It is a sentiment shared rather more peaceably by many today. And even if one is not wholly a Yahoo it is easy to feel exasperated with the attitudes and posturings of the experts on culture as well as with the variety of uses and (perceived) misuses of the word. A word to be handled with care if taken seriously, or casually if not. By the end of WW2, most of us newly-exed servicemen breezing up to Oxford in October 1946 to have fun and work for a degree understood culture to mean an ongoing tradition of literature, language, poetry, drama, music, sculpture, painting, philosophy, history, sociology, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology — the whole business of what a university supposedly sought to preserve, study and create: what we were attempting in one way or another to become a part of, learning and thinking about that tradition or heritage. And the lynch-pin holding the whole bundle together was the articulation of all that knowledge, thought and creativity through varieties of literacy: modes of recording, a transformation of little explosions in the brain into more or less intelligible and permanent forms so that they could be shared and built on, discussed, negated, or critiqued by others. This to the extent (as I later found out but could not accept as a keen wannabe anthropologist) that a general view among other specialist purists — experienced as well as tyro lawyers, economists and philosophers, for example — was that a nonliterate people could not properly have law or religion or an economics, say, for these depended on a literate tradition.3 Whatever it was they had, it was not Law, not Religion, not Economics. A variety of customary usages and superstitions perhaps? How could there be Law, they would say, without recorded precedents, judgments, legislation —- a firm tradition of documentation; or an Economics without money, some means of calculating and recording the account; or Religion (as distinct from a set of more or less automatic rites and rituals) without a sacred book or collection of sacred scriptures; or a government or an ordered system of politics without records of what was said and done? Going further, when in the way one does over a beer, I tried to describe to friends and acquaintances what I hoped to do as an anthropologist, they were wont to exclaim in surprise (and often a feigned 55


In this chapter, we describe a histogram with soft decision using the Hue, Saturation, Intensity Value (HSV) color space for effective detection of video shot boundaries. In the histogram, we choose the relative importance of hue and intensity depending on the saturation of each pixel. In traditional histograms, each pixel contributes to only one component of the histogram. However, we suggest a soft-decision approach in which each pixel contributes to two components of the histogram. We have done a detailed study of the various frame-to-frame distance measures using the proposed histogram and an Red, Green, Blue (RGB) histogram for video shot detection. The results show that the new histogram has a better shot-detection performance for each of the distance measures. A Web-based application has been developed for video retrieval, which is freely accessible to interested users. INTRODUCTION A shot is a continuous sequence of frames captured from the same camera in a video (Hampapur, Jain, & Weymouth, 1994; Nagasaka & Tanaka, 1992). Shot detection is the process of identifying changes in the scene content of a video sequence. Shot detection 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.irm-press.com IRM PRESS This chapter appears in the book, Video Data Management and Information Retrieval by Sagarmay Deb. Copyright © 2005, IRM Press, an imprint of Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. 238 Sural, Mohan, & Majumdar Copyright © 2005, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. is fundamental to any kind of video retrieval application since it enables segmentation of a video into its basic components. There are different types of shots, including hard cut, dissolve, and wipe (Patel & Sethi, 1997; Shahraray, 1995). Hard cut is an instantaneous transition from one scene to the next. A dissolve is a transition from one scene to another in which frames from the first scene gradually merge with the frames from the second scene. This is achieved by making a slow transition between a scene and a constant image (fade-out) or between a constant image and a scene (fade-in). Wipe is another common scene break in which a line moves across the screen, with the new scene appearing behind the line. Ahanger and Little (1996) provide a survey of the field of video indexing. Boreczky and Rowe (1996) compared five different indexing algorithms, namely, the global histogram, region histogram, global histogram using twin-comparison thresholding, motioncompensated pixel difference, and DCT-coefficient difference with respect to shotchange detection. The histograms are generated from grayscale images. Their data set consists of 233 minutes of motion-JPEG video of various types digitized in 320X240 resolution at 30 frames/s. Some manual tuning is done to find suitable ranges of thresholds to generate the operating curves. Dailianas, Allen, and England (1995) compared algorithms based on histogram differencing, moment invariants, pixel-value changes and edge detection. Lienhart (1998) also did a critical evaluation of the different shot boundary detection algorithms. Gargi, Kasturi, and Strayer (1996), and Gargi,, Kasturi, Strayer, and Antari (2000) compared algorithms based on histograms and MPEG algorithms. They showed that performance of the histogram-based algorithms is better than that of the other various approaches to shot detection. In this chapter, we describe a novel method of histogram generation from the Hue, Saturation, Intensity Value (HSV) color space and study its performance in the shot boundary detection problem.


Power Cooling – Advanced Strip Cooling for Hot Strip Mills 10:00AM 20 Full Hydraulic Solution – The Advanced Fourth-Generation Pair Cross Mill 11:30AM 20 Mastering Fully Automated Steelmaking 11:30AM 6 Electrometallurgical steelmaking by Molten Oxide Electrolysis 11:30AM 9 An Accelerated Installation and Commissioning Plan to Upgrade an Aging Static VAR Compensator for an Electric Arc Furnace 2:00PM 15


This paper reports the findings of a pilot field study carried out to investigate the internal and external pollution levels in two buildings, one naturally-ventilated and the other air-conditioned and to investigate their relative attenuation of external pollution levels. The study is a precursor to more extensive studies aimed at providing guidelines for the design of energy-efficient buildings with a good indoor environment in urban areas. Concerns about energy usage and C02 emissions from buildings require that adequate indoor air quality is obtained in an optimal manner within low-energy design criteria. There is thus an increasing number of buildings employing natural ventilation strategies. At present, however, little is known about the interaction between indoor air quality and external air pollution. Therefore, no formal guidelines exist on designing for natural ventilation in nondomestic buildings in urban areas with respect to external air and noise pollution. The buildings investigated were adjacent to one another and located near a major road in a city centre where the local air pollution levels were known to be relatively high. During the study, concentration levels of typical urban pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide were monitored. Concurrently, measurements of carbon dioxide, ventilation rates, humidity and temperature within the buildings including some measurements of noise and particles were also carried out. Analysis of the data reveals a number of interesting points. The concentrations of external pollutants in the buildings follow the daily external variation, but at reduced levels. Generally, pollutant levels were higher in the naturally ventilated building than in the mechanically ventilated building. However, on a number of occasions, combustion products from heating boilers were entrained into the air-conditioned building via the high level air intake of the ventilation system. This raised the levels of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide inside the building to higher than those found externally.


A candidate extrasolar planet companion to the young brown dwarf 2MASSW J1207334-393254 (hereafter 2M1207) was recently discovered by Chauvin et al. They find that the temperature and luminosity of 2M1207b are consistent with a young, ~5MJ planet. The 2M1207 system is purported to be a member of the TW Hya association (TWA) and situated ~70 pc away. Using a revised space motion vector for TWA and improved proper motion for 2M1207, I use the moving cluster method to estimate the distance to the 2M1207 system and other TWA members. The derived distance for 2M1207 (53 ± 6 pc) forces the brown dwarf and planet to be half as luminous as previously thought. The inferred masses for 2M1207A and 2M1207b decrease to ~21 and ~3-4MJ, respectively, with the mass of 2M1207b well below the observed tip of the planetary mass function and the theoretical deuterium-burning limit. After removing probable Lower Centaurus Crux (LCC) members from the TWA sample, as well as the probable nonmember TWA 22, the remaining TWA membership is found to have distances of 49 ± 3 (s.e.m.) ± 12 (1 σ) pc and an internal one-dimensional velocity dispersion of 0.8 km s-1. There is weak evidence that the TWA is expanding, and the data are consistent with a lower limit on the expansion age of 10 Myr (95% confidence).


It is a meaningful investigation on the recognition to a valid Traditional Chinese Medicine herbal formula and the prediction to a new available herbal formula by using support vector machine.After a brief introduction to the application fields of support vector machine,positive samples database collection method of the multi-herbs TCM formulas,and the extraction method for the feature vector of herbs are described in detail.The SVM~★ training and testing results to the formulas which consist of multi-herbs from number of 4 to 10 are provided and discussed.Finally,it is concluded,to some extent,a false positive formula identified by SVM may be a new potential valid formula,which is still not discovered by humanity and of some value to be further studied by TCM experts.


A tunable antenna pair for wireless transceivers using RF MEMS tunable capacitors is presented. This design utilizes antenna frequency agility to cover a frequency tuning range from 1850 MHz to 2170 MHz (16%) corresponding to the PCS and IMT bands of the cellular systems, although the same concept can be extended to additional bands. Each antenna in the pair is designed to operate at the transmit and receive channels of the band, respectively, while the narrow impedance bandwidth of the single element provides built-in filtering between antennas. The level of isolation between elements is studied for several antenna arrangements depending on their relative orientation within the handset. High isolation levels can help in relaxing the duplexer specifications. A fabricated prototype is presented and measured to prove the concept and validate the design performance.


Although the skin effect has been widely studied over the years, many of its topics remain unclear for most electrical engineers, including undergraduate students and fresh graduates. Yet, in the cases of application of power frequency current, the knowledge gap to be bridged is more significant. Thus, for contributing to the widening in the knowledge of this effect, this work presents an analysis of the behavior of the current density distribution over the cross-section of differently combined rectangular conductors subject to power frequency current. In this case, since an analytical approach is not feasible, the numerical method of matrix solution of integral equations was adopted due to its simplicity, fast convergence, and its application is presented through some providentially chosen theoretical examples before a practical case may be analyzed. As the main results, the influence of a correlated effect that is the proximity effect shows itself as being predominant and the method presents itself as being very convenient for studying the current density distribution in conductors with a cross-section other than the circular, which allow bridging the knowledge gap in this theme. Moreover, the comparison of theoretical cases quite significant. Moreover, the method is adequate to planar configurations, by typical configurations, as in the case of bus bars of electrical panels.


We tested three hypotheses about the effects of perceived and actual patient deficits on caregiver burden: (1) objective patient deficits directly influence caregiver burden; (2) caregiver burden is the result of caregiver perceptions of patient deficits; (3) objective patient deficits influence caregiver burden indirectly by determining perceived deficits.


Background: Proper training on how to correctly handle loads is one key point for prevention of low back disorders. This study was conducted with the objectives of assessing manual material lifting activities and comparing two methods of training intervention in a porcelain company. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial which was conducted in a porcelain company, all male employees with lifting activities (n=204) participated. The data were collected using Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire and Lift/ Lower Force Risk Assessment software for assessing manual material lifting. Intervention methods included booklet and oral training. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Chisquare tests using SPSS software (Version 17.0). Results: The most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders symptoms were reported in the knee (52.5%), feet (45.1%), and lower back (43.6%). Risk assessment before intervention showed that in 62.7% of the workers studied, the level of exposure to musculoskeletal risks was in Action Level (AL) 1, 31.9% in AL 2 and 5.4% in AL 3. The risk assessment after intervention showed that in 77.5% of the workers studied, the level of exposure to musculoskeletal risks was in Action Level (AL) 1, 20.6% in AL 2 and 2% in AL 3 (P<0.001). Also, statistical analysis revealed that oral training (24.5%) was more effective than the booklet training (11.8%) (P=0.018). Conclusion: This study showed that training intervention could be effective in correction of methods of manual material lifting of workers. It seems oral training for workers of porcelain industry is more effective than the booklet training. Trial registration number: IRCT2015050322071N1.


In the article the authors analyze the essence of propaganda as a means of implementing ideological function of the state. It is noted that propaganda is a mechanism of spreading information persuasive influence in the interpretation and estimation of state power representatives. The structure of propaganda is determined: beneficiary of propaganda, subjects of propaganda, content of propaganda, channels of realization of propaganda, addressee of propaganda, feedback system. Types of propaganda are distinguished: political, axiological, educational, preventive. The authors come to the conclusion that the basic directions and the propaganda content are established in normative acts and the programs and organizational actions accepted according to them. Along with the implementation of propaganda, the ideological function is implemented by prohibiting or restricting propaganda or other dissemination of information that endangers the foundations of the constitutional order and is otherwise aimed at destabilizing the political situation in the State, as well as prohibiting the propaganda of ideas that may harm the foundations of morality and morality. The mass media are essential in carrying out propaganda. The State widely uses this resource on an equal footing with other actors to disseminate ideas of public importance and uses the services of various communication agencies. However, the state forms a legal framework for the mass media, their rights and limitations, which still determines the special position of the state in this process.


This paper describes a phenomenographic study of undergraduates' experiences of information literacy when researching an essay in a first‐year environmental studies course. Three hierarchical categories were identified that represented students' experiences: (i) seeking evidence; (ii) developing an argument; and (iii) learning as a social responsibility. The critical variation that delimited the categories included students' focus on learning, focus on the essay task, use of information in the course, use of information in the essay, use of contrasting perspectives and development of argument. Strategies for designing curricula are suggested based on the educationally critical aspects that the study reveals, and the nature of information literacy as a 'generic' skill is questioned. The study has significance for students, teachers, librarians, academic skills advisers and academic developers in higher education.


This experimental static load test is part of research activities scoped on problematics with involved foundation conditions. Especially for areas with influence of undermining or flood hazard. Concept of experiment was designed like a model situation of interaction between concrete column, concrete slab-on-ground and subsoil. During static load process were measured deformations, tensions inside the experimental model and geotechnical values on contact surface of concrete slab-on-ground and subsoil. These data were processed and presented in this article. The described experimental static load test is part of a series of experiments focusing on the problematics of concrete constructions in interaction with subsoil and was realized at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, VŠB –Technical University of Ostrava.


The paper into the analysis on two catastrophes of archives taken place between Qin ahd Han dynasties in China .It indicatas that the different policies of the sovereign groups brought the deep influence onto archives task.It emphasizes the importance of the archives task.


The soil nutrient status,microbial communities and fruit quality of Newhall navel oranges planted for 8 and 13 years respectively in orchards of Luran ecological farm and Xinyuan fruit industry in Shanghang County in Fujian Province were determined and analyzed in 2010.The results showed that,the available K content in soils increased significantly with the planting time of orange trees in the two tested orchards,but the contents of total N,NO3-N,total P,available P and organic matter changed in different patterns from each other as the planting time increased,the contents of exchangeable Ca,exchangeable Mg and effective S were not significantly different between the two orchards.All the soil nutrient contents,except pH value,were in an acceptable range for orange growing.The total microbe biomass of PLFAS and the specific PLFA,such as i16∶0,14∶0,20∶0,15∶0,a15∶0,10 Me 16∶0,10Me18∶0 etc in different treatments,except for 8 planting years time in the tested orchardsⅠ,were significantly higher than that in the control with pure chemical-fertilizers.The Simpon,Shannon and Mclntosh index in the tested orchardsⅡ were significantly higher than the control.The contents of total sugar,reducing sugar and total soluble solids(TSS) significantly increased as the age of tree became longer,but the changing patterns for the contents of vitamin C(Vc),total acid(TA),sugar-acid ratio and TSS/TA were different from each other,and there was no significant difference in individual fruit weight,edible rate,fruit shape index observed between the two orchards.


Correction for 'A solvent selection guide based on chemometrics and multicriteria decision analysis' by Marek Tobiszewski et al., Green Chem., 2015, 17, 4773–4785.


Treatment of α-amylase digestion in wet grits nagara bean after spontaneous fermentation was assessed to determine changes in rehydration ability, gelatinization profile and in vitro starch digestibility of the flour produced. This was important for further processed products that required easy hydration in cold water and high starch digestibility. The research was carried out by hydrolysis of α-amylase with 60 IU enzyme activity as much as 0.1% on wet grits nagara beans from spontaneous fermentation which had been soaked in NaHSO3 and Ca(OH)2 for 1 hour. Moreover, α-amylase digestion was carried out at 37°C for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The results showed that the amylose content of nagara bean flour from the pre-treatment soaking using Ca(OH)2 was relatively higher than the pre-treatment of NaHSO3, and there was a tendency for amylase digestion up to 90 minutes could reduce amylose and starch content. In vitro starch digestibility of flour by amylase digestion of wet grits nagara bean for 60 minutes with pre-treatment soaked in Ca(OH)2 were 88.79% db, peak viscosity and final viscosity of 2416 cP and 2419 cP respectively.


Dyera costulata, usually called as jelutung is belonging into Apocynaceae family. This plant is a potential plant species that has good prospect, especially for timber and latex production. However the seedling grows slowly. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse, Treub Laboratory, Botani Division, Centre Research for Biology-LIPI, Bogor, using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with tree main factors in five replications. The first factor is phase of transplant i.e. seedling with closed cotyledon, seedling with opened cotyledon, seedling with two first leaves. The second factor is growth medias i.e. soil, soil+compost (1:1), soil+husk of rice (1:1), soil+compost+ soil+husk of rice (1:1:1), compost+ soil+husk of rice (1:1). The third factor is mycorrhiza i.e. 0, 2, 4 and 6 g/pot The result showed that the transplant phase had significant effect on the seedling growth. The best of transplant phase is seedling with two leaves which has 100% survival, seedling height 8.57 cm and number of leaves 5.07 . Mycorrhiza treatment no significant effect on the seedling growth until 5 months after planting. Growth medias had significant effect at number of leaves. Therefore it is recommended the best media for seedling growth are are of soil+ soil+husk of rice (1:1) , or soil+compost + husk of rice = 1:1:1. There was no interaction effect of transplant phase, mycorrhiza and growth media.


The study presents an ideational background for interpretations of some central works by Joseph Beuys (192I-1986): "Badewanne/Bath Tub" (1960), "Gemeinschaftspaten/Communion Spade" (1964), "Das Rudel/The Pack" (1969), "Aktion im Moor/Moss Action" (1971), "Zeige deine Wunde/Show Your Wounds" (1976), "grosser ausgesogener Liegender im Jenseits wollend Gestrechter"/approximately "big gaunt reclining figure wanting to stretch himself out in the life to come" (1982). The study opens with a discussion of the shamanistic world view, whose relation to Beuys' iconography and his role as an artist is highly relevant and merits investigation. It is evident that the shamanistic conception of the world stimulated his artistic and existential imagination, giving him knowledge and experiences with which he charged his works. In many ways these prove to be directly connected to a world view inspired by shamanism. Beuys changed and transformed the analogous thinking of the shamanistic tradition as well as its specific tools and attributes. He also used this tradition to find ways of changing his own role as an artist. Seen from the perspective outlined above, it could be argued that the works discussed in the present study prove to be created as tools in a struggle for change and liberation, both as regards Beuys' own life and his existential needs and as regards humanity at large; they are all in a sense instruments of a transcendental longing. (Less)


The study proposed an inquiry-based activity for an undergraduate History of Science (HOS) course. The activity aimed to promote collaboration, engagement, and motivation among students from various disciplines. The participants in this activity were 40 undergraduate students enrolled in different teaching programs at a private university. The course followed a timeline approach to teaching HOS, supplemented by weekly research questions and short activities. The specific focus of this activity was to investigate whether Archimedes designed a water clock. Students worked in groups to conduct research on the question and develop a group claim based on the evidence they collected. The course discussions resulting from this activity yielded comprehensive outcomes that contributed to the course's timeline, covering the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages. These discussions touched upon various historical events, including the closing of the Platonic Academy, the birth of the House of Wisdom, cultural and geographical factors in the translation movement, and the concept of pseudepigrapha. Importantly, the study noted that many of these events between antiquity and the Middle Ages were not commonly mentioned in traditional HOS course books. By engaging in this activity, participants were able to zoom into the timeline and uncover fascinating historical events. The research, collaboration, and discussions brought about a sense of excitement among the students. This activity demonstrated that incorporating such an approach can enhance the narrative nature of HOS courses. The success of the activity depends on the time allocated and the content of the course, suggesting that it could be tailored to different contexts and course objectives.


Abstract Runoff of farm dairy effluent (FDE) is a major concern in New Zealand water management. To improve handling and applying FDE, this work evaluated the performance of a low-rate (K-line) sprinkler application system compared with that of a travelling irrigator. The volumes of FDE discharged in either mole-pipe drainage or overland flow were monitored at two sites, as were nutrient concentrations and loads (and Escherichia coli (E. coli) at one site). The low-rate sprinkler decreased overland flow losses of applied FDE compared to the travelling irrigator. The relative concentrations of E. coli, total P and ammonium-N (presented as C/C o, the measured concentration in drain flow divided by the concentration in applied effluent) in overland flow at South Otago and mole-pipe drainage at West Otago were also consistently less for the low-rate sprinkler. There were significant and positive correlations between drainage C/C o values and effluent application rate for E. coli, total P and turbidity. Modelling predicted potentially large contamination with E. coli, total P and ammonium-N in mole-pipe drainage with no pond storage when using a travelling irrigator. Modelled loads were considerably less for FDE application to mole-pipe drained land using a low-rate sprinkler. Practical implications are that: (i) effluent pond storage is important for decreasing FDE losses in overland flow and mole-pipe drainage when soils are wet; (ii) a low-rate sprinkler application system requires less pond storage; (iii) a low-rate low-depth management system can decrease mole-pipe drainage discharges of pollutants when soils are wet.


Narrower definitions of cultural literacy, following Hirsch (1987) have focussed on understanding of a range of canonical texts in dominant cultures. This paper draws on a study of an isolated migrant group in Australia to affirm the value of secure but flexible identities in developing a wider and more inclusive form of cultural literacy. Wider perceptions of such literacy (Weil, 1998; Courts, 1998; Pegrum, 2008) now present it as a critical 'feel' for negotiating between cultural rules and practices. Also, both reaffirmation and redefinition of identity appear to be inseparable from any serious development of literacy. The presentation will explore ways in which intercultural literacy can be re-envisioned as not merely a set of skills, but rather as a deeper set of understandings. It is suggested that such intercultural literacy can be acquired not inside classrooms alone, but outside classrooms, in 'third' spaces between the familiar and the new, in the same way that bars and coffee shops help manage daily transitions between home and work cultures. The study underpinning this paper looked at continuity and change in cultural practices and identity, in particular at how cultural shape-shifting or 'lability', can co-exist with other characteristics of identity. The study took an emic perspective and a syndetic approach, adapting procedures such as participant observation, semi-structured interviews and narrative analysis. It will be argued that, for successful language learning and social interaction, the development of intercultural literacy should now overarch the narrower concepts of communicative competence and cultural literacy. Word Count: 247 Courts, P. L. (1998). Multicultural literacies: Dialect, discourses, and diversity . New York: Peter Lang. Hirsch, E. D. Jr. (1987).  Cultural Literacy: What every American needs to know.  Boston: Houghton. Pegrum, M. (2008). Film, culture and identity: Critical intercultural literacies for the language classroom., Language and Intercultural Communication, 8(2), 136-54. Weil, D.K. (1998). Toward a critical multicultural literacy . New York: Peter Lang.


Summary New insects are described from the Middle Permian (Guadalupian) of Salagou Formation in the Lodève Basin (Languedoc region, France). Palaeopterans are represented by new odonatopterans viz. Huangiopterum lodevense n. gen., n. sp. and Huangiopterum species B, attributed to clade Panodonata (Huangiopteridae n. fam.), already recorded through the family Saxonagrionidae in the same formation, and a diaphanopterodean Martynovia cf. halli Beckemeyer 2004 (Martynoviidae) known from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma. Archaeorthopterans are supplemented by Bethouxia ariegensis n. gen., n. sp., Paralongzhua elongata n. gen., n. sp., Lodevolongzhua incompleta n. gen., n. sp., the caloneurodean Jarmiloptera mouralensis n. gen., n. sp., and a cnemidolestodean cf. Tococladus sp. (Tococladidae). Permophyllum rotundatum n. sp. (?Tettigoniidae) demonstrates the first presence of Orthoptera with wings probably mimicking Peltaspermales reproductive organs in Late Palaeozoic possibly analogous to the known crypsis of roachoid tegmina with pteridosperm pinnules. Frequent occurrence of hardly identifiable grylloblattid wing fragments support their significant role in term of abundance and diversity of the Permian faunas. New taxa based on wing venation pattern as Genera and species undetermined A, B (Liomopteridae), Permobaharellus salagousensis n. gen., n. sp. (family uncertain), Lodevophlebia reticulata n. gen., n. sp. (Sylvaphlebiidae), Oborella lodevensis n. sp. (Euryptilonidae), and Genus and species undetermined C, were described. Paoliida is represented by a paoliid gen. et sp. indet. and three anthracoptilids Strephocladus gandi n. sp., Strephocladus mouralensis n. sp., Lodevocladus subtilis n. gen., n. sp. The first record of miomopteran Palaeomantis sp. (Paleomanteidae) from Salagou Formation is presented. Acercarian insects are represented by the first record of Thripida and diverse new hemipterans, namely Euroscytina lutevanorum n. gen., n. sp. (Cicadomorpha: Scytinopteridae), Prosbole dio n. sp., Prosbole garrici n. sp., Pervestigia cf. veteris Becker-Migdisova 1961 (Prosbolidae), Archescytina species A (Paleorrhyncha: Archescytinidae) and Permopsyllidium lesclansis n. sp. (Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea: Protopsyllidiidae). Entomofauna from the Salagou Formation demonstrate highly diverse insect communities with some taxa linked to early and late Permian ones known from assemblages in Euramerica and Russia, such as Obora (Czech Republic), Wellington Formation (Kansas and Oklahoma, USA), and Tshekarda (Ural, Russia).


from portraying the prince as slightly cold, a ruler in training as well as a madcap. All the wonderful set pieces—the Gadshill robbery, Falstaff 's lies about the men in buckram he felled, and the play-within-the-play, had just the right mixture of verbal and physical humor. Both productions indicate that Shakespeare is alive and well in Philadelphia, and that directors are engaging with the text in creative ways that may be rooted in cost-saving measures, but that result in wonderful productions that focus on the language and emotional content of the plays rather than on creating spectacle for spectacle's sake.


The metropolitan centralism exercised from Santiago to other Chilean cities is reflected in different scales of power. The housing policies implemented since the early twentieth century detail the progress and the contradictions for the urban orientation of middle cities whose morphology complicated the capital's decisions. The case of Valdivia recognizes these two issues. On one hand, political management that proposed to be applied unilaterally throughout the territory, and on the other the exceptional nature of the generation of a housing solution with a local perspective; both in terms of a material nature and access placing attention on natural as well as human events in its urban configuration. This article attempts to organize the development of these policies in Valdivia, starting from primary sources that contain the foundations of the four essential structures of the past century: Consejo Superior de Habitaciones Obreras, Caja de Habitacion Popular, Corporacion de la Vivienda, and the beginnings of the Servicio de Vivienda y Urbanizacion. These organizations represent the spirit of the legislation and its effects, but also the focus of metropolitan power, which, until today continues to be one of the main sources of tension for the Chilean State.


Study in the area of artificial intelligence has given rise to the rapidly growing technology known as expert system. Expert system is an area of artificial intelligence which is having a huge impact on various fields of life. Expert system uses human knowledge to solve the complex problems in various areas as science, engineering, business, medicine, weather forecasting and the organizations employing the technology of expert system has seen an increase in the quality and efficiency. Expert system is computer software that emulates the decision making ability of a human expert. The expert system represents knowledge acquired from human expert as data or rules within the computer. These rules and data can be called upon to solve the complex problems. This paper gives an overview of the expert system namely Dendral that is used in medical sciences from its invention.


This paper presents a new technique that is accomplished by a combination of STBC and OFDM technologies, which can reduce Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). Random inter-leaver introduced into the STBCOFDM system can improve the performance of system under multi-path fading channel and get a reasonable robustness.


The texts published in the 70's and 80's by Peter Singer and Tom Regan has had an immeasurable impact on the discourse on the ethical-legal standing of animals. Today they form the theoretical backbone of the animal welfare movement to such an extent that the very subject matter of the ethical-legal status of animals often is referred to using Regan's central concept 'animal rights'. A significant segment of contemporary academic texts on the ethical-legal status of animals is concerned, however, that the potential of the rights discourse has been exhausted, or at least that a sufficient level of protection of animals cannot be attained solely on this basis. This reflects the fact that the increased use of terms associated with rights appears to have led, at the most, to only moderate changes with regard to the actual level of protection and the underlying ethical-legal status of animals. Whereas the rights discourse may have been a logical first step, there appears to be underlying issues that cannot be adequately addressed through this discourse.


As a result of the issue of assets retirement obligation in related industries,it not only will lead to serious environmental pollution,and also adverse-to-business financial impact,so some accounting standards-setting bodies have issued guidelines to regulate in Europe,America and Japan.This paper sort out the historical process of international assets retirement accounting,and take the analysis and comparison of the assets retirement accounting guide and practice which is implemented in the United States,Japan and other countries,and put forward the a number of recommendations for development of assets retirement accounting standards.


In the amorphous alloys (Fe_(80)Ni_(20))_(78)Si_(22-x)B_x, the magnetic moment and the curie
temperature were found to increase slowly with increasing boron and relatively decreasing silicon.
This phenomenon has been explained qualitatively in terms of the electron transition model and
the molecular field approtimation theory.


The transport of morphine from the systemic circulation into the perfused cerebrospinal fluid was studied while the free morphine plasma concentration was kept constant with continuous infusion in rabbits whose renal vessels had been ligated. The transport of morphine into the cerebrospinal fluid from blood appeared to be a carrier-mediated process since morphine was transported against a concentration gradient and the transport was inhibited by compounds structurally related to morphine such as codeine, ethylmorphine, nalorphine and naloxone. Morphine transport was also inhibited by systemically administered organic basic compounds such as N-methylnicotinamide and SKF 525A and by dinitrophenol.


A necrosis of succulent, elongating, current-year needles of Pinus strobus in the northeastern United States, frequently attributed to "ozone damage," is not due to ozone. The pathological anatomy of affected needles differs from that described for ozone injury and is virtually identical to that described as "semimature-tissue needle blight." The syndrome on affected trees throughout the northeastern United States is consistently associated with the presence of the needlecast fungus, Canavirgella banfieldii. This fungus occurs in the mesophyll of both healthy appearing and dying tissues of such needles before these needles have elongated to half their mature size. The pathological anatomy of infected needles agrees with that described for needlecasts by other researchers, beginning with R. Hartig. In contrast, healthy clones of field-symptomatic and field-asymptomatic trees exposed in open-top chambers to carbon-filtered air and to air adjusted on an hourly basis to 3× ambient ozone concentrations incurre...


Synthesis of oxazolonone, benzoxazolononeby using amino hydroxy compound, alkyl haloformate, trialkylamine and DMF as solvents. Herein used simple carbonylation agent such as alkylhaloformate instead of phosgene and Triphosgene. Developed novel and simple synthesis method.


A CFD software was used to simulate the performance of cooling tower with exhaust gas injection.A mathematical mode was established for simulating the flow in cooling tower,the N-S equations are closed with SST k-ω equations.By calculating and analyzing the contours of velocity,pressure and temperature,the flue is better than jaws in injecting the exhaust gas into cooling tower.The exhaust gas injected by flue doesn't touch with the wall and components of the cooling tower,the possibility of erosion and pollution is little.


Facing sharp competition in the market for shipping companies, it is necessary to make reasonable and efficient decisions to optimize the container shipping line network so as to improve the shipping efficiency and reduce the transportation cost, as well as to realize the transportation sustainability. Therefore, the liner ship fleet deployment problem with collaborative transportation is proposed in this paper. This problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming model that takes collaborative transportation into consideration. The model includes fixed cost, variable cost, berth cost, transport cost, penalty, compensation cost, and so on. To achieve the sustainable development of collaborative transportation, the shipping companies could make a selection between the internal routes and the external routes to serve each task by comparing the distance between the above routes. A real Asia-Europe-Oceania numerical experiment shows that the proposed sustainable collaborative transportation model can be efficiently solved by C++ calling ILOG CPLEX. Results demonstrate that the optimized shipping line network with sustainable collaborative transportation can improve the service efficiency, as well as the service level of shipping companies.


Review of: Rethinking Luxury Fashion: The Role of Cultural Intelligence in Creative Strategy, Thomaï Serdari (2020)
New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 191 pp.,
ISBN 13 978-3-03045-300-8, h/bk, $57.06


Clarity in wine is an essential quality attribute that is recognised and valued by consumers. Despite advances made in recent times to improve technological aspects of clarification processes, the inherent compositional variability of wine still affects these processes. This paper reviews the complex interactions of wine constituents, for example protein, polysaccharides and phenolic substances, and the physical chemistry and current knowledge relating to wine clarification. Furthermore, it discusses potential areas of fundamental research into the mechanisms and interactions that lead to successful clarification that are required to improve the clarification process and may lead to increased process capacity and wine quality.


The case of Israeli Circassian students is unique because they study four languages which they require for daily life: Arabic is for reading the Koran; Hebrew is the language of the dominant group; English is an international language and is needed for academic purposes; and Circassian is their mother tongue. This study investigated the attitudes of 40 ninth-grade students from the two Circassian villages in Israel toward each language. They were tested in the four languages on word identification, word attack, spelling, working memory, oral cloze, orthography, and phonological awareness. The results indicated that the Circassian students possessed integrative attitudes to their own language and sensed its low vitality. Generally they possessed positive attitudes to all four languages. The reading results indicated poor reading in Circassian. However, all working memory and language skills were related within and across languages. The regression analysis procedures indicated that word recognition and spelling skills in the first, second, and third language were the best predictors for the mother tongue Circassian, which was studied as a fourth language. The results are discussed in light of multilingual education.


Monolingual learner's dictionaries (MLDs) strive to use accessible, comprehensive and ostensibly objective language to communicate ideas to those with intermediate to advanced language proficiency. However, it will be argued that MLDs of the English language are not objective, but rather ideological documents in which discursive authority stems from the production of knowledge. In their representations of sex, gender and sexual desires and identities, MLDs venerate reproductive heterosexuality as the correct, normal and 'natural' mode of human expression while erasing queer realities and possibilities. As a result, queer English language learners are marginalised as imperfect citizens and are compelled to embody heterosexual culture in both language and behaviour in order to achieve increased legitimacy within the English-speaking nation-state.


The release of massive pollutants amounts continuously because of urbanization and industrialization has caused a big ecological problem worldwide. Due to their activities, effluents of many industries: mining operations, paper/pulp, and batteries, release different heavy metals, including Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), and Nickel (Ni), into the environment. Heavy metals are of big concern due to their high toxicity, big bioaccumulation susceptibility, and serious threat to humans and ecosystems. Compared to organic pollutants, which are highly influenced by biological and chemical degradation, heavy metals have no degradation into end products using these methods. Therefore, the removal of such metals is considered a big challenge in water purification. For metals removal, different techniques have been applied, such as precipitation, ultrafiltration, and coagulation. However, those applications have many drawbacks: low-efficiency, high consumption of reagents, and generation of toxic sludge. In contrast, adsorption considers an effective method for metal removal, owing to the method's simplicity, economic and versatility, making it the most convenient way for toxic metals removal. Many conventional adsorbents, such as activated carbon and alumina, have been effectively employed. Nevertheless, the biggest disadvantages of using such adsorbents appear to be their price due to high activation costs and limited reusability. Biosorption has lately emerged as a method with several advantages, including minimal cost, ease of use, and great efficacy, even for trace amounts of metallic ions. This paper aims to review the relevant literature regarding the adsorption method for heavy metals removal from wastewater. Different treatments of heavy metals from wastewater and their related features are highlighted. The metals' toxicity and hazards to health and the environment are also discussed. The application of various materials as bioadsorbents is explored, such as natural adsorbents and industrial and agricultural wastes.


We investigate worst-case optimal consumption and portfolio decisions under the threat of a market crash. In an infinite-horizon setting, we provide an explicit solution for constant relative risk aversion and establish a rigorous verification result. Moreover, we find a dual characterization of the optimal strategy and quantify the impact of the crash on consumption and portfolio choice.


This article focuses on the details of implementing a case-based system to troubleshoot plant problems. Such a troubleshooting system currently is in use at the Dow Chemical Company. Learning experiences from the development and implementation of that system are the basis for much of the information in this article.


Amorphous magnetostrictive wires fabricated by super-rapid quenching in water exhibit a remarkably stable Barkhausen effect and Matteucci effect in the as-prepared state. The Matteucci effect in as-prepared wire is under 1 mV. When the wire is drawn or made shorter than 70 mm, the Barkhausen effect vanishes. In this work, the amorphous magnetostrictive wire was cold drawn and then annealed under torsional stress; the wires obtained had a large Matteucci effect, as well as a large Barkhausen effect even when as short as 25 mm. These wires were used as devices for pulse generation. Their magnetic properties are studied.


The working-principle of Li-MnO2 battery was described.And the safety problems resulting from abuse of cylindrical Li-MnO2 battery were analyzed.Some methods to improve the safety performance of cylindrical Li-MnO2 battery were summarized in this article.Some methods to test safety performance were also listed herein.


This editorial refers to 'C-reactive protein and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in 268 803 East Asians'[†][1], by K.-C. Sung et al. , on page 1809.

Inflammation in the vessel wall plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of atherogenesis, progression of atherosclerosis, and plaque instability. Atherosclerosis is initiated by dysfunction of endothelial cells (ECs), leading to expression of adhesion molecules for inflammatory cells.1,2 Vascular inflammation leads to an oxidizing environment due to activation of macrophages that secrete cytokines/chemokines as well as growth factors,3 all of which contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.4 Therefore, the interactions among ECs, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and inflammatory cells are substantially involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases.5 ECs produce nitric oxide and prostacyclin, which protect against vascular remodelling.5 Activated VSMCs produce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are stimulated by oxidative stress.6–8

The study by Sung et al .9 represents the largest cohort of Asian subjects to date that has been investigated for the association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality. After studying 268 803 Korean men and women, the authors demonstrated that hsCRP levels are much lower in this population than in Caucasians. Interestingly, they showed that the association with future cardiovascular events is stronger in men than in women. Accumulating evidence suggests that elevated hsCRP levels in apparently healthy subjects increase the risk for major …

 [1]: #fn-2


A cysticercus of Taenia crassiceps (Zeder), with an evaginated scolex on one pole and numerous buds on the other, was removed from the retina of a 17-year-old white female Canadian, 6 March 1972. The cysticercus was 5.8 mm in length and had characteristic rostellar hooks. A strain from this cysticercus is now established in laboratory mice. The patient, who lives in a rural community, apparently was infected by ingesting eggs shed by the family dog. The dog lived in intimate association with the patient, giving ample opportunity for infection to occur. This is the first positive record of this species of cestode from man, and apparently the first natural infection reported from a dog in North America. It is suggested that similar infections may occur in areas with heavy rodent and fox populations and where pet dogs run free.


We have built and characterized a six-telescope near-infrared discrete beam combiner (DBC) for stellar interferometry using the technique of ultrafast laser inscription (ULI). The 3D beam combiner consists of evanescently coupled waveguides fabricated in borosilicate glass, with a throughput of around 56%. Devices of two design types are characterized over the astronomical J and H band. Using the 15 non-redundant combinations of pairs, we populate the elements of the visibility-to-pixel matrix (V2PM) of the beam combiner using a two-input Michelson interferometer setup. We identify the complex visibility as wavelength dependent, with different optimum wavelengths for the two types of devices. For the design that includes a fan-in region, a baseline-averaged mean visibility amplitude of 1.05 and relative precision of 2.9% and 3.8% are extracted for characterization at 1328 nm and 1380 nm, respectively. Operation is also possible in the H-band, with a relative precision of 4.8% at 1520 nm. Broadband characterization is subject to dispersion effects, but gives similar performance results to their monochromatic counterparts in the J-band at 1350 nm.


It was found that 15 22 years after surgery in patients with chronic hepatitis the size of the spleen, according to the ultrasound, were within the norm range. Given is a clinical observation, which noted hypoglycemic and antihypertensive actions of simultaneous ligation of the splenic artery in its middle third and its vein at the beginning without significant changes of the spleen size in the close or distant postoperative period.


Abstract Islam displaces the ancient idea of time as an implacable enemy with the scriptural image of time as the stage of judgment, a narrow bridge of accountability stretched between creation and eternity. The stark contrast of temporal evanescence with all the immutability of eternity challenges Muslim theologians and philosophers of the classic age. The dialectical theologians of the kalam describe time and change atomisti‐cally and even occasionalistically, seeking to preserve the absoluteness of the contrast and to avoid compromising the purity of God's creative act and the sheer facticity of its temporal effect. The falasifa, philosophers in the Greek tradition, use Platonic, Aristotelian, and Neoplatonic arguments to reconcile temporality with eternity. Stripped of argument, their emanative and archetypal schemes join the core symbolisms of Islam, but only when accommodated to the Qur'anic ideas of judgment and creation.


Chapter 8 continues the exploration of issues raised by human enhancement technologies. Building on the discussion in the previous chapter, this contribution begins by examining the question of whe ...


In this paper 50 lung tumors and normal adjacent tissues are analyzed for Wnt2 and Fzd8 levels. Wnt2 was higher in tumors than normal tissue for 70% of samples and Fzd8 was higher in 42% (21 samples). Of the 21 samples with elevated Fzd8 19 also had elevated Wnt2. Previously this group and others had reported that Wnt2 was elevated in lung and other tumors but the Frizzled receptors that this Wnt activates were not known.


Abstract People worldwide have been largely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. In addition to worries about physical health, it also causes concerns about psychological and mental health. This research aims to explore predictors affecting psychological well-being during the pandemic using the 2018 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) RAND longitudinal data (N = 42,233) and the 2020 HRS COVID-19 module (N = 3,266). Demographics (i.e., gender, age, and education), psychosocial (i.e., personality traits), and health (i.e., comorbidity) variables were included in multivariate logistic and ordinary least square regression analyses predicting feeling "overwhelmed," "stressed," and "lonely" during the pandemic. Our results indicated that neuroticism was positively associated with all outcomes. Women were more likely to feel overwhelmed, stressed, and lonely compared to men. Age negatively predicted the overwhelmed and stressed feelings. Furthermore, the effect of depressive symptoms in 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018 on psychological well-being was assessed by conducting a latent growth curve model. Findings indicate that initial level and increasing change of depressive symptoms over four-time points (waves 11-14) were positively related to psychological feelings. A higher level of depressive symptoms at the initial level of 2012 and increasing reports of depression symptoms predicted higher rates of being stressed, feeling overwhelmed, and lonely during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results have implications for future research and interventions that should target the emotional antecedents and consequences of pandemics.


The molecular adsorption of thiophene and 2,5‐dimethylthiophene on Ag(111) surfaces is studied using a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope (STM) operating at 120 K. Thiophene molecules are observed to adsorb preferentially at step edges, occupying the upper step edge at lowest coverage, and additionally occupying the lower step edge at higher coverage. The adsorption site and rotational orientation of 2,5‐dimethylthiophene were identified. Molecules at step edges are observed to cluster, indicating an attractive interaction between molecules at step edges. As the coverage increases, a phase transition corresponding to a transition from a planar to a tilted geometry is observed.


The objective of this paper is to compare the advocacy role of civil society organizations in the United States and Brazil. We conducted an exploratory case study of three peak organizations that engage in public policy advocacy as part of their strategies. We analyze how they advocate and the role this form of action plays within different democratic contexts that assume public discussion and deliberation, by citizens, about matters relevant to them, such as the formulation, execution, and monitoring of public policy. The study concludes that the policy advocacy role of civil society organizations strengthens internal and external democratic processes by bringing for the deliberation process in the public sphere organizations that represent different groups in society. However, this process also poses some risks and challenges that shall be taken into consideration.


On paper, the challenge in the South Carolina managed care market is pretty obvious: South Carolina has about a 5.8% managed care penetration rate, compared with the national average of 23.7% (Kaiser State Health Facts).


A complementary all-N-transistor (CANT) comprising the ANT logic and a novel inverted ANT logic is proposed in this paper. The threshold voltage of the transistors in the ANT logicpsilas N-block is variable depending upon the operation of the entire logic block. In the evaluation phase, the bulk voltage of the transistors in the N-block is raised to VDD - Vthn such that the drain current therein is increased to enhance operation speed. In the pre-charge phase, the bulk voltage of those transistors in the N-block is reduced to its normal voltage level such that the subthreshold leakage current is dropped to reduce power consumption. By utilizing such a variable bulk voltage scheme in the CANT, a 32-bit CLA is designed to justify the low power and high speed performance. The power dissipation is 143 mW at 5.4 GHz clock rate given the worst PVT (SS, 1.08 V, 75degC) condition.


We investigate whether automatically extracted prosodic features can serve as cues to dialog acts (DAs) in naturallyoccurring meetings. We focus on the classification of four short DAs, all of which can be conveyed by the same words. DAs were hand-labeled based on the discourse context. Results for classifiers trained on automatically extracted prosodic features show significant associations with DAs in unseen test data. Furthermore, the specific features used depend on the classification task at hand. Results shed light on the relationship between discourse function and prosody, and could be used to aid automatic processing for natural dialog understanding.


The Chuangye Road Station of Nanning Rail Transit Line 3 is located at the intersection of Chuangye Road and Zhenxing Road, Xixiangtang District, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, with the length direction along the east-west direction of Zhenxing Road. The station is a typical station in the form of a two-story single-column island platform. The total length of the outsourcing is 210m, the standard section width is 19.7m, and there are 4 entrances or exits. The B1 floor is the subway hall, and the B2 floor is the subway platform, with 2, 805 m2 public area in total. There are many difficulties faced by the Chuangye Road Station project, including poor natural lighting conditions on the working surface of the subway station, deviations in the size of the main structure and installation drawings, densely layered pipelines in various systems, multiple layers and processes in the cross-operation, large number of professional cooperation interfaces, narrow transport corridor for large equipment, high quality requirements, and etc. Through the establishment of university-company joint research team on BIM technology, over ten applications of BIM technology on electromechanical engineering during construction stages have been studied and realized, including BIM-based 3D laser scanning and lofting technology, integrated deepening design of electromechanical pipelines, deepening and application of fine decoration, visual construction and construction, safety fire evacuation simulation, AR application, scale 3D printing technology. More than ten construction stages of mechanical and electrical engineering BIM technology application research, and etc. The studies provide practical examples for the typical station of the subway to improve quality and efficiency through BIM application research.


AURA users' body composition results are used to provide information regarding the position of individual user's among the population: for example, if he/she has lower or higher body fat ratio or muscle mass than others. The comparison with other users is good for extra motivation since it creates a competitive element of training or/and diet.1.Can I compare my body composition with AURA users' body composition results? Brief answer: Yes, you can. In the AURA app we use data based on thousands of AURA Strap measurements conducted by a huge number of our users. All data were processed in order to exclude any incorrect data caused by various factors. As a result the final dataset provides a representation of an actual body composition of AURA users.


Description A noninvasive imaging technique tracks the motion of single biomolecules in live cells A long-sought goal for scientists is to directly watch motions and interactions of all individual biomolecules within a cell, which would substantially increase our understanding of life processes at the molecular level. On pages 1004 and 1010 of this issue, Wolff et al. (1) and Deguchi et al. (2), respectively, take us one step closer to this goal. They report an improved version of MINFLUX, a nanoscope concept introduced 6 years ago (3), that increases the spatiotemporal resolutions of light microscopy to nanometer and millisecond scales. They apply this technique to study the molecular mechanisms of kinesin walking on microtubules under unprecedented physiologically relevant conditions.


Grafting failure of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) trees is common. Some researchers have suggested that secondary phloem fibers in chestnut rootstock stems may interfere with graft union formation. Others suggest that high rootstock moisture content may reduce grafting success. This study was conducted to ascertain the precise arrangement of secondary phloem fibers in Chinese chestnut seedling rootstocks and to determine if they are associated with grafting failure. We also investigated the effects of moisture content of rootstocks and container growing medium on grafting success. Nodes on Chinese chestnut seedlings had 2/5 phyllotaxy with five alternate buds present in two revolutions around the stem. Vascular cambium in 1-year- old rootstock stems was arranged in a regular five-lobed cylinder in cross-sections. Primary phloem fibers were present in a discontinuous ring and secondary phloem fibers were usually clustered outside the cambium between the lobes. Grafts were successful when scion buds were placed on the rootstock disrupting secondary phloem fibers with cambia of the budded tissues aligned. Containerized rootstocks at 56% and 62% growing medium moisture content before grafting had 25% graft union success rates, whereas non-irrigated plants at 48% moisture had a 75% success rate.


The purpose of the article is to systematize the effects of changes in the external and internal macroeconomic environment and to analyze the scientific possibilities of their further theoretical development. Permanent relevance of the study of equilibrium states in the economy is conditioned by the development of forms of organization of economic relations and changes in the socio-economic environment of their realization. This problem is of particular relevance in the context of the global financial crisis, which is characterized by a deviation of basic macroeconomic indicators from their equilibrium values. The study showed that the influence of price factors on the balance of supply and demand in all major markets of Ukraine's economy and, above all, in the market of final products and services, has increased. Analytical assessment of the influence of individual price factors on the dynamics of aggregate supply and demand has allowed to determine the features of this influence in the current conditions, characteristic for the economy of Ukraine, in particular, that the high level of export orientation of the industry and a significant dependence of final consumption on imports contribute to the dominance of the influence of external factors market of final goods and services. Among these factors, the most influential was the exchange rate. At the same time, one of the important factors of inflation is the dynamics of individual average costs as the main factor shaping producer prices. The economy of Ukraine is resource intensive, which is the result of an imperfect structure of production, burdened with capital and raw material production centers, and outdated technologies. And this is the main obstacle to the effective adaptation of Ukrainian producers' supply to changes in aggregate demand. The economic situation in Ukraine in 2014-2018 and in the short term is mainly determined by political factors, the further development of economic processes is largely unpredictable and will be determined primarily by whether the fighting will cease.


AbstractWater distribution network (WDN) resilience depends on both the underlying flow dynamics and the network topology. Although existing literature has examined a variety of complex network cen...


The importance of peer–to–peer (P2P) network overlays produced enormous interest in the research community due to their robustness, scalability, and increase of data availability. P2P networks are overlays of logically connected hosts and other nodes including servers. P2P networks allow users to share their files without the need for any centralized servers. Since P2P networks are largely constructed of end–hosts, they are susceptible to abuse and malicious activity, such as sybil attacks. Impostors perform sybil attacks by assigning nodes multiple addresses, as opposed to a single address, with the goal of degrading network quality. Sybil nodes will spread malicious data and provide bogus responses to requests. To prevent sybil attacks from occurring, a novel defense mechanism is proposed. In the proposed scheme, the DHT key–space is divided and treated in a similar manner to radio frequency allocation incensing. An overlay of trusted nodes is used to detect and handle sybil nodes with the aid of source–destination pairs reporting on each other. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme detects sybil nodes in large sized networks with thousands of interactions.


This research was carried out to determine nutritional problems and soil fertility status of alfalfa grown soils in Artvin Region. For this objective, 78 soil samples were collected from intensive alfalfa cultivation area and used as material. Texture, pH, EC, CaCO3, organic matter, available P, total N, extractable K, Ca, Mg, Na, B, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn analysis were done in soil samples and results of them were compared with threshold values. According to obtained results, texture, soil reaction, lime content and salt status were detected as clay loam, sandy clay loam and sandy loam, neutral reaction in 55.13% of samples, low lime content in 58.97% of samples and non salt problem, respectively. In addition, it was determined that most of the soil samples have enough sufficient level in terms of organic matter and total N whereas, 58.97% of samples has insufficient available P and 39.75% of samples has not enough concentration about extractable K. Moreover, extractable Ca, Mg and Na of soils varied between 48-9976, 134-830 and 18-240 mg kg-1 respectively while, it was found sufficient level in terms of extractable Fe, Cu, Zn in soils. As for B and Mn concentration of soils, 46.16% of soils investigated for this research has insufficient extractable B content and 16.67% of soils has also insufficient extractable Mn concentration.


The Pelindaba Treaty will encourage the creation of other nuclear-weapon-free zones, particularly in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, and set new patterns and precedents for such regional endeavors. The author examines the events leading up to Africa becoming a nuclear free zone.


Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) one pot Synthesis produced with maleic acid and mythyl alcohol by the complex catalyst with strong hydrochloric acid and strong sulfuric acid.The condition of the method is mild,production is simple and the quality of product is stable.


We demonstrate that a sampling-based mechanism can offer an alternative explanation for belief synchronization in social groups and the persistence of collective illusions. Our model assumes that people are more likely to sample popular alternatives than unpopular alternatives. We show that this mechanism is sufficient to explain belief synchronization: a strong majority of opinions will likely emerge in favor of one alternative. The reason is that the group is unlikely to move away from a state in which one alternative is very unpopular. If by chance most people come to dislike alternative A, they are all unlikely to sample it again and their opinions of A remain the same. When A is in fact the best alternative, a collective illusion has emerged because people mistakenly believe that a suboptimal alternative is the best. Our model implies that such a collective illusion is persistent. The model thus offers an existence proof that a collective illusion can occur even in settings where people do not infer ...


In the course of providing inspiration for others, Lord Denning, the English judicial law reformer, drew on a number of sources of inspiration for himself. Among these was Charles Dickens' novel Bleak House, an account of proceedings imagined to have taken place in the Court of Chancery in the earlier part of the nineteenth century: proceedings which dragged on interminably until the resources of the estate which was the subject of the litigation were exhausted. Lord Denning can recite the opening paragraphs of the book by heart. One has heard him do it.


This paper uses statistical model selection criteria and Avramov's (2002) Bayesian model averaging approach to analyze the sample evidence on stock market predictability in the presence of model uncertainty. Based on Swiss stock market data, our posterior analysis finds that neither the cumulative posterior probabilities nor the posterior probabilities of the individual forecasting models are constant through time. We also decompose the variance of predicted future excess returns into three components: uncertainty attributed to forecast errors, parameter uncertainty, and model uncertainty. The empirical results indicate that the respective contributions are highly dependent on the time period under consideration and the initial values of the predictive variables. In contrast to Avramov (2002), model uncertainty is generally not more important than parameter uncertainty. Finally, we also demonstrate the implications of model uncertainty for tactical asset allocation strategies. Our results do not indicate any reliable out-of-sample return predictability. Moreover, in contrast to Avramov (2002), the out-of-sample performance of the Bayesian model averaging approach is not generally superior to the statistical model selection criteria. Consequently, even properly incorporating model uncertainty into a tactical asset allocation model does not seem to help improving the performance of the resulting short-term tactical asset allocation strategies. ∗Department of Finance, WWZ University of Basel, Holbeinstrasse 12, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; Phone: +41-61-267 33 07, Mail: email@example.com. Second preliminary version. The valuable comments of Manuel Ammann, Markus Schmid, and Heinz Zimmermann are gratefully acknowledged. Financial support from the National Center of Competence in Research "Financial Valuation and Risk Management" (NCCR FINRISK) is gratefully acknowledged. The NCCR FINRISK is a research program supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation.


Temporal change in G protein system 4as investigated by solving non linear rate equations to show the effects of changes in rate constants on the concentrations of complexes comprising the G protein activation and inhibition reactions. In the regulation processes of G protein system as the intracellular signal transduction mechanisms, the rate constant for linking agonistic hormone on the receptor of target cell has the dominative effects on the following sequential recruit able reactions. It also influences on the activation of G protein that has inhibitory action of the target adenylate cyclase.


The paper considers the middleware architecture of subject mediators in the hybrid grid-infrastructure of the Russian virtual observatory (RVO) for scientific problem solving over a set of heterogeneous distributed information resources (such as databases, services, ontologies) integrated by the mediators. The RVO hybrid infrastructure is constructed as a merge of the AstroGrid VO system developed in the UK and of the middleware supporting subject mediators developed at the Institute of Informatics Problems of RAS. An example of implementation in the hybrid architecture of a subject mediator for support of distant galaxy discovery problem is presented.


Almost eight months into the offensive on Tripoli by Khalifa Haftar's "Libyan Arab Armed Forces" (LAAF), the war shows no signs of abating. Ongoing diplomatic efforts are divorced from realities on the ground. The current balance of forces rules out any possibility for a return to a political process. This would require either robust international guarantees or a fragmentation of both opposing camps. As long as Haftar has the chance to advance in Tripoli, he and his foreign supporters will view negotiations as a tactic to divide his opponents and move closer to seizing power. To create the conditions for negotiations, Western states should work to weaken Haftar's alliance – and ultimately to prepare the post-Haftar era.


The voltage‐sensing phosphatase (VSP) consists of the voltage sensor and the phosphatase domain. The voltage sensor movement is coupled to the phosphatase activity. To uncover the coupling mechanisms between the two domains, we made a voltage sensor mutant of VSP. Our analyses showed that this voltage sensor moves in two steps. Measurements revealed that the phosphatase activity of this mutant is associated with both the first and second step of the voltage sensor movements. Results suggest that the phosphatase activity of VSP shows graded dependence on the extent of activation of the voltage sensor.


Shathavarin-IV is a bioactive compound (a steroidal saponin) of Asparagus racemosus. We examined the antioxidant effects of Shathavarin-IV associated with LPO in Drosophila. The antioxidant efficacy of the compound was evaluated through the determination of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and LPO in the homogenate of the Shathavari-IV supplemented flies of D. melanogaster under stressed and non-stressed conditions. The oxidative stress was induced by paraquat exposure. All the analyses were carried out in males and females at two different concentrations of Shr-IV (1mg/ml and 10mg/ml of diet) fed groups. The induced oxidative stress by paraquat exposure was evidenced by significant declining in the level of SOD, CAT and G6PD with the increase in the level of LPO. In case of dose-I and dose-II pretreated flies, a significant diminishes in the level of LPO with significant increase of antioxidant enzymes were observed. The compound Shr-IV exhibited better level of protective ability in high dose treatment against the stress compared to low dose.


Bloch oscillations in a tilted ladder lattice are studied in the presence of artificial magnetic flux. The oscillations exhibit chiral characteristics which may be used to distinguish the Meissner phase and the vortex phase. By incorporating the diagonal hopping into the ladder, the dynamical evolution reveals a phase transition as the diagonal hopping rate exceeds a critical value. The pseudospin polarization rotates a full circle in a Bloch oscillating period which implies nontrivial topology of the system. At the critical point, the lowest band gap is closed and the wave packet propagates alternatively in the two bands that leads to a doubled Bloch period. Edge states arise in the region of nontrivial band topology even in the absence of chiral symmetry. Our study may provide a dynamical way to identify the quantum phases and topological transitions in the condensed matter physics.


The defect inspection method electrically invention electroluminescence display device, for use in the control element drive current supplied to an EL element drive transistor in its linear region of operation, based on the EL element is a light emitting luminance or the cathode current emission degree, is detected by the EL element due to a short circuit vanishing point defects. Prior to the vanishing point defects, by applying a reverse direction between the anode and the cathode of the EL element biased, so that the vanishing point of obvious defects. This prevents disappeared behind the stage vanishing point defects can not be laser repair, inspection and correction to improve efficiency. Further, of the element driving transistor in its saturation region of operation, or on the cathode current emission luminance of the EL light emitting element extent detected by the variation in characteristics of elements of the driving transistor caused by a dark spot defects. This makes it possible to accurately detect and correct defective display EL display device.


Abstract : Since the presence or absence of visual fungus growth is not a reliable means for predicting whether the cable insulation has undergone a change in electrical properties, a study was made of such effects by making measurements of insulation resistance before and after soil burial exposures. The vinyl cables showed a decrease in insulation resistance at the end of a 30 month exposure period, which is regarded as insignificant.


"Turn It Up to Eleven" A study of Guitar Hero and Rock Band: Why people play, and how marketers can use this information Timothy J. Hemingway Department of Communications Master of Arts This thesis seeks to first understand why individuals play Guitar Hero and Rock Band. Several motivational factors are looked at including fantasy, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and the desire to play a real instrument. In addition to the motivation factors, the communication theories of uses and gratifications and deficient self-regulation are used to define the gamers who play Guitar Hero and Rock Band. Once the paper defines a theoretical framework, a survey is used to test the variables. The significant findings are then discussed and suggestions are made as to how these games can more effectively be used as marketing tools for guitar manufacturers and music companies. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writing of this thesis has been an ongoing process for over a year now, and throughout that time there have been several people who have helped me out along the way. I am very grateful for all the help and encouragement I have received, and would like to take a moment to thank a few of the key individuals who have helped me arrive where I am today. First to Dr. Kevin Stoker; the confidence you displayed in my ability to be successful in grad school made up for any doubts I had. Your guidance and encouragement motivated me to take the GRE and move forward with my education. I'd like to thank the members of my thesis committee. Dr. Mark Callister, thank you for taking the time to listen to me, for learning about my interests, and for helping me find a topic that I was fascinated in. You helped me start on the road to Guitar Hero research, and I'm glad you were able to be a part of it until the end. Dr. Quint Randle, this is an interesting thank you, but thank you for being the only professor in the program to call me out for doing work that was below my potential. You really helped open my eyes to what I am capable of, and gave me the encouragement to follow my dreams. Dr. John Davies, thank you for taking a leap of faith in me and agreeing to chair my committee without even knowing me. Without your help and guidance over the last year, I never would have reached this point. Finally, thank you to my family. First to David and Gayetta Hemingway; without your generosity I wouldn't even be here. You made it possible for me to attend grad school, and this is something I will always be thankful for. To my brother-in-law Dan Deceuster, thanks for helping me with SPSS. What would have taken me several days to accomplish, you helped me do in a couple of hours. To my parents, Dad, Mom, Lynn and Julia; thanks for always being encouraging and interested in what I was working on. To Chase and Riley (even though Riley is still a month away from being born); first for helping me realize I need to get this done because it isn't going to get any easier, and for putting life in perspective and helping me understand that in order to give you guys (and any other siblings to come) the kind of life you deserve, I need to finish my education. Most of all, thank you to my wonderful wife Katie. I know in many ways this degree has taken as much of a toll on you as it has on me. You have had to spend many nights and weekends as a single parent, but you have been here with me the whole way. Through all of the accomplishments and complete frustrations, you have been by my side. You have been supportive and encouraging, and have believed in me even when I wasn't sure I believed in myself. I love you. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Introduction 1 Background 2 Marketing in Guitar Hero/Rock Band 3 Thesis Relevance 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Why People Play Games 8 Theoretical Framework 18 Hypotheses 29 CHAPTER 3: STUDY Methodology 30 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS Study Results 34 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION Significant Findings 42 Research Applicability/Marketing Recommendations 49 Weaknesses 53 Future Research 54 Conclusion 55 REFERENCES 56 APPENDIX 1 64


Purpose: This study aimed to compare the quality of nursing care as perceived by registered nurses and mothers of hospitalized children in South Korea. Methods: This was a descriptive study that recruited 70 mothers of hospitalized children and 70 nurses in pediatric units in university hospitals as participants. The quality of pediatric nursing care was measured using importance and performance scores for 19 items describing various elements of nursing care. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the independent t-test. Results: The hospitalized children mothers'mean importance scores were significantly higher than those of the nurses (t=2.94, p=.004). However, there were no significant differences in the mean performance scores of nurses and mothers (t=0.91, p=.363) or between nurses'and mothers'perceptions of quality of nursing care, with the exception of a significant difference for the quality of explanations (t=2.78, p=.006). The quality of explanations was assessed more positively by nurses than by mothers. Conclusion: This study suggests that when developing strategies to improve the quality of nursing care in pediatric wards, ensuring that pediatric nurses provide detailed explanations should be considered as a way to improve the quality of nursing care in pediatric units.


Hybrid plants derived from crosses between genetically distant lines often grow better than their parents. This phenomenon is termed as hybrid vigor, or heterosis. The aim of this study is to find out which traits of cucumber plants are correlated with the genetic distance of the parental lines. The research uses randomly amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) markers to estimate the molecular genetic distance of 10 parental lines of the cucumber. Fifteen F 1 hybrids were selected based on the genetic distance (large, intermediate, and small) between parental lines. The hybrid plants were grown in the greenhouses with 3 repeats and 10 plants per repeats. Sixteen traits were analyzed. Preliminary results showed that the fruit setting rate of the main stem and the first harvesting date correlated highly with the genetic distance. The information about correlation between the molecular distance and certain traits of the parental lines can be useful for designing crosses in cucumber breeding.


Context. The recent star formation history in the solar vicinity is no t yet well constrained, and the real nature of the so-called G ould Belt is still unclear. Aims. We present a study of the large-scale spatial distribution o f 6482 ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) X-ray sources in approximately 5000 deg 2 in the general direction of Orion. We examine the astrophysical properties of a sub-sample of ∼ 100 optical counterparts, using optical spectroscopy. This sub-sampl e is then used to investigate the space density of the RASS young star candidates by comparing X-ray number counts with Galactic model predictions. Methods. The young star candidates were selected from the RASS using X-ray criteria. We characterize the observed sub-sample in terms of spectral type, lithium content, radial and rotatio nal velocities, as well as iron abundance. A population synthesis model is then applied to analyze the stellar content of the RASS in the studied area. Results. We find that stars associated with the Orion star-forming reg ion, as expected, do show a high lithium content. As in previous RASS studies, a population of late-type stars with lithium equivalent widths larger than Pleiades stars of the same spec tral type (hence younger than∼ 70− 100 Myr) is found widely spread over the studied area. Two new young stellar aggregates, namely "X-ray Clump 0534+22" (age∼ 2− 10 Myr) and "X-ray Clump 0430−08" (age∼ 2− 20 Myr), are also identified. Conclusions. The spectroscopic follow-up and comparison with Galactic model predictions reveal that the X-ray selected stellar population in the general direction of Orion is characteriz ed by three distinct components, namely the clustered, the young dispersed, and the widespread field populations. The clustered populat ion is mainly associated with regions of recent or ongoing st ar formation and correlates spatially with molecular clouds. The disper sed young population follows a broad lane apparently coinciding spatially with the Gould Belt, while the widespread population consists primarily of active field stars older than 100 Myr. We expec t the still "bi-dimensional" picture emerging from this study to grow in depth as soon as the distance and the kinematics of the studied sources will become available from the future Gaia mission.


The main nutrition components and physico-chemical properties of oatmeal treated by different dosages irradiation( 0 to 9 k Gy) were evaluated in this study. The results showed that the lowest fat content and the highest moisture content was 7. 7% and 9. 72% when the irradiation dosage was 2 k Gy. The viscosity,protein content,and starch content decreased with the increasing irradiation dosages. Additionally,the starch content was slightly decreased when the irradiation dosage was lower than 6 k Gy. The color was not affected by the irradiation treatment. The irradiation treatment degraded the long-chain compounds,but the physico-chemical properties of the short-chain compounds were not changed.


Astronomical imaging using aperture synthesis telescopes requires deconvolution of the point spread function as well as calibration of instrumental and atmospheric effects. In general, such effects are time-variable and vary across the field of view as well, resulting in direction-dependent (DD), time-varying gains. Most existing imaging and calibration algorithms assume that the corruptions are direction independent, preventing even moderate dynamic range full-beam, full-Stokes imaging. We present a general framework for imaging algorithms which incorporate DD errors. We describe as well an iterative deconvolution algorithm that corrects known DD errors due to the antenna power patterns (including errors due to the antenna polarization response) as well as pointing errors for high dynamic range full-beam polarimetric imaging. Using simulations we demonstrate that errors due to realistic primary beams as well as antenna pointing errors will limit the dynamic range of upcoming higher sensitivity instruments like the EVLA and ALMA and that our new algorithm can be used to correct for such errors. We show that the technique described here corrects for effects that can be described as approximate unitary operators in the interferometric measurement equation, such as those due to antenna pointing errors and non-azimuthally symmetric antenna power patterns. We have applied this algorithm to VLA 1.4 GHz observations of a field that contains two "4C" sources and have obtained Stokes I and V images with systematic errors that are one order of magnitude lower than those obtained with conventional imaging tools. Residual systematic errors that are seen at a level slightly above that of the thermal noise are likely due to selfcalibration instabilities that are triggered by a combination of unknown pointing errors and errors in our assumption of the shape of the primary beam of each antenna. We hope to present a more refined algorithm to deal with the fully general case in due course. Our simulations show that on data with no other calibration errors, the algorithm corrects pointing errors as well as errors due to known asymmetries in the antenna pattern.


Due to nature of jobs, unhealthy social habits people are subjected to risk of voice problem [9]. If there is some neurological disorder then also there is problem of voice disorder. Therefore, voice signal can be a useful tool to diagnose them. The awkwardness of analog equipments has simulated development of digital computer techniques for processing and analysis of pathological speech signal in patients care system. In this paper, normal & pathological speech signals are taken & a system is designed to differentiate normal from abnormal signals. These signals are first preprocessed. Preprocessing techniques involves passing signal through high pass filter, moving average filter (ma), framing & windowing .The windowed signal is given for spectral analysis. In spectral analysis, various methods like logarithmic spectrum, cepstrum, auto correlation of speech signal, spectrogram are applied to differentiate normal & abnormal speech signals. It has been seen that with the above method one can clearly differentiate these signals.


Directions for conservatory measures in the matter of trustee Sam Levy and Sam Levy & Associes Inc. given to the National Bank of Canada (April 16, 2012).


Summary The aim of the work was to examine the physiological properties of selected osmophilic Saccharomyces yeast strains depending on the concentration of sugars in the wort. 12 strains of Saccharomyces yeast from IBPRS collection were examined. The process of alcoholic fermentation of sugar wort at a sucrose concentration of 25%, 30% and 35% was carried out under laboratory conditions. It was found significant differences in the sugars fermentation by different yeast strains particularly evident at high initial concentration of sucrose in medium. Nine yeast strains fermented high-sugar media very well. These examined


In an automatic operating system for a vehicle where the velocity of the vehicle is controlled so as to follow a selected one of a plurality of target velocity patterns, the system comprising first apparatus for predicting a braking or a powering force corresponding to a first target velocity pattern, second apparatus for predicting a braking or a powering force corresponding to a sec ond target velocity pattern and third apparatus for se lecting either one of the braking or powering force from the first and second apparatus in response to values of the braking or powering force therefrom.


The major objectives of therapy in the treatment of severe hemophilia A include reducing the frequency of bleeding, maintaining joint health, and


T HE breeding habits of the bridled shiner, Notropis bifrenatus (Cope), blackchin shiner, Notropis heterodon (Cope), and blacknose shiner, Notropis heterolepis heterolepis Eigenmann and Eigenmann, have not been described. Their ranges overlap, notably in New York state, although the bridled shiner is a strictly eastern form (Fig. 1), whereas the other two species range westward into the upper Mississippi drainage. All prefer quiet, weedy waters, and none of them exceeds three inches in total length. They are so similar in appearance that they have been confused in the earlier literature. Their chief economic importance is as forage fish, especially, due to their small size, for the early stages of such game fishes as the pike, Esox lucius, and the pickerel, Esox niger. The following account of the breeding behavior of the bridled shiner may provide a clue to that of the other two species. The observations recorded here were made at the Oyster River in Durham, New Hampshire, on 60 days in 1946, from mid-February to mid-July, and on 33 days in 1942, from late June to mid-August. The bridled shiner seldom exceeds 2 inches in total length (Adams and Hankinson, 1928: 343). The largest one on record was 48 mm. in standard length or 2176 inches in total length (Bailey, 1938: 169). The largest one encountered by the author was 45 mm. in standard length. The following dates have been published as the breeding times for this species: May 2 to August for Ithaca, New York (Wright and Allen, 1913), mid-May to mid-


Abstract This paper examines the impact of a large social regime change on well-being independently from the change's direct impact on observable outcomes. While individuals get utility from outcomes, they may also get 'procedural' utility from the processes by which outcomes arise. We apply a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to models of life satisfaction before and after the end of apartheid. The results suggest that the increase in life satisfaction seen in South Africa following apartheid's end should not be attributed to improvements in socioeconomic outcomes, but to changes in the well-being derived from given levels of these outcomes. This suggests that processes and institutions have important impacts on life-satisfaction independently from their direct influence on outcomes.


In the elaboration of the double-disc grinding theory, the parametrization procedure of the technological parameters, such as current stock removal distribution, stock removal velocity, cutting forces and elastic strain along the circular and linear trajectory of the work flow feed including the grinding conditions asymmetry for the backfaces, is worked out.


Switching magnetization magnetic force microscopy (SM-MFM) is based on two-pass magnetic force microscopy with opposite orientation of tip magnetization between two scans. The sum of the scanned data with reversed tip magnetization depicts local van der Waals forces, and their di erence maps the local magnetic forces. Tip magnetization can be easily reversed in external magnetic eld during the scanning. The separation of the forces mapped enables scanning in close proximity of the sample (∼ 5 nm). Therefore, extremely high spatial resolution (10 nm) is achievable by the SM-MFM. Image phase resolution of the MFM method depends on various geometric parameters of the tip, such as tip length, its apex radius and taper angle. The parameters are determined by the evaporation process, within which the standard atomic force microscopy tips are coated with magnetic layer. In this work we show that the thickness of the coated layer is important for the SM-MFM spatial resolution.


[24925-18-6] C7H5F3Hg (MW 346.6)

InChI = 1S/C6H5.CF3.Hg/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;2-1(3)4;/h1-5H;;

InChIKey = BTVXEPISDXWGON-UHFFFAOYSA-N

(reagent used for the generation of difluorocarbene in benzene)

Physical Data: mp 139–141 °C.

Solubility: soluble in benzene, hexane.

Preparative Method: phenyltrifluoromethyl mercury can be prepared in a three-step process beginning with HgO (eq 1). The HgO is stirred in water while 2 equiv of trifluoroacetic acid are slowly added. After addition of the trifluoroacetic acid is complete, the water is gently warmed and evaporated. The colorless viscous liquid is heated to decarboxlyate the diacetate compound and then the trifluoroacetotrifluoromethyl mercury is distilled. The first step of the distillation is to collect and remove everything that comes over under 220 °C. The distillation is then continued and trifluoroacetotrifluoromethyl mercury is collected between 220 and 230 °C. The distance between the distilling pot and the collection flask should be kept to a minimum and heated at this point to avoid formation of solid in the tube. This solid will plug the tube and block the distillation. The collection condenser is attached to a second neck in an ice-cooled collection flask. White smoke (more product) comes over with the colorless liquid product. Gray smoke indicates that elemental mercury is distilling and the distillation should be stopped.

The trifluoroacetotrifluoromethyl mercury (1.0 equiv), without further purification, is then mixed with diphenylmercury (1.05 equiv) in benzene and heated to reflux for 10 h. (Diphenylmercury can be purchased or made from the reaction of HgCl2 with 2 equiv of phenyl Grignard in THF.) After the 10 h reflux, saturated aq NH4Cl solution is added. After cooling, the phenylmercury chloride is filtered off and the layers separated. The benzene solution is dried over MgSO4 and the solvent removed under reduced pressure.

(1)

Purification: column chromatography on silica (2% ethyl acetate/hexanes) or recrystallization from hexane affords product of high purity.

Handling, Storage, and Precautions: extreme caution and quality gloves should be used when handling these reagents. All reactions should only be done in a well-ventilated fume hood. All the mercury compounds employed are extremely toxic.

Diphenylmercury has the ability to absorb into the blood stream directly through the skin.


Although the studies on pressure surge in elbow draft tubes of Francis turbines have been carried out by many researchers, pressure fluctuations associated with the unstable behavior of the cavitated vortex rope in the tube are still unclarified, and further understanding of their occurrence is required. In this paper, the author demonstrate the experimental results of the pressure fluctuations with irregular nature, which are induced by the vortex rope in an elbow draft tube having a longer inlet once. The spectrum method was used to analyze the fluctuating wall-pressures measured at both inlet cone and elbow sections of the draft tube. A high speed video system was also employed for observing the behavior of the cavitated vortex rope. From the experiment, three types of pressure fluctuations with different dominant frequencies were found out, and the mechanism of draft-tube-surging was explained reasonable based on the relationships among those pressure fluctuations.