Although most published papers had not found an increase in the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease with the use of mycophenolate mophetil (MMF) in kidney transplant patients, we had the feeling from our everyday practice that after its introduction, the number of patients with the CMV disease increased. In order to test this hypothesis, we performed retrospective analysis of our database, comparing the incidence of CMV disease in patients treated with azathioprine (AZA) and patients treated with MMF. Cytomegalovirus disease was defined as CMV antigenemia (positive CMV pp65 determined by ELISA test) plus any of following: decreased leucocytes or thrombocytes, increased transaminases, or an increase in serum creatinine.

The azathioprine treatred group (AZA group) included 280 patients (132 female) treated for a total of 17,672 months with AZA + Cyclosporine A (CyA) + steroid, or AZA + steroid, while the MMF group included 219 patients (112 female) treated for a total 5079 months with MMF + CyA + steroid, or MMF + steroid. There was no difference in acute rejection episodes between the AZA and the MMF groups. The AZA group had 51 CMV disease episodes (1 episode per 346.5 treatment months), and the MMF group experienced 43 epizodes (1 per 118.1 months) (P < 0.01). Mean onset of the CMV disease was 32.65 ± 47.69 months (SD) after transplantation in the AZA group, and 3.72 ± 4.43 in the MMF group. There was no difference between two treatment groups regarding the donor–recipient CMV status mismatch. Despite having the increased incidence of CMV disease, the MMF group had less severe disease compared to the AZA group with decrease in leucocyte count in 11.6% vs 15.7% of episodes, decrease in thrombocyte count in 20.9% vs 21.6%, elevation of transaminases in 18.6% vs 29.4% respectively, and finally increase in serum creatinine greater than 20% in 51.2% in the MMF vs 74.5% in the AZA group. Five patients from the AZA group experienced CMV pneumonitis with the mortality rate of 80%. Only one patient from the MMF group had CMV pneumonitis, and he survived.

According to our results, patients treated with MMF have an increased risk for development of the CMV disease. However, the disease course is less severe, and less frequently accompanied with the decrease in renal function in comparison to the AZA group.


A triangular element composed of three subelements is proposed with the use of a quadratic displacement function for each subelement. The function allows the rigid-body displacement of the element, satisfies the compatibility of displacements along the boundaries between subelements as well as adjacent elements, and leads to states of uniform stress or strain. Numerical examples are given to show the accuracy of the results obtained by the proposed method, its adaptability to the solution of plate bending problems which are difficult to treat by other procedures, and the monotonic convergence of the results toward available exact solutions as the mesh size becomes finer. The use of the proposed function in the derivation of the stiffness matrix for a polygonal element is also described.


Savichev's modified adiabatic approximation [Sov. Phys. JETP 73, 803 (1991)] is used to obtain a general form of a quantum-mechanical amplitude of ionization by a low-frequency laser field. The method possesses only one requirement that the frequency of the laser field must be low. Connections of the obtained result with the quasi-classical approximation and other previous investigations are discussed.


The production of nitric oxide (NO) by the vascular endothelium is important for cardiovascular homeostasis, as endogenous NO regulates many fundamental cellular processes, including growth, mitochondrial respiration, differentiation, and migration. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS or NOS3) synthesizes NO in the endothelium lining all blood vessels, and genetic deletion of eNOS causes many cardiovascular phenotypes, including increased blood pressure, impaired angiogenesis, abnormal vascular remodeling, and accelerated atherosclerosis (Fulton et al., 1999). eNOS is a peripheral membrane protein that is modifi ed by dual acylation (N-myristoylation and Spalmitoylation), which targets it to specifi c biological membranes (Smotrys and Linder, 2004). All dually acylated proteins, including eNOS, src family members, and certain G-protein α subunits are cotranslationally N-myristoylated on cytoplasmic ribosomes followed by posttranslational cysteine palmitoylation. eNOS is N-myristoylated at glycine-2 and posttranslational S-palmitoylated on cysteines 15 and 26 (Sessa et al., 1993; Liu and Sessa, 1994; Liu et al., 1995; Robinson et al., 1995). Nmyristoylation and Spalmitoylation mediate localization of eNOS to the Golgi complex and cholesterol-rich microdomains of the plasma membranes, including caveolae and lipid rafts (Garcia-Cardena et al., 1996; Shaul et al., 1996; Liu et al., 1997). Acylation-defective mutants of eNOS that cannot target either domain impair basal and agonist-stimulated NO release (Liu et al., 1995, 1996). Little is known about the enzymatic mechanisms for dual palmitoylation in mammalian cells. This fatty acid modifi cation is reversible, unlike N-myristoylation, which is permanent (Gordon et al., 1991). In the context of eNOS, palmitate turnover is 45 min, whereas myristate turnover occurs with the protein backbone (both 20 h; Liu et al., 1995). Palmitoylation Identifi cation of Golgi-localized acyl transferases that palmitoylate and regulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase


The temperature dependences and electric field effect on dielectric constant of BPI-BP solid solutions in improper ferroelastic phase are studied. The temperature dependences of ϵ−1 in the improper ferroelastic phase of BPIxBP1 − x (0.9 ≤ x ≤ 1) and the effect of electric field on dielectric constant are described within phenomenological model taking into account biquadratic coupling of nonpolar order parameter for improper ferroelastic phase transition and polarization with a negative coupling coefficient.


Quinazolinone is a versatile lead molecule for designing potential bioactive agents. The compounds that have quinazolin-4-ones moiety are associated with interesting biological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antitubercular and anticancer. In view of this we have undertaken synthesis of various thiadiazol substituted quinazolin-4-(3H)-ones. Novel 3-(1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-quinazolin-4-(3H)-ones (5a-5h) were synthesized by reaction of 5-alkyl/aryl substituted 1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles with 2-methyl/phenyl-4H-1, 3-benzooxazin-4-ones in the presence of pyridine. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral and physical data. In vitro anticancer activity of all the synthesized compounds was determined by MTT assay on HeLa (Human cervical cancer cell) cells. Most active compounds found in vitro studies were further evaluated for their in vivo activity on Liquid tumor (Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma; EAC) induced mice. The anticancer activity of compound 5f was found to be comparable to that of cisplatin against HeLa cells and was also effective in preventing the growth of tumor in mice as indicated by decrease in progressive gain in body weight as well as increase in life span when compared to animals of control group.


Elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) and high resting heart rate (HR) are associated with cardiovascular end‐points. Although the association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and SBP is well established, the relation between AF and HR remains unclear.


The vasodilatory effect of ethacrynic acid (EA) was studied in the hindlimb of anesthetized anephric dogs, perfused with a constant inflow of arterial blood. After i.v. EA there was a reduction in hindlimb vascular resistance both in the presence and absence of sympathetic innervation to the limb and in the presence of pharmacologic blockade of alpha or beta adrenergic, cholinergic or histaminic receptors. A dose-response relationship was demonstrated as the dose of EA was increased from 0.25 to 10.0 mg/kg. The maximal effect at all dose levels was delayed, suggesting an intermediate step in the mechanism of action. Studies were made of the hindlimb vascular response to anoxia produced by 30-second periods of stop-flow. After EA there was prolongation of the time to recover from the reactive hyperemia and an increased vasodilatory response to the anoxic period, suggesting that EA interfered with the ability of vascular smooth muscle to recover from anoxic work.


Fresh fungi were obtained during collection trips to Ullung Island in October, 1989, and August, 1990. Among them, some corticioid fungi were identified. Ten fungi were confirmed new to Korea and are recorded here with descriptions. They are Athelia epiphylla, Grandinia alutaria, G. granulosa, G. stenospora, Cylindrobasidium evolvens, Hyphoderma radula. H. setigerum, Hypochnicium eichleri, Trechispora albo-ochracea, and T. farinacea.


Breast carcinoma is the first cause of cancer death among Caucasian women and metastatic spread to the axillary lymph nodes is the most important element for prognosis and treatment planning". The development of imaging techniques and increasingly sophisticated screening tests has made it possible to identify mammary lesions at an early stage so that surgical interventions can be less and less aggressive. However, as there are no non-invasive methods to establish the presence of disease in the axilla, dissection of the axillary lymph nodes immediately after removal of the primary tumor continues to be a necessity, not only for therapeutic but mainly for staging purposes. In carcinomas of small dimensions, however, this procedure is quite unnecessary because the risk of lymph node metastasis is very low (15% in tumors <1 em) and the procedure itself is also not free of risk3,8,9 (longer operation under total anesthesia, lymphedema, and disturbed sensitivity in the arm in many patients). It has been demonstrated recently in melanoma patients that the state of the lymph node which first drains the region involved by the tumor predicts the disease status of all other regional lymph nodes':'. Since this "sentinel node" (SN) concept has proved to be reliable, it could be applied also in breast cancer with important consequences to the surgical management of breast cancer patients', The major problem of the studies performed so far has been the difficulty to identify and localize the SN during surgery. The blue dye has a very rapid diffusion through the lymphatics and visualization of the first node is often difficult'. Lymphoscintigraphy with radiolabeled compounds and gamma detecting probe (GDP)-guided SN resection may overcome these problems. The aim of the present study was to optimize the lymphoscintigraphy technique and to find a scintigraphic pattern that would easily and accurately indicate the SN during surgery; a GDP could be used for SN resection.


The utility model discloses a single-core sintered-type electric connector socket, which is formed by sintering a shell, jack contact pieces and glass insulators. The sintering holes arranged on the shell are arranged in one-to-one correspondence with the jack contact pieces and are mutually independent; each jack contact piece and each glass insulator are arranged in one corresponding sintering hole, and the sintering is carried out integrally at one time; the end surfaces of the sintering holes inside the shell are provided with rubber pads; and the holes of the rubber pads are corresponding to the arrangement positions of the plug contact piece. The single-core sintered-type electric connector socket disclosed by the utility model has the advantages of compact structure, low air leakage rate, delicate appearance and structure, good shell weldability, good shock-resisting and impact-resisting environmental performances, and certain anti-interference ability and electromagnetic shielding ability.


Inviscid irrotational flow around a pair of coaxial disks is considered in the limit in which the distance 2h between the disks is small compared to their radius a. The disks have zero thickness and accelerate away from one another along their common axis. The added mass M of each accelerating disk is increased by the presence of the other disk. Analytic predictions are obtained when h/a ≪ 1, with M ~ πa/(8h)-ln(h/a)/2+0.77875+. . . The term O(a/h) can be obtained by means of an inviscid analysis of approximately unidirectional flow within the gap between the disks, but the correction terms have not been reported previously. The irrotational flow problem satisfies Neumann boundary conditions on the surface of the disks, but is otherwise analogous to the Dirichlet problem of the capacitance of a pair of charged disks, which has been the subject of much study and controversy.


The paper introduces a fuzzy controller based on an in-system programmable logic circuit. The fuzzy transformation of accurate input data, fuzzy control rules based on observing the control action and the user's experience, fuzzy decision of output can be carried out by the programmable device. Owing to using VHDL language to write fuzzy rules, the characteristic of this controller is that the fuzzy rules can be modified at any moment even if working. The paper gives the controller's working principle and the source code of VHDL.


Transuranic solid waste that has been generated as a result of the production of nuclear material for the United States defense program at the Savannah River Site (SRS) has been stored in more than 30,000 55-gallon drums and various size carbon steel boxes since 1953. Nearly two thirds of those containers have been processed and shipped to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Among the containers assayed so far, the results indicate several drums with fissile inventories significantly higher (600-1000 grams {sup 239}Pu) than their original assigned values. While part of this discrepancy can be attributed to the past limited assay capabilities, human errors are believed to be the primary contributor. This paper summarizes an assessment of the probability of occurrence of a criticality accident during handling of the remaining transuranic waste containers at SRS.


The glycolytic pathway has been demonstrated to be the primary energy source in the leech Mooreobdella microstoma. While there appeared to be some dependence on a metal cytochrome system, experiments utilizing inhibitors of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the cytochrome system suggest that this leech does not follow the classical mammalian scheme of carbohydrate metabolism. Mooreobdella microstoma is able to survive as long as 24 hours under low oxygen tension, with no indication of an oxygen debt. These data imply that this facultative anaerobe must oxidize NADH via another system as a means of resupplying NAD + for the continuation of glycolysis.


A Chronicle of Current Events, samizdat journal of the human rights movement in the USSR, suffered a severe blow in September when one of its editors was sentenced.


The steady-rate and dynamic characteristics of the overcurrent-limited mode of the DC-DC converter are studied theoretically and experimentally. The circuit conditions are defined for the foldback-current-limiting, constant-current, and voltage-drooping characteristics, which are realized when the DC voltage gain of the overcurrent-limiting control loop is larger than, equal to, and less than unity, respectively. It is shown that the stability in the overcurrent-limited mode and the transient response from the load point in the constant voltage regulated mode to that in the current-limited one can be improved by using relatively large DC voltage gain and by appropriately adjusting the rate time and reset time in the derivative and integral compensators, respectively.<<ETX>>


This paper investigates certain symmetry mappings belonging to the family of contracted Ricci collineations (FCRC) (satisfying gijLRij=0) admitted by the general fluid space–times, including electromagnetic fields, that were classified and studied earlier by Stewart and Ellis (1967). Many of the results obtained are applicable to the perfect fluid models treated by Wainwright (1970) and Krasinski (1974,1975). A major part of this paper represents an extension of previous investigations (1976) of the Robertson–Walker metrics and more general perfect fluid space–times that admit FCRC symmetry mappings and concomitant conservation expressions. More specifically, these results provide a number of theorems relating to the more general fluid space–times that admit FCRC symmetry mappings (including both timelike and spacelike symmetry vectors) that lead to conservation expressions and specific conditions on the metric tensors for the given particular cases of these space–times. Also the form of the symmetry mapp...


Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive gastrointestinal tumors, with an overall 5‐year survival rate less than 8%. The dismal prognosis is mainly due to aggressive potential for metastasis. Hence, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic cancer invasion and metastasis to improve the unfavorable overall survival (OS) of PDAC patients. In this study, we identified microRNA‐29a (miR‐29a) as an important tumor suppressor, which was downregulated in PDAC tissues. Moreover, miR‐29a counteracted MUC16‐mediated migration and invasion. In the pancreatic cancer cells, MUC16 upregulated c‐Myc expression, which enhanced c‐Myc binding to E‐box in the miR‐29a promoter and inhibited miR‐29a transcription. Thus, miR‐29a was negatively correlated with both MUC16 expression and serum CA125 levels. Furthermore, caveolin 2 (CAV2) was demonstrated to be the target of miR‐29a by bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays, and high CAV2 expression was responsible for a poor prognosis, especially in the subgroup with normal CA125 levels. Thus, the present study explains why high levels of serum CA125 are correlated with PDAC metastasis, highlighting the predictive value of this marker in PDAC patients.


! A_CU-run6: local feature alone – average fusion of 3 SVM classification results for each concept using various feature representation choices. ! A_CU-run5: linear weighted fusion of A_CU-run6 with two grid-based global features (color moment and wavelet texture). ! A_CU-run4: linear weighted fusion of A_CU-run5 with a SVM classification result using detection scores of CU-VIREO374 as features. ! C_CU-run3: linear weighted fusion of A_CU-run4 with a SVM classification result using web images. ! A_CU-run2: re-rank the results of "two_people" and "singing" from A_CU-run4 with concept-specific detectors. ! C_CU-run1: linear weighted fusion of A_CU-run2 with a SVM classification result using web images.


This paper continues the study of the structures induced on the ``invisible boundary'' of the modular tower and extends some results of math.NT/0102006. We start with a systematic formalism of pseudo-measures generalizing the well-known theory of modular symbols for SL(2). These pseudo-measures, and the related integral formula which we call the Levy-Mellin transform, can be considered as an ``infinity-adic'' version of Mazur's p-adic measures introduced in the seventies in the theory of p-adic interpolation of Mellin transforms of cusp forms. A formalism of iterated Levy-Mellin transform in the style of math.NT/0502576 is sketched. Finally, we discuss the invisible boundary from the perspective of non-commutative geometry.


The possible thermal consequences of exterior windows should be considered when neonatal intensive care units are designed, a nurse researcher says.


Injury to the tendon near the elbow may occur at the musculo-tendinous junction or at the tenoperiosteal junction. Resisted flexion and supination provoke pain deep in the antecubital fossa. If the joint is flexed to a right-angle and the arm held to the side, resisted supination causes pain near the elbow if the lesion is in the lower part of the biceps and pain in the shoulder if the bicipital tendon is involved at that situation (Yergason's sign). Full pronation of the elbow may cause pain by squeezing the injured part if the lesion is at the radial insertion. Treatment is by rest in a sling and local steroid injections mixed with local anaesthetic, provided these can be accurately given to the injured area. Short-wave diathermy may be a useful adjuvant treatment. Deep frictional massage has also been used but is very painful in this situation. Injury to Ulnar Nerve


The finding that pitch and loudness traces decay at different rates [S. Clement, L. Demany, and C. Semal, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 2805–2811 (1999)] is one of several results indicating that the processes of pitch and loudness memory may be distinct. A speculation raised by Clement et al., among others, is that these specialized memory subsystems might be differently influenced by musical experience. To explore this hypothesis, difference limens (DLs) for the fundamental frequency (DLF) and intensity (DLI) of complex tones were measured for groups of musically‐experienced and musically‐naive participants, using a roving‐standard, 2‐interval procedure in which the duration and content of the interstimulus interval (ISI) within a trial were manipulated. In the first experiment ISIs were silent and 0.5 s or 2.0 s in duration. For both groups DLs increased with ISI; DLFs were smaller for musicians than nonmusicians at both ISIs, but DLIs were smaller for musicians only when ISI=0.5 s, and did not differ when ...


Decreasing prosocial behavior shown bystudents is one of the problems associated with perceptions of parenting and peer social support. The purpose of this study was to reveal the relationship between perceptions of parenting and peer social support,and prosocial behavior. This study uses a correlational method and data was collected from a sample of 239 students, who were found using a purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using a scale of perception on parenting (37 valid items,α = 0.944), peer social support scale (31 valid items,α = 0.934) and prosocial behavior scale (45 valid items,α = 0.935). Data were then analyzed by multiple regression. The results show a correlation coefficient r = 0.173 and p = 0.00 (p> 0.05), which shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between perceptions of parenting and peer social support together with prosocial behavior.


Retail outlets in addition to providing products and services, need to cater for a wide range of motives. The various determinants of retail outlet preference include cleanliness, well – stocked shelves, range of products, helpful staff, disabled access, wide aisles, car parking, multiple billing points, and environmentally friendly goods. These differing motives arise as retailers cater to different types of shoppers who include economic  consumers (concern with value), personalized consumers (concern with relationships), recreational shoppers (shopping as a leisure activity) and apathetic consumers (who dislike shopping). Retailers have to satisfy budding consumers, older consumers as well as time crunched individuals whose motives all tend to be conflicting as well as different. The retail industry is classified into grocery, malls apparel, music and books, life style and fashion, and consumer durables. Retailers need to establish a good image to prevent customers from shopping around. They must cater to shoppers need for pleasure and practicality. This study has been based  on four dimensions namely merchandise, service, physical factors, and store atmosphere and tries to find out the more important component under each dimension.


The Singapore Biennale, established in 2006, is the biggest contemporary art project in Southeast Asia, reflecting Singapore's ambition of being a regional hub and leading international centre for the visual arts. Since the 1990s, the city has been building a substantial infrastructure of both state-run and private art institutions and events, including an arts funding body, museums, art centres and precincts, art schools, art fairs, and festivals. The Biennale developed out of a series of large national exhibitions held over the past fifteen years as well as Singaporean participation in biennales such as S o Paulo and Venice. The first edition, helmed by senior Japanese curator Fumio Nanjo (who also headed up the second in 2008) was launched to coincide with meetings of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.


Furthermore, modern treatment techniques such as image-guided radiotherapy have led to a more pronounced interconnectivity between medical physics fields such as imaging and therapy, thus increasing the interest and knowledge of radiotherapy physicists in imaging and vice versa. Moreover, because treatment adaptation through biological optimization of treatment planning requires the consideration of radiobiological parameters, the role played by functional imaging in target redefinition resulted in increased attention from the physics community. The intertwined grounds of molecular imaging and treatment planning headed toward a multidimensional radiotherapy, which entails a more complex, patient-tailored approach.[2] Functional image analysis allows the implementation of biological parameters into radiobiological models that can assist treatment adaptation to the individual needs.


: The development of information technology on computer education causes more and more important, especially in children. Currently children are expected to be familiar with computers from an early age. The appearance of interactive multimedia technology capable of presenting text, images, animations and video simultaneously or bergantiian. Children are increasingly familiar with the computer and make children more familiar with computers. Multimedia applications which presents images such as for example in the form of animated Flash MX can provide or can produce an interactive application.


The article deals with the issues of the content characteristics of the scientific category of financial and economic regulation for the field of natural resources. Functional characteristics of the regulation process have been determined. The approaches to understanding regulation in the context of the interaction between the natural resources using cycle (NRUC) and the market process cycle (MPC) have been formed. The author's interpretation of the category of financial and economic regulation has been provided.


The insurance sector, involving in risk collection, is highly competitive due to the fact that aggressive marketing and sales promotions. The customer service and loyalty programs have become a must to retain the customers in this scenario.Insuarance companies promote their brand values and safety professionalism to attract and retain the customers proactively and reactively. The trend of the CSR contribution to the stakeholders like community development, environment concerned, ethical consideration and other general social welfare has become more significant in terms of the corporate values of the businesses. Then, this research studied the degree of impact of the companies' contribution to social responsibi,lity for making customers loyal to the brand.Here,the degree of awareness on CSR activities, perception towards the social benefits and the customers' attitude for the brand as a socially concerned entity were highly examined to determine the impact for the brand loyalty. Research was based on a sample of 60 respondents from Colombo and suburbs, and those interviewees were the existing customers for more than 5 years for the brand. Primary data were collected through the self-administered questionnaire that had some attitude testing scales too. Researches conducted few informal discussions with some customers and the companies to get a comprehensive insight. Statistical tools were used to analyze the primary data Study revealed that customers do not consider the CSR activities implemented by the insurance companies to perceive the brand values and to be the brand loyal.Futher, the awareness level of CSR activities among the existing customers was very low.However, high involvement business sector (B2B) customers had an average awareness, but they are also not significantly considering CSR practices to be brand loyal.Futher, study disclosed that there is higher degree of awareness on social welfare CSR practices among the customers and the frequency of communicating through the advertising had a direct impact for the awareness level too.


A cam locus of the cam surface (G1) on the image plane side of the first group cam groove (27) of the rotating cylinder (21) has an angle to a flat surface where the optical axis crosses perpendicularly. In a case in which the cam follower (25) engages with (abuts on) the cam surface (G1) on the image plane side, an impact force is dispersed into the optical axis direction and into the rotating direction of the rotating cylinder (21), and a load which the cam follower (25) and the male helicoid (31) of the rotating cylinder (21) receive is reduced. Additionally, when the first group lens system (11) is pressed by a light load such as a hand operation by a user and the like, the cam follower (25) of the first group lens movement frame (15) engages with (or abuts on) the cam surface (G1) on the image plane side, and an angle of the cam surface (G1) is an angle that an occurring force in the rotating direction is so as to be a moving direction from the collapsed position (S1) to the wide angle end position (W1). Therefore, the rotating cylinder (21) does not rotate easily, and when the load is removed, returns to a position before the load is received.


Research in adult and lifelong education has included an expanding interest in the characteristics of adult learners, including an exploration of their preference for independence in the teaching/learning situation. Limited research, however, has focused upon this facet of adult education. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of age and years of education to preference for educational structure. The question which directed this study was: 'What are the individual and combined contributions of age and postsecondary educational experience to preference for educational structure among practising nurses?' This study employed both difference and correlational inferential statistics in the conduct of a secondary analysis of data from a larger descriptive, correlational study. The sample for this study was 429 female practising nurses in one mid‐western state within the USA. The primary results were: (a) significant differences in preference for educational structure exist among practising n...


Schizencephaly is an uncommon congenital disorder of cerebral cortical development, defined as a gray matter lined cleft extending from the pial surface to the ventricle. It is known that Schizencephaly and septo-optic dysplasia frequently coexist and that both are associated with absence of the cavum septum pellucidum. This case had findings of both Schizencephaly and septo-optic dysplasia. Introduction: Schizencephaly is an uncommon congenital disorder of cerebral cortical development, defined as a gray matter lined cleft extending from the pial surface to the ventricle. It is known that Schizencephaly and septo-optic dysplasia frequently coexist and that both are associated with absence of the cavum septum pellucidum. This case had findings of both Schizencephaly and septo-optic dysplasia. Case report: An eight months old girl child presented with history of no neck holding, no rolling over, generalized tonic clonic convulsions and blindness. Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral optic nerve atrophy. There was no significant birth history. A clinical diagnosis of cerebral palsy, microcephaly and seizure disorder was made and the patient was subjected to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain. MRI revealed large, bilateral, fronto-parietal, wedge shaped cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) clefts (Fig. 1a). These clefts were lined with gray matter (arrows). This was confirmed with TIR (T1 inversion recovery) images (Fig. 1b). The cerebral parenchyma in these regions was deficient. Both lateral ventricles were dilated. The thalami (black arrows) were separated by normal appearing third ventricle (white arrow) (Fig. 2 a). Fourth ventricle, brain stem and cerebellum were normal. A small portion of frontal and temporal lobes was seen bilaterally. Corpus callosum and cavum septum pellucidum were absent (Fig. 2 b). CSF spaces around the bilateral optic nerves (arrows) were prominent indicating optic nerve atrophy (Fig. 5). Based on these MRI findings a diagnosis of open lip schizencephaly with septo-optic dyplasia was made. Discussion: Schizencephaly is an uncommon congenital disorder of cerebral cortical development, defined as a gray matter lined cleft extending form the pial surface to the ventricle.1 Pathologically these clefts are characterized by an infolding of gray matter along the cleft from the cortex into the ventricles and a fusion of the cortical pia and ventricular ependyma within the cleft. 2 The pathogenesis of schizencephaly has not been firmly established. Barkovich and Norman have proposed an ischemic episode occurring during the seventh week of gestation as the underlying cause of these anomalies. They have hypothesized that a gray-matter-lined cleft can develop secondary to an episode of hypotension, causing infarction of the watershed area. Areas of polymicrogyria and heterotopias commonly seen surrounding the cleft could be secondary to ischemic changes in the less severely affected surrounding areas of germinal matrix.2 The association of optic nerve hypoplasia with schizencephaly3 could also be explained in this schema, since the retinal layers and optic nerve fibers also form during the seventh week of gestation. The frequent absence of the septum pellucidum, in both schizencephaly and optic nerve hypoplasia can also be explained on an ischemic basis.3 The developing septum pellucidum is also a watershed area that is supplied by tenuous transcallosal branches of median artery of the corpus callosum. In summary Schizencephaly represents a disorder of cerebral cortical development that occurs during the time of neuronal migration, mainly due to vascular insult. 1 Other etiologies like genetic, toxic, infective and metabolic have also been proposed. 1 Irrespective of the cause, schizencephaly presents with CSF containing cleavage in the cerebral hemisphere. The spectrum of cleavage ranges from a thread of CSF connecting the subarachnoid space to the ventricle (closed lip type) to a wide communication between the subarachnoid space and the ventricle (open lip type). The clefts may be unilateral or bilateral and associated with other central nervous system anomalies. The clinical manifestations include varying degrees of developmental delay, motor impairment and seizure disorder. The severity of motor and mental deficiencies depends on the extent of the anatomic defect. Patients with bilateral open lip defects are more severely affected as compared to unilateral closed lip cleft. 4 On MRI, the clefts are isointense to CSF on all sequences. Other differentials of CSF containing lesions (Table 1) should be considered before making a diagnosis of schizencephaly. The diagnosis of schizencephaly can be made on identifying a gray matter lined CSF cleft. Specific MRI sequences like spoiled gradient (SPGR) and TIR can be employed for confirmation of gray matter lining. Other MRI features of schizencephaly are enlisted in Table 2. Other important finding in this case was absent cavum septum pellucidum (CSP). Cavum septum pellucidum is an important marker for the normal fetal development.3 Absence of CSP has been associated with a wide variety of outcomes ranging from devastating to incidental (Table 3). Absence of CSP with bilateral optic nerve atrophy is suggestive of septooptic dysplasia. This case had all features of schizencephaly and septo-optic dysplasia. It is important to understand that these two conditions often co-exist.


This paper presents a methodology which has been used to constitute the knowledge base of an expert system. This system is intended to help in the on the spot interpretation of the results produced by Dynaflect machines which are used for the assessment of the structural capacity of pavements. The paper is largely devoted to the presentation of a number of statistical analyses. The results of these analyses were used to implement a prototype of the proposed system (A).


In this research, we propose a method to extract rare cause-result expressions from summary of financial statements. For example, our method extracts effect expression that "Sales of drinking paper containers has increased" with respect to cause expression that "due to hot summer", as a rare cause-result expression. It is difficult to imagine that the sales of drinking paper containers may increase in the case of hot summer . Our method calculates the conditional probability with words contained in the result expression co-occurring with words contained in the cause expressions. Moreover, our method determines that cause information is contained in the result expression or not by using deep learning. Our method extracts rare cause-effect expressions by using the conditional probability and the cause information.


Many physical systems are described by quadratic equations. In such cases the requirement for a real solution is that the discriminant be non‐negative. This requirement can often lead, directly or indirectly, to maximizing or minimizing some system variable of interest. Three examples suitable for a noncalculus physics course are given : (1) projectile motion, (2) hydrostatic equilibrium (Archimedes' principle), and (3) resistance matching.


....................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. v VITA .................................................................................................................................. vi PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................................................... vi FIELDS OF STUDY......................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: UNIQUE HEMATOLOGIC PARAMETERS IN GREYHOUNDS .......... 1 CHAPTER 2: BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS AND COOXIMETRY .................................... 5 2.1. Materials and Methods ......................................................................................... 6 2.2. Results. ................................................................................................................. 8 2.3. Discussion ............................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER 3: COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS ................................................... 15 3.1. Effects Of Blood Viscosity On P50 Cooximetry Results .................................... 15 ix 3.2. Effects of storage on blood gases (and concretely P50 value) in RRGs ............. 16 3.3. Hemoglobin structure and oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve .......................... 19 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 24


Tourism is the world's largest industry as 11 percent of world's GDP is contributed by; eight percent of the world population is employed in, 7.9% of the total global exports are from and 9.4% of the global investments are made in this industry in 2000.


The role of sterilized and nonsterilized crab extract on the separation of coconut oil was examined using grated coconut meat as substrate. Sterilized crab extract was prepared by suspension and centrifugation of crushed crab and then filtrated using Millipore Utter. Sterilized crab extract has proteolytic activity but not lipolytic one. It was found that the sterilized crab extract supported the growth of proteolytic microbes, isolated from fermentation process of coconut oil. Both sterilized and nonsterilized crab extract gave no significant difference in the quantity of coconut oil obtained. However, coconut oil from the sterilized crab extract has better quality. The peroxide value of coconut oil from unsterilized crab extract was higher than that of standard quality of coconut oil according to SII and AOCS. The possible roles of crab inoculum in fermentation process of coconut oil are discussed.


This study examined whether reading and writing self-efficacy beliefs differ in children with different achievement level (average, poor and good readers and writers) and in children of different grade level (4th , 6th, and 8th graders). Two hundred and thirty-five children participated. Seventy-three children attended the 4th grade, 83 the 6th grade, and 79 the 8th grade of three mainstream elementary and middle schools, located in Verona and Padova (north-east Italy). The student's academic self-efficacy beliefs (Caprara, 2001), and their reading and writing self-efficacy beliefs were assessed. Children also performed a reading task (Cornoldi and MT group, 1998), a dictation task and a written composition task. Results revealed effects of schooling on academic self-efficacy beliefs, and for the reading and writing tasks, but no effects related to reading and writing self-efficacy beliefs. Accuracy of self-efficacy evaluations increases with grade level, but not with achievement level, indicating an independent effect of grade and achievement level on student's self-efficacy.


Follistatin for use in a method of downregulating an inflammatory response in a mammal, wherein the inflammatory response occurs in the context of lung transplantation of severe acute respiratory syndrome dficultad or asthma.


The invention relates to agents for unsticking paint, and/or sedimentation agents, containing amorphous alumina and/or alumina in pseudo-boehmite or boehmite form with a crystallite size of 0.1 to 15 nm and/or their hydrates and hydroxyalkyl polysaccharides.


The industry of processing of investor's raw materials is important in the economic structure of Shenzhen. However, the firms engaged in this field have to turn over not only tax but also fee, which bring blight to the investment enviromnent by increasing the costs of operation for the firms. Accordingly, we should clean up the nonstandard fee and establish the uniform system of tax. We should help the firms to set up accotmts, decrease the ratio of fee of the plan as a whole that will end in elimination, and standardize the management of tax revenue.


Corruption exists in every country at any time. It has two causes: the characteristics of seefislness, greed and robbery of private - owned system; weaknesses of human being itself, i.e. human being' s desire expands spontaneously. Eliminatirtg corruption should start with the elimination of its roots. As long as we stick to the Party's basic policies on the primary socialist stage and devote ourselves to the system construction rather than turning to the help of Cod, the success of anti - corruption compaign can undoubtedly be achieved and corruption will be eliminat- ed on the whole.


With stratifying of social structure and diversifying of social group's interests,different social strata and groups have different interests during the period of social transformation.Our society should face collective events which are aroused by the interest conflicts.In the author's view,we should deal with the collective events rationally and at the same time adopt rational approaches to the collective events occurred in the period of social transformation.


Chest 2008; 133: 454S–545S. 11 Cook DJ, Douketis J, Arnold D, Crowther MA. Bleeding and venous thromboembolism in the critically ill with emphasis on patients with renal insufficiency. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2009; 15: 455–62. 12 Nathens AB, McMurray MK, Cuschieri J, Durr EA, Moore EE, Bankey PE, Freeman B, Harbrecht BG, Johnson JL, Minei JP, McKinley BA, Moore FA, Shapiro MB, West MA, Tompkins RG, Maier RV. The practice of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the major trauma patient. J Trauma 2007; 62: 557–63.


The major purpose of this study was isolation, identification and characterization of Campylobacter spp. from Caspian Sea's water in north of Iran. Sampling from the water was conducted within 4 seasons. Campylobacter spp. was isolated using standard method then identified by Phenotyping tests. Finally, the identification of strain was verified by PCR method. After conducting of the Phenotyping methods and their confirmation with molecular technique, seven strains of Campylobacter jejuni were identified. With regard to the obtained results, prevalence of this bacterium in the coastal waters of the Caspian Sea's was evaluated as 2.66 percent. The result obtained from this study is, in fact, regarded as the first report from the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from Caspian Sea. Knowledge of the state of the entry and time span of the survival of the Campylobacter in the water


In this paper we establish several results on approximate controllability of a semilinear wave equation by making use of a single multiplicative control. These results are then applied to discuss the exact controllability properties for the one dimensional version of the system at hand. The proof relies on linear semigroup theory and the results on the additive controllability of the semilinear wave equation. The approaches are constructive and provide explicit steering controls. Moreover, in the context of undamped wave equation, the exact controllability is established for a time which is uniform for all initial states.


In this paper, the temperature dependence for synthetic magnetization ¯ M of a rotating Bose gas in harmonic trap and the magnetic field dependence of the critical temperature are investigated. A simple semiclassical approximation for the density of state approach is used in this study. The suggested approach simultaneously gives corrections to quantities which arise from the finite size and interatomic interaction effects. The calculated results show that the critical temperature decreases due to the increase of the synthetic magnetic field. The synthetic magnetization also exhibits a characteristic temperature dependence. It is proportional to T 3 if ¯ T ¯ Tc . The calculated results provide a solid theoretical foundation of the current experiments.


Managing a rapidly expanding amount of data involving Information Architecture has long been a goal in many Higher Education institutions. Many have long standing data warehouses and have used analytics tools. As the competition for gifted students becomes more intense while the cost of education makes the pool of potential students more limited, many institutions are taking another look at how they are analyzing potential students and managing the experience that students have while they are enrolled. Analytics play a critical role in performing a thorough analysis of student and learning data to make an informed decision on future course offerings and their mix to cater to the potential and existing students. Big Data systems position Information Technology to see the education becomes more holistically than any other areas for improving the decision making process. Predictive analytics and forecasting models in a Big Data environment enable institutions to make right investment decisions for higher institutional impact and also make the new very high knowledge environment.


Author(s): Bian, Wei | Advisor(s): Nelson, Sarah J | Abstract: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a non-invasive imaging technique that is widely used in medicine. Conventionally, MRI contrasts rely on differences in longitudinal or transverse relaxation times of different tissues and the resulting images display primarily anatomical information of the tissues. With progress in MRI techniques, image contrasts that provide functional or physiological information are now available. Tissue susceptibility is one of this kind and recently has been gaining interest in MRI, especially at high MR field strengths. To generate susceptibility contrast, MR phase and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) are currently two imaging modalities that are used most often. In this work, we focused on using these imaging methods to study abnormal iron accumulation in multiple sclerosis (MS) and radiation-treated brain tumors. We first report in this dissertation a serial phase imaging study of chronic MS lesions in which the phase contrast, presumed due to iron deposition in the lesions, was investigated longitudinally. The observations from the study contribute to a better knowledge of the mechanism of the phase contrast in MS lesions and their evolution. Then we present a comparison study of SWI of iron-containing cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) between 3 Tesla and 7 Tesla MR scanners for patients who had brain tumors and received radiation therapy. This study was aimed at knowing how much sensitivity gain can be achieved when choosing 7T over 3T for detection of CMBs. Followed by the study, a gradient-echo sequence with multiple echoes is introduced, which is able to acquire MR angiography and susceptibility-weighted images simultaneously. This sequence provides a way to characterize CMBs together with veins and arteries in the brain. In addition, by integrating data from several echoes, the SWI can be made more flexible and its imaging quality of CMBs can be improved compared to sing-echo SWI. Finally, an automated CMB detection algorithm is developed, which is able to identify CMBs on images from SWI with a high sensitivity. Its high accuracy and fast speed significantly reduces radiological time burden in identifying CMBs, which will speed up the exploring of the clinical relevance of CMBs.


OBJECTIVE To establish a HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of ammonium glycyrrhizinate,artemisia ketone and tretinoin in Fuerkang injection.METHODS The separation was carried out on a Dikma Kromasil C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm).The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution with gradient elution and changeable wavelength detection.The column temperature was 30 ℃.The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1.RESULTS The calibration curves were linear in the ranges of 0.249-1.992 μg(r=0.999 9) for ammonium glycyrrhizinate,0.440 9-3.527 2 μg(r=0.999 9)for artemisia ketone,0.138-1.104 μg(r=0.999 9)for tretinoin.The average recoveries were 98.89% with RSD 0.67% for ammonium glycyrrhizinate,99.17% with RSD 0.59% for artemisia ketone,99.02% with RSD 0.74% for tretinoin.CONCLUSION This method is simple,rapid,accurate and with good repeatability and recovery,it can be used as a quality control method for this preparation.


Objective To observe the correlation between illuminate intensity and accumulative used time of ultraviolet lamp. Methods UV lamp 136 were chosen in standard measurement, accumulated use time, fluorescent intensity were recorded and the correlationship was analyzed. And the use time more than 1 000 hours was experimental group and the use time less than 1 000 hours was control group. Results Illuminate intensity of ultraviolet lamp and cumulative exposure time of rank was correlation coefficient r = -0. 135 6, tr =-1. 584 1, P >0. 05, illuminate intensity of ultraviolet lamp and cumulative exposure time of rank correlation coefficient was not statistically significant. The average of total control group and the time difference were extremely remarkable significance (t = 17. 814, P <0. 001 ), the total time trial was significantly longer than that of control group, two groups of material comparable. Two groups of average illuminate intensity and different rate were not statistically significant ( t = 1. 263, P > 0. 05 ); and (x2 = 0. 19, P > 0. 05), these cannot show two groups tube illuminate intensity and rate, there were differences. Conclusions Illuminate intensity of ultraviolet lamp and cumulative exposure time were no correlation. The accumulated use time of uv lamp, should not be the basis as the replacement bulbs. Under the state standard of measuring standard for judging the strength of the field measurement, qualified as a screening, and as the intensity of the length of time according to illuminate the decision.

Key words:
UV lamp;  Accumulated use time;  Illuminate intensity;  Correlation analysis


A theoretical study of the effect of a constant transverse magnetic field on the boundary layer flow over a flat plate is presented in this note. The free stream velocity decreases along the plate according to laws of Howarth, Tani and Gortler. The results are obtained with the direct numerical solution of the governing equations with primitive variables. The application of the magnetic field moves the separation point farther downstream in comparison with the flow without a magnetic field.


SiO_2 Nanoparticle chain aggregates(NCA) possess elastic properties. The interaction between PDMS chains and SiO_2 NCA may contribute to the increasing strength and modulus of silicone rubber. The adsorption and twining between PDMS chain and SiO_2 NCA can better intercept the stress propagation through the matrix. The stress can be transferred by necks from the matrix to the NCA, so mechanical properties of silicone rubber are insensitive to the interface between the PDMS chain and NCA. Polymer-filler interaction is influenced by the surface chemistry of SiO_2 particles and the chemical makeup of silicone polymer.


Objective To observe the steady livability after orthotopic liver transplantation with modified "two-cuff method" in rats. Methods In experimental group,orthotopic liver transplantation in 50 male SD rats that accepted Wistar rats livers was performed with modified "two-cuff method".After the transplantation,24-h survival rate and 1-week survival rate were observed,and the causes of death were analyzed. Results The 24-h survival rate was 84.0%(42/50).Two died of improper anesthesia,four of hemorrhage,and two of thrombosis.And 1-week survival rate was 82.0%(41/50).One died of empyema on the seventh day with the possible cause of esophageal perforation. Conclusion Experienced surgeons,established microsurgical techniques and proper postoperative care are the points that count in the steady livability of rats with orthotopic liver transplantation.


Efficient data dissemination to a desired number of receivers in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a new issue and a challenging one considering the dynamic nature of VANETs. We aim to accurately control the number of receivers in a particular area of interest, achieve low dissemination delay, and incur only small communication overhead. To achieve these goals, we designed the data dissemination to a desired number of receivers in VANET (DOVE) scheme. DOVE is inspired by processor scheduling treating roads as processors to optimize the workload assignment and improve the efficiency of on-road dissemination. DOVE reaches the desired number of receivers with little inaccuracy and minimizes the dissemination delay with low communication overhead. We enhance our protocol with workload backup to deal with vehicles that are quitting the network. We utilize the unique characteristics of VANET and propose heuristics accordingly to significantly reduce the dissemination delay and overhead. Simulation results show that our scheme can disseminate data to almost all the pregiven number of receivers with a light overhead and low delay.


For u n b o u n d e d loss funct ions φ t h e concept of best -approximants has been widely invest iga ted . In pract ice , however, loss func t ions are usually bounded . Recently, for bounded loss func t ions Landers and Rogge (Stat is t ics & Decision, 1997) have considered t he problem whe the r bes t c/>-approximants exist in t he class of all funct ions which are measurable wi th respect to a given σ-a lgebra . Under t he a s sumpt ion t h a t t he loss funct ion is cont inuous t hey could show t h a t best fl!>-approximants always exist . In t he present pape r we invest igate t he p rob lem of the exis tence of best ^ a p p r o x i m a n t s for loss funct ions being not continuous. Under cer ta in a s sumpt ions the answer is af f i rmat ive . T h e results are shown for so-called weak loss func t ions φ t h a t is φ is a "loss func t ion" bu t wi thout fulfilling (0) = 0. As by-product we discuss some difficulties with non-cont inuous loss funct ions for prac t ice . Moreover, t h e ma in resul t is appl ied to Bayes es t ima t ion . AMS subjec t classification: P r imary 62C05 Secondary 41A50, 62C10


Articleexamines the characteristicsof deviantbehavior in adolescentswith intellectual disabilities, approaches to itsprevention and correction. The article describes thespecificrelated to the structureof the defect,especiallydeviant behavior.It is shownthat adolescentswith intellectual disabilitieshave a highlevel of aggression, conflict, anxiety, which affects theirbehavior.For teenagersexperiencecharacterized by"guilt" penchant forchemical dependency. The level ofvolitional regulation, self-controlthey haveis low.At the same time, during a specialremedial workoffsetthese risks. The result of thisworkis to reduce thelevel of hostility, aggression, self-destructivetendencies.Thus, the authors note expressedthe dynamics ofbehavior, emotional andvolitionaldevelopmentof adolescents"at risk"with intellectual disabilitiesin adeliberatepsychological impact.


A new scoping study for NOAK sheds light on synergies between climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, and suggests that Nordic countries place more focus on financing synergies.  The s ...


Medical and health grounds for the development of informational and educational environment that is the basis of the development of safe person-centered educational environment for the users are connected with the fundamental investigations in various academic fields such as pedagogy, psychology, medicine etc. The author pays attention to the issue of an adjustment of the educational space to the medical and psychological status of the students taking into account the difficulty of its rating. The recommendations given can be the medical and health grounds for the development of the model of informational and educational environment.


In this paper, on the basis of the anisotropic diffusion mechanism, analyzes emphatically represented by P - M model of diffusion filter principle of several kinds of nonlinear diffusion model, and their respective characteristics and problems. In-depth analysis of the nonlinear diffusion model, the threshold and termination mechanism of combining image geometric structure feature and visual information (gradient, brightness, contrast, structural information), in view of the existing nonlinear diffusion filtering model, the diffusion coefficient depends on the gradient and the problem that the susceptible to noise interference, presents a fidelity term used in image denoising and restoration contain nonlinear wavelet diffusion model, the theoretical analysis and experimental results show that this method is compared with other diffusion model while denoising can keep image edges and details characteristics, image visual effect is better.


The consumer electronics market demands high-speed and low-power serial data interfaces. The injection locked oscillator (ILO) based clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit [1-2], is a well-known solution for these demands. The typical solution has at least two oscillators: a master and one or more slaves. The master, a replica of the data path ILO, is part of a phase locked loop (PLL) used to correct the oscillator free-running frequency (FRF). The slave ILO phase locks to the incoming data but uses the frequency control from the master. Any FRF difference between the master and slave, such as that caused by PVT or mismatch, reduces the receiver performance. One solution to the reduced performance [3] uses burst data and corrects the FRF between bursts. However, for continuous data, injection forces the recovered clock frequency to match the incoming data rate, masking any FRF error from the frequency detector. Existing solutions [4-5] use a phase detector (PD) to measure the FRF. However, any static phase offset between the PD lock point and the ILO lock point causes the frequency control algorithm to converge incorrectly. Static phase offset can be caused by mismatch, PVT, or layout. This paper describes an ILO-type CDR, called the frequency-capturing ILO (FCILO), that eliminates the master oscillator and combines the ILO and PLL [6] type CDRs, realizing the benefit of both. The ILO gives wide bandwidth and fast locking while the PLL gives wide frequency capture range. The CDR architecture, shown in Fig 10.4.2, has a half-rate ILO, data and edge samplers making a bang-bang phase detector (BBPD), two 2:10 demuxes, and independent digital phase and frequency control. The ILO is made from current-starved inverters and driven by an edge detector. The ILO has coarse and fine frequency tuning. The strength of the unit inverter of the oscillator is adjusted for coarse tuning, keeping the normalized gain and delay constant over a wide range of frequencies. A current DAC is used for fine tuning. The edge detector shorts the ILO differential nodes together to align clock and data transitions. The BBPD outputs are used by the digital phase and frequency control to determine if ILO edges are early or late with respect to the incoming data and to correct the ILO FRF. A variable delay circuit controls the timing between data and clock inputs to the BBPD, correcting the static phase offset between the PD and ILO lock points.


The paper looks at the problems associated with designing LANs that incorporate direct ('passive node') interfacing to controlling elements. Two general schemes based on the token-bus principle suitable for use in such fast real-time applications are described. Their performances are evaluated (using simulation studies) in terms of system responsiveness and fault tolerance within the context of distributed real-time systems. It is finally highlighted that no single scheme provides a global networking solution for distributed control applications. As a result, in the design of high speed real-time LANs, the organisation of passive nodes is largely dictated by the nature of specific application requirements.


Behavior of radioiodine and carbon-14 during spent fuel dissolution was studied in a bench-scale reprocessing test rig where 29 and 44 GWdt -1 spent fuels were respectively dissolved. Decontamination factor of AGS (silica-gel impregnated with silver nitrate) column for iodine-129 removal was measured to be more than 36,000. The measurement of iodine-129 profile in the adsorption column showed that the nuclide was effectively trapped by the adsorbent. Measurement of iodine-129 in the dissolver solution after the iodine-stripping operation using NO2 gas at 363 K, revealed that less than 0.57% of total iodine-129 generated, which was estimated by ORIGEN II calculation, was remained in the dissolver solution. Also, measurement of iodine-129 by an iodine-stripping operation from the dissolver solution using potassium iodate showed that another 2.72% of total iodine-129 precipitated as iodide. In addition, about 70 % of total iodine generated was measured in the AGS columns. Rest of iodine-129 was supposed to adsorb to a HEPA filter and the inner surface of dissolver off-gas lines. Those results on iodine-129 distribution were found to be almost identical to the results obtained in the study using iodine-131 as tracer and the results reported by other works. It was demonstrated that the two-steps iodine-stripping method using potassium iodate could expel additional iodine from the solution, more effectively than iodine-stripping operation using NO2 gas. Iodine-131 was also detected on the AGS columns at the spent fuel dissolution. Increasing burnup showed larger amount of iodine-131 since amount of curium-244 contained in the spent fuel increased with the burnup. Release of carbon-14 as carbon dioxide during dissolution was found to occur when the release of krypton-85. From the 14 CO 2 measurement, initial nitrogen-14 concentration in the fuel was estimated to be about several ppm, which was within the range reported.


Loss of muscle strength as a result of normal aging is reported to impair functional ability in various communities. The purpose of this study was to examine the age at which loss of muscle velocity, balance, and agility in adult healthy Iranian females. A sample of 928 healthy Iranian females aged 20-60 years participated in this study. The subjects were divided into four age groups, each representing a decade. Tests we studied included velocity, balance, and agility that performed and timed by a digital stopwatch. The finding indicated that muscle velocity, balance, and agility remained unchanged in the 20 - and 30 – year - old age groups. But in the age of 40, began to gradually decline. By increasing age muscle velocity, balance, and agility began gradually increase One- way ANOVA test showed that muscle velocity, balance, and agility differed (P<0.01) among decades, except between the second and third decades (P<0.28). Age, muscle velocity, balance, agility and power displayed a significant relationship (P<0.001). Loss of muscle velocity, balance, and agility strength seem to begin in the fourth decade of life. The changes in muscle velocity, balance, and agility have a significant relationship with aging.


By the middle of the eighteenth century Alexander Pope was able to consign 'tomes of casuistry' to the lunar sphere along with 'chains to yoke a flea'. For Pope, casuistry was an intellectual banality, a relic of an, epistemological order which defied the rationalism of his world and its vision of a stable empiricism. This book recovers an anterior form of casuistry perceived as 'part of a common language, a widespread method of problem-solving by calibrating particular circumstances against general precepts'. Gallagher is right to presume, with others, a connection between a secularised casuistrical heuristics and the development of the literary genre we call the novel, but the excitement of this book is the theoretical strand which adopts Mikhail Bakhtin's wider formula of 'novelistic discourse'. Not forgetting Todorov's critique of this as 'barely coherent' and 'finally irrational', Bakhtin's theory of novelistic discourse, defined as an expression of the 'disintegration of stable verbal-ideological systems', is made to play upon the antinornous world of the Elizabethan Church-State. The contrast with the world of Defoe and Richardson is complete, for here we discover the high point of casuistry, the 'Divine Science' which for Gallagher


Background: Palliative care is an important part of eective cancer care Objectives: The purpose of our study was to explore the lived experiences of nurses providing psychological palliative care for cancer patients in Iran. Methods: A hermeneutic phenomenological study was performed. We interviewed 11 oncology nurses to understand their lived experiences in cancer wards about psychological palliative care. We employed a seven-stage process of data analysis. Results: One constitutive pattern 'palliative care as the driving force for providing psychological comfort to patients with cancer' and three associated themes, namely 'stress management', 'empathetic behavior', and 'all-embracing outlook', were identified. Conclusions: The findings present better understanding of the lived experiences of oncology nurses in Iran regarding the phenomena under study.


A strategy to access several types of Au-tipped dumbbell-like nanocrystal heterostructures is presented, which involves the selective oxidation of either PbSe or CdTe sacrificial domains, initially grown on CdSe and CdS nanorods, with a Au(III) ∶ surfactant complex. The formation of gold patches is supported by TEM, XRD and elemental analysis. This approach has allowed us to grow Au domains onto specific locations of anisotropically shaped nanocrystals for which direct metal deposition is unfeasible, as for the case of CdS nanorods. We believe that this strategy may be of general utility to create other types of complex colloidal nanoheterostructures, provided that a suitable sacrificial material can be grown on top of the starting nanocrystal seeds.


In this century the pilgrime centre in Marija Bistrica was enriched by the monumental statin of the Cross. Due to the unique spacial and artistic sculptural forms it has the significance of a sacral memorial complex and is a kind of forma viva of contemporary art. It is placed east from the church on a very suitable hill.The begining of its construction, according to the Cardinal A. Stepinacs idea, is connected with a reconstruction undertakings in Marija Bistrica during the first years of the World War II. First four stations was built in 1941. Second phase of the Calvary construction lasted from 1977 till 1990.These are the works of the following distinguished contemporary sculptors from Croatia - Ante Orlic, Marija Ujevic, Krunoslav Bosnjak, Stanko Janjcic, Josip Poljan and Ante Starcevic.


This thesis deals with teacher's linguistic politeness in the English as a Foreign
Language (EFL) classroom. More precisely, its aim is to investigate Brown and Levinson's
politeness strategies in four EFL lessons that were held by two Croatian EFL teachers. In the
last couple of years, EFL teachers' politeness has been researched in various cultural contexts.
Existing studies on the subject have shown that teachers use a variety of politeness strategies
throughout their lessons. Furthermore, suggestions have been made that politeness strategies
positively influence the overall teaching and learning process and that because of it, teachers
should learn about politeness theory and become aware of its usage. Since this particular subject
has not yet been explored in the Croatian context, we decided to investigate it and see whether
or not Croatian EFL teachers also use politeness strategies and whether or not they are aware
of it. This was achieved through classroom observation and audio recording of four EFL
lessons, followed by a semi-structured interview with each teacher. The results showed that
teachers use a variety of politeness strategies; however, both of them mostly use positive
politeness. Furthermore, teachers' interview answers suggest that they are aware of some of the
strategies they use. In order to fully benefit from them, teachers should learn about politeness
theory and become completely aware of its application in the classroom.


With analysis of questionnaires, the authors present a picture of money management in urban families in China. Problems with money management are exposed; explanations behind are given; and new modes of money management tailored to families of different backgrounds are offered.


Recent population‐wide changes in perinatal risk factors may affect rates of breech presentation at birth, and have implications for the provision of breech services and training in breech management.


Annealing-driven irreversible structural transitions are studied by low-energy electron diffraction in submonolayer Dy films adsorbed on the Mo(112) surface. In a wide coverage range θ>0.07, Dy overlayers deposited at low temperatures (T≈100 K) are ordered and keep their structure upon annealing up to 350–600 K. Near θ=0.68, the overlayers are stable to high-temperature annealing (Ta=1000 K) as well, whereas the denser films are metastable and transform to more stable ordered structures. An unusual annealing effect is found for θ<0.58: the initially ordered metastable phases are replaced by phases having no extended order, which are assumed to be two-dimensional glasses.


The purpose of this basic training stage is to provide a good basis for the SPORT UKM of STKIP YPUP Makassar students related to technical aspects, training mechanisms and training methods, psychology and morals as prerequisites for achieving good results through development, skills and character with a focus point on increase in basic skills and knowledge in handball games. Population and Sample of Community Service Handball UKM SPORT Student of STKIP YPUP Makassar, obtained by using total sampling technique. The application of training methods for handball technique skills at the Student Sport Unit of STKIP YPUP Makassar in 2021 can be accepted by the community and obtain a significant increase in basic techniques and knowledge of handball sports.Keywords: Basic Handball Techniques, Exercise Methods, Handball Socialization


The electrical activity and the circumstances of contraction of the internal and external intercostal muscles were studied during quiet breathing in non-anesthetized rabbits resting in the sternal semirecumbent position. The activity was recorded via clip electrodes implanted in both muscles in a series of interspaces. The greater part of the expiratory phase was characterized by slight activity in both the internal and external intercostals, preceded and followed by brief periods of inactivity. Inspiration was accompanied by continuous activity in both sets of muscles until the last 20–40 ms of that phase. It was found that both internal and external intercostals were active during inspiration, that their activity was at its greatest during this phase, and that this activity was characterized by a progressive increase in external intercostal activity. There was no evidence of reciprocal innervation of intercostal muscles in this study.


The cinematographic method has been applied to study the jerky motion of the phase front during the ferroelectric phase transition in PbTiO3 crystals. A numerical analysis has been made of the experimental data. The results are explained in terms of the Roitburd theory.


Research into the use of polymers for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes has been going on for more than 6 decades and is now classified as a techno-commercially viable option. A comprehensive evaluation of the polymer's rheology is pivotal to the success of any polymer EOR process. Laboratory-based evaluation is critical to EOR success; however, it is also a time/capital consuming process. Consequently, any tool which can aid in optimizing lab tests design can bring in great value. Accordingly, in this study a novel predictive correlation for viscosity estimation of commonly used "FP 3330S" EOR polymer is presented through use of cutting-edge machine learning neural networks.
 Mathematical equation for polymer viscosity is developed using machine learning algorithms as a function of polymer concentration, NaCl concentration, and Ca2+ concentration. The measured input data was collected from the literature and sub-divided into training and test sets. A wide-ranging optimization was performed to select the best parameters for the neural network which includes the number of neurons, neuron layers, activation functions between multiple layers, weights, and bias. Furthermore, the Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation algorithm was utilized to train the model. Finally, measured and estimated viscosities were compared based on error-analysis.
 Novel correlation is developed for the polymer that can be used in predictive mode. This established correlation can predict polymer viscosity when applied to the test dataset and outperforms other published models with average error in the range of 3-5% and coefficient of determination in excess of 0.95. Moreover, it is shown that neural networks are faster and relatively better than other machine learning algorithms explored in this study. The proposed correlation can map non-linear relationships between polymer viscosity and other rheological parameters such as molecular weight, polymer concentration, and cation concentration of polymer solution. Lastly, through machine learning validation approach, it was possible to examine feasibility of the proposed models which is not done by traditional empirical equations.


The effects of dissolved calcium (Ca) on arsenate (As(V)) reactivity and surface speciation at the kaolinite-water interface were studied as a function of pH using pseudo-equilibrium adsorption/desorption experiments and extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) analyses. The EXAFS analyses indicated that As(V) tetrahedral molecules were coordinated on aluminum octahedral via bidentate binuclear (∼3.11 Å) bonding at pH 4.5 to 6.75 and total As loading levels of 978 to 1,783 &mgr;mol/L kg−1. There was no evidence for As(V)-Ca ternary species when both As(V) and Ca were present (0.68-1.3 mmol/L). In the adsorption experiments, As(V) adsorption gradually increased with increasing pH and decreased at pH above 6. Interestingly, As(V) sorption was suppressed when 1 mmol/L of Ca was added to the systems at pH 4 to 8. The As(V) desorption was also pronounced when the systems contained Ca. These macroscopic results indirectly suggest that the weakly sorbed As(V) surface species are outcompeted by the ion-exchange process of Ca at the broken edge site of kaolinite. Results of macroscopic data and EXAFS analysis suggest that both outer-sphere and inner-sphere surface As(V) species might coexist on kaolinite surfaces. In predicting the dissolved As(V) in subsurface environments, weakly sorbed As(V) species might be influenced by not only anionic species, but also cationic species in soil solutions and in pore water. Quantifying the effects of various sorbed cations may be important in predicting arsenic transport processes in subsurface environments.


We investigate the low-energy properties, especially the low-energy excitation structures, of $N$-leg integer-spin ladders and tubes with an antiferromagnetic (AF) intrachain coupling. In the odd-leg tubes, the AF rung coupling causes the frustration. To treat all ladders and tubes systematically, we apply S\'en\'echal's method [Phys. Rev. B 52, 15319 (1995)], based on the nonlinear sigma model, together with a saddle-point approximation. This strategy is valid in the weak interchain (rung) coupling regime. We show that all frustrated tubes possess sixfold degenerate spin-1 magnon bands, as the lowest excitations, while other ladders and tubes have a standard triply degenerate bands. We also consider effects of four kinds of Zeeman terms: uniform, staggered only along the rung, only along the chain, or both directions. The above prediction of the no-field case implies that a sufficiently strong uniform field yields a two-component Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL) due to the condensation of doubly degenerate lowest magnons in frustrated tubes. In contrast, the field induces a standard one-component TLL in all other systems. This is supported by symmetry and bosonization arguments based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory. The bosonization also suggests that the two-component TLL vanishes and a one-component TLL appears, when the uniform field becomes larger for the second lowest magnon bands to touch the zero-energy line. This transition could be observed as a cusp singularity in the magnetization process. When the field is staggered only along the rung direction, it is implied that the lowest doubly-degenerate bands fall down with the field increasing in all systems. For final two cases where the fields are staggered along the chain, it is showed that at least in the weak rung-coupling region, the lowest-excitation gap grows with the field increasing, and no critical phenomena occurs. Furthermore, for the ladders of the final two cases, we predict that the inhomogeneous magnetization along the rung occurs, and the frustration between the field and the rung coupling can induce the magnetization pointing to the opposite direction to the field. All the analyses suggest that the emergence of the doubly degenerate transverse magnons and the single longitudinal one is universal for the one-dimensional AF spin systems with a weak staggered field.


Zinc-doped TiO2 nanocrystals were synthesized by diffusion flame method with titanium tetrachloride and zinc aceetylacetonate as raw materials,and their structures were characterized by XRD,ICP-AES and XPS.The catalytic activity of Zn-doped TiO2 nanocrystals on photodegradation of Rhodamine B was investigated under UV light irradiation and the mechanism was elaborated to demonstrate the improved photocatalytic activity of Zn-doped TiO2 nanocrystals.It is found that dopant Zn2+ ions are mostly located on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticle,and small ZnO nuclei dispersing randomly on the anatase TiO2 surface form,which has less effect on the crystalline phase and particle size.The best photocatalytic activity of 0.21%(mol) Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles is attributed to the enhancement of electron and hole segregation because of the difference in the energy band positions of TiO2 and ZnO.


It is not currently known if the coordinated motor control of cough and swallow behaviors described in animal models is preserved in humans. We hypothesized that similar relationships exist, namely the increased muscle activation and decreased swallow duration during combined cough and swallow behaviors. Young healthy individuals were recruited, and during the experiments voluntary cough was elicited by asking subjects to cough "like there was something stuck in their throat" and continue until instructed to stop. Swallow was initiated by infusing 3 ml of water into the subject's mouth and instructing them to "swallow whenever you need to." Cough and swallow were elicited individually as well as together to mimic an "aspiration" response. Cough excitability was measured by recording the airflow taken from the mouth and surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity from the 6th intercostal, rectus abdominus, abdominal obliques, and submental muscles. Swallow excitability was measured by submental sEMG. All subjects produced multiple cough epochs and swallows to the stimuli. In the combined condition swallows occurred during the inter‐bout interval, with increased intercostal and abdominal drive during cough; and an increased submental drive during swallow. These results confirm the theory of a highly cooperative airway protection system in the human. Furthermore, this model could be used as a novel diagnostic tool for dysphagia/dystussia, eliminating the ceiling effect of a single cough trial. Supported by HL 111215, HL 103750, and P30‐GM103507.


Acrolein is an environmental pollutant and product of lipid peroxidation in vivo. Acrolein mediates the activation of Nrf2, so we sought to determine whether Nrf2 regulates clearance of acrolein by inducing specific hepatic P450s. The routes of metabolism of acrolein and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes include carboxylic acid and alcohol formation. C57BL/6 mice were fed either 5 mg/kg of acrolein by gavage for 72 h or AIN76 diet containing 0.45 % BHA, a Nrf2 activator, for 7 days. Mouse liver was frozen at −80 ° and after extraction, the RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA. Cyp2c29 mRNA levels were analyzed by QRT‐PCR. Liver microsomal protein fractions were prepared from control or BHA‐fed mouse liver. Our results indicate that hepatic Cyp2c29 mRNA levels were induced 5‐fold in BHA‐treated mice and 2‐fold in acrolein‐treated mice. Likewise, there was a two‐fold higher activity for 9‐anthracene aldehyde oxidation to 9‐anthracene carboxylic acid and reduction to 9‐anthracene methanol with BHA‐treated mouse liver microsomes, reactions catalyzed by Cyp2c29 expressed in E. coli. These reactions were inhibited 90% by 0.5 mM miconazole, a general P450 inhibitor, but only slightly inhibited by troleandomycin, a Cyp3a11‐specific inhibitor or cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor. Cyp3A11 mRNA levels remained unchanged upon BHA feeding. This suggests that the aldehyde oxidation and reduction activity present in murine hepatic microsomes is predominantly mediated by Cyp2c29.


Funding information Volkswagen Foundation Summary We integrate perspectives from research on recovery from work and perspectives from day-of-week research to predict continuous as well as discontinuous changes in vitality and fatigue. We examine whether changes in recovery experiences and sleep quality predict changes in human energy over the course of the weekend. Furthermore, we consider positive anticipation of work at the start of the workweek and effort during the workweek to predict changes in energy. We collected experience sampling data from 87 employees over the course of 12 days. In total, 2,187 observations nested in 972 days were eligible for analysis. Applying discontinuous growth curve modeling, we found that human energy increases continuously during the weekend, drops on Monday, follows a passageway trajectory from Monday to Thursday, and increases on Friday again. Changes in recovery experiences did not predict changes in energy but increases in sleep quality did. Positive anticipation of work attenuated the drop in vitality on Monday. Effort did not predict changes in energy over the course of the workweek. Our results suggest that the transition between weekends and workweeks and vice versa accounts for considerable changes in human energy and that weekends are recuperative, particularly because they provide the opportunity for better sleep.


MAGIC is a system of two Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes located at the Canary Island of La Palma, designed to observe gamma rays with energies above 50 GeV. Recently it has undergone an upgrade of the camera, digital trigger and readout systems. The upgrade has led to an improvement in the performance of the telescopes, especially in the lower energy range. We evaluate the performance of the upgraded MAGIC telescopes using Monte Carlo simulations and a large sample of Crab Nebula data. We study differential and integral sensitivity of the system, its angular resolution as well as its energy resolution.


A new write strategy (WS) optimization method with a two-step search process for Blu-ray Disc (BD) recording is developed to shorten the optimization time. This method is realized by the WS optimization system, which is constructed with an optical pickup, a disc tester, and the WS optimization algorithm. The optimization is executed according to the two-step search process along the mathematical axis, which is experimentally derived from the sample WS parameters. As the experimental result, the optimization time is reduced by nearly two-thirds from that achieved using the conventional method performed by the experts. All the jitter values of the playback signal derived from the recorded marks are smaller than the 7% target value and the effectiveness of this new method is experimentally confirmed.


Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a major problem for many cancer survivors. As cancer treatments improve and more people are surviving cancer, FCR will likely become a larger problem in general for the healthcare system. Art therapists working with cancer survivors need to be prepared for addressing FCR as they are likely to encounter this clinical issue. A literature search was conducted and no research investigating art therapy specifically for FCR was found, indicating there is currently no empirically supported approach to art therapy for FCR. Mindfulness and acceptance-based therapies appear to be efficacious for reducing effects of FCR. One of these therapies, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), has a growing body of research demonstrating efficacy for managing FCR. Art therapists may want to integrate art therapy with ACT when supporting adults with FCR. More research and clinical attention are needed to understand the effects of art therapy on FCR, and to develop a best practice and evidence base.


This paper describes experiences in participating in the competitions of the Chicago Entrepreneurial Quest and Milwaukee Innovation Chase. Both competitions consisted of five member teams competing in various assigned tasks. Seven other universities also competed in Chicago. The team focus was on creating a device that would be a reasonable replacement for cash, credit cards, or any other traditional method of payment in today's society. This experience provided each of our team members an opportunity to participate in a real entrepreneurial experience. The experience included a business opportunity assessment, an elevator pitch and other interactive exercises. The second competition in Milwaukee focused on marketing and brainstorming new and innovative ideas surrounding the sponsors' Chevrolet, OMAC, and OnStar products and presenting them in front of a committee similar to that in the real world. This event stared with a single clue. The teams of undergraduate students from eight universities followed a path of quick decisions, innovation and money to compete for cash prizes. Milwaukee Innovation Chase was carried on streaming video. The event consisted of a series of exercises including a sales pitch, a product enhancement presentation, marketing strategy, product accessory design and servicing a vehicle at a dealership. Each team was given a new Chevy product to drive during the competition. It was their job to learn as much about this vehicle as possible and communicate that knowledge to the judges. This event was unique in many ways. The knowledge and real world experience gained from the competitions was a significant learning experience. Our students learned many lessons about themselves and about working in a team environment. Through their experiences each team member gained a better understanding of their strengths and non-strengths. The combined events provided real life experiences in competitiveness and the entrepreneurial journey. It's also worth mentioning that this activity has given the students some valuable life lessons that could not have been learned over several semesters in the classroom. From team participant feedback, undergraduate students indicated that they had leaned so much about the entrepreneurial experience. Students displayed a remarkable combination of strengths in our team. Overall, team experience with both of the 2008 Entrepreneurial Quest and Innovation Chase competitions were very positive experiences that incorporated LTU's focus on theory and practice.


Furuncles (boils) are common among teenagers; how ever, few outbreaks have been documented. We inves tigated an outbreak of furuncles that occurred among male athletes of a Kentucky high school during the 1986 to 1987 school year. The overall attack rate was 25% (31/124). The risk of developing a furuncle in creased two to three times in those who had skin injury. Athletes who sustained abrasions more than twice per week ( P < 0.01), who had a cut that required bandaging (P = 0.01), or had an unspecified injury causing a missed practice or game (P = 0.04) were at increased risk. The risk of developing furunculosis did not appear to be related to contact with fomites, but rather, to contact with furuncles. Although athletes shared com mon areas (showers, locker rooms, practice areas), the attack rates for varsity football (36%) and varsity bas ketball (33%) were four times greater than for nonvars ity teams (P < 0.01). Players who had a friend with a furuncle were more than twice as likely to also have had a furuncle (P < 0.01). Exposure to furuncles ap peared to increase the risk of furunculosis independ ently of reported skin injury. Control and prevention should, therefore, focus on both reducing skin injury and reducing exposure to furuncles, rather than at tempting to sterilize inanimate objects.


Silicon materials are considered as the new generation of high specific energy and energy density anodes for rechargeable lithium ion batteries, but the silicon pulverization during lithium insertion hinders their commercial implementation. Although extensive effort has been put on addressing these problems, the microstructure of the silicon material still needs to be well engineered in order to improve the stability of the anode materials and simplify the synthesis procedure using a scalable and easy available silicon source without any toxicity. In this work, a novel hollow nanosphere with Si/SiOx nanoparticles incompactly distributed within a spherical carbon shell was successfully fabricated via a facile in situ carbonization/reduction method. With enhanced electrode conductivity and sufficient free space for silicon expansion during the lithiation process, this material shows much better cycle life and rate capability than directly reduced silicon nanoparticles.


The invention provides a power management apparatus, used for controlling a power supply device to open or close an electronic device. The power management apparatus comprises a power supply, a conversion module including an output pin, an on-off key, a pulse generator, a delay module, a feedback logic gate, a pulse-width generating logic gate, and a switch logic gate. The pulse generator connected to the on-off key and the power supply is used for outputting pulse signals. The delay module connected to the output pin is used for delaying a voltage output from the conversion module. Two input ends of the feedback logic gate are connected to the output pin of the conversion module and the output of the delay module, respectively. Two ends of the pulse-width generating logic gate are connected to the output of the feedback logic gate and the pulse generator, respectively, and the pulse-width generating logic gate is used for generating an adaptive pulse signal. Two ends of the switch logic gate are connected to the output of the pulse-width generating logic gate and the delay module, respectively, and the switch logic gate is used for outputting a logic value to trigger the conversion module to open or close the electronic device, according to the adaptive pulse signal and the delayed voltage output by the conversion module.


Education for rural people in Africa The views and opinions expressed in this booklet are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of FAO, UNESCO or of the IIEP. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO, UNESCO or IIEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. The designations 'developed' and 'developing' economies are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country, territory or area in the development process. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the 5 Contents Foreword to the series 7 List of abbreviations 9 Executive summary 11 Chapter 1. Introduction 15 1 Background 15 2. Objectives and design of the seminar 17 3. Seminar inauguration 18 4. Organization of the publication 19 Chapter 2. Analysis of the situation 21 1. MDGs and EFA goals 21 2. Who are the rural people? 22 3. Needs and challenges 24 4. Implications for ERP 27 Chapter 3. An overview of progress made by countries in ERP 29 1. Early childhood care and education 29 2. Primary education 30 3. Curriculum 32 4. Adult and non-formal basic education 34 Chapter 4. Main policies and strategies for addressing inequalities and lessons learned 39 1. Access and equity for children, youth and adults 39 2. Quality and relevance in primary education, literacy and post-literacy, basic skill training and vocational training 59 Chapter 5. The way forward: policy recommendations to promote ERP in Africa 65 1. 7 Foreword to the series Education for rural people is crucial to achieving both the Education for All (EFA) goals, and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, ensuring universal primary education by 2015, promoting gender equity and ensuring environmental sustainability. In 1996, the World Food Summit in Rome stressed increased access to education for the poor and members of …