In real problems, there are basically two kind of uncertainty: uncertainty due to the lack of knowledge with respect to well defined objects, but for which there are different hypothetical situations, and uncertainty due to the intrinsic vagueness of the objects. Traditionally, the first type of uncertainty has been studied with the help of Probability Theory while the second one has used Fuzzy Set Theory and Possibility Theory. In situations where the two kind of uncertainty are present, theories capable of handling the probability and the possibility of fuzzy events together are needed. On the other hand, many times the vagueness of the objects is due to the existence of a fuzzy equality that makes indistinguishable different objects of the universe. This can happen, for example, because of the imprecision of the measurement tools. Indistinghishability operators or similarities model this kind of equalities in a satisfactory way. The main target of this project is to formulate a general framework that allows us to deal with different types of uncertainty in universes where a similarity between their objects is defined in a coherent way. This general target can be divided in the following three partial ones: a) Study of probability distributions compatible with a given similarity relation. b) Generation of similarity relations on a universe starting from a similarity defined on a set of prototypes of this universe. c) Extending the way normalized fuzzy sets generate possibility distributions to the non-normalized case.


The formulation of the study authors about how the role of Congress Operata Yogyakarta
assistant for housekeeper whose rights are not met by the employer in the province of
Yogyakarta Special Region and how the legal effort undertaken by Congress Operata
Yogyakarta for housekeeper whose rights are not fulfilled by the giver working in the province
of Yogyakarta Special Region. The purpose of this study was a find out how the role of Congress
Operata Yogyakarta companion for housekeeper whose rights are not met by the employer in the
province of Yogyakarta Special Region and find out how the legal efforts undertaken by
Congress Operata Yogyakarta for housekeeper rights are not met by the emploer in the province
of Yogyakarta Special Region. This research is an empirical study in which researchers focused
on the behavior of the legal community (law inaction), so that researchers require primary data as
the primary data and secondary data as the support data (legal materials).
Data collection methods researchers used questionnaires and literature. The result of the
role of co-authors research Congress Operata Yogyakarta as a mediator between housekeeper
with employers, and if it is successful it will create a certificate mediate peace but that does not
work with the mediation and the position of housekeeper is true hen the Congress will
accompany Operata until rights are fulfilled by the employer other than that of housekeeper are
not given time to work standard working hours leave time to ask then Koy accompany those
rights in employer and if no met will report to the Industrial Court. Efforts by congressional law
Operata Yogyakarta in the event legal issues between workers and employers preferred by
kindship, while the latter court remedies after there is not other way.


The periodic component of the angular dispersion α90 was measured on Ni-Fe films of various compositions deposited onto glass substrates kept at different temperatures. When the substrate temperature ts is about 300°C, the films are almost free from the stress and thus the angular dispersion α90 comes mainly from the magneto-crystalline anisotropy K1 of the crystallites. However, if ts is far below 300°C, then α90 comes not only from K1 but also from the magneto-elastic anisotropy Kσ, α90∝(K12+Kσ2)1/2/Ku, where Ku is the uniaxial anisotropy constant of the film. The anisotropic part of the stress σa estimated from α90 depends on the substrate temperature as σa∼(300-ts)×107(dyn/cm2).


From imitating the heaven and the earth and through reference to history, Lu Bu-wei puts forwards a complete set of ideas of how to build a state and administrate, which embodies the strong willingness and social ideas of the rising feudal governing classes of regality, everything in its proper place and clean and flourishing age, the personnel administration ideas of eight views and six experiences whatever origins, the military administration ideas of action first with picked troops and sharp arms, and the agro-administration ideas of farming in the right season and to pray for agricuture.


: Ensuring the payment of migrant workers' wages is an important issue of national importance, mass concern and social concern. In 2020, the implementation of the "Regulations on Ensuring the payment of Migrant Workers' wages" marks the implementation of migrant workers' wage payment protection into the legal track. This paper uses Smith's policy implementation process model to study the implementation of "Regulations on the payment of Migrant Workers' Wages" in Yiwu City, analyzes the implementation status, existing problems and reasons, and puts forward optimization suggestions to provide reference for its revision and improvement and local development of implementation methods.


We introduce a novel dataset consisting of images depicting pink eggs that have been identified as Pomacea canaliculata eggs, accompanied by corresponding bounding box annotations. The purpose of this dataset is to aid researchers in the analysis of the spread of Pomacea canaliculata species by utilizing deep learning techniques, as well as supporting other investigative pursuits that require visual data pertaining to the eggs of Pomacea canaliculata. It is worth noting, however, that the identity of the eggs in question is not definitively established, as other species within the same taxonomic family have been observed to lay similar-looking eggs in regions of the Americas. Therefore, a crucial prerequisite to any decision regarding the elimination of these eggs would be to establish with certainty whether they are exclusively attributable to invasive Pomacea canaliculata or if other species are also involved. The dataset is available at https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/deeshenzhen/pinkeggs


This paper presents preliminary results from a wind power forecasting study of potentially high-risk scenarios for power systems in the context of the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM). This paper focuses on the two Australian States of highest wind penetration to date, South Australia and Tasmania. Firstly, a study is made of the wind climate of these two States affecting the wind power output at various wind farms. Techniques to identify specific instances of high-risk scenarios are explored combining aggregated wind power and meteorological observations with known inherent power system constraints. An assessment is made of the performance of two technically different, commercially available forecasting systems. Further work is planned to expand on these findings and develop ramp forecasting techniques as a complement to traditional approaches.


The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine is promising in terms of low NOx, low particulates and high efficiency. Due to its homogeneous charge, where the combustion starts almost simultaneously from a number of points in the combustion chamber, only lean mixtures are possible to burn because of the resulting rapid combustion, which is much faster than the combustion in an SI-engine or a diesel engine. When richer mixtures are used the combustion will start earlier and also be more violent. To phase the combustion later and lower the combustion speed, external cooled EGR can be used. The EGR-system used in this thesis uses a divided exhaust channel where one channel and its corresponding valve are used only for transporting EGR back to the intake system. Consequently the EGR-valve is connected to the intake pressure. This system is called DirectEGR (D-EGR). Engine tests verified that the CA50 indeed is phased later when cooled EGR is used. The more cooled EGR that is available in the combustion chamber, the later the CA50 is phased. Hence power output of the HCCI-engine can be improved quite a bit when large EGR-rates are used, because of the possibility of increasing the injected fuel amount. Simulations in GT-Power were made to determine how the EGR-valve lift and exhaust valve lift should be made to transfer a certain amount of EGR with as good total efficiency as possible. The simulations showed that two different valve timing strategies should be used. Which one of the two strategies that should be used depends on the pressure difference between the intake and the exhaust as well as the engine speed. These valve timing strategies are called the Major lift strategy and the Minor lift strategy. To determine the efficiency of the D-EGR-system, a comparison with an ordinary external EGR system was carried out. The comparison showed that the D-EGR-system performs well, especially at high load and low engine speeds. At high engine speeds the increase in flow losses affects the performance in a negative way for the D-EGR-system. At low load the intake pressure may exceed the exhaust pressure, which makes it unbeneficial to do a part of the exhaust stroke with the EGR-valve open towards the higher intake pressure. In terms of transient response the D-EGR-system was proven to be fast, with a possibility to change the EGR-rate in just a couple of cycles. Table of contents


Abstract: In this paper a state feedback controller is designed to stabilize a discrete-time nonlinear and uncertain system. The Takagi Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model with norm-bounded uncertainties is considered for modelling the nonlinear system. Beyond stability, a mixed (LQ/H∝) index is also considered, which simultaneously guarantees an upper bound of LQ cost and is robust for unknown external disturbance in the sense of induced H∞ norm. Sufficient conditions for existence of fuzzy state feedback controller are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally the effectiveness of the proposed controller design methodology is illustrated through numerical simulations.


The current global economy uncertainties have led to the reduction in the accessibility to trade credit facilities imposed on firms by banks and financial institutions. Critically, firms are keen to look internally to working capital management as a key source of finance. Among the main goal of this research is to evaluate the moderating role of the working capital management on the relationship between key determinants of working capital and firm performance. The population for this study covers manufacturing firms listed on the main market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad. This study covers eleven sectors classification based on the criteria established by Malaysia Investment
Development Authority. All data is extracted from Bloomberg database. The multivariate analysis of this study is carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences in order to test the hypotheses. The findings have shown that the relationship between key determinants of working capital and firm performance are moderated by
working capital management and they form a contemporary working capital management model. Likewise, days sales outstanding and net liquid balance serves as alternative measures of a firm efficiency and liquidity position. Also, it was found that working capital requirements moderate all the relationships between the key determinants of working capital and firm performance. Except for firm size, it was also found that net liquid balance moderates the relationships between the key determinants of working capital and firm performance. This study concludes that the interaction effects of working capital management in listed manufacturing firms as modifying
either the strength or direction of relationships between predictors and criterion. Therefore, it provides a comprehensive research framework for listed manufacturing firms to gain competitive advantage in terms of operational analysis, resource management and profitability.


In this letter, we show that a cylindrical, single-layer impedance metasurface enclosing a radiating source is capable of reshaping the electromagnetic field pattern at a predetermined radius outside of the metasurface. We first present the design procedure of a cylindrical impedance metasurface and then proceed to an example demonstrating the achievable pattern accuracy. Simulation results validate the design methodology and show that complete amplitude control can be achieved in the azimuthal direction for a vertically polarized source.


Several studies have been published on the use of eccentric and non-circular chainrings. The findings of these studies have, however, not been consistent. Despite the lack of consistent positive results in terms of physiological responses, a consensus appears to prevail that the improved mechanical effectiveness of the oval chainring may lead to performance enhancement (e.g. increased crank power output) compared to the conventional circular chainwheel. Some authors assume non-circular chainrings may improve pedal dynamics by reducing the effect of the "dead spot" in the pedaling cycle. Other argue that an elliptical chainwheel should more efficiently match the torque output capability of the rider to the torque input requirement of the pedaling cycle. Still other researchers conclude that non-circular chainrings can potentially increase crank power relative to a conventional circular chainring by acting to slowdown the crank angular velocity during the downstroke (power phase) which allows muscles to generate power longer and to produce more external work. The pedal reaction force can be decomposed into a limb-static force and a limbdynamic force (gravity and inertial effects) component. Static forces result from pedal forces only. Dynamic forces and dynamic moments are needed to accelerate/decelerate (to move) the lower limbs. As a consequence crank power, joint-moments and joint-power are the result of static pedal forces and of the dynamic forces/moments. In a theoretical model, by assuming the static pedal forces being zero it becomes possible to investigate the specific impact of the change of the dynamic force component on the bicycle-rider system. Altering the dynamic forces/moments is possible via ovality and shape of the chainring, crank orientation angle, pedaling cadence, anthropometric values and bike geometry. The objective of this study was, relying on a torque-driven bicycle-rider musculoskeletal model


The purpose of the article is to justify approaches to assessing alternative tourist availability (using the example of Cherkasy region and its first-order neighbors) according to the authors' indicators and their cartographic support.

The main material. The article analyses prevailing approaches to the assessment of tourist destinations, their tourist potential. The authors have found that it is not enough to evaluate the territory itself as it functions and develops in constant competition with neighbours and territories that provide similar tourist services. The need for a traveller to choose a tourist destination between several mutually exclusive possibilities gives rise to the definition of an alternative place of rest. The article proposes to evaluate a comprehensive indicator - alternative tourist accessibility, based on the system of indicators of geographical location, infrastructural, natural-recreational, historical-cultural factors in accordance with territorial, practical, price, and informational accessibility, which is understood as a comparative assessment of territories according to specified criteria using a rating approach, geo-informational - the cartographic method and the sum of places method.

Approbation of the methodology was carried out on the example of Cherkasy region and its neighbours of the first order, as they can pull off potential tourist flows most often or, conversely, act as a donor of potential tourists.

Conclusions and further research. Based on the results of the study, the tourist leader is Kyiv region. Cherkasy region ranks second, losing in terms of territorial, informational and practical accessibility. The third place takes the territory of Poltava region, which is the main competitor for Cherkasy region, especially taking into account the similarity of tourist products. The main advantage of Cherkasy region in determining an alternative place of rest is affordability as the strongest competitive factor. Thus, the evaluation results confirm the present -day depiction of tourism development. We believe that such an indicator must be taken into account while developing tourism strategies and SWOT-analyses, because it allows us to identify prospects and threats, weaknesses and strengths. In the future, this method should be tested on the example of regions that are competitors for a certain type of tourist offer.


BACKGROUND: An effort was made to determine if volunteer blood donation before diagnosis decreases the severity of iron overload at diagnosis in persons with hemochromatosis.


The invention relates to a method for detection and / or identification of Clostridium difficile, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) providing a reaction medium comprising at least one beta-glucosidase substrate, adapted to the identification of C. difficile, b) inoculating the medium with a biological sample to be tested, c) incubating andd) detecting the hydrolysis of beta-glucosidase substrate indicating the presence of Clostridium difficileL'invention also relates to a reaction medium for detecting and / or Clostridium difficile identification comprising at least one beta-glucosidase substrate, suitable for identification of C. difficile.


Fire escape education has very important practical significance,and a fire escape training for public is usually expensive in real life.Virtual reality can simulate a fire scene and enhance escape education.Meanwhile it can reduce the overall training costs greatly.A virtual reality demo system for fire escape training was set up,a game-like graphics interface with particle animation and sounds was programmed,a user could control an avatar to escape from the virtual fire scene,the avatar's movement was realized in skeleton animation,and a facial expression picture was used to express the avatar's emotion state.The preliminary test shows that the demo system can make fire escape training to be more vivid.


In this paper we present new virtual spring manipulator-based tools for steering particles in molecular dynamics simulations in virtual environments. We briefly overview the MolDRIVE system, our visualization and computational steering environment for molecular dynamics real-time simulations, which is the platform for our particle steering implementation.Our study concentrates on visual feedback tools. We compare a basic virtual particle steering method with two other methods using a spring manipulator. The first just creates a visual feedback of a flexible connection between the user's interaction device and the steered particle, while the second technique creates a visual illusion of force feedback. The user can, through the spring manipulator, exert a force on the manipulated particle in the MD simulation. All presented particle steering tools are intuitive and easy to use.


[From the Introduction]. This paper examines the proposal to incorporate parts of the Prum Treaty into EU law, as opposed to the original Prum Treaty. Particular attention is paid to the issues that we highlighted as problematic in our original assessment and comment on how they have been dealt with.


Abstract The declining growth rate, which had been such a notable feature of the South African economy in the 1970s, continued in the 1980s until, by the end of the decade, slow growth had been replaced by no growth. The causes of this unhappy state of affairs are complex. Clearly, the declining price of gold played its part, as did the continued ravages of inflation — but they were not the main causes. The credit, one can hardly say deficit, for this achievement must go to the government. It was the P.W. Botha regime that brought down the pillars of apartheid, when its very implementation crippled the economy. How ironical that the man, who was trying to create "independent" homelands close to Pretoria in the 1980s, was the same person who did more than anyone else to bring the whole edifice crashing down!


There are various reasons by which the damage in the cold rolling mill rolls occurs. The main objective is to highlight those reasons which are responsible for the breakage. The parameters considered during the manufacturing and during the regular use of rolls in cold rolling in the past researches and the effect of these parameters to increase the life of a roll. These are based upon the various factors and summarize the effect of parameters responsible for the deformation concluded by the various researchers in the past history of cold rolling mill. Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2015.11.8395 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.


Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of IFN with different methods of administration,doses,subtypes of in-terferon on condyloma acuminatum.Methods:Seventeen clinical trial reports on the treatment of condyloma acuminatum were re viewed systematically with evidence based medicine method and the efficacy rate,relative benefit,the number of patients need to be treated,the increased rates of relative benefit and absolute benefit were evaluated.Results:The intralesional injection of INF was more effective than other methods of administration.Conclusions:There was no significant difference in the treatment of condyloma acuminatum between IFN-αand IFN-β.


This paper describes the function of protective circuit for lithium ion battery first,then,introduces the over charging protection,over discharging protection and over current protection respectively,and finally,gives the characters and application circuit of protective IC.


This lecture explores further topics relating to λ-calculus, including the α, β, and η reduction rules, an analysis of equality, congruence, and inequality of λ-terms, and an introduction to the use of encodings to compensate for the lack of data in pure λ-calculus. 1 Review 1.1 Substitution The substitution of N for all free occurrences of variable x in M is denoted by M [N/x], and often read as "M with N in for x". The action taken to apply the substitution depends on the form of M , as defined below: x[N/x] def = N y[N/x] def = y iff y 6≡ x (PQ)[N/x] def = (P [N/x]Q[N/x]) (λx.P )[N/x] def = λx.P (λy.P )[N/x] def = λz.((P [z/y])[N/x]), where y 6≡ x and z is fresh In the last case, the inner recursive call on the substitution operator introduces a fresh variable z to replace all free occurrences of y in P . That way, we can change (λy. . . .) to (λz. . . .) so that the outer recursive call on the substitution operator avoids any possibility of capturing free occurrences of y in N . 1.2 Reduction Rules λ-calculus employs two reduction rules, αand β-reduction, which are defined as follows: α-reduction: λx.M →α λy.M [y/x] β-reduction: (λx.M)N →β M [N/x]. α-reduction represents the renaming of a formal parameter. β-reduction represents the application of a function to an actual parameter. 2 From Reduction Rules to a Transition System Recall that in Lecture 1 we used a finite number of rules to define an infinite transition system. For instance, a single string-rewriting rule "PP → P" defined an infinite number of transitions of the form "γPPδ ⇒ γPδ," where γ and δ are strings that form the context for the application of the rewriting rule. We have the identical situation in λ-calculus: we have two rules, α-reduction and β-reduction; these define an infinite transition system on λ-calculus terms, which is formalized using the notion of a context. In this case, a context can be thought of as a tree with a hole in it as shown below:


We present a computer modeling investigation of dual electrically and magnetically controlled magnetoelectric (ME) microwave devices. The computer modeling results of ME microwave devices based on layered ferrite-piezoelectric structures formed on the slot line, microstrip line and coplanar waveguide are offered.


Medicine affects the whole of our lives. In this series, Zoë Apple, Helen Barratt, Samena Chaudhry, and Sumita Kini share what it means to them to be a medic and how their beliefs affect their lives


The development of a remote sensing system is proposed in the present study for monitoring of the electrical resistance of concrete in real time. The sensor is embedded in the concrete bulk, and the data are sent via a gateway to a computer for the data analysis. The sensibility of the sensors to the effect of the presence of a crystalline admixture has been also assessed in the study. Different cycles of drying and water penetration have been considered to assess the sensor performance in different water content conditions. Sensors have shown to capable of detecting changes in electrical resistance when humidity changes. The sensitive of the sensors to the action of waterproofing admixtures in the mortar has been also confirmed. The contribution of the temperature plays a critical role on the sensor response, and its simultaneous monitoring is recommended.


The nature of the allergenic substances in pollen is not known. Observations made at the Cernelle Laboratory have shown that different microorganisms can be cultivated from certain kinds of pollen. Certain species of microorganisms can be cultured more often from certain particular pollens. As bacterial products can provoke asthmatic reactions in the bronchi (2, 3. 4), it was felt desirable to find out if extracts from microorganisms cultivated from pollen could in the absence of any other pollen-derivatives provoke reactions of an allergic type.


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Hagfish slime thread skein. Photo credit: M. Bernards.

Hagfish are pretty repellent by most standards: reputed to consume prey from the inside out, the animals look ghastly and, worst of all, they release gallons of disgusting slime in less than 0.1 s when under attack. 'The


The Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia is widely distributed, but it is rare and little studied in southern Africa. We recorded the prey delivered by Caspian Terns to a breeding colony near the Berg River Estuary on the west coast of South Africa over two seasons (2013 and 2014) using a non-invasive photo-sampling approach. A total of 1 541 prey were identified (90% of prey photographed). At least 18 fish species were recorded, including both marine and estuarine species, indicating that breeding terns foraged in the Berg River Estuary, 7 km from the colony, as well as in St Helena Bay. Southern Mullet Liza richardsonii were the main prey in both seasons (57.6% overall), followed by gobies (15.6%, including Pelagic Goby Sufflogobius bibarbatus), Elf Pomatomus saltatrix (4.7%) and Cape Silverside Atherina breviceps (3.2%). The standard length of mullet ranged from 30 mm to 215 mm (mean ± SD: 101 ± 36 mm). Parents delivered significantly smaller mullet to small chicks than large chicks and partners. The terns lost 3.1% of prey to kleptoparasitism by Kelp Gulls Larus dominicanus (2.6%) and conspecifics (0.5%). Attacks occurred while in flight or as they landed to deliver their prey. Some adults 'pseudo-swallowed' prey items while pursued in flight to deter kleptoparasitic attacks. Our study confirms that Caspian Terns exploit a wide range of prey and it is unlikely that the abundance of suitable prey limits their population in the region.


This report shows the performance of laser equipment LGR Hydrology Laboratory of IPEN, by comparing the analysis of samples of O and H in other isotope hydrology laboratory nominated by the IAEA "Designated Center Stable Isotope Analysis" for the Regional Cooperation Agreement.


Aim at becoming the coke phenomenon in FCC unit production ,analysing the reason of becoming the coke ,and pointing out the place of easily becoming the coke .Adopting many measures for preventing the coke's formation during a new FCC unit design ,make an efforting avoiding the coke becoming .


We report the hyperparameter setups of PICCOLO, where the configurations vary only depending on the providence of gravity direction. As shown in Algorithm 1, we first sample Nr × Nt initial poses, out of which we select K1 poses through loss value-based filtering, which are consecutively reduced into K2 poses using color histogram intersection. Then we run gradient descent for K2 starting points for Niter steps. The quantitative results are reported in Section 4.1.


.– Parameters associated with optimum larval-rearing conditions are important in developing the culturing protocol of potential aquacultural species, and have yet to be addressed in terms of water temperature and salinity for Spisula solidissima similis, the southern Atlantic surfclam. Hatchery spawned S. s. similis larvae were reared to late pediveliger stage in five simultaneously conducted water temperature and salinity treatments. This larval growth and survival experimentation consisted of three salinity treatments (15, 25 and 30 ppt) in conjunction with a water temperature of 20 C, and two water temperature treatments (15 and 25 C) in conjunction with a salinity of 25 ppt. In the 20 C temperature treatment, significantly higher larval survival and greater growth occurred (both, P < 0.0001) as compared to the 15 C and 25 C treatments by day 22. Complete larval mortality occurred in the 20 C, 15 ppt salinity treatment by day 4. No significant differences in larval survival occurred between the 25 ppt, 20 C and 30 ppt, 20 C treatments by day 22 (P = 0.714). However, significantly greater larval growth occurred in the 25 ppt, 20 C compared to the 30 ppt, 20 C treatment (P = 0.009). The optimum rearing temperature and salinity for hatchery spawned S s. similis larvae to late pediveliger stage are 20 C and 25 ppt, respectively, within the temperatures and salinities tested.


Preferential solvent interactions between polyethyl- ene glycols and five proteins were investigated by density measurements and analyzed by the multicompo- nent theory. These measurements were conducted as a function of concentration and molecular size of the synthetic polymer at different pH values. The results showed that proteins are preferentially hydrated under the experimental conditions employed, Le. polyethylene glycol is excluded from the protein domain. The introduction of protein thermodynamically destabilizes the solvent system. The magnitude of instability in- creases with increasing concentration of the polymer. in presence proteins content that


The plastics industry places great emphasis on heat deflection temperature (HDT) as a measure of heat resistance when designing a plastic product. However, many manufacturers will evaluate a material's heat resistance by exposing a finished part to meximum use temperature under gravity load rather than the high loadings associated with the heat deflection test. The oven sag test is an alternate method which looks at the sag of a molded bar under gravity load. One end of the bar is clamped while the other end is free to sag. By employing a range of temperatures, the temperature at which gross sag takes place can be found. This study investigated how well the heat deflection temperature test and the oven sag test correlate to the performance of an injection molded box subjected to high temperatures using one and two phase PVC blends. The oven sag test was found to provide a more practical and more accurate measure of a material's performance under high temperatures and no external load. It is particularly well suited for evaluating two phase polymer blends.


Objective: To determine the frequency of complications after electroconvulsive treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychiatry, Balochistan Institute of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences, Quetta 1st August 2020 to 31st March 2021. Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients of both genders were presented in this study. Patients were aged between 20-70years. Patient's detailed demographics age, sex and mean body mass index were recorded after taking informed written consent. Patients of schizophrenia received electroconvulsive treatment. Frequency of immediate complications was observed after each session of electroconvulsive treatment and at the end of electroconvulsive treatment frequency of long term complications were observed. Results: Sixty five (54.17%) were males and 55 (45.83%) were females with mean age were 40.14±3.45 years and mean body mass index 22.14±6.12 kg/m2. Mean electroconvulsive treatment sessions was 88.13±6.87. Mean hospitalization stay was 3.4±2.04 weeks. Frequency of immediate complications were 25 (20.83%) among patients after electroconvulsive treatment session. Among 20.83%, frequency of body aches was 7 (8.83%), headache was in 11 (9.17%), frequency of transient amnesia was among 3 (2.5%) and hypertension was among 4 (3.33%). Significantly no any delay complications were observed in continuously sessions among enrolled cases. Conclusion: The use of electroconvulsive treatment sessions in patients of schizophrenia was effective because no any delay complications were observed in this treatment. Keywords: Schizophrenia, Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), Treatment sessions


Abstract The background of this research is the fact that it appears that the learning process is centered on the teacher, the teacher explains the material, give some example problems, and settlement. Then the teacher gives students the chance to ask, just that students do not dare to reveal what has not been understood as well as at the time of completing the exercise most students to copy answers from another student without correcting back. So, the activities of student are only listen, take notes, pay attention and do the exercise of teacher. Another alternative can be applied is active learning strategies class concern . The type of active learning strategies Class Concern is a technique to obtain the participation of students through writing. The purpose of this study was to describe the mathematics learning activities for active learning strategies applied method of type Class Concern and to test students 'mathematics learning outcomes by applying active learning strategies Class Concern types better than the results of students' mathematics learning by applying conventional learning in class VIII SMPN 1 Lengayang academic year 2014/2015. The type of this experimental. The instrumen in this research was observation sheet and result achievemen test. The results are an increase in the activity of students at each learning and the learning outcomes of students learning mathematics applying active learning strategies Class Concern types better than the results of students' mathematics learning by applying conventional learning. Keywords: Active Learning, Class Concern , Mathematics Learning


The reproduction of the band gap of semiconductors and insulators represents a well known problem for standard DFT approaches based on semi-local functionals. The problem can be partly solved using hybrid functionals where a given portion of exact exchange is mixed in with the DFT exchange. Recently, a new class of dielectric-dependent functional has been introduced, where the amount of exact exchange is derived from the static dielectric function of a given compound. In this study we have considered in a systematic way and an equal footing a set of 24 non-magnetic, three-dimensional (3D) bulk metal oxides, and of 24 Quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) semiconductors (oxides, hydroxydes, chlorides, oxyhalides, nitrides, and transition metal dichalcogenides) and computed the corresponding Kohn-Sham band gaps with three global hybrids, and four range-separated hybrid functionals. These, in turn, have been divided into standard (PBE0, B3LYP, HSE06, SC-BLYP), and dielectric-dependent (DD-B3LYP, DD-SC-BLYP, DD-CAM-B3LYP) functionals. We also performed a statistical analysis of the DFT data set, along with structural parameters of these 2D and 3D materials. The surprising result is that, overall, there is no real improvement in the use of dielectric-dependent functionals compared to PBE0, HSE06 and B3LYP. Short-range DD-SC-BLYP gives minor improvement of band gaps for bulk metal oxides, compared to standard SC-BLYP, but the mean absolute error is still 0.12 eV higher than B3LYP. The use of dielectric-dependent, standard or short-range functionals such as DD-B3LYP or DD-HSE06 worsen the situation. However, the long range-separated functional as implemented with Coulomb Attenuating Method (CAM) in dielectric-dependent version, DD-CAM-B3LYP, leads to a clear improvement for band gaps of quasi-2D materials. Based on this analysis, the conclusion is that the use of standard hybrid functionals such as B3LYP or HSE06 is recommended for non-magnetic bulk 3D metal oxides. On the other hand, the treatment of layered materials such as MoO3 or V2O5 benefits from the use of dielectric-dependent, range-separated functionals.


In this paper, a compact microstrip wideband antenna is proposed for on body biomedical application. The antenna is designed to operate in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical band at 2.45GHz. The overall dimension of the recommended antenna is 30 × 40 × 1.76 mm3 and has an open end slotted fed line and a slotted ground plane. Parasitic patch is used to enhance the bandwidth of the recommended antenna. The main features of this antenna are low profile, flexible, wideband and biocompatible. The performance of the proposed antenna is analyzed in terms of impedance bandwidth, return loss (dB), VSWR, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), radiation pattern, gain, and directivity. The antenna performance is analyzed in a three-layer human phantom model. The results obtained from the simulation show an impressive impedance matching having a return loss of around −48.99 dB at 2.45 GHz and the bandwidth coverage of nearly 900 MHz. To design & simulate the antenna, CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Microwave Studio is used.


The leishmaniases are parasitic protozoan infections caused by members of the genus Leishmania. Injection of Leishmania major into various strains of inbred mice cause disease symptoms which mimic the symptoms of a human leishmanial infection. Protection against an L. major infection in BALB/c mice depends on the generation of a macrophage-activating CD4 + Thl immune response with production of IL-2 and IFNy, but not IL-4, a Th2 cytokine that results in disease exacerbation. Immunization using DNA vaccines is a promising new approach for the prevention of diseases caused by intracellular pathogens. The antigen of interest encoded in the plasmid is transcribed and translated by the host cellular machinery and presented to the immune system inducing specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses against the encoded protein. In this study a eukaryotic expression vector, pcDNA3.1 encoding the L. major chaperonin 60 (Cpn60) was constructed and tested in vitro to confirm that the mammalian translational machinery could synthesize the protein. Cell-free coupled transcription/translation using rabbit reticulocyte lysate and transfection studies using COS-7 cells were carried out by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis of protein products. A single protein of the correct size was produced in vaccine samples but not in the Controls. To test the vaccine efficacy, BALB/c mice were immunized with either the vaccine construct, empty plasmid control or PBS, and boosted twice two weeks apart. Spleen cells from mice immunized with the vaccine construct did not produce significant amounts of the Thl cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) or gamma interferon (IFN-y), or the


The Development Cooperation Prize is annual incentive prize financed by the Belgian Development Cooperation (DGDC) and organized by the Royal Museum for Central Africa for students and young researchers, from Belgium or developing countries, whatever their discipline. The prize is awarded to scientific works that contribute significantly to knowledge that can be applied to development in the South. Sustainable development is to be their principal aim and poverty alleviation a priority. The prizes are attributed to Bachelor's and Master's theses, postgraduate papers, Ph.D. theses, or publications in scientific journals.


In emerging countries, such as Kenya, the foreign exchange market is an important aspect in the economic development of a country. The currency exchange rate market, like the rest of the world's financial markets, has been marked by considerable instabilities over the last decade. The objective of this paper is to model the volatility of the KSH/USD exchange rate prices using and calculate the VaR using the GARCH-EVT model. In particular, this article uses the two-stage GARCH-EVT approach to estimate the value at risk of the Kenyan Shilling against the US dollar., particularly the one-day ahead Value-at-Risk forecast in risk control. The conditional and unconditional coverage test are used to back test the model. We compare the performance of the GARCH-EVT with the daily log returns of key currency in addition to modelling the value at risk in the Kenyan Foreign Exchange market (US dollar) foreign currencies from the period November 2004 – June 2021 for trading days with the exception of holidays and weekends. The mean equation that was best fitting for the data was ARMA (4,2). The optimal GARCH model for the returns of the KSH/USD exchange rate is the GARCH (1,3) with student-t innovations. The results of the backtesting show that GARCH-EVT can be utilized to estimate and forecast VaR at both 5% and 1% level of significance.


We describe a sensitive and precise method for the simultaneous high pressure liquid-chromatography determination of phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, primidone, and carbamazepine in serum. The drugs are extracted into chloroform, dried and dissolved in the mobile phase. The drugs are eluted from a reverse-phase column with methanol/water and detected by their absorption at 214 nm. Concentrations are estimated from their peak heights. The results, when compared with those by enzyme-immunoassay, gave correlation coefficients of 0.990 for phenobarbital, 0.993 for diphenylhydantoin, 0.992 for primidone and 0.994 for carbamazepine.


Based on the twin shear unified strength theory,the analytic solutions for calculating stress,displacement,radius of plastic zone and characteristic curve equation of surrounding rock of circular subsea tunnel under the condition of fluid-solid coupling were derived.The calculation result shows that(1) as subsea tunnel is usually located in high pressure water-rich area,the effective stress of surrounding rock will be reduced by high pore water pressure and seepage pressure,which may bring about the arch formation and lower stability of stratum;(2) the intermediate principal stress has a certain influence on stress,displacement and radius of the plastic zone of surrounding rock,hence,consideration of intermediate principal stress is beneficial for giving full play the strength of surrounding rock;(3) in the stability analysis of surrounding rock and the lining structure design of subsea tunnel,it is necessary to rationally consider the seepage and the intermediate principal stress,and selecting reasonable strength criterion of rock is the basis of correct analysis for rock mechanics and engineering;(4) the result of this paper may be applicable to various engineering situations by choosing different intermediate principal stress coefficients and effective pore water pressure coefficients,which is helpful for distinguishing the stability of surrounding rock,designing supporting structure and determining pre-grouting area for subsea tunnel.


115 This month's column comes from Drs. Francesco Garino and Battista Garino of Turin, Italy. It's a timely look at the paradigm shift in orthodontics from physical impressions to digital representations produced by intraoral scanners. This follows on the heels of the acceptance by the AAO of Invisalign as a method of straightening teeth. Since orthodontists can expect increased patient demand for aligner treatment, the potential improvement in practice efficiency from the use of an iOC scanner becomes even more significant. In the hands of professionals, new technology quickly expands its potential. Besides the applications described in this paper, my orthodontic colleagues are reporting the fabrication of retainers, Herbst and other laboratory-produced appliances, and setups for indirect bonding by means of stereolithographic model production. The iOC scanner's DICOM data can be converted to an .sla file and easily transmitted to a laboratory for production of a working model. This file conversion involves a nominal fee (currently $5), but I'm certain the laboratory costs will drop quickly as demand increases. The latest innovation for the iOC scanner is software, just announced by Align Technology, that will allow patients to view the simulated alignment of their teeth at the chair, immediately following a scan. Continuing my horse-race analogy from previous Cutting Edge introductions, it appears that the intraoral scanners are pulling into the lead, and only a last-minute surge by the conebeam computed tomography group will make this a close finish. WRR The iOC Intraoral Scanner and Invisalign: A New Paradigm


In industry circles, customer "pain points" has replaced customer needs as the source of ideas for products and services. The premise is that the more pressing the 'pain', the more likely the customer will seek to find a solution. In this article, we develop a model to describe customer pain induced by a product. The model includes semantics to describe the pain elements and relations between the semantics. We evaluate the model to ascertain the extent to which individuals can use it consistently to identify pain points in a dataset of consumer product injuries. The paper concludes with a discussion on the use of the model in a pain-minimization design process, in which the aim is to bring essential health, social, and economic value.


The bipolar and unipolar resistive switching characteristics of a memory device using a Cu filament in a new Cu/GeOx/W structure under low-voltage operation (<1.5 V) have been investigated. The germanium oxide (GeOx) solid electrolyte with a thickness of approximately 12 nm has been observed by both high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses. A small device size of 150×150 nm2 has been observed by HRTEM. The composition of Ge:O has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The memory device shows bipolar switching under current compliances of 1 nA–50 µA with a large SET voltage of approximately 0.5 V and unipolar switching with a larger current compliance of >100 µA. This memory device has excellent uniformity in SET/RESET voltages, low resistance state/high resistance state (LRS/HRS), long read endurance of >1×105 cycles, and good data retention of >1×104 s with high resistance ratios of >105 in the bipolar mode and >109 in the unipolar mode.


In this paper, we investigate whether or not the movement in Vietnam's stock prices was the result of rational bubbles during the July 2000-July 2008 period. The stock market experienced some boom and bust cycles during this period. Although these seem to be stock market bubbles, no studies test this fact statistically. Based on Fukuta's (1996, Japan and the World Economy 8) proposition, we use some popular unit-root tests to check for the existence of rational bubbles in Vietnam's stock market. All of these tests support the hypothesis that the series of real stock prices was stationary. From these results, we conclude that there were no rational bubbles in Vietnam's stock market.


1. The object of the present paper is to draw a comparison between the results of the mechanical theory of heat, and those of the recent experiments of Messrs Fairbairn and Tate on the density of steam, published in the "Philosophical Transactions" for 1860.


The authors present a systematic procedure for testing corner detection algorithms used in digital image processing. The characteristics of a corner are described by six different attributes: corner angle, corner arm length, corner adjacency, corner sharpness, gray-level distribution, and noise level. Elementary test images are used to test each attribute individually. A previously proposed corner detection algorithm was tested using the proposed method, and the results are presented.<<ETX>>


In today's conditions of agrarian production in Ukraine, due to the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, a significant contribution belongs to scientific research based on world recognition, and publications in scientific journals indexed in the international science-computer databases of Web of Science and Scopus will lead to the possibility of modernization of modern science in agrarian institutions of higher education. It is established that realization of scientific researches in higher agricultural educational institutions is a prerequisite for increasing their competitiveness in the international scientific and educational space. So, agricultural universities, along with the implementation of their main function - educational - are engaged in field research and development of innovative research in the agrarian sector.

Today, in our country, there is already an experience in defining scientific research and innovation priorities, but until now, the research of domestic scientists did not take into account the use of large-scale modern information capacities to determine the effectiveness of scientific activity. In this regard, the attraction of information technology in combination with the use of international science-computer databases Web of Science and Scopus in the agrarian sphere will significantly expand the scientific outlook of scientists.

The aim of the study is to determine the main advantages of using the international science-computer databases Web of Science and Scopus for research in the agrarian sector and to provide suggestions for the search for data and selection of journals for their effective use in the research work of scientific and pedagogical workers of higher agrarian institutions. The information base of the study consists of the current legislation and normative acts of Ukraine, resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, official data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on scientific and innovative activities, data presented in the international science-computer databases of Web of Science and Scopus.

Current issues of the transformation of the scientific system at the state and world levels, which have a positive effect on the level of provision of the research sphere in combination with the staffing component of the scientific and technological potential, remain relevant in modern conditions. Today, we are seeing a deepening of the integration of education and agrarian science within the university sector, which is due to the increasing importance of scientific research and training of agronomists-researchers of the proper level. It has been established that the publication of the results of laboratory-field research in scientific journals indexed in the science science of Web of Science and Scopus should become a promising direction and actively develop among scientific groups of young scientists, in particular, when performing scientific research in agronomy.

At the present stage, the development of agrarian production is based not only on the achievements of agricultural sciences such as crop production, agriculture, ecology, fodder production, but also on a number of economic sciences. The studies have taken into account that the importance of research in agrarian science of this interaction is intensified in the conditions of structural transformations of the agricultural economy, as well as the provision of its innovative development, since the integrated interaction of agrarian production, science and agricultural education institutions has a positive effect.

In this scientific work, the necessity of the development of science-based research in agrarian universities was determined and the world's bibliometric platforms Web of Science and Scopus were analyzed. It also proved expediency of carrying out scientific researches with the use of science-based studies on the basis of agrarian institutions of higher education.

Under the international science and technology databases of Web of Science and Scopus, the criteria and standards necessary for the qualitative use of science in research are researched. Taking into account the results, the main criteria for the selection of science-computer platforms and their indicators were selected: the coverage of Ukrainian scientific publications and publications, the accuracy of data, including the veracity of the citation of the scientific publication, the filtering of excess data, the possibility of obtaining all information about the publication by author. The general characteristics of science-metric databases of Web of Science and Scopus (interface language, data volume, data source, science-metrics) were investigated and the main technical and functional characteristics were determined. Considered the availability of advanced search, the ability to communicate with scientists, the identification of a scientist, the possibility of a reference to a scientific publication.

After analyzing specialized literature and sites for the development of international science-computer databases for further thorough research, the course of publications to readers in the Internet space was determined, which is related to the active participation of authors in the placement of scientific articles in such information systems as Google Scholar, ORCID, Research ID.

Thus, in agrarian educational institutions, the availability of information and analytical activities in the context of complex changes in the information environment transforms the educational institution into a center of social communication, which is important for conducting research. In this regard, the involvement of information technology in conjunction with the use of international science-computer databases Web of Science and Scopus in the agrarian sphere will significantly expand the scientific outlook of scientists. Information provision of the scientific and educational process at the expense of publications of scientific articles of the corresponding level enhances the role of scientific and pedagogical workers in solving the problems faced by agrarian higher educational institutions at the present stage of development. Therefore, one of the priority directions of activity of scientific and pedagogical workers of agricultural higher educational institutions is the development of navigation functions in the world of science-computer systems in order to facilitate the transformation from the element of research into the participant of scientific and educational work and increase the scientific status of the university.


Aim of the study Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multisystem disease and is commonly associated with diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and obesity. These illnesses are usually treated by physicians, and hence they need to stay updated on NAFLD. The aim of the study was to assess and compare the knowledge and awareness about NAFLD among consultant physicians and resident doctors. Material and methods A questionnaire concerning epidemiology, risk factors, complications, diagnostic methods, management options, progression and screening of NAFLD was given to the consultant physicians and resident doctors and their responses were sought. The comparison of responses was carried out between residents and consultants using Pearson's χ2 test. Results A total of 240 doctors participated in the study with 60 resident doctors and 180 consultant physicians. 45% of the total participants did not consider NAFLD as a major health hazard. Consultants had better knowledge than residents about the prevalence of NAFLD, and the risks due to various factors. Also they had better knowledge about non-invasive diagnostic modalities. Resident doctors advocated use of antioxidants more than consultants. There was no statistically significant difference of perception between residents and physicians about association of NAFLD with diabetes and obesity, diet advice, dietary modification and exercise, usage of medications, avoidance of hepatotoxic drugs and alcohol. Conclusions This study revealed that physicians participating in our survey appreciate the prevalence of NAFLD but are unaware of the seriousness and the optimal management. This has implications for targeting 'at-risk' populations and appropriate referral of patients to gastroenterology/hepatology clinics.


Light pulse durations in the range 20–60 ps were measured by the simultaneous use of a direct method (with an AgatSF-1 image-converter camera) and a correlation technique (noncollinear second harmonic generation in a single pulse). The diameter of the fundamental radiation beam was shown to influence the results of measuring the duration of light pulses by the correlation technique. Practical recommendations for correct measurements by this technique were developed.


World society has been emerging on a global scale, but the old world-system of multiple cultures continues to exist at the same time that a global culture is in formation. In this article the author discusses the relations among these forms of integration in the contemporary system, the coming dark age of deglobalization, and the potential for the eventual emergence of a collectively rational and democratic global commonwealth.


Abstract: This chapter details the preparation and mechanism of polymer electrolytes and their applications in electrochemical fields, such as lithium ion batteries, fuel cells, alkaline batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, electrochromic devices and the like. Polymer electrolytes used in lithium ion batteries are divided into three categories: solid, gel and composites. Recent progress made in these three categories is highlighted. Moreover, in addition to the lithium ion battery, applications of polymer electrolytes in other electrochemical fields and their ion conducting performance are also briefly described.


India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of turmeric. Globally, Indian turmeric is considered to be the best because of its high curcumin content. Turmeric ranks third in the total exports of spices from India. The major importing countries of Indian turmeric are the United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh, United States of America, Sri Lanka, Japan, United Kingdom, Iran, and South Africa. Even though India plays a major role in turmeric export, its export quantity and value varied over the years. In order to retain India's leadership, there is a need to study the export performance due to the increasing domestic demand and a threat from the competing countries. Hence, the present study is undertaken with a view to analyze the export performance of turmeric from India. The export performance is measured in terms of growth rate, instability index and Markov chain analysis. The data on export quantity and export value from 1996-2006 was taken for the purpose of this study. Both exported quantity and value recorded a positive and significant growth of 6.2 and 9.61% per annum respectively. There was high instability in export value when compared to the export quantity, which might be due to the export unit value fluctuation. The results of Markov chain analysis confirmed that UAE and Bangladesh remained as the stable markets for Indian turmeric compared to other markets. The study suggests that appropriate positioning and pricing strategies should be used to strengthen India's position in the unstable global market.


A series of new 2-aryl-4-thiazolidinones (3 and 4) was synthesized from 2-hydroxy-2,2-diphenyl-N'-[(substituted phenyl)methylene]acetohydrazides (2) and mercaptoacetic acid or 2-mercaptopropionic acid. The antimycobacterial activity of these compounds was determined and several leads with 95–99% inhibition at 6.25 μg/mL test concentration were identified. In addition, antitumor activities were measured against several tumor cell lines, and significant growth inhibition was observed for compound 4p. Taken together, 2-aryl-4-thiazolidinones were shown to be promising scaffolds for both antimycobacterial and tumor-targeting compounds.


Countries incorporate the principle of the separation of powers in their constitutions in an effort to meet several goals, the most important of which is to minimize governmentinduced tyranny. Specifically, countries that make this principle part of their constitutional practice intend to limit public servants by national laws and institutions, enhance government accountability, minimize opportunistic behaviors by civil servants and politicians, provide for checks and balances, and generally improve government efficiency. Cameroon, like many other African countries that transitioned to democratic governance in the early-1990s, incorporated the principle of the separation of powers in its amended 1996 constitution. However, Cameroonians have not ripped any of the benefits associated with the practice of this constitutional doctrine. Part of the problem is that in Cameroon, this doctrine is not a prominent feature of constitutional practice; it is simply an abstract constitutional construct that has no practical application in the country. To make this principle relevant to constitutional practice in Cameroon requires state reconstruction through democratic constitution making to provide institutional arrangements that allow for a true separation of powers, as well as mechanisms that enhance its practice.


The present invention relates to an apparatus for supplying fluids, in particular particulate material from a storage container, wherein a slider is provided, which at least partially challenges from the storage container and is movable into and in a retracted state is adapted to the slide opening of the reservoir closes. About the slider fluid will thereby be in sufficient quantity.


Representation-based classification (SRC) is a face recognition breakthrough of recent years, but the dimensionality reduction for SRC has not been well addressed. The reason why existing dimensionality reduction methods are not effective for SRC is revealed for the first time. Based on analysis of the classification mechanism of SRC, the novel dimensionality reduction method for SRC is proposed, i.e. class coding error discriminant analysis (CCEDA), which simultaneously maximises the inner-class coding error and minimises the intra-class coding error. Extensive experiments show that the CCEDA feature achieves a better performance than the other features when using SRC as the classifier.


Thank you for downloading anselm of canterbury and his theological inheritance. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their favorite readings like this anselm of canterbury and his theological inheritance, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious virus inside their desktop computer.


Interpretation of airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds plays a notably role in geo-information production. As a critical step for interpretation, accurate semantic segmentation can considerably broaden various applications of ALS data. However, most existing methods cannot provide precise annotations and high robustness, owing to occlusions, varied point densities, and complex and incomplete object structures. Therefore, we developed a semantic segmentation framework focusing on ALS point clouds. The framework comprises contextual feature extraction from a local neighborhood, scene-aware global information representation, and ground-aware attention module. To verify its effectiveness, comprehensive experiments were conducted on three airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) datasets: DublinCity, Dayton Annotated LiDAR Earth Scan (DALES), and DFC2019 datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better segmentation performance than that of some advanced methods. For the DublinCity dataset, our model's overall accuracy (OA) can be improved to 67.5%, with an average F1(AvgF1) of 37.6%. For the DALES dataset, our method achieved an OA of 96.5% and a mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 77.6%. Our method also achieves a more accurate result on the DFC2019 dataset than that obtained using other models, with an OA of 94.8% and an AvgF1 of 81.4%.


The paper proposes a strategy for each Bluetooth device se- lecting proper communication neighbors and assigning proper label, hence all nodes together form a hierarchical self-routing Bluetooth networks. Both the scatternet formation and routing protocols do not require any ge- ometric information, and the final network topology has the following at- tractive properties: (1) the diameter of the scatternet is O(log(n)) and the backbone is a hop spanner; (2) the degree of each master node is bounded by a constant 7; (3) the number of piconets is close to optimal; (4) each cluster has self-routing property. Moreover, the network topology can be maintained dynamically and locally with low communication cost, and the message delivery is guaranteed even during structure updating in clusters. The network supports efficient IP-based routing through Distributed Hash Tables(DHTs). The actual routing performance on the structure is evalu- ated through extensive simulations, the result shows the average communi- cation hops are indeed around log(n).


There are provided in high altitude methods and systems for adjusting the operation of a compressor coupled to an electric motor when the engine operation. In one example, the method can during idle conditions of the engine as well as during the gear change of the transmission comprise adjusting a ratio that provided by an electric motor an inlet compressor electric compression support to a provided a boost pressure control valve turbine support both. The method allows the idle speed and the idling torque of the engine can be maintained at high altitudes, while a cumbersome boost pressure behavior is reduced.


There researched the role of the foreign language at a high education establishment while forming professional mobility for a future specialist. There showed methods and forms of learning a foreign language for professional mobility formation.


At 25°C the complex dielectric permittivity of mixtures of water with low-weight poly (ethylene glycol) monoalkyl ethers (CiEj) has been measured as a function of frequency v (1 MHz ≤ v ≤ 55 GHz) and mole fraction x(0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Various relaxation spectral functions are fitted to the measured spectra. It is found that the dielectric relaxation of all liquids (i, j = 2,2; 4,2; 6,2; 4,3; 4,1) can be consistently described by a sum of a Debye term with discrete relaxation time and a Davidson-Cole term with an underlying unsymmetrical relaxation time distribution. With the exception of the C4E3/H2O mixtures the Debye term vanishes at high content of CiEj molecules (x > 0.25). It is assumed that this term represents a water-rich subphase while the Davidson-Cole term reflects a microphase of low water content. With the C4H3/H2O system crankshaft-like motions of the C4E3 molecule obviously also contribute to the Debye term which exists also in the spectrum of the pure organic liquid. The parameters of all spectra are discussed with respect to the composition of the microphase of low water content, to effects of dipole orientation correlation, and to the mechanism of dielectric relaxation in associated liquids.


Prostate cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in men and the second most frequent cause of cancer death for males in the United States. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs) may play a critical role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Therefore, targeting prostate CSCs for the prevention of tumor progression and treatment of prostate cancer could become a novel strategy for better treatment of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. In this review article, we will summarize the most recent advances in the prostate CSCs field, with particular emphasis on targeting prostate CSCs to treat prostate cancer.


Using a hydrodynamic lattice-gas model, we study interface growth in a binary fluid with various concentrations of surfactant. We find that the interface is smoothed by small concentrations of surfactant, while microemulsion droplets form for large surfactant concentrations. To assist in determining the stability limits of the interface, we calculate the change in the roughness and growth exponents a and b as a function of surfactant concentration along the interface. [S0031-9007(96)01449-4] The study of rough interfaces is of important experimental and theoretical interest and has wide interdisciplinary applications, including fluid imbibition experiments, flow in porous media, and fluid-fluid displacement [1]. Rough interfaces have been extensively studied by direct integration of continuum equations and using simple discrete lattice models. The development of lattice-gas models makes it possible to study interface roughening in hydrodynamic systems. Lattice-gas models have evolved from simple one-component Navier-Stokes fluids [2] to two-component immiscible lattice-gas (ILG) models [3], and, most recently, to a model including amphiphilic particles [4]. Lattice-gas models can reproduce the dynamics on mesoscopic scales, allowing for the investigation of nonequilibrium behavior over a much broader range of length and time scales than is possible with molecular dynamics [5]. The simplicity of the collision rules, the exact conservation of mass and momentum, and the natural underlying kinetic fluctuations suggest that lattice-gas models are an appropriate choice for studying the scaling behavior of interfaces in complex hydrodynamic systems. In this Letter, we study interfacial roughening in the presence of a surfactant by including amphiphilic particles that tend to reside at the binary fluid interface [6]. Flekkoy and Rothman recently studied fluctuating interfaces in an ILG model without surfactant and described the scaling properties of these interfaces [7]. When surfactant is added to an initially flat interface, we find that the roughness exponent a and growth exponent b decrease for small concentrations of surfactant [8]; however, for larger concentrations of surfactant, b increases while a continues to decrease. The continued addition of surfactant causes the interface to spontaneously break up into a microemulsion phase. We also find that the saturated width of the interface has a minimum when the surfactant concentration along the interface matches the binary fluid concentration in the bulk. Far from any interface, the present model approaches the one-component FHP-II model [2,9], which employs a triangular lattice with each lattice site occupied by up to seven particles, each of which is either at rest or has unit velocity directed along one of the six lattice vectors toward neighboring sites. No two particles may have the same velocity at a lattice site. The rules dictate that a particle propagates along a lattice direction until a collision occurs. When no surfactant is present, the current model reduces to the two-component ILG model [3], which employs two types of particles and assigns each of the two species a color, "red" or "blue." Each collision must conserve red particles, blue particles, and the total momentum. Additional collision rules are included that give rise to the aggregate behavior of an immiscible fluid. These rules can be described using an electrostatic analogy [4], where the color flux Jsx, td of an outgoing state is the difference between the red and blue momenta. The color field Esx, td is the gradient of color between neighboring sites. At each time step, the color work— defined by the inner product J ? E—is minimized at each lattice site, which has the effect of inducing phase separation. With the addition of surfactant molecules, the ILG becomes a three-component model having the potential to model amphiphilic systems [4]. To make the behavior of the surfactant consistent with a molecule composed of hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends, the surfactant is represented as a "color dipole" with a dipole vector s sx, td and produces a dipolar field Psx, td at neighboring sites. A term proportional to s ? E, representing the interaction of colored particles with dipoles, is added to the Hamiltonian. Similarly, we add a term proportional to s ? P to include the dipole-dipole interaction. Minimization of the modified Hamiltonian favors the surfactant particles lining up along the interface between red and blue particles and makes it unfavorable for surfactant particles to align with each other at neighboring sites, modeling the expected behavior of an amphiphilic molecule [10]. We perform simulations of the three-component model using a sequence of two-dimensional lattices of edge L › 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256 with periodic boundary conditions in both directions. Initially, red and blue particles are placed on the lattice separated by two flat interfaces which are evenly spaced and oriented perpen


Childhood cancers account for Blood , Holmqvist et al report on the long-term survival of 362 survivors of childhood cancer who were in continuous remission and alive 2 years after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. 1


Leonard N. (Len) Bartlotti is an ethnographic folklorist, educator, strategist, and consultant to humanitarian organizations. He served fourteen years among a large Muslim tribal people, and earned his PhD from the Oxford Centre for Mission Studies/University of Wales. He currently lives in La Mirada, CA. email@example.com As a scholar-practitioner, when I hear reports of movements of "Muslim followers of Christ" who retain their socio-religious identity "inside" the Muslim community, I find myself rejoicing within a zone of ambiguity. Annoying questions sometimes pop the effervescent bubbles of excitement over Muslims "following Jesus." The cacophony of voices exuberantly affirming or stridently objecting to this "new thing" in the Islamic world suggests that I am not alone in my intellectual quandary.1


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this paper is to present findings from the GYTS on current cigarette smoking and other tobacco epidemic indicators.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The GYTS uses a two-stage cluster sample survey design that produces representative samples of students aged 12 to 15 years enrolled in public, private and technical schools. The survey was undertaken in 2003 and 2006 at 399 schools in nine cities. The GYTS surveyed 33 297 students. Point prevalence, differences of proportions and adjusted odds ratio were estimated.

RESULTS
The overall rate for current smoking in 30 days preceding the survey is 24.9% (95% CI, 22.5-27.3). Among never smokers, 28% are likely to initiate smoking next year. As compared to the previous survey in 2003, there is not a reduction in cigarette smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Cessation rates have not changed and advertisements and access by minors to tobacco products are still unresolved problems. However, tobacco related materials have significantly been added to school curricula. National estimates are presented, as well as city level estimates.

CONCLUSION
Two years after FCTC ratification, there is no major improvement in critical areas of tobacco control in Mexico; particularly, there is no evidence of reduction in cigarette smoking among students in secondary schools.


In this study, the estimation of the unknown parameters of an alpha power Weibull (APW) distribution using the concept of an optimal strategy for the step-stress accelerated life testing (SSALT) is investigated from both classical and Bayesian viewpoints. We used progressive type-II censoring and accelerated life testing to reduce testing time and costs, and we used a cumulative exposure model to examine the impact of various stress levels. A log-linear relation between the scale parameter of the APW distribution and the stress model has been proposed. Maximum likelihood estimators for model parameters, as well as approximation and bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated. Bayesian estimation of the parameter model was obtained under symmetric and asymmetric loss functions. An optimal test plan was created under typical operating conditions by minimizing the asymptotic variance (AV) of the percentile life. The simulation study is discussed to demonstrate the model's optimality. In addition, real-world data are evaluated to demonstrate the model's versatility.


Based on the function of satellite navigation system,a set of index system of effectiveness evaluation is proposed.A multi-stage fuzzy combined evaluation model is established by means of fuzzy mathematics and AHP,and the detailed descriptions of each step are elaborated by a pragmatic example.


Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a generic term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person wirelessly, using radio waves. RFID is designed to enable readers to capture data on tags and transmit it to a computer system— without needing a person to be involved. For tracking goods in open supply chains, where RFID tags are put on cases and pallets of products by one company and read by another, cost has been a major obstacle to adoption. Main success factor will be lower costs of the chip and equipment, which are prerequisites for the use of RFID in open supply chains, where a company puts a tag on a product, and it's read by other companies in the supply chain.


Rationale and objective: In a bid to improve menstrual hygiene outcomes in lowand middleincome countries, state and civic society stakeholders have determinedly promoted the take up of disposable or single-use pads, at the neglect of less polluting alternatives. This oversight is problematic as it contributes to the increased burden of waste management, and denies women the right to informed choice. Using an experimental approach, this study examines the effects of exposure to sustainable alternatives compared with single-use pads on women's attitudes to menstrual materials and practices. We test the hypothesis that such exposure positively effects women's preferences and attitudes to more sustainable alternatives versus single-use pads. Methods: 277 women across ten slums in Hyderabad, Telangana state, India, participated. Using stratified random sampling, women were offered single-use pads or reusable cloth-pads or only information on menstrual materials. Study was facilitated by local NGOs and all interactions were conducted by pairs of women. Women were interviewed before and after program participation about their menstrual practices and beliefs, awareness and preferences regarding menstrual materials. Analysis included Difference-in-Difference Ordinary LeastSquares Regressions and F-tests for equality among conditions.///////////////////////RRR Results: Primarily, exposure to non-pad conditions (cloth and information) significantly improved preferences and attitude towards less polluting non-pad alternatives and disposal practices versus pad condition (Cohen's d: 0.42 to 0.39; p < 0.05). Additionally, we find that awareness of menstrual materials improved across all conditions by an average of two points, but beliefs regarding social taboos surrounding menstruation and materials remain sticky. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that the 'disposable pad culture' is invasive and poses serious challenges to adoption of more sustainable alternatives and disposal practices. Our results also suggest that supporting behavioural shift to sustainable menstrual materials will require innovations focussed on convenience to end-users alongside evidence-based, policydriven messaging, at a minimum to support awareness of alternative choices.


An apparatus of samples on gel cards for automatic analysis. The apparatus comprises a single transportable structure, the unitary structure may be delivered with several separate compartments located in the cabinet in the vertical stack, with means for the vertical conveying of gel cards, for conveying and moving the card It means pipetting probe unit, which means can be displaced by a right angle along the coordinate axis X, Y, Z to the entire transverse cross-section of the compartment at at least two vertical compartments or chambers in the layer, and control means, so that the action may be manually loaded and unloaded in any manner necessary materials (samples, reagents, cards, wash and waste) occur simultaneously work automatically.


One objective of the information processing community is to aid the problem-solving activities of its clients. In this paper we will discuss a methodology for serving the needs of the "user", that is, the end-user: the manager running an organization, the accountant understanding the financial condition of a company, the anthropologist studying a culture, the engineer designing some equipment, or the meteorologist predicting the weather. Each of these users has his own particular, idiosyncratic problems. The computer should be an effective tool for him in dealing with these problems. Our methodology is designed to provide each of these users with an appropriate interface to the computer, with a language which is natural to his view of reality.


In this paper, we will focus on the spreading speed for a
Lotka-Volterra type weak competition model with free boundary in
one-dimensional habitat. Based on the comparison principle for free
boundary problems, we provide some estimates of the spreading speed.
Also, we deal with traveling wave solutions for the same model and
show that there exists a traveling wave solution with monotone
profile using a shooting method and the Schauder's fixed point
theorem.


Morbidity and mortality of adult (2 and 3-year old) color carp were recognized during June and July in 1994 and 1995 at a culture pond in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. The clinical signs were characterized by severe hemor rhages on the body surface, in particular ventrally and in the region of the mouth. The causative agent was identified as a myxosporean parasite, Thelohanellus hovorkai, which parasitized the connective tissues in various organs of color carp. Histopathological examination revealed hemorrhages, edema, extensive inflammatory cell infiltrations and exfoliation of dermal epithelium in the cutaneous lesions, associated with spore dispersion from matured plasmodia. Oligochaetes (Branchiura sowerbyi) in the culture pond were found to be infected with the corresponding aurantiactinomyxon actinosporean, and the prevalence reached a maximum of 81% in June. We propose to designate this disease "hemorrhagic thelohanellosis of carp".


The purpose of this research study was to explore the role of leadership in supporting the Basic English curriculum design and delivery at two selected Vietnamese non-language major universities specialising in Finance and Accounting. Studies on academic leadership and distributed leadership in higher education are well documented in Western literature (Bolden, Gosling, O'Brien, Peters and Haslam, 2012; Bryman, 2007; Cardno, 2012); however leadership in higher education is largely under-researched in developing countries like Vietnam. Moreover, curriculum design impacts on the wellbeing and effectiveness of higher education (Barnett & Coate, 2005). Leadership is necessary to effect change (Oliver & Huyn, 2010) and therefore potentially to impact on curriculum design and delivery. The role of leadership in making the Basic English curriculum more relevant for graduate students and ensuring that they are better prepared for the workplace is of particular interest in the Vietnamese university context.  This qualitatively-focused case study design, with a small quantitative component, guided by an interpretivist/ constructivist theoretical framework aimed to explore how academic leaders promote the Basic English curriculum design and delivery in the Vietnamese university context. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews with senior academic leaders and company directors, focus group interviews with English as a foreign language (EFL) lecturers, observations of a curriculum meeting, and an online survey by graduates from the two selected universities. The study employed thematic data analysis techniques. Research shows that the curriculum framework in Vietnamese universities promulgated by the Ministry of Education and Training (MoET) results in heavy workloads for academic staff (Gropello, Thomas, Yemenez, Chchibber, & Adams, 2008; Van, 2011). This negatively affects their wellbeing and may reduce their effectiveness as teachers and researchers.  The findings from the study provided evidence that leadership practices in Vietnam were influenced by Confucian values. It also showed that the personal barriers academic leaders and EFL lecturers face vary according to gender. However, academic leadership in Vietnamese higher education contexts in this study reveals a mixture of distributed and collaborative leadership in curriculum design and delivery which can provide insights for other Vietnamese universities. It also revealed that senior leaders and EFL lecturers appear to work collaboratively to solve the issue of curriculum design and delivery.  The findings have implications for policy development and practice. Suggestions made by employers and graduates to institutional leaders, curriculum developers and lecturers are to consider redesigning the curriculum to have a more communicative focus and more oral practice to ensure graduates are better prepared for work. The study has brought insights for senior leaders on how to create successful collaboration with their colleagues and partners in curriculum design and renewal and provided guidance on the enhancement of educational leadership practices in the two chosen universities. The results of this study have contributed to closing the current gaps in understanding how leadership at all levels in higher education impact on curriculum design and delivery. This study will be useful not only in the Vietnamese context but also in other countries where English is taught as a second or foreign language.


City Day is a public celebration of the anniversary of Ulan-Ude's founding. The public holiday, with a parade and speeches, indexes a chronotope and genre of history labeled the hospitality genre. This genre tells the history of Buryatia as a series of arrivals, beginning with the Buryats, followed by the Cossacks and Old Believer Orthodox Christians (Semeiskie). Both Cossacks and Old Believer Orthodox are Russian and yet not Russian, produced as local ethnic groups in opposition to the central Russian state, thereby transforming what might be a story of Russian colonization into a history of successive migrations. This genre produces a local history of multi-ethnic coexistence and toleration that contrasts the peaceful and multi-ethnic local with the national, and produces Buryatia as a place where many ethnicities have always, and will continue, to live together in peace and neighborly conviviality.


Mr. Powers, an elementary school special education teacher and interventionist, is deep in thought as he walks from his classroom. He just finished the 10th lesson of the school's intervention curriculum unit focused on fractions and beginning fraction operations with a group of elementary students. The intensified small group lessons include opportunities for students to work with concrete, pictorial, and symbolic models of unit fractions (e.g., one third, one fourth, one fifth) and nonunit fractions (e.g., two fifths, three fourths) as the teacher models and talks aloud procedures for addition and subtraction when the denominators are the same. From the student results on the biweekly progress-monitoring assessments, he sees the improvements in student learning for most of the students who receive intervention services for the struggling students who were receiving Tier 2 interventions using the school district's intervention curriculum. The students were so engaged in their learning, especially in the small groups, because the instruction and resources were scaffolded to meet their learning needs and included manipulatives to develop conceptual understanding. Charting the students' progress from the curriculumbased assessments included in the curriculum resources has been a visual reminder of their learning. Although most show improvement, three students were not meeting criteria for mastery. Mr. Powers is concerned with their continued difficulty with the content and decides to work with them one-on-one in an effort to improve performance. He wants to ensure the students are learning fraction concepts aligned with grade-level and Common Core State Standards in Mathematics (CCSS-M). Yet, like other general and special education teachers in his building, Mr. Powers wonders how he can support understanding and use of content and practice standards embodied in the CCSS-M while attending to students' unique strengths and weaknesses. Because three of the students are not mastering the standards through use of the standard protocol intervention curriculum alone, Mr. Powers is not sure what to try next.


Fountain codes are considered to be a promising coding technique in underwater acoustic communication(UAC) which is challenged with the unique propagation features of the underwater acoustic channel and the harsh marine environment. And Luby transform(LT) codes are the first codes fully realizing the digital fountain concept. However, in conventional LT encoding/decoding algorithms, due to the imperfect coverage(IC) of input symbols and short cycles in the generator matrix, stopping sets would occur and terminate the decoding. Thus, the recovery probability is reduced,high coding overhead is required and decoding delay is increased.These issues would be disadvantages while applying LT codes in underwater acoustic communication. Aimed at solving those issues, novel encoding/decoding algorithms are proposed. First,a doping and non-uniform selecting(DNS) encoding algorithm is proposed to solve the IC and the generation of short cycles problems. And this can reduce the probability of stopping sets occur during decoding. Second, a hybrid on the fly Gaussian elimination and belief propagation(OFG-BP) decoding algorithm is designed to reduce the decoding delay and efficiently utilize the information of stopping sets. Comparisons via Monte Carlo simulation confirm that the proposed schemes could achieve better overall decoding performances in comparison with conventional schemes.


BackgroundThe authors hypothesized that impaired oxygen extraction in mitochondrial myopathy (MM) results in a high oxygen saturation in venous effluent blood from working muscle and that this phenomenon can be used as a diagnostic tool for MM. MethodsTwelve patients with MM, 10 patients with muscular dystrophy, and 12 healthy subjects were studied. All subjects performed intermittent static handgrip exercise (1/2 Hz) at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 3 minutes. Cubital venous oxygen saturation and brachial artery flow were measured in the exercised arm. ResultsExercise-induced venous oxygen desaturation was smaller in patients with MM (&Dgr; − 7 ± 5%) than in subjects with muscular dystrophy (&Dgr; − 38 ± 2%;p = 0.00001) and healthy subjects (&Dgr; − 43 ± 2%;p = 0.0000002). MVC and exercise blood flow were similar in patients with MM (18 ± 3 kg; 436 ± 65 mL/min) and patients with muscular dystrophy (15 ± 3 kg; 460 ± 85 mL/min), but were higher in healthy subjects (32 ± 4 kg; 630 ± 58 mL/min;p < 0.03). In seven patients with MM and seven patients with McArdle disease, studied with a slightly different protocol, exercise-induced oxygen desaturation was also impaired in MM (&Dgr; − ± 5%) compared with McArdle disease (&Dgr; − 26 ± 3%;p = 0.007). ConclusionOxygen desaturation in venous blood from exercising muscle is markedly lower in patients with mitochondrial myopathy than in subjects with other muscle diseases and healthy subjects, suggesting that a forearm exercise test can be a diagnostic screening tool for mitochondrial myopathy.


This study investigates the Large‐Eddy Simulation (LES) technique in the diurnally varying atmospheric boundary layer in conditions of realistic environmental forcing. The initial settings of meteorological fields are obtained by 'ingesting' into the LES domain the vertical profiles of wind, temperature and specific humidity provided by the meteorological model WRF. The surface values of potential temperature and specific humidity from the WRF simulation are used as forcing parameters for the LES runs. These forcing parameters are updated during the runs every 1 h. A methodology is developed to derive the components of the geostrophic wind profile that is used in LES to model the large‐scale horizontal mean pressure gradient and treated as an external forcing. This methodology involves the meteorological model WRF. In this context, the WRF model has a dual task: (1) providing realistic atmospheric environmental forcings to LES and (2) providing a very large dataset to investigate possible improvements of the LES setting to make the numerical prediction more realistic.


In this paper one proposes a methodological framework for the study of information and decision structures in hospital management. With a particular reference to the control of nursing care demand and supply, various information and decision schemes are considered.


Prioritized experience replay (PER) samples important transitions, rather than uniformly, to improve data efficiency of a deep reinforcement learning agent. We claim that such prioritization must be balanced with sample diversity to make the deep Q-network (DQN) stabilized and prevent severe forgetting. Our proposed improvement over PER, called Predictive PER (PPER), takes three countermeasures (TDInit, TDClip, TDPred) for (i) eliminating priority outliers and explosions; (ii) improving the diversity of samples and their distributions, weighted by priorities. Both contribute to stabilizing the learning process, thus forgetting less. The most notable among the three is TDPred, the second DNN introduced for generalizing in-distribution priorities. Ablation and experimental studies with Atari games show that each countermeasure, in its own way, and PPER successfully contribute to enhancing stability hence performance, over PER.


In order to conduct the division and correlation of sedimentary rocks within stratigraphic frameworks,the author holds that the core for sequence-stratigraphic studies should be described as follows: the unconformity is used as the main stratigraphic surface,the stratigraphic unit bounded by the unconformity and its relative conformity is defined as the depositional sequence,and the depositional trend within the depositional sequence is regarded as the elementary content.During the Cambrian period,the North China Platform accepted sedimentation relatively late,and hence only half-mature stratigraphic succession was developed.In this Cambrian stratigraphic succession,a sedimentary succession from the mixed tidal-flat to the ramp carbonate deposits made up a retrogressive succession under the second-order transgressive process.It is necessary to resurvey the sequence-stratigraphic features for the Cambrian in the North China Platform according to the new chronostratigraphic system,with the Xiaweidian section in the western suburb of Beijing as an example.Therefore,this study will provide insight for further understanding the depositional pattern of the skeleton-poor stormy sea during the Cambrian marked by the increase of microbial carbonate together with the radiation of metazoan.


Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have been in use since ancient times, and these days its use is increasing. However, due to improper planning and design, problems are seen and the collected water is polluted. The major reason for water contamination is attributed to the toxic materials used for the rain harvesting system, faulty operation, improper rain filtration system and improper disinfection methods. The reason for diseases arising from drinking rainwater is the consumption of contaminated rainwater. Clean raindrops comprising rainwater will become contaminated as they pass through the atmosphere, flow over the roof surface, flow along the gutter, and upon collection and storage. This paper focuses on the technical guidelines for the installation of RWH components, its operation and maintenance, and rainwater quality improvement for household use. Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. 12, 2013, January Page: 45-51 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9032 Uploaded Date : 10/29/2013