Qualitative Examination of Strategies to Overcome Resistance to Change in Lean Manufacturing by Elizabeth Burmester MBA, Chadron State College 2007 BA, Concordia University, 2003 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Management Walden University September 2017 Abstract Approximately 80% of lean manufacturing program initiatives are abandoned in the first year of implementation. Only 2% of organizations that embark on the lean journey complete it with the results and the sustainability they expected. There is a gap in past research regarding, the leadership strategies organizations can use to overcome resistance to change during lean manufacturing program implementations. The problem in this study was that leaders have limited information to overcome resistance to change when implementing these programs. The purpose of this study was to explore how leaders within manufacturing organizations may overcome resistance to change through leadership strategy. The conceptual framework was Kotter's 8 steps of change. Data were collected from 20 participant interviews with leaders who implemented lean manufacturing programs successfully and sustainably in their organizations. The data analysis for this study consisted of repeated reviews of transcription and audio-recorded data that resulted in the coding of themes from participant interviews. The data analysis resulted in 12 themes that emerged from significant statements made through participant responses. Results indicated that senior leadership participation and communication are the main strategies needed to overcome resistance to change during lean manufacturing program implementations. Followed by allowing employees to experiment with processes for their areas, training, and process alignment for a comprehensive strategy. The implications of positive social change within this study are to provide a positive perspective to organizational leaders looking to deploy lean manufacturing change initiatives and to help leaders overcome employee resistance to the organizational changes.Approximately 80% of lean manufacturing program initiatives are abandoned in the first year of implementation. Only 2% of organizations that embark on the lean journey complete it with the results and the sustainability they expected. There is a gap in past research regarding, the leadership strategies organizations can use to overcome resistance to change during lean manufacturing program implementations. The problem in this study was that leaders have limited information to overcome resistance to change when implementing these programs. The purpose of this study was to explore how leaders within manufacturing organizations may overcome resistance to change through leadership strategy. The conceptual framework was Kotter's 8 steps of change. Data were collected from 20 participant interviews with leaders who implemented lean manufacturing programs successfully and sustainably in their organizations. The data analysis for this study consisted of repeated reviews of transcription and audio-recorded data that resulted in the coding of themes from participant interviews. The data analysis resulted in 12 themes that emerged from significant statements made through participant responses. Results indicated that senior leadership participation and communication are the main strategies needed to overcome resistance to change during lean manufacturing program implementations. Followed by allowing employees to experiment with processes for their areas, training, and process alignment for a comprehensive strategy. The implications of positive social change within this study are to provide a positive perspective to organizational leaders looking to deploy lean manufacturing change initiatives and to help leaders overcome employee resistance to the organizational changes. Qualitative Examination of Strategies to Overcome Resistance to Change in Lean Manufacturing by Elizabeth Burmester MBA, Chadron State College 2007 BA, Concordia University, 2003 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Management Walden University September 2017 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to those who have supported me throughout my doctoral process. To my late parents who told me I could be anything, I wanted to be. I know you are not here to see this, but I know you are watching. To my brother, who was there to pick up the many responsibilities that I was unable to complete and to talk me out of my uncertainty, John I thank you. To those who doubted me, you encouraged me to settle for nothing less than excellence, for you I am grateful. Never give up on your dreams. Acknowledgments When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a single bit of talent left, and could say, "I used everything you gave me." —Erma Bombeck First, I would like to thank God for his compassion and guidance allowing me to complete this journey. Also, I would like to acknowledge the key people who helped to make this possible, without your support and unrelenting encouragement this would not be possible. Second, my interview participants, expert panel, without you and your expertise this research would not be possible. Third, the Walden University staff and Dr. Robert DeYoung, your wisdom, support, and unyielding guidance all were vital to the success of this work. Dr. Jean Gordon for your suggestions and clarifications, they were appreciated. Dr. David Gould for your assistance as my URR, your punctuality was admirable. Finally, to Beccy Smith who introduced me to this career path, that I did not know that I wanted. To my best friends Sandy Armetta and Heather Tran, for being my cheerleaders, sounding boards, for reminding me that someday, this would be finished and I would be "back to normal." To each of you, I thank you for helping me achieve this goal and finding my way; I could not have made this journey without you.


The purpose of this paper is to determine whether predictor variables, selected from readability research and from teacher nomination, might be used to grade children's early reading books. Two hundred Reading Recovery books were rated on five variables thought to represent 'semantic', 'syntactic' and 'phonic' features of text. The variables accounted for 83% of book level variance. In a cross-validation exercise they were found to be stable and reliable. It is suggested that the data support the validity of the Reading Recovery book levels, and that the formula can be used by teachers to grade children's early reading books.


Based on the relationship between language and culture and the present situation of language and culture teaching in colleges and universities, the article advances that training of comprehensively qualified personnels in a foreign language major is closely connected with the setup of language and culture courses in a college. In view of these existing problems the article gives suggestions on the setup of language and culture courses and some practical requirements and preparations.


Good transportation planning requires a solid understanding of the fundamental conditions that causes trends. This article examines various demographic and economic trends that affect travel demand and the implications of these trends for transportation planning. Although motorized mobility grew tremendously during the 20th century, the factors that caused this growth are unlikely to continue. Per capital mileage and vehicle ownership will likely decline in developed countries, while demand for alternatives such as walking, ridesharing, telecommuting, delivery service and public transit are increasing. The growing elderly population and higher fuel prices will contribute to this shift in demand. Although total travel demand will continue to increase, the degree to which travel shifts to alternative modes will depend partly on policy and planning decisions.


Winter rainfall in Kuwait is important to a variety of activities in the region, and accurate forecasts a season in advance would serve many useful functions. In this investigation, we develop a statistical forecast model that explains over 70% of the variance in Kuwait winter precipitation. Regional sea surface temperatures and several teleconnection indices provide the key predictor variables. These six variables are all well documented in terms of their contributions to moisture, instability, and a triggering mechanism in the atmospheric circulation. The predictor variables are all easily obtained making the model highly operational.


The present invention provides covalent conjugates between a polypeptide and a modifying group, such as a water-soluble polymer (e.g., PEG). The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide includes one or more O-linked glycosylation sequence, each being a substrate for a GIcNAc transferase. The modifying group is covalently linked to the polypeptide via a glycosyl-linking group interposed between and covalently linked to both the polypeptide and the modifying group. In one embodiment, a glucosamine linking group is directly attached to an amino acid residue of the O-linked glycosylation sequence. The invention further provides methods of making polypeptide conjugates. The present invention also provides non-naturally ocurring polypeptides that include at leats one O-linked linked glycosylation sequence of the invention, wherein each glycosylation sequence is a substrate for a GIcNAc transferase. The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions that include a polypeptide conjugate of the invention.


Education of outlook on life is an important content of moral education in colleges and universities.The education of outlook on life for freshmen of "90's generation" is conductive to the realization of the role adjustment,enriching the university life,clear life ideal and rational thinking about life.The approach of innovation of education of outlook on life foe freshmen of "90's generation" includes acting on it,example education,seminar and theoretical education and it also includes career planning,selecting education,military training,experiential education and so on.


• Monitor your patient's vital signs as prescribed, especially during outflow. • When drainage is complete, attach a new bag of dialysate and repeat as ordered. • Monitor and document your patient's total fluid intake and output, and record positive and negative balances after each PD exchange. Weigh him at the same time every day. • Monitor his serum electrolyte, glucose, and lipid levels as o r d e r e d .


This research was conducted to see the job description and employee performance, and the influence of the work environment on employee performance at pt toledo tuktuk samosir. Methods of analysis with mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative). The results showed: good work environment and performance, and there is a positive and significant influence between the work environment on employee performance at pt toledo tuktuk samosir.


Introduction. In this paper we shall study Fefferman's asymptotic expansion of the Bergman kernel of (real) ellipsoids in C, w^>2. Regarding ellipsoids as perturbations of the ball, we compute the variations of the Bergmen kernel, and give the Taylor expansion of the log term coefficient to the second order in Webster's invariants. (The ellipsoids in normal form are parametrized by n real numbers, which we call Webster's invariants, and we shall consider the ellipsoids with small parameters.) As a consequence, we show that the vanishing of the log term of the Bergmen kernel characterizes the ball among these ellipsoids. In addition, we derive, from the procedure of computing the variation, a relation among the Bergmen kernels of different dimensional ellipsoids. Let Ω be a smoothly bounded strictly pseudoconvex domain in C, with defining function/>0 in Ω. It has been known since the work of Fefferman [5] that the Bergman kernel of Ω is written in the form


The first report on the angiographic signs of carcinoid of the bowel was presented by REUTER & BOIJSEN in 1966. These authors listed stellate arterial appearances, narrowing of deep mesenteric branches, poor to moderate accumulation of contrast medium in the tumour, and non-filling of veins in two cases. A perusal of the literature revealed only three more cases of the intestinal carcinoid syndrome submitted to angiography (BARD et call. 1966, SHIMKIN et call. 1971, CLAPS et coll. 1972). Due to the rarity of this tumour and the few angiographic reports, it was thought that it might be of interest to publish four cases subjected to angiography at this centre.


This essay assesses recent Chinese scholarship on nontraditional security (NTS) issues, develops a new conceptual approach to NTS, and identifies challenges facing the Chinese state with regard to three core NTS concerns.


Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE Colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as synthesized and modified with oligonucleotides (Oligo-AgNPs) are comparatively evaluated for their wound healing propert ies on animal models. The healing progress was monitored daily during nine days by measuring the wound diameter. The tissue samples from the healed regions were analyzed for epithelial damage, congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, and new collagen synthesis. The AgNPs and Oligo-AgNPs had statically significant impact on the healing process compared to control. The histological analysis revealed that the AgNPs and Oligo-AgNPs improved the congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblast proliferation and new collagen synthesis as compared to control. Although the fibroblast proliferation seems to be the same for both AgNPs and Oligo-AgNPs, the collagen synthesis is markedly improved with the Oligo-AgNPs. The atomic spectroscopy analysis of the samples from different tissues showed that the AgNPs applied topically to the skin does not pass through the other organs. Our data suggest that topical application of AgNP-Oligos improve wound healing by promoting increased collagen synthesis and tissue re-modeling without any side effects.


H(subscript ∞) control of dynamic output feedback for generalized discrete Linear systems was studied. A sufficient condition for the existence H(subscript ∞) controllers of dynamic output feedback was derived according to the constraint of certain linear matrix inequalities and a linear matrix equality. Furthermore, the process design of desired H(subscript ∞) controllers of dynamic output feedback was pointed out.


[Objective]Investigate TCM thread-drawing therapy in the treatment of anal fistula in the application of.[Methods]The present study through the literature review,the seton therapy history,action mechanism and classification,improvement and development and evaluation were sorted and analyzed to summarize the application in the treatment of high anal fistula.[Results]And thread-drawing therapy of high anal fistula,anorectal department according to the anatomical and physiological features,better solve high anal fistula anal incontinence problems caused by complete incision.[Conclusion]Thread-drawing therapy of anal sphincter function was less affected,significantly reducing the anal canal and its surrounding tissue defect,thereby avoiding severe anal malformation,and the recurrence rate is low.


The Covid-19 pandemic forces the world of education to change learning media from offline (face-to-face) to online learning (using applications). So, it is necessary to research the factors that influence the use of technology in the learning process. The population in this study were students of Universitas Ahmad Dahlan (UAD). The samples of this research were students of the UAD Accounting Study Program. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling, with the criteria for students taking introductory accounting, intermediate financial accounting, and advanced accounting courses. Data collection in this study was carried out by distributing questionnaires to respondents who met the criteria with the help of Google Forms. The data analysis technique in this study used Partial Least Square with the help of WarpPLS. This study obtained the results that technology for learning is influenced by perceptions of usefulness and perceived ease of use. So, when students consider technology easy to use and improve their performance, they will use it. However, facilitating conditions such as signal and network readiness does not affect the use of technology for learning.


The thesis is concerned with the influence of changes in transport infrastructure and traffic consumed energy in section Vrane nad Vltavou - Dobris. In the first part is a detailed analysis of the current state of the railway track Praha - Vrane nadVltavou - Cercany / Dobřis, followed by a draft amendment to the infrastructure and in the end the evaluation of the results obtained through the program JD_8.


The transition of energy route from fossil fuels to renewable fuels, offer an opportunity to waste material, specifically biomass, in the energy production business. Biomass is a well-known waste material that has heterogeneous nature. This complicated nature poses a barrier on the competitiveness of biomass in the energy generation market. One of the methods is through the hydrothermal carbonization process. It is also proven through various experiments that the hydrothermal carbonization process has the ability to convert different type of biomass into higher carbon products. However, the complexity of biomass in nature shows that various chemical and physical characteristics were reported. Therefore, in this study, a comparison between carbon products from woody and non-woody agricultural waste via hydrothermal carbonization was done. Wood chips (WC) were chosen for the woody type of biomass, while for the non-woody, the oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was chosen. The hydrothermal carbonization process occurs in the excess water with the addition of citric acid as the catalyst. The reaction process occurs in a pressure vessel for temperature, 220°C at different operating time. The chemical (elemental analysis, proximate analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermagravimetric analysis (TGA),) and physical characteristic (field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) andgas pyconometer) ratio) of the carbon products were verified. The hydrothermal carbonization process converts the EFB and WC into higher percentage of carbon content solid products. The carbon conversion of EFB"s carbon increased for 20% compared to the raw EFB (43.8% of carbon). Based on the FESEM pictures, the formation of globular structure on the EFB biocarbons" surface area can be seen, while, severe damages on the fibres can be observed on the morphology of WC biocarbons. In general, carbon products from hydrothermal carbonization process have the ability to produce more energy compared to their raw materials. However, the non-woody biomass product has higher carbon conversion and combustion ability compared to the woody biomass" carbon.


Objectives:To describe female health of Chinese minorities by using the data from the national census of 2000, and to analyes the influencing factors.Methods:SPSS11.0 was used to estimate parameters and process multiple linear regression.Results:The female health of Chinese minorities has improved universally during 1990-2000. The female health is correlative with the female mortality , the average GDP, the primary marriage age, the birthrate, the total fertility rate, et al.Conclusion:It should be useful to improve the female health status of Chinese minorities through enhancing the economic state and carrying the family planning among the minority areas.


This paper introduces a new effective color images based algorithm on license plates recognition. By making good use of the features of the character, shape and color of the license plate, it can accurately segment the area of the license.


Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common pathogen of respiratory tract,which is frequently complicated with respiratory infections and extrapulmonary disorders.Adult Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection has been increasingly recognized.Adult form is significantly different from pediatric form.Due to the small number of studies,more concepts of adult Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection require to be supplemented and standardized.This article reviews epidemiology,pathogenesis,clinical features,laboratory diagnosis,and pharmacotherapy of adult Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.


Intensive dairy cattle grazing on wet soil can have a negative effect on soil physical quality and pasture production. A soil in good physical health can adequately transport and store water and nutrients while physically supporting growing plants and maintaining an active biological community. Soil compaction and pugging decreases a soil's physical health, damages the pasture sward and places limitations on some of the important functions described above, therefore resulting in potential decreases in forage yield. A soil that has been compacted will also have decreased water storage and drainage capability, which often leads to greater amounts of surface runoff. Furthermore, the exchange of oxygen with the atmosphere, which is essential for soil biological functioning, becomes limited. When it comes to managing soil treading damage, prevention is better than the cure. With soil wetness being the greatest determining factor, the key grazing management options are to decrease either stocking intensity or the time on the paddock. Decreasing time spent on the paddock requires the use of off-paddock facilities and thus must be weighed up against the costs and practicalities associated with such infrastructure.


InGaAs/InAlAs quantum wells provide large barrier height for electrons accommodating numerous confined states. Absorption and electroabsorption spectra of samples with 50 - 100 wells are compared. Heavy hole excitons respond strongly to the electric field which for the lowest state is in good agreement with the predicted red shift due to the quantum confined Stark effect. Higher confined excitons show spectra of similar strength and lineshape but not because of a red shift of the transitions but due to redistribution of oscillator strength. Superlattices with thin barriers develop minibands whose spectra are very different from those of uncoupled wells. Features arising from M0 and M1 singularities enable direct determination of the width of the minibands and determination of the conduction band disontinuity. Large electric fields destroy the minibands and quantum confined excitons reappear.


In this paper,coordination control technology for four in- wheel motors driving EV was reviewed. Multi- objective coordination control and torque coordination control research methods and worldwide research status were mainly introduced. Some current problems existing in the research were put forward and the development trend in the future was prospected.


Objective: To investigate the expression of the γ-synuclein(SNCG) in the cholangiocarcinoma and normal bile ducts tissues, and explore the role and its clinical significance of SNCG in the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of the cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of SNCG protein among the 72 cases of cholangiocarcinoma and 41 cases of normal bile duct tissues. Its relationship with the clinicopathological features of the cholangiocarcinoma was analyzed. Results: The expression positive rate of SNCG in the carcinoma of bile duct tissues was 73.61%(53/72), which was higher than that in normal bile duct tissues(4.88%, 2/41), and the difference was statistically significant(P0.01). The expression of SNCG protein was correlated with the depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis(P0.01), but it had not the relationship with the age, sex of patients and the degree of tumor differentiation(P0.05). Conclusions: The expression of SNCG protein was correlated with the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of the cholangiocarcinoma, and may play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of the carcinoma of bile duct. SNCG is expected to become a new tumor marker of the cholangiocarcinoma and provides the basis for its prognosis and developing appropriate treatment programs.


Two new complexes of imidazole alcohols, 4-hydroxymethylimidazole (4-CH2OHim) and 4-hydroxymethyl-5-methylimidazole (4-CH2OH-5-CH3im), with cobalt(II) of formula [CoL2(H2O)2](NO3)2 were obtained. These compounds were described through single X-ray diffraction studies, spectroscopic (Ir. Far-IR, UV-Vis-NIR) and magnetic measurements. In the present complexes imidazole ligands are bidentate coordinating the heterocyclic ring through pyridine-like nitrogen and the oxygen atom of the hydroxymethyl group (chromophore CoN2O4). The shape of Co(II) coordination polyhedra is that of a distorted octahedron, with the equatorial plane defined by the 4-CH2OHim (or 4-CH2OH-5-CH3im) bidentate ligands and two water molecules occupying axial positions (i.e. trans to each other). Formation of successive cobalt(II) complexes with 4-CH2OH-5-CH3im in aqueous solution was followed quantitatively by potentiometry.


In order to achieve a superior performance, enterprises must align with suppliers to coordinate operations and together to achieve a level of agility beyond that of competitors. At the same time, how social media integrate with comprehensive processes to increase their knowledge management capability (KMC) and contribute to stronger supply chain agility is an important issue. Despite the increased usage of social media, operations research has yet to build on the rich body of supply chain agility literature to explain how social media use and KMC influence on supply chain agility. Therefore, this study applies the questionnaire method to explore the relationships among social media use, KMC, and supply chain agility. The results revealed that the level of social media use can enhance KMC and in turn enhance supply chain agility. Managers thus should increase the level of social media use, then enhance firms' KMC to manage their suppliers. Lastly, this study revealed constructive suggestions that allow enterprises to strengthen the usage of social media and KMC, as well as enhance their supply chain agility.


Smart technology is becoming increasingly important in the tourism industry, particularly in light of recent advances in information and communication technology and the use of artificial intelligence techniques in a variety of fields, including the hotel sector. Technologies such as robots (R), artificial intelligence (AI), and service automation (SA) (RAISA) are widely used in the tourism and hospitality industries throughout the world. Although research in this area is gaining traction, it has been largely ignored in the Egyptian tourism and hospitality industries especially, the hotel sector The purpose of this research is Answer to the following question "How does technological change and technostress during artificial intelligence adoption in the hotel sector affect employees' performance". To complete this research, data were gathered from managers and employees working in five-star hotels in greater Cairo, Egypt, while primary data was gathered through an empirical study conducted by questionnaire on a convenience sample of employees and managers in hotels, and the data were analyzed using frequencies and descriptive analysis. Finally, using SPSS version 25, simple linear regressions were used to test the impact. The results indicate that technological change and technostress during artificial intelligence adoption in the hotel sector have a negative impact on employees' performance. This research may be considered one of the few studies that discuss the impact of technological change and technostress during artificial intelligence adoption in the hotel sector on employees' performance


We were interested to read the letter by Mansoor et al, 'epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in men with highrisk homosexual activity', which was in response to the two recently published studies by Agrawal et al and Cha et al. However, we would like to point out significant methodological flaws in their design and analysis. The data used have the potential to misclassify both the exposure and outcomes. The authors inferred sexual behaviours from billing codes, which is not included in the best practices outlined in the 2022 National Academies report on this topic. Sexual orientation and sexual behaviour may be misclassified or subject to significant selection bias when relying on billing codes. Up to 97% of sexual minority individuals with documentation in clinic notes of sexual orientation and/ or sexual practices do not have identifying billing codes in their records. The imbalance in the prevalence of billing codes for 'highrisk sexual activity' between men and women is not consistent with data on sexual practices, such as partner concurrency and condom use, indicating genderbased bias in the use of these codes, which could skew results through differential misclassification. The significant associations reported by race/ethnicity for IBD in men who have sex with men (MSM) and men who have sex with women also raise concern for racebased bias in coding. The outcome definition is also inadequate because of poor positive predictive value, inability to accurately subtype (Crohn's disease (CD) vs ulcerative colitis (UC)) based on billing codes alone and potential misuse of IBD billing codes in MSM. Prior studies have shown that the presence of a single billing code for IBD has poor specificity, with some studies reporting positive predictive values of ≥1 billing code for CD as low as 18%. The incidence of both CD and UC billing codes in the same patient record further complicates subtyping. In MSM, there may be initial misdiagnosis of proctitis, with inaccurate assignment of IBD billing codes in this group. The paper also has analytical shortcomings. It relies on a single measure of sexual behaviour without considering timing in relation to IBD diagnosis. There is implication in the discussion of a causal relationship, but this cannot be concluded from the data nor the analysis. There is a lack of methodologic rigour and clarity, as demonstrated by results focused on unadjusted comparisons. Key potential confounders, such as tobacco use, depression and other IBD risk factors, are not included in the analysis, and it is unclear if the estimates presented are age adjusted. Lastly, the language used is stigmatising to sexual and gender minority people. Though previously a technical term, 'homosexual' is now considered derogatory based on its historical use as a clinical diagnosis to pathologise sexual and gender minority individuals. Its use is discouraged by advocacy groups, such as the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, restricted by media sources such as the Associated Press and New York Times, and has been critiqued by major medical groups, such as the American Academy of Family Physicians. Research on stigmatised minority individuals has impacts on the safety and wellbeing of people in those communities; researchers have a responsibility to conduct highquality work that attempts to limit bias through appropriate data selection and methods. We hope that future studies on this topic will be informed by best practices in research design and communication.


Available data about infant mortality in Venezuela from 1936 to 1975 show the same average rate of mortality of 47-50/1000 deaths both in 1968 and in 1975 indicating no change during the past 15 years. It must be taken into consideration that reliable statistics in Venezuela are not obtainable before 1955. Significant progress has been made in the field of perinatal mortality obviously due to the development of a modern hospital organization and to the spreading all over the country of a sound medical assistance during delivery. These factors also contributed to lowering the rate of infectious and parasitic diseases of about 2/3 during the past 30 years. However perinatal mortality still accounts for 30% of all infant mortality. Although infant mortality in Venezuela is generally lower than in most Latin American countries it is still very far from that of more developed countries. Venezuela can now rely on a modern medical structure; still malnutrition is widespread as well as some parasitic diseases typical of tropical countries and often totally unsufficient sanitary conditions. The problem is as much medical as it is socioeconomic and thanks to its wealth in oil Venezuela has the financial means to improve the situation.


In an earlier report, a mean‐field version of the 3D S=1/2 XY model was presented. Corrections to the mean‐field‐like description are provided here via the relaxation function of Mori. This relaxation function in energy space is expressible in a continued fraction whose coefficients are certain equilibrium correlation functions. We show that the analytic structure of the relaxation function is related to solutions of an eigenvalue problem, in which the eigenvalues are energies associated with various excitations of the system. Dynamical critical behavior of our system is described on the basis of the behavior of these eigenvalues and the analyticity of the relaxation function.


Within the f-deformed oscillator formalism, we derive a Markovian master equation for the description of the damped dynamics of nonlinear systems that interact with their environment. The applicability of this treatment to the particular case of a Morse-like oscillator interacting with a thermal field is illustrated, and the decay of quantum coherence in such a system is analyzed in terms of the evolution on phase space of its nonlinear coherent states via the Wigner function.


ference volume. Presumably to promote sales by making each volume seem a unified study rather than disparate essays, the publisher has removed from the subtitle or title page any mention that the book stems from a conference, upsetting the practice of 30 years and perhaps misleading readers. It also chose not to revive the practice that earlier publishers of BLHC proceedings (the University of Wales, the British Academy, the much-mourned Hambledon Press, and Hart Publishing), generally followed of listing all conference papers not printed in the volume and, if known, where those papers had been published. Such a list requires no more than two or three pages, but its omission makes the recent Cambridge volumes, including the book under review, slightly less useful. And notwithstanding the need for a volume of manageable length, it is a regret that the editors were constrained to exclude anything relating to Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, which were often included in prior BLHC volumes. With these small exceptions, this book is a worthy addition to what is arguably the leading legal history publication series.


We present a theory of the chiral Purcell effect to describe the cavity-modified differential decay rate of chiral molecules to left and right circular-polarized modes. We also show negative-index metamaterials support the chiral Purcell effect.


In this paper, a method, which is essential in initiating emergency control measures, is proposed for fast and accurate online detection of transient instability based on real-time measurement. Under a certain disturbance, the candidate critical cluster of power system is predicted and refreshed at each sampling step. The method identifies the loss of synchronism at each time step by observing the geometric characteristic of the post-fault trajectory of the generalized one-machine equivalent system. A new structure of the emergency control scheme relies on SIME (for Single Machine Equivalent). It is unnecessary to calculate the unstable equilibrium point and some limitations caused by the time-invariant assumption are also eliminated. Simulations are carried out on the IEEE 50 generator test system and a real power system. The results indicate that the proposed method has the features of reliability and effectiveness in preventing the system from the loss of synchronism.


The CarDio process for the production of high-quality slabstock foams with liquid carbon dioxide has proved successful in industrial applications. Now the problems of metering and mixing liquid carbon dioxide have been solved for batch operation as well. The process resulting from this permits environmentally-friendly production of PU foam moulded parts.


The design of research studies utilizing binary multilevel models must necessarily incorporate knowledge of multiple factors, including estimation method, variance component size, or number of predictors, in addition to sample sizes. This Monte Carlo study examined the performance of random effect binary outcome multilevel models under varying methods of estimation, level-1 and level-2 sample size, outcome prevalence, variance component sizes, and number of predictors using SAS software. Mean estimates of statistical power were influenced primarily by sample sizes at both levels. In addition, confidence interval coverage and width and the likelihood of nonpositive definite random effect covariance matrices were impacted by variance component size and estimation method. The interactions of these and other factors with various model performance outcomes are explored.


In the year since the last CT symposium, two major CTX results have been achieved. Electron temperatures over 100 eV have been obtained and the magnetic fields of the spheromaks have been sustained by helicity injection from the coaxial magnetized plasma source. The behavior and magnitude of the fields in the spheromak can be predicted from just the source voltage and flux by assuming a constant rate of helicity loss by resistive decay.


Data transmission system (30) and method for data transport over a data transmission channel (38-42), in particular a wireless data transmission channel, between a data source device (31) and at least one user receiving device (32-36). The data source device (31) comprises data transport adaptation means (43), arranged for adaptively transporting the data based on at least one of data content, user perception, user preference, transmission channel and environmental properties. The data transport adaptation means (43) may be arranged for the direct transport of sensorial data including sound and image data.


The paper analyzes the procedure of image decomposition with a quadtree. The main goal of the paper is to present one of the models of image decomposition with a quadtree implemented within the program package Matlab 7.0. A precondition for designing such a model is the durability of the programs that represent various image characteristics and enable particular image processing and transformation. The paper consists of three main chapters: "Image compression and decomposition", "Decomposition image model with a quadtree" and "Results and analyses of image decomposition with a quadtree".


A new hyperbolic function discretization equation for two dimensional Navier-Stokes equation in the stream function vorticity from is derived. The basic idea of this method is to integrat the total flux of the general variable ϕ in the differential equations, then incorporate the local analytic solutions in hyperbolic function for the one-dimensional linearized transport equation. The hyperbolic discretization (HD) scheme can more accurately represent the conservation and transport properties of the governing equation. The method is tested in a range of Reynolds number (Re=100~2000) using the viscous incompressible flow in a square cavity. It is proved that the HD scheme is stable for moderately high Reynolds number and accurate even for coarse grids. After some proper extension, the method is applied to predict the flow field in a new type combustor with air blast double-vortex and obtained some useful results.© 1985 ASME


Moby Dick: Jonah, Ahab, and Ishmael Father Mapple's sermon on Jonah in Moby-Dick is a biblical narrative in the form of a short story, allegorically structured as a parable on nationalist hatred and divine compassion. It takes its point of departure from the obscure figure of a pre-exilic prophet, borrowed from the brief story about the reign of Jeroboam II (2 Kings 14.23-29). Jeroboam was king in Samaria for forty-one years. He not only saved Israel from extinction, but also "restored" its utopian "Solomonic" borders (1 Kings 8.65) south to the Dead Sea and north as far as the great Syrian cities of Hamath and Damascus. Jeroboam's great success is attributed to his obedience to the advice of the prophet, Jonah Ben Amittai, who was from the town of Gath ha-Hepher in the Lower Galilee. This prophet Jonah incited Jeroboam to a holy war with the ambition of bringing all of Yahweh's land back to Israel.1 The Book of Jonah's use of this figure—a classic biblical portrayal of the prophet of Yahweh's judgment, ever zealous for Israel's messianic victory over nations in uproar (Psalms 2.1-2)—offers a man who is eager to complete the great victories of 2 Kings by bringing Yahweh's judgment to the heart of the empire itself. This Jonah wishes to be another Elijah in his zeal: a veritable Nahum, a prophet of doom to bring divine destruction on the great city of Nineveh (Nahum 1-3). The book opens as Yahweh tells Jonah that the news of the great evil of Assyria's Nineveh has come to him (Jonah 1.2). This same motif is used in Genesis 18.21 when Yahweh tells Abraham about his plans to destroy the evil city of Sodom. Although in Genesis, Abraham had argued against Yahweh that the innocent not be destroyed with the guilty, in Jonah's book, the prophet is no Abraham, one in whom all the nations of the world are to be blessed (Genesis 12.3). Jonah knows already that his Yahweh has become "a gracious God and merciful, slow to anger and abounding in


Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), a 39-amino acid peptide hormone, has been reported in the appreciation of the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), however, the mechanism in molecular scale supporting the appreciation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we observed that the protein expression levels of ACTH at 24 h after exposure to 15% cyclic stretch were significantly higher than that after 5% cyclic stretch. When VSMCs were treated with 1000 nM ACTH directly, Oct-1 and lamin B1 expression were both up-regulated associating with each other, and the presence of Oct-1 was found shuttling between the cytosol and nucleus. When we silenced Oct-1 expression with RNA interference, the proliferation of VSMCs decreases significantly, which also validates a dominant contribution of Oct-1 in ACTH-induced VSMC proliferation. We further screened the target molecules of Oct-1 related to the proliferation with ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), and found that superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) was significantly induced by ACTH stimulation yet suppressed by Oct-1 interference. All these findings in the present study highlight a new molecular mechanism that ACTH up-regulates Oct-1 expression and activates the protein expression of downstream target SOD1, finally induces the VSMC proliferation. The present work proved Octamer transcription factor-1 (Oct-1) as a key transcription factor in the mechanical regulation of VSMC proliferation, which in turn, provide a new target for the treatment of hypertension.


ethics of virtue, and comments upon the loose semantics of virtue terms, spelling out some practical implications of this for the study of the ethics of virtue. As a visiting professor of moral philosophy at the University of Khartoum, it was natural for the author to use some of his students as informants. Three senior philosophy students agreed to participate in the project, the advantages being that they could be interviewed in English, and were relatively explicit and interested informants, whom the author could press for information even when they were somewhat reluctant to pursue a certain theme. All three were religious-minded, belonging to the Islamic Front party. The author is open to criticism because the informants included no representatives of other active political parties. It would be interesting to know how far the students' political affiliations were correlated with their moral outlook. Secondly, only three informants could not represent the total student population in any statistical sense, especially as the interviews did not include any female students, who have their own views on the traditional Sudanese virtues and might have revealed a number of significant points. The investigations would have also been more valid if members of other economic sectors in the Sudan had been included. These are some omissions, in my opinion, but they do not by any means diminish the value of the book. This work is a serious contribution to the study of Sudanese ethics and morals, in a field which is not well documented at all. It is bound to be of interest to Sudanese people; but its usefulness outside the Sudan is questionable. I found it a joy to read. In spite of its defects, this is a unique, pioneering study.


Maritime English listening and speaking course is a very professional language course.It has brought many difficulties and challenges both to marine students and teachers in classroom.For this reason,the paper first carefully studies the Experiential Teaching Model,and then explores the application of Experiential Teaching Model in maritime English listening and speaking teaching.It aims to reveal that the new Experiential Teaching Model will well improve marine students' technical English listing and speaking skills and thus to meet the requirements of STCW78/95 convention drafted by IMO.


This work presents reasons for digitizing audiovisual archives as well as ways of doing so. It defines terms such as audiovisual work, digital audiovisual archive and layers in audiovisual archives. The process of digitizing an audiovisual work is analyzed. Five case studies are included. The sixth is the main case of documenting theatre plays on video. Technical solutions for digitizing the archive are presented, costs evaluated, storage and filing suggested. The archive may someday become a vital part of a multimedia theatre play database. Such a database is analysed and new options and techniques enabled by audio and video documenting of theatre plays are researched.


Mg2+ ion substituted Zn ferrite nanoparticles of the composition MgxZn1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) have been tailored by the sol-gel method to study their structural, morphology and magnetic properties. Synthesis of single phase MgxZn1-xFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles is confirmed by XRD pattern. Lattice constant decreases with increase in Mg ion concentration and can be correlated to the ionic radii of Mg2+ (0.66A) ions which is smaller than Zn2+ ions A). The crystallite size lies in the 10-12 nm regime for all the samples. SEM images confirm the spherical shape of as synthesized samples. The saturation magnetization varies from 10.34 emu/g to 23.16 emu/g with Mg ion concentration.


Background Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among women in the Mariana Islands;1 and women of the Mariana Islands, especially the indigenous Chamorros, have a higher mortality rate for breast cancer compared to women in the US Mainland.1 Filipinos, the other predominant ethnic group in the Mariana Islands, have low age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates for breast cancer.2 The BRISK study is the first epidemiologic study conducted on Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas (CNMI) to study breast cancer risk factors. It is also the first study to use the newly developing cancer registries on Guam and CNMI to recruit cancer patients. The recruitment of diverse, under-represented populations into cancer studies remains a challenge.3 Therefore, many scientific findings cannot be generalized to different populations. One such example is the Gail Model, which provides a probability of a breast cancer diagnosis based on known risk factors. The Gail Model was derived from US female breast cancer incidence rates and odds ratios from a case-control study among White women.4 Later it was found not to be as predictive in African American women as in White women, and an updated model (the CARE Model) was developed for this group. The Gail model, however, has not been tested for Pacific populations including Chamorro and Filipina women. The Breast Cancer Risk Model for the Pacific (BRISK) project seeks to address this knowledge gap by developing a model of breast cancer risk among Asian-Pacific Islanders living in the Mariana Islands. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the experience of recruiting to the BRISK project.


A study was carried out to observe the 1% aqueous safranine solution flow speed in longitudinal and radial directions of softwood Thuja orientalis L., diffuse-porous wood Gmelina arborea Roxb., and ring-porous wood Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Longitudinal flow was considered from bottom to top while the radial flow was considered from bark to pith directions. In radial direction, ray cells and in longitudinal direction tracheids, vessel and wood fiber were considered for the measurement of liquid penetration speed at less than 12% moisture contents(MC). The variation of penetration speed for different species was observed and the reasons behind for this variation were explored. The highest radial penetration depth was found in ray parenchyma of T. orientalis but the lowest one was found in ray parenchyma of P. amurense. The average liquid penetration depth in longitudinal trachied of T. orientalis was found the highest among all the other cells. The penetration depth in fiber of G. arborea was found the lowest among the other longitudinal cells. It was found that cell dimension and also meniscus angle of safranine solution with cell walls were the prime factors for the variation of liquid flow speed in wood. Vessel was found to facilitate prime role in longitudinal penetration for hardwood species. The penetration depth in vessel of G. arborea was found highest among all vessels. Anatomical features like ray parenchyma cell length and diameter, end-wall pits number were found also responsible fluid flow differences. Initially liquid penetration speed was high and the nit gradually decreased in an uneven rate. Liquid flow was captured via video and the penetration depths in those cells were measured. It was found that even in presence of abundant rays in hardwood species, penetration depth of liquid in radial direction of softwood species was found high. Herein the ray length, lumen area, end wall pit diameter determined the radial permeability. On the other hand, vessel and fiber structure affected the longitudinal flow of liquids. Following a go-stop-go cycle, the penetration speed of a liquid decreased over time.


The switching frequency of an inverter for a high-power induction motor drive cannot become higher than a few kilohertz, and such a switching frequency produces a large current ripple, which in turn produces torque ripple. To minimize the current ripple, a new method based on deadbeat current regulation under field oriented control is proposed, in which the pulse-width modulation (PWM) pattern is determined at every sampling instant. Measuring stator currents and motor speed and computing the rotor flux vector by a predictive state observer with variable pole selection, the stator currents are controlled to be exactly equal to the reference currents at every sampling instant. A theoretical analysis, computer simulations, and experimental results are described.<<ETX>>


In the conditions of northern arable farming, the productivity and nutritional value of the dry mass of pure stand of Tr. pratense and three-component agrophytocenoses with the participation of meadow clover, as well as legume and cereal representatives (Galega orientalis Lam., Medicago varia Mart., Bromus inermis Leys., Phlum pratense L.) were studied. Against the background of spring fertilizing with N45P60K90 and two-time mowing, the yield of dry biomass of grass mixtures averaged 8.3-8.8 t/ha over four years compared to single-species sowing of meadow clover (7.8 t/ha). In terms of energy and protein productivity, the maximum indicators of one hectare were provided by agrophytocenoses of clover (7.54 thousand feed units, 84.8 GJ of exchange energy, 1.22 tons of crude protein) and clover-timothy with the addition of galega or alfalfa (up to 7.19 thousand, 87.7 GJ, and 1.09 tons, respectively). The highest nutritional value of the feed mass (up to 16.71% of crude protein and 138 g of digestible protein/feed units) was allocated to a single-species clover herbage.


A highly efficient (99.5%) transformer and resonant inductor with very high power density (1500 W/in/sup 3/) and low profile (height<0.4 in) are described. The design of these components is based on a tradeoff study which establishes the optimum operating frequency to be around 1 MHz. The transformer utilizes highly efficient thin flex circuit windings. The windings are novel folded copper patterns, eliminating the need for vias and resulting in very low DC resistance. The winding arrangements have a high degree of interleaving between the primary and secondary windings, resulting in very low AC conductor losses due to skin and proximity effect. The core is a low profile design with very low core losses. The resonant inductor, instead of using low permeability material, uses highly efficient high permeability material. The desired low permeability is then achieved by introducing a large number (>40) of small gaps to reduce the effect of fringing fields. The high-frequency loss measurements for such highly efficient inductors require a special ring down measurement setup.<<ETX>>


Reinforcement Learning (RL) has achieved great success in many complicated and difficult problems in recent years. In the field of autonomous driving, RL promises to make road transportation safer, more efficient and more sustainable through intelligent sensing, decision and control techniques in driving tasks. Due to above reasons it is expected that RL will provide a huge role in autonomous driving as well. In this paper, we present the methodology of constrained policy optimization and Markov modeling. In order to ensure the learning process, this paper chooses to explore an algorithm called the constrained policy optimization (CPO) followed by trust region policy optimization and Markov modeling. CPO algorithm ensures the policy by modifying the policy update. In order to fully verify the learning function of the CPO algorithm, many test fields are selected from straight road to slightly complex geometry.


We analyze whether the risk of poverty deteriorates with the crisis in France, Greece, Italy and Spain, for different categories of households, individual features and policy instruments, such as the regional European Structural Funds. We find that the impact of the economic recession was heterogeneous, deteriorating the status of temporary workers, self‐employed, single and female‐headed households, while the risk of poverty decreased relatively for larger households with dependent children and elderly members. We also find that targeted funds toward human capital investment are associated to decreasing the risk of poverty, but the crisis slowed down their effects.


Forgiveness makes little mark within the framework of cosmological doctrine, which presupposes a natural causal relationship between guilt and punishment, and the rationalist approaches to philosophy and law are equally restrictive because they equate punishment with retributive justice. Any evaluation of forgiveness and of terms related to it depends on the view taken of justice in general and of retributive justice in particular. Mercy is used in a broader sense than forgiveness. Forgiveness and mercy can be regarded as moral values only by those views that do not disregard the transcendent source, the transcendent core, and the transcendent aim of the human being. Principle-based reasons for forgiveness and mercy carry much greater weight if a wrongdoer demonstrates by subsequent good conduct that he deserves leniency. When God has reasons for forgiveness and mercy, he acts out of the inner compulsion of being loyal to his own essential nature.Keywords: cosmological doctrine; forgiveness; guilt; mercy; punishment; retributive justice


Agricultural BiotechnologyCapacity Development for Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing CountriesAre Intellectual Property Rights Stifling Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing Countries?Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing CountriesAgricultural Biotechnology In The Developing WorldRobinson Family of Naamans-on-DelawareAgricultural Biotechnology in Developing CountriesAgricultural Biotechnology in Developing CountriesPlant BiotechnologyAgricultural BiotechnologyPlant Biotechnology and AgricultureIntegrating Biotechnology in AgricultureRisk Perception and Communication about Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing CountriesHandbook on Agriculture, Biotechnology and DevelopmentAgricultural BiotechnologyInternational Initiatives in Biotechnology for Developing Country AgricultureAgricultural BiotechnologyThe Socioeconomic Impact of Agricultural Biotechnology on Less Developed CountriesAgricultural Biotechnology for Developing CountriesAgricultural BiotechnologyEmerging Consequences of BiotechnologyScience, Policy and RegulationIntellectual Property Rights for Agricultural BiotechnologyBiotechnology and Sustainable DevelopmentGlobal Challenges and Directions for Agricultural BiotechnologyEconomic and Social Issues in Agricultural BiotechnologyBiotechnology Policy for Developing Country AgricultureBiotechnology, Agriculture and the Developing WorldInstitutional Constraints for the Success of Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing CountriesAgricultural Biotechnology in International DevelopmentAgricultural Biotechnology Research Capacity in Four Developing CountriesAgricultural Biotechnology in Developing Countries: a Potential Tool for Improving Food Security?Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing CountriesAgricultural Biotechnology in the Developing WorldEnvironmental Effects of Transgenic PlantsPlant Biotechnology Transfer to Developing CountriesPotential Impacts of Crop Biotechnology in Developing CountriesAgricultural BiotechnologyAgricultural Biotechnology in Developing CountriesBiotechnology and Agricultural Development


Worldwide regulations currently set very stringent emissions standards for new on-road heavy-duty diesel engines (HDDE's). For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) will require 2010 and subsequent HDDE to emit less than 0.2 g/bhp-hr (0.27 g/kW-hr) NOx and 5.0 g/bhp-hr (6.7 g/kW-hr) CO in addition to other strictly regulated pollutants such as formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter. Diesel or biodiesel fired Microturbine engines are in use in hybrid electric vehicular (HEV) urban bus applications in part because of their low emissions. A vehicular test cycle based on practical driving data of The New York City M60 route duty cycle for an urban bus is presented and discussed. Engine only test cycles that would represent in vehicle engine usage are also discussed. In the process of developing new technologies to meet the upcoming 2010 EPA and CARB HDDE regulations, Capstone Turbine has demonstrated a significant reduction in the emissions of its C30 family engines fired with ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) without any post-combustion treatment. The technical approaches which yielded the emissions improvements, included enhancements to the fuel vaporization and mixing processes in an effort to reduce local primary zone temperatures. With only injector modifications the ULSD-fired engine achieved emission levels of 0.046 g/hp-hr NOx, 0.87 g/hp-hr CO, 0.003 g/hp-hr PM, 0.013 g/hp-hr NMHC and 0.006 g/hp-hr HCHO in a recent third party demonstration test. NOx levels of 5–7 ppmV at 15% O2 were achieved for a power range of 50–100% while running on diesel fuel #2. With these new injector modifications the C30 engine has the potential capability to meet the same HDDE standards while burning other opportunity liquid fuels, including biodiesel, and ethanol.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Airborne measurements of gaseous and particulate sulfur and nitrogen pollutants were made in southwestern Kentucky on the afternoon of October 21, 1979. Back-trajectory analysis indicates that the sampled air parcel moved over northern Florida, Alabama, and western Tennessee during the two days prior to sampling. Before moving over Florida, the air parcel was over the Atlantic Ocean for at least five days. Analytical long-range transport (LRT) model predictions based on anthropogenic emissions account for only about 75% of the airborne measured concentrations of 14.7 ..mu..g m/sup -3/ for SO/sub 2/ and 4.8 ..mu..g m/sup -3/ for SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/. The remaining 25% is thought to be due to biogenic sulfur emissions from the extensive wetland areas along the Gulf Coast. Forward-trajectory analysis indicates that the air parcel moved to the Adirondack Mountains of New York State 24 hours after sampling. Model predictions indicate that SO/sub 2/ and SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ mean layer concentrations at the Adirondacks were 24 and 16 ..mu..g m/sup -3/, respectively. Almost half of this sulfur was estimated to come from emissions in the heavily industrialized region along the Ohio River Valley. Further comparisons used a measurement data base obtained in southeastern Canada and the more » state of Arkansas during August 1976. An air parcel was tracked for seven days as it entered the north central United States, stagnated over the lower midwest, and then moved to eastern Canada. Model predictions were in substantial agreement with regional SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ concentrations measured at a number of ground-level sites. Average SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ concentratons measured in central Arkansas on August 10, 1976 were 20 ..mu..g m/sup -3/ vs. a modeled value of 19 ..mu..g m/sup -3/. Average SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ concentratons measured in Nova Scotia four days later were 22 ..mu..g m/sup -3/ vs. a modeled estimate of 24 ..mu..g m/sup -3/. « less


Comparisons of the grain yields of pure lines derived from heterotic hybrides were made with those of the F1 hybrids and their parents for four hand-made crosses, and with the hybrid in the case of the commercial hybrid cultivar Comet. Seventy-five F7 (F6 in the case of Comet) single seed descent lines from each cross were evaluated in hill plot experiments containing five plots of each parent and hybrid per replication. Mid-parent and high-parent heterosis averaged 17% and 10.7% respectively in the four hand-made hybrids. Thus hybrid breeding of wheat could achieve a significant yield advance because the parental genotypes were advanced breeding lines or commercial cultivars. The estimated genotypic value for grain yield of the best pure line derived from each cross was 98, 96, 94, 91 and 85% of the corresponding hybrid mean yield, and even higher yields could be expected from a larger sample of derived pure lines. A hybrid breeding program cannot therefore be justified solely on the basis of yield comparisons between hybrids and pure lines.


The relative ineffectiveness of the screening programme in the United Kingdom seems to be related to two factors: the lack of an initial call system coupled with inadequacy of record and recall systems for women with abnormal findings and the fact that most smears are performed on relatively low risk young women. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of the precancerous lesions found, especially in young women, with an associated increase in deaths in this group, and this is imposing a great strain on the cytology screening system.2


Since Semantic Web is increasing in size and variety of resources, it is difficult for users to find the information that they really need. In this paper, we propose a new approach of integrating four processes for Web resource categorization which can promote the efficiency of information retrieval. The processes can extract both the explicit relations extracted directly from the ontologies in a traditional way and the potential relations inferred from existing ontologies by focusing on some new challenges such as extracting important class names, using WordNet relations and detecting the methods of describing the Web resources. Our proposed method can achieve a notable improvement in categorizing the valuable Web resources based on incomplete ontologies for a Semantic Web search system.


We study a hierarchical heterogeneous Rayleigh fading wireless sensor network (WSN) in which sensor nodes surveil a region of interest (RoI) and use access points (APs) as relays to transmit their sensed information to base stations (BSs). By considering both large-scale path-loss signal attenuation and small-scale signal variation due to Rayleigh fading, we formulate the node deployment problem as an optimization problem intended to minimize the network's wireless communication power consumption. Given ergodic capacity constraints on all wireless links, we study the necessary conditions for an optimal AP and BS deployment. These necessary conditions are then assembled in the form of an iterative algorithm to deploy nodes. Finally, we establish the efficacy and superiority of our proposed node deployment algorithm against similar methods in the literature.


Commentary on: Hayes RM, Wu P, Shelton RC, et al. Maternal antidepressant use and adverse outcomes: a cohort study of 228 876 pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207: 49.e1– 9.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3]

Approximately 10–20% of women will meet the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) during their lifetime, including during pregnancy.1 Rates of antidepressant exposure …

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An account is given of longwall mining in the Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia where the majority of the workings are under the sea-bed. Longwall faces 700 ft in length are being worked with a 200 ft coal pillar left between adjacent panels. Extraction is of the order of 60%. Face machinery, manpower and production are described. In future it is hoped that some retreat working will be used.


The direct recording of a curved digital hologram, e.g. a cylindrical hologram, is a challenge. Here we proposed a system based on optical scanning holography (OSH) to record a cylindrical digital hologram.


Today, attention has turned towards optimal use of sustainable technologies like natural ventilation. Buildings and ventilation systems are designed to interact with the outdoor environment and are utilizing the outdoor environment to create an acceptable indoor environment, whenever it is beneficial. In the majority of cases a combination of natural and mechanical ventilation systems would be beneficial depending on outdoor climate, building design, building use and the main purpose of the ventilation system as this both can reduce energy consumption and environmental load and at the same time ensure acceptable indoor climate. The last decade's extensive research carried out on the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings has focused on efficiency improvements of specific systems like ventilation, low energy cooling systems, daylighting, etc. Significant achievements are realised, and even if most ventilation technologies still offer opportunities for efficiency improvements, the greatest potential of the future and a prerequisite for achieving the potential energy savings is development of methods and technologies that optimizes the interaction of building components and energy systems like ventilation. The paper discusses both trends, gives examples of developed methods and technologies as well as discusses the research needed for continued development. INTRODUCTION Immediately after the energy crisis in 1973 attention was focused on thermal insulation, airtightness of buildings and heat recovery to decrease energy consumption of heating and cooling of buildings. Buildings were designed to be isolated from the outdoor environment with an indoor environment controlled by artificial lighting, mechanical ventilation and heating and cooling systems. Today, in the design of new buildings and retrofit of old buildings an integrated approach is used with focus not only on thermal insulation, airtightness and heat recovery but also on optimal use of sustainable technologies as passive solar gains, passive and natural cooling, daylight and natural ventilation. Buildings are designed to interact with the outdoor environment and they are utilizing the outdoor environment to create an acceptable indoor environment whenever it is beneficial. The extent to which sustainable technologies can be utilized depends on outdoor climate, building use, building location and design. Under optimum conditions sustainable technologies will be able to satisfy the demands for heat, cold, light and fresh air. In some cases supplementary mechanical systems will be needed and in other cases it will not be possible to use sustainable technologies at all. Research into building energy efficiency over the last decades has focused on efficiency improvements of specific building elements like the building envelope, including its walls, roofs and fenestration components (windows, daylighting, ventilation, etc.) and building equipment such as heating, ventilation, air handling, cooling equipment and lighting. Significant improvement have been made, and whilst most building elements still offer opportunities for efficiency improvements, the greatest future potential lie with technologies that promote the integration of active building elements and communication among building services. In this perspective Whole Building Concepts are defined as solutions where responsive building elements together with building services are integrated into one system to reach an optimal environmental performance in terms of energy performance, resource consumption, ecological loadings and indoor environmental quality. Responsive Building Elements are defined as building construction elements which are actively used for transfer of heat, light and air. This means that construction elements (like floors, walls, roofs, foundation etc.) are logically and rationally combined and integrated with building service functions such as heating, cooling, ventilation and energy storage.


Before the development of the web, we talk
about the portfolio; it was represented by a simple
portfolio of student skills in paper form. This form of
representation of skills and professional career has
continued to develop over the years. After a succession of
several stages in the concept of the portfolio, this simple
paper form was transformed into a digital form called an
e-portfolio [1, 5], which is centered on the personal and
collective learning dynamics throughout the life of the
student [10]. The resume is the first door to professional
integration [7]. But the paper resume remains a document
too linear and has not adapted to the complexity of current
modes and channels of communication. The objective of
our research work is the building resume student using the
e-portfolio approach, allowing students to build and
improve academic and extra-academic achievements while
being part of a lifelong learning approach, to develop their
digital identity and visibility by capitalizing on training
achievements and skills obtained.


Describes a method for measuring the equivalent reflection coefficient of feedthrough power standards. The analysis of measurement error and comparisons of results against other methods is done. The proposed method is universal and does not depend from design of feedthrough power meter.


ABSTRACT: Growth of data is exponential and as the organization's information needs for internal decision making expands from data in traditional systems to a variety of new sources both within the organizational boundaries and extended to external sources, the need for governance of these new digital assets is imperative. This paper proposes the Enterprise Content Risk Management (ECRM) framework. ECRM is a synthesis of COSO-ERM and Enterprise Content Management (ECM) frameworks. The ECRM leverages the strengths of the COSO-ERM overarching framework while focusing on the data lifecycle perspective of the Enterprise Content Management for organizational governance and compliance of digital assets. The proposed ECRM approach provides a framework for organizations to mitigate the risk associated with the rapid growth and inappropriate use of both structured and unstructured data.


Excellent area-specific-resistance (ASR) values have been exhibited by cathode materials with a Sr-doped layer perovskite type structure and therefore show themselves to be possible candidates for intermediate-temperature-operating solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC, 600-800°C) applications. SmBa 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 2 O 5+δ (SBSCO) electrode was sintered onto 10 mol % gadolinia-doped ceria (Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 2 , CG091) at 1000°C to form symmetrical cells and exhibited an ASR value of 0.092 Ω cm 2 at 700°C. The lowest ASR value was observed when the composite cathode of 50 wt % of SBSCO and 50 wt % of CG091 (SBSC050) was used in conjunction with an interlayer of CGO91 applied between the electrode and 8 mol % Y 2 O 3 stabilized ZrO 2 electrolyte. These were 0.12 Ω cm 2 at 600°C and 0.019 Ω cm 2 at 700°C, respectively. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of SBSCO was 21.9 × 10 -6 K -1 at 700°C. However, the CTE of the composite cathode of SBSC050 was shown to be 13.6 × 10 -6 K -1 at 700°C, this being more compatable with the other components within the cell.


This study aims to describe the materials and the resources employed for the instruction of Italian pragmatics, in both foreign and second language contexts. 139 teachers of Italian answered an online questionnaire which elicited information about the materials and resources they used in the classroom as well as information regarding their teaching techniques. Their answers were clustered into five main categories. The results revealed that the most commonly used materials were printed, audiovisual, self-produced, students' oral production and digital materials. Within these categories, textbooks (printed materials) and videos (audiovisual material) were considered as the most preferred materials by the teachers. Regarding teaching techniques, the most frequently used by teachers were role plays, watching videos and listening exercises. The findings of the present study suggest that textbooks, the main resource for teaching pragmatics, should be implemented with specific activities on this topic. By receiving guidelines teachers could appropriately teach pragmatics in their classes, without the need to create their own materials.


Chromium threoninate is a new type of chromium supplement. It was prepared by adding chromium chloride to an aqueous solution of threonine. By combined use of single factor method and response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design involving four factors with three levels, the optimal synthesis conditions were determined as reaction between threonine and chromium chloride with a molar ratio of 3.86:1 for 3.25 h at p H 6.11 and 93.52 ℃. Under these conditions, the actual yield of chromium threoninate was 68.73%, similar to the expected value(68.82%) with a relative error of 0.13%, suggesting the reliability of the optimized synthesis conditions.


Similar to many other countries, there has been a growing popular, scholarly and media interest in Portugal in gaining a deeper understanding of the history of the Great War. From 2014, and even more so from 2016 onwards (the year that marked the centenary of the country's official entry into this global conflict), the initiatives designed to remember the years of the war and its consequences on a social, political, cultural and military level have multiplied. At the time of writing this article – in November 2017 –, exhibitions and conferences have been and continue to be held, Collection Days are being promoted, academic and journalistic articles, monographs and fiction books are being published, memoirs and diaries reprinted, new research topics pursued in universities, documentaries broadcasted on radio and TV. However, despite this unprecedented dynamic, the emphasis of the remembrance of the Great War in terms of gender has mainly focused on male perspectives. Contrary to what might be expected, Portuguese historiography continues to be more interested in the politico-diplomatic, military and economic context of the war than its impact on civil society. The main focus is placed on politico-diplomatic aspects that led to Portugal's entrance into the war, on how the expeditionary troops were prepared for participating in the conflict and on the question of whether and to what extent the war contributed to the deterioration of the country's economy. The historical narrative mainly focuses on the soldier who went to the war front, who put his life at risk, who suffered the hardships of captivity, who died in the battlefield or returned home maimed. Thus, apart from some exceptions, women's contributions to the war effort and changes of women's status in family and society as a result of the conflict are still uncharted territory. As Michelle Perrot has highlighted years ago, "[i]n the theatre of memory, women are tenuous shadows. The traditional historical narrative does not leave them much space, specifically insofar as it favours the public arena – politics, war –


BACKGROUND-It was a prospective study of fetomaternal outcome of severe anaemia in teenage pregnancy at tertiary care hospital, GMH, Tirupati. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY- A prospective hospital-based study was undertaken on 150 women attending at tertiary care centre, GMH, Tirupati from January 2021 to January 2022. RESULTS- Among study population 31.3% had preterm delivery,13.3% had postpartum hemorrhage,10% had intrauterine growth restriction ,2.6% had puerperal sepsis and wound infections, 8% IUDs noted, failure or poor lactation seen in 2.6%, abruption is seen in 2%, placenta praevia is seen in 1.3%. 2.6% had cardiac failure. 20 cases of pregnancy induced hypertension were reported and not included in the study. Among study population, 39.3% babies had low birth weight, 3.3% still births 40.6% babies had NICU admission. Out of them 6.6% expired due to sepsis, 34% were discharged.


Recently a new class of functions between topological spaces, called weakly θ-continuous functions, has been introduced and studied. In this paper we show how an appropriate change of topology on the domain of a weakly θ-continuous function reduces it to a weakly continuous function. This paper examines some of the consequences of this result.


Magnetic spherules, which are widespread in soils, can have different origins, but spherules with cosmic origin are the most studied. At that, functioning of numerous industrial enterprises of metallurgical profile, thermal power stations, and motor transport can be their origin. According to the data of previous researchers, spherical magnetic particles in soils can serve as an indicator for quantitative assessment of erosion-accumulative phenomena. The authors studied magnetic spherules, isolated from soil samples taken near the dump of blast furnace and metallurgical slags of a large Nizhny Tagil metallurgical plant located on the left bank of the Olkhovka river, functioning since 1949. The way the dump forms is by draining slag along the slope. Consequently, adjacent territories are exposed to a significant dust load, associated with increased concentrations of a number of heavy metals: chromium, iron, manganese, vanadium, copper and zinc. The study of magnetic spherules performed for samples of soils taken at a distance of 50 and 100 m to the west of the dump showed that the content of magnetic fraction in them was 15.1 and 11.7% respectively, of the mineral part of the samples. The authors studied magnetic spherules on a scanning microscope JEOL JSM 6390LV, an at that provide their morphology and the chemical composition of magnetic spherules (18 analyzes) and aggregates on their surface (5 analyzes). Based on the presence of characteristic impurity elements, there are the following varieties: zinc, manganese, vanadium, determined by the peculiarities of metallurgical processes. Low concentrations of spherules in soils do not allow considering them as a significant source of pollution of natural environment, only a slight increase in the content of heavy metals characteristic for them is possible.


A case of cavitary lung disease caused by Fusarium solani in a lung transplant recipient is presented. A mechanism for development of this infection is proposed. Lipid complex amphotericin B (Abelcet) was effective in eradicating this infection. To our knowledge, invasive lung disease caused by the Fusarium species has not been previously reported in a solid organ transplant recipient.


Radio observations of Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) afterglows are excellent means to probe the GRB environments and constrain their density. Late time radio observations of a GRB afterglow, when it has made transition to non-relativistic phase, can provide most accurate energy estimate independent of the jet geometry. Radio emission also allows us to see late time important transitions in the afterglow physics, which in turn provide key diagnostics to the fundamental parameters of the explosion. Here we will present a statistical analysis of GRB afterglows and derive important conclusions and predictions about their detectability in radio bands.


We hypothesised that the observed acceleration in the kinetics of exercise on‐transient oxygen uptake (V̇O2) of five older humans (77 ± 7 years (mean ± S.D.) following 9 weeks of single‐leg endurance exercise training was due to adaptations at the level of the muscle cell. Prior to, and following training, subjects performed constant‐load single‐limb knee extension exercise. Following training V̇O2 kinetics (phase 2, τ) were accelerated in the trained leg (week 0, 92 ± 44 s; week 9, 48 ± 22 s) and unchanged in the untrained leg (week 0, 104 ± 43 s; week 9, 126 ± 35 s). The kinetics of mean blood velocity in the femoral artery were faster than the kinetics of V̇O2, but were unchanged in both the trained (week 0, 19 ± 10 s; week 9, 26 ± 11 s) and untrained leg (week 0, 20 ± 18 s; week 9, 18 ± 10 s). Maximal citrate synthase activity, measured from biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle, increased (P < 0.05) in the trained leg (week 0, 6.7 ± 2.0 μmol (g wet wt)−1 min−1; week 9, 11.4 ± 3.6 μmol (g wet wt)−1 min−1) but was unchanged in the untrained leg (week 0, 5.9 ± 0.5 μmol (g wet wt)−1 min−1; week 9, 7.9 ± 1.9 μmol (g wet wt)−1 min−1). These data suggest that the acceleration of V̇O2 kinetics was due to an improved rate of O2 utilisation by the muscle, but was not a result of increased O2 delivery.


FIELD: machine building. SUBSTANCE: plate conveyor (1) has several sequentially set troughs, a conveyance branch (7) and a return branch (8) movable in the opposite direction. The plate conveyor (1) also comprises a conveyor (10) comprising a conveyor chain (11) and transportation plates (20) with flat parts that may pivotally rotate and deflect downward in the transported material unloading area. EFFECT: invention provides creation of a flat plate conveyor with a low loading height. 37 cl, 12 dwg


The grid generation (or mesh generation) process is a critical yet challenging step in the simulations that solve numerically nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) representative of fluid dynamics. It is often a tedious and labor-intensive process when complex geometries are involved. There are many techniques in the grid generation process. In this chapter, concepts, strategies, algorithms, and software tools employed in the grid generation process are described. A brief outline of the grid generation process and adaptive grid generation is presented. Structured grid systems with Cartesian and curvilinear strategies and unstructured grid systems with quadtree/octree, Delaunay triangulation, advancing front, and advancing layers methods are summarized to provide readers with a clear overview of these important approaches. Software tools and literature sources for further information on grid generation techniques and applications are stated. In the final section, future trends in grid generation and technology vision are provided. Computational examples are presented throughout this chapter to demonstrate applications of grid strategies.

Keywords:

structured, unstructured, and hybrid grid generation;
algebraic, elliptic, and hyperbolic systems;
curvilinear grids;
Cartesian grids;
Delaunay triangulation;
advancing front methods;
adaptive grid refinement;
redistribution;
Computer Aided Geometry Design (CAGD)


0 ) ( 2 2    u k , since   / 2  k , where k is the wave number and  is the wave length, and u is the field of interest which could be wave elevation, pressure, or an electro-magnetic potential, among many other possibilities [3]. Recently the same problem was considered by the method of the special integration scheme [3, 4] and the theory of integrations of the element matrices for rectangular, triangular and special quadrilateral finite elements for very short waves, and they used Maple and FORTRAN codes for the evaluation of integration abscissas and weights. Ortiz and Sanchez [5] also developed an analytical integration procedure for their triangular elements. They applied local co-ordinate rotation to the integrand so that the oscillatory component is transformed into the form depending only on one 'effective' direction with an 'equivalent' wave number. This simplifies the integration procedure and reduces the number operations. Hacker and Schreyer [6] studied exact analytical expressions for the eigenvalues only for four node rectangular elements. The quadrilateral element is more complicated to deal with than rectangular or triangular element due to the   term in the Jacobian. Thus the objective of this study is to evaluate the eigenvalue analysis for general quadrilateral elements and finally a comparison is made with the exact solutions.


In this paper, we have investigated the motion of unsteady flow through porous media past on moving vertical plate with variable temperature in the presence of inclined magnetic field. The fluid considered is viscous, electrically conducting, incompressible, absorbing-emitting radiation in a non-scattering medium. The Laplace transform technique has been used to find the solutions for the velocity profile. The velocity profile has been studied for different parameters like Hartmann number, Prandtl number, thermal Grashof number and time. The effects of variable parameters to the velocity profiles are discussed graphically and the numerical values obtained for skin-friction has been tabulated.


As an important word class,Chinese f unction words are very complex in meaning and usage.In such poems as Books of Odes and Poetry of the South,many functional words do not have grammatical meanings and grammatical roles.Some functional words only play rhetoric roles.Trad itional research of functional word s often leads to the divergence about their p arts of speech,meanings and usages,resulting in the confusion in compre-hending the words and the misunderstanding of word meanings.


Ru/TiO2 catalysts are highly active and selective in the selective methanation of CO in the presence of large amounts of CO2 but suffer from a considerable deactivation and loss of selectivity during time on stream. Aiming at a fundamental understanding of these processes, we have systematically investigated the physical reasons responsible for these effects, using catalysts with different surface areas and combining time-resolved kinetic and in situ/operando spectroscopy measurements as well as ex situ catalyst characterization. This allowed us to identify and disentangle contributions from different effects such as structural effects, adlayer effects, such as site blocking effects, and changes in the chemical (surface) composition of the catalysts. Operando X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES)/extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (EXAFS) measurements revealed that an initial activation phase is largely due to the reduction of oxidized Ru species, together with a distinct change i...


To distribute the thermal stiffness of a machine tool reasonably and provide the basis for the optimization of thermal stiffness of machine tool parts,an identification method for the key thermal stiffness of a machine tool based on the thermal error neural network prediction model is proposed.Considering the feature that the influences of the thermal stiffness of different parts on the whole machine tool's thermal stiffness are non-identical,this method proposes the concept of key thermal stiffness.According to experimental data of temperature and thermal errors,a thermal errors prediction model is built by using radial basis function neural network for its high modeling accuracy and strong generalization ability.Unit temperature risings produced by different machine tool parts after they attain thermal equilibrium are taken as the input vectors of the established prediction model,variation values of thermal errors are calculated to identify the key thermal stiffness.On this basis,the principle and implementation steps of this identification method is presented.Application of the method on a viaduct gantry machining center for its key thermal stiffness identification shows that the identification results are consistent with the verification test results.


In recent years,low-voltage branch transformer has been widely used,the type low-voltage transformer has a lot of help to limit short-circuit current and improve bus residual pressure,and provide a greater selection of options to improve the substation run flexibility.With the operation of low-voltage branch transformer,the corresponding automatic switch-in problem has become more prominent,how to solve those problems is becoming more and more important.


Objective: To elucidate the clinical value of using immunoglobulin to prevent pulmonary infection by monitor the T lymphocyte levels in patients after renal transplantation.Methods: A total of 30 cases with renal transplantation were selected from January 2007 to June 2009,the change of T lymphocyte subsets were measured after renal transplantation,according to the change,18 cases were divided into control group,others were into treatment group.The patients were given with immunoglobulin 0.2g·kg-1·d-1×3d in treatment group.The incidence of pulmonary infection,renal function and T lymphocyte subsets were observed.Results: T lymphocyte subsets were lower in treatment group than that of control group.The incidence of common pneumonia and severe pneumonia showed no significant difference between control group and treatment group(P0.05);T lymphocyte level was lower in treatment group(P0.05) before treatment than that of control group,and significantly increased in patients treated with immunoglobulin(P0.05).Conclusion: Treating with immunoglobulin according to T lymphocyte levels in early stage of post-renal transplantation patients can reduce lung infections and complications,recover immune function in time and improve survival rate.


The DD and CDF experiments at the Fermilab Tevatron have recently measured photon production cross sections in pp collisions at p s = 1:8 TeV. An improved measurement of the isolated single photon production cross section with an increased data sample is presented and compared to NLO QCD predictions. Also, a new measurement of the production of + events is discussed and compared with NLO QCD predictions.


Serological assays can be used for evaluating immune response post vaccination, they can be also helpful in studying the status of maternally derived antibodies (MDA), and they can also give a diagnostic mirror for viral sero-epidemiology. In the present study comparison between hemagglutination inhibition test (HI) and Enzyme linked immunesorbant assay (ELISA) and their abilities to detect IBV antibodies at different circumstances (post vaccination, infection, and (MDA) was studied. HI test for IBV was performed against two distinct IBV serotypes namely (Mass- 41, 4/91). Since they are the major vaccines used commercially in the Egyptian market. ELISA was performed at two dilutions (1/100, 1/ 1000) which is nearly the reciprocal of dilution of (7 and 10) in HI test in a trial to set two points for comparing the obtained results From the two tests. ELISA test showed 100% sensitivity and specificity at dilution 1/100 and showed 80.96%, 95.5 % respectively at 1/1000 dilution. The sensitivity and specificity of HI test were 80.91%, 95% respectively when Mass-41 antigen was used and was 73.91 %, 62 % when 4/91 antigen was used .The difference in sensitivity and specificity with HI reflects it selectivity during serotyping and this picture will necessarily differ if samples were tested against other antigens like (D- 274, 1466,…..etc.,) this confirms our point of view for using HI in detecting immunity after IBV vaccination. It became obvious that ELISA result may be misleading as seen during studying MDA in sample (S-20), ELISA reading at 1/100 dilution was 12051±2018 with STDV(6384) and was 2406±754 with STDV(2385) at dilution 1/1000 their Conversion into two base log titer 1/10 will be 14.28±.317 and 14.56±.4 respectively on the other hand the HI titer was 4.5±.166 with STDV(0.5) when Mass – 41 antigen was used and it was 2.4±.476 with STDV (1.5) when antigen 4/91 was used, result of ELISA will be conflicting when devising a vaccination protocol for such flock.


A permeability measurement technique is discussed for evaluating the frequency response of sintered and cast ferrite keepers. Real and imaginary parts of the relative permeability for several ferrite materials in both sintered and cast form are compared over a large frequency range. The large difference between sintered and cast keepers at low frequencies and the difference in their resonance behavior at high frequencies is to be noted in particular. Optimization of the cast keeper permeability is investigated through the parameters of ferrite particle permeability and porosity. The dependence of particle permeability on particle size, and of porosity on particle size distribution is established and then exploited to obtain a higher permeability keeper.


Although English has borrowed much vocabulary from non-Germanic languages, particularly French and Latin, it remains a Germanic language not just in its core vocabulary of everyday words, but in its sounds and in its structure. The Germanic roots of the language are nowhere plainer than in its phonology. In 1822, Jacob Grimm (1785–1863) demonstrated a regular phonological difference between the Germanic family of languages and the other Indo-European languages. In general, voiceless stop consonants such as /p, t, k/ in the other Indo-European languages appear as the corresponding voiceless fricatives in the Germanic languages: for example, Latin pater, trēs = Present-Day English (PDE) father, three. Likewise, voiced stops such as /b, d, g/ in the other languages correspond to Germanic voiceless stops /p, t, k/, as with Latin duo, gens = PDE two, kin. And the Indo-European consonants reconstructed as the voiced aspirated stops /bh, dh, gh, gh/ appear in Germanic as voiced fricatives: to Sanskrit mádhu-, nábhas-, compare Icelandic mjöðr 'mead', Old English nifol 'dark' (where f represents a voiced sound [v]), though at the beginning of a word or after a nasal consonant we fi nd instead voiced Germanic stops, as in bear and bind (compare Sanskrit bhárati and bándhati, respectively). The correspondences are the result of a phonological change, now referred to as "Grimm's law," that affected Proto-Germanic, the prehistoric Indo-European language from which the Germanic languages descend. The law is charted in table 13.1, where /þ/ and /ð/ represent the sound of PDE th in think and this, respectively; /χ/ is a voiceless velar fricative (developing to h where preserved in PDE) like that in Scottish loch and German Nacht; / / is the voiced equivalent of this (as in Danish kage); and /ß/ is similar to /v/ (to which it develops in PDE), but it is formed with both lips rather than with teeth and lips together (as in Spanish cabo). So regular is the correspondence of sounds that it made a profound impression, inspiring the formulation of similar "sound-laws" and the reconstruction of protolanguages – in essence spawning Western linguistics as a science, since diachronic change and consistency of explanation were the preoccupations of nineteenth-century linguistics.