered, and politicized (p.181). Each chapter of the book takes a women's self-help practice advocated in mid- century southern California as a point of departure and investigates the co-shaping of feminisms and technosciences. Chapter one, Assembling Protocol Feminism, details the social, political, and intellectual contexts within which the feminist projects emerged. The chapter elaborates on protocol feminism, a term Murphy coined to characterize a feminist movement invested in the political significance of procedures that are established and practiced by its members. Chapter two, Immodest Witnessing, Affective Economies, and Objectivity, expands on an author's previously published article. It tracks the epistemological experiments that accompanied the protocols of vaginal self- exam and situates feminist knowledge production projects within the larger history of


In modern society, people tend to spend their time on various types of chairs. However, it is not easy for a designer to design a comfortable chair, because satisfaction with the chair depends not only on the quantitative elements such as size, but also on the qualitative element such as the user's feeling. To deal with these problems, there have been many studies on designing an ergonomics chair. In this paper, the hapticaided design (HAD) system was adopted to design the ergonomics chair. Based on the HAD system, the designer can experience whether the chair is comfortable or not through the haptic device, and also can modify the design parameters instantaneously. The haptic chair capable of controlling the design parameters in real time was proposed as a haptic simulator. The controllable parameters such as the seat height, reclining angle, stiffness of the backrest, and so on were selected based on the previous researches related to ergonomics chairs. It will reduce the development cost and time by replacing the process of making the real mock-up and prototype with the haptic chair.


Purpose - Using the small-business loan market, this paper aims to test whether a structural shift in access to borrowers' financial information?(i.e. credit ratings) improves market efficiency, thereby improving entrepreneurs' access to external capital. Design/methodology/approach - This research uses the National Survey of Small Business Finance in a conditional logistic regression framework to tease out the marginal propensity to grant lines of credit given the firm's credit rating – treating both of the events, namely, line of credit and credit ratings, as endogenous variables. This methodology overcomes potential reverse causality issues. Findings - The results show that information brokers have allowed small firms to break away from long-term monopolistic lending relationships, thus contributing to more informationally efficient markets. Small businesses benefit from better-informed lenders by having better access to capital. Also, women appear less likely to receive a line of credit even after adjusting for credit ratings. Practical implications - This research highlights the importance of credit report awareness/monitoring by entrepreneurs, as the small-business credit rating grows rapidly. Relationship lending is not enough to reach optimal financing costs. These papers call for more regulated credit ratings industry to reduce potential moral hazards. Originality/value - This paper tests whether bank lending relationships?(soft information) still matter after accounting for credit ratings?(hard information). Additionally, this study measures the extent to which information sharing by data services bureaus, a proxy for informational efficiency, has increased allocation efficiency in the small-business loan market.


Many consumers and clinicians remain unaware that the Prentif Cavity Rim cervical cap, which has been improved, is available on the US market as of late 1988. The distributor, Cervical Cap Limited, is preparing to send information pamphlets on the cervical cap to 30,000 obstetricians and gynecologists. These pamphlets will advise physicians as to when and where training sessions on the cap are held in their areas. About 90 sites in 43 states offer training in cervical cap fitting to practitioners. The Prentif Cavity Rim cap is available in 4 sizes. About 20% of all women cannot be fitted with a cap because of problems such as an anteflexed uterus, a recent abnormal Pap smear, or some type of vaginal infection. An additional 6-10% of women cannot be fitted with a cap because of improper fit or the patient's inability to master proper insertion and removal of the device. The cost of the cap to clinicians is $24.50. Women using the cap must return in 3 months for a repeat Pap smear because 1 study showed a slightly higher incidence of abnormal Pap smear results after use of the cap.


A highly integrated, radiation hardened silicon compiler (RHSC) capable of totally automating the rad hard ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) design process is described. The RHSC is built on two proven technologies, the Cascade ChipCrafter design tools and the Honeywell SOI (silicon-on-insulator) process. SOI provides the foundation to utilize extensive existing module generator software while meeting radiation hardness requirements. In addition, SOI offers a significant density and performance advantage compared to bulk. The design tools automatically perform power analysis and routing, electromigration analysis and routing, and clock skew minimization. With the high level of integration offered by the RHSC, no knowledge of integrated circuit design or radiation hardened electronics is required for SOI ASIC product development.<<ETX>>


Results of a field study of a solar bowl operating under Malaysian tropical condition are presented. A total of 40 days data was collected over a period of four months. The solar bowl was capable of concentrating high amount of heat during solar noon up to about ± 20 o zenith angular deviation. The maximum temperature achieved was more than 200 o C. For global irradiance of less than 400 W/m 2 , the temperature developed along the receiver was less than 100 o C. A correlation between the concentration ratio and the slope of the temperature-direct irradiance curve is presented which indicates that a high concentration solar collector has better potential in tropical area at the sampling time. The simulated maximum concentration ratio was 95 and together with the empirical observation, solar bowl concentrator should be able to produce power under Malaysian tropical climate.


Cultural identity has special significance both for the belonging of the individual and the stability of the group. In the research paradigm of historical materialism, cultural identity is not an elusive "mystery", without any "mysterious and speculative colors." The main body of cultural identity is "real people", the basis of reality is practice, the way of realization is social interaction, and the direct cause of formation, development and evolution is interest pursuit. Cultural identity is the subject's rational confirmation, emotional conversion, and practical maintenance of the results of spiritual civilization that reflect their own production and living practices and actual needs. The culture mentioned in this article refers to the culture of ideology, which is the result of spiritual civilization formed on the basis of human production practice and life practice, and has a counter-action to it. The identification studied in this article refers to the survival mode rooted in people's "social existence" and promotes the realistic needs of the subject. It is a subject concept and identity consciousness formed by the subject reflecting its own objective world. Cultural identity is the result of a combination of subject and object factors. Cultural identity originates from a common economic foundation, a common social identity, and a common system of ideas. The main paths formed are cultural heritage, cultural exchanges, and political forces. Rational confirmation, emotional conversion, and practical maintenance constitute the generation mechanism of cultural identity.


This paper describes an approach at Volvo Aero to systematically develop and use design and evaluation support systems, using Knowledge Based Engineering (KBE) generative modeling techniques. Product and process knowledge derived from product strategies and experiences from previous design projects have to be organised into a successful generative model. These generative models support both the synthesis stages of design and the analysis stages, allowing design alternatives to be compared with each other. The designs are described in product models with a full 3D solid and shell representation, together with material and manufacturing information. The organisation of these models uses ideas from well-known theories in engineering design to meet the requirement of flexibility in updating and reorganisation of the generative models. An example of how these generative design and evaluation systems have been used for a jet engine component conceptual design study is presented. The lead-time for a design and evaluation loop was shortened by more than 90%, which allowed multiple candidates to be evaluated and presented at the design review following the design study. The design study also required updating of the design system, which was included in the lead time for design. Generative Modeling, Engineering Design, Aircraft Engine, Methodology, Knowledge Based Engineering


This study was conducted to examine the antioxidant activities of the extracts from aerial parts and roots of Syneilesis palmata. The ethanol extract of aerial parts showed the highest content of flavonoid compounds (31.72 ㎎/g), and the ethanol extract of roots has the highest content of total polyphenol compounds (68.11 ㎎/g). The water extract of S. palmata roots showed the highest xanthine oxidase inhibition of 99.29% and the ethanol extract of aerial parts showed 98.48% at 1.0 ㎎/mL. The ethanol extract of roots showed the highest value of nitrite scavenging ability of 70.89% at pH 1.2, SOD-like activity of 13.06% and electron donating ability of 98.58% at 1.0 ㎎/mL concentration. The effect of tyrosinase inhibition was found at only the ethanol extracts of roots (9.33%). We found that root extracts contain abundance polyphenol compounds and their antioxidant activities were greater than those of the extracts of aerial part.


Objective: To adapt the RE-AIM framework for use in process evaluation of the Smarter Lunchrooms (SL) RCT. Design, Setting andParticipants: The SL intervention aimed to improve student food selection using small, low cost environmental changes. During the past two years, SL was implemented in 25 New York state middle school cafeterias. Parallel process evaluation was conducted to assess effectiveness of intervention delivery and inform interpretation of results. Outcome Measures and Analysis: Year one process evaluation methods were categorized according to dimensions of the RE-AIM framework (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) in order to identify gaps and future directions. Results:Reach was defined as the number of eligible middle schools participating in the intervention and the number of enrolled students in each school. Effectiveness is typically defined in terms of intervention outcomes; however, from a process evaluation perspective, it could also serve as an outlet for discussion of external influences expected to affect intervention outcomes, specifically sources of contamination and aspects of school cafeterias already aligned with the protocol. Adoption was defined as the number and percentage of cafeteria staff trained and their reported preparedness to initiate the intervention. Implementation was described as fidelity to each component of the intervention protocol, while maintenance was the extent of adherence beyond the intervention end date. Conclusions and Implications: RE-AIM served as a valuable framework for designing a process evaluation for an environmental intervention. This modified model may be useful for future researchers undertaking similar planning or evaluation, and for those seeking to operationalize RE-AIM dimensions to meet unique needs of an environmental intervention. Funding: NIFA.


We prove that for every positive integer $r$ and for every graph class $\mathcal G$ of bounded expansion, the $r$-Dominating Set problem admits a linear kernel on graphs from $\mathcal G$. Moreover, when $\mathcal G$ is only assumed to be nowhere dense, then we give an almost linear kernel on $\mathcal G$ for the classic Dominating Set problem, i.e., for the case $r=1$. These results generalize a line of previous research on finding linear kernels for Dominating Set and $r$-Dominating Set. However, the approach taken in this work, which is based on the theory of sparse graphs, is radically different and conceptually much simpler than the previous approaches.
We complement our findings by showing that for the closely related Connected Dominating Set problem, the existence of such kernelization algorithms is unlikely, even though the problem is known to admit a linear kernel on $H$-topological-minor-free graphs. Also, we prove that for any somewhere dense class $\mathcal G$, there is some $r$ for which $r$-Dominating Set is W[$2$]-hard on $\mathcal G$. Thus, our results fall short of proving a sharp dichotomy for the parameterized complexity of $r$-Dominating Set on subgraph-monotone graph classes: we conjecture that the border of tractability lies exactly between nowhere dense and somewhere dense graph classes.


The author's approach to teaching an integrative unit to a small group of master's level Applied Statistics students in 2000-2001 is described. Details of the various activities such as data analysis, reading and discussion of papers, and training in consultancy skills are given, as also are details of the assessment. The students' and lecturer's views of the unit are discussed.


Heterogeneous systems combine both data and control processing functions. A programmable DSP core forms the central component. The design of such systems establishes a new application of compilers in electronic CAD: In order to meet given real-time constraints and optimize chip area consumption, the DSP core needs to be customized for each application. In turn, this requires compiler support for evaluating di erent architectural alternatives. This paper discusses the importance of retargetable compilers in heterogeneous system design. 1


As a promising pulsed power switch, the interruption performances of laser triggered vacuum switch (LTVS) is affected by the ablation of electrode and target, which is different from the traditional vacuum switch. To further improve the repetition frequency and breaking ability at high frequency of LTVS, the free dielectric recovery strength of LTVS is measured, that is, the dielectric recovery process without recovery voltage. Based on the detachable vacuum interrupter, the experimental platform of LTVS free dielectric recovery characteristics is built. By changing the current amplitude, frequency and electrode spacing, the curves of LTVS dielectric strength with time under different factors are compared, and the influence of various factors on free dielectric recovery strength of LTVS is discussed. The tested results show that the dielectric recovery strength of LTVS decreases with the increase of current amplitude and electrode spacing. With the change of frequency, the dielectric recovery strength at higher frequency is lower than that at lower frequency in the initial period of time, but then the dielectric strength recovers rapidly. All the above studies provide references for improving the repetitive interruption performances of LTVS.


It is well known that copper and gold emit greenish or bluish light at high temperatures. Kirchhoff's radiation law obviously suggests a connection between this selective emissivity and the selective reflectivity of these metals at ordinary temperatures, which gives rise to their colour. According to that law the emissivity E' of a surface at a temperature T is connected with its absorptivity A, by the relation E'/E = A, where E is the emissivity of a full radiator or "black body" at the same temperature T. This relation holds for each particular wave-length. The ratio E'/E may be conveniently called, and will be referred to hereafter in this paper as, the "relative emissivity" of the surface. The above law then states that the relative emissivity of a body is equal to its absorptivity for the same wave-length and temperature. For opaque bodies, such as metals, the reflectivity R is equal to 1 — A: and hence the relative emissivity E'/E = A = 1 — R. This relation holds strictly only if emission and reflection take place at the same temperature; but if, as stated by several investigators, the reflectivity of metals for visible rays does not vary with the temperature, a heated metallic surface should emit well those rays for which it is when cold a poor reflector, and vice versâ . This has actually been observed qualitatively for gold and copper by Schaum and Wustenfeld in a recent photographic comparison of the emission spectra of these metals with that of an approximate "black body." They also draw attention to the "green-glow" which first makes its appearance when these metals are heated, instead of the usual "red-glow."


This volume offers a lawyer's perspective of cross-border collective action in Europe. The Phenomenon of cross-border collective action is well-known in the transport sector where there is a long standing tradition of organising collective action and boycotts to improve the employment conditions of seafarers. However due to the expanding "Europeanisation" of the economy, industrial disputes with a cross-border impact do and will continue to arise in other sectors of the economy as well. As a result, they will or may become a more common feature in multinational enterprises when they operate in a European and global context. The recent cases of Laval (C-341/05) and Viking (C-438/05) are perfect illustrations of the complex interaction between economic freedoms and the fundamental social right to take collective action. This kind of industrial dispute tends to raise fundamental questions about the position of industrial action within the framework of the EU/EC.

This volume takes a three-pronged approach to the issue. The book starts with several contributions addressing general issues related to the right to take collective action in a transnational context. The second part consists of national reports on labour law aspects of cross-border collective action. The third part includes national reports on private international law issues resulting from the transnational nature of a collective action. Both parts are rounded off with a comparative analysis. The following Member States have been included in this study: Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

At present, the right to take collective action with a cross border impact constitutes a major legal challenge. Firstly the question arises whether divergence between domestic labour law and domestic private international law impedes the effective use of cross-border collective action. Another quintessential issue that arises is whether Community law itself can become an obstacle to the effective use of collective action (Cf. the Viking and Laval cases) or to what extent Community law can constitute a means to resolve the obstacles to cross-border collective action. Is there a need for a 'kind' of a European law on collective action?


Tr HE Chesapeake Bay has long been a great oyster fishery. As early as 1607, George Percy of the Jamestown expedition wrote that oysters "lay on the ground as thicke as stones" and that they "were very large and delicate in taste."' A century later, a Chesapeake traveler wrote: "The abundance of oysters is incredible. There are whole banks of them so that ships must avoid them.... They surpass those in England by far in size, indeed they are four times as large."2 By 1858, the Chesapeake Bay was producing an estimated 20 million bushels (roughly loo million pounds) of oysters a year,3 and by 1880 the commercial production of the bay exceeded the combined output of the rest of the world.4 Since 1880, however, Chesapeake oyster production has declined drastically (Fig. 1); only 22 million pounds of oysters were harvested in 1969 as compared with the 117 million pounds that were taken in 188o. The decline in oyster production is not the result of deteriorating ecological conditions. Although pollution, siltation, and disease have caused some damage to the fishery, the ecological base of the bay is largely intact. Fewer than o1 percent of the natural oyster bars are subjected to pollution.5 Siltation is judged to be a relatively minor problem.6 Disease, which is a factor only in the lower bay, did not become serious until 1959.7 Thus the sharp decline in Chesapeake oys-


Index modulation patterns constituting volumetric optical memories are quantitatively measured with a novel scanning microscope. The instrument uses a PSD to provide phase sensitivity and achieves confocal-like depth selectivity in transmission without a pinhole


Indwelling pleural catheters are at the forefront of treating pleural diseases. The Wayne catheter is widely used for the drainage of pleural effusions, and seamed to be just as effective for benign effusions as a long-term pleural catheter, remaining the doubt of using tunneled or non-tunneled catheters. This is a prospective pilot study, in which 37 patients underwent pleural drainage with a pigtail catheter, adapted to a sterile collector. Patients were discharged after compensation of clinical comorbidities and were followed in the outpatient clinic, still in use of the catheter. 20 patients were female and 17 were male, with mean age of 72 years (53-95 years). The causes were: heart failure (74%), recurrent parapneumonic effusion (5%), renal insufficiency (16%), liver cirrhosis (5%). The mean drainage time was 12.5 days, and hospital stay was 3.3 days. 48.6% of the patients were discharged up to 24 hours after drainage. All patients reported improvement of dyspnea. Indwelling pleural catheters are alternatives to pleurodesis, especially in patients with advanced diseases and severe comorbidities, and allow outpatient care. We believe shorter hospital stays lead to lower infection rates and better recovery. The initial results show that the drain is effective and has a low rate of complications, similar to those of the tunnelled drain and with much lower cost. In conclusion, outpatient use of non-tunneled pleural drainage is safe and effective, with low infection rates, and may represent a good treatment option for recurrent pleural effusion. Studies with greater number of patients are ongoing for a better statistical sample.


The review team report following the 2001 race riots,Community cohesion, is not only an important reference for racial and cultural issues in schools and the communities they serve, but also contains a valuable framework for working with 'communities' of different sizes that could be utilised by educational psychologists to help develop inclusive learning environments. Eight 'domains of social capital' used by the Cantle review team are examined and interpreted in relation to a number of areas of psychological theory and practice. Applications within the work of the educational psychologist are considered.


Unstrained Al0.66In0.34As0.85Sb0.15/In0.53Ga0.47As multiple-quantum-well (MQW) structures have been grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Low-temperature photoluminescence was performed for these MQW structures. We compared the experimental data with the theoretical calculations. The conduction-band offset ratio of AlInAsSb/InGaAs heterojunction was set as an adjustable parameter in the theoretical model. We estimated the conduction-band offset ratio to be 0.90±0.05 for the Al0.66In0.34As0.85Sb0.15/In0.53Ga0.47As heterojunction.


The invention relates to a synchronous signal control system for continuous iron loss measurement of electrical steel and a method thereof. The synchronous signal control system comprises the components of: a signal insulating amplifier which receives and insulates a thickness signal, a tension signal and a temperature signal; a signal synchronizing module which receives an incremental encoder signal and a welding spot signal and performs synchronizing processing for acquiring a length signal; a multipath analog-to-digital converter which converts the received thickness signal, the tension signal, the temperature signal, a length signal and a silicon steel sheet signal to digital quantities; a microprocessor which calculates a signal source adjusting signal, a thickness deviation signal, the speed signal and the thickness signal according to the multiple received digital quantities, simultaneously calculates a magnetic induction signal or a total loss ratio and transmits the calculated signal to a multipath digital-to-analog converter; and the multipath digital-to-analog converter which is used for converting the signal that is calculated by the microprocessor to an analog quantity for outputting. The synchronous signal control system of the invention improves online measurement reliability for continuous iron loss of the electrical steel to a large extent.


The power spectrum of density fluctuations is a foundational source of cosmological information. Precision cosmological probes targeted primarily at investigations of dark energy require accurate theoretical determinations of the power spectrum in the nonlinear regime. To exploit the observational power of future cosmological surveys, accuracy demands on the theory are at the 1% level or better. Numerical simulations are currently the only way to produce sufficiently error-controlled predictions for the power spectrum. The very high computational cost of (precision) N-body simulations is a major obstacle to obtaining predictions in the nonlinear regime, while scanning over cosmological parameters. Near-future observations, however, are likely to provide a meaningful constraint only on constant dark energy equation of state, "wCDM", cosmologies. In this paper, we demonstrate that a limited set of only 37 cosmological models—the "Coyote Universe" suite—can be used to predict the nonlinear matter power spectrum to 1% over a prior parameter range set by current cosmic microwave background observations. This paper is the second in a series of three, with the final aim to provide a high-accuracy prediction scheme for the nonlinear matter power spectrum for wCDM cosmologies.


The present invention, dihydrogen phosphate 2- {ethyl [3 - ({4 - [(5- {2 - [(3-fluorophenyl) amino] -2-oxoethyl}-1H-pyrazol-3-yl) amino ] the new method useful in the preparation of pharmaceutical compounds such as quinazolin-7-yl} oxy) propyl] amino} ethyl (AZDl 152), and to intermediates used therein.


Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects on implementation and performance of different designs of public programs to promote sustainability goals.Design/methodology/approach – The study selects eight local sustainability programs in Portugal using two different program designs and compares several indicators of performance in terms of program implementation, outputs, and outcomes.Findings – Cities using the top‐down approach to programmatic intervention are more successful in accomplishing sustainability goals than cities engaging in the bottom‐up approach. The second program design produced more visible physical outputs, whereas the first effectively achieved sustainability goals.Practical implications – The main policy implication of the study is that program design and structure are decisive to achieve sustainability goals. In the case of Programmatic contracts run by general‐purpose local governments, the incentive structure facilitates the appropriation of goals for electoral pu...


For application of joint factor analysis on the condition of multiple channels in text-independent speaker recognition, this paper proposes an eigenchannel space orthogonal combination method. The eigenchannel space can be estimated by a mix data method or a simple combination method on the condition of multiple channels. However, the former has space masking effects while the latter introduces space overlapping effects. This paper proves that the core computation of the speaker enrollment and test is an oblique projection. Space overlapping effects can be removed subsequently by an orthogonal method based on the above proof. On the NIST SRE 2008 core tasks corpus, the proposed method has a better performance than the mix data method and the simple combination method.


In TCP-supported traffic flows like file downloading and Web browsing, the connection is inherently asymmetric since the size of TCP data packets is different from that of TCP ACK packets. To exploit the asymmetry, different uplink and downlink channel data rates can be allocated in wireless Internet access through third-generation mobile cellular systems. We investigate TCP performance over asymmetric CDMA radio links in cdma2000 system. It is shown that appropriate downlink/uplink data rate ratio should be determined in order to achieve comparable system performance as that of the symmetric radio links, and the required data rate ratio varies with radio channel conditions, especially frame error rates (FERs). This phenomenon is mainly due to the fact that frame error recoveries at the RLP (radio link protocol) for uplink and downlink channels are dependent on each other. To use our results in practical systems, we propose a procedure on channel data rate allocations for TCP-supported data services in order to achieve acceptable system performance and use channel resource efficiently.


"Justice is not derived from the king as his free gift he is the steward of the public to dispense it to whom it is due. He is not the spring but the reservoir from whence right and equity are conducted by a thousand channels to every individual". The right to property described as the "least defensible" right a socialist democracy and it happened in our country as well. It is very absorbing to note that right to property has induced the most number of amendments to our constitution and also has farmed the case from which some commendable and historic durations emerged out our judiciary.


This Paper presents a study on the role of journals in the development of Assamese literature in the British period ( 1826-1947). This period will include the Orunodoi era and the Jonaki era of Assamese literature named after two important journals Orunodoi and Jonaki of that period.


We have demonstrated that a periodic array of zigzag-shaped metal strips emulates an artificial plasma much better than the array of straight metal strips. The main advantage of this new geometry is that the electric size of the unit cell is significantly reduced. We have found an excellent agreement between the plasma model and the full wave simulation results for the zigzag-shaped strips, while the agreement was poor for the straight strips.


We generalize the classical Lie results on a basis of differential invariants for a one-parameter group of local transformations to the case of arbitrary number of independent and dependent variables. It is proved that if universal invariant of a one-parameter group is known then a complete set of functionally independent differential invariants can be constructed via one quadrature and differentiations. Some applications of first-order differential invariants to Riccati-type systems are also presented.


Measurements of Reynolds shear stress profiles and lateral heat flux profiles in the nearly self‐preserving region of the turbulent wake of a heated circular cylinder are compared with calculations obtained from the mean momentum and mean enthalpy equations. Two types of self‐preserving scales are used. The first uses the free‐stream velocity U1 and the length scale [(x−x0)d]1/2, where x is the distance from the cylinder, x0 is the virtual origin, and d the cylinder diameter. The second uses the centerline velocity defect U0 and the velocity defect half‐width L. Consistent results are obtained with both types of scales. In particular, the comparisons do not support the need for determining a new virtual origin, as suggested by Hariri et al. [Phys. Fluids 25, 1964 (1982)].


The scattering matrices needed to describe cold collision processes are shown to have a simple dependence on energy and magnetic field, controlled by single-channel dynamics in the appropriate long-range field. A frame transformation describes the energy and field dependences entirely in terms of a standard recoupling matrix and single-channel parameters, giving adequate accuracy for many systems. The formulas in this paper should permit experimentalists to reproduce the results of hitherto complicated coupled channels calculations, through small, simple matrix manipulations.


On the basis of electron Hall concentration temperature dependences in n-type silicon samples with relatively low content of oxygen (the majority impurity), it is found that divacancies are annealed through their decay, combining oxygen-stimulated dissociation with free dissociation in monovacancies. Such a mechanism is compared with direct conversion of divacancies into more complex defects by way of association with dopant atoms in p-type silicon.


Due to the limited resources of DTMSN (Delay Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks), network congestion becomes a critical problem to resolve. Traditional congestion control methods where the number of copies is restricted to limit data packet forwarding cannot adapt to constantly changing network environment because of fixed number of copies. Fortunately, this problem can be solved through a real-time algorithm by modifying data packet forwarding conditions. However, one of the major challenges of this algorithm is detecting characteristics of the network environment accurately and efficiently. In this paper, an optimized routing algorithm, RVNS (Reduced Variable Neighborhood Search)-based Spray and Wait (SW) is proposed. In this algorithm, nodes will transmit and store the counter record of each other when they meet, based on which, RVNS is introduced to calculate a real-time threshold for the forwarding condition to control packet delivery. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm increases delivery probability and dramatically reduces the overhead ratio. In some extreme cases, this algorithm can reach an extremely low overhead ratio (ten times lower than that of SW), meaning that the proposed algorithm suits challenged networks well.


The second observation was the error made in calculating the positive predictive value. By deÞ nition, positive predictive value is "the probability that a person actually has the disease given that he or she tests positive".[2] In the paper under discussion, the disease was represented by VZV ELISA positives (as the gold standard) and the test was represented by "recalled history of chicken pox". According to this deÞ nition, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the recalled history of chicken pox should be calculated by using following formula.


Dithiocyanato bis(thiourea) cohalt(II) complex was reacted with a variety of ligands contain ing nitrogen donor atom in a mixed solvent medium. The following mixed ligand complexes were isolated and characterised by analysis, conductance, magnetic susceptibility, infrared and electronic spectroscopy. [Cotu 2 (SCN).L 2] where L = pyridine, anUine, piperidine, p•toludine and p-anisidine; [Cotu 2 (SCN) 2 L,j where L = 3-methyl pyridine, 4-methyl pyridine and isoquino line and [Cotua(SCNJ.LJ where L =ethylenediamine. They are weak electrolytes and para• mapetic.


This paper presents a perceptual wavelet packet audio coder incorporating temporal and simultaneous masking models with a scalable bit rate allocation scheme. It is demonstrated that the use of even a relatively simple functional model of temporal masking produces bit rate savings in addition to those given by simultaneous masking. The performance of the coder is evaluated using the PEAQ (ITU-R BS.1387) objective measurement criterion for various audio materials given a fixed data rate constraint. Two methods are evaluated to optimally allocate bits, lower band selection, and signal to mask ratio (SMR) selection. Results reveal that for lower bit rates, the lower band selection method provides higher audio quality than that given by SMR selection


A phase‐locked loop (PLL) is described which is operable from 0.4 GHz to 1.2 GHz. The PLL has basically the same architecture as the conventional analog PLL except the locking information is stored as digital code. An analog‐to‐digital converter is embedded in the PLL, converting the analog loop filter output to digital code. Because the locking information is stored as digital code, the PLL can be turned off during power‐down mode while avoiding long wake‐up time. The PLL implemented in a 0.18 µm CMOS process occupies 0.35 mm2 active area. From a 1.8 V supply, it consumes 59 mW and 984 µW during the normal and power‐down modes, respectively. The measured rms jitter of the output clock is 16.8 ps at 1.2 GHz.


This study deals with the optimization of the location of a synthetic jet on the suction side of an airfoil to control stall. The optimal location is found by coupling a time-accurate flow solver with adaptive mesh refinement/coarsening techniques and an automatic opti-mization algorithm. The flow and jet are modeled by the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (URANSE) with a near-wall low-Reynolds number turbulence closure. An unstructured grid refinement/coarsening method is used to automatically generate meshes adapted to the presence of the synthetic jet at a prescribed location. An optimization algorithm modifies the location of the synthetic jet to determine the best actuator location to increase the time-averaged lift for high angles of attack. The pro-posed methodology is applied to optimize the location of a synthetic jet on the suction side of the NACA 0012 airfoil at a Reynolds number Re=2฀10 6 and incidences of 18 deg and 20 deg. Finally, a physical analysis of the influence of the synthetic jet location on the control efficiency is proposed to provide some guidelines for practical jet positioning.


Drug product is a kind of unusual commodity, which related to people's health directly . In recent years, medical system reform in our country has gone farther, and people has obtained advanced health awareness and law consciousness. We hospital pharmacists should provide clinicians with full-scale pharmaceutical care based on our practice and research . We can then realize the principle that requires us circle around the patients and promote the security and efficacy of drugs, thus patients can improve their life quality.


A simple long-period fiber grating structure using a tapered fiber side-contacted with a metal grating is proposed and demonstrated. The temperature/index tuning sensitivity can be enhanced and the un-usual spectral response of decreasing phase-matching wavelength with respect to increasing temperature has been observed.


Objective To understand the species of host and vector of plague and their density in previous natural focus in Yiwu and provide evidence for the development of plague prevention and control measures.Methods The rats were captured with cages at night,and the captured rats and fleas were identified and analyzed.Results The total number of rodent like animals captured was 3725 from 2007-2011,the rodentia belonged to 11 species in 7 genera in 2 families and the insectivora belonged to 1 species in 1 genus in 1 family.The predominant rats in house were Rattus norvegicus and Rattus flavipectus and the predominant rats in field were Eothenomys melanogaster and Apodemus agrarius.The total rat density was 0.98%(1.01% for rats in house and 0.93% for rats in field).The major rats infected by flea were Rattus edwardsi,Mus musculus,Rattus norvegicus and Rattus flavipectus.Leptopsylla segnis was the predominant flea found in rats(97.35%),the flea-carrying rate in rats was 0.82%,and the total index of flea was 0.019.ConclusionRattus norvegicus and Eothenomys melanogaster are predominant rat species in previous natural focus of plague in Yiwu.The densities of the disease hosts and vectors were low,and no Asiatic rat flea was found,but it is still necessary to continue the surveillance of plague in this area.


The self‐assessment system has been implemented on companies since 2001 as to replace the former official assessment system. As such, proceural issues and compliance cost associated with the new assessment system are of significant interest to the taxpayers. This study was conducted in the year 2002 i.e. after one year the self‐assessment system for companies has been put into practice. It focuses on the compliance cost in terms of the time spent by the taxpayers. In the study, time spent is used to measure the increment of compliance cost since time devoted to compliance activities is very much associated with the cost incurred. The respondents in this study are the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the tax agents in the northern region i.e. Perlis, Kedah and Penang. As this is an exploratory study, the researchers used convenience sampling, which enabled them to get fifty‐six SMEs, the findings reflected that the most prominent variable is the time spent for discussion with tax agents (78.83 per cent), which represented the major source of increment in compliance cost under the new system, followed by learning the new tax laws (55.40 per cent); paying taxes (50.00 per cent); record‐keeping (48.20 per cent); and answering IRB queries (44.70 per cent). Meanwhile 90.00 per cent of the tax agents suggested that there was an increase in time spent under the new system for the total hours spent in complying with the new system, learning the new tax laws, preparing tax returns, and discussion with clients. Only 63.70 per cent of them implied that there was an increase in time spent in answering IRB queries.


Dehydrozingerone protects hemoglobin from nitrite-induced oxidation to methemoglobin. The protection was observed when added before or during, and not after the autocatalytic stage of the oxidation. The ability of dehydrozingerone to scavenge oxygen free radicals may be responsible for the activity since these radicals are implicated in promoting the auticatalytic stage of the oxidation of hemoglobin by nitrite. The acetyl derivative of dehydrozingerone was also active in inhibiting the oxodation indication that the phenolic group is not essential for the activity.


The kinetics of the thermal and photochemical oxidation of cyclohexane in zeolite Y were investigated using ex situ GC product analysis and in situ FTIR and solid state NMR spectroscopies. The results show that cyclohexyl hydroperoxide, cyclohexanone, and cyclohexanol (and water) are formed during the thermal and photochemical oxidation of cyclohexane in BaY. The overall percent conversion of cyclohexane decreases dramatically at cyclohexane loadings of greater than 3 cyclohexane molecules per supercage. Pronounced deuterium kinetic isotope effects were observed for both the thermal and photochemical cyclohexane oxidation reactions, indicating that a proton transfer step is a rate-limiting step in the reaction mechanism. For the thermal oxidation of cyclohexane in BaY and NaY, activation energies of 62 (±9) and 85 (±3) kJ/mol, respectively, were measured.


Intersentential elliptical utterances occur frequently during information-seeking dialogs in task domains. This paper presents a pragmatics-based framework for interpreting such utterances. Discour...


Methamphetamine, more commonly referred to as "meth," is cited by law enforcement agencies as the largest drug problem in the nation, according to the National Association of Counties. Children have become the innocent victims. Frequently neglected and abused by meth addicted parents, they are


When two causally independent processes each have a quantity that increases monotonically (either deterministically or in probabilistic expectation), the two quantities will be correlated, thus providing a counterexample to Reichenbach's principle of the common cause. Several philosophers have denied this, but I argue that their efforts to save the principle are unsuccessful. Still, one salvage attempt does suggest a weaker principle that avoids the initial counterexample. However, even this weakened principle is mistaken, as can be seen by exploring the concepts of homology and homoplasy used in evolutionary biology. I argue that the kernel of truth in the principle of the common cause is to be found by separating metaphysical and epistemological issues; as far as the epistemology is concerned, the Likelihood Principle is central.


The invention discloses a process for improving the wet characteristic of strip steel; a steel coil is decoiled and enters into a normal pressure plasma film coating unit; a plurality of sets of electrodes are adopted, and each set is provided with two electrodes; wherein, a high-voltage electrode is arranged above a steel sheet and covered by a dielectric barrier layer; the running strip steel is arranged below the high-voltage electrode; the strip steel is grounded or arranged above a grounding electrode, and separated by an insulating substance; AC is added between the two electrodes, and a dielectric layer obstructs the current and produces dielectric discharge; after reactant gas is fed in, medium obstructs the discharge and produces plasma; the surface of the steel sheet is treated when the steel sheet passes the plasma area, so as to change the wet characteristic of the surface of the steel sheet. Through the obstruction of the medium to the discharge (DBD discharge) at normal pressure and the surface treatment to the plasma strip steel, the process can effectively improve the wet characteristic of the product on the surface, thereby improving the bonding force with all organic film and cladding; the whole production process is clean and environment protective.


We develop theoretical descriptions for charge transport in organic semiconductors and carbon nanomaterials. For the localized charges, we found the quantum nuclear tunneling effect is essential which could manifest isotope effect for mobility as well as exotic optical feature. Because the nuclear tunneling tends to favor electron transfer while heavier nuclei decrease the quantum effect, isotopic substitution should reduce carrier mobility. Moreover, the isotopic effect only occurs when the substituted nuclei contribute actively to vibrations with appreciable charge reorganization energy and coupling with carrier motion. For the band-like transport, we propose a Wannier extrapolation scheme for computing the electron-phonon interaction matrix for the Boltzmann equation. Our calculation indicates that the intrinsic electron-phonon scatterings in two-dimensional carbon materials are dominated by low-energy longitudinal-acoustic phonon scatterings over a wide range of temperatures, while by high-frequency optical phonons at high temperature. The electron mobilities of α - and γ -graphynes are predicted to be ca.10 4 cm 2 V -1 s -1 at room temperature.


The paper studies the virtual art phenomena emerging as a result of active interplay of digital technologies and art that started in the mid-20th century. This interplay resulted in significant changes in the techniques of the creative art, as well as in the appearance of new trends and genres of art. In addition, the audience's perception of the work of virtual art has undergone transformations also. The latter is related to interactivity as an integral component of virtual art. At the same time, artworks have different levels of interactivity—from the traditional passive perception, e.g. in the format of virtual museum tours, to the active participation of the viewer in the creation of the work of art. The aim of the paper isto determine the current concepts of virtual art based on the analysis of iconic art projects that represent different methods of working with virtual reality technology. The paper examines the phenomenon of virtual art from several viewpoints: the revival of the artist's work methods, the peculiarities of the perception of the work of art in the virtual space, and the formats and issues of archiving virtual art projects.


Background and Aims: Alpha (α )-2 agonists as epidural adjunct to Local Anaesthetics (LA) are being increasingly used for the purpose of faster onset of sensory blockade and prolonged duration of analgesia. The present study aims at comparing the hemodynamic, sedative, and analgesia potentiating effects of epidurally administered dexmedetomidine combined with levobupivacaine versus levobupivacaine alone. Material and Methods: A total of 100 patients of either sex, aged between 20-60 years, ASA physical status I and II admitted for lower limb orthopaedic surgeries were enrolled into the present study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: Levobupivacaine (Group L) and levobupivacaine + Dexmedetomidine (Group LD), comprising of 50 patients each. Injection levobupivacaine, 15 ml of 0.5% (isobaric), was administered epidurally in both the groups with addition of 1 μg/kg of dexmedetomidine in LD group. Besides cardio-respiratory parameters and sedation scores, various block characteristics were also observed which included time to onset of analgesia, maximum sensory analgesic level, time to complete motor blockade and the time to two segmental dermatomal regressions. At the end of study, data was compiled systematically and analysed using ANOVA. Value of P<0.05 was considered significant and P<0.001 as highly significant. Results: The demographic profile of patients was comparable in both the groups. Onset of sensory analgesia (in minutes) in group L and LD was 21.42±3.38 versus 9.26±1.82. Establishment of complete motor blockade 18.02±2.73 versus 27.90±3.81 was significantly earlier. Postoperative analgesia was prolonged significantly 344.08 ±24.40 minutes and sedation scores were highly significant on statistical comparison (P<0.001) in the LD group. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine is a good epidural adjuvant to levobupivacaine as it provides stable hemodynamics, early onset of sensory anaesthesia, prolonged post-operative analgesia and good sedation levels.


The disease of aortic dissection is easily misdiagnosed and wrongly treated with a very high mortality rate.This always leads to the lawsuit of medical tangles.Through the lawsuit course of medical tangle over one aortic dissection case,the author of this paper deem that the key factors influencing the sentence of the court is if there is fault in the medical action,and if the fault has causality in the harmful consequence.The result of this trial indicated that it is vital for each of the hospitals,especially the grass-roots medical organ,to improve the general work quality of their medical personnel through various ways,and to perform their duty of care and informative obligations carefully.In this way,medical tangles could be prevented.


By dividing the path planning problem into two subproblems (local and global planning), we obtain a planner for redundant manipulators that is fast, effective and versatile. Local planning is achieved within a potential field paradigm, modelling a rigid linked manipulator with slightly flexible links. The planner can either be used within advanced tele-operated systems, or as path refinement within an autonomous planner. We use a geometric construction which we call the skeleton to provide a concise connection between the global and local planners. The global planner acquires critical geometric information from the skeleton and end-effector paths are extracted and used to direct the local planner as a first step to a geometric reasoning planner.<<ETX>>


Background: Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels are modulated by general anesthetics. Results: The crystal structure of ELIC in complex with bromoform reveals anesthetic binding in the channel pore and in novel sites in the transmembrane and extracellular domain. Conclusion: General anesthetics allosterically modulate channel function via multisite binding. Significance: Our data reveal detailed insight into multisite recognition of general anesthetics at the structural level. Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs), such as nicotinic acetylcholine, glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid GABAA/C receptors, and the Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC), are receptors that contain multiple allosteric binding sites for a variety of therapeutics, including general anesthetics. Here, we report the x-ray crystal structure of the Erwinia chrysanthemi ligand-gated ion channel (ELIC) in complex with a derivative of chloroform, which reveals important features of anesthetic recognition, involving multiple binding at three different sites. One site is located in the channel pore and equates with a noncompetitive inhibitor site found in many pLGICs. A second transmembrane site is novel and is located in the lower part of the transmembrane domain, at an interface formed between adjacent subunits. A third site is also novel and is located in the extracellular domain in a hydrophobic pocket between the β7–β10 strands. Together, these results extend our understanding of pLGIC modulation and reveal several specific binding interactions that may contribute to modulator recognition, further substantiating a multisite model of allosteric modulation in this family of ion channels.


Objective: Obesity is the state of the body where weight of the individual is high as compared to his/her weight. It is taken with reference to body mass index according to WHO. In this study we are going to determine the frequency, distribution and determinants of obesity in a selected area. Study Design: A cross sectional study Place and Duration: Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan. 16/08/2020 to 20/05/2020 Material and Results: Out of 206 subjects, 18 (8.73%, 90% CI 5.47-11.93%) were obese, while 188 (91.3%, 90% CI 88.07-94.53%) were non obese. There is no association between obesity and sex, obesity and age groups and obesity and occupation in our population. Conclusion: The frequency of obesity was significantly less in our population than the other national and international studies. The proportion of obese men in our study is more than expected values from literature and the reverse is true for women. The proportion of obese persons in age group 19-39 years in our study is more than the expected values from literature and the reverse is true for the age group of 40-59 years. The proportion of obese office workers in our study is same as in other studies and the same is true for obese physical workers. There is no association between obesity and sex, obesity and age groups and obesity and occupation in our population. Keywords: Obesity, Obese, Healthy.


The objectives of this research were to study the Mamuat healing ritual and to compile data on its accompanying music from a case study of the Kraisornpattana Village in the Bua Chet District of Surin Province in Northeastern Thailand. The qualitative research method of participant observation and interviews were utilized. This study found the Mamuat ritual is comprised of four principal steps: An introductory Wai Khru (paying homage), Yiap Rong (spiritual invitation), Khao Song Mamuat (trance) and La Rong or Sapadarn (closing). Music plays important roles as an intermediary in the communication between human beings and spirits while unifying the ritual. In contemporary urban society and culture the Mamuat healing ritual continues to peacefully coexist to this day.


Purpose. To find the connection between the parameters of the corneoscleral shell and lamina cribrosa (LC) and hemodynamic parameters of the eyes with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).Materials and methods. The study involved 111 eyes of 63 patients, including 41 eyes without ophthalmic pathology (control group, mean age M ± SD 66.9 ± 18.2 yrs), 22 eyes with the initial glaucoma stage (group 1, mean age 65.9 ± 11.3 yrs), 31 eyes with the developed glaucoma stage (group 2, mean age 69.2 ± 17.3 yrs), and 17 eyes with the advanced glaucoma stage (group 3, mean age 69,7 ± 7.3 yrs). LC parameters and the density of surface (SVL) and deep (DVL) vascular layers were measured using Spectralis OCT2 with an angiography module (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany) in the enhanced deep imaging (EDI) mode using AngioTool software. Corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were determined using ORA (Ocular Response Analyzer, Reichert, USA). The rigidity coefficient (E) of the corneoscleral shell was measured by a GlauTest-60 tonograph (Russia) operation in the differential tonometry mode. The elasticity coefficient (s) was determined by a modified differential tonometry technique. The rheographic index (RI) and pulse blood volume (PBV) were measured using transpalpebral rheoophthalmography.Results. A statistically significant correlation was revealed between CH and SVL (р = 0.005, r = 0.288), LC thickness and SVL and DVL (р = 0.001, r = 0.374 and р = 0.003, r = 0.397, respectively). A negative statistically significant correlation was found between E and RI (р = 0.000, r = -0.538) as well as between E and PBV (р = 0.001, r = -0.376). A similar correlation was revealed between s and theses parameters (RI and PBV; р = 0.027, r = -0.404 and р = 0.024, r = -0.410, respectively). E increase is accompanied by a decrease in the SVL density (р = 0.000, r = -0.376); besides, PBV is negatively correlated with the LC depth (р = 0.022, r = -0.257).Conclusion. In POAG, deteriorated blood supply of inner ocular shells (decreased RI, PBV, SVL and DVL density) correlates with (a) increased corneoscleral rigidity (manifested in the increase of rigidity and elasticity coefficients, and the decrease of CH), and (b) decreased LC thickness and its increased depth. Increased rigidity of the corneoscleral shell contributes to an LC posterior displacement. It must be concluded that LC thickness is a more sensitive biomechanical parameter that changes even in the initial stages of POAG and has a high diagnostic value.


ABSTRACT This paper presents the small-signal model, controller design, open-loop, and closed-loop analyses of an active clamp forward converter with centre tap transformer (ACFCC). The centre tap transformer provides full-wave rectification at the secondary side of transformer to form a quasi-integrated topology. A clamp circuit comprises an auxiliary switch and a capacitor is used to recycle the energy stored in the transformer magnetizing inductor. However, due to the presence of the clamp circuit and the centre tap transformer, the active clamp forward converter exhibits a fourth-order power-stage dynamics. The circuit averaging technique is applied to extract the small-signal model of the power stage. Based on this model, frequency domain approach is used for stability analysis. The distinctive power-stage dynamics of the ACFCC is addressed and a feedback controller is designed accordingly. The small-signal model and experimental results with voltage-mode control applied to ACFCC are presented.


In this paper, we will discuss about the Maglev trains with the help of Magnetic Levitation.The word Maglev arise from the Magnetic levitation. The main source is electricity of these trains. It is popular due to the demand of fast transportation in big countries like Germany, China, Japan and the United States of America.It is designed and built on the bases of two models. First model and the second model are based on is EDS and EMS. In This paper, we describe the method and the modelling of Maglev train.


I.e. joining paste flux (25) and a transfer device transfer assembly paste film thickness measurement method and an electronic component mounting, in the film forming paste transfer assembly (7) of the transfer stage (24) measuring the thickness of the coating (25a), the use is provided with a transfer stage (24) below the optical film thickness measuring sensor (53), through the transparent member (51), and by measuring the optical rotation interferometrically thickness of coating (26) (25a) of the footprint area. Thereby, the measurement may not be required complicated operations automatically and accurately transfer the film thickness region (26) in the flux (25).


In nondestructive material evaluation technique, ultrasonic echoes exhibit critical time and frequency information. A time-frequency distribution can provide an effective tool to obtain frequency dependent ultrasonic characteristics related to certain material properties. In the presented study, ultrasonic tests with high frequency contact transducers were carried out to thermally degraded steel. Measured echo signals were analyzed by wavelet transform. It is shown that, with the increase of thermal degradation, both the ultrasonic attenuation and its change with frequency gradually increased within a significant frequency band. But ultrasonic velocity was found relatively unchanged. The effectiveness of wavelet analysis to ultrasonic signal for the quantitative evaluation of material thermal damage is clarified.


Meger denies their very existence. Drawing on queer international relations scholarship would have aided Meger's understanding of contemporary global power, how it is shaped by heteronormative, homonormative and cissexist logics, and how these logics inform the operations of the global political economy. It would have allowed her to challenge common sense understandings of gender and sexuality as singular and stable. Rape, Loot, Pillage also omits reference to the involvement of foreign peacekeepers and humanitarians in the economy of war and perpetration of CRSV. This omission prevents Meger from a more comprehensive analysis beyond the typical female/ male and victim/perpetrator dichotomies. The author might also reconsider the ease with which she has reproduced the graphic testimonies of Congolese victims of sexual violence. Repeating these scenes of violence against black bodies reproduces the brutal configurations of power and domination which are found both in the original instance of violence and in its repetition. By including these graphic accounts, Meger unintentionally sensationalizes them, reinforcing the spectacle of black suffering. Feminist security studies in general has not shownmuch reflection on these issues, and it is unlikely that the author considered the politics of circulating these accounts. Additionally, using the most shocking testimonies inappropriately generalizes them, creating the misleading impression that they are the norm (which contributes to the ineffective and misguided policy responses that Meger condemns). In the final chapter, the author underscores that sexual violence is a tool of political violence and that understanding of it must draw from an analysis of its intended function. Meger makes some tentative recommendations for "re-politicizing" CRSV (p. 189). However, it is not entirely clear how the excellent insights she offers throughout her book might be translated into effective policy and action.


The charge transfer occurs in the crystals when the electronegativity and/or atomic size are different between solvent and solute atoms, and results in the formation of atom-pairs. This is reasonably concluded from the experimental results that the same three new peaks appear in the aluminum 12,3 VV spectrum of Anger valence electron spectroscopy not only in all kinds of G.P. zones, and 0'-phase but also in 0-pha.'>e in Al-2.2at%Cu crystals. In the present report, the formation mechanism of the these atom-pairs, i.e., electric dipoles, is discussed based on the experimental results. Furthermore, the diffusion mechanism of solute atoms, thr. formation mechanisms of atom clusters and various types of G.P. zones, and the transition mechanism from G.P. zones to 0'-phase in Al-Cu alloys are also discussed in terms of the electric dipoles.


Objective To discuss the quantity of Staphylococcus aureus( SA) and the Staphylococcus enterotoxin( SE) in whole frozen shrimps in this paper. Methods S. aureus was detected according to GB 4789. 10 and the SE was detected by mini-VIDAS after extraction from the frozen shrimps. The tolerance of SA was tested by K- B method. Results The results showed that the quantity of SA was unbiased in the whole year,and the enterotoxin was not detected. Twenty- five SA strains were detected in these shrimps samples,the enterotoxin- producing rate was 64 %. All the SA strains from the whole frozen shrimps were not the MRSA,with high resistance to penicillin and ampicillin. Conclusion The enterotoxin was not detected in the shrimps in Ningbo. But a proportion of the SA strains from the shrimps can produce enterotoxin. So more attention should be paid to control the follow- up processes of the whole frozen shrimps with SA contamination.


As a key enabling technology, micro moulding is the process of choice for mass production of various polymer micro components with complex geometry. However, because of the micro dimensions of the moulded components, it is difficult to assess the part quality without using a microscopic observation device. Proper process monitoring can therefore play an important role in micro moulding process quality control. In the present study, a process monitoring system has been developed to monitor the micro moulding process. Pressure sensors have been employed for plunger injection pressure measurement. An on-line system has been built up for on screen process parameter monitoring. It was found that the measured injection pressure correlated well with part quality and can therefore be used as a process optimisation and quality control index for the micro moulding process.


This report deals with preliminary results of static testing of DO 228 Composite Rudder. Aerodynamic loads on the rudder were estimated using pressure distribution curves. A whiffle tree was designed and fabricated. Torsional and bending loads were applied on the rudder and the deflections on the trailing edge and on the sparline were measured. These deflections were compared with that of the metallic rudder. A
detail structural qualification test is planned.


The diet of cormorants roosting at Malause on the Garonne River (South- West France) was studied by analyzing pellets collected during the winter 2001- 2002. This roost held a mean of 550 cormorants between October 2001 and March 2002, making it one of the most important winter roosts in France. The diet contained 14 fish species, including 10 cyprinids. Cyprinids were the most abundant prey, representing 90 % of individual fish. Bream Abramis brama between 100 and 150 mm in length were the most abundant food items, while large bream ( >300mm total length) were also consumed. The proportion of pellets containing bream increased from 26 % in October- November to 69% in February- March. There was no significant change in the size of the bream over time. The next most abundant species was pikeperch Sander lucioperca present in 15.4% of the pellets from December- January but only 2.6% in February- March.


Applying a seed layer including the gallium oxide, indium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc or a mixture oxide (including mixed oxides) on the flexible polymer support layer and the flexible polymer support by applying an extensible visible light-transmitting metal layer on the seed layer, the conductive film is formed on. Oxide seed layer facilitates the more uniform or more preferably in a dense manner promote the deposition of a metal layer which is subsequently applied to or earlier form of a continuous metal layer (that is, the thinner application thickness). The resulting film has a low electrical resistance is high visible light transmittance. A conductive film, a glazing article, a sheet layer, a support, a metal layer


The purpose of this research was to develop and validate a new instrument to assess the regulation of anger and sadness in interpersonal situations, covering a wide range of emotion regulation strategies. Two studies were carried out, both of them using purposively selected samples. In Study 1 we created a set of items based on previous studies of emotion regulation, applied a preliminary version of this scale to a pilot sample of undergraduate students (n = 400), and then selected, using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the best 28 items to include in a brief version of the instrument, the Scale of Emotion Regulation in Interpersonal Situations (SERIS). In Study 2 we tested the resulting scale in a new sample of undergraduate students (n = 259) by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 validated the factor structure identified in the EFA. Results showed that the scale has adequate internal consistency and psychometric properties. The new scale also identifies the strategies that are most frequently used in the anger and sadness scenarios, showing differential patterns which are consistent with previous literature on emotion regulation. We discuss the limitations of the study and acknowledge that future studies addressing the scale's convergent and discriminant validity are now required.


Objective: To investigate the relationship between life events, coping styles and emotional eating. Methods:Use the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Adolescent's life events scale and Coping Style Scale for Middle School Students were administered to 606 students. Results: 1 Girls showed significantly higher score than on emotional eating boys. 2Emotional eating was positively related to life events(r=0.49, P0.001) and emotion-oriented coping styles(r=0.45,P0.001). 3The life events and emotion-oriented coping styles significantly predicted emotional eating after controlling for the effect of gender(R2=0.343, P0.001). Conclusion: The amount of life events and emotion-oriented coping styles are vulnerable factors to develop emotional eating.


Starting with analyzing the source and route of transmission of electromagnetic interfere of power system, this paper has discussed the EMC problems existing in the design of microprocessor-based products applied to the power system in detail, and put forward effective solving methods.


The present invention using the ideal cord blood as cell therapy relates to mesenchymal stem cells in a method for separating and culturing, birth with purified cord blood within 24 hours, the anticoagulant in the cord blood, the volume per unit (unit) not less than 45 ㎖ putting; Diluting the anticoagulant is mixed cord blood in aMEM (alpha-minimum essential medium) medium and centrifugation to harvest mononuclear cells and; Then, the thus obtained mononuclear cells Stem Cell Factor, GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor), IL-3 (interleukin-3) and IL-6 (interleukin-6) this shall include the suspension culture comprising the aMEM medium. According to this method, the cell number is can be relatively mesenchymal stem cells effective in cord blood separation scarce and cultured using a cord that is discarded by this can be used as an important means to cure a variety of incurable diseases as cell therapy . Umbilical cord blood, mesenchymal stem cells, immune rejection


The growth path of event studies as an emergent field of study has been documented in a number of reviews and summations of the extant literature to study key topics of research interest, identify gaps in the prevailing research agenda, and map progress towards the field gaining academic legitimacy. These studies have focused on the discourse as generally presented in academic journals. As a marker of maturity, no study has yet to examine the discipline bases, topics studied and methods applied in respect of doctoral research in the field. The current examination attempts this, following a tradition of such studies in the related field of tourism. The study interrogated the abstracts of 41 Ph.D. theses conferred by Australian universities over a 20-year period from 1995 and 2015. Content analysis revealed tentative evidence of discipline development in terms of the generation of event-specific knowledge and discipline integration, with sociology the dominant disciplinary influence informing the theses studied. Gaps and opportunities for further advancement of the field are identified.


The HESEL code [1] has been used to simulate scrape-off-layer (SOL) electrostatic interchange-driven low-frequency turbulence in EAST tokamak discharges [2]. The recently installed Lithium Beam Emission Spectroscopy (LiBES) diagnostic system on EAST provides well resolved non-intrusive 2D measurements of SOL turbulence [3]. This paper presents the use of the RENATE synthetic beam emission diagnostic [4] to produce synthetic fluctuation signals to be processed using the methods designed to analyse the measured data. Spectral features in the simulated and measured signals are similar advocating the need for careful quantitative comparisons.


Preferential transport of phosphate through macropores increases the significance of phosphate sorption to macropore wall materials compared with bulk soil materials. Therefore we studied the kinetics of phosphate sorption to soil bulk materials from the Ap and Btg horizons, from the iron oxide‐poor (Albic) centres and from iron oxide‐rich (Red) exteriors of the fractures in a clayey pseudogley in batch at initial phosphate concentrations (P0) up to a maximum of 650 μm and at sampling times up to 7 days. Uptake of phosphate was least in the phosphate‐rich Ap, and the Albic material also adsorbed little. By contrast the Red material sorbed phosphate strongly. By plotting the logarithm of the solution phosphate concentration against log time, two or three different kinetic regions could be distinguished: a fast reaction within the first minute of reaction; a lag period at intermediate to large initial values of phosphate concentration (P0); and a steady slow reaction. The lag phase cannot be described satisfactorily by the well‐known adsorption models. The Langmuir equilibrium expression produced rather good fits at any fixed time of reaction, but the estimated adsorption maximum increased steadily with time. Empirical models were fitted to the data, among them a 'lag‐linear' model developed to include the lag phase. The relative contribution of the fast reaction to total adsorption during 7 days decreased from 50 to 80% at small P0 to less than 10% at large P0 values. The fraction of fast‐adsorbed phosphate followed the order Red > Btg > Albic > Ap regardless of P0; the slow reaction is, by a log–log rate, ranked Albic ≅  Btg > Red > Ap for P0 < 20 μm and Red > Btg > Albic > Ap at larger initial concentrations. The Albic material does not minimize the risk of phosphate leaching through macropores, as demonstrated by its small P sorption capacity, the relatively slow adsorption rate and its small actual P content.


ABSTRACT Enterococcus faecium strain 10/96A (VanD4) was the first vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) isolated in Brazil. Subsequent Brazilian VRE strains have all had the VanA phenotype. Multilocus sequence typing showed that strain 10/96A was isolated sporadically, has a unique sequence type (ST 281), and was not the progenitor of the VRE strains isolated from hospital outbreaks in Brazil.


At the time of this writing, U.S. President Barack Obama was scheduled to attend the Fifth Summit of the Americas in Trinidad and Tobago from 17-19 April 2009. While there, he might do well to underplay what the United States can do for its neighbors. World events have a way of redirecting the best of intentions, as former U.S. President George W. Bush found out just months after he announced his Century of the Americas concept at the April 2001 Third Summit of the Americas in Quebec. First came the September 11 attacks, then the war on terror and lasting preoccupation with the Middle East. Even though the Bush administration managed to conclude trade agreements with eight Latin American countries, boost counternarcotics assistance to Colombia and Mexico, launch Millennium Challenge Corporation grants, and cultivate an extensive network of working relationships throughout the Americas, the perception lingered that U.S. engagement had not only slipped to the back burner, but had somehow fallen off the stove. In light of this sentiment, this article focuses on what a new U.S. agenda in the Western Hemisphere must consider. An ambitious new agenda toward the Western hemisphere may be risky. Compared to billion-dollar-a-month operations in the Middle East and efforts to stem a global recession, anything we do in this corner of the world may now look like small potatoes. (1) Still, ensuring solid, neighborly relations in this region should be on President Obama's list. Shared geography and economic interdependence, plus the need to bolster democratic progress and build cooperation against emerging threats, are good reasons for not letting matters drift. A new agenda should emphasize partnership in areas of mutual interest, encouragement of regional cooperation and leadership, and a suite of fresh solutions for enduring challenges. Why It Matters The United States and its neighbors are already more closely bound than most U.S. citizens probably realize--meaning that what happens in one country can affect another. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that links commerce between Canada, the United States, and Mexico does nearly $1 trillion in business annually. Canada is the largest market for U.S. exports, followed by Mexico. (2) Although Latin America claims only 8 percent of total U.S. merchandise (two-way) trade, it is one of our fastest-growing regional partners, surpassing Asia in 2008. (3) And, while our Western hemispheric neighbors supply roughly half of our imported oil, (4) immigrant workers in the United States support local economies back home with their remittances. (5) In terms of travel, it takes less time to fly from Washington, D.C., to Bogota, Colombia, than it does from our nation's capital to Los Angeles, California. And as easily as tourists and cargo cross borders, smugglers move arms, drugs, and people all over the Americas through well-worn routes and trails. Through immigration, legal or otherwise, the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that by next year some 48 million Americans, or 15 percent of the U.S. population, will be Hispanic--probably making it the second- or third-largest Spanish-speaking population in the world. (6) So, in many ways, our lives and futures are intertwined. Keeping Up with the Times The Western hemisphere is not the same as it was thirty years ago, when civil wars raged in Central America and dictators outnumbered civilian elected leaders. Today, all countries in this hemisphere except Cuba enjoy some level of democratic rule, facilitating collaboration on a range of interests. Unlike even fifteen years ago, most states now participate in regional forums, are beginning to cooperate in matters of law enforcement, and contribute to international programs such as peacekeeping. In addition to Canada, countries like El Salvador, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Colombia contributed troops to coalition efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan. …


Ecklonia cava is a kind of brown sea algae and its extract has known to be anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory, and so on. However, It less has been known about the action mechanism in regulating glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. The present study investigated the effect of the ethanol extract of Ecklonia cava (E-EC) on glucose consumption and its related signaling properties in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. E-EC slimulated glucose consumption as well as the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) from cytosol to plasma membrane in L6 muscle cells. E-EC also stimulated Pl3 kinase (PI3K)-dependent Akt activity, one of crucial signaling cascades for glucose uptake. Inhibition of PI3K suppresed E-EC-stimuated glucose consumption and Glut4 translocation. However, E-EC failed to stimulate AMPK. These results suggest that the extract of Ecklonia cava stimulates glucose consumption regardless insulin activity in skeletal muscle cells via PI3K- Akt pathway through stimulating Glul4 translocation to the plasma membrane.


from those that have driven compensation and benefits changes for the past 25 years, the outcomes of these changes have never been more important. Given today's tough domestic economy and the increasingly competitive global business climate, successful benefits and compensation programs can be as important as new factories or patents. If they do not effectively attract and motivate the best talent at an afford-


Croatian Mountain Rescue Service (HGSS) has been facing, for some time now, dramatic increase in number of accidents and field interventions in different regions of Republic of Croatia. Together with the increase in numbers of tourists, enthusiasts, mountaineers and alpine climbers there was a rise in a number of incidents and accidents that were in most cases caused by a loss of spatial orientation. In order to maintain the capacity to rescue those in need. Such like situation has required from HGSS to put a lot of effort and significant resources in maintenance and improvement of their spatial orientation capabilities. As Croatian State Geodetic Administration (SGA) is a leading organization in Croatia in the field of cartography and as it continuously produces the official topographic maps, the Agreement on long-term cooperation in the field of official and thematic cartography was accepted in 2008, between the two parties, to facilitate the increased requirements for provision of Search and Rescue (SAR) service in Republic of Croatia. Based on the before-mentioned agreement, SGA delivers to HGSS the official topographic maps in scale 1: 5000, 1: 25000, digital model of relief (DTM), and digital orthophoto maps in 1: 5000 scale. HGSS uses those products as a basis for their own thematic maps of individual areas, where they also ad additional data (i.e. mountain paths, foot trails, caves, …) that may be of interest to prospective visitors. HGSS thematic maps, produced on basis of SGA official maps, depict an accurate and high-quality representation of terrain features. Following the production of their thematic maps, HGSS notifies the SGA of any changes they have spotted during their field reconnaissance. As it is customary for HGSS to operate in the remote areas of mountainous and difficult to access terrain, such like input represents the significant and very valuable source of information that provides important contribution to the quality of official SGA map products.


Severe neonatal Marfan syndrome has features of the Marfan syndrome and congenital contractural arachnodactyly present at birth, along with unique features such as loose, redundant skin and pulmonary emphysema. Since the Marfan syndrome and congenital contractural arachnodactyly are due to mutations in different genes, it has been uncertain whether neonatal Marfan syndrome is due to mutations in the fibrillin


This study examines the usefulness of providing cockpit automation training to career-minded pilots using automation equipment commonly found in small training airplanes. After mastering a set of tasks and maneuvers of varying difficulty using a small-airplane GPS navigation computer, autopilot, and flight director system, eight student pilots were then tested on their ability to complete a similar set of tasks and maneuvers using a computer-based simulator of a popular jet transport aircraft. Pilots attempted the jet transport tasks with no prior exposure to the equipment, no training, and no reference materials. Pilots were told to try to apply the principles they had learned in the small airplane. The results indicate a high degree of success: pilots were able to successfully complete 77% of all tasks in the jet transport on their first attempt. An analysis of a control group that received no small airplane automation training suggests that the pilot trainees' success was attributable to the application of automation principles they had learned in the small airplane. The results cast a strong vote for the incorporation of cockpit automation training in curricula designed for pilots who will later transition to the jet fleet.


These lectures attempt to cover two active topics of research in the field of the fundamental constants whose motivations may seem to be disconnected or even opposed. On one hand there is a successful program in metrology to link the realization of the base units as closely as possible to the values of fundamental constants like the speed of light c, the elementary charge e etc., because such an approach promises to provide a universal and precise system for all measurements of physical quantities. On the other hand, the universality of the constants may be questioned because the search for a theory of grand unification or quantum gravity inevitably seems to call for violations of Einstein's equivalence principle and therefore may imply spatial and temporal dependencies of the fundamental coupling constants. The experimental search for a temporal variation of fundamental constants is motivated by the idea that this may provide a window to new physics that may then guide or constrain the routes towards a deeper theoretical understanding. The two topics are linked by the fact that both of them benefit from the same striving for experimental precision in metrology. Improved precision will allow more reliable measurements in the applied sciences and it will also allow to look for tiny effects that may have gone unnoticed so far but that may provide hints to a more complete understanding of the foundations of physics. The first sections of the article will give a brief overview of the present system of units and of the ongoing discussions on how to improve it. We will mainly focus on two examples: the unit of mass that is presently realized via an artefact that shall be replaced by a quantum definition based on fundamental constants and the unit of time, which is exceptional in the accuracy to which time and frequencies can be measured with atomic clocks. The second part will give a brief motivation for the search for variations of constants, will review some observations in geophysics and in astrophysics and will finally describe laboratory experiments that make use of a new generation of highly precise atomic clocks. Obviously, the field of constants, units and their possible variations is much too vast to be covered in this article in its totality and I refer the interested reader to recent collections of papers originating from workshops and conferences that were devoted to exactly this range of topics [1–4].


Relevance At present, there is no complete understanding of the possibilities of reactive power compensation by means of high-power regenerative AC drives (RACD) with active frondend rectifiers (AFE), given the limitations and associated problems with electromagnetic compatibility. Aim of research The article is devoted to the issues of reactive power compensation and improvement of the voltage quality in the grid by high-power RACD with AFE. Research methods Methods of theoretical and experimental researches are applied in the work. Results It was noted that the smooth component of the first harmonic of the AFE output voltage is limited by the voltage in the DC link and the maximum allowable AFE current, and this affects the range of transmitted reactive power in the system «RACD with AFE – grid». Thus, there are restrictions for the generation of reactive power in the system «RACD with AFE – grid», which requires their special calculation in the synthesis of the control system. Power quality improving by powerful RACD with AFE is possible only with the correct choice of the grid connection, the switching frequency of semiconductor modules, resonance analysis, AFE control system parameters and thermal control of the power modules. The experimental curves of current consumption from the grid presented in the paper with two different PWM algorithms for the AFE demonstrates a decreasing of current total harmonic distortion. Keywords: active front-end rectifier, pre-programmed PWM, selective harmonic elimination, electromagnetic compatibility, power quality Acknowledgments: The work was supported by the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists — candidates of sciences MK-3803.2022.4.


The article analyzes the informational potential of financial documents of Komsomol organizations, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The source base for the study is composed of documents from the financial departments of Komsomol organizations deposited in the funds of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan and the State Archive of Contemporary History of the Ulyanovsk Region. The purpose of the article is to analyze a wide range of financial documents and determine their historical worth when studying the history of the Komsomol in the 1960s. The financial and economic department of the administration of the Central Committee of the AllUnion Leninist Young Communist League was engaged in the preparation of the budget for the Komsomol organization and the distribution of funds for grassroots committees. The analysis of financial documents of the Komsomol makes it possible to trace the sources of funds in the conditions of the termination of state subsidies in the 1960s and highlight the priority areas of work of the Komsomol. The documents of the regional Komsomol organizations reflect the material condition and financial support of grassroots committees. The author notes a certain complexity of the classification of financial documents in modern source criticism literature. The author proposes the use of the term «financial and reporting documentation», which includes the budget, financial statements, balance sheets, distribution of funds by budget items. This material may be of scientific interest in the study of certain periods and directions in the history of the Komsomol.


THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE? THE BRITISH-CANADIAN RELATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONCLUSION OF THE AMERICAN-CANADIAN HALIBUT TREATY OF 1923 Àe contribution is focused on the analysis of the British-Canadian relations in connexion with the Conclusion of the American-Canadian Halibut Treaty of 1923 with special regard to the constitutional relations between the mother country and its Dominions, which along with foreign and economic policy formed one of the most significant and interesting chapters in British imperial history in the 1920s. AÝer the First World War, some overseas representatives maintained a position that the Dominions were now equal countries with Britain and, on top of that, that they were no longer in a subsidiary position and were united by common obligations towards the Crown and their membership in the British Empire. Àe circumstances and discussions that accompanied the nego50 A§erthoughts on the Imperial Conference, in: ̧ e Round Table: ̧ e Commonwealth Journal of International A1⁄2airs, Vol. 14, No. 54, 1924, s. 228–229; BELOFF, M., Imperial Sunset: Dream of Commonwealth, Vol. 2, London 1989, s. 85. 51 DEWEY, A. G., c. d., s. 171–174; Royal Institute of International A1⁄2airs, ¡e British Empire: A Report on Its Structure and Problems, London 1939, s. 217. OPEN


THE therapeutic use of malaria has provided an opportunity for the study of this disease, and in this article a few of the recently-made observations will be briefly described, so that these may be compared with the naturally-acquired disease. Benign tertian malaria is the type most commonly employed as a therapeutic agent. Malignant tertian malaria is too dangerous, and both the malignant and quartan forms are less readily influenced by quinine (Gerstmann [11 ). For this reason only the benign tertian form will be considered in this paper. IMMUNITY.


The time-frequency properties of the high-order harmonic generation in the presence of a static electric field are investigated. It is found that an attosecond pulse train with one burst per optical cycle can be extracted by superposing the harmonics near the cutoff. This characteristic can be used to generate isolated attosecond pulse in multi-cycle regime. When the ratio of the laser field to the static field is 0.39, the harmonic spectrum is extended to I p +9.1 U p , and the harmonics above I p +0.7 U p are emitted almost in phase. The phase-locked harmonics covering a broad bandwidth are produced, and then a regular attosecond pulse train with the pulse duration less than 100 as is generated.