The piano teaching should be aesthetic education-centered.In the realistic education,teachers should constantly enrich students' aesthetic feeling and improve their aesthetic appreciation ability.The aesthetic education should be carried out even in the pure technical education.


The impact of de-identification on data quality and, in particular, utility for developing models for downstream tasks has been more thoroughly studied for structured data than for unstructured text. While previous studies indicate that text de-identification has a limited impact on models for downstream tasks, it remains unclear what the impact is with various levels and forms of de-identification, in particular concerning the trade-off between precision and recall. In this paper, the impact of de-identification is studied on downstream named entity recognition in Swedish clinical text. The results indicate that de-identification models with moderate to high precision lead to similar downstream performance, while low precision has a substantial negative impact. Furthermore, different strategies for concealing sensitive information affect performance to different degrees, ranging from pseudonymisation having a low impact to the removal of entire sentences with sensitive information having a high impact. This study indicates that it is possible to increase the recall of models for identifying sensitive information without negatively affecting the use of de-identified text data for training models for clinical named entity recognition; however, there is ultimately a trade-off between the level of de-identification and the subsequent utility of the data.


Petroselinum crispumis well known as parsley,a natural Western-style spice.It is mainly used as a Western-style spice in cooking and as an aromatic vegetable.Further,it also possesses potential application value in the fields of food,health care products,medicines and cosmetics.It is rich in volatile oil and flavonoids,which have antioxidant activity,antimicrobial activity,antiinflammatory and antineoplastic activities.In the paper,the research progress of volatile oil and flavonoids in Petroselinum crispumis reviewed and its antioxidant activity,antimicrobial activity and development prospect are also brought forward.


The use of different kind of composite materials is in constant growing over the years, because they have better physical, mechanical and tribological properties comparing to matrix materials. Composite materials based on light metals like Aluminium, Magnesium and Zinc, due to their low density, find application in many industries. In automotive industry they are used for pistons, cylinders, engine blocks, brakes and power transfer system elements. This paper considers the tribological properties of Al-based MMCs as a function of the manufacturing technologies and variation of shape, dimension and percentage of reinforcement material.


The massive data sets produced by the high- throughput, multidimensional mass spectrometry instruments used in proteomics create challenges in data acquisition, storage and analysis. Data compression can help mitigate some of these problems but at the cost of less efficient data access, which directly impacts the computational time of data analysis. We have developed a compression methodology that 1) is optimized for a targeted mass spectrometry proteomics data set and 2) provides the benefits of size and speed from compression while increasing analysis efficiency by allowing extraction of segments of uncompressed data from a file without having to uncompress the entire file. This paper describes our compression algorithm, presents comparative metrics of compression size and speed, and explores approaches for applying the algorithm to a generalized data set.


To assess the industrial possibility of mixed-extracts containing Hovenia dulcis Thunberg and 12 different botanical ingredients, a protective effect was confirmed in the chronic ethanol-induced the liver, brain, and blood injury in mouse. Blood glucose levels of the normal control group(NG) and ethanol administration group(EG) were respectively 119.43mg/dL and 305.25mg/dL, and the mixed-extracts administration group(100, 200mg/kg body weight + 25% ethanol 5g/kg body weight respectively; ME100 & ME200) were decreased to 272.76mg/dL and Corresponding author: Ho Jin Heo Tel: +82-55-772-1907 Fax: +82-55-772-1909 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 126 ... Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 50(2) 234.60mg/dL. Blood ethanol contents were decreased in ME100 and ME200(3.85mg/dL, 3.08mg/dL) compared to EG(4.08mg/dL), and blood acetaldehyde contents were also decreased in ME(15.76mg/dL, 15.16mg/dL) compared to EG(18.72mg/dL). The contents of hepatotoxic indicators such as glutamine pyruvic transaminase(GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), nephrotoxic indicators such as blood urea nitrogen(BUN), and creatine(CRE), and total cholestero(TCHO), and triglyceride(TG) in mouse blood serum were significantly decreased in the ME compared to EG. The acetylcholinesterase(AChE) activity of ME(109.00% and 108.47%, respectively) in mouse brain tissues was decreased in ME compared to EG(116.10%). Finally, ME was remarkable in vivo antioxidant activities in the mouse liver and brain tissues by superoxide dismutase(SOD), oxidized glutathione(GSH)/total GSH ratio and the malondialdehyde (MDA) assay. Therefore, the mixed-extracts was considered to be effective a high value food with protective effect against chronic ethanol traetment-induced cytotoxicity in liver and brain tissues.


Bima Bay is a socio-ecological system (SES) with semi-closed water, located between 2 local governments, encompassing Bima Regency and Bima City. The total population in the coastal area was 185419 and 190736 people, in 2016 and 2018, respectively, featuring a 1.03% increase. However, about 5097 people (0.02%) of Bima Bay depend on the fisheries sector as a source of livelihood. The purpose of this study, include: (1)mapping the SES of Bima Bay, adopted from the conceptual model in the socioecological system; (2) obtaining quantitative data using network analysis between the socio-ecological system components. The analysis tools used are the mapping of the SES conceptual model and social network analysis (SNA). The results based on the highest degree are the following: fisheries business 17 degrees; fish 14 degrees; shrimp 12 degrees; and local regulation 11 degrees. The highest betweenness value (41.98) was observed in local regulation and number of visits, while the value for market and fisheries business was 39.3. The lowest value (2.06) was recorded for fish and shrimp. Therefore, 6 groups of relationships were established in the SES of Bima Bay, on the basis of cluster or community detection.


This paper presents ray tracing algorithms to evaluate the geometrical modulation transfer function (GMTF) of optical lens system. There are two kinds of ray tracings methods that can be applied to help simulate the point spread function (PSF) in the image plane, for example, paraxial optics and real ray tracings. The paraxial optics ray tracing is used to calculate the first-order properties such as the effective focal length (EFL) and the entrance pupil position through less cost of computation. However, the PSF could have a large tolerance by only using paraxial optics ray tracing for simulation. Some formulas for real ray tracing are applied in the sagittal and tangential line spread function (LSF). The algorithms are developed to demonstrate the simulation of LSF. Finally, the GMTF is evaluated after the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the LSF.


Most emulsions are thermodynamically unstable and will lose their effectiveness once the emulsion droplets experience creaming or coalescence, which constrains potential further and wide application. Therefore, finding a stable emulsion system is important.
 In this work, a systematic study was carried out on the use of an oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion stabilized by sodium (Na)-montmorillonite particles. The particle-size distribution and zeta potential of Na-montmorillonite particle solutions at 0 to 20 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl) and pH of 3.3 to 11 were characterized first. The emulsifying ability of the clay particles and stability of O/W emulsions against creaming and coalescence at a set of salinities and pH were measured to provide suitable salinity and pH range for the emulsions.
 Results show that the Na-montmorillonite particles can be used as an effective stabilizer for O/W emulsion. Because of the decreased zeta potential, the clay particles are more likely to adsorb on the oil/water interface to form emulsions with smaller droplet size in an acidic and high-salinity environment. At a fixed pH, the emulsion tends to be unstable against creaming at less than a certain critical salinity, which is usually 0.25 wt% NaCl. At the critical salinity, the clay particles form a three-dimensional (3D) clay network to effectively stabilize the emulsion from creaming. This clay network interconnects the emulsion droplets, thus hindering the upward movement of the droplets because of buoyancy. At salinities higher than the critical salinity, the emulsion stability against creaming gradually decreases with salinity because of the compaction of the 3D clay network. At a fixed salinity, the creaming stability also has a similar critical pH, which increases with salinity. In addition, the O/W emulsion droplets are more stable against coalescence under more acidic and saline conditions. This results from denser clay particle adsorption on the droplet surface and a greater restriction on droplet motion and collision by the clay structure. Three 2D diagrams showing clear trend of clay emulsifying ability, long-term emulsion stability against creaming and coalescence at a range of salinity from 0 to 20 wt% NaCl, and at a range of pH from 3.3 to 11 were achieved to provide appropriate emulsions.


Eyeball ISPs today are under-utilizing an important asset: edge routers. We present NetServ, a programmable node architecture aimed at turning edge routers into service hosti ng platforms. This allows ISPs to allocate router resources to content publishers and application service providers moti vated to deploy content and services at the network edge. Unlike previous programmable router proposals which focused on customizing features of a router, NetServ focuses on deploying content and services across ownership boundaries. All our design decisions reflect this change in focus. We set three main design goals: a wide-area deployment, a multi-user execution environment, and a clear economic incentive. Towards these goals, our prototype uses NSIS signaling for deployment, runs application modules in isolate d user space containers, and includes four sample applicatio ns demonstrating economic benefits.


Background: The rapid replication rate of HIV-1, coupled with a high mutation rate and recombination, is the underlying force driving its genetic diversity. In the infected individual, a population of highly related but nonidentical strains exists. At the population level, multiple subtypes often cocirculate, leading to the generation of intersubtype recombinant forms. As a result, the geographic distribution of subtypes and recombinant forms is complex and uneven. Genetic subtyping of HIV-1 isolates has been shown to be helpful for understanding the genetic evolution, the worldwide spread of the virus, and the evaluation of drug resistance. Materials and methods: We determined the genetic heterogeneity of HIV-1 group M in southwestern Greece. Protease and partial reverse-transcriptase sequences were generated from 150 HIV-1-infected individuals attending the Division of Infectious Diseases of Patras University Hospital, Greece, from 2006 to 2012, and analyzed using online subtyping tools and phylogenetic methods. Results: The majority of the infected individuals were male (77%). HIV-1 subtype A1 was Additionally, we identified three cases with a recombinant B/CRF02_AG strain (2%) and one with a recombinant G/GRF_AG strain. Sexual transmission was responsible for 96.3% of cases. Heterosexual transmission was responsible for 70.2% of subtype-A1 infections, whereas sub-type B was transmitted by men who have sex with men in 75.5% of cases. Protease substitutions I13V, E35D, M36I, R57K, H69K, and L89M, which serve as drug-resistance support mutations in subtype B, were present in the majority of subtype-A1 sequences of the population. Conclusion: HIV-1 infection in southwestern Greece is sexually transmitted and highly heterogeneous. Subtype A1 has surpassed subtype B, and is the most prevalent strain. In the population studied, subtype A1 exhibited certain polymorphisms in the protease region, which may serve as drug-resistance support mutations in subtype B.


Feinberg and his co-workers set up a model which incorporates the idea that the fuel is so contained in the reactor that in every sufficiently large cell parallel to the reactor axis the length of which equals the height, and whose volume is sufficiently small compared to the total volume of the reactor, a large part of the fuel elements have a stationary burnup distribution. Also, this distribution should be independent of the direction in a given solid cross section of the reactor. A series of transformation schemes is presented in which the fuel is moved in some manner during operation of the reactor in order to obtain favorable values for distribution of power density or burnup. (T.R.R.)


The Turán number ex(n,H) $\text{ex}(n,H)$ is the maximum number of edges in an H $H$ ‐free graph on n $n$ vertices. Let T $T$ be any tree. The odd‐ballooning of T $T$ , denoted by To ${T}_{o}$ , is a graph obtained by replacing each edge of T $T$ with an odd cycle containing the edge, and all new vertices of the odd cycles are distinct. In this paper, we determine the exact value of ex(n,To) $\text{ex}(n,{T}_{o})$ for sufficiently large n $n$ and To ${T}_{o}$ being good, which generalizes all the known results on ex(n,To) $\text{ex}(n,{T}_{o})$ for T $T$ being a star, due to Erdős, Füredi, Gould, and Gunderson (1995), Hou, Qiu, and Liu (2018), and Yuan (2018), and provides some counterexamples with chromatic number three to a conjecture of Keevash and Sudakov (2004), on the maximum number of edges not in any monochromatic copy of H $H$ in a 2‐edge‐coloring of a complete graph of order n $n$ .


Introduction: A high-fat diet and obesity, promoted by an unhealthy lifestyle, affect the structure of spermatozoa. The study aims to determine the effect of using purple eggplant on improving lipid profile and sperm quality as an alternative to traditional medicine of Rattus norvegicus.


A new linear current mode image sensor is proposed in this paper. The proposed circuit features high linearity, low power consumption, programmable multiple gain stages, wide input swing and correlated double sampling (CDS) technology. The signal swing of the linear current mode sensor is enhanced by the proposed multiple gain readout structure. A simple and accurate front-end programmable gain structure is proposed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with low power consumption. The function and performance has been verified by HSPICE simulation of 0.18um 3T sensor process.


Vibration behavior of a bar with variable cross-section, which its material properties vary with temperature, is investigated in this study. In the analysis, not only theoretical solution but also numerical solution is performed for validation. The numerical analysis is overcome by SolidWorks program based on finite element method. Four types of effects on the bar are investigated. These are effects of temperature variation, geometric ratio, slenderness ratio and mode numbers variation. The temperature is increased from 22 ° C to 250 ° C. The geometric ratio is varied from 0 to -1/L at intervals of 0.25/L. The slenderness ratio is varied from 1/10 to 1/20 by increasing the length of bar from 200 mm to 400 mm. As for the mode numbers, the first three mode shapes are examined in the analysis. The boundary condition of the bar is taken as clamped-free. According to the results, the natural frequency decreases with increasing the temperature. The natural frequency also decreases with decreasing the slenderness ratio. But, it increases with decreasing the geometric ratio and also increases with increasing the mode number. When the theoretical and numerical results are examined, it is seen that the results are in harmony.


THE ACHIEVEMENT gap receives a lot of attention these days. It is, after all, the alleged raison d'etre of No Child Left Behind. It is usually defined as the difference between the test scores of white students on the one hand and those of black and Hispanic students on the other. (Asian students almost always get ignored for some reason.) Unfortunately, educators and journalists alike have fallen into the trap of reporting changes in the pass rates on tests as if they were measures of the achievement gap. They are not. At best, passing rates are poor proxies for real measures. The Massachusetts Department of Education; Michael Cohen and Matt Gandal of Achieve, Inc.; David Herszenhorn and Michael Winerip of the New York Times; Mayor Michael Bloomberg of New York City; Chancellor Joel Klein of the New York City Public Schools; and the Achievement Alliance, a consortium of the Education Trust, the National Council of La Raza, the Citizens' Commission on Civil Rights, Just for Kids, Inc., and the Business Roundtable, have all reported passing rates as if they were scores. They are not. Consider the data from the Massachusetts Department of Education, reproduced in Cohen and Gandal's Do Graduation Tests Measure Up? Figure 1 shows the passing rates for the class of 2003 on the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System. On the initial administration, when the students were 10th-graders, blacks and Hispanics passed at rates far lower than whites: blacks, 37%; Hispanics, 29%; whites, 77%. By the sixth retest, the passing rates had become much more similar. Cohen and Gandal take these data as showing that "the achievement gap closed dramatically." Probably not. Consider the following hypothetical data. Hypothetical Data Score Needed to Pass = 60 Pass Average Rate Score Gap Black students, 2004 60% 62 White students, 2004 100% 78 16 Black students, 2005 70% 68 White students, 2005 100% 92 24 Between 2004 and 2005, black students improved both their passing rate (going from 60% to 70%) and their score (from 62 to 78). So far so good. But white students, while not improving their passing rate, improved their score even more, so much that the black/white gap in scores (the proper metric) actually increased. There is another problem with the conclusions in the Massachusetts report. The 10th-graders and the 12th-graders are not comparable. Somewhere between the freshman and senior years, 18,000 students disappeared from Massachusetts' rolls. Some no doubt moved to other states. But others would have been retained in grade or would have dropped out, perhaps because of failing the test. In either case, these low-scoring students are no longer part of the class of 2003. Naturally, state officials, who like to brag about students rising to the challenge of the tests, don't like it when researchers call attention to such dishonest presentation of the data, but when Anne Wheelock conducted the appropriate analysis of data for Massachusetts for the class of 2004, she concluded that the state had little reason to brag. She found these passing rates: Class of 2004 Pass Rate All students 74%, not 96% White students 80%, not 98% Black students 59%, not 88% Hispanic students 54%, not 85% Asian students 89%, not 95% Note that the gap for the final pass rate for the class of 2004 is nearly as large as the 10th-grade gap was for the class of 2003. This is not a trivial case of researchers making statistical mountains out of practical molehills. At least one of the journalists cited above knows this. When I presented my hypothetical data to the Times' Herszenhorn, he replied, "Of course, that's exactly the way it works.... We have done some analysis of mean scale scores, enough to know that strong gains in the suburbs were masked by looking mostly at who crosses the line. …


Alkenone mass accumulation rates (MARs) provide a proxy for export productivity in the northwestern Pacific (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1208) spanning the late Pliocene through early Pleistocene (3.0-1.8 Ma). We investigate changes in productivity associated with global cooling during the onset and expansion of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG). Alkenone MARs vary on obliquity time-scales throughout, but the amplitude increases at 2.75 Ma concurrent with the intensification of NHG and cooling of the sea surface by 3 °C. The obliquity-scale variations in alkenone MARs parallel shipboard measurements of sediment color reflectance (%) with higher MARs significantly correlated (>95%) with darker (opal-rich) intervals. Variations in both lead benthic foraminiferal δ18O values by 1.5-2 kyr, suggesting that export productivity may be a contributing factor, rather than a response, to the extent of continental glaciation. The biological pump is therefore a plausible mechanism for transferring atmospheric CO2 into the deep ocean during the onset of NHG and the ensuing obliquity dominated climate regime. Obliquity-scale correlation between productivity and magnetic susceptibility is consistent with a link via westerly winds delivering terrigenous sediments and mixing the upper water column. Alkenone MARs also contain a ~400 kyr modulation. Because this periodicity is a multiple of the residence time of carbon in the ocean, it may reflect inputs of new nutrients associated with eccentricity forced changes in the terrestrial biosphere and weathering. We ascribe these findings to interactions between the East Asian winter monsoon and productivity in the North Pacific Ocean, perhaps contributing to Plio-Pleistocene climate change.


Sociologists are often interested in how the effects of a particular predictor variable vary across groups: for instance, how the effects of publications on the chance of getting tenure vary by sex or how the effects of social origins on educational attainment change over birth cohorts. But when we use non-linear probability models, such as the logit and probit, to make such comparisons, we cannot be sure that differences in coefficients represent real differences in effects across groups. To deal with this problem, we present a new interpretation of logit and probit coefficients in terms of scale invariant correlation coefficients. We show that from coefficients of non-linear probability models like the logit or probit we can recover the correlation coefficient between a predictor variable, "x, and y," the latent variable assumed to underlie a binary, ordered, or polytomous dependent variable. Our finding establishes a close relationship between coefficients from non-linear probability models and correlation coefficients hitherto unrecognized. The correlation coefficient is invariant to differences in the distribution of both, "x and y," across groups, making it suitable for cross-group comparisons in a range of scenarios encountered in real applications. We illustrate the use of the correlation coefficient in reanalyzes of data from two recent AJS papers.


respected native bee systematists of his generation, died on January 18, 2023 after a brief illness. Born in Palo Alto, CA on September 30, 1950 and raised in Monterey, he received his undergraduate degree in entomology from UC Davis in 1972 and earned his Ph.D. at UC Berkeley in 1978 under Dr. Howell Daly. After completing a postdoctoral fellowship with Dr. Charles D. Michener at the University of Kansas (1978–1979), he worked first as an assistant professor of biology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard (1979–1982) and then joined the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in 1983. It was at the Smithsonian where I assisted in his noteworthy revision of the halictid genus Lasioglossum s.s., which was hailed for its detailed identification keys incorporating numerous scanning electron micrographs. Ron was delightful to work with, and we quickly bonded over our shared interests in native bees and rock music, of which he had an encyclopedic knowledge. On one of his first days at the museum, I tuned the office radio to the now-defunct station WHFS, and an entire hour of songs about bees commenced, surely an encouraging sign. Our friendship continued over the decades until his death. His many important publications included "A catalog and review of immature Apoidea (Hymenoptera)" (McGinley 1989) and, as co-author with Michener and Bryan Danforth, "The Bee Genera of North and Central America (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)" (Michener et al. 1994). His paper "Glossal morphology of the Colletidae and recognition of the Stenotritidae at the family level (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)" (McGinley 1980) led to a change in this family's place in the phylogeny of the Apoidea as a more derived group than previously considered, a position later confirmed by molecular studies. Ron was always extremely generous with his time and knowledge, and eager to share his own fascination with native bees with interested students. He was an organizer and early instructor of the annual "Bee Course" held at the American Museum of Natural History's Southwest Research Station in Portal, Arizona. Ron also applied his penchant for classification to playful subjects. He constructed a key to Volkswagen Beetles using their windows, vents, and light housings as characters to distinguish the various model years; a chart of country music songs grouped by the various personal travails common to the genre; and a vast spreadsheet of songs that mention plants and animals, arranged by taxa, titled "A Natural History of Rock & Roll." Ron married fellow SI employee Kate Smith in 1991, and his affinity for animals made him an avid supporter of her numerous animal rescue and wildlife rehab efforts. Ron had many animal friends. Among the most memorable was his "house opossum" Opie, a favorite of many house guests. He often bestowed whimsical monikers on the members of Kate's menagerie, a favorite being the longhaired Peruvian guinea pig he dubbed Fabio, after the well-known romance novel cover model. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 124(4), 2022, pp. 889–890


So uniformly fatal is septic meningitis of otitic origin that any contribution to the armamentarium of treatment should be welcomed even though it may furnish only a clue to a possible method of successful treatment. The principle of drainage in the management of septic meningitis has been invoked since Victor Horsley in 1890 performed laminectomy for that disease. Subsequently other methods of drainage, surgical as well as conservative, have been attempted, attacking the spinal subarachnoid space as well as the cranium. Some instances of cure by these methods have been reported; however, since spontaneous recoveries also occur, it is difficult to place much credence in any method which offers only an occasional cure. On the other hand, drainage by whatever method does offer valuable relief from symptoms of intracranial pressure. Thus, patients in convulsions or coma or those suffering from severe headache and irritability are much relieved by simple lumbar


Electrical conductivity data of Al for the densities from normal to a fraction of normal density and temperatures up to a few thousand Kelvin are important inputs for the hydrodynamic simulations of exploding aluminium foils. We have generated conductivity data of aluminium, by using ab‐initio molecular dynamics simulations and the Kubo Greenwood formula. ABINIT code has been used for performing AIMD simulations. Our results are in good agreement with published results.


Introduction: Understanding the in vivo motions of human joints has become increasingly important. Researchers have used in vitro (cadavers), non-invasive (gait labs), and in vivo (RSA, fluoroscopy) approaches to assess human knee motion. The objective of this study was to use fluoroscopy and computer tomography (CT) to accurately determine the 3D, in vivo, weight-bearing kinematics of normal knees. Methods: Five normal knees clinically assessed as having no pain or ligamentous laxity were analyzed. Using CT scanning, slices were obtained six inches proximal to the joint line on the femur and six inches of the proximal tibia. Three-dimensional CAD models of each subject's femur, tibia and patella were recreated from the 3D bone density data. Each subject was then asked to perform five weight-bearing activities while under fluoroscopic surveillance: (1) deep knee bend, (2) normal gait, (3) chair rise, (4) chair sit, and (5) stair descent. The computer-generated 3D models of each subject's femur and tibiaon (>1


Food chemistry is an important course of food science and engineering. Multimedia is used in the teaching of the course not only to make the course lively and visually,but also to widen the students' knowledge and excite their interests in studying.


We have used the methytotrophic yeast Pichia Pastoris to express the open reading frame2(ORF2) 1.3 kb gene of Hepatitis E virus(HEV). The recombinant secreted expression vector pPIC9HEV and pHUS1HEV were linearized by SaiI and BglII,and then transformed into Pichia Pastoris GS115 by electroporation. The expression vector carrying interested gene was integrated into GS115 chromone. MD and MM plates were used to selected Mut phenotype, and then positive clones were analyzed by PCR to confirm the integration of HEVORF2 gene. We test expression of both HIS+ MUTs and HIS+ MUT+ in BMGY/BMMY media. A high level of secreted protein could be detected by ELISA and SDS-PAGE. Westems-blot showed it could be recognized by the McAb of HEV ORF2.We get the strains that can express HEV ORF2 protein and we tried to find the best expression condition.


-Phenological patterns of four abundant understory grasses were followed for 2 yr after prescribed burning in an Arizona Pinus ponderosa forest that consisted of a mosaic of patches, each dominated by only one of three possible overstory strata. Although there were phenological differences between the unburned sawtimber patches (120 stems ha-' and 63 cm average diameter at breast height (dbh)) and the unburned pole patches (1730 stems ha-' and 15 cm average dbh), these differences were smaller than those between burned patches and were not statistically significant. Patches dominated by the third type of overstory stratum, saplings, were not included in this study. Responses were species-specific. Festuca arizonica and Muhlenbergia montana both failed to flower the 1 st yr after burning in both sawtimber and pole patches, a statistically significant difference from unburned patches. Both species resumed flowering to varying degrees in the 2nd yr. In the 2nd yr, a significantly higher percentage of F. arizonica plants flowered in the burned sawtimber patches than in burned pole patches, whereas unburned patches were more similar to one another. More than half (58-75%) of M. montana plants failed to flower in the 2nd yr regardless of treatment or type of patch. In contrast, Poa fendleriana and Sitanion hystrix showed no statistically significant phenological response to burning in either sawtimber or pole patches. These patterns are discussed in relation to previously reported changes in the biomass and density of these species following burning in the same area.


An immediate complete denture is considered as restoration for lost natural teeth, which is fabricated following the extraction of the remaining teeth. Current esthetics and func-tion can be retained by using immediate denture without edentulous period. However, the major disadvantages of immediate denture relate to the difficulties associated with taking accurate definitive impression and predicting the results of immediate denture. In this case report, the Campagna tray technique was used to take the final impression in a 49-year-old male patient presented with all remaining teeth diagnosed as hopeless teeth. Surgical templates were used for alveoloplasty after extraction. The immediate complete dentures were then delivered. The clinical assessments of immediate dentures showed good esthetic and functional outcomes. The patient showed high level of satisfaction. (J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2017;55:331-5


The programmable hearing aid has a fuzzy controller allocated to the amplifier and transmission circuit, which is connected between the microphone and the earphone, for automatic switching and matching of the transmission characteristics to the current ambient situation. The fuzzy controller undertakes a selection of the parameter sets or parameters stored in a data carrier of the hearing aid for the modification of transmission characteristics of the hearing aid dependent on input quantities characteristic of the current ambient situation.


Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) is the dominant plant species at a disposal site polluted with metal from the hydrometallurgical jarosite zinc production process. Seeds collected at the site were germinated and plants were grown hydroponically under controlled conditions in a excess of Zn. Induction of total soluble POD activity in the root occurred at 1, 5, and 10 mM Zn, indicating Zn accumulation within the root. Accumulation of Zn in leaves was not accompanied by changes in POD activity, but resulted in gradual increase of total antioxidative capacity, which could be partly attributed to accumulation of soluble phenolics. The role of the phenolics/POD system in defense of V. thapsus against zinc is discussed.


The process known today as hydraulic fracturing ("fracking," "hydrofracing," or "fracing") began as early as the 1940s.' Essentially, the fracking process was developed as a way for gas and oil companies to "extract hydrocarbons from 'low-permeability reservoirs,' or natural underground gas chambers that require massive amounts of hydraulic stimulation to recover cost-effective amount[s] of gas and/or oil."2 The process of fracking involves several steps. First, a deep well (up to 8,000 feet)3 is drilled into the earth at a location deemed by a company to have substantial amounts of oil or gas located in the shale of the underlying crust.4 Second, a combination of millions of gallons of water, sand,5 and highly pressurized fluids and solvents are injected into the well where the fracturing site is located. There, the chemicals and fluids are discharged at great speeds towards a subterranean reservoir.7 The fluid combination is injected against the underground well until at least one fracture appears in the surface of the earth or an existing fracture widens.8 After the fractures are created or widened, sand is injected into the seams of the fracture to ensure that the cracks remain open during the extraction process.9 This


This paper presents the design of the matrix of the electromagnetic screen. This screen refers to the field of medical equipment, devices, ensuring ecological safety. It can be used for protection of the personnel of enterprises and institutions, including medical, from the negative influence of pathogenic fields of technical and natural origin, for neutralization of weak radiation products of the chemical elements and their compounds and alloys, and also for correction of the functional state of operators industrially loaded productions and drivers of electric vehicles. The task of this design is the improvement of devices for energy impact on human organism, in which due to the introduction of new traits and organization of new ties between the features of the high performance is achieved local shielding of a bioobject and increase its restoration and health characteristics. It is shown that the motivation for the creation of such a matrix of the electromagnetic screen is based on several fundamental provisions of the fields and radiation of biophysics and bioinformatics, mainly on emission characteristics of the human body with account of parameters of functioning of the multidimensional molecular-genetic structures on morpho-functional characteristics, anthropometric and other bio-constants of the human body, the effects of information-wave interaction of man and objects of the surrounding world. The authors indicate that the screen was clinically tested and has shown high efficiency.


This paper details the experimental results for the influence of transport currents on the ac magnetisation of high-T c superconductors. It has been found that the variation of the third harmonic amplitude V 3 with an ac field can still be described by square and cubic laws for low and high ac fields, respectively, the same relationships as observed in the absence of transport currents. The only significant difference is that the magnitude of V 3 in the low field region increases linearly with transport current. Consequently, the crossover point (from square law to cubic law) moves to higher ac fields and the variation of V 3 with transport current is less pronounced in the high field region. The results are explained in terms of an effective increase in Hg, which is a parameter in Kim critical state model, with increase of transport current.


Authorship attribution is an important problem in text classification, with many applications and a substantial body of research activity. Among the research findings are that many different methods will work, including a number of methods that are superficially language‐independent (such as an analysis of the most common "words" or "character n‐grams" in a document). Since all languages have words (and all written languages have characters), this method could (in theory) work on any language. However, it is not clear that the methods that work best on, for example English, would also work best on other languages. It is not even clear that the same level of performance is achievable in different languages, even under identical conditions. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to achieve "identical conditions" in practice. A new corpus, developed by George Mikros, provides very tight controls not only for author but also for topic, thus enabling a direct comparison of performance levels between the two languages Greek and English. We compare a number of different methods head‐to‐head on this corpus, and show that, overall, performance on English is higher than performance on Greek, often highly significantly so.


Dynamic traversal of uneven terrain is a major objective in the field of legged robotics. The most recent model predictive control approaches for these systems can generate robust dynamic motion of short duration; however, planning over a longer time horizon may be necessary when navigating complex terrain. A recently-developed framework, Trajectory Optimization for Walking Robots (TOWR), computes such plans but does not guarantee their reliability on real platforms, under uncertainty and perturbations. We extend TOWR with analytical costs to generate trajectories that a state-of-the-art whole-body tracking controller can successfully execute. To reduce online computation time, we implement a learning-based scheme for initialization of the nonlinear program based on offline experience. The execution of trajectories as long as 16 footsteps and 5.5 s over different terrains by a real quadruped demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach on hardware. This work builds toward an online system which can efficiently and robustly replan dynamic trajectories.


Efficient GPU preemption mechanisms are critical for task prioritization in multitasking environments, especially for latency-sensitive GPU applications. However, due to the large context of GPU kernels, simply borrowing context switching mechanisms from CPU space incurs substantial latency and overhead. To address this problem, we propose CTXBack, which allows a thread block to execute context switching at a preceding instruction with a smaller context. It enables low latency GPU context switching for latency-sensitive applications on shared GPUs. Three complementary ways are proposed to make more preceding instructions into valid points to execute context switching, giving CTXBack a higher chance to find instructions with smaller contexts. Evaluations show that CTXBack reduces the context by 61.0%, which is only $1.09\times $ of the minimum possible context size. With only 0.41% runtime overhead, the preemption latency and resuming time are reduced by 63.1% and 50.0% on average compared to the traditional approach.


The purpose of this paper is to study the piracy in music business today, and to examine the consumer behaviour towards music piracy.


Mankind has been searching for a way to live forever. If he cannot live forever, the next best thing would be to become alive again after death. Some scholars argue that there is no immortality of the soul. They believe that death is a period of absolute annihilation. Contrarily, others regard this as erroneous teachings. This paper adopted a comparative approach to examine the views of the select religions: Christianity and African Traditional Religion on the immortality of the soul. The paper discovers that the soul of man continues to live after death. The belief in reincarnation, the ancestral world, the living-dead, continued existence of the soul in hell or heaven depicts this.


OBJECTIVE To observe the influence of the serum containing active ingredients of Alismatis Rhizoma on viability,morphology,SOD,and NO of vascular endothelial cells damaged by H2O2,and to study the possible mechanism of anti-oxidative damage of the serum on the cells.METHODS The endothelial cells treated by 100 μmol/L H2O2 were used as an oxidative stress model.The method of cck-8 was applied to detect cell proliferation;xanthine oxidase and nitrate reductase assay were utilized to detect SOD activity and NO content in the medium supernatant of each group,respectively.RESULTS In model groups,viability of vascular endothelial cells was inhibited partly,while their SOD activity and NO secretion decreased.But,in administration groups the oxidative damage of vascular endothelial cells was reduced and the active ingredients of Alismatis Rhizoma had a protective effect on oxidatively damaged vascular endothelial cells.CONCLUSION The mechanism of oxidative damage of the active ingredients of Alismatis Rhizoma may be related to its reduction of the oxidative damage of endothelial cells to improve the cell survival.


Surveys oftheprevalence andsocial effects of rheumatic diseases inseveral industries carried out bytheArthritis andRheumatism Council's Industrial Survey Unithaveindicated that, although the prevalence ofrheumatic complaints varies between occupations, thisvariation doesnotseemtobe related tothephysical effort oftheworkinvolved (Anderson andDuthie, 1963; Partridge, Anderson, McCarthy, andDuthie, 1965). However, significantdifferences doapparently exist between industries, as was shownby thedifference inthe prevalence ofrheumatic complaints between coal minersanddockyard workers(Anderson and Duthie, 1963). Toexplore further therelationship between theprevalence andthesocial andeconomic effects ofrheumatism, thesesurveys havebeen extended toother industries. During thecourse ofapilot survey, itwasnoted thatfoundry workers hadahigher complaint rate thanother groups, although withthesmall numbers ofmeninvolved thesignificance ofthis difference wasuncertain. Forthis reasona groupofiron foundries wasselected formoreextended study. Ironfoundries offered a selection ofoccupations demanding varying degrees of physical effort generally performed underdifficult andchangeable environmental corditiens.


Cloud-chamber measurements are described in which the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-rays emitted by the radioactive nuclei ${\mathrm{As}}^{76}$ ($T=27$ hours), ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{88,\ensuremath{\ge}90}$ ($T=3$ hours), and the latter's decay product, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{88,\ensuremath{\ge}90}$ ($T=18$ minutes), were investigated. The krypton and rubidium activities were separated from uranium fission products. The observed upper energy limit of the disintegration electrons from ${\mathrm{As}}^{76}$ is 2.71 Mev. The complexity of the spectrum is apparent from the observed momentum distribution. A Fermi plot yields an extrapolated end point of 2.78 Mev. A K-U plot analyzes into components with extrapolated end points of 0.97 Mev and 3.32 Mev. The decay of ${\mathrm{As}}^{76}$ was followed and found to have a half-life of 26.8 hours. The $\ensuremath{\beta}$-rays from the active rubidium have an observed upper energy limit at 5.1 Mev. Although a Fermi plot analyzes into two components with extrapolated end points at 2.5 Mev and 5.0 Mev, a K-U plot indicates a single group with extrapolated end point at 5.8 Mev. The possible instability of the rubidium decay product, a strontium isotope, is discussed. A measurement of the half-life of the rubidium activity yields $T=17.5$ minutes. The measurement and K-U analysis of the complex spectrum due to krypton and rubidium disintegrations yields an extrapolated upper energy limit of 2.5 Mev for the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-rays emitted by ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{88,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\ge}90}$. A plot of the Sargent points indicates that all of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-transitions involved in the above measurements are of the "forbidden" type.


In order to obtain a kind of flame retardant fabric with excellent overall performance,flame retardant viscose fiber(FRV) and wool are used for making woven fabrics in different proportions.The mechanical properties and washed dimensional changes of blend fabrics are tested,and the limiting oxygen index(LOI) test is used to study flame retardant property of blend fabrics.The results show that when the FRV/wool ratio is 70/30,the fabrics have better mechanical properties than that of pure fabrics of each fiber.The more FRV proportion,the better blend fabrics′ flame retardant property is.When FRV proportion reaches 50%,the blend fabrics′ flame retardant property can meet the flame retardant requirement.


Objective: Enterobius vermicularis is very common parasite in children especially of early school age both world and Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the screening of Enterobius vermicularis among the students of the primary schools in our city. Materials and Methods: This investigation was made on a total of 164 students including 84 (51.22%) girls and 80 (48.78%) boys. Results: We found two students to be infected with E. vermicularis and one student to be infected with Taenia spp. using the cellophane tape method. In addition, three cellophane tape were applied to 22 students who were not determined E. vermicularis in one classroom and E. vermicularis was found in two students. Conclusion: We consider that further research with a wide series is warranted and preventive strategies for both E. vermicularis and Taenia spp. are needed. Application of one cellophane tape for the diagnosis of E. vermicularis may not to be adequate.


Kurniasari, W. N. I. 2009. The Use of Language Switch and Literal Translation as Communication Strategies by Students at Ta'mirul Islam Modern Boarding School of Surakarta. Final Project. English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Semarang State University. First Advisor: Drs. Ahmad Sofwan, Ph. D, Second Advisor: Drs. Amir Sisbiyanto, M. Hum.
Key words: communication strategies, language switch, literal translation, second language acquisition.
This final project is descriptive analysis on the use of language switch and literal translation as communication strategies by students at Ta'mirul Islam Boarding School. The aims of this study are to find out language switch and literal translation used by students in their daily conversation and to describe in what context and to what extent they use both strategies.
The population of this study was the year XII students who always used English as their daily language in their school and dormitory. There were ten students involved in the conversation. Questionnaire and recording daily conversation were used to collect the data.
The result of the study shows that there were 8 language switches and 25 literal translations occurred during the conversation, 24% of language switch and 76% of literal translation. It means that literal translation was used more than language switch. I also found that although they used many language transfers, the communication could run well.
Based on result above, it is suggested that all studentss minimize the use of language switch and literal translation and start to construct grammatical English utterances. Second, the teachers need to pay more attentions to the use of the students' communication strategies and to motivate them to avoid constructing ungrammatical utterances.


The problem of plane deformation of a strip with a longitudinal crack the surfaces of which are loaded by uniform pressure is considered. The crack is assumed to be arranged symmetrically with respect to the stress-free faces of the strip. By means of the integral Fourier transform this problem is reduced to an integral equation of the first kind with singular kernel for the derivative of the function that describes the crack opening. Regular and singular asymptotic methods are used to construct solutions of this integral equation for large and small values of the dimensionless parameter characterizing the strip thickness, respectively. A numerical example is given. A similar problem for a crack in an isotropic plane has been previously considered in [1, 2].


This article is devoted to new method of outdated flight data readout technologies modernization and data retrieval from additional flight data sources.


We develop a computational approach for interaction between strong laser pulse and dielectrics based on time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). In this approach, a key ingredient is a solver to simulate electron dynamics in a unit cell of solids under a time-varying electric field that is a time-dependent extension of the static band calculation. This calculation can be regarded as a constitutive relation, providing macroscopic electric current for a given electric field applied to the medium. Combining the solver with Maxwell equations for electromagnetic fields of the laser pulse, we describe propagation of laser pulses in dielectrics without any empirical parameters. An important output from the coupled Maxwell+TDDFT simulation is the energy transfer from the laser pulse to electrons in the medium. We have found an abrupt increase of the energy transfer at certain laser intensity close to damage threshold. We also estimate damage threshold by comparing the transferred energy with melting and cohesive energies. It shows reasonable agreement with measurements.


Leadership is a vital issue in every organization primarily because the decisions made by the leaders could lead to success or business failure. The main purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles and employee performance among the event staff at Inner Sanctum Services. It is crucial for the management of Inner Sanctum Services to identify which leadership styles could enhance their employee performance and additionally, to understand the extent of such influence as well. Thus, the objectives of this research are twofold (i) to examine the relationship between transformational leadership style and employee performance at Inner Sanctum Services (ii) to examine the relationship between transactional leadership style and employee performance at Inner Sanctum Services. In assessing the relationship between the variables, a total of 69 questionnaires were distributed, completed and analysed using descriptive and inferential data analysis technique. The findings of this research reveal that both transformational and transactional leadership styles have positive relationship with employee performance. However, transformational leadership has significant influence on employee performance and further recommendations are made at the end of this research.


The current research tests the hypothesis that women have an evolved mate value calibration adaptation that functions to raise or lower their standards in a long-term mate according to their own mate value. A woman's physical attractiveness is a cardinal component of women's mate value. We correlated observer-assessed physical attractiveness (face, body, and overall) with expressed preferences for four clusters of mate characteristics (N = 214): (1) hypothesized good-gene indicators (e.g., masculinity, sexiness); (2) hypothesized good investment indicators (e.g., potential income); (3) good parenting indicators (e.g., desire for home and children), and (4) good partner indicators (e.g., being a loving partner). Results supported the hypothesis that high mate value women, as indexed by observer-judged physical attractiveness, expressed elevated standards for all four clusters of mate characteristics. Discussion focuses on potential design features of the hypothesized mate-value calibration adaptation, and suggests an important modification of the trade-off model of women's mating. A minority of women—notably those low in mate value who are able to escape male mate guarding and the manifold costs of an exposed infidelity—will pursue a mixed mating strategy, obtaining investment from one man and good genes from an extra-pair copulation partner (as the trade-off model predicts). Since the vast majority of women secure genes and direct benefits from the same man, however, most women will attempt to secure the best combination of all desired qualities from the same man.


At this stage, with the continuous improvement of my country's socioeconomic level and the opening of my country's international market, more and more international friends have come to China, which has also increased the importance of our foreign language education. The major universities in our country are in an all-round development stage. In order to enable students to master more foreign language knowledge, teachers have gradually adopted a layered teaching method in practical teaching, and the roles of foreign language teachers in teaching have also been exchanged , But it is necessary for teachers to grasp the role change, so that students can really shift their attention to classroom teaching and improve their foreign language ability. Therefore, this article analyzes the research of foreign language teachers' role conversion strategies in the practice of foreign language teaching in universities, which can effectively improve the quality of teachers' teaching, but also help students improve their comprehensive foreign language ability.


In an experiment, 12 ram lambs (6-8 months; 20.34±2.369 kg body weight) were offered maize stover based total mixed ration (roughage : concentrate 50:50) either with or without exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE; 12800 cellulase and 12800 xylanase IU /g DM stover). The lambs were fed with respective diets for a preliminary period of 21 days followed by 7 days collection period. Supplementation of EFE had no significant effect on DM, OM, CP, EE and NFE digestibilities except for higher (P<0.05) CF digestibility. The fibre fraction digestibilities were comparable between the groups. Though insignificant, a 4% increase in DCP and TDN was observed upon EFE supplementation. The present study indicated an improvement in nutrient digestibility and nutritive value of TMR containing 50% maize stover with EFE supplementation, except CF digestibility. This indicated that either higher enzyme concentration was required or change in mode of enzyme application, requiring further investigations.


Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are frequently found as beer-spoilage organisms (BSOs). Correctly identifying a LAB as a BSO is problematic, given that there are few known genetic markers that distinguish beer-spoiling from non-beer-spoiling LAB. Currently, genes purported to participate in hop-tolerance mechanisms are heavily relied upon to indicate LAB isolates with the potential to spoil beer, even though these genes do not consistently correlate with beer-spoilage. Though the presence of hops certainly is a significant physiological stress for bacteria in beer, we demonstrate here that the presence of CO2 dissolved in beer is a strong selective pressure for true LAB beer-spoilage ability (i.e., the ability to grow in and spoil a finished and packaged beer). We screened 20 LAB for their capability to survive and grow in gassed beer at 22 and at 30°C, and discuss the results in relation to ethanol and hop tolerance. Functional gene comparisons of nine dissolved CO2-tolerant and nontolerant genomesequenced isolates reveal potential metabolic pathways of interest for further study, specifically those that deal with cell dormancy and stress responses. These results further our understanding of LAB BSOs and have implications for how best to analyze these bacteria in laboratory settings and to test for these bacteria in the brewery.


Dietary fat and cholesterol content are considered to be controllable factors in multifactorial etiology of heart diseases and obesity. Meat and meat products are maligned with a fact of highfat, high cholesterol and high calorie diet. This has lead to increase in demand of low-fat meat products. Pork patties generally contain 30-40% fat and warrants reduction in fat contents. However rheological, structural, processing, nutritional and sensory characteristics of comminuted meat products are directed by the fat content in the formulation and particle size of ground meat system (Kregel et al, 1986; Manish Kumar and Sharma, 2003)


According to the characteristics of college students,in order to improve their ability for IT knowledge and application,it's important to reform the methods of teaching based on task driven.The task driven teaching methods can greatly enhance the students' enthusiasm,and can make a remarkable effect of teaching.Now provides some practical basis and methods of teaching for reference.


The issue of global corporate entrepreneurship has become the key factor in corporate success. Entrepreneurial executives should assume the strategic initiative in building and sustaining the competitiveness of their organisations in both domestic and international markets. This study builds a conceptual model of global corporate entrepreneurship.


An adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE) that uses the least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm may converge slowly or have large excess mean square error. The use of previous decisions in updating the feedforward filter can "whiten" the eigenvalues of the autocorrelation matrix for the feedback filter update without affecting the minimum mean square error making convergence faster and reducing misadjustment. The resultant improvement can be enhanced further by letting the update coefficient constant, /spl mu/, be a fixed diagonal matrix.<<ETX>>


a b s t r a c t The aim of this study was to evaluate an intervention based on motivational interviewing to promote enhance in therapeutic adherence (AT) in children with HIV / AIDS. The method was to evaluate the five factors AT, implement an intervention based on motivational interviewing and evaluating the AT again. Data were analyzed using a paired samples t test. The results showed t = 2294 with a significance of 0.035, which indicates that there statistically significant differences in pre and post evaluation assesses the AT. In seven cases there was an increase in AT. Eleven continued at the same level, in two cases the score was high from the pre. Despite the increase in AT, no patient achieved optimal adherence, more than 95%. We conclude that, although the intervention was effective in half of the caregivers, there are many variables that prevent children from reaching the level of AT required, including low education of primary caregivers, lack of support of the nuclear family and extensive and high poverty levels.


In this paper, texture analysis method is proposed to segment and removal the human's shadow, shadows always produced by the light. The method is composed of three step: firstly, using the Gaussian mixture model extract the foreground and background from the Human motion sequences, secondly, using wavelet decomposition to extract texture features and color features of the foreground and background and established the eigenvector that based on the pixels, finally, using SVM classified the eigenvector and if the foreground's eigenvector and background's eigenvector are the same, so the pixel is the shadow. The results showed that using the texture analysis method segment shadows clearly and it can do well at various environmental, for example the illumination changes or color deviation.


This paper compares some of the common tools and techniques that enable state-of-the-art systems to provide high-level control of mobile sensor networks. There is currently a great deal of interest in employing unmanned and autonomous vehicles in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations. Although this paper addresses issues common to all mobile sensor networks, the applications presented are typically associated with autonomous vehicles. We focus specifically on three high-level areas: 1. mission definition languages that allow human users to compose missions defined in terms of tasks, 2. communication-addressing degradation and loss and relationship to underlying system architecture design, and 3. task allocation among the assets.


INTRODUCTION:
Relief of Pain is purchased always at a price – Ralph Waters. "For all the happiness mankind can gain is not in pleasure but in rest from pain". – John Dyrden.
The aim of anesthesiology as a science is the removal of pain
temporarily started initially with pain relief for surgeries, extending now to
post operative pain relief, relief of chronic pain and cancer pain.
Spinalanesthesia plays in important role of alleviating pain intraoperatively,
extending sometime into postoperative period also. The entry
of Corning's needle in 1885-into the subarachnoid space paved the way for
the greatest leap into spinal anaesthesia. His words "Be the density of this
observation, what it may have seemed to me on the whole, worth
recording. This opened the prologue for the word "spinal anaesthesia".
Cocaine was the drug first used experimentally in dogs. In men the first
spinal anaesthesia was conducted by "August Bier" on 16.8.1898 with
cocaine 3 ml as 0.5% solution followed by Matas in America and Tuffier in
France.
Spinal anesthesia for caesarean section has always enjoyed
popularity as it eliminates the complication of pulmonary aspiration and
avoids the problem of difficult tracheal intubation observed with general
anaesthesia. Other advantages of this technique are its simplicity, rapid
onset and dependability.
The demonstration of opiate receptors in substantia gelatinosa of
spinal cord (Yaksh and Rudy 1976) has created interest in the intrathecal
administration of opiates. The use of intrathecal morphine for providing
postoperative pain relief in caesarean section was started in the year 1988
by EzzazAboulesish et.al. The advantages of neuraxial opioids over
neuraxial local anesthetics are that it produces prolonged, intense,
selective, segmental analgesia without motor blockade and sympathetic
dysfunction.
Opiods and local anesthetics administered together have a potent
synergistic analgesic effect. Intrathecal opiods enhance analgesia from
subtherapeutic dose of local anesthetic and make it possible to achieve
successful spinal anaesthesia using otherwise inadequate doses of local
anesthetic. The α2 adrenergicmechanism have been exploited for more
than 100 yrs. Vetenarians have used α2 agonist for many years for regional
analgesia, but the experience with these agents in humans, dates back
only slightly more than 10 years.
In 1984 Tamsen, Gordh after testing neurotoxicity in animals and
then injected a parenteral preparation of α2 agonist clonidine, epidurally
intwo patients with chronic pain. Since then the complete toxicologic
assessment in animal studies has suggested that clonidine is safe for
Intrathecal use.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
1. To evaluate the effects of fentanyl and clonidineadded to Bupivacaine, for caesarean section in spinal Anaesthesia
2. To evaluate the duration of analgesia by comparing two groups.
3. To evaluate the hemodynamic effects, post-operative sedation and neonatal outcome between the two groups.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Following approval by the institutions ethical committee, this
prospective study was done at Tirunelveli Medical College Hospital,
Tirunelveli in 120 patients undergoing elective or emergency caesarean
section after getting informed consent from each patient and explaining the
procedure. This is a randomized prospective comparative study.
Inclusion Exclusion Criteria:
Term, parturient, ASA I an ASA IE who were fit to undergo spinal
anaesthesia for caesarean section, age between 18-35 yrs., are selected.
Patients with medical and obstetrical complications and impaired placental
function were excluded; patients who were converted to general
Anaesthesia were also excluded from the study.
Preoperative Preparation:
Preoperatively all patients were seen by the anesthetist. The
procedure was explained in detail and informed consent was obtained. No
premedication was given. Patients were randomly allocated into 3 groups
of 40 each.
A- Control Group - Injection (0.5%) Bupivacaine 1.8 ml + 0.4 ml NS,
B- Study group 1 inj. (0.5%) Bupivacaine 1.8 ml + Clonidine 30 μg) + 0.2 ml NS,
C- Study group 2 Inj (0.5%) Bupivacaine 1.8 ml + Clonidine (30 μg) +fentanyl (10μg).

OBSERVATIONS:
Statistical Analysis:
The Randomization of three groups was done by matching
their age, height, and weight of their demographic factors and base
Physiological factors such as pulse rate, SBP, respiration rate and
SPO2 by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). The differences between
them were interpreted by the Post hoc test of Bonferroni. Similarly,
the time for maximum loss of sensation, the 2 segment regression
time, pain free time and Apgar score at 1 minute and 5 minutes were
compared between groups by ANOVA.
The intra and post-operative pulse rate and SBP at different
intervals were compared between groups by ANOVA and interpreted
the difference by Post hoc test of Bonferroni.The sensation level and
sedation score were analyzed and interpreted by χ2 test (Chi- square).
The above statistical procedures were performed by the statistical
package IBM SPSS statistics 20. The P - values less than 0.05
(P<0.05) were treated as significant in two tail condition.
CONCLUSION:
The above study bears out the following facts.
1. Intrathecal clonidine and the clonidine fentanyl combination,
both improved quality of Intra Operative analgesia.
2. Combination of clonidine with fentanyl increased the intra operative analgesic efficacy and significantly prolonged postoperative analgesia compared with clonidine alone.
3. Stable Intra Operative hemodynamics was obtained.
4. Duration of analgesia was prolonged.
5. The incidence of side effects due to additive effects of the drugs was minimal.
6. Fetal outcome was not altered.


The abundance, in terms of number of individuals and biomass, of the invertebrate communities in one sector of the soft-bottom continental shelf off Jalisco and Colima (Mexico) was analyzed. The cruises were carried out during three hydroclimatic seasons, as defined by the surface current patterns.


A pilot study was conducted in a convent to assess the impact of biodynamic diet on immunology and personally experienced well-being of humans. 32 probands were provided with conventional prefrozen ready-made, conventional freshly prepared, and freshly prepared biodynamic food. Blood and stool samples were taken and psychological questionnaires were applied. The primary effects on immunological parameters were correlated with the


A recurring procedural flaw exists in many textbook treatments of approximate methods for the analysis of rectangular, rigid frames under uniform vertical loading. The majority of textbooks surveyed cite an inappropriate assumption regarding the approximate analysis of vertically loaded frames which leads to erroneous solutions. One of the prevalent assumptions, which leads to incorrect shear forces and bending moments in columns, is that a negligible axial force exists in each girder. A more appropriate first-pass substitute might be to assume that inflection points occur in each column at mid-height, or at hinged supports of column bases at ground level. Using a simple, uniformly loaded, symmetric, rectangular frame as an example (this frame appears frequently in textbook examples), a trial revised set of assumptions produces an improved approximate solution. Work is proceeding to develop a fully tested, revised method of approximate structural analysis for vertically loaded rectangular frames.


Highly dispersed bimetallic Pd-In catalysts on Al2O3 were prepared by a simple impregnation method. In comparison with the unsupported intermetallic catalyst, the supported Pd-In catalyst exhibited several magnitudes higher activity and similar selectivity for selective acetylene hydrogenation. Moreover, the activity, selectivity, and anticoking performance of the Pd-In catalyst were superior to those of the monometallic Pd catalyst. The electron transferred from indium weakened the adsorption of ethylene on the negatively charged Pd sites and hence improved the selectivity of Pd-In/Al2O3. The inhibited formation of hydride due to the presence of indium also contributed to the higher selectivity. The promoted activation of hydrogen, owing to the weak adsorption of acetylene on Pd-In/Al2O3, and decreased particle size jointly contributed to the enhanced activity of Pd-In/Al2O3. In addition, green oil formation on Pd-In/Al2O3 was retarded by the presence of indium, contributing to the enhanced stability of ...


Biological island grid is a new in-situ water purification technology.Based on the analyses of water purification performance of biological island grid system(ZLT) in the initial stage of plant growth,the biomass and activity of microbe in the system are measured with bicinchoninic acid(BCA) protein method and the fluorescein diacetate(FDA) activity,respectively.The microbial characteristics are also detected by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) technique.Results showed that the removal of various pollutants in ZLT system was significantly higher than that in traditional floating-bed system(ZL) and control system(ZT),which was only filled with filler.There was little difference in the concentrations of the fluorescein and protein among different layers of filler samples in ZLT.The highest concentrations were 277.5 μg·g-1 and 50.8 mg·g-1 respectively,while they were nearly three times lower in root samples,only 95.8 μg·g-1and 18.1 mg·g-1.The trends of the other two systems were similar.Diversity index analysis of DGGE pattern showed that ZLT samples decreased from 1.66 to 1.23 with the increasing of water depth,but this trend was not evident in ZL samples.More than 80% of the microbe on the biofilm carrier and root belonged to Gamma-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in this stage.


The luminescent-bitumen method, practiced in the U.S.S.R. by V. N. Florovska and V. G. Melkovii, has been practical on a large scale during recent times. The luminescent-bitumen method permits the determination of micro-concentrations of bituminous matter in rocks and the making of an estimate of the quantitative content and qu alitative composition. Also, very valuable is the possibi lity of detecting of fine distinctions in the composition of the oil of adjacent oi l beds of this or another deposit, which generally c ould not be ascertained by chemical analysis. By means of the luminescent method there is presented the possibility of solving exploration and geologic-structural problems. The first are solved by means of cor relation of stratigraphic horizons and oil beds. In the past the absence of a highly sensitive luminoscope of the field ty pe and of the necessary laboratory equipment for analysis of bitumen did not permit the use of this method directly in geologic al prospecting and geophysical field parties. Taking this int o account, a portable luminescent-bitumen laboratory of the field type was developed and produced in the institute ȼНИȽНИ; it consists of a luminoscope Л-4 and three suitcase type containers, in which are assembled the laboratory equi pment for luminescentcapillary and luminescent-bitumen analyses. See the figure. In the luminoscope Л−4 there are auxiliary devices; a daylight lamp reserved for the interior lighting of the luminoscope and survey of the specimen in daylight, and a socket 127/120 volts for connection of an outside light or hot plate necessary for preparati on of the specimen. See the figure. The luminoscope Л-4 is a box with two sections: a lower designed for conducting lumine scent-bitumen analysis, and an upper auxiliary - to house the main parts of the instrument. The lower section has a detachable front wall with two side openings with sl eeves. In it are located the source of the utltravi olet rays — a ЛPK-4 burner with color filter in a special housing, and also a ventilator an d daylight lamp. In the upper section is located all auxiliary, actuating, and cont rol-measuring apparatus; autotransformer ЛATP-1, throttle of the daylight lamp, condenser, measuring apparatus, and also safety fuses, change-over switches, cut-out switch of the ventilation motor, transition blocks (ɤɨɥɨɞɤа ), switches and knobs for ignition of the burner. The measuring apparat us, change-over switches, cut-out switches, and knobs are located on the front detachable panel, on which is als o exposed the levers (рɭɤɨяɬɤа ) of the autotransformer. The inclusion of the luminoscope in the circuit of feed is performed b y a junction with a cable set up on the back wall of the upper section.


ON the afternoon of February 29th, 1940, I was called to a provincial hospital to see a boy, aged 10, who two hours prior to my arrival had aspirated the metal end of an ever sharp pencil into the lung. X-ray examination proved that it was lodged in the left bronchus. The patient was in no distress but clinical signs pointing to obstruction of the bronchus were present. The only instruments available was a Briining's bronchoscope and forceps of rather antique design. I formed the erroneous opinion that these instruments would prove adequate. Under general anaesthesia the object was located in the left bronchus without any difficulty, its upper end lay about an inch and a half from the tracheal bifurcation. Although a perfectly clear view was obtained it was impossible to engage the foreign body in the forceps available.' I therefore decided to postpone the removal. Next day I went to London and brought back with me some Jackson's tubes and forceps, and also a long wire with a small " hook " at the end which Messrs. Meyer & Phelps manufactured for me in their workshop (see sketch). I had


Background: In May-July 2020 in the New York City area, up to 16% of pregnant women had reportedly been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Prior studies found associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and certain adverse outcomes (e.g., preterm birth, cesarean delivery). These studies relied on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing to establish SARS-CoV-2 infection. This led to overrepresentation of symptomatic or acutely ill cases in scientific studies. Objective: To expand our understanding of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes, regardless of symptomatology and stage of infection, by using serological tests to measure IgG antibody levels. Study Design: The Generation C Study is an ongoing prospective cohort study conducted at the Mount Sinai Health System. All pregnant women receiving obstetrical care at the Mount Sinai Hospital and Mount Sinai West Hospital from April 20, 2020 onwards are eligible for participation. For the current analysis, we included participants who had given birth to a liveborn singleton infant on or before August 15, 2020. Blood was drawn as part of routine clinical care; for each woman, we tested the latest sample available to establish seropositivity using a SARS-CoV-2 serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, RT-PCR testing was performed on a nasopharyngeal swab taken during labor and delivery. Pregnancy outcomes of interest (i.e., gestational age at delivery, birth weight, mode of delivery, Apgar score, ICU/NICU admission, and neonatal hospital length of stay) and covariates were extracted from electronic medical records. Among all Generation C participants who had given birth by August 15, 2020 (n=708), we established the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. Excluding women who tested RT-PCR positive at delivery, we conducted crude and adjusted linear and logistic regression models to compare antibody positive women without RT-PCR positivity at delivery with antibody negative women without RT-PCR positivity at delivery. We stratified analyses by race/ethnicity to examine potential effect modification. Results: The SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence based on IgG measurement was 16.4% (n=116, 95% CI 13.7-19.3). Twelve women (1.7%) were SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive at delivery (11 of these women were seropositive). Seropositive women were generally younger, more often Black or Hispanic, and more often had public insurance and higher pre-pregnancy BMI compared with seronegative women. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity without RT-PCR positivity at delivery was associated with decreased odds of caesarean delivery (aOR 0.48, 95%CI 0.27; 0.84) compared with seronegative women without RT-PCR positivity at delivery. Stratified by race/ethnicity, the association between seropositivity and decreased odds of caesarean delivery remained for non-Hispanic Black/African-American and Hispanic women, but not for non-Hispanic White women. No other pregnancy outcomes differed by seropositivity, overall or stratified by race/ethnicity. Conclusion: Seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 without RT-PCR positivity at delivery, suggesting that infection occurred earlier during pregnancy, was not associated with selected adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes among live births in a cohort sample of women from New York City. While non-Hispanic Black and Latina women in our cohort had a higher rate of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity compared with non-Hispanic White women, we found no increase in adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes among these groups due to infection.


This paper summarized the causes of sink mark and void in plastic product,and put forward the corresponding solutions including modification of the part geometry,gate location and size as well as processing parameters etc.It is also demonstrated how to find the optimal scheme and its parameters with Uniform Design method and simulation model with Moldflow software.This method has been testified succesuffully in many cases.The results show that the method can be effectively used to find better improvment plan.


This article investigates the robustness of strong structural controllability for linear time-invariant and linear time-varying directed networks with respect to structural perturbations, including edge deletions and additions. In this direction, we introduce a new construct referred to as a perfect graph associated with a network with a given set of control nodes. The tight upper bounds on the number of edges that can be added to, or removed from a network, while ensuring strong structural controllability, are then derived. Moreover, we obtain a characterization of critical edge sets, the maximal sets of edges whose any subset can be respectively added to or removed from a network while preserving strong structural controllability. In addition, procedures for combining networks to obtain strongly structurally controllable network of networks are proposed. Finally, controllability conditions are proposed for networks whose edge weights, as well as their structures, can vary over time.


Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) is one of the most important goals in LTE-Advanced Self-Organizing Networks (SON). Seamless handover in femtocell network is urgent and challenging, which has not been paid enough attention. Handover decision parameters, such as Time-To-Trigger (TTT), Hysteresis, Cell Individual Offset (CIO), have great effect on mobility performance, which may lead to Radio Link Failures (RLFs) and Unnecessary Handover. This letter proposes a handover parameters optimization approach based on Ant Colony Algorithm in the femtocell networks. The simulation result shows that the proposed scheme has a better performance than the fixed parameters method.


In this thesis several aspects of the solar atmosphere are investigated using numerical simulations. Simulations and observations of reversed solar granulation are compared. It is concluded that reversed granulation is a hydrodynamical process and is a consequence of convection reversal. Images are synthesized from simulations of solar magnetoconvection to study the quality of different proxy-magnetometry diagnostics. It is concluded that the blue wing of the Halpha line is the best proxy-magnetometry diagnostic, followed by the blue wing of Hbeta, which has slightly smaller contrast but higher diffraction-limited resolution. The effect of non-equilibrium ionization of hydrogen on the structure of the solar chromosphere is investigated. An algorithm for computation of non-equilibrium ionization is described, and is used in multi-dimensional numerical simulations of the solar atmosphere. It is concluded that the ionization fraction in the chromosphere is rather constant at about 0.1%-1% , irrespective of the gas temperature. Because the population of the lower level of the Halpha line is coupled to the continuum population, Halpha opacity is retained in cool parts of the model chromosphere. This is in stark contrast to models employing instantaneous equilibrium hydrogen ionization.


The renaturation of polyphenol oxidase from Tobacco denatured in 6 0 mol/L guanidine hydrochloride(GdnHCl) was investigated. In the absence of additives(s), the optimal renaturation conditions, with 63 36% of activity recovered, are as follows:1 5 mol/L GdnHCl, denaturation time 30 min, renaturation temperature 4 ℃ and enzyme concentration 1 5×10 -4 g/mL. 1 0 mol/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 showed a limited effect on the recovering of PPO activity. Using both 1 0 mol/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and 100 μmol/L CuSO 4 was the most effective method, and the renaturation system with both CTAB and β CD together showed a more favorable effect on the enzyme renaturation, than that with the single β CD.


As a professional verdict,handwriting verification is among the 7 legal evidences playing important role in judicatory.Its developmental tendency includes 6 aspects: 1.tendency of standardization;2.adoption of statistical analysis;3.tendency of microscopic verification;4.adoption of automatic handwriting verification by computer;5.adoption of analysis made by apparatus;6.verification of the exact time generating handwriting.


A closed-form expression for pulse broadening in graded-index fibres that have small and circularly symmetric, but otherwise arbitrary, deviations from a square-law, and arbitrary dn/dλ, is applied to germania-doped fibres. The range of validity of the theoretical expression is defined by comparison with the results of numerical integration.


India is a high bio-diversity country blessed with a vast array of wild species of flora and fauna. This large bio-diversity has survived for long, the pressures of time so far but new challenges have merged in the new millennium. The greatest challenge is the explosion of human and cattle population exerting, an unacceptable pressure on natural resources, principally fuelwood and fodder, which is poised to undermine all the natural systems and therefore wildlife also. The population explosion places an equally large and growing demand on water resources as well as arable land. Specific threats to conservation of wildlife come from habitat destruction, man-animal conflict and organised trade in products of wild species. Amelioration strategies which have worked so far, need a substantial change in strategy. The solution finally lies in the political will and a translation of that into new institutional mechanisms. It is not yet too late for that to happen but each passing day of inaction compounds the problem.


This paper presents improper use of latex-elastic ring in movement of teeth and its consequence. Simple orthodontic movement of teeth including closure of diastema may be achieved by the use of simple method with fixed or removable appliance associated with latex-elastic ring. But, if it is used alone, it acts as a local irritant and then produces localized periodontitis. In case of localized periodontitis resulting from latex-elastic ring, diagnosis is difficult because the patient is usually unaware of the presence of the rings on the roots of the involved teeth and because the ring is not probed and is radiolucent and therefore not discernible radiographically and clinically. Occasionally, surgery is requred for the detection. This case emphasizes the necessity that the use of latex-elastic ring in closing diastema should be accompanied with removable or fixed appliance as well as close professional supervision. Its use without adequate provision for stabilization or retention on the crowns of teeth results in destruction of periodontal support and the teeth may be lost.


Govind Kelkar and Dev Nathan. Witch Hunts: Culture Patriarchy and Structural Transformation (Cambridge University Press, 2020), 272 pages, ₹699. ISBN 9781108490511 (Hardback).


Qinling-Daba Mountain is the famous area frequently suffered from geological disasters in China.According to the geological survey on No.316 national road in the southern shaanxi province,basic situation of slope hazard is concluded to ascertain geological environment characteristics.It is shown that geological environment characteristics,including topography,geological structure,meteorology and hydrology,are benefical to the preparation of slope hazard.Based on the statistical data,four impact factors of slope hazard are studied in further and their dominance is obtained.At the same time,five deformation and failure patterns of the slope are concluded and analyzed in detail,for effective forecast and economical treatment of slope hazard.


In this paper we analyze the ground-state phase diagram of a class of fermionic Hamiltonians by looking at the fidelity of ground states corresponding to slightly different Hamiltonian parameters. The Hamiltonians under investigation can be considered as the variable range generalization of the fermionic Hamiltonian obtained by the Jordan-Wigner transformation of the $XY$ spin chain in a transverse magnetic field. Under periodic boundary conditions, the matrices of the problem become circulant and the models are exactly solvable. Their free-ends counterparts are instead analyzed numerically. In particular, we focus on the long-range model corresponding to a fully connected directed graph, providing asymptotic results in the thermodynamic limit, as well as the finite-size scaling analysis of the second-order quantum phase transitions of the system. A strict relation between fidelity and single particle spectrum is demonstrated, and a peculiar gapful transition due to the long-range nature of the coupling is found. A comparison between fidelity and another transition marker borrowed from quantum information, i.e., single site entanglement, is also considered.


e18508 Background: Image-based biomarkers play an increasing role in the assessment of response to therapy. The widely adopted Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (RECIST) mainly rely on th...


Japan has experienced a severe electricity shortfall since the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011 and the subsequent shutdown of nuclear power plants. Disruption to the supply-demand balance was especially severe in Tokyo and Tohoku in summer 2011, forcing the government to introduce mandatory rationing for large customers. Following intensive efforts, a reduction in demand of more than 15% compared with the 2010 level was achieved in these two regions. Surprisingly, most of the savings achieved in 2011 have persisted for almost four years. This paper examines the Japanese experience of saving electricity, based primarily on a detailed review of surveys of households and commercial and industrial customers we conducted each fall from 2011 to 2014. The paper analyzes major electricity-saving measures, energy users' perceptions and motivations, and trends from 2011 to 2014. The results show that the implementation rates of various electricity-saving measures are declining from the 2011 or 2012 levels, while the actual reduction in demand has remained at almost the same level. This seemingly paradoxical finding can be explained by the cumulative effect of replacing old equipment with newer, more efficient models and adopting new technology such as LED lighting.


Significant increases in remotely sensed vegetation indices in the northern latitudes since the 1980s have been detected and attributed at annual and growing season scales. However, we presently lack a systematic understanding of how vegetation responds to asymmetric seasonal environmental changes. In this study, we first investigated trends in the seasonal mean leaf area index (LAI) at northern latitudes (north of 30°N) between 1982 and 2009 using three remotely sensed long‐term LAI data sets. The most significant LAI increases occurred in summer (0.009 m2 m−2 year−1, p < .01), followed by autumn (0.005 m2 m−2 year−1, p < .01) and spring (0.003 m2 m−2 year−1, p < .01). We then quantified the contribution of elevating atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2), climate change, nitrogen deposition, and land cover change to seasonal LAI increases based on factorial simulations from 10 state‐of‐the‐art ecosystem models. Unlike previous studies that used multimodel ensemble mean (MME), we used the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) to optimize the integration of model ensemble. The optimally integrated ensemble LAI changes are significantly closer to the observed seasonal LAI changes than the traditional MME results. The BMA factorial simulations suggest that eCO2 provides the greatest contribution to increasing LAI trends in all seasons (0.003–0.007 m2 m−2 year−1), and is the main factor driving asymmetric seasonal LAI trends. Climate change controls the spatial pattern of seasonal LAI trends and dominates the increase in seasonal LAI in the northern high latitudes. The effects of nitrogen deposition and land use change are relatively small in all seasons (around 0.0002 m2 m−2 year−1 and 0.0001–0.001 m2 m−2 year−1, respectively). Our analysis of the seasonal LAI responses to the interactions between seasonal changes in environmental factors offers a new perspective on the response of global vegetation to environmental changes.


We revisit the overreaction hypothesis in the light of information effects. Using a sample period from 2005–2012 covering 2,542 large price changes in the German stock market, our results indicate that information effects can explain both overreaction and underreaction patterns. Specifically, we find that large positive price changes without public information signals are followed by short-term price reversals. In contrast, negative price shocks concurrent with a public announcement are associated by price continuations. The results are robust to size effects and sub-periods. Furthermore, we design a trading strategy to show that the observed return predictability could have been exploited for large negative price changes.


Cluster sampling and systematic sampling are described and their equations are provided. Real examples are given in order to show the applications of these types of samplings. Equations to estimate optimal sample sizes are also noted.


Currently the settlement calculation method of pile foundation could not be accurately reflected the actual settlement and the applicability of different methods is also different in different regions.Methods used in popular were analyzed and some projects were compared in Xi'an loess area,in which some reasonable proposals of settlement calculation in Xi'an loess area were put forward.


Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive adult brain cancer. Radiation therapy (RT) is a critical treatment modality, and development of RT resistance is the predominant cause of recurrence and mortality in GBM patients. Using cell line models as well as patient-derived xenografts and neurospheres in orthotopic brain tumor models, we have identified increased rates and dependence upon de novo purine biosynthesis as a hallmark of GBM RT resistance. More recently, we have discovered that radiation treatment acutely stimulates flux through de novo purine synthesis in cell line and neurosphere models of GBM. This RT-induced increase in de novo purine synthesis is dependent on signaling through the DNA damage response and thus appears to be an adaptive mechanism to supply purines to repair radiation-induced DNA damage. To determine whether this regulatory mechanism also exists in vivo, we have used advanced metabolomic and metabolic tracing techniques with 13C-labeled glucose and 15N-labeled glutamine in mice bearing RT-resistant GBM patient-derived orthotopic brain tumors. We found that that orthotopic GBM PDXs had elevated activity of de novo purine synthesis that increased further after RT, while normal cortex had little activity even after RT. These observations have therapeutic relevance, as targeting this metabolic pathway with the FDA-approved purine biosynthesis inhibitor mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) overcomes GBM radiation resistance in mouse models in vivo. The lack of de novo purine synthesis in normal cortex suggests that targeting this pathway may be tumor specific. Collectively our data suggest that de novo synthesis of purines mediates RT resistance in GBM and that treatment of brain tumors with MMF in combination with RT may be a promising therapeutic strategy in patients.


Nucleophilic substitution of 4-chloro-3-nitro-2-oxo-2H-chromen-2-one 3 by 6-chloro-7H-purin-2-ylamine (a), yielded the corresponding 4-(6-chloro-7H-purin-8-ylamino)-3-nitro-chromen-2-one 4. The chemical structure of synthesized compound was characterized using IR and NMR spectra, and elemental analyses. The purified synthesized compound 4 was tested at concentrations 1, 3, 5 mg/ml for its antibacterial activity against three bacterial cultures: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. The antibacterial activity of synthesized compound was compared to antibacterial activity of standard antibiotics cephalexine and streptomycin.


Saga is plant that has activity for cough and sprue. The previous experiment saga leaves showed that plant have function as antibactery. The purpose of the research was to know the comparison of variation CMC-Na and mannitol to physical characteristic of lozenges and to know comparison of concentration CMC-Na and mannitol therefore to get an optimum formula. Tablet were formulated use factorial design method with various concentration of CMC-Na and manitol (1%:10%;6%:10%; 1%:70% and 6%:70%) . Optimization of formulas was conducted by Design Expert progam 10.0.6 (trial). The parameter included were flow rate, the angel of repose, tapped density, uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, soluble time, and taste response. The data obtained optimum formula which then done verified and analysis using One sample T-Test at 95% confidence level. Variations in CMC-Na and manitol concentrations affect the physical properties of granul and tablets by increased the flow rate, decreased the angel of repose, decreased the angel of reposed, decreased the tapped density, decreased CV (%) uniformity of weights, increased the hardness, decreased the friability, prolonged the solubility time and The result showed that optimum formula of the tablet has obtained at a combination of 1% CMC-Na (120 mg) and mannitol 70% (1400 mg). Statistical tests showed no significant differences in the test parameters of flow rate, the angel of repose, tapped density hardness, and solubility so the data were valid. Significant differences are showed in the uniformity of weights and friability but the verification data on these parameters meets the requirements in the literature so that the optimization results were valid, while the taste response are significantly different, so the data is invalid.
Keyword: Lozenges, saga leaves, CMC-Na, manitol, factorial design


The work of McCarrisonI in the early part of this century on the etiology and pathogenesis of endemic goiter in the Himalayas-a classic endemic of great intensity and extent-has been a landmark in the history of this condition. It focused attention on etiologic factors other than environmental iodine deficiency and introduced the concept of goiter "noxa." Because of the remoteness of the affected areas, the Himalayan endemic continues till today in its etiologic purity, almost entirely uninfluenced by exogenous iodide supplies, thus providing an exceptional opportunity in geographic pathology, viz., to study the reaction of the thyroid to continued severe iodide deprivation. Follis2 has recently deplored the virtual absence of interest in the morphologic aspects of endemic goiter since the classic work of Marine,3 Aschoff 4 and McCarrison.5 A re-evaluation of the status of Himalayan endemic goiter is in progress in this department. With the aid of modern methods of chemical and tracer analysis, this endemic, contrary to earlier belief, has been shown to be caused primarily by environmental iodide deficiency of extreme severity.6 We describe in this paper the morphologic pattern of the thyroid observed in a series of medicolegal necropsies in a remote, intensely endemic area in the Himalayas. These observations are supplemented by those made on the thyroids of goats in that area. The pattern observed is compared with a series of human and goat thyroids obtained from a nonendemic area, an area of iodide abundance.


Let $G$ be a finite undirected multigraph with no self-loops. The Jacobian $\operatorname{Jac}(G)$ is a finite abelian group associated with $G$ whose cardinality is equal to the number of spanning trees of $G$. There are only a finite number of biconnected graphs $G$ such that the exponent of $\operatorname{Jac}(G)$ equals $2$ or $3$. The definition of a Jacobian can also be extended to regular matroids as a generalization of graphs. We prove that there are finitely many connected regular matroids $M$ such that $\operatorname{Jac}(M)$ has exponent $2$ and characterize all such matroids.