Issues of medical geography have lost much of the importance attributed to them in the era when we believed that each region's morbidity patterns were determined by its latitude and longitude, similarly to how these determined its ethnographic, zoological, and phytographic features. These ideas were facilitated by a notion of climate zones that was overly broad and thus poorly defined. Under the sway of such theoretical ideas and before truly scientific studies of each region had been conducted, it was thought that each climate had its own precisely defined pathology that was distinguished from others by clearly defined boundaries. These prejudices regarding pathology were largely due to the lack of a clear notion of etiology based on the insufficient knowledge at that time and the absence of comparative clinical studies, which medical travelers in a hurry were unable to perform. Presently, a better understanding of etiology and hygiene has dispelled misconceptions and reduced the question to its true terms. It is now recognized that all diseases are cosmopolitan in nature or at least adapt themselves easily to any region or location where the conditions necessary for their development are present. There is hardly any disease that has not been observed both in the North and in the South, both in the West and in the East. There is no region in the world that has a unique claim to a particular disease, and there is no disease that cannot be eradicated from wherever it makes its home through modern hygienic measures. Cholera and the plague illustrate the truth of the first statement. Yellow fever and malaria prove the second. What we find, at times, are clinical variations, the complex result of the morbid intensity and the individuals' resistance, hygienic defenses, and therapeutic countermeasures, a set of conditions in which climatic factors may well play a partial role but never a direct or a mediate role. This is a general observation and is not intended as an invalidation of every particular fact, as yet unknown or arising from different interpretations, that could be posed in objection to it. To productively undertake our study, it is necessary to have a precise notion of what is meant by a tropical climate. Jules Rochard was careful to warn us that any classification of climates is arbitrary. His classification is no exception, though it has nevertheless been adopted by most public health specialists. The thermal criteria adopted are open to serious objections. It is always true that mean temperatures are similar to off-the-rack clothes: none fits perfectly. The reality, as we know, is that there is virtually no such thing as a zonal climate or a regional climate: climates are, above all, local in nature. Nevertheless, because it is convenient to group local climates under the general heading of climate zones whose characteristics are well defined and known by popular convention, we declare that we are making our comparisons based on documents from countries located between the isotherms of þ20 north and þ20 south of the equator. With regard to nervous and mental pathologies, as with any other type, it is no overstatement to say that, based on our observation, there is no such thing as a climate-related mental disease or, more specifically, that no form of pathology is observed in hot climates that has not also been observed by neuropsychiatrists in other climates. This statement is based on both our own experience and the experience of our colleagues in various regions around the world. A careful reading of notes and clinical communications, which are sparse in the medical journals of various countries, shows us that they do not contradict our own observation. The observations of Mu~ noz (1866) and Gustavo L opez (1891) in Cuba, Niven (apud van Brero) in


We theoretically study ferromagnetic (FM) fluctuations that are experimentally observed in the heavily overdoped region of cuprate superconductors. To explore the origin of FM fluctuations, we evaluate the spin susceptibilities of a single-band Hubbard model within the fluctuation exchange approximation. Model parameters are derived using the Wannierization technique and the constrained random phase approximation method based on the maximally localized Wannier functions. The constrained random phase approximation calculations reveal that the on-site Coulomb interaction decreases with an increase in hole doping. By taking this reduction of the on-site Coulomb interaction into account, the emergence of FM fluctuations in heavily overdoped cuprates can be explained.


143. Hepatitis Background . The VA Healthcare System is one of the largest hepatitis C care pro- viders in the nation. The goal of treatment is to achieve a sustained virologic response (SVR). Previous SVR rates at the NJ VA facility with pegylated interferon-based ther- apy was 30% in mono-infected and <10% in co-infected population. Use of fi rst degree HCV protease inhibitor Boceprevir, increased SVR to 50%, however dropout rate was >35% due to intolerance. With the newest DAAs now available with relatively few side effects, we examined our early data on tolerance and success. Methods . Records of treatment and patient characteristics from June 2014 to May 2015 were examined via chart review. Parameters included indirect markers of fi brosis (HCV FibroSure test) HCV genotype, HIV status, treatment naive/experienced. Regimens used included Sofosbuvir/Ribavirin [1], Sofosbuvir/Simeprevir/Ribavirin [2], Harvoni [3],andHarvoni/Ribavirin[4].Pt ' sstartedonViekiraandViekira+Ribavirin were not included for 12 week SVR data is still pending. Results . 132 patients have been treated with the above mentioned regimens. Only one patient discontinued treatment after 4 weeks due to side effects of treatment. Forty-two percent (N=55) of patients have completed therapy. SVR data is available on 21 patients, with the majority being treatment naive, mono-infected, GT 1(a/b) and with cirrhosis (F4 Fibrosure). 90%


Survival of the newborn is a matter of national importance. The discrepancy between our birth rate and that of some other nations makes it so. It is imperative that we make every effort to compensate for our low birth rate by keeping infant mortality at a minimum. Studies conducted by public health workers, research undertaken by physicians, new concepts in nursing techniques, and improvement in the design, equipment, and personnel of hospitals have all helped to prevent neonatal mortality, but much remains to be done. It has been said 1 that improved hospital care alone can reduce the annual death rate among premature infants by 20,000. This is a challenge that must be and has been accepted by hospitals. As community organizations, hospitals must bear a fair share of the task of prevention of neonatal deaths. Theoretically, hospitals provide the facilities to assist physicians and nurses in practicing their arts


The nitro oxidizer can bring about deals of NO X waste gases. The methods for controlling NO X waste gases include chemical adsorption, membrane separation, catalytic decomposition, high energy irradiation, freezing and adsorption. In order to further understand the various methods, this paper analyses the differences of every method and the field of application. Meanwhile the origin, component and strength of the waste gases, the expenses, the effect must be consider comprehensively in order to select the optimum method.


Background:Changes in sexual satisfaction and sexual activity are often reported by cardiac patients, although factors influencing sexual adjustment are not well established. Knowledge of risk and protective factors can guide nurses in addressing physical and psychological needs of patients. Objectives:We examined predictors of sexual self-perception and adjustment in a cross section of cardiac patients. Methods:A nonexperimental, descriptive survey design was used to examine overall sexual self-perception and adjustment, sexual anxiety, sexual depression, sexual satisfaction, sexual self-efficacy, sexual activity, selected demographic factors, and 20 cardiac and noncardiac comorbidities using a mailed survey with a broad sampling of cardiac patients (n = 128). Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t tests, and regression analysis. Results:Fewer cardiac conditions and being sexually active were significant predictors of sexual self-perception and adjustment. Participants with hypertension reported more sexual depression; those with myocardial infarction had higher scores for both sexual anxiety and depression, and greater sexual anxiety occurred for those with peripheral artery leg bypass. Discussion:Positive sexual self-perception and adjustment are linked to sexual activity and fewer cardiac problems. This finding can be used to inform decisions about initiating sexual counseling.


The utility model discloses a multi-angle adjustable automatic bone-holding reductor. The multi-angle adjustable automatic bone-holding reductor is composed of two grasping tongs which are symmetrically arranged from front to back, a universal adjusting supporting mechanism, a tong opening adjusting mechanism, a longitudinal shaft adjusting mechanism, etc. A tong opening is a double-connecting type eight-shaped tong opening. The multi-angle adjustable automatic bone-holding reductor has equal fore and aft stress, strong engagement force, good stability, and convenient and simple operation. The multi-angle adjustable automatic bone-holding reductor not only can be suitable for common fracture of transversal breaking, etc., but also can be suitable for the tong holding and fixing of complicated fracture of comminuted and multiple subsection, etc. The labor intensity of operation doctors can be effectively lightened.


The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has endured a long, difficult and brutal chapter in its 52year history of independence, including one of the most brutal wars Africa has witnessed to date. The aim of this article is to consider the various challenges that continued to severely undermine the DRC's successful transition to peace, which has been constantly threatened with a possible return to full-scale war. In fact the country potentially faces the unsettling prospect of becoming a society that is neither at war, but also neither at genuine peace. The first section of the article briefly probes this potentially troubling new dynamic of no war, no peace and its potential to severely challenge efforts at successful conflict mediation in Africa. The rest of the contribution will explore the extent to which the DRC has oscillated between war and painstaking attempts at securing peace and the factors that have contributed to this troubling dynamic and situation. Introduction The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has endured a long, difficult and brutal chapter in its 52-year history of independence, characterized by chaos, turmoil, instability, violence, conflict and one of the most brutal wars Africa has witnessed to date. It is regrettably a chapter that has defied a satisfactory and peaceful conclusion. As the country prepared to celebrate its 50th anniversary of independence on 30 June 2010 from erstwhile colonial power Belgium, there was a real danger that the 'politics of forgetting' could once again set in – forgetting that this vast country is nowhere near being 'at peace' with itself and the rest of the Great Lakes Region. The country had accumulated a history of protracted violence, with little or no shared experience of genuine peace to offset these negative interactions. Throughout its various incarnations, as the Congo Free State (1885-1908), the Belgian Congo (1908-1960), the Congo Republic (19601 Paper Presented at the Inaugural Southern African 'Oasis of Peace' Project Conference on Mediation and Peacemaking held in Lusaka, Zambia, 23-25 September 2011. Southern African Peace and Security Studies 1(1) 44 1971), Zaire (1971-1997) and finally the Democratic Republic of the Congo (since 1997), a consistent feature of the country's political landscape has been conflict and violent confrontation. 'The Congo War is with us and it could last for two, four or even ten years' 2 Africa, according to Frantz Fanon's now infamous dictum, is in the shape of a pistol, and Congo is the trigger. This has proven all-too alarmingly true, given the grave turmoil and instability the Congo has both produced and experienced since independence. At the turn of the twenty-first century, Congo had become the veritable epicentre of conflict in Africa, with the involvement of six neighbouring armies and four internal ones (Young 2002). The signing of the Lusaka Accords, on 10 July 1999, provided a brief respite from conflict and war, yet did not translate into a sustainable solution for peace. Few combatants actually wanted peace to thrive, as they had too much invested in the perpetuation of the conflict. Despite resuscitating the peace process following the assassination of Laurent Kabila in 2001, Joseph Kabila was faced with two factions – those who supported a revival of the peace and those who were opposed to it (and determined to ultimately see it thwarted). Dunn correctly observes that Laurent Kabila is not solely to blame for the disastrous effects of the war, as the failure to achieve a peaceful, productive post-Mobutu order is not only a failure of an individual (or a result of the foreign occupation of the country) but also the failure of an undigested political past (Dunn 2002: 71). It is sometimes also easy to forget that this tragedy – dubbed 'Africa's World War' in the newly proclaimed Democratic Republic of the Congo led to the deaths of a staggering 3.8 million people from the very short period of 1998 to 2004 (Turner 2008: 2). It was further suggested during this period that more than 31,000 civilians continued to die every month as a result of the conflict. In 2002, Refugees International had warned of a 'slow-motion holocaust' unfolding in eastern Congo. By 2003, the International Rescue Committee asserted that more people had been killed in Congo than in any war since the Second World War. Turner in his seminal work also refers to 'half a holocaust' in an attempt to describe the events that had unfolded in the country during this devastating period, while other observers likened events to 'two tsunamis in Congo every year' (Turner 2008). The DRC continues to face many challenges that could still undo the achievements of the fragile transition. The aim of this brief article is to consider the various challenges that continued to severely undermine the DRC's successful transition to peace, which has been constantly threatened with a possible return to full-scale war. In fact the country potentially faces the unsettling prospect of becoming a society that is neither at war, but also neither at genuine peace either. The first section of the article briefly probes this potentially troubling new dynamic of no war, no peace and its potential to severely challenge efforts at successful conflict mediation in 2 Statement by Modeste Rutabahirwa, Charge d'Affaire, Rwandan Embassy in Paris quoted in La Croix, September 18, 1998, in response to assessments that the war would end pretty soon.


This conclusion has been a long time in the making. A British study in 1840 observed that "gentlemen" in London lived, on the average, twice as long as "labourers." Starting in 1911, British death certificates have been coded for social class based on occupation. (In the U.S., death certificates are coded for race or ethnicity without reference to class or occupation.) The British database of deaths coded by class has allowed many studies, which have shown consistently that lower social status is associated with early death.


This study aims to investigate the development of an Electrical Circuit Model (ECM) that represents the behavior of a PEM fuel cell system. The ECM parameters are identified based on sets of impedance data obtained by using a characterization process known as Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The measured impedance is fitted to an ECM using a nonlinear least-square fitting method. The proposed ECM is able to represent the effect of the compressor. The proposed model is validated using a commercial fuel cell power module. In general, such model representation is useful for analyzing the effects of the operating conditions on the fuel cell performance, efficiency and durability.


home or leisure accident in the Netherlands every year. Of these, 1500 die as a result, 27,000 are admitted to hospital and 61,000 are treated at a hospital Accident and Emergency Department (A&E). Another 110,000 senior citizens are treated by their GP following an accident. A&E figures show that the number of injuries per 100,000 people increases rapidly with age: the incidence among 65year olds is 2700; at 75 this has risen to 3400 and at 85 to no less than 6800. Almost two-thirds of all these accidents occur in the victim's own home, or in its immediate vicinity. The vast majority (80%) are falls, which often result in serious injuries – usually including one or more fractures. In the elderly these heal slowly, and many older people suffer permanently as a result of repeated hip and pelvic fractures. The annual national medical bill for these falls amounts to more than NLG 675 million, and they place an increasing burden upon those close to the victim (voluntary carers) as well as upon the already stretched (local) health service. Accidents represent a direct threat to the ability of the elderly to look after themselves. They restrict independence and mobility, either temporarily or permanently. This makes them a significant factor in social isolation – all the more so because such experiences make people fearful and insecure. Combined with the rapid increase in the elderly population – their numbers are expected to grow by 40% over the next 20 years – the rise in incidence with age makes accidents affecting older people a more and more critical social issue. Until now, though, very little has been done to tackle the problem structurally.


The paper discussed the occurance regularity,transmission route,harm condition and countermeasures of red spider in Rosa.The control work was proposed in future.


In recent years, fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs) have been viewed as powerful mathematical tools for describing ample phenomena in various scientific disciplines and have been extensively researched. In this article, the hybrid explicit group (HEG) method and the modified hybrid explicit group (MHEG) method are proposed to solve the 2D advection-diffusion problem involving fractional-order derivative of Caputo-type in the temporal direction. The considered problem models transport processes occurring in real-world complex systems. The hybrid grouping methods are developed based upon a Laplace transformation technique with a pair of explicit group finite difference approximations constructed on different grid spacings. The proposed methods are beneficial in reducing the computational burden resulting from the nonlocality of fractional-order differential operator. The theoretical investigation of stability and convergence properties is conducted by utilizing the matrix norm analysis. The improved performance of the proposed methods against a recent competitive method in terms of central processing unit (CPU) time, iterations number and computational cost is illustrated by several numerical experiments.


Traffic jams interfere with the drivers and cost billions of dollars per year and lead to a substantial increase in fuel consumption. In order to avoid such problems the paper describes the algorithms for traffic management in intelligent transportation system, which collects traffic information in real time and is able to detect and manage congestion on the basis of this information. The results show that the proposed algorithms reduce the average travel time, emissions and fuel consumption. In particular, travel time has decreased by about 23%, the average fuel consumption of 9%, and the average emission of 10%.


Optimal power flow is the highly constrained, nonlinear and non-convex optimization problem of power system. This present paper proposed metaheuristic Passing Vehicle Search algorithm for the solution of different Optimal Power flow problems. Proposed approach examined on IEEE 30 bus test system for different objective function like fuel cost, active and reactive power losses. The proposed PVS algorithm approach discovers the optimal setting of control variables for proposed objective function with satisfying their equality and inequality constraints. To check the quality and effectiveness of proposed approach its compared with some well-known metaheuristic optimization techniques which were reported in the literature.


Background: The unfolded protein response (UPR) influences cellular differentiation and function. Results: UPR-inducing agents enhance the differentiation of definitive endoderm cells from mouse ESCs. Inhibition of the UPR prevents the specific differentiation. Conclusion: The UPR is required for the formation of definitive endoderm cells. Significance: This study identifies a new molecular mechanism that interconnects the UPR and cell fate decisions in early embryonic development. Tremendous efforts have been made to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that control the specification of definitive endoderm cell fate in gene knockout mouse models and ES cell (ESC) differentiation models. However, the impact of the unfolded protein response (UPR), because of the stress of the endoplasmic reticulum on endodermal specification, is not well addressed. We employed UPR-inducing agents, thapsigargin and tunicamycin, in vitro to induce endodermal differentiation of mouse ESCs. Apart from the endodermal specification of ESCs, Western blotting demonstrated the enhanced phosphorylation of Smad2 and nuclear translocation of β-catenin in ESC-derived cells. The inclusion of the endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid to the induction cultures prevented the differentiation of ESCs into definitive endodermal cells even when Activin A was supplemented. Also, the addition of the TGF-β inhibitor SB431542 and the Wnt/β-catenin antagonist IWP-2 negated the endodermal differentiation of ESCs mediated by thapsigargin and tunicamycin. These data suggest that the activation of the UPR appears to orchestrate the induction of the definitive endodermal cell fate of ESCs via both the Smad2 and β-catenin signaling pathways. The prospective regulatory machinery may be helpful for directing ESCs to differentiate into definitive endodermal cells for cellular therapy in the future.


We give two algorithmic procedures to compute the whole set of almost symmetric numerical semigroups with fixed Frobenius number and type, and the whole set of almost symmetric numerical semigroups with fixed Frobenius number. Our algorithms allow to compute the whole set of almost symmetric numerical semigroups with fixed Frobenius number with similar or even higher efficiency that the known ones. They have been implemented in the GAP [The GAP Group, GAP — Groups, Algorithms and Programming, Version 4.8.6; 2016, https://www.gap-system.org ] package NumericalSgps [M. Delgado and P. A. García-Sánchez and J. Morais, "numericalsgps": A GAP package on numerical semigroups, https://github.com/gap-packages/numericalsgps ].


The controller is provided for braking a wheel of the vehicle controls. The controller comprises a friction brake is connected to a first and a second connection to the motor / generator, a plurality of sensors connected to the third, and the fuzzy logic module. The motor / generator is configured to drive the wheel drive mode, and a regenerative braking mode, the wheel brake. Operating parameters of the vehicle sensed by the plurality of sensors sense. Fuzzy logic module is configured to determine the stability of the vehicle and the wheel based on data from multiple sensors. Fuzzy logic-based distribution system between the vehicle wheel and the stability of the motor in a regenerative braking mode of operation / generator and the friction brake force.


This study aimed to understand the complexity of community knowledge brokering through a case study of the work practices and information management processes of a community recruitment and education officer within Breast Screen Tasmania (BST). More specifically, this research aimed to produce a set of design principles and guidelines for the development of mobile information technologies to support and enhance the practices and processes involved in brokering knowledge into a community. Critically, attention was paid to usually unacknowledged second-order effects of existing technologies within the environment as these technologies might add complexity to information management rather than reducing complexity.


Abstract A survey of competitive fishing activities in Canadian and U. S. jurisdictions was conducted during the summer-autumn of 2000 and the winter of 2001. Responses to a survey involving 10 questions were received from all 62 state, provincial, and territorial agencies contacted. Respondents reported 19,371 events and we estimate that over 25,000 competitive fishing events were held in 2000. Several social and biological issues associated with competitive fishing activities were reported. Social issues included congestion at access points, safety concerns, and conflicts with non-tournament anglers. Biological issues included increased fishing pressure, initial and delayed mortality, impacts of fish relocation, and the potential transfer of exotic species. There has been an increase in the development of policies and regulations associated with competitive fishing since the last survey was conducted in 1989 and it appears that more are being planned for the future. Approximately one-half of all North A...


For protease‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR‐2), a G protein‐coupled receptor for trypsin, intracellular signal transductions are hardly understood. We identified interacting partners of human PAR‐2. For Jun activation domain‐binding protein 1 (Jab1), the interaction was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Multiple intracellular domains of PAR‐2 are required for interaction. Agonist stimulation of PAR‐2 disrupted the interaction and induced redistribution of Jab1, which could be prevented by inhibition of receptor endocytosis. Furthermore, Jab1 mediated PAR‐2‐induced c‐Jun activation, which was followed by increased activation of AP‐1. Thus, Jab1 is an important effector that mediates a novel signal transduction pathway for PAR‐2‐dependent gene expression. We also characterized coated vesicle membrane proteins of p24 family as PAR‐2‐interacting protein. p24A members are colocalized with intracellular PAR‐2 at Golgi stores. Activation of PAR‐2 resulted in protein dissociation of p24A from PAR‐2 at a time, when the intracellular receptor was sorted to the plasma membrane for resensitization. p24A members trap PAR‐2 at the Golgi apparatus, which is essential for the intracellular PAR‐2 pool formation. The interaction also assists PAR‐2 receptor resensitization and sorting to the plasma membrane. This might explain the molecular mechanism underlying post‐Golgi transport of GPCRs to the plasma membrane. (DFG)


Various secondary structure models have been proposed for 5.8 S rRM. In this paper HeLa cell 5.8 S rRNA0is shown to possess several sites that are reactive to carbodiimide at 250, and other regions that are unreactive. Previous work has established the distribution of reactive and unreactive cytidine residues along the primary structure (11). The secondary structure model of Nazar et al. (7) is fully compatible with the chemical reactivity data whereas other models are partly incompatible. We conclude that the model of Nazar et al. provides the best approximation so far available to the conformation of isolated 5.8 S rRNA. Findings on the effect of temperature on the chemical reactivity of different parts of the structure are sum2prized. The findings described in this paper should provide a basis for examining the specific interaction of 5.8 S rRNA with 28 S ZRNA. IN IRODUCTION Eukaryotic 5.8 S rRNA exists in the ribosome in the form of a specific complex with 28 S rRN (1-3). The complex survives deproteinization by phenol, but is dissociated by treatments which disrupt hydrogen bonds (1-3). Detailed understanding of the interaction of 5.8 S rRNA with 28 S rRNA requires knowledge of possible secondary structure interactions within 5.8 S rRNA itself. This follows from the fact that 5.8 S rRENA is transcribed before 28 S rRN in the ribosomal transcription unit (3-6). Therefore during ribosome formation there is a short interval during which the 28 S sequence is unavailable for interaction. It is almost certain that internal secondary structure forms in the 5.8 S sequence during this period. Therefore during the subsequent interaction with 28 S rRENA such internal structure must be either utilized or modified. Nazar et al. (7) determined the nucleotide sequence of a mammalian (rat hepatoma) 5.8 S rEWN and proposed a secondary structure. Other secondary structures for 5.8 S rRNA have also been proposed (8-10). We C) IRL Pres Umited, 1 Falconberg Court, LondonW1V 5FG, U.K. Volufme 8 Number 19 1980 4521 Nucleic Acids Research Nucleic Acids Research have described the reaction of specific cytidine residues in HeLa cell 5.8 S rRNA with sodium bisulphite (11). The distribution of reactive and unreactive cytidines along the primary structure was in good agreement with the secondary structure model of Nazar et al. (7). Here we describe the reaction of 5.8 S rENA with l-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide, hereafter called carbodiimide. The findings provide further data on the chemical reactivity of 5.8 S rRNA, including information on a number of sites which were inaccessible to analysis using bisulphite. on the basis of the chemical reactivity data the model of Nazar et al. appears to be the best approximation to the secondary structure of the molecule in its isolated form (i.e. detached from 28 S rRNA). We also briefly describe changes in susceptibility of 5.8 S rRNA to chemical modification as a functiDn of temperature. METHODS Growth and labelling of cells BeLa cells, grown in modified Eagle's medium, were labelled with Pi as described (12) except that the actinomycin 'chase' step wag omitted. Cytoplasmic RNA was isolated by phenol extraction as described (3). 5.8 S rRNA was obtained as in ref. 3 and was purified by rerunning on a 10-25% sucrose gradient (11). Chemical Modification of 5.8 S rRNA (a) Carbodiimide 1 jg of P labelled 5.8 S rRNA (1 x 106 c.p.m.) with 20 jig of unlabelled "carrier" 18 S rRNA were dissolved in water and lyophilized prior to modification. The reaction mixture (total volume 50 jl) contained this RNA with 10 mg/ml carbodiimide dissolved in 0.02 M tris HCl, 10 mM MgCl2 at pa 8.9. Incubations were carried out in sealed capillary tubes. In the main experiments incubation was at 250. A 16 hr reaction period, followed by fingerprinting, revealed extensive reactivity in several sequences and little or none in others. A 16 hr incubation 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ period was therefore used for detailed analysis of reactivity at 25° At 370 and 50 the reaction periods were reduced to 6 hrs. and 2 hr (see results and discussion). Reactions were halted by adding one fifth volume of 0.85 M NaCl and 2.5 volumes of ethanol followed by storage at -200. The ENA was precipitated twice, divided into suitable aliquots and lyophilized prior to fingerprinting. (b) Sodium bisulphite 5.8 S rRNA (1-10 jig) was reacted with 3 M NaHS03, pH 6.0 in the presence of lo mM MgCl2 for 9 hr at 370 or 6 hr at


Strengthening rural land transfer market and achieving land scale management is the objective requirement of promoting modern agriculture development.The current situation of rural land transfer and existed problems in rural land transfer market were analyzed.Moreover,suggestions for strengthening rural land transfer market were put forward.


Abstract : Quantitative limitations of the CH-47 helicopter performing terrain flying with external loads have been developed using a fully coupled total force and moment simulation math model of the helicopter and external load. Load sway motion and susceptibility to pilot induced oscillations in night/instrument meteorological conditions were identified as the prime source of these limitations. Masking considerations were determined for various external load configurations, including an 8x8x20-foot MILVAN and a 155mm howitzer. Incorporation of load stabilization (AAELSS), coupled with a shortened sling suspension or a Self-Hoisting Cargo Interface Device, offers the best potential for alleviating the limits identified, while providing improved masking requirements and reductions in pilot workload. In addition, the levels of maneuverability possible with the present state-of-the-art visionic systems (including FLIR and NVG) were defined for terrain flying during night operations.


In a nursing section for 54 senile, demented inpatients for the period of 3 months, a casual worker committed homicide in 11 cases and attempted homicide in 16 cases by peroral application of lye- and parachlorcresol-containing disinfectants. Autopsies had been performed in nearly all of the fatal cases without detection of the true causes of death. The fatal intoxications could be verified through reexamination of the lung slides and through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the formalin-fixed tissue specimens.


The Kansas Applied Remote Sensing (KARS) Program of the Kansas Biological Survey (KBS) is developing a publicly available multi-seasonal statewide Landsat 7 data archive of Kansas. This opportunity became available for two reasons: a reduced cost in Landsat satellite imagery and the ability to freely distribute the data to the public. The archive will consist of precision rectified spring, summer, and fall Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery in formats easily accessible to end users. Each rectified scene is being subset to create a database tiled by county allowing end users to quickly and easily display their area of interest. Each county will have 15 (3 dates, 5 products) images/maps. This satellite archive will offer educational and research opportunities to government and non-government entities and individuals and enables state agencies to conduct statewide assessments. The Landsat 7 Imagery Archive also will address a variety of policies and programs identified in the Kansas State Water Plan (SWP), including identifying relationships between surface water quality and land use, identification and inventory of agricultural land use types that contribute to non-point source pollution, and providing current information about the location of structures and infrastructure that lie in the floodplain. This database will also be the basis for making


Woloch does a fine job of uniting personal events in the lives of women with the larger movements and issues. She begins with the colonial period and Mary Rowlandson's description of her captivity among the Indians-a remarkable account not only for details of lifein captivity but its insight into the lives of colonial women. Next Woloch explores the revolutionary epoch through the lips Book Reviews Review and Expositor


Different methodology have been shown to produce different results for Markstein length and laminar burning velocity of methane-air mixture.This study attempts to determine the aforesaid parameters using the newly developed closed vessel combustion chamber with Schlieren photography. Markstein length and burning rate of methane-air mixture was determined under the initial pressure of 1 atm, temperature range of 298-302K and equivalence ratio range of 0.7-1.3. Experiments were performed in a centrally ignited 29.16L cylindrical constant volume combustion chamber. Ignition energy was set at 25mJ for each experiment. The images of spherically expanding flame were recorded using Schlieren photography technique at a speed of 2000 frame per second. Analysis of the flame area yield flame radii from which the flame speed and stretch rate could be obtained. These parameters would allow the determination of Markstein length and burning rate of the flame. Results show that Markstein length magnitude increases proportionally with equivalence ratio with a magnitude ranging from 0.125cm to 0.245cm. Maximum burning rate occurs at equivalence ratio of 1.1 with a magnitude of 0.366 m/s. Flame of each equivalence ratio also exhibits fluctuation arising from acoustic disturbance. This disturbance becomes more apparent at higher equivalence ratio.


In this paper, we propose and justify a spline-collocation method with first-order splines for approximate solution of nonlinear hypersingular integral equations of Prandtl's type. We obtained the estimates of the convergence rate and the method error. The constructed computational scheme includes a continuous method for solving nonlinear operator equations, which is stable for perturbations of the coefficients and the right-hand sides of equations.


This study aims to analyze government communication during the Covid-19 pandemic through social media. This study uses qualitative methods and secondary data obtained through documentation techniques. The unit of analysis for this research is the official social media accounts and websites of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Communication and Informatics, and the Covid-19 Task Force. The findings show that in the 2019-2020 pandemic, the government is experiencing stuttering and has not been able to carry out crisis communication properly through official social media, even though it already had regulations on crisis communication and management in disaster management. In the 2020-2021, the implementation of crisis communication through official social media can be seen with the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) model which integrates risk communication and crisis communication. Three communication indicators in social media have high scores: be right, be capable, and promote action. Meanwhile, 3 communication indicators in social media have low scores: be first, be emphatic, show respect. This shows that communication indicators related to the community are still lacking compared to communication indicators related to the government. Government apparatus must understand the operational level, not only the conceptual level.


After defining what raised-line drawings are, describing their differential features with respect to other tangible graphics and their complementary utilities to braille, a critical evaluation is made taking into consideration both the factors that limit their effectiveness (the empty half of the barrel) and the factor that promote it (the full half of the barrel). At the end, this paper aims to specifying how to make a productive usage of this kind of material.


Purpose: We study the impact of health care service quality on health facility choice and health outcomes in Malawi.
Originality: One of the key determinants of health outcomes in low income countries is the accessibility to health service. Previous studies have examined the association between health outcomes and the supply of health services. This study contributes to the existing literature by investigating the association between the demand for health service and the quality of health service. We also discuss the construction of the health care service quality measures.
Methodology: We used Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) 2015 and Malawi Service Provision Assessment (MSPA) 2013-2014 to examine the effect by using OLS regressions.
Result: We created health care service quality measures to represent infrastructure quality, medical supplies quality and health facility management quality in order to examine the impact of these quality measures on the demand for health services and health outcomes. We find that people who live closer to health facilities with high quality are more likely to utilize health services. However, we do not find significant evidences that healthcare quality is associated with positive health outcomes.
Conclusions and Implication: Although we empirically showed that health care service quality in Malawi has significant impact on the demand for health services, it is not translated into positive health outcomes. We further need to investigate why health service quality is not related to health outcomes in the context of a developing countries.


The methods of design digital filter have been studied in detail.A novel transform derived according to the basic differential equation.The approach has been used to design IIR digital filters in comparison the bilinear transform,the results show that the method is simple and efficient,and it can be implemented by circuit.


Extended follow-up of participants in the "DCCT" trial showed that, in type 1 diabetes, aiming for near-physiological blood glucose concentrations from the start of therapy reduces the risk of diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular complications and renal impairment.


This work presents a new approach for simulating the random waves in viscous fluids and the associated bottom shear stresses. By generating the incident random waves in a numerical wave flume and solving the unsteady two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and the fully nonlinear free surface boundary conditions for the fluid flows in the flume, the viscous flows and laminar bottom shear stresses induced by random waves are determined. The deterministic spectral amplitude method implemented by use of the fast Fourier transform algorithm was adopted to generate the incident random waves. The accuracy of the numerical scheme is confirmed by comparing the predicted wave spectrum with the target spectrum and by comparing the numerical transfer function between the shear stress and the surface elevation with the theoretical transfer function. The maximum bottom shear stress caused by random waves, computed by this wave model, is compared with that obtained by Myrhaug's model (1995). The transfer function method is also employed to determine the maximum shear stress, and is proved accurate.


Respiratory depression is a hallmark of opiate overdose and is mediated by activation of μ‐opioid receptors (MORs) to suppress the drive for breathing. Agonist binding to MOR can preferentially activate Gi or β‐arrestin‐2 (β‐arr2) signaling. Although a large body of literature suggests that activation of the β‐arr2 pathway is involved with respiratory depression, emerging evidence has challenged this perspective. This raises the question of whether the development of biased agonist opiates is valuable for mitigating adverse respiratory side effects. The preBötzinger complex (preBötC) is area in the respiratory network expressing MORs and is responsible for inspiratory rhythm generation. This ongoing study examines the role of MORs biased agonism on opioid modulation of rhythmogenesis in the preBötC. Extracellular population recordings were made in preBötC slices prepared from wildtype mice and β‐arr2 knock out mice (β‐arr2−/−). No differences were observed between genotypes in the degree of inhibition caused by the opiate agonist DAMGO. Additionally, no differences were observed with Endmorphin‐2 application, an opioid receptor agonist biased for β‐arr2 signaling. These findings indicate that β‐arr2 signaling in the preBötC is not responsible for the inhibition of rhythmogenesis caused by activation of MORs. Thus, developing biased agonist opiates to mitigate depressive respiratory side effects may not be an effective strategy.


I N EUROPEAN CULTURE THERE ARE TWO great strains, the one line going back to classical Greece and Rome and the other to the local cultures of medieval Europe. Regional or national or vernacular cultures have managed to survive despite the dominance of the Greco-Roman strain in the West, especially since the Renaissance when the social hierarchy which dictated matters of taste and cultural direction placed the culture of Greece and Rome in domineering ascendancy over the national cultures of Europe. The cultural dictates of the Renaissance established a hegemony which was hostile to anything local or regional. Even when the nationalist-oriented Reformation occurred in the Western Church, the cultural inheritance of Rome survived in Protestant countries as much as in ones which remained Catholic. The classic example of the cultural schizophrenia which resulted is Dr. Johnson in the 18th century attempting to fit the fullness of Shakespeare's English genius into the squares of the Renaissance notion of classical dramatic unities. Dr. Johnson loved Shakespeare yet was committed to a cultural regime which saw Shakespeare's "native woodnotes wild" as barbarous. It was not until the 19th-century romantic and French Revolutions overthrew the supremacist ideology of the Renaissance that Swedes, Germans, Hungarians, Irishmen and Englishmen began to discover the excellence of their own national cultures. But the intervening centuries had done great psychological damage to the self-esteem of vernacular cultures.


The Spanish Law of Historical Memory, passed in 2007, is an important milestone in addressing several issues that have remained unresolved since the death of Franco, 32 years earlier. The law calls for, among other important provisions,1 the removal of all Francoist symbols from public buildings and spaces. Franco was highly visible in the public sphere, using his own images to legitimise his rule, not unlike other dictators, contemporaneous or historical. But, what makes Franco's case so interesting, is that he remained present in the public sphere for decades after his death, due to a 'pact of silence' that Spanish society agreed upon at the time of transition to democracy. In Giles Tremlett's words:


Alloxan is known for chemical induction of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) through selective damage of β- cells of pancreas, thereby inducing hyperglycemic state in experimental animals. Adult male wistar rats were used as experimental models. Diabetes was induced by injecting alloxan monohydrate at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight for three days daily. The physical parameters like body weight showed a significant decline whereas there was a rise in food consumption and water intake of the experimental animals. The blood parameters like blood glucose, SGPT, SGOT, and LDH and creatinine levels showed an increase. Blood glucose, LDH and creatinine showed a statistically significant result. However, SGPT and SGOT were statistically insignificant. The study indicates that physical and blood serum parameters might serve as a good indicator for the study of physiology and effects in alloxan induced diabetic rats.


Licensing and certification procedures in public administration are complex processes in which it is rarely possible to complete the necessary steps in a logical order. Things are complicated further by having to handle numerous applications simultaneously. MAGY supports not only the various activities needed for clear process planning and control, but also scheduling and progress monitoring.


Abstract A method for the extraction of thorium and cerium, using tri-n-octyl amine (TOA) as the extractant, is described. A 5% solution of TOA extracts these ions from a 0.1 M succinic acid solution, adjusted to pH 6–7. The extracted species is [(RNH+)2M (C4H4O3)3 −2


The nomenclature of the syndrome type of Zangfu was a work any time in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine. Its accuracy was directly related to the success or failure of the therapeutic effect. Three rules of the nomenclature of the syndrome type of Zangfu were summed up through reading 300 kinds of ancient books of Chinese medicine. They were extracting syndrome factors around the main symptoms, simplifying and concentrating the syndrome name through taking or ruling out the syndrome factors, determining the degree according to the specific condition with flexible words. Learning the experiences of the ancient physicians maybe helpful in raising the level of Zangfu differentiation of symptoms and signs and clinical therapeutic effect


We present a new hyperspectral imaging system for the long wave infrared (LWIR) based on a tunable first-order Fabry-Perot Scanning Spectrometer (FPSS). The FPSS operates over 8 O 12 micrometers with a spectral resolution of 1% of the wavelength. The FPSS has a 22 degree field of view and a spatial resolution of 0.11 degrees. The key components of the FPSS system are the collection optics, a tunable Fabry-Perot etalon, optical position sensors, a closed-loop positioning system, an uncooled microbolometer focal plane array, a digital frame grabber card, and a user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI).


The article deals with the main statistical data about population, economic branches of the river Haraa in Mongolia and environmental situation in this region


In Formal Concept Analysis it is very important to study fast algorithms to compute concept lattices. This paper introduces an algorithm on the multiadjoint concept lattice framework, in order to compute the whole concept lattice. This fuzzy framework is very general and provides more flexibility in relational systems. This has been theoretically studied and, now, we need an algorithm to compute the concept lattice for each frame and context.


e18036 Background: Significant disparities exist across the head and neck cancer (HNC) care continuum in presentation, treatment, and survival. Along with demographic factors such as race or ethnicity, tumor-specific molecular signatures may play a role in these differences. In the United States, the current body of literature mainly highlights molecular contrasts between Black and White patients. Here, we further investigate the molecular profiles of Black and White patients with HNC and add to the literature by comparing additional racial/ethnic groups in a large, real-world cohort. Methods: De-identified records of patients with a primary diagnosis of HNC who underwent Tempus xT testing (Tempus Labs, Chicago, IL) were selected from the Tempus Database. Those with squamous cell histology and self-reported race were selected for retrospective analysis. Briefly, Tempus xT is a targeted, tumor/normal-matched panel that detects single-nucleotide variants, insertions and/or deletions, and copy number variants in 648 genes, as well as chromosomal rearrangements in 22 genes with high sensitivity and specificity. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was calculated by dividing the number of nonsynonymous mutations by the megabase size of the panel. Results: Among the 749 patients included, most identified as Non-Hispanic/Latino (NHL) White (n = 570), while 62 identified as NHL Black, 44 as NHL Asian/Pacific Islander (API), 21 as NHL of other races, and 52 as Hispanic/Latino of any race. Age at diagnosis differed between races ( P= 0.009). Oral cavity was the most common subsite in our cohort (N = 306, 41%). TMB also differed among races ( P= 0.018), with Black patients demonstrating the highest TMB (median = 4.6 mut/Mb [3.0-6.2]) and API the lowest (median = 2.3 mut/Mb [1.5-4.2]). Black patients had higher proportions of TP53 (76%), KMT2D (24%), and CTTN (15%) alterations (not significant across races). There were differences in the frequencies of OR4G11P (q = 0.031) and OR4F5 (q = 0.014) aberrations between races, with Black patients showing the highest frequencies (16% and 15%, respectively). The API population demonstrated higher frequencies of RASA1 (16%), MTAP (11%), CDKN2B (32%), and ERCC3 (11%) mutations (not significant across races). Additionally, there were differences in TERT mutations between races (q = 0.01), with API harboring the highest proportion of TERT co-mutations (52%). Conclusions: Overall, these results demonstrate that molecular profiles are heterogeneous across multiple racial/ethnic groups. Many of the alterations described here have been previously associated with outcomes in HNC. Accordingly, future investigations should aim to understand the effects of the activated pathways for clinical utility and investigate biomarkers to drive individualized treatment plans that result in equitable care.


From food security to the right to food. Food security and food safety: a preliminary distinction. How to implement the right to food. Challenging the realisation of the right to food. Legal adjudication of the right to food in practice. Which remedies are applied to right to food violations? Final reflections on realising food as a human right.


A particular consequence of the famous Carleson–Hunt theorem is that the Taylor series expansion of a bounded holomorphic function on the open unit disk converges almost every-whereontheboundary,whereasonsinglepointstheconvergencemayfail.Incontrast,Bayart, Konyagin,andQueffélecconstructedanexampleofanordinaryDirichletseries (cid:2) a n n − s , which on the open right half-plane [ Re > 0 ] converges pointwise to a bounded holomorphic function—but diverges at each point of the imaginary line, although its limit function extends continuously to the closed right half plane. Inspired by a result of M. Riesz, we study the boundary behavior of holomorphic functions f on the right half-plane which for some (cid:2) ≥ 0 satisfy the growth condition | f ( s ) | = O (( 1 + | s | ) (cid:2) ) and are generated by some Riesz germ, i.e., there is a frequency λ = (λ n ) and a λ -Dirichlet series (cid:2) a n e − λ n s such that on some open subset of [ Re > 0 ] and for some m ≥ 0 the function f coincides with the pointwise limit (as x → ∞ ) of so-called (λ, m ) -Riesz means (cid:2) λ n < x a n e − λ n s (cid:3) 1 − λ n x (cid:4) m , x > 0 . Our main results present criteria for pointwise and uniform Riesz summability of such functions on the boundary line [ Re = 0 ] , which include conditions that are motivated by classics like the Dini-test or the principle of localization.


This article aims to verify the concept of "culture of vigilance" recently proposed by Arndt Brendecke and Paola Molino in Napoleonic Italy, a context traditionally interpreted in the light of surveillance paradigms. What emerges from the case study of the "capi contrada" established in Vicenza in 1806 is that the Napoleonic police were ultimately compelled to resort to requesting help from individuals belonging to the local communities they wanted to monitor. The "capi contrada" soon became one of the primary sources of information for urban law enforcement. Nevertheless, this collaboration remained strictly tied to the self-interest of the "capi". This kind of "inter-hierarchical"position was not limited to Vicenza, as analogous positions existed in several other cities of the Kingdom of Italy. Thanks to this case study, it is possible to recast the development of state-driven surveillance as one of the many cultures of vigilance that coexisted in Italy at the beginning of the nineteenth century.


If the tourism industry lose the ethnic traditional culture,then the tourism which known as the"sunrise industry"will be a"sunset industry."How to discover and use the ethnic traditional culture in the tourism industry is the key.The values and the roles of the minority traditional culture should be further explored and developed to make the tourism industry into an ecological industry.


Inability to find and manage an extra canal (s) is an important cause forfailure of root canal treatment. So, for effective and successful endodontic therapy, root canal morphology and variations should be considered. The purpose of this case report is to present a case of a 58-year-old Saudi male patient with anatomical variations in permanent maxillary left canine in which there is an additional canal (type II of Vertucci classification) was located and treated.


Historically, agencies have relied on tape storage, but that trend is gradually fading because it does not offer the accessibility and cost benefits that agencies require. Fortunately, the backup a...


Preschoolers' integrated technology usage was examined related to cognitive and visual spatial functioning. The sample consisted of 502 typically developing preschool children. Parent/caregiver reports of children's television viewing and digital technology usage, and WPPSI-IV intelligence scale scores and Visual Spatial Composite scores were examined. The preschoolers' screen time was also compared to a previous sample to look for changes in television viewing patterns over time. The results provide evidence of the interaction between digital media usage and visual spatial abilities. Preschoolers with higher reported digital media usage had lower WPPSI-IV Visual Spatial Composite scores and Full Scale IQ scores. Television viewing patterns have remained the same over time, but usage of technological devices has increased. Lower SES, and historically disadvantaged populations have greater usage time overall. Lower maternal education levels were also linked to higher usage. Practical implications for prevention, early intervention, education and policy are discussed.


While mobile computing provides organizations with many information systems implementation alternatives, it is often difficult to predict the potential benefits, limitations, and problems with mobile applications. Given the inherent portability of mobile devices, many design and use issues can arise which do not exist with desktop systems. While many existing rules of thumb for design of stationary systems apply to mobile systems, many new ones emerge. Issues such as the security and privacy of information take on new dimensions, and potential conflicts can develop when a single mobile device serves both personal and business needs. This paper identifies potential issues and problems with the use of mobile information systems by examining both personal and organizational perspectives of mobile devices and applications. It provides a set of guidelines that can assist organizations in making decisions about the design and implementation of mobile technologies and applications in organizations.


In this paper,the temperature field and temperature strain of cement concrete airport pavement are measured in situ.Then the distribution of Temperature field and temperature strain are suggested.Finally the measured temperature stress is compared with calculated temperature stress to verified theory calculated resalts.


Not all cutting materials can be used under hazardous atmospheres which can be found, for instance in coal mines. Certainly, this rock is brittle and amongst the different cutting materials, it is possible to use sintered high speed steels (HSS) for disc cutters. Their lower cost and better ductility compared to cemented carbides are advantages in considering their use for cutting applications. This article shows the characteristics of two high speed steels (T15 and M2) with 10% carbide additions (Me = Cr, Mo, Ti, W or V) sintered at 1180~ in a nitrogen base atmosphere for 30 minutes in order to evaluate this manufacturing process as an alternative to vacuum sintering, and the influence of carbide addition. In addition to mechanical properties (hardness and flexural strength) and wear behaviour, the microstmcture and evaluation of incenditivity to cause explosion due to mechanical sparks were also tested under several hazardous atmospheres. A method for testing the potential of different materials to ignite hazardous gas has been developed based on rock-on-material friction behaviour in a rotating-wheel test rig.


This paper examines the influence of variations in outpatient clinic control structure on physicians' perception of conflict in three teaching and three community hospital pediatric clinics. In previous work, professional control has been equated with autonomy, or freedom from hierarchical direction. Defining control as freedom to direct clinic policies and staff, the authors found: (1) higher levels of both physician and total staff control in community than in teaching hospital clinics; (2) higher levels of control associated with lower levels of conflict; (3) no relationship between physician autonomy and either the independent or dependent variables. It is suggested that control facilitates the staff coordination that is essential to patient care in ambulatory clinics, and that community hospital clinics provide a more favorable environment for the exercise of control by clinic staff.


This paper is an analysis of some of the conflicts found in one particular type of research and development organization — a large, high-prestige, full-capability, weapons development laboratory maintained by the U. S. Navy. The conflict situations, which are "unanticipated consequences" (or less important consequences) of bureaucratic decisions, are organized in terms of type of conflict as follows: 1) conflicts between "economy" and the achievement of technical objectives; 2) conflicts arising from the incongruence of subsystem objectives; 3) conflicts of the "sacred-cow" variety; 4) conflicts between headquarters objectives and field-activity objectives; 5) conflicts which involve the loyalties of specialized managers and directors of support activities; 6) conflicts which result from the attempt to unify a research "team" while keeping military elements of the team visible and separate; and 7) conflicts between productivity objectives and creativity objectives. Four recommendations are made for reducing the amount of conflict in military laboratories of the future: 1) increase the scope of authority of the individual project manager; 2) redefine the role of the military personnel in field laboratories, de-emphasizing their support and base-maintenance functions and increasing their tactical and strategic input to the laboratories; 3) transfer some of the functions currently performed in the headquarters (bureaus) to the field-activity level; and 4) modify certain elements in the more traditional organizational structure to implement recommendations 1), 2), and 3).


Background : The purpose of this study was to understand general attitudes of physicians toward hospital quality improvement activities who have been members of QA committee in 32 Korean university hospitals. Methods : A postal survey about opinions of hospital quality improvement activities and desirable policy directions was sent to 328 QA committee member physicians. The questionnaires were composed of 48 items. In total 152 physicians responded to this survey(response rate: 49.3%). This study was carried out from January to February 1996. Results : Most physicians(97.5%) recognized the necessity of hospital QA activities. The most dominant supporting reason for quality activities was to improve clinical outcome. Two thirds of physicians regarded their own hospital activities for quality improvement as inactive. They considered that the obstacles were too little concern(33.6%), unclear objectives(28.9%), lack of human resources(14.3%), and insufficient education and training for quality improvement(10.1%). The most favoring policy among respondents was to give health care providers economic incentives. Provision of education and training for implementing quality improvement was the next to it. Physicians revealed their preferences for professional society, government, health insurance societies, consumer groups, hospital labor unions, and mass media in sequence as sponsoring agencies for hospital accreditation program. Conclusion : These study suggested that the concrete means for motivating physicians and promoting constructive partnership among related parties should be developed in order to activate current hospital quality activities in Korea.


Bound states of a composite system consisting of a charged spin‐0 and a charged spin‐ 1/2 constituent interacting via minimal electrodynamics are investigated using the Bethe–Salpeter equation in the ladder approximation (single photon exchange). Although the interaction involves derivative couplings, in the limit that the four‐momentum is zero, it is possible to solve the integral equation by performing a Wick rotation and employing a method due to Fock. The eigenvalue spectrum of the coupling constant is found to be discrete.


The training of professional degree postgraduates in universities of applied sciences is essential in meeting the needs of industry and society. However, there are challenges, such as structural unemployment and poor quality of application-oriented higher education, which can be addressed through university–industry collaboration. This study investigates the perceptions of professional degree postgraduates towards university–industry collaboration and identifies the areas of dissatisfaction. The findings show that postgraduates have a high degree of recognition of university–industry collaboration, but the main dissatisfaction lies in the alignment between enterprise practice and professional learning. To enhance the quality of training, universities should prioritize practice-oriented approaches that emphasize engineering practice throughout the entire training process, optimize the university–industry collaboration mechanism, and strengthen the construction of "double supervisor" faculties. These strategies can comprehensively enhance the training quality of professional degree postgraduates in universities of applied sciences, and ultimately improve their employability and contribution to society.


[Abstract] Accurate prediction of taxi-times on the airport surface is a key component of the collaborative decision making (CDM) concept of operations for efficient management of airport resources. The benefits of improved accuracy in predicted taxi-times are better gate management and reduced arrival and departure delays. This research supports the development of a predictive tool for the estimation of the arrival time at the gate for an aircraft when it is on its final approach, including estimation of threshold crossing time and on-ground taxi-time. Initial model development for Detroit Wayne County International (DTW) Airport predicts taxi-time from taxi-paths and conditioning factors identified from analysis of surface surveillance data. This work demonstrates the feasibility of automatic identification of taxi-paths from surveillance data, with application to taxi-route conformance monitoring. Development of a rule set for selection of arrival taxipaths (wheels-down to ramp area) shows that it is possible to predict taxi-time with a standard error of 1.67 minutes, based on eight dates of data in May 2006. Conditioning factors used to develop the rule set include arrival runway, ramp destination, aircraft type, and taxi-path.


An experience of limited knowledge regarding adult individuals' road to knowledge was thepremise for this study. Today's educations are often based on lectures, which above all leadsto assimilative learning, in other words superficial learning where the individual lacks anunderstanding of the knowledge. Pedagogy is a concept that, to a wide extent, is used whenlearning is the goal, no matter who is learning. A curriculum based on pedagogy, however,aims to teach children, and can often be found inappropriate when teaching adults. Andragogyis the concept of adult learning, based on the idea that adults are independent individuals, whothemselves need to take the step towards learning something new. The andragogy modelpresents the conditions required when an adult individual is to retain new knowledge on adeeper lever –achieve full comprehension. This level of learning is called accommodativelearning.The purpose of this examination was to establish, whether the process-managers of theManagement-program at Landstinget Dalarna based their leadership and curriculum onandragogy, in order to appropriate an accommodative learning within Landstinget Dalarna'sManagement-program, or not.This was a deductive case study, in which the qualitative method of observation was used tocollect data. The process-managers of the Management-program were observed and filmedwith a video camera during one of the four parts of an introductory level course.Two areas that have been examined theoretically are leadership and curriculum, as they areassumed to influence learning in adults both collectively and individually. The processmanagerstook, to a wide extent, each adult individual's needs into consideration, inaccordance with the andragogy model. They promoted –through their leadership andcurriculum– a great environment, according the participants the opportunity to appropriate anaccommodative learning. Their approach to teaching is based on the idea that all humanshave, in addition to feelings and relationships, the same basic needs. They use a curriculumwhere the participants are involved, have the opportunity to exchange experiences, and reflecton these experiences, which is what the andragogy model, to achieve an accommodativelearning, advocates.


Epibenthic distributions at depths of 11, 17, and 23 m in nearshore Lake Michigan were investigated by sampling the sediments and water column on a monthly basis from May to November 1977. The taxa with a greater portion of the population occurring in/near the sediments than in the water column were Acanthocyclops vernalis, cyclopoid copepodids IV-V, and Eurytemora affinis. The taxa occurring mostly in the water column were early stage cyclopoids (nauplii and copepodids I-III) and Bosmina longirostris. For all epibenthic taxa except nauplii, abundances in/near the sediments declined as water depth increased; total mean densities at the 11, 17, and 23 m depths were 13,300; 3,500; and 1,500/m2, respectively. In contrast, abundances in the water column did not decline with increased depth; total mean densities at the three depths were 15,300; 17,000; and 14,400/m3. Based on concentrations in the sediments and vertical distributions in the water column, many taxa were more aggregated near the bottom in spring/early summer than later in the year. This coincided with the occurence of a fine layer of detritus over the sandy sediments at this time. Nighttime dispersal off the bottom into the water column was less apparent in spring/early summer than in midsummer. Our findings suggest that in any quantitative study of microcrustaceans in nearshore areas of the Great Lakes, the sediments as well as the water column must be considered.


With the continuous development of e-commerce,online shopping penetration rate is greatly improved,more and more young people became a consumer in the online,which living in the household appliances to activities,such as SF"Hey"community shop has become a dark horse in the electric business in a new mode of operation of the electricity supplier.The O2O(Online to Offline)model of convenience store brings new shocks and challenges to the traditional convenience store.Through the analysis of the comparison between O2 Omodel convenience stores and the traditional convenience store,with the Heike store as an example,analyzes the advantages and existing problems of the current community O2 O convenience store,this paper puts forward a kind of"new-style"and gives a series of relative management suggestions from several aspects of the O2 O model,and then provides direction for the future.


This study examines the influence of ambient vertical wind shear on microburst intensity, asymmetry, and translation. Results show that microburst asymmetry is influenced by the magnitude of the low-level ambient vertical shear. The microburst outflow elongates in the direction of the shear vector (which is not necessarily in the direction of translation), and generates the greatest hazard (for commercial jet transports) along paths orthogonal to the shear vector. The model results also show that the asymmetry increases with increasing shear magnitude. One implication of these results concerns the detection of a microburst by a ground-based doppler systems. These systems may underestimate the hazard for landing and departing aircraft that are on trajectories orthogonal to both the sensor beam and shear vector, especially if the magnitude of the shear is large. Another implication is that microburst are more likely to be asymmetrical in regions (seasons) where there is climatologically a significant low-level shear. The model results also show that the rotor microbursts and severe wind damage can be a product of the microburst interaction with strong ambient wind shear.


There is a growing interest in the use of renewable energy sources to power fog networks in order to mitigate the detrimental effects of conventional energy production. However, renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, are by nature unstable in their availability and capacity. The dynamics of energy supply hence impose new challenges for network planning and resource management. In this paper, the sustainable performance of a fog node powered by renewable energy sources is studied. We develop a generic analytical model to study the energy sustainability of fog nodes powered by renewable energy sources, by generalizing the leaky bucket model to shape and police traffic source for rate-based congestion control in high-speed fog networks. Based on the closed-form solutions of energy buffer analysis, i.e., the energy depletion probability and mean energy length, we study the energy sustainability in two special but real-happening scenarios. The experimental results show that with proper design the leaky bucket model effectively reflects the energy sustainability of data traffic in fog networks. Numerical results also reveal that the model performance is sensitive to certain traffic source characteristics in fog networks.


: background: Awareness campaigns are considered to be among effective means in addres-sing tobacco use, though less effective than tax/price increases, smoke-free policies, and advertising ban measures. We aimed to estimate whether a higher knowledge about tobacco-related harm was associated with the intention to quit smoking in Ukraine at a baseline level in 2005, when no tobacco control legislation was yet adopted. methods: The data from a cross-sectional survey of the Ukrainian population aged 15 and over, conducted in June 2005, was used. Of 2,239 collected questionnaires a sub-sample of 787 smo kers was analyzed. outcome measure was the expressed willingness to quit smoking. The determinants were state ments regarding tobacco-related knowledge or wide spread myths. SPSS 15.0 was used for the binary logistic regression analysis. results: The level of knowledge was higher in more educated respondents, women, and in those living in the Eastern region of Ukraine. The willingness to quit was higher in younger age groups, men, those married, people with a low level of material welfare, and in occasional smokers. Respondents willing to quit gave more correct knowledge answers; however, those were mostly about linking smoking to particular diseases, while pure knowledge was not associated with the intent to quit. conclusions: Many smoking-and-health statements in smokers are rather proxies for willingness to quit than real determinants of the intention to quit. Implications: smoking-and-health information campaigns are not a cost-effective tobacco control measure in a country with limited resources.


Despite the fact that it has taken a long time for construction industry to enter the information era, information technologies significantly changed and still changes the way professionals in building and construction (BC) industry work. Consequently, construction industry is in relatively early phase of adopting web-based technology, even though the web has already moved deep into its second phase. The Internet today is not only the source of information, but also the way people do business. During the recent years, a phenomenon of Web 2.0 attracted a lot of attention not only in the Internet, but also in business community. It is considered as a next step and a major evolution of the traditional web from both technological and social perspective. This paper presents the concepts, trends and technologies which can affect the way how construction industry currently works and the key reasons why the AEC community should seriously consider the shift towards the next generation of the web. User scenario of the future is presented, most promising technologies are outlined and key predictions for the future are presented.


The aim is to check, through a meta-analysis, the impact of morphological awareness training on writing, reading, comprehension and vocabular...


The subject of this article is about study and realisation of a tight hybrid filter for vehicle positioning in dense urban area. In our approach we fused the measurements coming from the sensors in a hybrid filter at the pseudo-ranges level. The proposed filter combines the "observables" (measurements) of phase and code of a GPS receiver with the measurements of an odometer and a gyrometer. We describe in this article the design of the fusion filter inspired of the distributed "track to track" Kalman filter architecture. In our approach the pseudo-ranges predictions, construct with the phase measurements of the GPS and the dead-reckoning measurements system, are fused. The fused predictions are them corrected with the GPS code measurements of the pseudo-ranges. We use the classical snapshot least squares estimation technique to calculate the position with the estimated pseudo-ranges. We present in this article different simulations results obtained in a real dense urban context. We show that the tight hybrid filter we propose gives a location at least as precise as the classical loosely coupled hybrid filter. This result is obtained for a number of satellites lower than four and various values of the HDOP (horizontal dilution off precision)


This study intends to investigate whether stock returns affect the consumer sentiment. In particular, socially responsible companies are incorporated in the sample in order to capture the specification of socially responsible investors. For this reason, the University of Michigan Consumer Confidence Index is used as a proxy for consumer confidence, while data from Dow Jones Sustainability Index US is employed as a proxy for socially responsible companies for the period 1999-2016. The generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model applied and illustrated that stock returns affect positively the consumer confidence. The result has important implications for investors and policy makers.


Introduction: Many asthmatics complain of worsening respiratory symptoms during periods of stress.This study evaluated the relationship among asthma symptoms, lung physiology, inflammatory parametersand perceived cognitive stress and quality of life in healthy adult students. This relationship was assessedat two time points: a time of normal activity and at a time of cognitive stress during academic examinations.
Methods: Subjects attended the University of Alberta Hospital for a screening visit, which included aclinical exam, spirometry, methacholine challenge, allergen skin tests to assess atopy status and MiniInternational Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Eligible subjects returned for a low stress visit (LSV) atleast 14 days prior to an exam and a high stress visit (HSV) within 24 hours of an exam. Spirometry, andmethacholine challenge were performed during both LSV and HSV along with the collection of urine (testedfor cortisol), and the administration of 4 questionnaires to assess perceived stress and quality of life.
Results: Subjects showed no significant change in psychosocial or quality of life questionnaires betweenLSV and HSV. No significant change was noted in lung function or urine cortisol. There was an unexpectedhigh rate of pre-existing psychiatric comorbidities in this population (based on the MINI screen failure rate).Conclusion: We did not find a significant change in quality of life, psychosocial wellbeing or pulmonaryfunction or inflammation, measured by urine cortisol, during a high stress period. The high rate ofcomorbidities would be important to consider as part of evaluation used in clinical asthma studies in the future.


In this paper we give a bound on the unknotting number of a knot whose quasitoric braid representation is of type (3,q).


Abstract We consider the detection of multiple change-points for ρ-mixing sequence. A CUSUM-type method is proposed to estimate the multiple mean change-points and the strong consistency of the multiple mean change-point estimation is proved when the number of change-point is known. Furthermore, we establish the strong convergence rate of this change-point estimation under mild conditions and simulations of multiple change-point detection are also presented.


Introduction: It is commonly believed that there is deterioration of one grade of mobility with fracture neck of femur in elderly population. Several studies have been published in literature regarding outcome after operative management of fractures of proximal femur, but none of these focus on deterioration of mobility or its grades after the surgery.

Methods: A prospective pilot study of 50 consecutive patients with fracture neck of femur, who presented to the department were included in the study. Mobility and mortality was assessed at 6weeks and I year post operatively. We used a grading system of mobility with grades from I – VI, where grade I means fully independently mobile and grade VI stands for a bed ridden patient.

Results: Results showed that deterioration of mobility grade was much worse then conventionally thought. Out of 20 patients who were independently mobile without any aid preoperatively, only 5 patients were capable of walking with a stick. The overall mortality at 1 year post-op. was 40%. Patient's age, residential status, MMS, ASA grade, preoperative mobility and mobility at 6weeks showed good prediction of post operative mortality in these patients.

Conclusion: Contrary to common belief much severe mobility deterioration was seen in patients following fracture neck of femur in elderly patients. Thus, deterioration of mobility becomes a very important factor to be considered in planning the management of these patients.


Shuttering for use in casting a slab/beam 13 over a substrate 5 comprises a surface 1 for supporting the cast material and a support structure comprising walls 2, 3 which, in use, is located on the substrate to support the surface 1 above the substrate. Following casting, a predetermined heaving movement of the substrate (5) causes the walls (2, 3) to break up leaving a void between the substrate and the cast slab/beam.


Phenomena of street vendors development in urban functional spaces often bring about polemics. One of them is in around of dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang City. Bring controlling and structuring of street vendors often to do but the street vendors return to at first located. From the mean problem, therefore was made compulsory study about street vendors locating characteristic. The study can be the first step to structuring of street vendors.
The topics of this research include of street vendors profile characteristic, consumers profile characteristic, perception consumers about street vendors existence and street vendors locating characteristic


Use of 1/3‐octave filters for noise analysis can give a misleading estimate of the actual spectrum, if the latter is steeply sloping. The present paper offers a simple procedure for estimating the true sloping spectrum in such cases. The results enable 1/3‐octave data from a broadband source—such as aircraft jet noise—to be more accurately extrapolated to different distances and atmospheric conditions.


Agent for psoriasis Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory skin lesions/plaques that are often painful and can be debilitating. Although milder forms of psoriasis can often be effectively treated with topical corticosteroids and other topically applied agents, moderate to severe forms of the disease often require systemic therapy or phototherapy. Advances in the treatment of psoriasis have included the use of medications that have immunosuppressive activity such as methotrexate; cyclosporine; alefacept (Amevive), which interferes with T-cell activation; and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists etanercept (Enbrel), adalimumab (Humira), and infliximab (Remicade). Interleukin (IL)-12 and -23 are naturally occurring proteins that are involved in the psoriatic inflammatory process by activating natural killer cells and T-cells. Ustekinumab (Stelara—Centocor Ortho Biotech) is a human monoclonal antibody that is the first medication to selectively bind to these cytokines. It binds with high affinity to the p40 protein subunit of IL-12 and -23, thereby preventing them from binding with their respective receptors and resulting in a decreased inflammatory response. The new drug is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderate or severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for phototherapy or systemic therapy. The efficacy of ustekinumab was demonstrated in two placebo-controlled studies in which approximately 70% of the patients treated with the drug experienced at least a 75% reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score (PASI 75) after two doses compared with less than 5% of those receiving placebo. In one of these studies, patients were evaluated for a longer period and approximately 90% of the patients having an initial reduction in PASI score of at least 75% maintained this response through 1 year of treatment. In a study in which ustekinumab was compared with etanercept, 68% and 74% of patients treated with 45 and 90 mg ustekinumab dosages, respectively, experienced at least a 75% reduction in PASI score compared with 57% of the patients treated with etanercept. Of the patients who did not have a response to etanercept, almost 50% had at least a 75% reduction in PASI score within 12 weeks following subsequent treatment with ustekinumab. The risks and adverse events associated with the use of ustekinumab are generally similar to those of the TNF antagonists. Of greatest concern is the potential for serious infection, and treatment with ustekinumab should not be initiated in patients with a clinically important active infection. If a serious infection develops during treatment, treatment with ustekinumab should be suspended until the infection is adequately treated or resolves. Patients should be evaluated for the presence of a tuberculosis (TB) infection before initiating treatment with ustekinumab. The drug should not be used in patients with active TB, and if latent TB is identified, antitubercular treatment should be initiated before administering ustekinumab. Individuals who have a genetic deficiency of IL-12 and -23 are at greater risk of disseminated infections caused by mycobacteria, salmonella, and Bacillus CalmetteGuerin (BCG) vaccinations. Whether patients experiencing inhibition of these ILs as a result of ustekinumab treatment will be more vulnerable to these infections is not known. However, it is recommended that BCG vaccines not be administered during treatment with ustekinumab or for 1 year before initiating treatment or 1 year following discontinuation of treatment. Before initiating treatment with ustekinumab, patients should have already received the immunizations recommended by current guidelines, and they should not receive live vaccines during treatment. Like other medications that exhibit an immunosuppressant action, ustekinumab may increase the risk of malignancies. The safety of its use in patients who have a known malignancy or a history of malignancy has not been evaluated. In the clinical studies with ustekinumab, which included more than 3,500 patients, one patient developed reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). Treatment was discontinued, and the patient fully recovered with appropriate management. If neurologic or other manifestations suggestive of RPLS occur in patients treated with the new drug, therapy should be discontinued. The adverse events experienced most often in the clinical studies with ustekinumab include nasopharyngitis (7%), headache (5%), upper respiratory tract infection (4%), and fatigue (3%). As with all biological therapies, a concern exists regarding immunogenicity. Because ustekinumab has such a long half-life and its presence in the blood interferes with the antibody assay, many of the test results were inconclusive. Of the approximately 2,000 patients screened, less than 5% had positive antibody results, indicating a low risk of immunogenicity. Ustekinumab is classified in Pregnancy Category B and should only be


Different theories have been proposed as to the original causes of Myopia. These include heavy literary work, heredity, eye strain as well as some kinds of illumination and the habits of sleeping. Other theories have proven negative. Since the end of World War II the percentage of myopic students has increased with a present percentage of 15%. This includes the upper class student of primary schools, 28% and over for all junior high school students, 39% and over for all senior high school students, 50% and over for all college and university students.Recently physical examination data has been obtained which had been continued all through the war. This data contrasted with nation wide statistical data of physical examinations collected by the Dept. of Education enabled examination of each raw regression coefficient and the standard regression coefficient of the transition of Myopia. This was divided into the three periods of Prewar-Wartime and Postwar. The result was a mutual relationship between an annual change and occurrence in Prewar days as well as Wartime. It showed from -0.37 to -1.00 standard regression coefficient except for primary school students in agricultural districts. This tendency was especially remarkable regarding junior high school students upwards.On the contrary, in Postwar days the mutual relation reveals from 0.74 to 0.99 in remore locations the occurrence rate is decreasing in recent years.In view of these findings it has been concluded that Myopia conditions can be attributed to reading and studying habits rather than a nourishment or illumination situation.


The definition of power balance in the distribution network is given The results of calculations of commercial losses of electricity on a network of 10 kV Topkinsky area. The criteria for comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of the transfer feeder electrical energy is proposed.


Abstract : A method is known for obtaining polyacrylamide by polymerization of acrylamide in a water-alcohol medium containing 60-95% water with monomer concentration up to 10% and a temperature of 90C in the presence of initiators. In these conditions the polymer is obtained in the form of a viscous solution, which complicates its use (batching, packaging, transportation). The proposed method is distinguished by the fact that the polymerization of the acrylamide is done in a water-alcohol medium containing 20-40% water with a monomer concentration of 30-50%. The polymer is obtained in the form of a powder. The temperature of the process is from 0 to 70C, depending on the initiator used. When persulfate of ammonia, potassium, or sodium is used as the initiator the temperature of the process is from 40 to 70C. If ionizing radiation is used as the initiator, the temperature varies between 0 and 30C. (Author)


Rare earth fluorides have been investigated as possible coating materials for carbon dioxide laser optic components. AR and PR coatings on ZnSe substrates were produced by means of ion assisted deposition (IAD) of YF3 and YbF3. Optics with total absorption of about 0.1% and with damage thresholds of up to 30 J/cm2 were produced. Effects of IAD on stoichiometry and chemical state of the rare earth ions have been examined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In-situ XPS revealed that ion bombardment, as used in IAD, and sputter cleaning result in fluorine deficient films. Oxygen incorporation during preparation could be kept below 1 - 5at%.


Aim: To substantiate and develop organizational and methodological approaches to providing the population with physical rehabilitation at the level of territorial communities.
Materials and Methods: The following methods were used in the course of the study: of expert assessments to conduct an expert evaluation of the proposed innovations; medico-statistical to carry out statistical processing of primary information; of structural-and-logical analysis to analyze and present organizational and methodological approaches to providing the population of territorial communities with physical rehabilitation; bibliosemantic in order to study the existing approaches and the state of solving this issue in Ukraine.
The Legislative acts of Ukraine on administrative-and-territorial reform and creation of territorial communities, as well as on the development of a system of physical rehabilitation in the country; scientific information sources on the experience of solving this issue in the countries of the world and Ukraine; results of expert evaluation of the proposed innovations were used as the materials of the study. Among the experts there were: 5 scientists, 5 specialists in physical rehabilitation, 5 heads of territorial communities, 3 family doctors, 3 residents of territorial communities in need of physical rehabilitation.
Results: Organizational and methodological approaches to providing the population with physical rehabilitation and physical activity at the level of territorial communities have been substantiated and developed. The approaches are comprehensive and cover both managerial and organizational and financial aspects.
Conclusions: Implementation of measures for physical rehabilitation and physical activity at the level of territorial communities will ensure further preservation and strengthening of health of the population.


The disclosed transmitting and receiving method for communication system comprises: on transmission end, such as the single-carrier DFT-SOFDM system, interpolating zero value to generate duplication data, allocating these data on different sub-carrier for transmission; on the receiving end, combining these data with different attenuation. This invention applies frequency diversity to improve system performance.


With the thorough of studying behavior understanding,the detection and analysis of unattended packages is receiving increasing attention from computer vision researchers,it aims at attempting to detect,track and identify people,and more generally,to understand human behaviors,from image sequences involving humans.With application requirements of intelligent video surveillance,in order to achieve the intelligent unattended packages recognition,implement the HMM(Hidden Markov Models) method in unattended packages recognition,provide a project of unattended packages recognition on HMM,took on the image preprocessing,the training HMM parameters,and identifying from a test sequence,and have been studied in the recognition capability.At the end of this survey,some discussions on future directions in motion analysis are also provided.


In addition to sensors, cameras have started to be deployed in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) for improved monitoring. However, since cameras already consume a lot of energy, they are kept in sleep mode most of the time and only activated when sensors detect a target. Due to random deployment and lack of cameras, there may not be any cameras within the vicinity of a detected target. A possible solution to this problem is to relocate remote cameras via vertical movements to certain locations to capture the target. In this paper, we propose a distributed camera selection and relocation scheme in UWASNs to maximize the coverage of the detected targets with the least vertical movement of cameras. The problem is modeled as a weighted set covering problem and solved using a greedy heuristic. The performance of the proposed approach is assessed through extensive simulations under a variety of conditions.


In spite of the importance of familial environment-delinquency relationship, there have been only a few systematic empirical studies on this relationship in Korea. The purpose of this study is to test empirically the effect of familial structure and relationship on delinquency mediated through family function such as supervision and violence. In this study, familial structure is operationalized as a composite variable of six indicators: father's educational attainment, mother's educational attainment, father's occupational status, socio-economic status, broken home, and mother's occupational status. Familial function is conceptualized as having five components; attachment, communication, supervision, punishment, and maltreatment. The data used in this study are drawn from a self-reported survey conducted in Seoul, in 2000. The sample consists of a total of 1,012, middle and high school students aged between 12 and 21. To examine the causal relationship between parents child-rearing and self-reported criminal behavior, we used multiple Regression analysis. Familial environment such as broken home, mother's occupational status, supervision, punishment and maltreatment has an direct effect on delinquent behavior. From our study, it is implied that future research should attempt to develop a more refined model on the relationship between family and crime.


Summary form only given. Magnetic photonic crystals (MPCs) display exotic propagation characteristics in the form of a frozen mode (Figotin, A. and Vitebskiy, I., Phys. Rev. E, vol.63, 066609, p.1-17; Phys. Rev. B, vol.67, 165210, p.1-20). At microwave frequencies, ferrites are associated with losses which are further exacerbated due to resonant wave behavior (frozen mode) within the crystal. To minimize losses, it is therefore necessary to minimize the ferrite layer thickness while still attaining sufficient Faraday rotation to preserve the frozen mode phenomenon. We investigate the performance of: (1) chiral inclusions within a ferrite medium; (2) chiral (handed) ferrite inclusions within a possibly non-magnetic host medium. Our preliminary analysis demonstrates that much thinner periodic MPC layers can be designed using chiro-ferrite layers. Concurrently, the MPC frozen mode and reflectivity properties are maintained. More specifically, the inflection point in the band diagram is achievable using only a fraction (lower than 1%) of the original ferrite material, implying a significant loss reduction in practice.