A reasonable acoustic power formula is vital to precisely evaluate the audible noise (AN) level of ultra-high-voltage (UHV) AC power lines. This study derived a formula by taking several AN measurements under heavy rain conditions, using multiple conductor bundles in a UHV corona cage, and then subjecting these measured values to least squares fitting. The validity of the proposed formula was subsequently verified with statistical data obtained from two long-term stations at Henan and Hubei Province, which are located under the Jindongnan-Nanyang-Jingmen UHV AC transmission lines operating at 1000 kV. The deviation between the prediction and the long-term (L50) value was 0.76 dB for the Henan station and 0.17 dB for the Hubei station. It shows that the acoustic power formula derived in this paper is more accurate than the widely used Bonneville Power Administration formula, in which the corresponding deviations are much larger (3.07 and 2.53 dB).


The use of carbon fiber fortified polymer (CFRP) has been comprehensively utilized for the reinforcing of concrete structures. Some development organizations utilize CFRP in flexural fortifying of reinforced concrete beams, with bonded fully covering surface, without taken into account the concrete cover thickness and the low tensile strength of the concrete. Consequently, the point of this investigation is examine, through an exploratory program. Twelve reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with different scheme bonded surface CFRP sheet and two un-strengthened beam (CB) were prepared and tested. The basic parameters of fortified concrete beam flexural fortified by CFRP are the concrete cover thickness, replacement the concrete cover by high strength material (epoxy adhesives material) and the contribution externally bonded U-jacket CFRP sheet around the flexural strengthening longitudinal strips. The results showed that the RC beams strengthened by CFRP strips with replacing the concrete cover by high strength material greater stiffness and load capacity than the fortified beams by CFRP strips at the concrete cover. The use of transverse UShaped CFRP sheet for the fortifying of RC beams increased their load carrying capacity and stiffness. The flexural strength of the tested beams was compared with strengths according to the practice ACI 440.2R-08 and fib analytical formulations.


An efficient approach is developed to analytically evaluate solute transport in a horizontal, divergent radial flow field with a multistep injection flow rate and an arbitrary input concentration history. By assuming a piecewise steady state flow and transforming the time domain to the cumulative injected flow domain, the concentration distribution is found to be completely determined by the total volume of injected flow and independent of specific flow rates. Thus, on the cumulative flow domain, the transport problem with a temporally varying velocity field can be transformed into a steady state flow problem. Linear convolution can then be applied on the cumulative injected flow domain to evaluate the solution for an arbitrarily time‐dependent input concentration. Solutions on the regular time domain can be conveniently obtained by mapping the solution on the cumulative injected flow domain to the time domain. Furthermore, we theoretically examine the conditions for the assumption of piecewise steady state flow to be valid. On the basis of the critical time scale of the "pseudosteady state condition," defined as when velocity changes accomplish 99% of their steady state differences, and the relative error in the mean travel time of plume front, we obtain conditions for neglecting the transitional period between two pumping steps. Such conditions include the following: (1) the duration of a pumping step, tp, must be longer than the critical time scale, tc, i.e., tp ≥ tc = 25r2S/T, where r is the radial distance, S is the storage coefficient, and T is the transmissivity, or similarly, a maximum problem domain needs to be defined for a given pumping strategy. (2) the maximum well pumping rate, qmax, should satisfy qmax ≤ πθT/25S, where θ is the effective porosity. When both conditions are satisfied, transitional periods may be neglected.


From the Publisher:
In just 24 sessions of one hour or less, you will be up and running with Outlook 98. Using a straightforward, step-by-step approach, each lesson builds upon the previous one, allowing you to learn the essentials of Outlook 98 from the ground up.


Significance Monoclonal antibody therapy has been sidelined by the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants that escape monoclonal antibody neutralization. Receptor decoys are a new approach that avoids this problem. While the viral spike protein may mutate to escape antibody neutralization, the virus needs to conserve affinity for its receptor and therefore cannot easily escape neutralization by a receptor-based decoy. In this report, decoy-expressing viral vectors were found to be effective in mouse models, both to prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. While the safety profile of lentiviral vectors has not yet been established, adenoassociated virusvectors appear to be safe in humans. The approach could be valuable for immunocompromised individuals and would be useful in the event of zoonosis of a future coronavirus.


History Governance of Area in Republic Of Indonesia more than semi century this local government agency have filled journey of nation. From time to time governance of area have experienced of its transformation. At least there are seven steps till form governance of area like this time (2009). Division of this step is relied on a period to going into effect Law it arranging local governance in general. Every period of governance of area have formation and form which different each other pursuant to specified general law through Law. Proper is also noted that by used constitution also partake to influence pattern of Law arranging governance of area.


High-quality EMS systems that are safe for both providers and patients are essential to providing optimal care to the acutely ill and injured and are also necessary to provide the first line of care for victims of natural and manmade disasters.1 The EMS industry must achieve a culture of safety and high reliability if it is to meet the expectations of the new millennium. A national center to gather and organize information pertaining to provider and patient safety would advance the interests of our public and providers. Since the publication of To Err is Human, hundreds of publications and thousands of patient safety programs have been created.2 While hospitals and other care facilities function under legislative and oversight body regulations (including The Joint Commission) requiring reporting and cause analysis, similar requirements and programs are largely absent for prehospital care. Our challenge is to design systems that decrease the likelihood of patient or provider harm. How safe is EMS? The truth is, we simply do not know. Aside from a small series of reports and anecdotes, we know very little about national patient safety in EMS. It is clear that prehospital care is challenged by many factors known to augment error: time urgency, interruptions, an uncontrolled environment, stress, variable initial training, and inconstant continuing ed-


Amongst all atmospheric phenomena, rain is probably the most commonly used effect to create realistic immersive virtual environments, and to set the mood in movie storytelling. Although not immediately obvious, the beauty of rain emanates from the interplay of the involved light-matter interaction, generating effects of refraction and reflection, coupled with scattering effects. At the core, rain consists of water droplets under the influence of gravity. Current state of the art methods of generating rain are either computationally burdening, or not realistic enough. The key idea we introduce in this paper is to consider these droplets as transparent objects in the environment matting (EM) framework. This enables careful preprocessing to discover the light transport phenomena. We end up with a free-viewpoint real-time technique of simulating realistic droplets and rain in novel environments.


We write out the explicit form of the metric for a linearized quadrupole gravitational wave in the transverse-traceless gauge. We give a collection of formulas which are useful for testing numerical codes to integrate the full nonlinear Einstein equations. We also show that a test particle initially at rest acquires no energy from a linearized gravitational wave.


Bakanae disease is an important disease of rice causing serious threat to basmati production in all basmati rice growing countries including India. It is emerging as major problem in basmati rice producing areas of India. As per report, this disease caused 15% losses in India and 40–50% in Japan. This disease caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon (teleomorph-Gibberella fujikuroi Sawada) is mainly seed borne but this may be soil borne also. Therefore seed treatment may be an effective method for management of this disease. To know the inhibitory effect, extract of different botanicals (weed host, medicinal plant and tree plant) were evaluated against F. moniliforme in vitro through the poison food technique. It was observed that extract of botanicals have quit inhibitory effect against fungal growth whereas extract of some medicinal plant found effective. Among weed host plants, extract of Solenum (Solanum nigrum) and Bhang (Cannabis sativa) found effective, in hibit 29.65 and 23.89% growth of F. moniliforme. Among medicinal plants, extract of Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum), Ajwain and Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), observed with effective result, in hibit fungal growth 100, 97.53 and 55.56% growth re spectively. In the evaluated tree plant extract, extract of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) and Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) was found effective. Extract of Neem and Aonla in hibited 47.06 and 36.47% fungal growth. Presentinves tigationcon cluded that extract of some botanical have the good fungicidal effect against the pathogen. There fore, they can be use ful tool in integrated disease management programme.


The invention provides a dialyzer rotating positioning device, which comprises a lifting part and two rotating positioning parts, wherein the lifting lifting is positioned between the two rotating positioning parts; each rotating positioning part comprises a rotating sleeve, a clamping driving part and a rotating driving part; each clamping driving part drives the corresponding rotating sleeve to move in a direction approaching to or leaving far away from the lifting part; each rotating driving part drives the corresponding rotating sleeve to rotate around the axial line of the corresponding rotating sleeve; the rotating sleeves of the two rotating positioning parts are coaxial and are in opposite arrangement. By using the technical scheme, liquid outlets formed in the two ends of a dialyzer can be rotated and positioned to preset positions; therefore when a glue injection cover is removed, a removed workpiece cannot generate interference with the liquid outlets, so that the damage to the liquid outlets can be effectively avoided; the characteristics of simple structure and low cost are realized.


Islamic radicalism has political underpinnings in enough tight state's linkage on practice. This fact excludes all the possibilities for its abstract research in order to analyze only theosophic interpretation which should be withdrawn from politicians' sight. So, however hard extremists try to present Islamic world as a united and indivisible formation - so called united Muslim umma, according to actual fact, there is no such unity and solidarity. Islamists appear to be in different situations in different countries right up to diametrically opposite: somewhere they act as clandestine religious and political organizations, while somewhere they coexist with authorities quite concordantly; that helps to create concrete logic of classification of political models of Islamic states in context of Islamic radicalism.


In December last (Journal, Dec. 28, 1946, p. 1000) the Minister of Health defined the areas for which Regional Hospital Boards, would be responsible under the National Health Service Act. On June 27 he published an order setting out the constitution of these Boards. The Boards will organize and develop the hospital and specialist services in their respective areas, though ultimate control will remain with the Minister. The Boards will later appoint Hospital Management Committees for the local administration of all hospitals except teaching hospitals. The chairmen have been appointed for a period ending March, 1950; one-third of the other members will retire at the end of each year beginning in March, 1949. They will be eligible for reappointment, and the term of office of future members will be three years. All the appointments are honorary. We, list below the chairmen and members of the Boards.


BACKGROUND: Endometriosis cysts adversely affect a woman's quality of life, which causes pain and reduces fertility. The World Health Organization found that the incidence of endometriosis with infertility clinical manifestations is around 10%.
AIM: The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of mice oocytes mitochondrial apoptosis exposed with endometriosis cysts follicular fluid through Bcl-2 and cytochrome C analysis.
METHODS: This study was a randomized post-test only control group design conducted at Sanglah Hospital, Bali Royal Hospital in Denpasar, and the Medical Faculty Udayana University from June 2018 to April 2019. A total of 120 mice oocytes were distributed randomly into three groups, i.e., treatment Groups 1 and 2 that added by 15% endometriosis cysts follicular fluid and control group. Bcl-2 and Cytochrome C analyzed with ELISA Technique. Comparability was tested with one-way ANOVA with a significance level of p < 0.05.
RESULTS: Eighteen mice oocyte replicates were normally distributed and homogeneous. The Bcl-2 levels in the treatment Groups 1, and 2 and control were 627.83 ± 146.42, 634.50 ± 140.62, and 678.83 ± 152.71, respectively; p = 0.838 (not significantly different). Cytochrome C levels in the treatment Groups 1, and 2, and control, respectively, were 3147.75 ± 228.50, 3104.45 ± 211.29, and 2738.28 ± 227.45; p = 0.021 (significantly different).
CONCLUSION: The effect of endometriosis cysts follicular fluid exposure on mitochondrial apoptosis is proven through Cytochrome C, whereas Bcl-2 is not proven.


Traditional software inspection requires participants to meet together at the same time in the same place. Distributed, asynchronous inspection allows participants to conduct meetings independently of time and space, making inspection more convenient. We report on an industrial study that we have performed using a tool designed for distributed, asynchronous software inspection. Our experience suggests that distributed, asynchronous software inspection is feasible, and is a costeffective means of collaboration for geographically distributed work groups.


The film by tetraphenylporphyrin((TPP)H-2) vapor deposition on iron was investigated by means of XPS, SEM and visible spectroscopy. N(1s) binding energy characteristic of(TPP)H-2 was gained directly from the deposited samples. N(1s) binding energy of the surface was greatly changed after the deposited sample was washed with solvent. It is indicated that the deposited film is composed of an outer-layer of physically adsorbed (TPP)H-2, and an inner-layer of chemically modified (TPP)H-2.


Accurate assessment of mitral regurgitation (MR) is critical during mitral valve repair surgery. However, anesthesia may influence the degree of mitral regurgitation by changing pre- and after-load or cardiac contractility. Therefore, we compared changes in mitral regurgitation by total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and inhalation anesthesia in patients with pre-existing mitral regurgitation. This was a double-blind randomized controlled study conducted at a tertiary care center in 2018. Fifty-four mitral regurgitation patents undergoing elective cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to receive TIVA or isoflurane. Primary endpoint was change of regurgitation volume by anesthesia. The reduction of regurgitation volume by anesthesia was greater in the isoflurane group than in the TIVA group (mean (95% confidence interval CI): −0.20 (−6.15, 5.75) vs. −9.66 (−15.77, −3.56), mL·beat−1, p = 0.0266) and this phenomenon was more prominent with severe mitral regurgitation (grade 3 or 4) (mean (95% CI): −0.33 (−9.10, 8.44) vs. −16.20 (−24.22, −8.18), mL·beat−1, p = 0.0079). Among patients with MR grade 3 or 4, 94% remained the same with TIVA during anesthesia compared to 56% with isoflurane. In conclusion, TIVA maintained the pre-anesthetic state of mitral regurgitation relatively well, while the severity of mitral regurgitation tended to decrease with isoflurane anesthesia.


Background: This study was done at SMS Medical College, Jaipur with an aim of emphasizing the need of having a high index of suspicion in newborn presenting with bilious vomiting for the diagnosis of malrotation. Methods: Cases of neonatal small intestinal obstruction due to malrotation presenting to the Department of Paediatric Surgery, SMS Medical College, Jaipur over a period of two years were evaluated. Results: A total of 48 newborns presented to our department with intestinal obstruction due to malrotation. Majority (82%) of the patients presented in the 2nd and 3rd week of life. 6 out of 48 patients presented with extensive gangrene of midgut. 9/48 patients died during the course of treatment and during follow-up. Conclusion: Malrotation is a relatively common cause of neonatal small bowel obstruction. A high index of suspicion is required in neonates presenting with bilious vomiting. Prompt diagnostic tools and early laparotomy prevents fatal complication of extensive midgut gangrene due to volvulus.


Five different action thresholds for control of lepidopterous larvae on fresh-market cabbage were compared in Wisconsin and New York, and in Ontario, Canada, in 1981. An average of the three locations revealed that a threshold of one or more new feeding sites per head (Florida threshold) required far less time to assess and received the fewest insecticide applications (1.3), but also allowed the most injury. All other thresholds received three to four applications and provided acceptable and similar levels of marketability. Thresholds based on (1) egg and larval counts of imported cabbage worm (ICW), Pieris rapae (L.), and cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), and (2) feeding injury by larvae of ICW, CL, and diamondback moth (DB), Plutella xylostella (L.), required nearly 2A-fold the evaluation time of the Florida threshold. A threshold based on 50% of sampled plants infested with any larvae of the three species required 1.6-fold the assessment time of the Florida threshold. A fortnightly insecticide application, without regard to insect pressure, provided results similar to all other thresholds, except that of Florida.


Using the ISO‐DALT system for two‐dimensional (2‐D) electrophoresis and the TYCHO system for computer analysis of the resulting protein maps, we obtained high quality quantitative protein abundance data from Coomassie Brilliant Bluestained gels of mouse liver samples. High resolution gels allow more than 100 proteins to be measured with coefficients of variation less than 15 %. A comparison of results from two mouse strains (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) and the cross between them (BCF1) shows that a large number of qutive polymorphisms can be detected, and that, as expected, the amount of protein produced in the heterozygote is intermediate between the parental values. The system described is shown to be capable of reliably detecting decreases in protein abundance such as those expected to result from radiation‐induced deletion of one copy of a gene. The implications of these results for the study of gene regulation are discussed in relation to applications in genetics, toxicology, and differentiation.


Real-world data are receiving attention from regulators, biopharmaceuticals and payors as a potential source of clinical evidence. However, the suitability of these data to produce evidence commensurate with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and the best practices in their use remain unclear. We sought to compare the real-world effectiveness of Tofacitinib in the treatment of IBD against efficacy rates published by corresponding RCTs.Electronic health records at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) were queried and reviewed to identify 86 Tofacitinib-treated IBD patients through 4/2019. The primary endpoint was treatment effectiveness. This was measured by time-to-treatment-discontinuation and by the primary endpoints of RCTs in Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). Endpoints were measured and analyzed following a previously published protocol and analysis plan.86 patients (68 with UC, 18 with CD) initiated Tofacitinib for IBD treatment. Most of the data needed to calculate baseline and follow-up disease activity indices were documented within the EHR(77% for UC, 91% for CD). Baseline characteristics of the UCSF and RCT cohorts were similar, except for a longer disease duration and 100% treatment failure of Tumor Necrosis Factor inhibitors in the former. None of the UCSF cohort would have met the RCT eligibility criteria due to multiple reasons.The rate of achieving the RCT primary endpoints were highly similar to the published rates for both UC(16%, P=0·5) and CD (38%, P=0·8). However, treatment persistence was substantially higher: 69% for UC (week 52) and 75% for CD (week 26).An analysis of routinely collected clinical data can reproduce published Tofacitinib efficacy rates, but also indicates far greater treatment durability than suggested by RCTs including possible benefit in CD. These results underscore the value of real-world studies to complement RCTs.The National Institutes of Health and UCSF Bakar InstituteTofacitinib is the most recently approved treatment for Ulcerative Colitis. Data related to treatment efficacy for either IBD subtype is generally limited, whether from controlled trials or real-world studies. A search of clinicaltrials.gov was performed in January 2019 for completed phase 2 or 3, interventional, placebo-controlled clinical trials matching the terms "Crohn's Disease" OR "Ulcerative Colitis" in the conditions field, and matching "Placebo" AND "Tofacitinib" OR "CP-690,550") in the Interventions field. We identified three Phase 3 trials for UC (OCTAVE trials, all initially reported in a single article in 2016) and three Phase 2 trials of CD (two published in the same article in 2017, one reported in 2014). The Phase 3 UC trials reported 57·6% pooled clinical response rate in the Tofacitinib-assigned groups after 8 weeks (induction), and a 37·5% pooled remission rate among eligible induction trial responders in the Tofacitinib-assigned groups at 52 weeks. The 2017 CD trial reported a 70·8% pooled rate of response or remission in the Tofacitinib-assigned groups after 8 weeks, and a 47·6% pooled rate of response or remission among enrolled induction-trial responders at 26 weeks. A bias assessment of both UC and CD trials indicated a high risk of attrition bias and unclear risk of bias related to conflicts of interest. We also performed a search of pubmed.gov in January 2019 using search terms ("Colitis" OR "Crohn's") AND ("Tofacitinib" OR "CP-690,550") OR "real-world" to identify cohort studies of Tofacitinib efficacy in routine clinical practice. No studies meeting these criteria were identified.This is one of the early studies to closely compare the results of clinical trials with the continuously-updated data captured in the electronic health records, and the very the first to assess the efficacy-effectiveness gap for Tofacitinib. We found that none of the patients treated at our center thus far would have qualified for the clinical trial based on published eligibility criteria. We found that the drug appeared to perform similarly to its efficacy when using the endpoints reported in clinical trials, but treatment persistence was significantly greater than would have been expected from the reported trial outcomes: 69% for UC at week 52 and 75% for CD at week 26.Tofacitinib is an effective treatment for the Ulcerative colitis and may be efficacious for Crohn's disease. Controlled trials may not be representative of real-world cohorts, may not be optimally designed to identify efficacious drugs, and may not accurately predict patterns of use in clinical practice. Further studies using real-world data as well as methods to enable their proper use are needed to confirm and continuously monitor the efficacy and safety of drugs, both for on- and off-label use.


The article shows the development of the main departments of the muscle tissue depending on the genotype, sex, age and physiological state. It is established that, as in certain age periods, and during cultivation, the highest growth rate, as muscle mass halves, and its divisions, was the difference barancik all genotypes, and the minimum of jarocki, valoski took an intermediate position.


Discusses the distortions associated with capital gains taxation, how these would be affected by a reduction in capital gains tax rates, and other policies available to lessen such distortions.


Identification of the stages of smoking cessation among smokers is essential to improve the rate of smoking cessation. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and factors associated with stages of smoking cessation across the demographic distribution of adult smokers in Malaysia. Data were derived from a population-based study among Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above. Face-to-face interviews were carried out by trained staff using a validated questionnaire to obtain data related to smoking from 4,288 selected respondents. Of 4,288, 438 respondents are current smokers. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with stage of smoking cessation. Approximately 60% (n=269/438) of the current smokers were in the pre-contemplation stage and 40% (n=169/438) were in the contemplation and preparation stages of smoking cessation. The proportion of pre-contemplators was higher among smokers with higher levels of nicotine addiction (71.3%), lower education attainment (71.4%), and those who were single/widowed/divorced (66.9%). Multivariable analysis showed that males, and those who reported low to high level of nicotine addiction were more likely to be in the pre-contemplation stage whilst those in the older age groups were more likely to be in the advanced stage of smoking cessation. The study revealed that the majority of current smokers in Malaysia had no intention to quit smoking within 6 months. Specific interventions targeting males, young adults and smokers with low to high nicotine addiction should be introduced to ensure the smokers proceed to the advanced stage of smoking cessation.


This paper provides empirical evidence on the determinants of Energy Poverty on rural and urban informal households in South Africa using the National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS, 2012). The paper provides evidence on the impact of Energy Poverty on these households while controlling for individual, household and demographic characteristics. This is formulated within the logistic regression framework, while defining Energy Poverty using the Economic/expenditure approach consistent with the definition by the Department of Energy (DoE) of South Africa. The logistic model of energy poverty reveals that household expenditure on transport, food, schooling, income level, age and education level of the head of the household, household size and home size are important factors in explaining the state of energy in rural and urban informal households in South Africa. This paper also discusses limitations regarding the dependent variable (Energy Poverty) as defined in the paper and by the DoE. Lastly, some recommendations are made for Regulators and Policy Makers.


: Maximizing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a challenging problem. Although some methods exist to address the problem in homogenous WSNs, research on this problem in heterogeneous WSNs have progressed at a slow pace. Here we propose an ACO-based approach that can maximize the lifetime of heterogeneous WSNs the methodology is based on finding the maximum number of disjoint connected covers that satisfy both sensing coverage and network connectivity. The results show that the approach is effective and efficient in finding high-quality solutions for maximizing the life time of heterogeneous WSNs.


netting objective tests in library and information science is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our books collection spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the netting objective tests in library and information science is universally compatible with any devices to read.


The humanoid robot we developed is capable of changing its facial expressions according to simple artificial consciousness and stream of consciousness. We think that consciousness consists basically of dasialanguage and its associative streampsila and dasiarepresentation of feelings related to the language.psila The robot named Kansei, a Japanese term referring to emotion, achieves linguistic association similar to a stream of consciousness and represents its feelings according to the associations through artificial consciousness. The robot is equipped with an artificial cranium made of aluminium which contains 19 servomotors inside it. For the surface of the face, we use polyurethane, a relatively soft material which creates a shape that is closely mimics a human face. Facial expressions are formed on the polyurethane by pulling it into shape via metal wires attached to the 19 internal servomotors. Besides the six basic facial expressions such as happiness and anger, the robot can also make complex expressions that include both happiness and fear.


Critical Care Medicine • Volume 46 • Number 1 (Supplement) www.ccmjournal.org Learning Objectives: Existing scores to detect septic patients, such as Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome criteria (SIRS), National Early Warning Score (NEWS) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), are not considered gold standard. Quick SOFA (qSOFA) was therefore proposed to identify patients with possible infection and organ dysfunction. This study aimed to validate qSOFA as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for septic patients in a single tertiary academic centre in Glasgow, Scotland. Methods: This was a retrospective study using data from adult patients admitted to intensive care (ICU) for any reason from June 2012 to November 2013. Statistical analysis was performed using R. The predictive ability of qSOFA for mortality was compared to NEWS, SIRS and SOFA using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC), with a pre-specified clinically useful predictive threshold of 0.6. Results: Of 580 patients admitted to ICU, 145 were included in initial analysis. Median age was 54yrs, 58% were male and overall mortality was 37%. AUROC values for hospital mortality were highest for SOFA (0.77) and NEWS (0.68), followed by SIRS (0.60) and qSOFA (0.58); qSOFA did not reach the predictive threshold. Including only septic patients, SIRS and qSOFA (both AUROC 0.61) reached this threshold, but were inferior to NEWS (AUROC 0.70) and SOFA (AUROC 0.80); the AUROC for NEWS was significantly higher than for qSOFA (p = 0.026). SIRS ≥2 was associated with increased hospital (p < 0.001) and ICU (p = 0.002) mortality, as well as ICU stay ≥3 days (p = 0.002), compared with SIRS < 2. Only ICU mortality was higher for qSOFA ≥2 compared with qSOFA < 2 (p = 0.03). Further analysis using last values before ICU admission for 58 septic patients found neither qSOFA or qSOFA ≥2 to show discrimination for hospital mortality (AUROC 0.57 and 0.59, respectively). Conclusions: SOFA and NEWS had greater predictive clinical validity for hospital mortality than SIRS and qSOFA. As NEWS is a simple bedside assessment currently in use in the UK, qSOFA should not be introduced into practice before further investigation.


Acoustic intensity is a vectorial measure of acoustic energy flow through a given region of interest. Three dimensional measurement of acoustic intensity requires special microphone array configurations. This article provides a theoretical analysis of open spherical microphone arrays for the 3-D measurement of acoustic intensity. The calculation of the pressure and the particle velocity components of the sound field inside a closed volume is expressed using the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral equation. The conditions which simplify the calculation are identified. This calculation is then constrained to a finite set of microphones positioned at prescribed points on a sphere. Several open spherical array topologies are proposed. Their magnitude and directional errors and measurement bandwidths are investigated via numerical simulations. A comparison with conventional open-sphere 3-D intensity probes is presented.


Steppe Altai in the VI century BC, at the moment there are practically no works in which the analysis of its panoply in the Scythian-Saka time would be carried out. Thus, the study is very relevant and fills a gap in the military history of the region. The article deals with defensive and offensive weapons, indicating the presence in the army Kamensk culture of medium riders. Visual sources are also involved, allowing more reliably reconstruct the weapons and equipment of this kind of troops. In General, throughout the existence of the Kamensk culture from VI to I centuries BC there was a constant search for the most optimal forms of armor. The main changes concerned the method of booking and the cut of the shells, as well as the material from which they were made. Actively improved and weapons: there were not only new types, but also species. In turn, statistical data indicate that during the period under review the role of these contingents in the army of carriers of Kamensk culture grew. This fact indicates, in our opinion, their effectiveness on the battlefield at that time.


For many companies, especially those in the consumer-products industries, formal collaborations with supply-chain partners can mitigate if not prevent miscommunications, misinformation, and missed opportunities in forecasting and fulfilling consumer demand. Jeff and John build on their experience in an implementation of a Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) process to lay out a roadmap for companies to follow, sidestepping the known hurdles along the route. Copyright International Institute of Forecasters, 2014


The fashion sketch teaching mainly is to cultivate students' spatial design ability and expressive ability of professional design. We should respect rules and have the courage to bring forth new ideas in the teaching content and teaching method of the course. Design sketch is one of the important means to cultivate our modeling ability. It is never too much to emphasize the importance of sketching practice to design. We can improve our observation ability, aesthetic level and design level, and make eye sharp and insightful through drawing fashion sketches. Keywords—fashion sketc; fashion drawing; fashion design


The difficulties in computing the parity violating nucleon-nucleon interaction from an underlying weak interaction theory are reviewed, and the extent to which the parameters of the interactions can be determined by the available data is discussed. A possible experiment in /sup 21/Ne which can provide useful constraints on the parameters is outlined.


This study shows the different routes to chaos existing in Chua's circuit. By selecting the most adequate parameters, different phase charts were elaborated in order to observe the formation of 1, 2 and 3 strange attractors. After that, these parameters were modified to make such attractors disappear. Finally Lyapunov's exponents were obtained to confirm such chaotic behavior.


Manistrongylus gen. nov. is proposed for the trichostrongyle previously described as Trichoskrjabinia costata. The present material was obtained from Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla from Formosa. N...


Acoustic and gravity waves propagating in planetary atmospheres have been studied intensively as markers of specific phenomena such as tectonic events or explosions or as contributors to atmosphere dynamics. To get a better understanding of the physics behind these dynamic processes, both acoustic and gravity waves propagation should be modelled in a 3D attenuating and windy atmosphere extending from the ground to the upper thermosphere. Thus, in order to provide an efficient numerical tool at the regional or global scale we introduce a finite difference in the time domain (FDTD) approach that relies on the linearized compressible Navier-Stokes equations with a background flow (wind). One significant benefit of such a method is its versatility because it handles both acoustic and gravity waves in the same simulation, which enables one to observe interactions between them. Simulations can be performed for 2D or 3D realistic cases such as tsunamis in a full MSISE- atmosphere or gravity-wave generation by atmospheric explosions. We validate the computations by comparing them to analytical solutions based on dispersion relations in specific benchmark cases: an atmospheric explosion, and a ground displacement forcing.


ABSTRACT Although the Copenhagen school's securitisation theory and their sectoral analysis are integral parts of European security studies, the school's economic sector of security has almost been completely ignored. In this article I examine why this is, and whether it makes sense to retain this sector. In the process I flesh out the logic of securitisation in the economic sector. I suggest that one reason why the economic sector of security has been neglected is that real life examples fitting the Copenhagen school's logic of security as the exception have – in this sector – remained outstanding. Research in other sectors of security has shown however that securitisation does not need to include extraordinary countermeasures; instead it can play out below the level of the exception. Using alternative formulations developed in securitisation studies that relax the threshold for the success of securitisation, I attempt to locate evidence of economic securitisation by looking at two empirical cases. 1) Russia's economic blackmail of Ukraine at the start of that country's ongoing crisis. 2) The EU's conditional bailout of Cyprus during the Eurozone crisis which necessitated capital controls. On the basis of the empirical evidence gathered I conclude by arguing the case for the economic sector of security.


We propose approaches for testing implementations of Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods as well as of general Monte Carlo methods. Based on statistical hypothesis tests, these approaches can be used in a unit testing framework to, for example, check if individual steps in a Gibbs sampler or a reversible jump MCMC have the desired invariant distribution. Two exact tests for assessing whether a given Markov chain has a specified invariant distribution are discussed. These and other tests of Monte Carlo methods can be embedded into a sequential method that allows low expected effort if the simulation shows the desired behavior and high power if it does not. Moreover, the false rejection probability can be kept arbitrarily low. For general Monte Carlo methods, this allows testing, for example, if a sampler has a specified distribution or if a sampler produces samples with the desired mean. The methods have been implemented in the R-package MCUnit.


Microalgae biofilm-based culture systems have wide applications in environmental engineering and biotechnology. Biofilm structure is critical for the transport of nutrients, gas and signaling molecules in microalgal biofilm. This work aims to understand the influence of cell surface energy (SE) on microalgal biofilm structure. Three microalgae species were used as model cells in the study: Chlorella sp., Nannochloris oculata and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Firstly, by mediating biofilm culture conditions, we obtained Chlorella sp. cells with SEs of 40.4 ± 1.5, 44.7 ± 1.0 and 62. 7 ± 1.2 mJ/m2, N. oculata cells with SEs of 47.7 ± 0.5, 41.1 ± 1.0 and 62.6 ± 1.2 mJ/m2, and C. pyrenoidosa cells with SEs of 64.0 ± 0.6, 62.1 ± 0.7 and 62.8 ± 0.6 mJ/m2. Then, based on the characterizations of biofilm structures, we found that cell SE can significantly affect microalgae biofilm structures. When cell SEs ranged from 40 to 50 mJ/m2, the microalgae cells formed heterogeneous biofilms with a large number of open voids, and the biofilm porosity was higher than 20%. Alternatively, when the cells SEs ranged from 50 to 65 mJ/m2, the cells formed a flat, homogeneous biofilm with the porosity lower than 20%. Finally, the influencing mechanism of cell SE on biofilm structure was interpreted based on the thermodynamic theory via analyzing the co-adhesion energy between cells. The study has important implications in understanding factors that influence biofilm structures.


We numerically study the broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in a non-uniform SF57 microstructured fiber. The dispersion of the fiber is tailored by linearly varying the air hole diameters along the propagation distance. The fiber has zero dispersion at two wavelengths. This allows a continuous shift of the higher zero dispersion wavelength to a longer wavelength. Results show this scheme can significantly broaden the generated spectrum.


Dissemination of new information to caregivers in ways that enhance the care they deliver is central to quality improvement in health care. This article describes several strategies that have been employed in one long-term care setting and discusses evidence of their success.


The research of new materials and methods for water treatment is necessary. Two sets of materials were prepared. The one set is composed from CuO/ZnO oxides with variable content of CuO and the second set consists of its biochar impregnated counterparts. The structure and phase composition was determined using X-ray diffraction method and morphology of the materials was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The photodegradation activity and adsorption properties were tested on model pollutant – Methylene blue (MB) dye solution. The experimental kinetic of the data was analyzed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the equilibrium data was evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkievic models. It was found that optimal material for photodegradation of MB is 1% CuO/ZnO oxide and for the adsorption of MB is the best material raw corn cob biochar.


This paper discusses the issue of feedback personalization and adaptation in e-learning systems, and distinguishes between adaptation to the individual user and to groups of users. We briefly review the scope of feedback use in e-learning systems and outline the necessity of feedback adaptation in an e-learning system. We are trying to answer the following question: what is the difference between personalization of feedback at the individual and the group level. Particularly, we are focusing on the analysis of the differences in user modeling for feedback personalization/adaptation in e-learning systems. We discuss what kind of characteristics could be included in the learner model for individual and group personalization. The main purpose of this paper is to attract the attention of the research community to the problem of the feedback personalization and to be helpful in further studies and implementation of individual and group personalization of feedback in e-learning systems. We present some recent feedback adaptation experiments that try to determine the usefulness of certain types of adaptation.


Egypt has crisis of water and a special after the construction of the Nahda Dam.So, finding other sources release clean water for use in other sectors special wastewater. This research was conducted on the El-Mohate drain (Marioteya Canal) west of Cairo, to determine the differences temporal and spatial persistent organic, non-organic and microbial population during the whole year. Samples were taken from different locations along the waterway under study, as well as some samples of plant and soil (surface layer) and sediment have been sampling to determine the status of pollution along the drain . The obtained results revealed that El-Mohate drain EC ranged between 0.53 and 5.26 dS/m in winter season, while it reached 1.26-6.72 dS/m in dry season. Ammonia concentration values ranged between 0.93-46.2 mg/l in the wet season and 2.2-21.32 mg / l in dry season. While, nitrates reached concentration of 0.18 26.6 and 0.73-23.52 mg / l in both wet and dry seasons, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt, boron, chromium, nickel, cadmium, lead) were less than the limits. As for persistent organic pollutants (Aromatic hydrocarbons) have given the highest concentrations during the wet season compared to that phenols has given the highest concentration during the dry season. Total coliform bacteria counted higher numbers in summer season than wet season and numbers were higher than WHO guidlie specially in locations 9 to 20. Also, data cleared that, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella numbers were increased in summer season than winter season. Total and suspended solids, chemical and biological oxygen demand were significant higher values in summer season than the winter season in El-Mohat drain water. Different selected sites showed less concentration in the content of heavy metals were less than the allowable limits increase the concentration of phenol in the dry season than in wet season on the reverse hydrocarbons has been focused in the wet season higher than the dry season. The results indicated that phenol content of plants during wet and dry season was in order of the plants as follows: draw> zeamaize> zucchini >pepper. The concentration of hydrocarbon was the focus as follows: zeamaize


(2007). The status of the Southern Ground-Hornbill in the Grahamstown region, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Ostrich: Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 89-92.


This paper presents an approach integrating data quality into the business intelligence chain in the context of customer-relationship management (CRM) applications at EDF (Electricite de France), the major electricity company in France. The main contribution of this paper is the definition and instantiation of a generic multi-dimensional star-like model for storing, analyzing and capitalizing data quality indicators, measurements and metadata. This approach is illustrated through one of EDF's CRM applications, implementing domain-specific quality indicators and providing quality-driven information management as a business intelligence chain. The role of the data quality expert is highly emphasized.


The stability of basell a rubra L.mature fruit red pigment and its influencing factors for food additives were investigated in this paper.The results indicated that the red pigment is good stable under certain conditions.It is a new devel opment and utilization of natural pigment.


The thermal evolution, from room temperature up to 300 degrees C, of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with (Ni, Co) or (Ni, Fe) based slabs and containing intercalated carbonate anions, was studied. A new lamellar phase, exhibiting a 6.5-6.6 A interslab distance, was observed in the 200-260 degrees C temperature range. The infrared study and the chemical analysis results allowed us to give prominence to a monografting of carbonate anions to the slabs. The thermogravimetric studies seem to indicate that intercalated water is first lost, followed by a monografting of carbonate anions. A stay in water of the 200 degrees C thermally treated phase leads to a reintercalation of water molecules. The interslab distance indeed reincreases up to the value of the pristine material, reinforcing the hypothesis of the monografing.


For the realization of mechanical design and manufacturing and automation professional courses group construction,the beneficial exploration and practice have been conducted from the aspects of theoretical teaching and experimental teaching material construction,teaching team,engineering design,and achieved significant results.


In the letter, high performance lateral <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga2O3 metal -semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs) with ultra-high breakdown voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\textit {br}}{)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> over 10 kV are demonstrated. Planar isolation is realized by B ion implantation to avoid the ragged mesa edge and damage induced by traditional dry etching. A T-shaped gate and source field plate (FP) were adopted to suppress the peak electric field in both Ga2O3 channel and SiN<italic>x</italic> passivation layer. The planar isolated MESFETs with source-drain length of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$103~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> that use an <italic>i</italic> n-situ unintentionally doped (UID) Ga2O3 cap layer as a gate dielectric showed a maximum destructive breakdown voltage of greater than 10 kV, combined with the specific on-resistance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{\textit {on},\textit {sp}}{)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 2922 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}\Omega \cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>cm2, a power figure of merit (<italic>P</italic> FOM) more than 34.2 MW/cm2is obtained. The results suggest that the B ion implanted isolation and device structure used in this work improve the performance of lateral <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga2O3 MESFETs.


Insulin therapy is often necessary for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to achieve good glycemic control. However, insulin initiation is often delayed, and patients may spend 8 or more years with worsening glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) values as they progress through treatment regimens including diet and exercise, metformin, and combinations of oral agents. Fear of injections, hypoglycemia, and weight gain, along with the perception that insulin will add to the burden of managing diabetes, all contribute to clinical inertia prior to initiation of insulin therapy. Although many T2DM patients reach A1C targets with the addition of basal insulin therapy, others require therapy intensification to a multiple daily injection (MDI) regimen. However, even with MDI, about 30% of T2DM patients do not meet A1C targets. These T2DM patients are potential candidates for insulin pump treatment, which offers several advantages compared with MDI. These advantages include adjustable basal rates, fewer needle insertion procedures, ability to deliver precise and convenient boluses, and reductions in both glycemic variability and severe hypoglycemia. Moreover, the ability to download and display information stored in the pump allows tracking of insulin use and assessment of adherence. Some evidence suggests that prompt initiation of pump therapy in T2DM preserves b-cell function; however, the therapeutic value of pump therapy in terms of A1C reduction has been poorly evaluated in T2DM until recently. Whether favorable glycemic response to pump therapy is restricted to the more severe insulin-deficient T2DM patients or to the late-onset autoimmune diabetes subset of T2DM-like patients remains questionable. The recently completed OpT2mise trial (registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with clinical trial registration number NCT01182493) established that in poorly controlled T2DM patients on optimized MDI regimens, intensification to insulin pump treatment resulted in significant reductions in A1C values. The study population included patients with a wide age range (30–75 years), using MDI regimens and high insulin doses (0.5–1.8 U/kg/day) titrated during a 2-month run-in phase. All oral diabetes medications were stopped except for metformin. Patients were randomized if their A1C value was in the 8–12% range to either pump therapy (n = 168) or to remain on MDI (n = 163). At the end of the 6month study phase, glucose control improved more in the pump group (A1C dropped from 9% to 7.9%), with a between-group A1C difference of 0.7% in favor of pump therapy (P < 0.001). Moreover, the total insulin daily dose was reduced by 20% with pump compared with MDI, suggesting an increase in insulin sensitivity driven by its continuous subcutaneous infusion. Investigational centers were required to collect plasma from fasting subjects for C-peptide and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibody (Ab) determinations as part of each subject's baseline (before randomization) and end-of-study (6-month) assessments; assays were carried out at a central laboratory (Covance, Inc. [corporate headquarters, Princeton, NJ]). C-peptide level was measured via direct chemiluminescence (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY), and anti-GAD Ab level was measured via radioimmunoassay (Kronus, Boise, ID). Subjects were retrospectively grouped according to anti-GAD and C-peptide concentrations to explore associations between these biomarkers and baseline A1C values, A1C changes, or A1C changes attributable to treatment group assignment. Significance tests comparing betweenand within-group A1C changes were performed using an analysis of covariance that used treatment group assignment, analyte concentration category, and baseline A1C as covariates. Baseline A1C values and changes in A1C at 6 months for patients who were categorized according to baseline antiGAD Ab levels ( < 1 or ‡ 1 U/mL) or according to baseline C-peptide levels chosen such that the population was stratified into quartiles ( < 156 pmol/L [ < 0.47 ng/mL], ‡ 156 to


The clinical spectrum of amoebiasis is broad ranging from asymptomatic passage of cysts through fulminant colitis to localized abscesses of the liver, lung, brain, and other tissues. Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is a serious, but readily treatable form of hepatic infection. It usually presents with high-grade fever, associated with right upper abdominal pain, constitutional symptoms, and pleuropulmonary complications mainly in the form of pleural effusion and leucocytosis. However, pneumonitis, leukemoid reaction, and jaundice are an uncommon association. We hereby report a young nonalcoholic immunocompetent female, diagnosed to have ALA associated with multiple unusual complications,who showed excellent response to intravenous metronidazole.


Vehicular sensor data consists of multiple time-series arising from a number of sensors. Using such multi-sensor data we would like to detect occurrences of specific events that vehicles encounter, e.g., corresponding to particular maneuvers that a vehicle makes or conditions that it encounters. Events are characterized by similar waveform patterns reappearing within one or more sensors. Further such patterns can be of variable duration. In this paper, we propose a method for detecting such events in time-series data using a novel feature descriptor motivated by similar ideas in image processing. We define the shape histogram: a constant dimension descriptor that nevertheless captures patterns of variable duration. We demonstrate the efficacy of using shape histograms as features to detect events in an SVM-based, multi-sensor, supervised learning scenario, i.e., multiple time-series are used to detect an event. We present results on real-life vehicular sensor data and show that our technique performs better than available pattern detection implementations on our data, and that it can also be used to combine features from multiple sensors resulting in better accuracy than using any single sensor. Since previous work on pattern detection in time-series has been in the single series context, we also present results using our technique on multiple standard time-series datasets and show that it is the most versatile in terms of how it ranks compared to other published results.


Introduction As NASA struggles with an uncertain national policy environment, it is seeking new combinations of human and robotic modes of exploration. During the Apollo era, establishing human presence in space was an integral part of NASA's work.1 More recently, the Mars Exploration Rover missions have demonstrated how rich and successful remote exploration of a planetary surface can be.2 Space exploration is one of many examples of technical operations conducted in extreme environments that are raising new questions about the relative importance of human and remote presence. What does it mean to "be there?" Researchers, designers, and operators of situated robotics and remote technologies are testing increasingly distributed configurations of human–machine teams in technical operations, from space exploration to surgery.3 However, with new forms of automation come unexpected changes in the social organization of work. If we are to understand the implications of increased automation for control, responsibility, and safety, we need to look beyond the methodological boundaries of traditional computer–human interaction studies in both human factors and social studies of technology. Human factors studies tend to focus on individual operators and quantitative representations.4 They emphasize workload, interface, and situational awareness but frequently overlook the social organization of human–machine teams and the cultural production of operator roles. Yet these factors can have profound effects on the acceptance of new technologies, in both engineering decisions and national policy making. Although social studies of technology address these broader socio-cultural issues, they often do so in formats that privilege qualitative data, incremental analysis, and linear explanations at the expense of considering technical and temporal measures of events.5 The study of distributed computer–human relationships requires new methods that are capable of picking up on multi-channel interactions. In our collaborative work, we are developing methods that bring together a combination of individual, social, quantitative, and qualitative data in rich, graphical, real-time representations.6 1 For more on the changing role of humans in spaceflight, see David Mindell, Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008). 2 See William Clancey, Working on Mars: Voyages of Scientific Discovery with the Mars Exploration Rovers (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012); William Clancey, "Becoming a Rover," in Simulation and Its Discontents, Sherry Turkle, ed. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008), 107–27; and Zara Mirmalek, "Solar Discrepancies: Mars Exploration and the Curious Problem of Interplanetary Time" (doctoral thesis, University of California, San Diego, 2008). 3 James Hollan, Edwin Hutchins, and David Kirsh, "Distributed Cognition: Toward a New Foundation for Human–Computer Interaction Research," ACM Transactions on Computer–Human Interaction 7, no. 2 (June 2000): 174–96. 4 Raja Parasuraman, "A Model for Types and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 30, no. 3 (2000): 286–97; Thomas B. Sheridan, Humans and Automation: System Design and Research Issues (New York: WileyInterscience, 2002). 5 Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988); Gary Downey and Joseph Dumit, Cyborgs & Citadels: Anthropological Interventions in Emerging Sciences and Technologies (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1997); Lucille Suchman, Human–Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).


This paper analyzes health-related risks of consumption and old-age poverty on the basis of a dynamic life-cycle model of health, employment, early retirement, and wealth accumulation. In particular, the model allows for health effects on employment risks, on productivity, the correlation between health risks, productivity and preferences, and the financial incentives of the German public insurance schemes. The model is estimated using data on male employees from the German Socio-Economic Panel and by applying an extension of the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. Simulations based on the model suggest that health shocks induce average losses in annual consumption of about 7% and account for two-thirds of the cases of old-age poverty. This motivates a policy analysis of minimum pension benefits as insurance against old-age poverty. While this raises a concern about abuse of the disability pension, the simulations indicate that a means test mitigates the moral hazard problem substantially.


We report on the first measurement of the anisotropy of heat conduction in a heavy fermion superconductor, performed on a single crystal of UPt3 with a current parallel and perpendicular to the hexagonal axis. Beyond the temperature-independent anisotropy of the normal state, a clear additional anisotropy develops in the superconducting state. This direct measure of gap anisotropy places precise constraints on the possible states for the two zero-field phases. An axial gap is excluded for both, and a comparison with existing calculations favors a d-wave gap for the low-temperature phase.


Experimental data were given in a previous paper at the October, 1957, meeting of the Acoustical Society of America on the effects of weather parameters on the attenuation of sound propagated from an airborne source to ground. These results have been analyzed in greater detail and improved procedures have been developed for predicting attenuation. The residual attenuation, defined as that in excess of spherical divergence and molecular absorption, does not vary systematically with any of the measured weather parameters for source elevations of 10° or higher and for altitudes above a few hundred feet. Its average value in this region may be expressed by α0=0.11f12 db/1000 ft, where f is the frequency in cps. At lower source elevations and altitudes, the attenuation is increased by an amount depending on frequency, source elevation, wind velocity and direction, and temperature gradients. Comparison of upwind with downwind propagation for source elevations of 2°, 5°, 10°, and 15° shows a significant differen...


In planning for winter weather, public works directors must address three important elements: policies, operations and education. This article discusses the importance of each of these elements. The most effective snow control policies are those that are adopted by the community's governing body and define authority, outline and defend restrictions, and set guidelines and priorities. An operations plan, which considers variables such as personnel, equipment, scheduling and callout procedures, serves the critical role of the practical implementation of the snow control plan. A successful plan also incorporates a budget that takes into account salaries, equipment expenses and chemical costs. Publicizing the plan is the final step in developing a successful snow and ice control strategy since residents that are familiar with the plan are less likely to have questions or complaints during the winter season.


P63 is a gene product required in cell cycle regulation which plays vital roles in tumor differentiation. Aims of the present study were to assess the frequency, pattern, sensitivity and specificity of two p63 protein clones P63 4A4 and P63 4A4+Y4A3 in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Thirty cases of head and neck region SCC diagnosed on the basis of HandE staining were examined along with 60 cases of head and neck region biopsies other than squamous cell carcinoma, negative on HandE staining, were taken as control. Immunostaining was performed on slides according to the Thermo Scientific UltraVision LP detection System. P63 4A4+Y4A3 clone is more sensitive 96.6% in comparison to 86% in P63 4A4 with having greater NPV of 98.3%. The results signify the importance of P63 4A4+Y4A3 marker over the old markers and may be used as a confirmatory marker of squamous cell carcinoma.


Central pancreatectomy (CP) can be performed as an alternative surgical approach to distal pancreatectomy (DP) in the treatment of benign or low‐grade malignant lesions located in the neck and body of the pancreas, aiming to reduce loss of parenchyma and therefore organ failure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the short‐ and long‐term outcome of CP in comparison to DP.


The hardware platform with ARM9 processor based on the process of building embedded Linux systems and methods were described.ARM9 is the Samsung S3C2440,Linux kernel version is 18.104.22.168.The building environment of cross compiler was elaborated and the BootLoader boot and porting process were introduced.The Linux188.8.131.52 kernel porting process was described in detail and the root file system was interpreted.The Linux transplanted runs stably in embedded systems.


Legislation in force in Italy attributes to Consortium of drainage many functions that relate to drainage activity, water, territory and environmental conservation: all matters that fall under transversal, statal and regional competence. Those authorities must be qualified as public economic authorities exploit of the region not as functional autonomies. Therefore it is lawful on constitutional point of view that state law (as regional law) provides for the take away from Consortium of the functions related to drainage activity; but just if this assignment to different authorities from Consortium of drainage are consistent with the Constitutional principle of appropriateness (article 118 Constitution). Article 27 of d.l. 248/07, in the light of new criterions that have to be approved by State/Region conference, seems to be consistent with the constitutional principle of article 118.


The inverse source technique is an accurate post processing and diagnostics method for antenna measurements [1-3]. Indeed, this technique has proven useful to suppress and filter disturbances in measurement scenarios such as presence of the feeding cable and mounting support [4-6]. Performing accurate measurements of on-chip antennas at millimeter wave frequencies is difficult in particular due to the nature of the electrical interface and the physical size of the antennas. The measurements are performed with electrically large probing and positioning equipment, causing interference with the measurement [7]. In this paper, we use the filtering properties of the inverse source technique to quantify and suppress the undesired scattering of the fields in the probing and support structure. To the knowledge of the authors, the filtering of such electrically large scattering objects has never been reported at millimeter wave frequencies. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated by measurements on a 60GHz patch antenna with integrated EBG structures.


This article examines why, in a system of high voter turnout, voters defect from traditional parties to third parties, and is especially focused on disentangling the roles of ideology and issue positions in voters' decision to switch allegiances. The empirical case that is examined is the emergence of the FREPASO coalition in Argentina. Multinomial logit regression is used to analyze the vote choice of respondents in an Argentine public opinion survey. The principal finding of this article is that the victories of FREPASO stem from its ability to fill a previously empty niche in the ideological spectrum of Argentine politics. Voters for FREPASO were left-of-center, and their left-wing ideology was in part an expression of their preference for greater government intervention in reducing differences between rich and poor people, but ideology had an impact beyond a mere expression of support for a stronger government role in the economy.


Academic dishonesty is all forms of unethical behavior aimed to gain academic success or avoid academic failure. These forms include cheating, plagiarizing, manipulating, and falsifying things associated with academic purpose. This research aimed at finding out: 1) the correlation between the fear of failure and conformity with academic dishonesty, 2) the correlation between the fear of failure and academic dishonesty, and 3) the correlation between conformity and academic dishonesty.
The population of this research were all students of class of 2011, 2012, and 2013 in Law Faculty of Sebelas Maret University. This research used stratified cluster sampling method, which took three chosen classes as sample. Specifically, this sample consisted of one class for each class of 2011, 2012, and 2013. The instruments used in this research were academic dishonesty scale with item discrimination 0,256 - 0,839 and reliability 0,939; fear of failure scale with item discrimination 0,254 - 0,685 and reliability 0,881; conformity scale with item discrimination 0,278 - 0,667 and reliability 0,839.
 Based on the result of multiple regression analysis, it is obtained that the figure of Fscore = 8,498 and significance of 0,000 (p 0,05). However, there is a significant correlation between conformity and academic dishonesty with rx2y = 0,306; p = 0,001 (p < 0,05). The value of R2 (R Square) of 0,121 shows that the fear of failure and conformity contributes effectively as much as 12,1% to the academic dishonesty .

Key Words : academic dishonesty, fear of failure, conformity, college students


In recent years, grassroots organising has become important in advocating for the interests of local communities in spatial development processes in the Balkans. Though differing in terms of size, focus, and method, these initiatives seek to articulate dissatisfaction with the existing models of spatial governance, and to imagine, propose, and demand more just and inclusive alternatives. This paper focuses on grassroots activism contesting the top-down model of governing space in Montenegro. Based on a case-study analysis, it traces developments in the forms of organising and degrees of influence of three distinct initiatives, examining what their impact on the development of territorial governance approach may be.


In Costa Rica, 70.9% of the population uses the septic tank as an individual treatment system for domestic wastewater. Although septic tanks are the most used treatment technology in the country, there is no detailed information about their operation and efficiency. The maintenance tasks, such as the removal of septic sludge, was carried out directly by each family that uses this system, using their own resources. The evaluation was carried out in treatment systems manufactured by one of the most important private companies in the country. Each equipment consists of a septic tank and an upflow anaerobic filter for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The evaluation included a physical, chemical and biological characterization of the quality and quantity of wastewater produced in three different treatment systems, considering hourly variations, as well as the characterization of the quality and quantity of sludge accumulated in each system. The treatment systems were installed in two multifamily buildings and a single-family house. The results indicated that the treatment systems are very sensitive in terms of quantity and quality of wastewater, presenting significant hourly variations and also affected by the type of water use that occurs in homes; which is directly related to the operation of the treatment.


Magnetic nanocomposite materials consisting of 10 wt % CoFe2O4 or NiFe2O4 nanoparticles in a silica aerogel matrix have been synthesized by the sol−gel method. A 100-kV aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has been used to study these materials, and bright field and high angle annular dark field images show that after heat treatment at both 450 and 900 °C, they contain needle-like nanostructures ∼1 nm in width and 10 nm in length. High resolution STEM images show that the needle-like nanostructures have a layered internal structure with typical interlayer spacings of 0.33 ± 0.02 nm. Electron energy loss spectroscopy using a 0.13-nm diameter probe gives information on the composition of these nanostructures. The results presented here for samples heat treated at 450 °C are consistent with needle-like nanostructures arising from Co and Ni silicate hydroxides which are separate from the also present Fe-containing phase of ferrihydrite nanoparticles. Samples heat treated at 90...


Based on the unsteady diffusion processing of ultrasonic assisted extraction of chemical composition from Chinese herbal medicine,the extraction process model of ultrasonic assisted cellulase was estibulished to extract polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Phellinus igniarius according to Fick's second law.The dynamics processing model of hot water extraction and ultrasonic assisted cellulase extraction was developed and verified by experiments.A series of dynamic parameters of rate constant,activation energy and relative extraction rate were analyzed.The results showed that the experimental data well coincide with the dynamic model calculated values,and the models could describe the process well.The result provided certain basis for Phellinus igniarius polysaccharide extraction magnification engineering and in-depth theoretical study of polysaccharide extraction processing.


The importance of the system earthing in electrical station 110kV/MV is much known, ways to treat the neutral directly affecting the behavior of the system regarding the maximum level of earth-fault currents and of the overvoltages that can occur. In this paper the authors present considerations of the isolated and resistor treated neutral systems and make an analysis of the overvoltages that appear when the neutral is isolated comparing to the situation when it is treated by resistor. In the last part of the analysis the conclusions are presented.


GP practices need to start thinking about how they will work with newly forming multispecialty community providers. Samir Dawlatly outlines their options


— One of the major hurdles in the realization of large entan-gled states among trapped ions is anomalous heating of trapped ion motion [1]. We implement a novel rf ion trap featuring moveable electrodes that has enabled a con-trolled investigation of this motional decoherence. First, we characterize heating as a function of electrode proximity, related to the geometry of noisy potentials on the electrode surface. Second, we cool the electrodes via contact with a liquid ni-trogen reservoir and observe that the decoherence rate is suppressed by an order of magnitude. The insight gained through these experiments may have relevance to scaling the ion trap quantum information processor. 1. Turchette, et. Phys. Rev. A 61, 063418 (2000).


Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a novel therapeutic class for various malignancies. Their immune upregulation promotes significant anti-tumor effect, but simultaneously, can also result in treatment-limiting immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The data on upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract irAEs are sparse. We herein describe a case of steroid-dependent upper GI toxicity with nivolumab (an anti-programmed death [PD] protein-1) that achieved clinical and histological remission with vedolizumab treatment (a GI tract targeted anti-integrin antibody). A 65-year-old male patient with progressive lung cancer was treated with nivolumab and following 16 cycles, developed severe nausea, vomiting, and epigastric abdominal cramps requiring five hospitalizations. His initial esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) showed active inflammation in both the stomach and duodenum. Nivolumab was discontinued, but despite treatment with multiple steroid courses, his symptoms always recurred during prednisone taper. Clinical remission was ultimately achieved with vedolizumab. His last EGD after five infusions of vedolizumab demonstrated resolution of inflammation. His lung cancer has since relapsed and the treatment plan was to resume nivolumab concurrently with vedolizumab. In conclusion, ICIs, such as nivolumab, have emerged as therapy for various malignancies. Their use can be associated with various irAEs including the upper GI adverse events which is uncommon. This case scenario showed that vedolizumab can provide a steroid-sparing therapeutic effect to achieve remission of upper GI irAEs even in cases where multiple steroid courses have failed.


Shoetown Footwear Co., Ltd. is one of Nike's global contract factories and strategic partners. It is part of the Evervan Group which has businesses throughout China, in Indonesia and Korea. Shoetown achieves world-class best practice in sustainable management. The Shoetown case study illuminates a holistic system of sustainability management through a focus on people and community resulting in high-quality thinking through skill development, teamwork and discretionary effort at every organisational level. The management at Shoetown utilise a skilful mix of eastern and western business theories embedded in the Chinese business context. This approach has resulted in sustained commercial success, technical innovation, high-quality environmental management and social sustainability. The paper analyses Shoetown's success, with a particular focus on sustainable management, value-chain management and social leadership and provides an example of a large-scale Chinese business operating as a sustainable business within a global value-chain context.


The hard X-ray adaptive mirror optics will play an important role at next generation light sources. A dynamic mirror bender with capacitive sensor array as an in-situ mirror profiler is used for initial test for hard x-ray zoom optics has been designed and constructed. Previous work showcases the dynamic control of this elliptically bent hard X-ray mirror through applying a combination of neural networks algorithm and feedback control. In this paper, we present further control enhancement with machine learning techniques through optimization of the number and placement of the capacitive sensors and new sensor calibration with video-based coordinate measuring machine.


In this research we investigate hybrid materials based on Zn-Al alloys near eutectic composition. Two kinds of composites materials were studied bimetallic sheet and particle reinforced Zn-Al-Cu alloys. The particles used were ceramics and intermetallics. The bimetallic is produced by a process comprising providing a strip or sheet of a zinc alloy core and creating a strip or sheet of composite material by metallurgically bonding commercially pure aluminum cladding layers to the zinc alloy. Particle reinforced metal matrix composites were prepared using zinalco as metal matrix by means of powder metallurgy techniques. Alumina, graphite and intermetallic particles were used as reinforcement. The composites prepared using this technique exhibit good consolidation even before sintering. Samples of the base alloy and of the different composites were sintered in air at 473 K in periods of 10, 20, 40 and 80 h. Measurements of density, hardness and yield strength in compression were performed on green and sintered materials. A decrease of 30% in density is achieved for the 27 vol.% alumina composite as compared with the unreinforced base alloy. An improvement of 13% in the values of conventional yield strength and hardness is shown for the composite with 7 vol.% alumina. Metal matrix composites have now been extensively studied, and much of the research concerns the way in which the reinforcing element is added. In some cases ceramic or intermetallic particles are used as a reinforcement material. In other cases, cladding techniques produce a bimetallic with better corrosion resistance properties in extreme corrosion environments, and good mechanical properties. In general the composites have excellent specific mechanical properties, such as specific modulus, specific strength, fatigue resistance, high-temperature performance and very good wear resistance, and so on. Discontinuous reinforcement (particulate, chopped and short fiber, whisker, etc.) composites are currently attracting considerable attention in research and application development fields due to their low cost and simple manufacture. On the other hand, most of the reinforced metallic materials show lower plasticity and toughness than those of the metals matrix. This is one of the main limitations to their use in many industrial fields. Thus, more and more researchers and producers begin to be concerned with the plasticity and toughness of these materials. Special efforts have been made to determine the main factors, which influence the materials plasticity, and to estimate the fracture strain of the reinforced materials.From the viewpoint of running safety and reliability, the quantitative evaluation of their plasticity is an important topic for materials workers. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of the fabrication of foams, composite and bimetallic materials based on the Zn–Al eutectoid alloy. Dense Zn–


Stable isotopes of CO2 contain unique information on the biological and physical processes that exchange CO2 between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Ecosystem exchange of carbon isotopes with the atmosphere is correlated diurnally and seasonally with the planetary boundary layer (PBL) dynamics. The strength of this kind of covariation affects the vertical gradient of δ13C and thus the global δ13C distribution pattern. We need to understand the various processes involved in transport/diffusion of carbon isotope ratio in the PBL and between the PBL and the biosphere and the troposphere. In this study, we employ a one-dimensional vertical diffusion/transport atmospheric model (VDS), coupled to an ecosystem isotope model (BEPS-EASS) to simulate dynamics of 13CO2 in the PBL over a boreal forest region in the vicinity of the Fraserdale (FRD) tower (49°52'29.9"N, 81°34'12.3"W) in northern Ontario, Canada. The data from intensive campaigns during the growing season in 1999 at this site are used for model validation in the surface layer. The model performance, overall, is satisfactory in simulating the measured data over the whole course of the growing season.We examine the interaction of the biosphere and the atmosphere through the PBL with respect to δ13C on diurnal and seasonal scales. The simulated annual mean vertical gradient of δ13C in the PBL in the vicinity of the FRD tower was about 0.25‰ in 1999. The δ13C vertical gradient exhibited strong diurnal (29%) and seasonal (71%) variations that do not exactly mimic those of CO2. Most of the vertical gradient (96.5% ±) resulted from covariation between ecosystem exchange of carbon isotopes and the PBL dynamics, while the rest (3.5%±) was contributed by isotopic disequilibrium between respiration and photosynthesis. This disequilibrium effect on δ13C of CO2 dynamics in PBL, moreover, was confined to the near surface layers (less than 350 m).


Satow's term as minister plenipotentiary at Tokyo has not been studied much in detail, though it is arguably the highpoint of his career as a diplomat. Satow was the first British envoy to Japan to have a profound, scholarly understanding of Japanese culture and politics gained over many years of residence in the country. This article offers a survey of Satow's diplomatic activities, and focuses especially on the revision of the so-called unequal treaties in 1899 and the marked improvement in Anglo-Japanese relations during this period.


Based on interface properties of HTPB propellant, the cross linking level is regulated through the temperature and time of cure reaction. The chemical reaction takes place gradually in remainder functional groups of the system to form chemical bonds and hydrogen bond, so as to improve the mechanical properties of the resultant. Pre-cure technique and bonding model are described in the paper. They can be used in propellant-liner bonding, propellant loading and integral repairing of the propellant grain of the solid rocket motor (SRM). These test results have been qualified by the successful static firing tests, flight tests of motors and storage tests of specimens for ten-years. The performances of the motor meet the design requirements with good reproducibilities.


Thin layers of pyrite FeS2 are prepared by chemical deposition using the spray pyrolysis technique. Optical absorption data for photon energies between 1 and 3.8 eV are analyzed and interpreted in terms of electronic transitions and assisting phonons. A direct forbidden band gap of 1.95 ±0.004 eV, an indirect band gap of 1.12±0.003 eV, and assisting phonons of 0.065 eV are detected.


Hot corrosion of FeAl-type intermetallic compounds was studied by electrochemical techniques as well as physical analysis techniques.It is shown that hot corrosion resistance of FeAl is rather inferior to that of HK40 alloy, and a protective Al_2O_3 film wasn't observed on the FeAI surface. The alloying elements B and Zr could improve hot corrosion resistance of FeAl. A oxide scale rich in Al_2O_3 was proved to form on the FeAlB surface. There existed severe internal oxidation and sulfidation along grain boundaries of FeAl. In some zones, the specimen has become brittle. There also existed similar internal oxidation and sulfidation to a less extent for FeAlZr, but not for FeAlB. This may result from the effectiveness of B in the promotion of the formation of a continuous Al_2O_3- scale.


This research focuses on the relationships established between the low-medieval urban centres of the Northern Rioja and the hamlets located within its domination area. Firstly, it analyses the urban expansion process, developed from the "foral" age till the end of the Middle Ages. This process was characterised by the incorporation of the hamlets to the territories that belonged to the urban centres. Secondly, a study takes into account the politic, territorial, economic and fiscal aspects.


The formal addition of dissimilar carbenes across an unsymmetrically substituted alkyne has been achieved for the first time by a two-step sequence in which a cobalt−alkyne complex undergoes reaction with a carbene addend (CHR1) to give a metallacyclobutene complex, followed by reaction with a second carbene addend (CHR2) to give a mixture of diene complexes. In situ treatment of the diene mixture with fluoride leads to desilylation and conversion to a single cobalt−diene complex with a high degree of regio- and stereoselectivity.


A new Streptosyllis species, S. nunezi n. sp., is described from shallow sandy substrates in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands. The new species is distinguished by a unique combination of characters: teeth of the shafts of the compound chaetae covered by hyaline hood; 1–2 lateral tips formed by the hyaline hood covering the blades of the compound chaetae; strongly serrated dorsal simple chaetae which appear as 2–4 robust teeth when viewed laterally. The re-description of its closest congener, the type species S. arenae Webster and Benedict, 1884, is also provided based on the type material, as well as a key to the currently valid species and table of characters for the genus. Finally, some comments are made for the characters distinguishing the genera Streptosyllis, Syllides, Anoplosyllis, Astreptosyllis and Streptospinigera, which are listed in a table and a potential key for their identification is proposed.


Objective:To detect the levels of soluble CD146 in peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis,explore its clinical significance. Methods:The serum samples and peritoneal fluid samples from 36 patients diagnosed as endometriosis definitely(endometriosis group) and 360 cases without endometriosis(control group) were collected,ELISA was used to detect the expression levels of soluble CD146 in peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid. Results:The expression levels of soluble CD146 in peripheral blood of endometriosis group during the whole menstrual cycle,at proliferative phase and secretory phase were(563.6±275.0),(488.9±201.8)and(600.9±304.1),respectively,which were significantly higher than those in peripheral blood of control group during the whole menstrual cycle,at proliferative phase and secretory phase [(376.2±133.5),(351.9±81.9) and(410.3±183.5),respectively](P0.01).The expression levels of soluble CD146 in peritoneal fluid of endometriosis group during the whole menstrual cycle,at proliferative phase and secretory phase were(844.1±264.1),(1013.3±295.6) and(759.5±208.0),respectively,which were significantly higher than those in peritoneal fluid of control group during the whole menstrual cycle,at proliferative phase and secretory phase [(536.4±221.1),(564.9±237.0) and(496.6±202.1),respectively](P0.01).There was no significant difference in expression levels of soluble CD146 in peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid between proliferative phase and secretory phase(P0.05).The expression levels of soluble CD146 in peritoneal fluid at proliferative phase and secretory phase were significantly higher than those in peripheral blood at proliferative phase and secretory phase. Conclusion:Soluble CD146 participates in the occurrence and development of endometriosis,without periodic change,and its expression is stable;targeted detection and antagonistic therapies may be a new pathway for clinical diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis.


Smart livestock farming aims to improve the productivity of livestock through the provision of optimal housing, and it is developed using various sensors and actuators. Ventilation systems play a crucial role in smart livestock farming, including disease prevention and the processing of pollutants (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) that are severely detrimental to livestock growth. Malfunctions in animal housing ventilation systems lead to mass mortality events. To address such issues, this study reports the design and implementation for a smart detection system for malfunctions in the ventilation devices installed in animal housing. This system is based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and implements the ontology method, considering sensor and controller data as the standard. A semantic sensor network ontology founded on a knowledge base was used to detect malfunctions, and stimulus-sensor-observation patterns were used to determine a sensor network within the smart barn. System activation and RNN model tests were used to test the malfunction detection system, and the error between actual data and predicted values was found to be 0.06889. These findings provide insight into the development of autonomous detection systems for device malfunctions and are essential for the development of smart livestock farming technologies.


An aerobic heterotrophic bacterium YY-5, which could degrade NH4+-N from 95.23 mg/L to 1.29 mg/L in 3 days, was studied to reveal its denitrification methanism at the level of product characteristics and several denitrification enzymes encoding genes. The results demonstrated the bacteria produced large quantities of CO2 and N2, but small nitrite and nitrate accumulations. Furthermore, strain YY-5 had ammonia monooxygenase encoding gene (amoA) which encodes the enzyme to oxidize ammonia to hydroxylamine. Also, the strain had a new hydroxylamine oxidoreductase encoding gene (hao) whose sequence was distinct not only to that of autotrophic bacteria but also to that of heterotrophic bacteria. Its napA gene was also great different with the reported genes from the known aerobic heterotrophic bacteria by Blast comparison. The strain was identified as Acinetobacter sp. YY-5 according to its morphological, physiological and biochemical characters, as well as 16S rDNA sequence homology comparison.


By enclosed dissolution in HNO 3+NH 4HF 2 mixed solvent, Ag is enriched and separated by CCX in 10% NH 3 , and after dismembering by dense HNO 3, Ag absorbed by CCX is determined by the SCN - titrimetry in 5% HNO 3. Proved by the ore samples, the method is applicable for field quick determination of Ag from ore and gold concentrates.


According to an embodiment of the present invention, an electrode unit of an electrolysis device comprises: a first electrode 20 that has a first surface 21a, a second surface 21b positioned on the reverse side from the first surface, and a plurality of through-holes 13 that open respectively in the first surface and the second surface; a second electrode provided opposing the first surface of the first electrode; and a diaphragm which is provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and through which at least ions pass. The first surface of the first electrode has inert sections 52 with respect to electrolysis.