Ice accumulation on transmission lines, caused by freezing rain, wet snow or frost, is one of major problems influencing safety of electric power system. Super hydrophobic coating on insulators is a kind of efficient way to solve the problem. Many kinds of super hydrophobic coatings are widely used in power system, especially fluororesin based coating which is cheap and has good outdoor weathering capabilities. However, after arc burning, fluororesin based super-hydrophobic coating would be destroyed due to partial temperature rising. Addition of high thermal conductive nanoparticles can increase thermal conductivity of coating and improve its arc resistant ability compared with undoped coating. In this paper, heat conductivity behaviors of super hydrophobic with BN particles is studied. The charge polarity, charging time and charging voltage also play an important role on arc electric erosion behaviors. Samples were prepared by dispersing BN nanoparticle into coating. DC arc test was performed using inclined plane test method.


A thesis Submitted to the University of Gezira in fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In English Language (Translation)
Department of English Language Faculty of Education - Hantoub University of Gezira - Sudan, June 2018


Bakery market research is a necesity because the knowledge of specific correlations determine positive effects both for producers who can properly size the activities, and consumers who can purchase their desired products in the quantities required, the price appropriate for their purchasing power and in the preferred range. Demand for bakery in general and bread in particular being inelastic, production companies must move towards diversification of the range and quality growth while focusing on the potential benefits to consumer health. Investigation on byuing and consumption behaviour contributes to choosing appropriate strategies leading to market advantages both for producers and consumers but also for the grocery stores. The present study emphasize the factors that influence the buying process for bread in the Iași town area , the trends and the main features both of the grocery stores taken into consideration by the buyer and of the buyer to wich the stores' sales strategies adapt. It was elaborated a questionnaire applied on 34 grocery stores from different areas of the town the results indicating that 82.4% of the groceries representatives note that most customers are loyal to a brand of bread, the most frequently purchased being packaged sliced white bread weighing500 g, the trend being consistent with the national trend, packaged products being more and more frequently purchased.


To assess their potential usefulness in the central and south-western Victorian environment, cultivars/experimental varieties and accessions of each of three perennial grasses, phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = syn. Lolium arundinaceum. (Schreb.) Darbysh.), and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), were established as swards by spring-sowing and then evaluated under rotational grazing by sheep. Pasture establishment, production, and survival following severe drought were measured at two locations. Persistent novel material of phalaris and tall fescue was identified that could increase the cool-season and year-round production relative to that obtained from current commercial cultivars. Phalaris and tall fescue varieties were compared at Hamilton. Results indicated that, in contrast to tall fescue, the seedling vigour of winter-active phalaris types was similar in spring relative to that of summer-active types. Most phalaris cultivars were more productive than tall fescue in autumn and winter (P < 0.05). For the experimental phalaris variety Perla × Sirocco, dry matter (DM) production during these seasons was 19% greater than for the most productive tall fescue, cv. Fraydo (P < 0.05). In a short growing season site at Warrak, winter-active cultivars of tall fescue produced up to 17% more DM in winter (P < 0.05) than the highest yielding, summer-active cv. Quantum MaxP, but for cumulative production over 3 years, Quantum MaxP was significantly more productive (P < 0.05) than 18 other entries. However, the persistence of Quantum and Quantum MaxP declined considerably post-drought; a more persistent accession from Sardinia, FA 005, was as productive as Quantum MaxP. Of the 13 cultivars compared in the longer growing season of Hamilton, Fraydo and Resolute MaxP were the most productive in winter (P < 0.05). For cumulative herbage yield over 4 years, Fraydo, Quantum MaxP, Quantum, Resolute MaxP, and Tanit were the most productive cultivars (P < 0.05). Infection with the MaxP endophyte did not affect persistence of Quantum at either site but improved the persistence of Resolute at Hamilton (P < 0.05). At Warrak, MaxP endophyte-infected Quantum was 35% more productive in summer–autumn than the endophyte-free cv. Quantum (P < 0.05). Compared with the most productive commercial cv. Holdfast, experimental varieties from breeding populations of winter-active phalaris selected for grazing tolerance and which incorporated Perla, were superior for seedling vigour (rating 5 v. 3), winter growth (by ≥15%), and cumulative production over 4 years (≥12%) (P < 0.05).


Based on reduced model of double-fed direct current motor system (DFDCMS), the state space description and its key states of DFDCMS are advanced. The two wheeled robotpsilas kinematics model and motion-actuator model are analyzed, the state observer based on extended Kalman filter (EKF) of the two wheels mobile robot (TWMR) is used to filter the signal with interference and get the key states. There are tree kinds of state observers, including the direct state observer with nothing filter(NF), the state observer with Butterworth Filter(BF) and the state observer with EKF, are used to compare on two kinds of experiment platform, including the simulation system and the fact system of RoboCup soccer robot. As an application example, the motion states of TWMR have been analyzed base on EKF state observer during the course of TWMR going to one goal. The experimentation indicates that the state observer based on EKF can reflect the running states of test system more availably.


In this paper, a new triple mode conductor loaded cavity resonator is presented. The resonator consists of a cubic shape metallic structure mounted in a metallic enclosure. A low loss, low dielectric constant support structure is used to hold the metallic resonator inside the cavity. The proposed resonator, operating at the TM01δ mode, is similar to the triple mode dielectric resonator, where the dielectric constant of the resonator approaches infinity. The triple mode conductor loaded cavity resonator is considerably cheaper, easier to design and manufacture, and offers a significantly wider spurious free response in comparison to the triple mode dielectric resonator. A six-pole filter employing the proposed resonator is design using full wave EM simulator. Introducing asymmetry in the structure of the metallic resonator in the form of chamfers provides the required coupling between the degenerate modes inside each block to realize the desired filter response. The six-pole triple mode conductor loaded cavity filter is fabricated and tested. The measurement results verify the validity of the proposed concept. The triple mode conductor loaded cavity resonator can be combined with higher Q-factor triple mode ceramic resonators to realize a small size, high Q-factor filter with wide spurious free response.


The incremental validity of specific cognitive aptitudes beyond general cognitive ability have been small. This research examined the validity of a specific aptitude test, the Defense Language Aptitude Battery (DLAB), in the domain of basic foreign language learning. Successful com\letion of training and end-of-training proficiency were measured for 5,673 military students. For all training outcomes, the DLAB contributed significant incremental validity beyond general aptitude (g) and beyond the Armed Services Voca- tional Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), a general trainability measure. These findings were discussed in the framework of Cattell's (1963) fluid and crystallized intelligence and Hunter's (1983) findings in regard to the domi- nance of general cognitive ability.


Marine fishing is a very hazardous occupation regarding both fatality and disabling injury. Nonfatal and fatal injuries of small scale traditional commercial fishermen who are going to sea for fishing from Kalapet area Puducherry are reported in this article. Data from the injury reports of an Emergency and Forensic Medicine Departments of Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry from January 2003 to January 2008 are used. Fall, boat mishap and machinery related injuries are three major types of accidents among fishermen of Puducherry Upper extremity injuries are the most common presentation among all types of injuries. Though higher injury rate is found in lower extremity in fall accident. Contusion or sprain are reported more in fall or boat accidents but machinery related accidents attribute higher proportion of open injuries like laceration or amputation or cut injury. Fall accidents are more common in above 45 year age group but incidents of overall accident rate is higher below 45 year age group. Drowning attribute to death in maximum cases among casualties due to boat capsizing or loss of vessel. Accident rates are higher during the period from July to January than the rest of the year. Besides compensation schemes, formal maritime training for these traditional fishermen can be useful to reduce occupational morbidity and mortality.


Pantograph hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing is an experimental method in which a physical pantograph is excited by an actuator which reproduces the movement of a virtual catenary. This paper proposes a new method that uses analytical catenary models for HIL tests. The approach is based on an iterative scheme until achieving a steady-state regime. Some of the method's advantages include its ability to consider the delay in the control and communication system and its applicability to a wide range of analytical catenary models. The proposed algorithm was validated both numerically and experimentally. The experimental results obtained in the HIL pantograph tests were compared with those obtained from pure numerical simulations using a linear pantograph model and showed good accuracy with pantograph running at different speeds.


Diffuse myocardial fibrosis is associated with adverse outcomes, although detection and quantification is challenging. Cardiac MR relaxation times mapping represents a promising imaging biomarker for diffuse myocardial fibrosis.


ABSTRACT The phenomenon of posttraumatic growth (PTG) and contributing factors were studied in a sample of 10 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using a phenomenological methodology. Veterans were included in the study if they reported experiencing moderate to high levels of PTG in at least two of the five domains of growth identified in PTG literature. Through semi-structured interviews, participants reported that the factors which mostly contributed to their growth were: (a) remaining connected to veterans or the military, (b) connecting with others and feeling supported by loved ones, (c) working with a counselor, (d) time, and (e) developmental reading. Seven participants reported symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The narratives provided by participants indicate the importance for clinicians to ask clients about PTG, in addition to PTSD symptoms. This article concludes with the description of clinical implications for working with veterans who have experienced combat-related trauma, and recommendations for future research.


The U.S. Naval Facilities Command plans to deploy a floating modular hybrid pier (MHP) to berth most major Navy ship classes. Developed to replace deteriorating pile-supported piers, the MHP is made up of floating modules that can be assembled into any length of pier, and later disassembled and relocated separately or as a unit in another home port. This paper summarizes the development, testing, and evaluation of the MHP. The paper discusses the features of the pier that allow its reconfiguring for specific applications and introduces the most likely configurations for particular vessel support goals and mooring requirements. The paper also summarizes some of the key analyses performed to mitigate technical and functional risks. Copyright 2010 ASCE.


The article analyzes the phenomenon of social mobilization as an important method of national administration in China from the perspective of Russian scientists, for whom the history of the Communist Party of China in power is a history of social mobilization, and the history of New China is divided into the following four stages, using as an integral factor of periodization the characteristic of social mobilization: the period of mobilization for socialist transformation, the period of supermobilization "Big Leap", the mobilization period of reform and openness and the period of mobilization "Chinese Dream". The article examines how, in order to prevent and combat the new coronavirus epidemic, social mobilization has played a huge role, and demonstrated the enormous advantages of the Chinese socialist system with Chinese character. To learn from China's experience, Russian scientists are trying to study the source of China's powerful social mobilization from different perspectives: economics, politics, ideology, and culture. Russian scholars' understanding of China's social mobilization is important for modernizing the country's national administration and enhancing the party's ability to manage social processes. The authors consider the importance of the values of Chinese civilization in the global historical process, identifying the spiritual reasons for the social, cultural and political strengthening of China at the present stage. The authors reveal the interpretation of the concepts "poli-cy" and "reform" in Chinese culture; and draw parallels with the interpretation of these concepts in Western discourse. The article examines the threefold model of Chinese state administration (power, wisdom, virtue) and reveals the special role of the Chinese Communist Party in the process of social mobilization.


GIS- T Data Model is the base of the applications of ITS. Road feature is the basic unit to express,store and organize road networks. Comprehending the different user requirement at different representation scales,the feature- based multi- level data model for road network is proposed. The data model consists of three levels. The level- 1 expresses the topology structure of road network. The level- 2 describes all the linear features in road network,and establishes the topological relationship between roads. The level- 3 takes a lane as a feature,establishes the topological relations between lanes,to describe the traffic regulation in intersections and in lanes. Corresponding relations between features of different levels are established. The experiments prove that the proposed model is feasible and effective.


A passive ankle exoskeleton is a critical method for gait assistance. Most studies have explored biomechanical analysis over treadmill walking tasks. However, regarding the difference between treadmill and overground walking, the effects of a passive ankle exoskeleton on healthy participants were firstly investigated in this study. Five young participants walked along a straight path on the flat ground under three exoskeleton-wearing conditions while EMG signals of four lower-limb muscles and the joint angles, moments, and powers were derived. Two-factor ANOVA analyses were applied to investigate the effect of the exoskeleton on gait performance. The results showed that the ankle moment and power with exoskeleton wearing were significantly reduced compared to the other two conditions. The average activation of the MG was decreased by 13% with wearing the exoskeleton compared with normal walking. The self-designed passive ankle exoskeleton performed an assistance effect on the overground walking.


In addition to geological conditions, hydrocarbon migration and entrapment is highly influenced by regional groundwater flow based on hydraulic theory of hydrocarbon migration. As a consequence, hydrogeological flow analysis contributes to petroleum exploration. The case study is represented from the Pannonian Basin, characterized by a complex groundwater flow situation, with an overpressured flow regime overlain by a gravity-driven flow system. In this situation the hydrocarbon migration is controlled by the way of overpressure dissipation, while hydrodynamic constraints influence the entrapment. The hydrocarbon migration can hydrodynamically occur up to the boundary of downward gravity-driven flow and upward flow of the overpressured system. Based on the study, these are contolled by the hydraulic function of fault zones and low-permeability formations. These findings were verified on three study areas with hydrochemical and temperature data as well.


The three-dimensional numerical model for calculation of thermal fields during solidification of continuously castedbronze casting is developed. Coefficients of heat transfer on borders of calculation areas on the basis of the solution ofinverse heat transfer conduction problem are determined. The analysis of thermal fields, depending on loop variables of drawing and the sizes of not cooled zone of crystallizer is carried out.


During several years passive seismic monitoring was performed at Cere-la-Ronde, an underground gas storage facility located in a saline aquifer. The permanent survey delivers interesting information on the initial reservoir fill-up, especially when considering the geomechanical behavior of the site. Location of microseisms by using two techniques is discussed. A comparison between the 1D and 3D results points out the limit of using simple structural models and gives some idea on associated uncertainties. The discussion deals also with the necessity of improving the workflow to take into account the induced seismic hazard in coupled reservoir and geomechanical modeling and constraining models with passive seismic data too. This experience is very useful in the context of CO2 storage and it constitutes an excellent analogue for short term considerations.


Phenomenon of excessive packaging was discussed from the perspective of design ethics,and it was proposed that the problem of excessive packaging be solved through society,enterprise,designers,and government.The purpose was to arouse the public's sense of social responsibility for packaging design.


Consideration of virus evolution only from a disease perspective has provided a limited view of virus–host evolution. Such views assume all viruses fit predator/prey models for replication, but fail to explain the origin of disease or how viruses might make significant contributions to host evolution. On a long evolutionary time scale, the ability of a virus to persist in an individual host is a much more prevalent life strategy. Persistence can explain both origins of most viral disease and virus–host evolutionary stability. However, persistence (both genomic and epigenomic) is a much more complex and demanding virus–host relationship that is difficult to study. We must change our attitudes towards persistence if we are to understand how viruses shape the tree of life. Readers of virus evolution literature are most likely to be interested in understanding viral disease and its origins. How can we understand the seemingly endless reports of new or re-emerging viral threats to human and animal health? How do these agents evolve, where do they come from, and how does this affect host evolution? Serious disease demands serious attention, so we have focused our efforts to understand the relevant relationships. Progress has been good and, although Darwinian concepts clearly apply to viruses, additional concepts such as clonal generation of quasispecies and error catastrophe, have expanded our understanding of virus evolution and led us to believe that no virus genomes exist as a single nucleotide sequence as they spread rapidly into a mutant spectra. Population selection, population memory, mutant clouds, Shannon entropy and Hamming distance are all concepts that appear to be consistent with the experimental study of viral


through the text. Broadly speaking, he confirms the new approach and shows how valuable it can be in presenting the evangelist and his work to us with new vividness. It may make Matthew harder for us to usehe wrote for immediate needs in his own immediate situation-but at least we seem to have a better chance of knowing what he meant. Fr Green has done a great and timely service in producing what has long been needed, a thorough and careful commentary, which is up to date and sensitive to the latest research, while at the same time being discriminating in its use. J.L. HOULDEN Ripon College, Cuddesdon


3‐hydroxy‐benzo(a)pyrene (3‐OH‐B(a)P) and mutagenic activity in rat urine were determined after the oral administration of benzo(a)pyrene given in three repeated doses of 10, 20 and 50 μmol kg−1. The procedure for the determination of 3‐OH‐B(a)P consisted of enzymic hydrolysis, separation and HPLC‐analysis. The mutagenic activity of concentrated urine samples was assayed with the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence of S9 mix and β‐glucuronidase. The urinary excretion of 3‐OH‐B(a)P and mutagens showed a correlation and both increased dose‐dependently during the sampling period of 6 days. Data indicated that 3‐OH‐B(a)P can be regarded as a reliable representative of all urinary (pre)‐mutagens derived from benzo(a)pyrene and exposure of rats to benzo(a)pyrene could be detected with greater sensitivity by the HPLC assay of 3‐OH‐B(a)P than with the non‐specific mutagenicity assay.


Delivering high-quality instruction requires innovation in program development and delivery . The paper presents aspects of distance learning as on-going learning at the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, analyzing merging technologies in the delivery of learner-based instruction and suggesting activities that would maximize the benefits and minimize the limitations of students and trainers that participate in this form of learning.


Any enterprise is likely to be affected by international market whether it goes to the world or not. Faced with serious challenge, the domestic enterprise is in urgent need of international marketing talents cultivated through higher education. Moreover, with another step in the history development of our national higher education business, the teaching of international marketing course should keep pace with the development and reform of higher education to implement teaching reform to international marketing course of economy and management specialties such as marketing, international trade, etc. In this background, combined actual teaching situation, this paper analyzes major problems in the teaching of current international marketing course and presents corresponding suggestions on teaching reform from three aspects, namely teaching material system, practice teaching link, teaching methods and means. KEYWORD: International marketing; teaching reform; higher education


JNPT was established with the goal of creating a world-class port in India. Indeed, it clearly enjoyed an edge over other Indian ports with respect to both infrastructure and performance even in the pre-reforms period. However, it suffered from some of the inherent drawbacks ailing the Indian port sector that prevented it from achieving world standards in port efficiency. As the most modern among Indian ports, and also the one with the least labor problems, JNPT was the natural choice as a test case in privatization of port operations. This paper discusses the key reforms at JNPT, their formulation and implementation. It is clear that the reform process was well designed and optimally sequenced with active participation of a wide range of actors. The nittygritty of the reform process at JNPT was not imposed top-down. The reform has been a reasonable success. With the creation of a new private terminal and the follow-up measures undertaken thereafter, JNPT has demonstrated its capability to enhance efficiency of the public terminal through the introduction of intra-port competition and it has succeeded in earning the distinction of being the world's 29 th largest


Red culture originates from the revolution and practice of the Party, integrates the yearning and pursuit of the Party and the people for a better life, and reflects the ideal and belief of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. In the new media era, the "post-00s" student group of colleges and universities presents new opportunities for the development of ideal and belief education with its uniqueness, but colleges and universities are still faced with many challenges, such as the cognition of red culture in globalization, cultural transmission driven by science and technology, and students' individual orientation needs. This requires ideological and political workers to keep pace with The Times in the new media era, further integrate the red culture into the campus, promote the red culture aiming at the interest points of the post-00s, and better promote the implementation of ideal and belief education.


This paper presents a vision-based assistive robotic arm for people with severe disabilities. This system is composed of a robotic arm, a microcontroller, its controller, and a vision-based unit. The main body of the robotic arm that can be contained in a briefcase is about 5 kg, including two 12-V lead acid rechargeable batteries. This robotic arm is also capable of being mounted on a wheelchair. To obtain position coordinates of an object, image processing technique with a single Web camera was used. Position errors in the order of few millimeters were observed in the experiment. Experimental results of drinking water task with able-bodied subjects showed that they could smoothly carry out the tasks. The present results suggested that the resultant position errors were acceptable for drinking water command.


This article provides an overview of modern research related to aggressive behavior, ways to control and correct it. The article also displays the results of a pilot study, the main purpose of which is to identify as a need for communication is interconnected with the dominant emotional state of a disabled convict (in particular, with negative emotions − anger, aggression). The basis of the study is the separation of emotional states by E. P. Ilyin. We considered only communicative emotional states, in particular, the emphasis was on negative emotions (anger/aggression). The study was conducted on the basis of correctional colony −2 of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in Ryazan; in total, 34 people took part. The main empirical methods used were a survey, «Need for Communication», a scale of differential emotions. In working with the people, the ethical principles of the psychologist were observed. We have observed the principles of respect, confidentiality (non-disclosure of medical information about the subject), responsibility, honesty. The study was conducted individually with each man. The convict was offered a protocol with tasks that were performed in the presence of the experimenter. It was revealed that disabled convicts have a great need for interpersonal interaction, while they experience positive emotions, and in rare cases, anxious and depressive ones. The low degree of manifestation of anger and aggression towards other people is most likely associated with indulgence, tolerance, awareness and acceptance of not only their own shortcomings, but also others. A large role here can be attributed to the influence of the psychological service, mainly to self-regulatory skills training.


The lifetimes for 2p6ns (n = 4–15), 2p6nd (n = 3–15), 2p6ng (n = 5–15), 2p6ni (n = 7–15), 2p6np (n = 3–15), 2p6nf (n = 4–15), 2p6nh (n = 6–15), 2p53s2, 2p53snp (n = 3, 4), 2p53p2, 2p53sns (n = 4, 5), 2p53snd (n = 3, 4), and 2p53s4f configurations and the transition parameters for the electric dipole (E1) and electric quadrupole (E2) transitions between valence excitation levels have been calculated using the relativistic Hartree–Fock method for singly ionized magnesium (Mg II, Z = 12). Comparisons are made with experimental and other available theoretical results to assess the reliability and accuracy of the present calculations. Moreover, some new wavelengths, oscillator strengths, and transition probabilities of E1 and E2 transitions and lifetime values have been obtained using this method. These results are reported for the first time in this work.


One of the hazardous compounds for humans and the environment is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are the naphthalene of the precursor of two-ring aromatic hydrocarbons. These compounds are carcinogenic and toxic, they cause anemia and damage to the retina and are also toxic to plants and aquatic animals, these compounds have been identified as priority pollutants by the World Health Organization, yet these compounds are difficult to remove by biological methods. This study was performed in batch in vitro where the effect of parameters such as retention time 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes, concentration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon from coconut skin 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 2 g/L), solution concentration 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50 and 100 mg/L and pH 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 the concentration of 10 mg/L naphthalene solution in naphthalene removal was investigated. Experimental data of adsorption equilibrium with different Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models are evaluated and analyzed with adsorption kinetics by comparing R2 coefficient of analysis and analyzed by excel software. Maximum naphthalene adsorption on both carbon nanotubes and activated carbon nanotube adsorbent at initial concentration of 10 mg/L naphthalene and adsorbent dose equal to 0.75 g/L at pH=7 is an appropriate time to achieve maximum naphthalene adsorption;the balance mode is 90 minutes. The adsorption mechanism is consistent in both adsorbents of Langmuir adsorption isotherm and their coefficient of determination in carbon nanotubes is (R²=0.9589) and in coconut shell activated carbon (R²=0.9319). and both adsorbents are from adsorption synthetics second-degree followers. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon from coconut skin due to their small size, high cross-sectional area as a result of high reactivity, as an adsorbent for removal of naphthalene from water. And the nanotube has a higher absorption than activated carbon from the coconut skin, so it is considered as a better adsorbent because of its affordability and availability.


Proper insulin injection technique has been demonstrated to be a crucial aspect of safe and effective insulin delivery and may improve clinical outcomes for people with diabetes. Proper insulin injection technique encompasses some of the following key areas of diabetes education: selecting a shorter needle, choice of injection site, proper injection site rotation, needle insertion technique (appropriate use of a skinfold and angle in which the needle is inserted), adequate administration hold time, and avoiding needle reuse. Furthermore, insulin is intended to be injected into subcutaneous tissue, which is the layer directly below the dermis and above the muscle fascia. For most adults, average human skin thickness at recommended sites of insulin injections is estimated to be 2 mm to 2.5 mm and is relatively constant across all ages, genders, and BMIs. Subcutaneous tissue thickness, on the other hand, varies widely. This is particularly observed between people of different genders and BMIs and between injection site areas. If insulin is injected deeper than the subcutaneous layer, this may result in an intramuscular (IM) injection, which can cause unpredictable insulin absorption and is associated with hypoglycemia. Clinical guidelines and expert recommendations support the use of short needles (ie, 4-mm pen needles and 6-mm insulin syringes) for insulin administration to reduce the risk of intramuscular injections. However, there is another aspect of proper insulin injection technique that has yet to be widely recognized by health care providers and diabetes care and education specialists, and that is injection force. Injection force is the force at which the hub of a pen needle is applied against the skin and is transferred by the skin to underlying tissue during an injection. In past studies, significant interand intrasubject variability of injection force Injection Force Variability: An Overlooked Aspect of Proper Insulin Injection Technique


In recent years, as one of the most successful recommendation methods, collaborative filtering has been widely used in the recommendation system. Collaborative filtering predicts the active user preference for goods or services by collecting a historical data set of users' ratings for items; the underlying assumption is that the active user will prefer those items that the similar users prefer. Usually the data is quit sparse, which makes the computation of similarity between users or items imprecise and consequently reduces the accuracy of recommendations. In this paper, we propose an enhanced similarity method that the common ratings and the all ratings are both taken into account. Additionally, we present a generative probabilistic prediction framework in which we first predict a missing data probability value interval instead of a certain value by using the defined range of similar neighbors' ratings, and the final missing data rating is produced in the interval. Empirical studies on two datasets (Mov...


General paresis is a disease of the cerebrum and the central nervous system caused by the presence and growth of the Spirochaeta pallida in its lymph system. The destructive action of these organisms is expended largely on the parenchyma or ganglion cells of the cortex of the brain. Any part of the nervous system may, however, be subject to its ravages, but the symptoms of the disease are always finally and conspicuously cerebral. It is a fatal disease. Once it is fully developed it is subject neither to amelioration nor to interruption. Early and vigorous treatment of syphilis before the organisms have made their onslaught on the parenchyma of the central nervous system has wrought a change in the clinical display of the disease. The hope is justifiable, with our enhanced capacity to deal with syphilis, based on a pro founder knowledge of the principles or laws which govern the


The innovative practical teaching platform for visual communication design major in vocational colleges consists of profession cultivation programs,practical teaching system,in and out school training bases,as well as a team of full-time and part-time college teachers.To implement this platform,it is urgent to establish and complete teaching resources,improve teaching management,and guide students to change their works from mere imitation into creative design.


Objective: To evaluate the curative effects of different adhesive agents and relative factors for the restoration of dental wedge-shaped defects with F2000 Compomer by modified USPHS criterion. Methods: 417 teeth with wedge-shaped defects selected from 69 cases were divided randomly into two groups which include 207 and 210 teeth respectively, and were restored by F2000 compomer. The A group were bonded with total-etching adhesive (Sconchbond Multi-Purporse, Adper Single Bond adhesive), the B group with all-in-one self-etching adhesive (Adper Prompt L-Pop). After 1 week and 1,6,12,24 months, followed-up results were evaluated with modified USPHS evaluation criterion and its influence factors were studied. Results: After 12 and 24 months, the total successful rates of all the teeth were 94.32%, 87.33%, 95.09% and 88.36% in groupA, and 93.53%, 86.36% in group B respectively, the difference are not significant statistically. But there were significant differences in marginal integrity and marginal tain rate between the two groups by USPHS evaluation criterion,. Furthermore, the successful rates were related with occlusal force, the abrasive degree of the restored teeth, tooth brushing, etc. Conclusions: Appropriate filling material and acid etching adhesive, occlusal adjustment, eliminating nosogenesis and necessary instruction are all important for successful treatment of wedge-shaped defect.


Spectroscopic measurements of micro-air plasma-jets generated at low pressures were performed at several points on flow axis, using a spectrometer in the wavelength region of 200 to 900 nm. The N22+ bands and N2+1-bands were predominant in the region of 280 to 480 nm, and atomic lines of N and O in the visible and infrared regions. Temperatures of the plasma-jets were estimated by applying a spectral matching method to N2+1-bands along a flow axis for low-pressure conditions. Rotational temperatures for N2+1 bands were 6000 to 7000 K, and vibrational temperatures 25000 to 28000 K, almost independent of pressures and axial positions. It was found that the rotational temperatures measured had great difference from the gas temperature based upon an empirical formula for supersonic free jets, and also the vibrational temperatures were much higher than those expected.


Combined with practical experience,several key steps of the characteristics of the inspection process indicators of coal proximate analysis must respected.Through the measures of controlling the key steps,the test results can meet the requirement of national standards in same or different laboratories.


Li2FeSiO4 was prepared by the hydrothermal method, and the influences of synthesis conditions (temperature, time, and lithium-ion concentration) were systematically examined. Low-temperature phase of Li2FeSiO4 (space group; Pmn2(1), a = 6.23, b = 5.36, and c = 4.98 angstrom) was hydrothermally prepared from LiOH, FeCl2, and amorphous SiO2 at 150 degrees C for 3 day. As-prepared Li2FeSiO4 (ca. 1 mu m size) shows poor electrochemical reactivity with 20 mAh g(-1) of discharge capacity at room temperature in aprotic Li cell. Electrochemical reactivity of the as-prepared Li2FeSiO4 has been considerably improved by the ballmilling process with acetylene black because particle size of Li2FeSiO4 is reduced to 50 - 200 nm size, and the individual particles are uniformly covered by acetylene black. The ballmilled Li2FeSiO4 can deliver 130 mAh g(-1) of the rechargeable capacity at room temperature or 150 mAh g(-1) at 60 degrees C.


Job shop scheduling problem (JSP) is a typically NP-hard problem. In this paper, we proposed a genetic based hyper-heuristic algorithm for solving JSP. The hyper-heuristic algorithm employs two level frameworks. In the high-level, genetic algorithm is employed to explore the whole solution space, while in the low level, there are 16 combinations coming from 4 frequently used crossover operators and 4 mutation operators. Time window is introduced to learn from the recent searching process. Finally, the result on the benchmark instance FT10 shows that the time window helps the proposed algorithm to search effectively. Furthermore, to verify the validity of the proposed algorithm, some traditional genetic algorithms with fixed genetic operators are also employed to test FT10, supporting the statement that it is much better using adaptive operator selection in GA than using a fixed operator.


In an efiort to improve the bandwidth of the single layer re∞ectarray, this paper investigates the use of double concentric circular ring elements arranged in a range of sub-wavelength grids on a single layer of substrate. Compared to the traditional '=2 grid arrangements, when the radiating elements are arranged in grids less than '=2, the re∞ected phase is more uniform over a wider frequency bands when radiating elements' parameters are varied; albeit with a reduced re∞ected phase range. The double concentric circular ring elements used here also allow an additional degree-of-freedom to improve the bandwidth. A comprehensive investigation on re∞ectarrays' performance with various grid spacings is conducted and the trade-ofi between the re∞ectarray gain and bandwidth is also discussed. Based on the concentric ring element, four ofiset-fed 0:43m£0:43m re∞ectarrays centered at 10GHz with various element periodicities, namely '=2, '=3, '=4 and '=5 grids, are designed and developed. The measured results show that among the four re∞ectarrays, the one with '=4 grid spacing achieves the broadest 2-dB gain bandwidth of 33% with an aperture e-ciency of 36.2%.


This meeting was convened by the Child Obesity Measurement sub-group of the Regional Obesity Task Group with EMPHO staff facilitating.
The aim was to provide opportunities for those planning/undertaking child obesity measurement programmes in local areas in response to January 2006 DH Guidance to compare notes and solve problems.


The enormous potential for wireless sensor networks to make a positive impact on our society has spawned a great deal of research on the topic, and this research is now producing environment-ready systems. Current technology limits coupled with widely-varying application requirements lead to a diversity of hardware platforms for different portions of the design space. In addition, the unique energy and reliability constraints of a system that must function for months at a time without human intervention mean that demands on sensor network hardware are different from the demands on standard integrated circuits. This paper describes our experiences designing sensor nodes and low level software to control them.
 In the ZebraNet system we use GPS technology to record fine-grained position data in order to track long term animal migrations [14]. The ZebraNet hardware is composed of a 16-bit TI microcontroller, 4 Mbits of off-chip flash memory, a 900 MHz radio, and a low-power GPS chip. In this paper, we discuss our techniques for devising efficient power supplies for sensor networks, methods of managing the energy consumption of the nodes, and methods of managing the peripheral devices including the radio, flash, and sensors. We conclude by evaluating the design of the ZebraNet nodes and discussing how it can be improved. Our lessons learned in developing this hardware can be useful both in designing future sensor nodes and in using them in real systems.


Slang of high titanium content is an industrial waste from steel production and has so far not been widely used.Tests and researches were made to use the pulverized slag of high titanium content as an ingredient in concrete and the results show that the addition of the pulverized titanium slag has improved remarkably the workability of the concrete and enhanced greatly the compressive strength of the concrete.


For the prominent personality characteristics, the post 90s generation has the characteristics of independent thinking and opinions on problems and they are willing to express themselves, the traditional design teaching mode can no longer comply with the behavior habits of this generation. Therefore, it is hoped to explore a new teaching mode which can be better communicate and collide with the design thinking of the post-90s generation The " attitude experience" teaching attempts to guide the post 90s generation to conduct multi-dimensional analysis and thinking of design from three levels of emotion, emotion and attitude, thus it can satisfy to prominent its personalized features and further improving the expression of attitude experience on space design topics, it motivates people to learn and think actively in the process, actively contacts the abstract design language, uses design expression language, masters the language of commercial space design naturally in the process of "attitude experience". The practice of the curriculum also highlights the necessity and feasibility of exploring the teaching mode based on the post 90s generation's context.


Using the method of jet oil supplement,not only the problem of insufficient hydraulic pump oil absorption can be solved,but also overflow energy can be recycled from system. So the performance of the pump is improved,and the utilization of energy is increased. FLUENT software was used to simulate and calculate,the influence of the related parameters to the jet oil compensating device was studied and the best structural parameters of the jet device were obtained. So the device could have a larger ejector ratio. The research results show that using gradual shrinkage cavity,large pressure difference and small hole margin are helpful for the device to absorb oil.


In this paper, stochastic imperfection sensitivity analyses of stiffened cylindrical shells under static load are presented. Multimode formulation is performed for the buckling load calculation based on the Donnell's theory and Galerkin approximation. Random imperfection field theory and response surface method are combined with deterministic bucking analysis scheme to perform stochastic imperfection sensitivity analyses of stiffened cylindrical shells considering random geometric imperfection. From the characteristics of probabilistic bucking load, the relation between reliability index and safety parameter can be obtained in addition to the relation between load and reliability index. Those results can be used to determine the range of required safety parameter and acceptable imperfection.


Eco-evolutionary game dynamics which characterizes the mutual interactions and the coupled evolutions of strategies and environments has been of growing interest in very recent years. Since such feedback loops widely exist in a range of coevolutionary systems, such as microbial systems, social-ecological systems and psychological-economic systems, recent modeling frameworks that unveil the oscillating dynamics of social dilemmas have great potential for practical applications. In this perspective paper, we overview the latest progress of evolutionary game theory in this direction. We describe both mathematical methods and interdisciplinary applications across different fields. The ideas worthy of further consideration are discussed in prospects, with the central role of promoting cooperations in a changing world.


It is strongly recommended that, with the reagents we used, any flush extending beyond the needle puncture should be recorded as positive. To increase herd immunity only Schick-positives should be immunized, all pseudoreactors being treated as immune. The second reading of Schick tests showed a closer correlation with the level of circulating antitoxin than the first, but the first must not be omitted owing to the danger of missing pseudoreactors. It is possible, though of little practical value, to detect many of the pseudoreactors who have low antitoxin titres.


Nano particles of Cu0.61-xCoxZn0.39Fe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) synthesized through sol-gel auto combustion method. Nitrates of elements and citric acid are used as starting materials. X-ray Diffraction, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer are used to analyze the properties. Effect of variation in the Co substitution and its impact on particle size, lattice constant, density, cation distribution, ferritization temperature, associated water content, magnetic properties like saturation magnetization(MS), coercivity(HC) and remanent magnetization(Mr) is observed. Lattice parameter increases with increasing Co +2 concentration whereas X-ray density, bulk density decreases with the Co +2 content. In Cation distribution the Co and Cu ion show preference towards octahedral B-site, Zn occupy A site whereas Fe occupy both A and B site. Cation redistribution takes place for x > 0.3. Saturation magnetization increases from (x ≤ 0.3). For x > 0.3, Ms decreases suggesting that significant canting exists at B site. However, coercivity, magnetocrystalline anisotropy and remanant magnetization increases with the Co 2+ substitution.


The standard enthalpy of formation of InN at 298 K has been determined using high-temperature oxidative drop solution calorimetry in a molten sodium molybdate solvent at 975 K. Calorimetric measurements were performed on six InN samples with varying nitrogen contents. The samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, electron microprobe analysis, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurement. The variation of the enthalpy of drop solution (kJ/g) with nitrogen content is approximately linear. The data, when extrapolated to stoichiometric InN, yield a standard enthalpy of formation from the elements of ?28.6 ± 9.2 kJ/mol. The relatively large error results from the deviation of individual points from the straight line rather than uncertainties in each set of data for a given sample. This new directly measured enthalpy of formation is in good agreement with the old combustion calorimetric result by Hahn and Juza (1940). However, this calorimetric enthalpy of formation is significantly different from the enthalpy of formation values derived from the temperature dependence of the apparent decomposition pressure of nitrogen over InN. A literature survey of the enthalpies of formation of III–N nitride compounds is presented.


Abstact The adopting of children and adopted children is part of substation from law of children safety  which were be part from the law winch life and flourish in civil society in accordance with the  usually and the different motivation and  feel of law winch life and flourish in any area. Therefore, the case of children adoption must be regulated in specific in constriction that. From commentary about that can formulation case as follows: (1) How is the position adopted children in farting of heritage according to heritage KHI? (2) if haven't the dispute about heritage treasure, how the solution? The kind of this research is descriptive qualitative, where is the releaser is mean to know the condition about what, how, and to par, how much and etc. with the description result data research with word by word or the separated sentence according to category and analysis for getting the conclusion. With this research writer will be describing clarity the position of children in Islamic Law Compilation (KHI). The kind of research use the research library while the technique of analysis is with to find and analysis references primer and secondary. The result of research, is: (1) the definition of adopted children too and there to there are in pasal 171 huruf h KHI which declare that adopted children is the children which in the nurture for the daily of them life, the case of education and any other switch the responsibility from the pure parent to adopted parent by the justices jurisdiction (2) the adoption of children according to KHI not because the justice relation of generation or the blood a child with his / her parent who born. (3) Accomplishment the dispute in family law, in this case marriage and the heritage still be authority of Islamic justice. The suggestions is: (1) in order to the Islamic civil society in Indonesia who want or were do adoption of children suggested to study about the provision of Islamic law use any books about adoption of children so that get the reference about the role of children adoption in al-Qur'an or Hadits. (2) in order to the adopted parent preparation all about the necessary of adopted children is especially about the case of education, welfare and the healthy from now and make a massage in from of the witness, in order to later if the adopted parent is death and leave the heritage, no to inflict the conflict between adopted children and heir from adopted parent. Keyword:Adopted Children, Haritage


Electronic switching systems feature high packing density and high heat density compared with electro-mechanical equipment. Consequently the importance of the cooling system has increased considerably. The climate in a switching room must be kept within specified values under all operational circumstances, including mains failure. Further requirements are: high operational reliability, no special demands on space or the layout of the building, extendability, simple installation and minimal maintenance. This paper describes a cooling system designed specially for electronic switching centers. The system uses water as a heat transfer medium, in contrast to conventional air based cooling systems.


This paper shows the comparison between several well-known classification algorithms in Machine Learning with the purpose to find the most suitable algorithm to predict the dwelling time i


In this study, nitrite estimation with ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry in undiluted, unfiltered, nitrified urine is investigated. Early detection of nitrite accumulation in a nitrification reactor is essential for preventing its failure as temporary accumulations can quickly lead to permanent loss of reaction performance. Current results suggest that secondary nitrite and nitrate peaks in the UV absorbance spectrum, which are weaker than those typically targeted, are useful in our case because of the much higher nitrite and nitrate concentrations found in nitrified urine than in conventional wastewater systems. This is expected to permit deployment of commercially available instruments even when saturating effects in the lower UV range result from high nitrate concentrations. The absorbance spectra are used in combination with a classic chemometric model, principal component regression (PCR), to obtain estimates of nitrite. Moreover, a UV-Vis sensor with a lower wavelength resolution and a longer measurement path is presented as a preferable alternative to a UV sensor.


A case of delayed signs of intracranial hypertension following closed head injury with a depressed cranial fracture and superior sagittal sinus thrombosis is reported. Conservative treatment of intracranial hypertension, including just repeated lumbar puncture and oral acetazolamide, was performed. Spontaneous recanalization of the superior sagittal sinus was observed. Pathogenesis and different modalities of treatment are discussed.


Co is the major contributor to the radiation build-up in nuclear power plants. Many studies have been done to develop Co-free hardfacing alloys to replace Co-based Stellite 6 which is used for valve hardfacing. The Co-free alloys should have equivalent wear resistance, cavitation erosion resistance, and oxidation resistance to Stellite 6. Recently, we developed Fe-20Cr-1.7C-lSi alloy to replace Stellite 6. The new alloy has equivalent sliding wear resistance, and cavitation erosion resistance to Stellite 6. However, the high temperature oxidation resistance of the Fe-based hardfacing alloy is not as good as much as that of Stellite 6 due to the Cr deficiency in the Fe-based hardfacing alloy matrix. Ce is known to improve oxidation resistance of Fe-based alloys at elevated temperatures due to the beneficial effects of Ce such as formation of fine oxide layers and reduction of oxide-growth stresses. Therefore, in present study, the effect of Ce on the oxidation resistance was investigated in pressurized-water at 300? under 7 MPa for 200 days in an autoclave. The concentration range of Ce was up to 0.2 wt.%. The specimens containing 0.2 wt.% Ce showed lower weight loss compared to that of the Ce-free specimen. With increasing Ce concentration, high temperature oxidation resistance of new alloy increased. The increased high temperature oxidation resistance may be due to the formation of adhesive oxide layers.


The reactivity of amorphous aluminosilicates in alkaline environments is important to many applications, including blended Portland cements and alkali-activated materials (AAMs). Here, two physics-based compositional parameters are derived to describe the relative reactivity of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 and CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses in alkaline environments: (i) a modified average metal oxide dissociation energy (AMODE) parameter developed from molecular dynamics simulations; and (ii) a topology constraint parameter derived from topological constraint theory. Both parameters are seen to generally outperform existing compositional parameters from the literature for a wide range of aluminosilicate glasses. Given that both the modified AMODE and topology constraint parameters can be calculated directly from chemical compositions, this study represents a major step forward in connecting aluminosilicate glass compositions with their reactivity in alkaline environments. The limitations of these compositional parameters, including their inability to capture the impact of Ca versus Mg on glass reactivity, have also been discussed.


In this paper, we focus on the tasks of cross-domain sentiment classification. We find across different domains, features with some types of part-of-speech (POS) tags are domain-dependent, while some others are domain-free. Based on this finding, we proposed a POS-based ensemble model to efficiently integrate features with different types of POS tags to improve the classification performance. Weights are trained by stochastic gradient descent (SGD) to optimize the perceptron and minimal classification error (MCE) criteria. Experimental results show that the proposed ensemble model is quite effective for the task of cross-domain sentiment classification.


Early successional forests are a rare and declining forest type in the Northeastern U.S., and active management is required in order to maintain this habitat for the many declining bird populations that inhabit these areas. Studies on the movements, spatial ecology, and habitat selection of declining species of interest within newly created habitats offer opportunities to assess the success of management, and inform future management decisions and practices. Yet the impact of management may be limited by the placement of newly formed habitat within a larger landscape context. I investigated the impact of landscape and management context on the spatial ecology of American woodcock (Scolopax minor) and Eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) within managed early successional forests in the state of Rhode Island. First, I conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment to test if American woodcock select breeding grounds based on the perceived quality of the surrounding landscape. Second, I investigated the post-fledging and post-breeding ecology of Eastern towhees, a declining early successional forest songbird, in different landscapes managed and maintained for woodcock to test the efficacy of using woodcock as an umbrella species. I experimentally relocated male woodcock between two types of landscapes that differed in forest composition and relative likelihood of use. Second-year male woodcock that were relocated from high-likelihood of use landscapes into low-likelihood of use landscapes during the breeding season almost always returned to their original high-likelihood landscape of capture (71%), whereas second-year male woodcock that were relocated from lowlikelihood of use landscapes into high-likelihood of use landscapes (8%) seldom returned to their original low-likelihood landscapes of capture. The results from this experiment provide strong evidence that male woodcock can assess landscapelevel differences in habitat, and will then settle and attempt to attract a mate(s) based on key landscape features identified by a resource selection function developed for woodcock. I tracked the movements and post-fledging behaviors of adult Eastern towhees in areas that were initially managed for woodcock. Adult towhees in two woodcock-sized landscapes that differed in forest composition and likelihood of woodcock use averaged similar home range sizes during the post-fledging period (3.09 ± 0.43 ha, and 2.37 ± 0.49 ha, respectively), and the different landscapes had no impact on the number of young that adult birds were able to raise to independence. However, there were differences in the maximum distances adults travelled during the independence stage between the two woodcock landscapes. While there is some evidence that the forest composition of the surrounding landscapes may impact these post-breeding movements, these movements coincided with the abrupt behavioral shift of adults from caring for dependent young, to being largely independent of young and thus focused more on personal maintenance. Given that towhees successfully raised young in areas managed for woodcock in different landscape contexts, woodcock can serve as an effective umbrella species for towhees and other generalist-young forest songbirds.


The goal of a standardized and reproducible histopathological diagnosis and reporting of melanoma is far from being fully achieved. Clark's and McGovern's historical classification into lentigo maligna melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, and acral (and mucosal) lentiginous melanoma can be still kept as an acceptable startpoint. The WHO 2006 classification recognizes additional subtypes of melanoma but is still largely incomplete. The differential diagnosis of melanoma with benign melanocytic proliferations is one of the most difficult fields in Dermatopathology because it stems from the evaluation of a constellation of diagnostic criteria whose implementation, meaning, and relative weight considerably vary depending on the overall morphological context; thus the histopathological diagnosis of a melanocytic tumor is a mere assessment of probability , and is subject to considerable interobserver disagreement. Ancillary (Immunohistochemistry and molecular biology) techniques have been increasingly performed in order to assist the histopathological diagnosis; as a rule, however, no single information achieved with these techniques is expected to give clear-cut information for the differential diagnosis between nevus and melanoma. The histopathological reporting should include at least the following compulsory parameters: ulceration (absent vs present); mitotic rate (integer number/square millimeter); regression (if present); lymphovascular invasion (if present) perineurial invasion (if present); Breslow's thickness; microsatellitosis (if present); status of the surgical margins (with microscopically measured distances between tumor and lateral or deep margins). Even is molecular techniques are expected to completely change our landscape of histopathology of melanoma within the next few years; these 'classical' histopathological parameters are still the cornerstone for the management of melanoma patients.


Cytochrome P450s are heme‐containing monooxygenases that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous compounds (e.g. vitamins and steroids) and exogenous compounds (e.g. drugs and pollutants). P450 19A1, or aromatase, is responsible for the conversion of androgens (androstenedione or testosterone) to estrogens (estrone or 17β‐estradiol). The reaction proceeds in three sequential steps, generating first a 19‐hydroxy‐ and then a 19‐aldo‐intermediate prior to the final aromatization step. Much study has focused on the inhibition of P450 19A1 because aromatase inhibitors have proven to be successful therapy for estrogen‐dependent breast cancer. However, few steady‐state studies on catalysis involve endogenous substrates and pre‐steady‐state kinetic characterization has not been done. We have developed a procedure for consistent heterologous bacterial expression and purification of P450 19A1. Kd values for androstenedione, 19‐hydroxyandrostenedione, 19‐aldoandrostenedione, and estrone were measured to be in the very low μM range. Stopped‐flow spectroscopy indicated that binding of these ligands includes a fast spectroscopically silent (in absorbance) step, followed by a slower conformational change (E + L ⇔ EL ⇔ LE), which can be fit to double exponential curves. Single turnover (rapid chemical quench) yield progress curves that show temporal loss of substrate and formation of products and intermediates, generating rate constants for the sequential steps of catalysis. Global fitting of these steady state and pre‐steady state data allow the generation of the first kinetic models of the overall mechanism of P450 19A1 catalysis. Supported by USPHS R37 CA090426, T32 ES001590.


The second classroom is a system of innovative teaching which is the extension,supplement and expansion of the knowledge in the formal classroom teaching.Huzhou Vocational and Technology College has set up an open-style practical room in order to ensure the performance of the second classroom successfully.It has been manifested and analyzed in this paper that the effects of the second classroom in developing high-skilled and innovative talents by the case of embedded system applications in our school.


Described the basics of power bond graph,established the power bond graph of meter-in circuit,and obtained the mathematical model of the meter-in circuit,laying a foundation for further simulation study.


As part of the second edition of the Application Development and Research Opportunity (ADRO2) program sponsored by the Canada Space Agency, Lockheed Martin Canada has developed a system for coastal activity monitoring using evidential fusion of contextual attributes. These attributes are provided by texture classifiers, change detectors or GIS themes. This system has the capability of detecting and classifying changes in order to locate and highlight regions of potential concerns. The proposed system processes a set of multi-date RADARSAT-1 acquisitions with change detectors and textural classifiers. Classifiers are used to build hypotheses on a set of contextual attributes that are combined using evidence theory. This combination strategy is the core of the fusion process. It provides a powerful information management tool for the fusion of imprecise, incomplete and inaccurate data. The role of the fusion system is to provide the most accurate representation of the knowledge gathered on the scene to assist the operator in taking a decision. This paper present the results obtained on seven scenes acquired over Stephenville, NF (48°31N, 58°32W), processed as SSG maps in UTM projection. GIS data sets were ordered from the National Topographic Data Base and extracted using GRASS software. Coregistration of the temporal data has been performed by correlating several sub-regions of the scenes with Fourier Transform.


BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cardiac MRI has evolved as a sensitive imaging technique for detecting cardiac amyloidosis as well as left ventricular (LV) function. We assessed LV systolic function in patients w...


Adding carbon to high nitrogen steels increases interstitial concentrations over what can be obtained with nitrogen addition alone. This can results in an increase in hardness, strength, and wear resistance. The alloys produced for this study were all based on commercially available high-nitrogen Fe-18Cr-18Mn stainless steel. This study is the first significant wear study of these new high interstitial nitrogen-carbon stainless steel alloys. Wear tests included: scratch, pin-on-disk abrasion, dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion, impeller impact, and jet erosion. Increasing interstitial concentration increased strength and hardness and improved wear resistance under all test conditions. The results are discussed in terms of overall interstitial alloy concentration.


Using a kinetic-energy-density functional with a modified "first-gradient" correction, Dirac exchange functional, and a parametrized Wigner-type local correlation functional, a simple quadratic equation is solved for the ground-state electronic densities and properties of atoms and ions, including alkaline-earth-metal singly charged negative ions. The results for various expectation values and the electrostatic potential compare quite favorably with near-Hartree-Fock and relativistic density-functional results, respectively.


One of, if not the, central assumption of law and economics is that the purpose of the law is to shape human behavior. The traditional Chicago School of Law and Economics applies microeconomic principles to question of law and its role in and effect on society. Law and economics assumes human beings are rational actors – homo economicus. Each individual actor seeks to maximize his or her individual utility. Utility is defined as one's happiness, but inasmuch as it is difficult, if not impossible, to measure and compare happiness because it is subjective, economists use money as a substitute for happiness. As a rational actor,


Human activities on environmental resources have negatively affected floras and faunas in maintaining fair balance. In this research study, selected heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Ni, Zn) concentration in three fish species (Clarias gariepinus, Heterotis niloticus and Anguilla labiate), surface water and sediment samples in Ogbaru axis of River Niger, Anambra State, Nigeria. We evaluated the samples using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The result of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Al, Cd) analysis in fish samples showed that Cr was detected in Clarias garipinus and Anguilla labiate with a concentration of 0.001mg/kg in both species but was not detected in Heterotis niloticus. Hg and Al were not detected in Anguilla labiate but both metals were detected in the other fish species with a mean concentration of 0.311mg/kg and 0.019mg/kg respectively for Clarias garipinus and 0.001mg/kg and 0.005mg/kg respectively for Heterotis niloticus. In decreasing order, the heavy metal concentration in Clarias garipinus in increasing order of Cu >Fe > Ni > Hg > Pb > Zn > As > Cd > Al > Cr, while Heterotis niloticus followed the order Cu > Zn > Fe > Ni > Pb > Cd > Al > As > Hg > Cr, and  Anguilla labiate followed the pattern of Cu > Fe > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cd > Cr > As > Hg > Al. For surface water, As (0.005mg/l), Cd (0.032 mg/l), Cr (0.099 mg/l), Cu (0.186 mg/l), Fe (2.308 mg/l), Hg (1.501 mg/l) and Pb (0.724 mg/l) showed high concentration for the raining season compared to dry season, as Al (0.246 mg/l), Ni (0.773 mg/l) and Zn (2.903 mg/l) were dominant during dry season, while sediment samples of Cr (0.112 mg/kg), Cu (0.029 mg/kg), Ni (0.945 mg/kg) and Pb (0.039 mg/kg) concentration in raining season were higher than dry season and vice versa for other As, Cd, Fe, Hg, Zn. Correlation matrices showed positive value showing that heavy metals were from a similar source with migration route and vice versa for negative correlation. Health and exposure risk assessment was conducted for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic exposure in adults and children, where the cumulative cancer risk was within USEPA regulatory standard (1.0E-6 – 1.0E-04) and cumulative hazard index were above 1 for adults (2.02) and children (4.93), implying that children are at risk of having adverse health issues compared to adults. Therefore, there is a need for regulatory advocacy and special care to mitigate anthropogenic release and safeguard the environment.


Smart polymer gels actively change their size, structure, or viscoelastic properties in response to external signals. The stimuli-responsive properties, indicating a kind of intelligence offer the possibility of new gel-based technology. This paper presents two types of electromechanical behavior that take place in smart polymer gels. One is an anisotropic swelling of polyelectrolyte gels in a salt solution under the influence of electric fields. The swelling deformation produces bending of rectangular gels with large deflection. The swelling or bending is found to be induced by an increase in osmotic pressure due to ion's drifts in electric fields. The other concerns composite gels whose modulus of elasticity can vary in electric fields. The driving force causing varying elastic modulus in electric fields is the interaction between polarized particles similar to electrorheological (ER) effect and discussed experimentally as well as theoretically.


Teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is a relatively new forage crop that is attracting much interest among hay growers in the United States and Utah (Creech, et al., 2012). Teff plants have fine stems, shallow roots and are not frost tolerant. This annual, warm-season grass grows best during the hottest months of the year when cool-season grasses suffer their "summer slump." Since Teff does not compete directly for acreage with traditionally-grown, cool-season grasses, an increasing number of agricultural producers are considering integrating this grass into their crop rotations.


In this report, we presented a 71-year-old woman who suered a syncopal episode in the context of advanced atrioventricular block associated with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. �e heart block did not resolve and a permanent pacemaker was implanted while there was a gradual improvement of the leventricular systolic function. We also provided a detailed review of the literature regarding the association between atrioventricular block and takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Moreover, we critically discussed other cases reporting development of takotsubo cardiomyopathy aer pacemaker implantation, possibly related to the perioperative stress.


Abstract Topical anaesthesia using EMLA cream is an established anaesthetic technique for ventilation tube insertion in adults. We report its use in 103 children (age range 3–12 years). Failure occurred in seven patients (6.8 per cent); complications occurred in two patients and were of a minor nature. This technique appears well tolerated provided the operator avoids the use of suction and allows a cream penetration time of greater than two hours. The use of a 'T' myringotomy is also recommended, to reduce tension on the drum at tube insertion.


Ganoderma is classified as a top grade traditional Chinese medicine for promoting human health by regulating 'vital energy'. Its potency towards metabolism and energy homeostasis, particularly, metabolic adaptations of adipocytes, needs to be re‐evaluated through an evidence‐based study. Here, the triterpenoid‐rich Ganoderma tsugae ethanol extract (GTEE) was found to contribute towards adipogenesis accompanied with elevated intracellular lipid metabolic flux. Additionally, proteomic profiling revealed GTEE‐upregulated mitochondrial remodeling and chemical energy redox modifications, which display UCP1‐positive browning fat‐selective features and a NADH‐mediated adaptive mechanism. GTEE‐treated mice with diet‐induced obesity also resulted in the amelioration of white adipocyte hypertrophy and the appearance of UCP1‐positive browning adipocytes. Our novel findings unravel that GTEE could promote intracellular metabolic flexibility and plasticity followed by the induction of adipocyte browning.


The term "judicial assistance," as used in international law, involves some still unanswered questions. Should it be used to embrace all the elements germane to the expedition of the business of courts of law, including not only procedural matters, but the execution of judgments and extradition; or relate exclusively to judicial assistance in civil proceedings? To avoid creating confusion by the use of a term suggestive of several meanings, in the following examination of the Soviet practice in this regard, the expression "cooperation in legal matters" is resorted to as an all-inclusive term.


With the rapid advancement of urbanization and industrialization in China and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the generation and accumulation of a large amount of garbage has caused serious environmental problems. Therefore, the garbage compression station is more important, through the loose garbage. Compressed into dense garbage and then re-discharged or buried, it can effectively solve the problem of massive accumulation of garbage and contribute to the beautification of the environment.


How to cancel the noise using a computer system (100) and the noise cancellation module in a computer system (100) (102) having a noise cancellation module (102) is described. Computer system (100) includes a processor (108) for controlling the operation of the computer system (100), a coupling noise cancellation module to the processor (108) (102), coupled to the processor (108), operation instructions and a memory (112) for storing at least one noise cancellation instruction sequence. Noise cancellation instruction, the processor (108), to generate a cancellation audio signal in response to receiving the audio signal from the noise cancellation module (102) to transmit the generated offset audio signals to the noise cancellation module (102) . Method, by the noise cancellation module (102), sensing the audio signal noise source is generated, and comprises generating a noise cancellation signal to the processor (108) in response thereto. Noise cancellation module (102) generates an audio signal based on the noise cancellation signal generated from the processor (108). .FIELD 1


Morphological, karyological and ecological features of halophytic endemic Sphaerophysa kotschyana are investigated based on the specimens collected from Tuz Lake environs. The expanded morphological description and illustration of this species is given. This study shows that the somatic chromosome number is 2n=14+0-2B. The pollen grains are prolate, 3-zonocolporate, medium in size, with suprareticulate ornamentation according to the results of SEM studies. Seeds are reniform, the sizes range between 3.5 mm and 4.0 mm in length and width. The seed surface has irregular granules. The karyogram, ideogram, and SEM photos of the pollen and seed surface are presented. In addition, the habitat of its and accompanied species are given as well.


Wastes are the major source of soil pollution originates from mining, chemical, metal processing industries, and other allied industries. These wastes include varieties of chemicals like heavy metals, phenolic, organic, non-metals, etc. Heavy metals are the intrinsic component of the environment with essential and non essential both types. Soils polluted with heavy metals have become common due to increase in geologic and anthropogenic activities. It is the unplanned disposal of municipal waste, mining, use of extensive pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, and other agrochemicals uses were significant causes of environment pollution and causes of most concern. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, manganese, iron and mercury is major environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Heavy metal accumulation in soils is of concern in agricultural production due to the adverse effects on food safety, marketability and crop growth due to phytotoxicity, and environmental health of soil organisms. The influence of these heavy metals on plants and their metabolic activities caused by the geological and biological redistribution of heavy metals through pollution of the air, water and soil were briefly discussed in this article


Computing spectra is a central problem in computational mathematics with an abundance of applications throughout the sciences. However, in many applications gaining an approximation of the spectrum is not enough. Often it is vital to determine geometric features of spectra such as Lebesgue measure, capacity or fractal dimensions, different types of spectral radii and numerical ranges, or to detect essential spectral gaps and the corresponding failure of the finite section method. Despite new results on computing spectra and the substantial interest in these geometric problems, there remain no general methods able to compute such geometric features of spectra of infinite-dimensional operators. We provide the first algorithms for the computation of many of these longstanding problems (including the above). As demonstrated with computational examples, the new algorithms yield a library of new methods. Recent progress in computational spectral problems in infinite dimensions has led to the Solvability Complexity Index (SCI) hierarchy, which classifies the difficulty of computational problems. These results reveal that infinite-dimensional spectral problems yield an intricate infinite classification theory determining which spectral problems can be solved and with which type of algorithm. This is very much related to S. Smale's comprehensive program on the foundations of computational mathematics initiated in the 1980s. We classify the computation of geometric features of spectra in the SCI hierarchy, allowing us to precisely determine the boundaries of what computers can achieve and prove that our algorithms are optimal. We also provide a new universal technique for establishing lower bounds in the SCI hierarchy, which both greatly simplifies previous SCI arguments and allows new, formerly unattainable, classifications.


The educational outlook in the United States is far from a pleasant one to contemplate. While the demand for teachers increases from day to day the available supply grows less and less. Marked declines have been experienced in the enrollments of teacher training institutions and educational departments during the regular year and the summer sessions. This condition is being accepted with apathetic resignation. A dean of a college of education in answer to a letter of inquiry writes, "The educational situation in the country is in a rather precarious condition and no one seems to know just what to do about it." Another prominent educator writes, "It happens, however, that we have a decreased enrollment and that it has been necessary to let three of our Education Department go this summer since we do not have work for them."


The natural biopolymers and their modifications represent an important raw material for application in different branches of consumer industry, pharmacy and foodstuff production. Hydroxyethylcellulose has specific applications for all mentioned possible applications. The standard chemical methods of its modifications can be substituted by means of plasmochemical ones. An advantage of these methods is in a fact, than surface modifica-tions can be controlled and govern in a narrow diapason on the surface. As a source of plasma was chosen vf discharge at 17 MHz and changes in properties were followed by UV/VIS and FT-IR spectrometry.


Considering the characteristics of UHVDC(Ultra High Voltage Direct Current) transmission in HMI (Human Machine Interface), this paper discusses the engineering design plan of HMI software for UHVDC transmission project in detail. Especially speaking, this paper focuses on how to carry out robotics solutions which include automatic interface generation, auto correlation between the interface and database data, and the function of system error correction, etc. Finally, an engineering solution based on data driven project is presented for the future domains of DC transmission HMI.


Regional climate models can successfully simulate tropical cyclones and typhoons. This has been shown and was evaluated for hindcast studies of the past few decades. But often global and regional weather phenomena are not simulated at the observed location, or occur too often or seldom even though the regional model is driven by global reanalysis data which constitute a near-realistic state of the global atmosphere. Therefore, several techniques have been developed in order to make the regional model follow the global state more closely. One is spectral nudging, which is applied for horizontal wind components with increasing strength for higher model levels in this study. The aim of this study is to show the influence that this method has on the formation of tropical cyclones (TC) in regional climate models. Two ensemble simulations (each with five simulations) were computed for Southeast Asia and the Northwestern Pacific for the typhoon season 2004, one with spectral nudging and one without. First of all, spectral nudging reduced the overall TC number by about a factor of 2. But the number of tracks which are similar to observed best track data (BTD) was greatly increased. Also, spatial track density patterns were found to be more similar when using spectral nudging. The tracks merge after a short time for the spectral nudging simulations and then follow the BTD closely; for the no nudge cases the similarity is greatly reduced. A comparison of seasonal precipitation, geopotential height, and temperature fields at several height levels with observations and reanalysis data showed overall a smaller ensemble spread, higher pattern correlations and reduced root mean square errors and biases for the spectral nudged simulations. Vertical temperature profiles for selected TCs indicate that spectral nudging is not inhibiting TC development at higher levels. Both the Madden–Julian Oscillation and monsoonal precipitation are reproduced realistically by the regional model, with results slightly closer to reanalysis data for the spectral nudged simulations. On the basis of this regional climate model hindcast study of a single typhoon season, spectral nudging seems to be favourable since it has mostly positive effects on typhoon formation, location and general circulation patterns in the generation areas of TCs.


In distribution automation system configuration the distributed generation directly connected to primary distribution system. To achieving the all total generation of PV the radial network converted into mesh or loop by connecting loop power controller at the receiving end of primary distribution system. The loop power flow controller has capable to control power flow between two distribution feeders by maintaining active and reactive power. The loop power flow controller control active power by changing phase shift and reactive power by changing voltage ratio. In these paper control algorithm in MATLAB is used to control voltage ratio and phase shift of LPC, and results shows how loss on distribution system is minimized. Keywords; loop power flow controller, Photovoltaic generation, feeder, load balancing


This study aims to analyze the factors that influence corporate social responsibility in banking sector companies listed on the IDX during the period 2014-2020. The data used in this study is secondary data sourced from the official website of Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling method so that 24 companies were sampled. The novelty in this research is to use the SCV formula for CSR and the addition of the board of commissioners variable. The results show that profitability, liquidity, firm size, leverage have a positive effect on corporate social responsibility. Board size has a negative effect on corporate social responsibility. Foreign director, female director, board of commissioners size has no effect on corporate social responsibility. This shows that big profitability, liquidity, company size, leverage can encourage CSR activities and become investors' considerations. The benefits of CSR activities are an important assessment for investors to invest their capital..


The catalytic synthesis of n-butyl cinnamate with p-toluene sulfonic acid, methane sulfonate, strongly acidic cationic exchange resin,ferric chloride hexahydrated, polyvinyl chloride-ferric chloride resin,stannic chloride pentahydrate, ammonium ferric sulfate dodecahydrate, Gallium sulfate, Cerium sulfate, sodium bisulfate monohydrate, potassium bisulfate, solid supper acid and heteropoly acid etc. solid acid were reviewed. They were good catalyst for synthesis of n-butyl cinnamate. The microwave irradiation is a good method for synthesis of n-butyl cinnamate.


MCL is a graph clustering algorithm. With the characteristics of MCL computational process,MCL is prone to producing small clustering and separating edge nodes from the groups. A hybrid clustering based on MCL combined with KNN algorithm is proposed. Hybrid algorithm improves the quality of clustering by reclassification of elements in small clustering by KNN classification characteristics and clustering tables required by MCL clustering. Experiments prove that this method is feasible and the improved algorithm can enhance the quality of clustering.


Humor can be an effective element of classroom teaching, serving to reduce tension, increase motivation, aid instruction and strengthen teacher/student relationships. A review of the literature reveals that research in this area is incomplete and inconclusive. This study surveys 5thand 6th-grade teachers (N=50) for information on how they vary the use of humor; the value placed on humor; reasons for using humor; guidelines for using humor in the classroom; appropriate types of humor; and sarcasm. Results suggest the most commonly cited reasons for using humor include: behavior management; sparking interest; implementing instruction; and building or strengthening teacher/student relationships. host teachers agree that sarcasm should never be used unless it is :Jf a playful nature; also, that the use of humor varies with students' sophistication, intelligence, and maturity levels. Humor is not a peripheral issue in education; most teachers surveyed considered it an integral element in their teaching. Based on the literature and survey results, guidelines, recommendations, and suggestions for the effective use of humor in the classroom are presented. A copy of the humor survey is appended. (Contains 20 references.) (LL) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Humor in the Classroom 1 Implications for Teachers' Use of Humor in the Classroom Stephen W. Rareshide Curry School of Education University of Virginia U S DtARTAIENT OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RE SOURCES INFORMATION CENTER tE RIC. Ns (for umem haS been reoroduC ea as eretvecl hnn, the ve,sn or ,ganqahon Moo, changes have been made h ,ereoaat hen atahiv Po.nls o. c), opin,Ins slated n!n,5 dor,' rent do nOt necessar tepresen, ."coa. DEPT posIon n, poocy "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Humor in the Classroom


It is important that control of quality in site,in the construction of rollcrete.The density is an important control criterion with regard to how to work out the important criterion-density,some opinions are written in this article.At the same time,some questions and improve method about the control of concrete in site are proposed.


The method based on the double buffering for interruption acquisition,the separate store for files and the data display with file mergence is proposed to satisfy data collection,store and display after data increase greatly in EAST discharges with lower hybrid heating.


AIM: To evaluate the oxidative damages of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to human erythrocyte membrane. METHODS: The oxidative damages of erythrocyte induced by CSE were evaluated through biochemical assays of malonaldehyde (MDA), methemoglobin (MetHb) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, hemolytic rate, SDS-PAGE of membrane proteins and chromatographic analysis of membrane phospholipids. RESULTS: Treatment of erythrocytes with CSE induced the hemolysis and the formation of MDA and MetHb, decreased GSH level and changed the patterns of membrane proteins and phospholipids. CONCLUSION: CSE induces the oxidative damages of human erythrocytes, thus resulting in the loss of physiological functions of human erythrocytes.


This exploratory and descriptive study described sociodemographic and health variables of caregivers of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease, associating care provided with resilience. Participants were 101 caregivers over 18 years old who accompanied older adults in a Primary Care Unit of a Brazilian public hospital in 2009. Questionnaires regarding the profile, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Resilience Scale were used. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Most caregivers were female, without depression, aided by other people in providing care, and had a high degree of resilience. The variables degree of kinship, medical treatment, the use of medication, tiredness, prostration, discouragement, and caregivers' mental health had significant association with resilience. Physical health was significantly associated to experience in care, with 82 elderly people presenting acute cognitive damage. Older adults in the family context can benefit from a more resilient caregiver. DESCRIPTORS: Caregivers. Alzheimer disease. Resilience, psychological.


Fluoro substitution in thermotropic liquid crystals provides a general way of modifying the properties of a parent system. Transition temperatures, mesophase types and other physical properties can be affected by fluoro substitution, so that frequently the behaviors of the parent compound can be manipulated and improved in a predictable manner. This paper discusses the effects of a fluoro substitution in each side-arm of 1,2,4,5-tetrakis((4-(alkoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)benzenes on the resulting mesomorphic properties characterized by optical polarizing microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Without any fluoro-substituted side-arms, longer chain-length leads to a wider nematic temperature range on cooling. Incorporation of a fluoro substitution in each side-arm induces the formation of a lamellar suprastructure, lowers transition temperatures and results in a wider mesophase temperature range on cooling.


In this chapter, three novel improved order tracking approaches are developed based upon available order tracking methods, namely Vold-Kalman filter order tracking and computed order tracking, Intrinsic mode function and Vold-Kalman filter order tracking and intrinsic cycle re-sampling. The logic of the discussions on three improved approaches is outlined below to simplify understanding of the thesis:


The healthcare service system in Indonesia is divided into two levels, first-level healthcare services, and advanced-level healthcare services. One of the first-level healthcare services is the small public health facility or clinics. The healthcare system in Indonesia requires patients to seek treatment at a first-level health care system first and prohibits seeking treatment at an advanced-level healthcare system unless emergency or necessary. However, research on the performance management system for clinics is still very minimal. This research is intended to design a performance management framework using Clinic T in City B, Indonesia, as a case study. The flow of research methodology in this study is started with problem identification, continued with framework selection analysis. The selected framework in this study is the Knowledge-Based Performance Management System (KBPMS). Performance framework for Clinic T and the performance indicators are presented, along with the linkage between performance variables and one of the simple ways to show the clinic's performance for easier evaluation. The proposed framework is expected to be suitable for other clinics in Indonesia and can be used as a foundation for other clinics in designing their own performance management framework.


The development of a national mapping policy in the United States during the nineteenth century is examined with respect to two factors: the interrelations between federal and state government and contemporary views of the place of science within government. Special attention is paid to the main federal surveys, the U.S. Coast Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey, and to the state surveys with which both were closely associated. The history of the surveys is the history of their struggle for acceptance by both state and federal legislatures. Government programs for geodetic and topographic mapping are found to have been the by-product of ad hoc government legislation, and not the result of policy decisions.


Experimental and numerical investigations are conducted to understand the heat transfer characteristics of a double-wall film-cooled configuration. To validate the numerical method for describing the heat transfer process of the complex configuration, an infrared thermal imaging (ITI) system is used. Through the ITI system, two-dimensional temperature distributions over the coversheet of the configuration are captured. The experiments are carried out in a hot gas wind tunnel with an electrical heater of 30kW. The specimen used in the experiments has an actual size of gas turbine engines, and an integral structure of the coversheet and columnar ribs is processed by a numerically controlled milling machine. Numerical calculations are carried out by an alternant iteration algorithm between velocity field and temperature field, and the shear-stress-transport k-ω model and locally refined T-grid validated by the first part of this work are used. The numerical results are compared with the thermal image captured by the ITI system. The influences of coolant impingement and cross flow within the configuration, coolant film effect at the coversheet, heat conduction through the ribs on the overall cooling effectiveness at the coversheet are illustrated and discussed. The objective of this investigation is to provide a preparation for the next work, to estimate the thermal stress and reliability of the double-wall cooling configurations.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


A
thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor
of Philosophy to the School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, College
of Science, Health, and Engineering, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.


Cordierite (Mg 2 Al 4 Si 5 O 18 )ceramics was synhtesised and characterised by utilising silica extracted from rice husk. The preparation of cordierite ceramics were conducted by mixing magnesium and aluminium nitrate hydrate with sol silica extracted from rice husk. The samples were sintered at 1300, 1400 and 1500 0 C. DTA and XRD studies confirmed that cordierite was formed through the intermediate phases of crystoballite, corundum (aA l2 O 3 ), spinel (MgA l2 O 4 ), and periclase (MgO), respectively. The presence of irregular morphology of a tiny crystallise with wide grain size distribution on the surface is clearly revealed by scanning electron microcopy (SEM) image. DTA results performed that thermal stability of cordierite phase increases with increasing in temperature of sintering. Keywords :Cordierite, rice husk, sintering, structure, thermal