Over the past three decades researchers have witnessed an enormous amount of activity in the area of biosensors. The major processes involved in any biosensor system are analyte recognition, signal transduction, and readout. Due to their specificity, speed, portability, and low cost, biosensors offer exciting opportunities for numerous decentralized clinical applications – point of care systems. The ongoing trend in biomedicine is to go smaller. For almost a decade, the buzz word has been nano, and the analytical micro devices are now appearing in the clinic. The progress within microfluidic technologies has enabled miniaturization of biomedical systems and biosensors. The down-scaling has several advantages: refined control of fluidics, low sample consumption, applicability to point of care, and low cost. Point of care is an emerging field within medical diagnostics and disease monitoring, and eventually disease control. Employing specially designed micro systems, a patient can be monitored continuously at bed side, and save precious time on commuting between home, doctor and hospital. The technological advancements in the biosensor technology within recent years have accelerated the R&D in point of care devices. Cost benefit is always an important factor in development of novel medical devices. To reduce the expenses of biosensors, the use and cleanroom processing of noble metals should be kept at a minimum. Therefore, we predict a shift in the usage of gold and platinum to degradable polymer materials. This chapter will look further into the advantages and applications of all-polymer microfluidic devices for biomedical diagnostics and compare with traditional systems. In many biosensor applications, only one analyte is of interest, and preferentially it should be isolated from an inhomogeneous patient sample. Section 2 provides the reader with an overview of the different novel microfluidic separation techniques in polymeric devices. Conductive polymers are the focus of section 3. They have many excellent properties and in fact, they can compete with gold in many applications. The focus of section 4 is sensitivity and specificity of biosensors. High sensitivity and specificity is crucial and can be achieved by functionalization with different molecules. The section will primarily center around the use of aptamers which is favourable above antibodies. Different detection methods are applied in biosensors, some of the promising techniques will be summarized in section 5. Finally, section 6 gives an overview of the current status in biosensor development while focusing on ongoing research.


This paper introduces absolute measuring method, simple relative method in common use and new synthetical relative method (SRM) [1] on on-line monitoring. From principle of method and applied effect in practice, SRM can settle stability and reliability problem in two foregoing methods to a certain extent But the method need be further improved in three aspects. Firstly acquirement of complete period or frequency is the basis of signal processing. Combination of multi-wavelet transform having excellent de-noising ability and auto-adaptation periodic sampling algorithm is feasible. Secondly, variation of environment factor is instantaneous. This paper put forward synchronously measuring idea to deal with miscarriage of justice possibly brought by SRM. At last, according to long-term monitoring, inverse relation of monitored parameter fluctuation of different equipments is existent. On maximal insulation factory-ageing curve, a symmetry transformation of measured insulation parameter can effectively remove this inverse relationship on monitoring. At the same time, insulation ageing trend is reserved also. The experiment results show that the improved SRM can powerfully reduce measuring error and accurately judge the equipments' state.


Life in Xuanxue's Infection" is a recapitulation about the literati's artistic life in Wei, Jin and South-Northe Dynasty. It is a result of Xuanxue's diversion from philosophy to life, meanwhile it differentiates from Confucianism's thought that art is for the life. Such a life state mostly exhibits as the unification of leisure and Xuan, as well as the pursuing of the genuine. It not only helps us have profound understanding about the literati in middle China and their aesthetic conception, but also helps us decipher the poesy in that time that we research into the cultural phenomenon.


Based on the statistics of papers on Chinese bibliography research in the last 30 years,this paper generalizes the tendencies of the theory development,history and practice of bibliography and analyzes the causes of them.Particularly the tradition of Chinese bibliography is pondered and the new technologies involved are considered in the circumstances of reform and opening to the outside world.


By comparing Hillary and Fu Ying's political speeches from the perspective of interactional meta-discourse, this paper is aimed at exploring the similarities and differences of Chinese and American stateswomen's employment of interactional meta-discourse in their political speeches, and discussing the possible causes of such similarities and distinctions. This study suggests that interactional meta-discourse are frequently used in English speeches of both Chinese and American stateswomen, but American stateswomen utilize much more interactional meta-discourse than their Chinese counterparts. As for the five sub-categories, engagement marker and self-mention occur the most repeatedly, whereas booster the least frequently in both corpora. However, Chinese stateswomen use more hedges but less attitude marker, self-mention and engagement marker than American stateswomen. The reasons for such similarities may be the necessity of interacting with the audience in a political speech, while the causes of distinctions may be the different cultural backgrounds and expression styles of China and America.


We study the asymptotic behavior of the marginal expected shortfall when the two random variables are asymptotic independent but positively associated, which is modeled by the so‐called tail dependent coefficient. We construct an estimator of the marginal expected shortfall, which is shown to be asymptotically normal. The finite sample performance of the estimator is investigated in a small simulation study. The method is also applied to estimate the expected amount of rainfall at a weather station given that there is a once every 100 years rainfall at another weather station nearby.


Aim. We examined endocannabinoids (ECs) in relation to bariatric surgery and the association between plasma ECs and markers of insulin resistance. Methods. A study of 20 participants undergoing bariatric surgery. Fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose, lipids, insulin, and C-peptide were recorded preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively with plasma ECs (AEA, 2-AG) and endocannabinoid-related lipids (PEA, OEA). Results. Gender-specific analysis showed differences in AEA, OEA, and PEA preoperatively with reductions in AEA and PEA in females postoperatively. Preoperatively, AEA was correlated with 2-hour glucose (r = 0.55, P = 0.01), HOMA-IR (r = 0.61, P = 0.009), and HOMA %S (r = −0.71, P = 0.002). OEA was correlated with weight (r = 0.49, P = 0.03), waist circumference (r = 0.52, P = 0.02), fasting insulin (r = 0.49, P = 0.04), and HOMA-IR (r = 0.48, P = 0.05). PEA was correlated with fasting insulin (r = 0.49, P = 0.04). 2-AG had a negative correlation with fasting glucose (r = −0.59, P = 0.04). Conclusion. Gender differences exist in circulating ECs in obese subjects. Females show changes in AEA and PEA after bariatric surgery. Specific correlations exist between different ECs and markers of obesity and insulin and glucose homeostasis.


Objective To explore the characteristics of diagnosis and treatment for the rectal cancer in the young patients(≤40 years).Methods The domestic and abroad literatures about the research on the progress of rectal cancer in the young patients were reviewed,the clinical data of patients with rectal cancer were compared between the young patients and the other age patients,the characteristics of diagnosis and treatment for the rectal cancer in the young patients were summarized.ResultsThe onsets of the young patients with rectal cancer were related to the diet,lifestyle,and genetic factors.Compared with the older patients,more later stage,higher percentage of poor differentiation,earlier lymph node metastasis were found in the young patients with rectal cancer.Rectal cancer of the young patients was often misdiagnosed and with a poor prognosis.Currently,surgery assisted with neoadjuvant therapy was generally acknowledged as a better method.ConclusionsIt has specificity in epidemiology,pathology,treatment,prognosis,and so on for rectal cancer in the young patients,but surgery needs further research.


In this work we will illustrate the criteria useful to identify simple and quick operations through which "the why and the when" a scheduled maintenance can be performed in order to avoid excessive checks and controls, often difficult and expensive to run. The question that in fact arises in the preparation of preventive maintenance program is if it is possible to satisfy the reliability requirements compatible with the economic and safety needs of the user. The answers can only be given following a correct heuristic method. Experimental data, resulting from repetitive measurements, should only serve to build simulation models that can predict what the future will hold and then as subsequent control measurements to confirm the above-mentioned model. This is particularly useful in the planned maintenance schedule, in which you get to answer the question: "how often"? Fit mathematical models allow to calculate, with precision and accuracy, the convenient time at which to intervene. To do this, it is therefore necessary to understand the mechanisms that dominate the evolution of the processes (prognostics) that may lead to failures. We present two examples of applications: one concerning a railway structure and the other relative to an aircraft structure.


The organic grower can manage potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, with natural copper compounds such as copper sulfate pentahydrate, copper oxide, or copper hydroxide. However, recent environmental concerns about copper residues by the USDA's National Organic Program indicate a need to control late blight with reduced copper levels. This report describes a strategy for disease control using lower levels of copper sulfate pentahydrate in combination with a chitosan sticker and complexing agent. In excised leaf assays, this combination provided moderate control of late blight and protection against copper-related leaf yellowing at copper levels approximately 40 fold lower than those recommended for a commercial fungicide with copper hydroxide as the active ingredient. Introduction Potato late blight, caused by P. infestans, can be controlled with multiple applications of commercially-available synthetic-chemical fungicides (1), even in years with conditions optimal for infection. A degree of late blight suppression has been realized due to the development of new potato varieties that have inherent tolerance to the disease and in the employment of cultural procedures such as planting disease-free seed, volunteer control, cull pile, and irrigation management. With the uncertainties that accompany epidemics, disease management measures that directly kill the pathogen are often essential. The organic grower, however, is restricted to cultural controls, the use of some copper-containing fungicides or other methods that utilize natural ingredients (3). An ingredient currently approved by the USDA's National Organics Program (7) is copper sulfate pentahydrate. Also, the inert ingredient chitosan is EPAexempt. Our initial field observations on the efficacy of a copper sulfate pentahydrate preparation designed to keep the copper in solution (CT-100, Bontech, Muncie, Indiana) were encouraging; however, the residual copper from multiple applications led to potato leaf yellowing (Fig. 1). Preliminary electron microscopy (X-ray analysis) results designed to detect copper transport into potato leaves indicated that when CT-100 was combined with chitosan, the detectable copper was less prevalent inside the cytoplasm than when CT-100 was applied alone. This observation suggested that the chitosan/copper complex retained a presence on the leaf surface where infection by P. infestans occurs. 6 April 2006 Crop Management Chitosan is a large, natural polymer of the amino sugar glucosamine. The chelating properties of chitosan are based primarily on the availability of the amino groups on the glucosamine residue when in solution with a pH less than 6.5 (5). The orientation of the positive charges from the amino group of glucosamine enable chitosan to attach both to the negative charges on the surface of the potato leaf and to the CT-100, giving it a "sticker" function (4,6). Copper sulfate has long been utilized for its fungicidal properties, however at high concentrations it can become phytotoxic to the point of being herbicidal. This report documents research from excised leaf trials and one field trial evaluating the efficacy of CT-100 plus chitosan treatments, with the purpose of providing concentration ranges that constitute the window between effective fungicidal action and potential copper toxicity. The efficacy of this combination was compared with selected synthetic fungicides and reagent grade copper sulfate pentahydrate. Excised Leaf and Field Trials Crab-shell chitosan was obtained from Vanson/Halo Source, Redmond, WA. The dried flakes of crab-shell chitosan (200 g) are not directly water-soluble. To solubilize the chitosan, the dried flakes were wetted with 50 ml of glacial acetic acid overnight. The mix was progressively taken to a volume of 12 liters with deionized water. The solubilized chitosan was filtered to remove any particles that could clog spray nozzles and was adjusted to pH 5.2 with 5 N NaOH. The final stock solution consisted of approximately 7 mg of chitosan per ml. Alternately, commercially available crab-shell chitosan-lactate was prepared and supplied by Vanson/Halo Source. The crab-shell chitosan had been solubilized in dilute lactic acid, pH adjusted, and desiccated to a water-soluble powder. A copper sulfate pentahydrate (53 mg/ml) formulation, CT-100, was labeled by Bond Tech and was manufactured by Chemtech Inc., Muncie, IN. Other copper treatments consisted of Baker Analyzed reagent-grade copper sulfate pentahydrate (Cu) (100% active ingredient) and a commercial fungicide with 53.8% copper hydroxide, Kocide 2000, obtained from Griffin LLC, Valdosta, GA. Additionally, Bravo WS, a synthetic fungicide with 72% chlorothalonil as the active ingredient, was obtained from ISK Biosciences Corp., Mentor, OH. Russet Burbank potato plants were grown to the 12-leaf stage in a greenhouse in potting soil for the excised leaf trials and to at least the 12-leaf stage for the field trial in Pullman, WA. In the field, each treatment (200 ml of spray solution) was applied to two randomly-assigned rows of 10 plants (20 ml per plant) within field plots of Russet Norkota. In the greenhouse each of 3 individually-potted (15-cm pots) Russet Burbank potatoes plants was sprayed with a 25-ml volume of each treatment solution. For excised leaf assays the plants were sprayed 3 to 5 days prior to inoculation. In the field trial, experimental plots within plant rows were sprayed approximately weekly from July until September. Three to five days after treatment, seven sets of three Fig. 1. Potato leaflets taken from plants treated with (A) water, (B) a combination of the copper sulfate pentahydrate solution (CT-100) at 14 μg/ml plus crab-shell chitosan at 25 μg/ml, and (C) CT-100-only at 14 μg/ml. After 2 days the leaflets were removed from the plant and inoculated with genotype US 8 of P. infestans (25,000 sporangia/ml within a 25 μl volume per leaflet). The photo was taken 8 days following inoculation and incubation at 16° C, with an 8-h light/16-h dark day cycle. 6 April 2006 Crop Management leaflets or typically seven complete leaves (replications) of uniform size (seven leaflets each) were removed from each treatment of potato plants from the field or from greenhouse plants. The leaves were briefly washed on each side with a water atomizer and organized, upper surface up, in 27× 40-cm casserole dishes that contained three layers of presoaked paper towels under three layers of plastic door screen. Following inoculation of the center of each leaflet with a 25 μl droplet of a spore suspension of P. infestans containing 1.5 to 2.5 × 104 sporangia per ml, the dishes were covered with 3 layers of gas-permeable plastic wrap. The virulence of the P. infestans (genotype US 8) inoculum was maintained on excised potato leaves. Virulent sporangia used for inoculum were harvested from infected potato leaves 5 to 10 days after inoculation. The inoculated leaves were held in casserole dishes at 16°C, with 8 h of light and 100% humidity and with daily rotation within the incubator for at least 5 days prior to analysis. Disease intensity was measured as the percent surface area of each leaflet showing visible symptoms. Leaf yellowing associated with copper toxicity was assessed visually. Treatments were established in a randomized complete block design, typically with six to ten treatments in each trial. The "percent surface area of the leaflet infected" was determined for each of seven leaflets per leaf and there were seven to eight leaves per treatment. Data was processed with the ANOVA procedure of SAS 6.12 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The LSD values are noted in the figure legends. For the field trial, Ranger Russet potatoes were grown in Pullman, WA (an area isolated from commercial potato production) in three-row plots, 12 ft long, with 3-ft spacing between rows and 10-inch spacing between plants. A row bordering each of the plots was inoculated with P. infestans, US 8, on July 19 and 23, 2004. The secondary spread of late blight by spores, which developed within 7 days after inoculation, was encouraged by sprinkler irrigation at night. Five applications of the chitosan-lactate (90 mg) plus CT-100 (2.16 ml) and control treatments (water) were applied August 3, 13, 20, 26, and September 10 to four replications (36 plants per replicate) per treatment by a backpack CO2 sprayer at a total (for 4 reps) volume of 2.7 liters per treatment. This treatment, along with a water treatment that served as the control, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plant symptoms in each replication were visually analyzed for both late blight and early blight by percent of disease symptoms for each plot on August 3, 10, and 21. The efficacy of the fungicide was determined by comparing the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). A protected LSD statistical procedure (PROC GLM, SAS) was used to compare AUDPC means between treatments. Excised leaf greenhouse experiments designed to compare CT-100 only, chitosan only, and the CT-100-plus-chitosan combination are presented in Figures 1 and 2. The combination of CT-100 plus chitosan sticker consistently retained the green leaf color (Fig. 2) and was more effective in limiting the area of the leaf with symptoms when compared with leaves treated with CT-100 only. Subsequently, two commercial fungicides, chlorothalonil (Bravo) and copper hydroxide (Kocide 2000), were included in these comparisons (Fig. 3). Compared to application of water alone, the combination of chitosan (25 μg/ml) plus CT-100 (14 μg/ml copper sulfate pentahydrate) significantly reduced symptoms of late blight. Copper hydroxide (600 μg/ml) and chlorothalonil (3200 μg/ml) were significantly more efficacious than the CT-100 plus chitosan treatment, however, this higher suppression of disease involved the use of much higher concentrations of each fungicide. Treatments with increasing concent


Ovarian cancer is the primary death cause of gynecologic cancer,early diagnosis and intervention can significantly improve the 5-year ovarian cancer survival rate.Over the years researchers have been dedicated to finding the simple and effective tumor markers on early diagnosis,such as CA125/153/724,plasma lysphosphatidic acid(LPA),human epididymis protein 4(HE4),B7-H4 molecules,prostasin genes,mesothelin,and so on.This paper focuses on more recent studies of tumor markers.


We report on etch-induced damage in n-type GaN caused by an inductively coupled plasma, and damage recovery by means of treatment with an N2 plasma. As the plasma dc bias was increased by increasing the rf table power during etching, the optical and electrical properties of the etched GaN films deteriorated as the result of etch-induced damage. However, an N2 plasma treatment for the etched samples effectively removed the etch-induced defects and damage on the surface, leading to improved surface morphology, photoluminescence, and ohmic contact in n-type GaN.


A supported liquid membrane (SLM) system was investigated for the carrier mediated transport of phenylalanine to more fully understand the contradictory effects, described in the literature, of chloride ion concentration in the aqueous phases on the stability of the system. The SLM consists of the cationic carrier, tricaprylylammonium chloride (TCAC) mixed with decanol, as the organic phase, at a concentration of 10% (v/v) of TCAC. The support used was a Scimat Ltd (Swindon, UK) ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene membrane. The role of the organic phase and its interaction with carrier and support material was considered. The carrier mediated transport was comparable to an enzyme mediated process. Kinetic studies were undertaken and the data interpreted in a manner appropriate to biological transport processes to consider the transport process at a molecular level. The system was shown to deviate from a direct 1:1 exchange process between phenylalanine and chloride and had a high degree of selectivity with respect to phenylalanine


Microbes drive our complex biosphere by regulating the global ecosystem through cycling elements and energy. Humankind has barely begun leveraging this biotransformation capacity to impact global economies and ecologies. Advances in genetic engineering, molecular analysis, metabolic flux modeling, microbial consortia/biome mapping and engineering, cell-free bioproduction, artificial intelligence/machine learning and the ever expanding -omics frontiers have set the stage for paradigm changes to how humankind produces, uses, transforms, and recycles carbon and energy through microbes. Harnessing this enormous potential could drive a global bioeconomy and manage carbon at a planetary level but requires understanding and application at a grand scale across a broad range of science and engineering disciplines. The penultimate manifestation of these advances is the "bio-refinery", which is often referenced, but is a long way from being fully developed as a global carbon management platform. Broadening the feed stocks, processing operations, and product portfolio to a sequential cascade optimizing the conversion as a whole instead of limited outputs could greatly advance deployment and stability of a bioeconomy.


A delayed predator–prey system with Holling type II functional response and stage structure for both the predator and the prey is investigated. By analyzing the corresponding characteristic equations, the local stability of each feasible equilibrium of the system is discussed, and the existence of a Hopf bifurcation at the coexistence equilibrium is established. By means of the persistence theory for infinite dimensional systems, it is proven that the system is permanent if the coexistence equilibrium exists. By using suitable Lyapunov functions and the LaSalle invariant principle, it is shown that the trivial equilibrium is globally stable when both the predator–extinction equilibrium and the coexistence equilibrium do not exist, and that the predator–extinction equilibrium is globally stable when the coexistence equilibrium does not exist. Further, sufficient conditions are obtained for the global stability of the coexistence equilibrium. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the main theoretical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Internet today is also a medium of sharing immeasurable amount of information for widespread Peer to Peer (P2P) environments. Various application domains such as file sharing, distributed computing and e community based applications adopted the P2P technology as underlying network structure. A fairly open structure of P2P network applications, also make peers exposed. Interaction with unfamiliar peer in the absence of a trusted third party makes them vulnerable to potential attacks. To enable a reliable communication among peers, trust and reputation mechanisms came into existence. Malicious behavior of peer itself within the network, make reputation system themselves as vulnerable to attacks. Malicious peers often collude to procure a collective objective. The paper reviews existing collusion attacks. It also proposes a reactive defense mechanism against such collusion attacks. The proposed mechanism, detects collusion based on underlying trust and reputation knowledge. It also provides a reduction mechanism to chastise colluded peers.


World Skill Competition(WSC),with a good reputation in the world,is a top event in the field of vocational skills at present.In recent years,China has sent competitors to participate in the WSC and they won the prizes and honor back.However,the most challenging problem for Chinese competitors is that they are not very good at English language in the competition.This paper focuses on English language training for those Chinese competitors before WSC.The aim of this paper is to provide a new perspective to enlighten relative authorities to pay more attention to the comprehensive development of talents with vocational skills through the analysis of the purpose,methods and prospects of English language training.


The following conjecture of R. M. Robinson is proved. If A is a real interval of length greater than 4, then for any sufficiently large n there exists an irreducible monic polynomial of degree n with integer coefficients all of whose zeros lie in A. The purpose of this note is to prove the following result. Theorem. Let A be any real interval of length greater than 4. Then for any sufficiently large n there exists an irreducible monic polynomial of degree n with integer coefficients all of whose zeros lie in A. This settles a conjecture proposed by R. M. Robinson [2] and repeated in [1, Problem 2, p. 467]. Robinson proved the result under the further restriction that n is divisible by a suitably chosen integer m depending on A. Proof. Without loss of generality, we may assume that A is a closed interval [c 2A, c + 2X], where c and X are rational and X > 1. For n > 0, let Tn(x) denote the Chebyshev polynomial of degree n, defined by T (2 cos 0) 2 cos no. Then 7t(2 cos 0) n sin nO/sin 0, whence jT'(x) 0, P (x) is a monic polynomial of degree n with rational coefficients having all its zeros within A. Thefunction Pn(x) oscillates n times between the bounds ?2An in the interval A. Further (1) IP I(x)I T I ((X -C)iA) n2An (n 0, 1, . . ; xA). Write P (x) = xn +1 ankx . As indicated by Robinson [2], the coefficients ank are polynomials in n of degree k with rational coefficients containing n as a factor. Hence we can write ank = (akOn +* + a,_kk ln)/k (I 2, and then take rm to be the least common multiple of 03, . 7 f,. For any integer n define r(n) by r(n) n mod m, 0 I be a suitable sufficiently large number. Received by the editors October 23, 1974. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 12A99, 12A20; Secondary 12D10. Copyright ? 1975, Amnerican Mathematical Society


We present a text mining method for finding synonymous expressions based on the distributional hypothesis in a set of coherent corpora. This paper proposes a new methodology to improve the accuracy of a term aggregation system using each author's text as a coherent corpus. Our approach is based on the idea that one person tends to use one expression for one meaning. According to our assumption, most of the words with similar context features in each author's corpus tend not to be synonymous expressions. Our proposed method improves the accuracy of our term aggregation system, showing that our approach is successful.


The effects of exogenous silicon (Si) on changes of photosynthesis and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes such as guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD), siringaldasine peroxidase (SPOD) and antiradical activity (DPPH) as well as the content of polyphenols and photosynthetic pigments were investigated in leaves of young cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.), cv. Gergana. Plants were grown as a water culture in climatic boxes, under a PPFD of 350 µmol m-2 s-1. Five treatments consisting of a control (basic Hoagland nutrient solution without Si) and basic nutrient solution with 0.5 mM Si, 1.0 mM Si, 1.5 mM Si and 2.0 mM Si, were investigated. Plants were grown 15 days and analyses were performed at the end of experiment on the third leaf, which was fully developed. It was established that Si treatment increased photosynthetic activity of leaves. The variant with 1.5 mM Si has shown the highest photosynthetic rate. Activity of main antioxidant enzymes decreased in plant leaves and roots. The content of polyphenols was changed insignificantly in roots and in leaves of Si-treated plants. The content of pigments increased and highest values were established in variant with 1.5 mM Si. These results suggested that exogenous Si application in nutrient solution was useful to increase young cucumber antioxidant capacity and photosynthesis


Problems in nomenclature do exist for the plant taxonomist even if they are not as severe as those facing the zoologist. In one limited area of his work, however, that dealing with ornamental plants, the botanist cannot keep such problems to himself. Gardeners cultivating ornamental plants have to use scientific names. As they out number the taxonomists concerned with naming, they stimulate pressure for the maintenance of acceptable and for the abandonment of ungainly names. Unfortu nately, if an awkward name is 'correct' according to the international Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Stafleu and Voss, 1978), there is little hope of getting rid of it. The Code merely recommends that such names should not be created. If they are, then they have to be recognised. Recently, for instance, a name has been published for a cactus species, the epithet being the name of the Aztec god of the sun and of war, a distinctly unpleasant deity (Hunt, 1979). 'Huitzilopochtli' is an imaginative epithet, but unsuitable for speech, for plant labels or in catalogues. Cactus enthusiasts will, I think, continue to use the collector's serial number given on its first introduction. Again, many awkward names are derived from personal names rather than from a characteristic of the plant, which latter could be of real help to the user. As the user has to accept names which conform to the rules but ignore the spirit of the Code it is the more important that when changes are made facts should be ascertained correctly and the Code applied properly. Certain factors conduce to pessimism here. There are no impartial law-courts' to give rulings on application of the Code in particular cases. Only a few botanists are willing to devote the necessary time to an appraisal of all the evidence. A recent leader in The Times newspaper of 7 January 1981, commenting on some Cabinet changes, suggested that as the appointees had been trained to think as lawyers they would find it difficult to think like economists as, the paper implied, they were now required to do. If this were the general case, could we expect busy taxonomists also to be good fact finding historians, good lawyers in interpreting the Code, and good administrators in handling it? Botanists who have framed and amended the Code in the past have, however, assumed that these qualities are to be expected of taxonomists. The circular for this conference has it that the rules of nomenclature "cause the tax onomist to delve into the history of his subject". The Preamble to the Botanical Code is more emphatic:— "The object of the Rules is to put the nomenclature of the past into order and to provide for that of the future; names contrary to a rule cannot be maintained". Thus, the correction of other people's mistakes comes before the avoidance of error oneself. Again, the Code provides no plan for a History in the Service of Systematics. Society for the Bibliography of Natural History,


An apparatus includes a plurality of subscriber line interface circuits and a common protection device. Each subscriber line interface circuit has a voltage input terminal and a first and a second interface line connection. The common protective device is coupled to the interface line connections and operable to scan a negative reference voltage that represents a most negative voltage of the voltages which are present at the voltage input terminals, and to provide overvoltage protection responsive to a voltage at least one of the interface line terminals the negative reference voltage exceeds responsive.


Thank you very much for downloading health information systems design issues and analytic applications. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their favorite books like this health information systems design issues and analytic applications, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some malicious bugs inside their desktop computer.


As a great writer in literature history, Jane Austen's prominence is not just her achievements of literature, but her thoughts on women's marriage still has its significance of reality today. This essay tries to analyze her views on marriage and their significance of reality from historical sociology angle.


The invention relates to an electrolyte, a method of preparing the electrolyte, and a lithium secondary battery comprising the electrolyte. The electrolyte including a copolymer including (i) an ion-conductive domain including an ion-conductive segment of the copolymer, wherein the ion-conductive segment includes a plurality of ion-conductive units, and (ii) a structural domain including a structural segment of the copolymer, wherein the structural segment includes a plurality of structural units, wherein the ion-conductive domain and the structural domain are covalently linked, and a polymer network phase coupled to the ion-conductive domain.


Background : Mosquito coil (allerthrin) is a type of pyrethroid. Few reports describe severe poisoning after ingestion of this common household product. This is the first ever report on severe form of mosquito coil poisoning in adult. Case Report : A case of allerthrin poisoning with neurological and gastrointestinal manifestation reported. A 19 year old house wife belonging to Bengali Hindu community presented after ingesting six pieces of mosquito coil. Initial manifestations were nausea, vomiting, sore throat. During hospital stay she had three episodes of generalized seizure. Level of consciousness altered. She received supportive management as no specific antidote exists. Recovery occurred by several days. Conclusion : Mosquito coil (allerthrin) ingestion can infrequentl induce medical emergency. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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Disclosed are a railway signal device utilizing dual-CPU (central processing unit) redundancy and a control method of the railway signal device. The railway signal device comprises a CAN (controller area network) communication circuit, a first CPU, a second CPU, a primary and backup state flag, a synchronous circuit, an input buffer, an output buffer, an output switch controller, an output switch circuit, an output selecting chain, a state detecting circuit, a logic or gate circuit, a dynamic acquisition circuit, a current detector, an overload protection circuit and a voltage detector. By the device and the control method, dual-CPU starting and hot reset of the railway signal device are achieved, primary-backup switching and control of the signal device under strong interference source are achieved, intelligence of an electronic executing unit of the railway signal device is higher, fault can be identified according to different site working conditions, and accordingly fast fault positioning and fast maintenance are achieved. In addition, by fast network communication between on site equipment and upper-level equipment such as a control center, the upper-level equipment such as the control center can master operation conditions of the on site equipment at any time.


This is a dual cone loudspeaker with a primary cone similar in function to a conventional dynamic loudspeaker. There is a secondary cone mounted to a sub-frame on the back of the magnet structure. A rigid coupling device connects to both cones and causes them to move in unison. Sound waves from the secondary cone travel through an orifice in the center pole piece of the magnet structure and through a hole in the center of the primary cone radiating in the same direction as sound waves from the primary cone. The net effect of this is to generate a louder sound by displacing a larger volume of air than a conventional speaker of equal diameter.


A desulfurization by sodium sulfite process developed by Kureha Chemical is described. The sulfur dioxide is absorbed in sodium hydroxide solution and removed as Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/. The Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/ process is classified into the crystalline recovery method, solution recovery method, and solution discharge method (discharged as Glauber's salt after the oxidation process). The desulfurization product recovered consists of 93.1 percent Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/, 6.7 percent sodium sulfate and others, and therefore the purity of Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/ product is about 90 percent. The materials used for a large-scale desulfurization system, and problems of corrosion and safety in operation of a closed system are discussed. The cost of the crystalline recovery method was $3.00-$11.00 per kl of heavy oil, depending on the scale of the desulfurization system.


Seamless mobility of the nodes in the multi-UAV cooperative causes the network topology to change frequently. As the UAVs have limited sensor capabilities, cooperative control relies heavily on communication with appropriate neighbours. The leashing problem is to physically or electronically constrain radio nodes within the network so that communication can take place between designated end points. This problem is of interest in UAV applications, as communication is often required between nodes that would not otherwise be able to communicate for instance because of range constraints or line-of-site obstructions. Efficient, reliable, low latency communication is required to fully realize and utilize the benefits of multivehicle teams. The need for communication is very vital in the performance of the UAV team tasks. This survey paper deals with the comparison of shortest path finding algorithms for intelligent environment


Although a vast amount of contents and knowledge has been made available in electronic format and on the web in recent years, translators still do not have friendly and targeted tools at their disposal for the various aspects of a translation process, i.e., the analysis phase, automatic creation and management of the linguistic resources needed and automatic updating with the relevant information generated by the computer translation tools used in the process (Machine Translation, Translation Memories, and so on). Text mining and information retrieval are not typically connected with the translation process and no existing online translation workspace integrates text mining or information retrieval facilities that are specifically aimed at improving the documentary competence of translators in order to process unstructured (textual) information, and make the information on the web or in texts accessible to translators. This paper explores a new approach to helping translators look for different types of information (glossaries, corpora, Wikipedia, and so on) related to the specific translation work they have to perform which can then be used to update the lexical base needed for the translation workflow (both human or machine-aided). This new approach is based on CATALOGA, a text mining tool, which can be combined with an IR application and/or an MT/TM system and used for different purposes. 1 Johanna Monti is author of the Abstract, Introduction, Sections 2 and 4.3 and Conclusions, Annibale Elia is author of Sections 3.1 and 3.4, Alberto Postiglione is author of Section 3.2. and 5, Mario Monteleone is author of Sections 3.3 and 4.1 and Federica Marano is author of Sections 4.2. and 4.4.


Relationship notary to do with legal issues consciously or notary in practice are often faced with the proceedings or deal with the authorities caused the parties to a deed in front of him, and that the dispute can be reported to the investigator. So often a notary summoned by investigators with regard to the deed he made. In terms of the calling and notary investigation by an investigator there own rules set out in the Act. Although the implementation of the functions and investigations and inquiries Act gives the right to call, check, catching, defense minister, searched, confiscated to suspects and items are considered connected with a criminal offense, but in exercising its rights and authority must be obedient and subject to the principle of the right of due process (upholding the rights of the accused in the process of law enforcement). Each suspect is entitled researched and investigated based in accordance with the applicable law of criminal procedure. The concept of due process associated with the foundation of upholding the rule of law in dealing with crime. No one is located and put themselves above the law and the law should be applied to anyone based on the principle of treatment in an honest way. The application of the criminal law should be in accordance with the constitutional requirements and must comply with the law. By karen it does not allow the violation of a part of the general provisions on the pretext in order to enforce another law section.


By C. T. Baldwin London: George G. Harrap and Co., Ltd. Pp. 336. Price 25s. This is a well-written book which fulfils the author's aim. It is specifically intended for Higher National Certificate and Higher National Diploma work, but is clearly useful for students taking a degree course.


Let S be a complex non-singular projective surface of general type with a genus 2 fibration and x(O S ) > 5. Let G C Aut S be a non-trivial subgroup of automorphisms of S, inducing trivial actions on H i (S,Q) for all i. Then |G| = 2, K 2 S = 4x(O S ) and q(S) = 1. Examples of such surfaces are given.


My thesis critically examines the current debate between biblical feminists Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza and Musa Dube and the accuracy in their depictions of one another. While both women maintain the importance of building strategic feminist alliances in a global context, their engagement, spanning over a decade, frustrates this goal in the manner in which they portray each other's scholarly position. Based on close readings of key texts, historical dates, contexts, and dialogue partners, my thesis claims that both women too quickly reify and homogenize the other in her theoretical and social "positions" within the feminist biblical landscape. In each case, the depiction polarizes the other and leads to a misreading which effectively weakens or limits dialogue and solidarity within global feminist biblical scholarship. In addition to this significance, my thesis seeks to contribute to contemporary feminist methodologies which witness the broader complexity and changing fields of feminist dialogues and debates.


AbstractNature's ability of programming the synthesis of different metallic nanoparticles has paved way to a new green era in an unforeseen fashion. However, there is a timely need to delve into the practical implications and challenges of this green science. The working principles of green synthesis need a critical analysis for the factual evaluation of different green domains endorsed in it. The inclusion of nongreen elements, such as heat energy and organic solvents, seems to alter the original scope of green synthesis. Moreover, green chemistry principles, green nanotechnology, and green synthesis should be reconsidered within the zone of their interception for conclusive evidence. A new concept, "all green," is foreseen in this article for a greener nanoscience and analyzed for its practical feasibility.


An additional scalar degree of freedom for a gravitational wave is often predicted in theories of gravity beyond general relativity and can be used for a model-agnostic test of gravity. In this letter, we report the first direct search for the scalar-tensor mixed polarization modes of gravitational waves from compact binaries in a strong regime of gravity by analyzing the data of GW170814 and GW170817, which are the merger events of binary black holes and binary neutron stars, respectively. Consequently, we obtain the constraints on the ratio of scalar-mode amplitude to tensor-mode amplitude: $\lesssim 0.18$ for GW170814 and $\lesssim 0.069$ for GW170817, which are the strongest constraints obtained so far on the presence of the scalar polarization in a strong regime of gravity.


Thirty six male ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchinus) were harvested in South Dakota and Wisconsin from a variety of habitats supporting differing plant communities. Feeding habits of the birds were evaluated by visually identifying gross crop contents and stable isotope ratios of carbon ( 13 C/ 12 C) from different regions of tail feathers. Carbon isotope ratios are useful tracers in food webs since the isotopic signals of ingested food become incorporated and expressed in the tissues of consumers. We found that pheasant crop contents are significantly correlated with the δ 13 C values of the calamus (Fall growth) of the feather. Their was no significant correlation between the δ 13 C of the rachis (Summer growth) and crop contents. The findings demonstrate that crop content analysis is accurate only over short periods of time, whereas, stable isotope analysis of feathers can show diet changes over several months. Our study also found that pheasants shift their diet toward a higher C4 plant consumption in the Fall as compared to Summer. The significance of pheasant diet shifting appears to depend on land-use and C4 plant source availability. When δ 13 C values are compared to C4 crop landuse, a significant logarithmic relationship exists. The pheasant diet appears to be saturated in C4 at approximately 40% C4 crop land-use. The techniques used may have applications for non-destructive diet studies in pheasants and help provide information for pheasant habitat management.


The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: particle bed reactor (PBR) core cross section; PBR bleed cycle; fuel and moderator flow paths; PBR modeling requirements; characteristics of PBR and nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) modeling; challenges for PBR and NTP modeling; thermal hydraulic computer codes; capabilities for PBR/reactor application; thermal/hydralic codes; limitations; physical correlations; comparison of predicted friction factor and experimental data; frit pressure drop testing; cold frit mask factor; decay heat flow rate; startup transient simulation; and philosophy of systems modeling.


System, based on open-loop demand-type compressed air concept, is lighter and less bulky than former systems, yet still provides thirty minutes of air supply. Comfort, visibility, donning time, and breathing resistance have been improved. Apparatus is simple to recharge and maintain and is comparable in cost to previously available systems.


A novel method is described for facile fabrication of immobilized Cu2+ chelated cellulose/magnetic hydroxyapatite hybrid beads (denoted as Cu2+ Cell/MHAP) by an emulsification technique. In this process, the particles of MHAP, as the main component of the adsorbent, were prepared by simply mixing iron oxide with N-(phosphonomethyl)-iminodiacetic acid (PM-IDA) and followed by hydroxyapatite (HAP) deposition in aqueous solution. The obtained MHAP particles were suspended in cellulose solution and emulsified into Cell/MHAP hybrid beads. Finally, chelating Cu2+ on Cell/MHAP through oxygen ions of PO43– groups gave the immobilized metal affinity adsorbent. The combination of immobilized Cu2+ ligands, MHAP particles, and magnetic response together with the large size of the spherical cellulose support endowed the adsorbent with excellent adsorption selectivity, high adsorption capacity, and easy recovery of adsorbent from solvent, respectively. By physical characterization, Cu2+ Cell/MHAP possessed a large spec...


Room-temperature superconductivity has been one of the most challenging subjects in modern physics. Recent experiments reported that lanthanum hydride LaH$_{10{\pm}x}$ ($x$$<$1) raises a superconducting transition temperature $T_{\rm c}$ up to ${\sim}$260 (or 215) K at high pressures around 190 (150) GPa. Here, based on first-principles calculations, we reveal the existence of topological Dirac-nodal-line (DNL) states in compressed LaH$_{10}$. Remarkably, the DNLs protected by the combined inversion and time-reversal symmetry and the rotation symmetry create a van Hove singularity (vHs) near the Fermi energy, giving rise to large electronic density of states. Contrasting with other La hydrides containing cationic La and anionic H atoms, LaH$_{10}$ shows a peculiar characteristic of electrical charges with anionic La and both cationic and anionic H species, caused by a strong hybridization of the La $f$ and H $s$ orbitals. We find that a large number of electronic states at the vHs are strongly coupled to the H-derived high-frequency phonon modes that are induced via the unusual, intricate bonding network of LaH$_{10}$, thereby yielding a high $T_{\rm c}$. Our findings not only elucidate the microscopic origin of the observed high-$T_{\rm c}$ BCS-type superconductivity in LaH$_{10}$, but also pave the route for achieving room-temperature topological superconductors in compressed hydrogen-rich compounds.


The adverse outcome after cerebrovascular stroke (CVS) is determined not only by the neurological deficits but also by medical comorbidities including kidney dysfunction. We studied the frequency of acute kidney injury (AKI) with CVS and its relationship to short-term mortality. This study included 80 patients with stroke (mean age: 62.5 ± 6.2 years). Stroke severity was determined using Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS). Serum creatinine (SCr), creatinine clearance (CrCl) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) concentrations were the measured markers of AKI. Follow-up was done for 3-months or till death. Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate contributors to mortality. Compared to reference group, patients had higher SCr (p 0.75 ng/ml). Mortality rate was 35%. Compared to survivors, patients who died had lower SSS, higher SCr and KIM-1 and lower CrCl (all p < 0.001). Higher SCr [Hazard ratio (HR), 1.65; 95% CI, 1.41 to 1.93], KIM-1 [HR, 1.63; 95%CI, 1.21 to 2.19] and lower CrCl [HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.65] significantly predicted worse short-term survival. We conclude that AKI is a common complication of CVS. Increase in SCr, KIM-1 and decrease in CrCl concentrations are associated with worse short-term outcome with stroke.


One might venture the guess that to the future historian of science one of the most intriguing features of the present era of psychoanalysis might lie in the following paradox: that while psychoanalysis, both as theory and practice, represents the most advanced form of current thought regarding psychological growth and human relationships, there is, a t the same time, considerable vagueness and disagreement among workers as to what constitute the characteristic operations of this science. If we view this state of affairs in the light of the history of other sciences, particularly mathematics and physics, we find that the problem in psychoanalysis-as sketched ahove-has no parallel in the evolution of those sciences. Indeed, i t is well known that in the natural sciences, a precise definition (description) of the scope and mode of opera-


The catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide at palladium proceeds predominantly via an Eley-Rideal mechanism Oaa + CO -> GO2, whereby chemisorption of oxygen is inhibited by adsorbed CO. Studies with a clean Pd(lll)-surface under UHV conditions by means of the technique of laser-induced thermal desorption revealed that the stationary formation of CO2 may only start if the carbon monoxide coverage becomes smaller than 2/3 of its maximum value. In a side reaction CO2 may also be formed via a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism OOad + Oad -* CO2 whose kinetics was investigated by means of


In this article,the embedded Bluetooth solution provided by CSR is introduced firstly,then each component of the solution is described respectively,including BlueCore chip,BlueStack software,CASIRA BDK and BlueLab SDK.Finally,the advantage and disadvantage of the solution are pointed out based on our application experience.


This study aims to examine the factors that influence the safety culture among employees
of the Company Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), The Distribution Division Ipoh, Perak. There are three dimensions of the independent variable namely employee involvement, the role of the Occupational Safety and Health Committee (JKKPP) and safety training. A total of 169 sets of questionnaires were distributed to the employees of TNB Distribution Division in Ipoh, Perak and only 155 questionnaires were returned and analyzed. Data were analyzed using the "Statistical Package for Social Science" (SPSS)
version 20.0. The findings show that these three factors as employee involvement, the role
of the Occupational Safety and Health Committee (JKKPP) and safety training has a positive significant relationship to the safety culture. While the regression analysis showed that all three of these factors significantly affects the safety culture among employees in TNB Distribution Division Ipoh, Perak.


Teacher is the core of education.Maths Expert teacher is the main force of putting the new course reform into effect.This article defined the basic connotation of expert teacher,analyzed its basic characteristics and illustrated its main baffling factors.


wL ' imiting scales exist for all natural features on the planet. For example, he size of mountains is limited by gravity and the strength of materials. The height of a tree is limited, apart from its genetic composition, by, gravity in terms of the weight it can bear, the ambient soil and water, resistance to wind, etc. Similarly, populations of wild animals are limited by the size and feeding capacity of the habitat. So is the population of human beings on the planet, as suggested by the limits to growth argument. Human ingenuity or technology has managed to transcend some of these limits. For example, consider the height of buildings which defying all expectation continue to rise. However, here too we are limited by the strength of materials, pressures of wind, fire hazards and resilience to tremors. Such an argument also applies to the size of human settlements. This size clearly depends on such basics as the available resource of water and the quality of air, which keeps deteriorating as the quantum of human activity goes up. For large cities survival depends on the import of produce from far away. This means a very considerable activity depends on transport not only for people going to and back from work but in bringing in the goods that they need. As size increases, so will the cost in time and money of transporting goods and people. If a city grows to be large enough so that it takes more than a couple of hours to commute to work, the productivity of such work activity is called into question. All this also has an impact on the health of the inhabitants. Human ac-


Operators, struggling to continuously add capacity and upg rade their architecture to keep up with data traffic increase, are turning their attention to denser deployments that improve spectral efficiency. Dense r deployments make the problem of user association challenging, and much w ork has been devoted to finding algorithms that strike a tradeoff between user quality of service (QoS), and network-wide performance (load-balanc ing). Nevertheless, the majority of these algorithms typically consider s imple setups with a single type of traffic, usually elastic non-GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate). They also focus on the radio access part, ignoring the backhaul to po ogy and potential capacity limitations. Backhaul constraints are em erging as a key performance bottleneck in future networks, partly due to the co ntinuous improvement of the radio interface, and partly due to the need f or inexpensive backhaul links to reduce capital and operational expenditu res. To this end, we propose an analytical framework for user association tha t jointly considers radio access and backhaul network performance. Specific ally, we derive an algorithm that takes into account spectral efficiency, ba se station load, backhaul link capacities and topology, and two traffic class es (GBR and nonGBR) in both the uplink and downlink directions. We prove ana lytically an optimal user association rule that ends up maximizing eithe r an arithmetic or a weighted harmonic mean of the achieved performance alon g different dimensions (e.g. UL and DL performance or GBR and non-GBR per formance). We then use extensive simulations to study the impac t of (i) traffic differentiation, and (ii) backhaul capacity limitations a nd topology on key performance metrics. Index Terms hetnets; backhaul; optimization; traffic differentiation ; user-association; load balancing; spectral efficiency.


For any natural number n≥1, Y CΩ 2n is an easy term; that is, for any λ term M, λβ+Y\-CΩ 2n =M is consistent, where Y C is Curry fixed point combinator, Ω 2n ≡ω 2n ω 2n and ω 2n ≡λx.xx...x (there are 2n occurrences of x after λx ). This result is a partial solution to Jacopini's conjecture: Y CΩ n is an easy term for any natural number n≥2.


An optimal trading problem in intraday electricity markets / Rene Aid, EDF RD Pierre Gruet & Huyen Pham, LPMA, Universite Paris Diderot, January 2015, 39 p. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/PMA/hal-01104829v1 Authors's abstract : We consider the problem of optimal trading for a power producer in the context of intraday electricity markets. The aim is to minimize the imbalance cost induced by the random residual demand in electricity, i.e. the c...


Exponential model and logarithmic model are the models which are generally accepted in the simulation process for the calcined product microstructure of the Ca-based absorbent,the exploration of their superiority and scope can provide the basis for application.Based on experiment datas,in a few conditions carry out comparison between the simulation results of the two models and the experiment results for the pore volume distribution and accumulative specific pore volume.Results illustrate that the simulation for the pore volume distribution when the pore radius is relatively small the simulation results of exponential model are closer to the experimental results,when the pore radius is relatively large the simulation results of logarithmic model are closer to the experimental results,the critical pore radius is probably at the common border of the two simulated curves,and has a relationship with tatol specific pore volume and tatol specific surface area.Logrithmic model is more accurate for the accumulative specific pore volume,especially when the pore radius is relatively small.From view of equivalent aperture,logrithmic model is more suitable for the description of the level of average pore radius.


A minimum polynomial extrapolation has been implemented successfully on lumped/distributed nonlinear networks to obtain the rapid steady-state solution. The results show a considerable reduction in computation time necessary for obtaining the steady-state solution. The extrapolation method has been applied to a 10-GHz lumped/distributed oscillator.<<ETX>>


Abstract : A process has been developed for refining the austenite grain size of a martensitic stainless steel, AFC 77, by deformation in the tempered martensitic condition. Deformation above 25% results in considerable grain refinement during subsequent austenitizing. Increases in yield strength of 20 to 60 ksi have been obtained with no loss of toughness. For tempering treatments at 500F and 700F both strength and toughness are increased. (Author)


Positive psychology has been paid more and more attention.The binding of positive psychology and family education forms a positive upbringing way for the families.The way of family positive education innovates concept of Chinese traditional perspective of the parents,for it requires parents to adopt positive means to guide children to look at the positive aspects of the problems,to learn how to use a positive problem-solving methodology,so that children frequently experience positive emotions and have good attitude,in which they learn to create and share happiness,be more optimistic and gradually form a positive outlook on life and world.Research of positive family education's significance and specific practices will play an important role in promoting the harmonious development of Chinese family and the whole society.


Aluminum alloys are lucrative aerocraft materials due to their high-temperature performance, which involves creep crack propagation. However, it is difficult to acquire three-dimensional morphology, volume, and quantity through traditional imaging and characterization techniques, as metallic alloys are optically opaque. The development of synchrotron radiation X-ray tomography has facilitated the study of creep crack propagation. In this study, samples obtained by an interruption experiment were subjected to X-ray tomography observation. Based on reconstruction and visualization software analysis, cracks were first formed inside the material and then propagated via the growth and connection of creep voids. While propagating forward, the cracks also propagated toward the material surface, with the inside of the material propagating more than the surface of the material. When the main crack propagated, irregularly shaped microcracks and large independent branch cracks were generated, promoting the propagation of the main crack.


The first essay "A Simple Threshold Model of Theft" proposes and estimates a simple threshold model of theft, where all individuals have access to the same distribution of theft opportunities, and what differentiates them is their expectation of the cost of theft. The data support the basic assumptions of the model. The best predictors of theft are variables that are good proxies for patience and forward thinking.


The appearance of Sylvain Levi's admirable treatise, 'Le theatre Indian' had necessitated a fresh investigation of the origin and development of the Indian drama on the basis of new materials. The present work is an attempt to throw light on the early history, origin and development of the drama in India. It covers original development as well as dramatic theory and practice.


Objective:To investigate the syndromatic essentiality of portal hypertensive gastropathy( PHG) with stagnation of liver Qi and deficiency of spleen( SLDS) from endothelin( ET) and nitric oxide( NO),and to supply theoretical evidence for clinical syndrome differentiation. Methods:All subjects were divided into four groups with P,H,G and C,30 eath other. The history of disease and clinical symptoms of patients were imguired in detail and were filled in the data cards. Collected each subject's blood specimens under empty stomach state in the morning and then made electronic gastrocopies. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect NO,ET in plasma. Results:① The content of NO,ET in P group obviously increased as compared with those in H,G and C groups( P 0. 01). ② In P group,the content of NO,ET of the heavy group by McCormick's grade were higher than those of the slight group( P 0. 01). ③ There existed relevance between scores of SLDS and the content of NO,ET( P 0. 01). ④ In P group,the content of NO,ET of C grade of Child-Pugh classification were higher than those of grade A and B( P 0.01). Conclusion:① NO,ET participate in forming of PHG,brings about an advance in it and plays a leading role in the forming and development of PHG. ② More high the scores and the degree of the liver functiona is,more high the content of NO,ET; ③ NO,ET can be used to detect PHG with SLDS and are not helpful to guiding the clinical syndrome differentiatioin.


Situated in the center of the continental United States, vast wind resources and interstate transmission capacity have made Kansas a leading exporter of wind energy. However, public reactions to commercial scale wind power production have varied considerably across the state, inspiring a mixture of enthusiasm and opposition. Using a comparative case study design, we examine how geographic, political, and economic factors collide to produce distinct impacts of wind energy development in Kansas.


In view of the previous reports on the enhancement of antibody productionin animals given intracerebral injections of various types of antigens,attemptshave been made by present authors to produce in rabbits anti-sheep hemo-lysin by comparing intracerebral inoculations of the sheep cells at various inter-vals with that by intravenous inoculations.The amount of antigen given was0.25 ml,the total number of injections was 3,and the intervals varied from 1to 4 days.Blood samples were taken 10 days after the first injection,and thenevery 5 days.The usual method of 100% hemolytic unit was used to measure theantibody response of different groups of animals (5 in each group).It was foundthat all the animals injected with the antigen by the intracerebral route showeda greater response than those inoculated by the intravenous route,and the inter-val of 4 days between two intracerebral injections was found to be the optimum.The titre in animals of this group varied from 3-8 times the highest titre ofthe intravenous group.The significance of these findings is briefly discussed inthis paper.


During the 1990s, many prominent franchisors have become enmeshed in contentious litigation of sys temwide disputes with fran? chisees. One leading quick-serve restaurant franchisor, for example, has faced a series of individual lawsuits over similar encroach? ment claims.1 Another has turned back repeated attacks?some in individual SUitS, SOme in claSS Edward Wood Dunham actions?on the enforceability of its arbitration clause.2 Others have litigated franchisee class actions on the merits, a daunting exercise that can expose the franchisor to a potentially crippling damage award.3 Franchisors that have not yet confronted such systemwide disputes should not assume that this is a function of either their superior business concepts or enlightened approaches to franchisee relations. No franchisor is immune, and without a well-conceived risk management strategy in place before a litigation outbreak, the continued viability of the system can be in jeopardy. To have any chance of success, that strategy must be anchored in the terms of the franchise agreement. All prudent franchisors try to use standard contract terms to achieve some measure of predictability and control in the resolution of disputes with franchisees. This article is an overview of the current state of the law on enforcing risk management provisions in franchise agreements. Choice of law clauses, judicial forum selection clauses, and arbitration clauses are the most common franchise agree? ment provisions designed to manage the franchisor's litiga? tion risks. As those risks have exploded, however, franchisors have become ever more creative (or, from the franchisees' perspective, increasingly overreaching) in developing con? tract terms that not only select the forum for dispute resolu? tion and choose the governing law, but also compel fran? chisees to mediate before asserting any claims, and purport to limit the relief available to franchisees.


Student Researchers: Anayris Cruz, ThomasArmstrongToroHighSchool;DeborahVázquez,PonceHighSchool Mentors: Jaime L. Matta, PhD; Edu B. Suarez, PhD, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico and University of Puerto .Rico in Ponce, Puerto Rico Skin cancer is a complex and multistage process that is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors such as ultraviolet UVA and UVB light, DNA repair capacity (DRC), and genetic polymorphisms in a number of genes including tumor suppressor, cell growth regulators, and DNA repair capacity. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer in the Western world. The incidence of sporadic BCC cases increases with age. It is usually manifested in individuals.55 years old. In a survey of our 500 BCC patients database we found seven cases which were diagnosed before 35 years old, an age of onset that is very rare for this condition. In this project, we performed a case-control experimental design to study the single nucleotides polymorphisms (SNPs) in the XPD (DNA repair gene), P53 (tumor suppressor and DNA repair), and PTCH (cell growth regulator) genes in this young population. We hypothesized that the presence of mutant allele(s) in a young person increases the risk for developing BCC at young age. We determined the normal allele frequencies of these genes in the Puerto Rican population in order to evaluate the significance of our results in these seven patients. INTRODUCTION


The convergence of computing and networking has affected the ways in which people live, work and learn; the way institutions operate; and raised new issues and challenges for governments. National and global initiatives have been implemented to address the blurring of boundaries -geographical and political-caused by electronic data transfer over these global networks. The flow of electronic data and digital content across jurisdictional lines calls for novel -or updated- laws and regulatory solutions (e.g., data protection, privacy, content regulation, etc.).

This panel offers a comparative analysis of national laws and policies regulating the transport of data across national boundaries, with a special focus on the implications for information dissemination and access. A series of panelists from a variety of backgrounds and perspectives will explore these issues and describe how these are framed and debated in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The discussion should both inform and entice the audience to reflect on and pursue these timely problems.


Patient-Centered Care is a form of patient-centered health service expected to benefit PPAs, patients, and families mutually. PCC respects patient and family decisions and even provides policies to prioritize patient and family satisfaction. In its application, there are several factors, namely leadership, strategic vision, patient and family involvement, work environment, systematic measurement and response, environmental quality, and technology. This study aims to identify factors related to the implementation of PCC at the Syiah Kuala University Teaching Hospital. This type of quantitative research; is correlative descriptive with a cross-sectional study design. The sample in this study amounted to 71 respondents taken by total sampling technique. The research data collection tool used a questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using the chi-square test. The results showed a relationship between leadership (p-value = 0.037), patient and family involvement (p-value = 0.004), work environment (p-value = 0.037), systematic measurement and response (p-value = 0.001). Moreover, there is no relationship between strategic vision factors (p-value = 0.117), environmental quality (p-value = 0.054), and technology (p-value = 1.000) with the implementation of PCC at the Syiah Kuala University Teaching Hospital. It is expected that the hospital will optimize the factors related to the performance of PCC and carry out supervision so that PCC runs well.

Keywords: Implementation, Patient-Centered Care, Hospital.


A three‐dimensional reaction field composed of a thick, porous TiO2 layer decorated with Pt and an anionic ionomer was fabricated on the surface of a membrane photocathode assembly (MPA). This MPA comprised (ZnSe)0.85(CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2)0.15 (ZnSe : CIGS) particles that promoted the photoelectrochemical (PEC) production of methylcyclohexane (MCH) from toluene and water. The Pt/TiO2 layer provided selective active sites for MCH production as well as reactant supply pathways. A tandem PEC cell consisting of the Pt/TiO2‐modified ZnSe : CIGS MPA and a photoanode exhibited spontaneous MCH production with a solar‐to‐MCH (STMCH) conversion efficiency as high as 0.32 %. This is the first‐ever report of sunlight‐driven overall MCH production without any assistance of external bias voltages and demonstrates the feasibility of driving this reaction as an artificial photosynthesis.


Nowadays, in the enlarged European Union, a considerable debate on the phenomena of legal and illegal migration as well as integration between citizens of the third countries is taking place. The majority of the Member States experience the phenomenon of migration and face challenges connected with integration. Some of these countries, together with new Member States (hence Poland as well), are just beginning to face immigration. On the contrary, the problem of emigration is common in these countries. The paper aims at diagnosing the scale of migration and the most important problems that this phenomenon poses to Poland.


The rapid development of information technology has led to changes in the education sector. The current environment has become a major challenge for higher education where the data must be updated and accurate. To remain competitive, organizations need to maximize the use of technology to the highest level. Therefore, business intelligence (BI) has provides the elements for decision making. The element is used to generate effective management, forecasts of future results, and solutions to improve organizational performance. In order to implement BI in organizations, a framework should be proposed before developing a prototype. However, to develop a framework that fits with business intelligence in higher education, it is important to take into account the necessary components. There are several existing BI framework that can be used according to the structure since the layer, components, and processes are difference depends on the reasons of implementation. Therefore, an analysis of the important layers, components, and processes to develop a framework will be discussed in this paper.


This chapter introduces the concept of co-learning among community members and educators that challenges the conventional power dynamics often found in formal educational settings.


Background: Marital infidelity in our country is increasing and a few studies have been done on the factors influencing marital satisfaction afterwards. Therefore, in this study, we decided to determine the role of psychosocial factors affecting marital satisfaction in couples after marital infidelity.Method: This analytical-cross-sectional study was conducted on 235 couples who betrayed and did betrayal referred to relevant centers (counseling centers of Tehran and Mashhad's university and court). Subjects completed marital satisfaction questionnaires (ENRICH)[1], attitudes toward infidelity scale (MARK WHATLY), adult attachment scale (RAAS), men's and women's sexual schema scale, and data were entered into SPSS 21 software after encoding and were analyzed by linear regression statistical method.Results: The results of data analysis showed that the most important factors affecting marital satisfaction were: attitude toward infidelity, scale of passionate – romantic scale, age and embarrassed - conservation schema (women) (p <0.05). Among these variables, age, attitude towards infidelity and embarrassed - conservation scale are inversely correlated with marital satisfaction, meaning that the higher the variance in terms of these variables, we will see less marital satisfaction after infidelity. But the passionate – romantic scale has a direct relationship with marital satisfaction, meaning that the more men are stronger in terms of this schema, the greater the marital satisfaction between the couples after the infidelity.Discussion and Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, it can be recommended to therapists to consider these variables in their therapeutic components to promote marital satisfaction after infidelity.


In this thesis, we introduced two new applications of Machine Learning in the field of Economic Optimization. The first application addresses the problem of searching for global Self-Optimizing variables. We applied Genetic Programming (GP) to solve this problem and demonstrated how powerful is the new GP-based search method. In the second application, we used Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to develop a vision-based steady-state detector (SSD) for steady-state Real-Time Optimizers. It was our purpose to investigate if this vision-based SSD has higher accuracy than established statistical SSD. We found that they have comparable performances, but the CNN-based detector possesses certain advantages that the others do not have.


There has been much concern over whether women are treated equally to men with respect to HIV/AIDS research. At the Vancouver Conference, it was evident that progress toward this goal has been shamefully slow. Whether protease inhibitors work as well in women with liver disease as they do in men has not been studied. In most parts of the developed world, a high proportion of HIV-infected women have histories of drug use, and possibly serious liver damage. When potential problem areas are brought to light, such as increased risk for genital cancers in women, suggestions for treatment are not made. In some areas, self help groups and advocacy organizations exist, but more need to be developed to help women cope with HIV infection, and to help them become educated to maintain their own health and prevent infection. Methods giving women some control over HIV prevention include the female condom and microbiocides, with the former being potentially effective but less accepted by male partners in some countries. Attention was also given to the female aspect of HIV transmission, such as viral shedding in genital secretions. Finally, the known effect of AZT on preventing perinatal transmission of HIV was discussed.


the ninth congress of the Pan American Union meets in Bogota in March, 1948 will Canada become a member? New interest in this perennial question of western hemisphere politics was aroused last April when Senator Arthur Vandenberg, speaking in Washington, expressed the wish that the time may soon come when our Continental fellowship will be geographically and spiritually complete through the association with us, on some appropriate basis, of the great and splendid Dominion of Canada. ... By every rule of reason we should wish her here. I would welcome the final and total new world unity which will be nobly dramatized when the twenty-second chair is filled, and our Continental brotherhood is complete from the Arctic circle to Cape Horn.1


1.1 The design process Engineering disciplines offer powerful analytical techniques which are applicable in a wide range of problem solving applications. As an emerging field, biomedical engineering draws on the tools of the classical engineering fields, such as mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering, to address problems originating in complex biological or clinical systems. The real art of biomedical engineering comes in the creativity it takes to reframe these ill-defined biological or clinical problems into ones which can be addressed using the tools offered by classical engineering disciplines. Because the range of clinical and biological problems is so broad, it is impossible to give examples of every possible problem and their appropriate solution sets. However, developing a general framework in which complex, multilevel problems can be addressed can help formalize the process by which these problems are conceptualized and prevent them from becoming overwhelming in their complexity. This framework consists of the 5 following steps: 1. Identify a precise, well-defined problem (may be a sub-problem of a much larger problem) 2. Identify desired endpoint/solution to problem 3. Identify a set of reasonable assumptions based on current knowledge of the field 4. Based on the problem statement, desired endpoint, and assumptions, use engineering tools to design potential solutions 5. Identify optimal solution based on desired endpoint and the pros/cons associated with each solution 6. Repeat as necessary By way of example, we will walk through these steps, demonstrating how it can be applied to neural prosthetics to see how it generates a new and promising approach to solving problems currently preventing progress in this field. The use of neural prosthetics is complex, involving many different therapeutic goals and technical approaches to achieving them. The above process will be repeated several times as we re-frame our biological problem and think through possible solutions, but it will differ slightly each time as it is used to address new problems arising at each decision point in the design process.


The stability of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and dobutamine in 5% glucose infusion minibags stored at 5°C was determined. Results indicated that noradrenaline (16 and 40mg/l) and dobutamine (1 and 5 g/1) were relatively stable with t/95% values in excess of 30 days. Adrenaline and dopamine were less stable. The t/95% values were approximately 20 and 14 days respectively.


A synthetic strategy based on tandem application of double Claisen rearrangement and two-directional ring-closing metathesis reaction as key-steps has been developed for the synthesis of various hitherto unknown tri-, tetra- and pentacyclic benzofused bisoxepin and bisoxocin derivatives.


A fabrication process of precisely controlled three-dimensional patterns using a gray-scale lithography is presented. Multi-layered exposure patterns digitally generated by a mask-less exposure system are superposed on a photoresist-coated substrate layer by layer. Changing the exposure patterns and the exposure time of each exposure make the precise control of the profile of ultraviolet dose possible. The mask-less exposure system realizes fabrication of variable three-dimensional patterns at low cost with saving time. Photoresist patterns of spherical and aspherical microlens array of 100 /spl mu/m in each diameter are fabricated. The patterns are successfully transferred into silicon substrates with reactive ion etching.


— In this research work, a novel eye-blink detection model is developed. The proposed eye blink detection model is modeled by following seven major phases: (a) video–to-frame conversion, (b) Pre-processing, (c) face detection, (d) eye region localization, (e) eye landmark detection and eye status detection, (f) eye blink detection and (f) Eye blink Classification. Initially, from the collected raw video sequence (input), each individual frames are extracted in the video –to-frame conversion phase. Then, each of the frames is subjected to pre-processing phase, where the quality of the image in the frames is improved using proposed Kernel median filtering (KMF) approach. In the face detection phase, the Viola-Jones Model has been utilized. Then, from the detected faces, the eye region is localization within the proposed eye region localization phase. The proposed Eye region localization phase encapsulates two major phases: Feature extraction and landmark detection. The features like improved active shape models (I-ASMs), Local Binary pattern are extracted from the detected facial images. Then, the eye region is localization by using a new optimized Convolution neural network framework. This optimized CNN framework is trained with the extracted features (I-ASM and LBP). Moreover, to enhance the classification accuracy of eye localization, the weight of CNN is fine-tuned using a new Seagull Optimization with Enhanced Exploration (SOEE), which is the improved version of standard Seagull Optimization Algorithm (SOA). The outcome from optimized CNN framework is providing the exact location of the eye region. Once the eye region is detected, it is essential to detect the status of the eye (whether open or close). The status of the eye is detected by computing the eye aspect ratio (EAR). Then, the identified eye blinks are classified based on the computed correlation coefficient as long and short blinks. Finally, a comparative evaluation has been accomplished to validate the projected model.


Currently, researching of network interaction, in general, proceeds along two theoretical frames: the theory of social interaction, and semiotic perspective. Although the process and forms of network interaction (i.e. interactive behaviors) are revealed by scholars following the two ways, this behavior's influences and functions over participants and other people involved remain a problem, despite its motivation and self-meaning. This paper suggests the affects and roles illustrated in three aspects: concealed functions upon others, emotional support acquired in the interactions, and function of socialization toward participants.


CADAT Logic Simulation Program (LOGSIM) checks functional correctness of electronic logic circuit by simulating circuit at logic gate level. LOGSIM also checks propagation delay through logic nets and indicates any timing or "race" problems.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) require reliable data transmission with constrained energy consumption, power dissipation and high performance to maximize sensor lifetimes. A specific Error Correction Code (ECC) cannot be adopted by different applications of WSN as the ECC depends on application requirements and network constraints. Therefore, choosing the optimum ECC for a WSN application is done by taking the performance and energy consumption into consideration. In this paper, we build a systematic literature review about different methods of error correction codes for different applications in WSN. Furthermore, we study two ECC algorithms, which are block codes and convolutional codes, deployed for energy, power and performance.


The effects of pulsed photothermal radiometry (PPTR) using a thermal camera on the optical and thermal properties of biological materials are investigated. Changing the pulse repetition frequency of the laser pulses affects the penetration depth of the laser, which can provide three-dimensional (3D) images in arbitrary planes and allow imaging deep within a solid tissue. A 3D heat conduction formulation that uses 3D optical diffusion is developed to derive a turbid frequency-domain PPTR (FDPPTR) model. The proposed model may be useful for non-contact, non-invasive, in situ evaluation for the depth profilometric imaging capabilities. The model is applied for monitoring carious and artificial subsurface lesions in human teeth.


In developing countries, most people do not have access to adequate water supply services, and the receiving water bodies are used for various purposes. Treated sewage effluent should therefore comply with a standard of nil fecal coliforms/100 ml before its discharge into the receiving surface water body, and this standard can only be achieved by disinfection. The present study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of four wastewater treatment plants for the removal of coliforms in order to establish the relationship between the microbiological quality of the final effluent and that of the receiving water body, which may influence infections and diseases in the community of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The disinfection practice in terms of chlorine residual concentrations was found not to be sufficient for the removal of coliforms from the effluent. The Dimbaza plant removed coliform organisms at 85.71%. In Alice, Fort Beaufort, and East London wastewater treatment plants, 62.5%, 60%, and 43% of the organisms found in treated final effluents were also prevalent in receiving water bodies, respectively. The results suggest that the microbiological quality of the effluents examined pose a serious health risk to the communities because various potentially pathogenic organisms were identified.

Keywords:

treatment;
wastewater;
coliforms;
receiving water body;
developing country


Background:
 Stroke in middle-aged persons is emerging as a distinct entity from previously described "stroke in the young." Risk factors for recurrence of vascular events in middle-aged stroke survivors have not been well described in a large, racially diverse US-based population.

 Methods:
 We performed a retrospective longitudinal analysis of claims data from all hospitalizations in California (2005-2011), Florida (2005-2014), and New York (2005-2014). We included survivors of first-ever ischemic stroke (IS) and non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We used validated ICD-9 codes to identify recurrent vascular events, defined as a readmission with a primary diagnosis of IS, ICH, or myocardial infarction (MI). We used survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression to determine factors associated with recurrence risk in middle-aged (40-60 years) versus older (>60 years) adults.

 Results:
 We identified 123,212 non-fatal hospitalizations for first-ever IS or ICH in middle-aged adults. There were 14,721 readmissions for recurrent vascular events (11.9%) over a mean follow-up of 4.0 years (standard deviation [SD] 2.8 years). The 1-year and 10-year recurrence rates were 5.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3%-5.6%) and 19.4% (95% CI, 19.0%-19.8%) respectively. In multivariable analysis, black (hazard ratio [HR] 1.44; 95% CI, 1.39-1.50; p<0.001) and Hispanic race (HR 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16; p<0.001), diabetes (HR 1.76; 95% CI, 1.70-1.82; p<0.001), smoking (HR 1.22; 95% CI, 1.18-1.27; p<0.001), hyperlipidemia (HR 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12; p<0.001), and hypertension (HR 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.10; p<0.001) were associated with increased risk. The associations of black race and diabetes were modified by age category (both multivariable interactions p<0.001). Black race and diabetes were associated with greater increases in risk in middle-aged versus older adults (in older adults: black race HR 1.28; 95% CI, 1.25-1.31; p<0.001; diabetes HR 1.27; 95% CI, 1.25-1.30; p<0.001).

 Conclusions:
 Black race and diabetes were the strongest risk factors for recurrence of vascular events in a middle-aged population. Further study of interventions to reduce recurrence and resulting disability in this younger, higher risk population is needed.


Dynamic compaction of mine-run salt is being investigated for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), where compacted salt is being considered for repository sealing applications. One large-scale and two intermediate-scale dynamic-compaction demonstrations were conducted. Initial fractional densities of the compacted salt range from 0.85 to 0.90, and permeabilities range from approximately 10 -12 m 2 to 10 -15 m 2 . Dynamically-compacted specimens were further consolidated in the laboratory by application of hydrostatic pressure. Permeability as a function of density was determined, and consolidation microprocesses were studied. Experimental results, in conjunction with modeling results (Callahan et al., 1996), indicate that the compacted salt will function as a viable seal material.


As the usage of mobile devices grows explosively, texting on a touchscreen becomes everyday routines for communication. For visually-impaired people, however, textentry on the touchscreen is largely cumbersome and timeconsuming due to the difficulty of locating keyboard buttons without any physical signifiers. We present new text-entry methods based on the Braille system to address this issue. The proposed Left Touch and Double Touch schemes are based on the two-button interface for Braille input, so that visuallyimpaired users can type textual characters without moving their fingers to find target buttons. We conducted experiments to evaluate the usability of the proposed methods and compared them with the One Finger Method and VoiceOver. The results show that the speed of the Double Touch is 3.94 second per letter (SPL) while that of the Left Touch is 2.60 SPL. The Left Touch was twice as slow as the VoiceOver but 39% faster than the One Finger Method. Although the typing speeds of the proposed schemes were slower than the VoiceOver, we found that the subjects felt the proposed schemes more comfortable to use than the VoiceOver. The convenience of using only two buttons in the mobile interface also enabled visually-impaired users to be less dependent on auditory feedback while typing texts. Keywords-visullay-impaired; touchscreen; text-entry; input;


Neutron stars that show X-ray and $\gamma$-ray pulsed emission must, somewhere in the magnetosphere, generate electron-positron pairs. Such pairs are also required for radio emission, but then why do a number of these sources appear radio quiet? Here, we carried out a deep radio search towards four such neutron stars that are isolated X-ray/$\gamma$-ray pulsars but for which no radio pulsations have been detected yet. These sources are 1RXS J141256.0+792204 (Calvera), PSR J1958+2846, PSR J1932+1916 and SGR J1907+0919. Searching at lower radio frequencies, where the radio beam is thought to be wider, increases the chances of detecting these sources, compared to the earlier higher-frequency searches. We thus carried a search for periodic and single-pulse radio emission with the LOFAR radio telescope at 150 MHz. We used the known periods, and searched a wide range of dispersion measures, as the distances are not well constrained. We did not detect pulsed emission from any of the four sources. However, we put very constraining upper limits on the radio flux density at 150 MHz, of $\lesssim$1.4 mJy.


is possibly more critical in understanding the Georgia Albums—is DuBois's seminal 1896 study The Philadelphia Negro, which provided the model for his Georgia Negro research. This was started when he first moved to Atlanta University, well before initial plans for the display at the 1900 exposition. Smith's final chapter on the important subject of photography and lynching, which draws on the Without Sanctuary exhibition and book of 2000, astutely shifts attention to the subject of the viewer, both in the crowds present at these events and in the exchanges between the senders and receivers of the (postcard) images. Reading these photographs against DuBois's later essay, "Souls of White Folk" (1920), provides Smith with her conclusion that they "make very clear that the power of whiteness is not only invisible and dispersed but also particular and embodied in U.S. culture" (p. 139). Smith's readings of DuBois's texts and the Georgia Albums draw on her synthesis of a large and diverse trove of scholarly literature. The interesting discussions and rich reference material in the endnotes should be read carefully. In subsuming these unique photographs within her own particular strategy of visual analysis, however, Smith tends to make the Georgia Albums disappear behind her more ambitious discourses on race and visual culture and to detach them from their own distinctive histories as objects of research and display. This is a book that will generate wide discussion, given the growing interest of scholars from many disciplines in understanding more fully the connections between visual culture and race.


Within just a few years, IGBTs (insulated gate bipolar transistors) have virtually ousted other switching technologies in power electronics in the range above 300 V and at switching frequencies up to 20 kHz. The technical advantages of IGBTs – high dielectric strength, relatively high current density, ease of driving and good short-circuit protection – and their steadily falling prices have promptly made these power semiconductors standard components for every power stage rated at 1 kW or more (Fig. 1).


Summary Some aspects of growth, conformation, and milk production, and their interrelations were investigated. The data were milk production and various measures of size at birth, 6 mo., 1 yr., and 2 yr. of age in the Iowa State College Holstein herd. Negative genetic associations between milk production and all measures of size except wither height were found. These associations indicate that any effort to select for milk production alone would lead to animals with reduced chest girth relative to wither height, chest depth, body length, and weight. Accordingly, any effort to select both for milk production and for a conformation indicating good production of meat would require considerable compromise in both. The correlations between dam's production and daughter's size were consistently larger than the reciprocal correlations between dam's size and daughter's production. This excess was not evident at birth but was as strong at 2 yr. as it was at 6 mo. It was concluded that this extra relationship was due to some maternal effect and not to contemporary environment affecting the characters similarly.