Within the scientific debate on urban regeneration, this paper intends to question possible planning techniques to address the implementation of widespread regeneration interventions in obsolete residential areas within medium-sized European cities, with particular attention to constructing a cognitive framework to locate redevelopment interventions. The widespread urban regeneration approach has yet to be sufficiently explored in the scientific literature, which focuses much more on replacing large derelict areas, though it seems particularly relevant for research and urban practice. This paper aims to illustrate a methodological framework for defining obsolete and degraded areas (at the block scale) suitable for redevelopment. Various criteria are considered, e.g., land use, buildings' dating, state of preservation, population density, public spaces, and facility provision, and degree of accessibility. The methodological framework is then tested in the medium-sized Italian city of Parma. Data set parameters and threshold values to quantify the previously introduced criteria and perform GIS-based statistical and spatial analysis. The results show 96 areas potentially in need of regeneration, providing an opportunity to reflect on the criteria of suitability and priority for transformation and the framework of past and future planning scenarios.


A place of traditional computer mouse, the input being attached to the user's finger provides easy input device. A user input device to be mounted on the finger of the present invention, (x) and the first fixed portion (114), said first fixed portion (114) is mounted on a human finger, the first (a) a rotating portion (112), the first rotating portion (112) is at least partially overlap said first fixed portion (114), rotatable and tiltable with respect to said first fixed portion (114) Yes, and a (b) display mechanism (116). The display mechanism conveys a display corresponding to the relative position between the first fixing portion (114) and the first rotating portion (112). .FIELD 1B


Nowadays, to meet passengers' nighttime travel needs and stimulate urban nighttime economic development, subways in some megacities extend their operation hours. In the extended operation period, some routes connecting a given origin and destination (O-D) pair become unreachable which made the transit service providers can't use the conventional method to analysis the passenger flow of plus-train in the extended operation period. This paper proposed a methodology for calculating the passenger flow of the plus-trains based on automatic fare collection (AFC) data and realized train timetable. Considering real-time reachability of the routes which connected an O-D pair, a weighted assignment function among the remaining reachable routes is provided. Then we calculate the passenger flow of each plus-train by estimating which trains were chosen. Initial case study on Shanghai metro shows that the proposed method works well, the calculated plus-train flow and actual survey results match more than 90% which could provide reliable passenger flow data for the optimization of the network plus-train schedule.


Among the elements of weather, rainfall is most affects agricultural productivity especially in tropical regions where rainfall is characterized by events of short duration and high intensity. For this study characterized the variability of rainfall in the city of Cabaceiras-PB, which may contribute to the planning of capture rainwater for the farmer, the agricultural sector, livestock and urban. The diagnosis data were used monthly and annual totals, the monthly and annual averages for the period 1926-2011, and the absolute maximum and minimum values of the time series provided by the Agência de Águas do Estado Paraíba. For data analysis we used a worksheet in Excel. It was observed that the monthly rainfall is highly variable in their spatial and temporal distribution over the years. The four months are the wettest months of March, April, May and June with average monthly totals ranging from 3.4 to 60.2 mm/month. The months from September to December considered the driest their rainfall fluctuate between 3.4 to 9.3 mm, with an average of 336.6 mm with 86 years of observations. During the 86 years studied the total annual extreme rainfall were recorded in the year 1964 in which it rained 775.5 mm and 1952 when the annual total recorded was 23.8 mm, give these extremes resulting from large-scale phenomena active during the period studied.


The Population invariance studies usually use error statistics such as REMSD to assess the magnitude of equating differences. However, previous research indicated that the use of error statistics for comparing equating functions between subgroups which differ considerably in sample size tended to produce small values of statistics and led to misinterpretation of whether the equating was population invariant. This study aims to examine how error statistics are sensitive to different sample sizes of subgroups. Also, alternative weighting schemes are implemented in computing error statistics to identify the weighting scheme that is the least sensitive to subgroup size. This study found that error statistics could increase or decrease solely due to different sample size. The weighting scheme that assigns the subgroup weights proportional to sample sizes of the subgroups produced the smallest changes in error statistics as the subgroup sizes varied.


quite consistently, e.g. Lisboa (PI. 5), nor always accurately, e.g. Tyrrhenean, Philippople (PI. 22). Some important places have been omitted. There is nothing to illustrate the significant wars between the Arabs and the Khazars north of the Caucasus in the seventh and eighth centuries. Fraxinetum (Garde-Freinet) east of Marseilles, from which in the tenth century the Moors raided as far as Switzerland, is not registered. Talas (Taraz), though marked on PI. 10 for the tenth century, is not indicated as the scene of a decisive battle in 134/751 between the Arabs and the Chinese. More serious is the absence of an index of place-names. The new work is described as if it were the first of its kind, in ignorance or disregard of the pioneering Atlas of Islamic History, published by Princeton University Press in 1951, with later editions.


Review(s) of: Indivisible by Two: Lives of Extraordinary Twins, by Nancy L. Segal, (2005). Harvard University Press. 280pp, $US24.95, ISBN 0674019334.


The problem of this research is how Indonesian National Police (POLRI) and National Anti-Narcotics Agency (BNN) to prevent and prosecute drug crimes and any obstacles encountered in the coordination. This research aims to determine coordination between Indonesian National Police (POLRI) and National Anti- Narcotics Agency (BNN) to prevent and prosecute drug crimes and to find out what are the constraints faced in coordination. This research used normative legal research. This research focused on the norms of positive law in the form of legislation both law No.35 Year 2009 on Narcotics, Law No.2 Year 2002 on the Indonesian National Police and the Presidential Regulation No.23 Year 2010 on the National Anti- Narcotics Agency. The results of this research were Indonesian National Police and National Anti-Narcotics Agency had coordination in preventing and prosecuting the crime of narcotics, BNN and the Police are intertwined when Police asked for the support of education issues, BNN was ready to do counseling and dissemination of drugs and the dangers of narcotics. In the operations of the inspection or the raid, BNN asked for help to the police because the limited number of members.


Specific abnormalities of perceptual organization occur in individuals with Turner This association between chromosomal endowment and cognition provides a unique opportunity to study the inheritance of intellectual skills. The chromosomal defect in Turner syndrome results in the functional absence of genetic information contained on the short arm of one of the x sex chromosomes. At least 50 per cent of individuals with Turner syndrome lack a second x chromosome7* *and theremainder have any one of a variety of abnormal chromosomal patterns (e .g . 46Xxp-, 46xringx, 4 5 ~ 0 / 4 6 x x , 45~0/46xY) . The phenotype may vary from minimal alteration of physical appearance to any combination of the classic Turner stigmata. These include webbing of the neck, short stature, skeletal abnormalities, pigmented moles, coarctation of the aorta, shield chest and facial hypoplasia. Many reports of Turner syndrome have included mental retardation as a clinical featureY-". Defective intellectual functioning has been associated with neck webbing", I * , the 45x0 karotype'' and mosaicism14~ 15. In a selected uncontrolled study of 37 patients with Turner syndrome, MONEY16 demonstrated a normal distribution of Full-scale IQ scores. These patients had intact Verbal IQ scores and a normally distributed but decreased set of scores on the Performance IQ subtests. In another analysis of intelligence-test scores of vr z Turner individuals, GARRON and colm leagues'' attributed the lowering of Fullscale IQ to the results of specific subtests


Increasing emphasis on self reliance as an objective of social policy calls for a re-assessment of how long-term care for dependent elderly people will be funded. A variety of options are available for sharing the costs between the state and users. Private long-term care insurance has the potential to play a part in the future, but constraints from both the supply and demand sides must be taken into account, as must the wider social implications of policy choices.


This article makes a distinction between two types of entrepreneurship activities --Venture Entrepreneurship (VE), which deals with new venture creation, and Innovation Entrepreneurship (IE), which involves innovations within existing enterprises.VE is found to be positiviely related to GDP growth rate.IE is negatively related to economic growth rate in high-income countries, while the findings for middle- and low-income countries are mixed.The study contributes to a relatively sparse body of literature by exploring the nature of the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic performance. (Publication abstract)


The crystal structure of cyclo-(L-Thr-D-Val-L-Pro-Sar-N-L-MeVal-O Thr ), C 23 H 39 N 5 O 6 .HCl.MeOH.H 2 O is reported. This cyclic pentapeptide lactone represents one of the two peptide units of actinomycin and is a 16-membered depsipeptide. The backbone adopts a flat conformation similiar to that found for an analogous N-protected pentapeptide lactone by Mauger, Stuart, Ferretti & Silverton [J.Am. Chem. Soc. (1985), 107, 7154-7163]


A method of using solar energy exploitation of oil, into the light of the production process and the production process of the matt. The main station 1 is combined tap water receiving reservoir by means of solar collectors and solar 2 bundle 5 after heating, into the formation. Advantage of the present invention is performed by using the solar heating of the water, functions to raise the temperature of the reservoir, can be changed from the spray oil mechanical recovery, it is possible to save energy and fuel; oil production efficiency significantly, reduce social benefits due to the amount of combustion It can reduce sulfur dioxide and dust pollution of the atmosphere.


Large amplitude ocean solitons can interfere with underwater acoustic signals that pass through the solitons. This can disrupt underwater acoustic communications and produce erroneous measurements in ocean acoustic experiments. Recently a simulation method has been developed that links certain properties of the soliton with properties of the affected acoustic signals. This can be used as a "feedback method" to determine if acoustic signals are likely to be affected in ocean regions where solitons may be present. Results from ocean model and acoustic model simulations are given to illustrate the method.


This article details a method for adapting a bowling ball to become a pendulum which can be used to demonstrate the independence of period on mass and conservation of energy.


This paper describes a method for detecting and in terpreting disturbances of the local independence as sumption among items that share common stimulus material or other substantive features. Dichotomous and polytomous Rasch models are used in an example to analyze Structure of the Learning Outcome (SOLO) superitems and examine the results for local independ ence problems. The results indicate that some disturb ances were present among particular subsets of the items. Index terms: local independence, partial credit model, one-parameter logistic model, Rasch model, rating scale model.


Software testing is widely considered to be one of the most important parts of software development life-cycle. In this research, we investigated potential improvements in the testing process and d ...


In the mammalian circadian clock, the transcription factor BMAL1/CLOCK cycles between an active state recruiting co-activators like MLL1, and repressed states associated with the clock proteins Period1/2 (PER1/2) and Cryptochrome1/2 (CRY1/2). The MLL1 complex component WDR5 was also found in a repressive PER complex, but the roles of WDR5-PER interactions are unknown. Here we show that WDR5 directly binds to the C-terminal CRY binding domain (CBD) regions of PER1 and PER2. PER2 binds WDR5 via a WDR5 binding (WBM) motif within the PER2/CRY interface, imposing a molecular choice between PER2/WDR5- and PER2/CRY complexes. PER1 predominantly binds WDR5 via a WDR5 interacting (WIN) motif outside the CBD and exhibits a 15-fold higher WDR5 affinity than PER2. Thereby PER1 can form trimeric PER1WIN/WDR5/RbBP5WBM - and PER1/WDR5/CRY complexes as potential transition states between activating MLL1WIN/WDR5/RbBP5WBM - and repressive PER/CRY complexes. Overexpressing WDR5 in mammalian cells increases the circadian amplitude, whereas a compound targeting the WIN motif binding site of WDR5 weakens PER1-WDR5 interactions and shortens the circadian oscillation period by 2 to 3 hours. Together, our studies uncover WDR5 as direct PER interaction partner at the interface between active- and repressed states of BMAL1/CLOCK and suggest a functional role of WDR5 and its WIN site interactions in the mammalian clock by both enhancing circadian oscillations and creating a temporal delay.


Objective To study the diagnostic value of three-operators and blood-oxygen functional image( TOBOFI) technology and colored ultrasonic Doppler in the diagnosis of breast diseases. Methods 175 patients with malignant and benign breast diseases were all confirmed by surgery and pathological examinations. All the patients were examined by TOBOFI scanning and colored ultrasonic. Results The positive diagnostic rate of the two exams in benign breast diseases and breast cancer was 88. 75% through three-operators. The positive diagnostic rate of the two exams in benign breast diseases and breast cancer was 95. 79% through the combination of the two methods. Conclusion Two examinations all were valuable diagnostic indicators of breast diseases no matter benign or malignant,they have complementarity in diagnosing the breast diseases and breast cancer. The value of TOBOFI scanning in combination with colored ultrasonic is utmost.


Aim of the study was to examine possible differentiation of aortic stiffness and carotid atherosclerosis among hypercholesterolemic patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) according to smoking status and statin therapy.

 We measured carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) in three age-matched groups of ED patients with a moderate cardiovascular risk (SCORE) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level greater than or equal to 100 mg/dL: Smokers not receiving statin therapy (n=106), Smokers actively under statin treatment for at least three months with no dose adjustment for a minimum of six weeks (n=59) and Non-smokers not receiving statin therapy (n=97). The severity of ED was evaluated with measurements of penile peak velocity (PSV) 20 min after the intracavernous injection of prostaglandin E1 (20 μg).

 The groups of untreated smokers and non-smokers had similar mean LDL-C level. The mean LDL-C of patients under statin therapy was lower, however the differences with the level of the untreated patients was not statistically significant. Overall 33 (56%) of the patients under statin therapy reached their LDL-C goal. Body mass index and the prevalence of hypertension were not different between the three groups. The PSV was significantly lower in smokers with or without therapy compared to that of non-smokers, denoting significant influence of smoking status on the smaller in size penile arteries and consequently, a unfavorable effect on erectile function. Figure illustrates the differences in cfPWV (left plot) and cIMT (right plot) mean (±SE) values between the three groups. Smokers not receiving statin therapy had significantly higher cfPWV compared to the other groups while smokers under statin therapy had no different cfPWV than that of non-smokers not receiving therapy. The cIMT values were not different between the three groups.
 Smoking, statins and vascular changes

 Smokers ED patients receiving statin therapy exhibited similar atherosclerotic burden compared to untreated hypercholesterolemic individuals, however, the cfPWV was significantly lower, possibly because of the known pleiotropic effects of these drugs on the aortic elastic properties. Although the cross-sectional design precludes drawing conclusions of causal relationships, the findings of this study have important clinical implications given the harmful effect of both hypercholesterolemia and smoking in men suffering from ED and the higher risk for future cardiovascular events that ED confers.


Abstract We generalize results of Hattori on the topology of complements of hyperplane arrangements, from the class of generic arrangements, to the much broader class of hypersolvable arrangements. We show that the higher homotopy groups of the complement vanish in a certain combinatorially determined range, and we give an explicit Z π1-module presentation of πp, the first non-vanishing higher homotopy group. We also give a combinatorial formula for the π1-coinvariants of πp. For affine line arrangements whose cones are hypersolvable, we provide a minimal resolution of π2 and study some of the properties of this module. For graphic arrangements associated to graphs with no 3-cycles, the algorithm for computing π2 is purely combinatorial. The Fitting varieties associated to π2 may distinguish the homotopy 2-types of arrangement complements with the same π1, and the same Betti numbers in low degrees.


We simultaneously estimate fault probabilities, strikes, and dips directly from a seismic image by using a single convolutional neural network (CNN). In this method, we assume a local 3-D fault is a plane defined by a single combination of strike and dip angles. We assume the fault strikes and dips, respectively, are in the ranges of [0°, 360°) and [64°, 85°], which are divided into 577 classes corresponding to the situation of no fault and 576 different combinations of strikes and dips. We construct a 7-layer CNN to classify the fault strike and dip in a local seismic cube and obtain the classification probability at the same time. With the fault probability, strike and dip estimated at some seismic pixel, we further compute a fault cube (centered at the pixel) with fault features elongated along the fault plane. By sliding the classification window within a full seismic image, we are able to obtain a lot of overlapping fault cubes which are stacked to compute three full images of enhanced and continuous fault probabilities, strikes, and dips. To train the CNN model, we propose an effective and efficient workflow to automatically create 900 000 synthetic seismic cubes and the corresponding fault class labels. Although trained with only synthetic data sets, our CNN model can be applied to accurately estimate fault probabilities, strikes, and dips within field seismic images that are acquired at totally different surveys. With the estimated three fault images, we further construct fault cells that are represented as small 3-D squares, each square is colored by fault probability and oriented by fault strike and dip. We recursively link the fault cells by following the fault strikes and dips to finally construct fault skins, which are simple linked data structures to represent fault surfaces.


Abstract A fresh look at the 1888 Sikkim Expedition using both Chinese and English language sources yields very different conclusions from that of previous research on the subject. During the course of policymaking, the British Foreign Office and the British Government of India did not collaborate to devise a plan to invade Tibet; conversely, their aims differed and clashed frequently. During the years leading to war, the largest newspapers in British India gave plenty of coverage to the benefits of trade with Tibet, thus influencing British foreign policy and contributing indirectly to the outbreak of war. The Tibetan army was soundly defeated in the war, while the British troops suffered only light casualties. Although the Tibetan elites remained committed to the war, the lower classes of Tibetan society quickly grew weary of it. During the war, the British made much use of local spies and enjoyed an advantage in intelligence gathering, which contributed greatly to their victory. Finally, although the war was initially fought over trade issues, the demarcation of the Tibetan-Sikkim border replaced trade issues as the main point of contention during the subsequent peace negotiations. During the negotiations, Sheng Tai, the newly appointed Amban of Tibet, tried his best to defend China's interests.


Organizations withincertain branches of the public sector – such as police districts, municipal socialservices and local tax offices – compare their performances to reveal differencesas well as to show ways of improving performance. Benchmarking is based onideas – implicitly or otherwise – about managing organizations and improvingtheir performances. These ideas include 'organizations want to copy ''bestpractices''' and 'performance comparison results in performance improvement'(Camp, 1989; and Bruder and Gray, 1994). As far as we know, the possibility ofcombining these and similar ideas into a theoretical framework has never beenexamined. This is confirmed by Bowerman et al. (2002, p. 432), who assert thatpublic sector benchmarking has not attracted much attention in the manage-ment literature. We will attempt to fill in this gap. That is, we will develop atheoretical framework that can be used to investigate public sector benchmark-ing. The starting point for this framework will be a combination of economic andinstitutional reasoning. Together these theoretical angles provide an explanationfor the way in which benchmarking is used in the public sector.This paper develops a theory and formulates hypotheses with respect to thevarious response patterns of public sector organizations to benchmarking. It usesinsights from both economic theory and a theory – developed by Oliver (1991) –which is based on neo-institutional theory and resource dependence theory. Thehypotheses will be exemplified and subsequently refined by empirical researchinto a benchmarking project of waste-water treatment by Dutch water boards.This benchmarking project used an adapted version of the Balanced Scorecard.It comprised two benchmarking studies, which used data from, respectively, theyears 1999 and 2002. Following both studies, we investigated the water boards'response patterns to the benchmarking project. As such, we used multipleresearch methods, including a survey and several case studies. The core of thepaper will entail a reflection on the response patterns of the water boards to the


Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by gradual decline in memory. The present study was undertaken to investigate the memory strengthening effect of Abelmoschusmoschatus Medic. Ethanolic extract of seeds (100,200mg/kg. p.o) was administered for 7 successive days to young mice. Exteroceptivebehavioral model such as elevated plus maze was employed to evaluate learning and memory. To delineate the mechanism by which AM exerts memory strengthening activity, the effect of AM on whole brain AchE, Brain Malondialdehyde content , Reduced Glutathione were also assessed. Piracetam (200mg/kg, i.p) was used as a standard drug. Pretreatment with AM (100,200mg, p.o) for seven successive days significantly improved learning and memory in mice and reversed the amnesia induced by diazepam (1mg/kg, i.p). AM also decreased whole brain AchE and Malondialdehyde content and increase the brain reduced glutathione. Hence Abelmoschusmoschatus Medic.appears to be a promising candidate for improving memory, Anti cholinesterase activity and Anti oxidant property and it would be worthwhile to explore the potential of this plant in the management of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.


This article presents the event calculus, a logic-based formalism for representing actions and their effects. A circumscriptive solution to the frame problem is deployed which reduces to monotonic predicate completion. Using a number of benchmark examples from the literature, the formalism is shown to apply to a variety of domains, including those featuring actions with indirect effects, actions with non-deterministic effects, concurrent actions, and continuous change.


A one-pot, three-component condensation of an aryl aldehyde, an enolizable ketone or β-keto ester, acetyl chloride, and acetonitrile or benzonitrile in the presence of magnesium hydrogensulfate as an active, recoverable, and reusable green catalyst is described for the synthesis of β-amido ketones/esters at room temperature. The key features of this methodology are simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and high to excellent yields.Key words: multi-component reaction, magnesium hydrogensulfate, heterogeneous catalyst, β-amido ketone/ester, mild conditions.


Environment, sustainable development as well as new transportation service emergence in urban areas are major concerns. Consequently, studies are currently intended to automate electric vehicles designed for applications in free access. An additional functionality that appears very attractive is vehicle platooning. In order to avoid oscillations within the fleet when completing this task, a global control strategy, supported by inter-vehicle communications, is investigated. Vehicle absolute localization is then needed and is here derived from monocular vision. These data are however expressed in a virtual vision world, slightly distorted with respect to the actual metric one. It has previously been shown that such a distortion can accurately be corrected on-line in different ways, considering telemetric or odometric data. These strategies have here been refined in order to provide optimal corrections. A comparative study, supported by simulations and full-scale experiments, is reported to exhibit benefits and performances of proposed approaches.


Local gene therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of arthritis. The first clinical trial of this strategy involved nine postmenopausal women requiring unilateral sialistic implant arthroplasty of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints 2–5 for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Autologous synoviocytes were recovered and transduced with a retrovirus, MFG-IRAP, which carries human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) cDNA. In a dose-escalation, double-blind fashion, two MCP joints on each subject's hand were injected with genetically modified cells, and the other two MCPs were injected with unmodified cells. After 1 week, the injected joints underwent replacement arthroplasty. Examination of retrieved synovia confirmed successful gene transfer and intra-articular transgene expression. A subsequent, similar study involving two subjects with RA provided clear evidence of a marked clinical response to the gene therapy. No adverse events occurred during either study. These highly promising fi...


1. A method for separation of a homogeneous catalyst solution from crude monoethylene glycol (MEG) and the MEG purification for use in the catalytic conversion of ethylene oxide (EO) to MEG, wherein the process comprises the steps of: separating catalyst solution in a catalyst separation section by evaporating crude monoethylene glycol (MEG ) and fed to the crude MEG rectification section, stripping section, and thence to the pasteurisation section, each section operated at subatmospheric pressure of 0.5 x 105 Nm-2 or less, while section ii rectification and pasteurisation under pressure less than the pressure of the catalyst separation section, wherein the method provides a pressure difference between the sections of catalyst separation and rectification, and wherein vapor phase crude MEG from the catalyst separation section is fed as vapor substantially meals rectification section. ! 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the separation section, the rectification and pasteurisation placed in MEG purification column and operate with internal feeds in open communication between sections and the stripping section is located outside the MEG purification column and works as a separate stripping section at below atmospheric pressure, but higher than the pressure in the rectification section, with external power supply in open communication with the rectification section. ! 3. The method of claim 2, wherein condensed vapors from the rectification section are fed externally to the stripping section, and released from the light components returned MEG vapor in the area between the separation and rectification sections. ! 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the section of


Artistic conception is formed by the authors' subjective emotion and objective reality,and it is enough to make the readers indulge in the imagination.All the literary styles like poem,poetry,Qu,novel,poses and painting and music can create artistic conception.To attach great importance of conception creating is the common characteristic of Chinese literature.


"Why do I have to learn mathematics? What do I need it for?" When I was a school student, it never occurred to me to ask these questions, nor do I remember hearing it from any of my classmates. "Why do I need history?"—yes. "Why Latin?" (yes, as a high school student I was supposed to study this ancient language)—certainly. But not, "Why mathematics?" The need to deal with numbers, geometric figures, and functions was beyond doubt, and mathematics was unassailable. Things changed. Today, every other student seems to ask why we need mathematics. Over the years, the quiet certainty of the mathematics learner has disappeared: No longer do young people take it for granted that everybody has to learn math, or at least the particular mathematics curriculum that is practiced with only marginal variations all over the world. The questions, "Why mathematics? Why so much of it? Why 'for all'?" are now being asked by almost anybody invested, or just interested, in the business of education. Almost, but not all. Whereas the question seems to be bothering students, parents, and, more generally, all the "ordinary people" concerned about the current standards of good education, the doubt does not seem to cross the minds of those who should probably be the first to wonder: mathematics educators, policy makers, and researchers. Not only are mathematics educators and researchers convinced about the importance of school mathematics, they also know how to make the case for it. If asked, they all come up with a number of reasons, and their arguments look more or less the same, whatever the cultural background of their presenters. Yet these common arguments are almost as old as school mathematics itself, and those who use them do not seem to have considered the possibility that, as times change, these arguments might have become unconvincing.


The crossed dipole is a common type of antenna that is used to generate circularly polarized radiation in a wide frequency range. This antenna was originally developed in the 1930s and today is used in many wireless communication systems, including broadcast services, satellite communications, mobile communications, global navigation systems satellite system (GNSS), radio frequency identification (RFID), wireless local area networks (WLANs) and global interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX). This paper shows that it is possible to obtain circular polarization with two cross dipoles with different lengths and connected in parallel by applying the Theory of Characteristic Modes. The results obtained using this new approach is consistent with those obtained using the normal method of analysis of input admittances.


Introduction Corporations Nature, Promotion, Formation, and Powers Management of Corporations Shareholders' Rights and Responsibilities Financial Structure of the Corporation Mergers, Consolidations, and Stock and Asset Acquisitions Securities Regulation Dissolution and Liquidation Partnerships Partnerships: Nature and Formation Partnerships: Property of Partnership and Partners Partnerships: Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Partners Partnerships: Termination Limited Partnerships Agency Agency: Nature and Creation Agency: Duties and Liabilities Agency: Termination Selected Bibliography Index


Iron-deficient Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Prelude developed a high reducing capacity for extracellular Fe(III) at the root surface. This reduction was competitively inhibited by Nitro-Blue Tetrazolium salt (Nitro-BT) which was deposited as a blue precipitate within the epidermis cells of the youngest root parts. Root respiration was not influenced by Nitro-BT. The intracellular reduction of Nitro-BT could largely be prevented by excess extracellular Fe(III)EDTA. Iron-sufficient control plants reduced both extracellular Fe(III)EDTA and intracellular Nitro-BT at a much slower rate. A role of cytosolic NADH or NADPH as direct electron donors for the enhanced Fe(III) reduction at the plasmalemma is indicated. NAD+-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was higher in preparations from iron-deficient root parts than in preparations from control root parts. Ferricyanide, dichlorophenolindophenol and phenazine methosulfate were also reduced at an increased rate by iron-deficient roots. We conclude that a trans-plasma membrane electron transfer, mediated by a membrane-bound reductase, is responsible for the reduction of extracellular Fe(III).


The objective of this discussion is to provide examples of alternate means of documenting manufacturing processes for coil winding. This discussion deals with the photograph insert process of documenting critical design parameters in assembly processes.


Parapsychology is a research field that has seen much lower funding than other areas of science. This lack of financial support is critical with limited resources for salaries, project expenses, and support staff for researchers already in the field and those would otherwise want to join the field. BIAL Foundation Chairman Luís Portela shares why he funds parapsychology and his thoughts on increasing the funding, and thus the opportunities for breakthroughs, in the field.

Keywords: bias, BIAL Foundation, collaboration, edge science, funding, phenomenology


Use of rapamycin for treating cognitive deficits associated with Down syndrome. # The present invention relates to the use of a composition comprising an inhibitor of mTOR, where the inhibitor is selected from rapamycin, temsirolimus, everolimus or deforolimus . Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of these inhibitors, preferably rapamycin for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with Down syndrome.


Through research and study on the training and lectures about the Super Sketchpad of Z+Z intelligent education plat.form, it can be drawn that the students from different provinces accept and are fond of the Super Sketchpad. The western prov.inces should copy the action of Guangzhou city to develop the information teaching. As long as the Super Sketchpad is improved and renovated constantly, it will be one of the best assistants for teachers as well as students.


Abel-Grassmann's groupoids, or shortly AG-groupoids, have been considered in quite a number of papers, although under the different names. In some papers they are named left-almost semigroups, LA-semigroups [3], in other left invertive groupoids [2]. In this paper we introduce the notions of a 3-potent element of an AG-groupoid and of AG-3-band. We describe AG-3-band as an AG-band of Abelian groups of a certain type. Furthermore we define mappings which take part in the construction that illuminates the structure of AG-3-bands. This construction defines the multiplication between the elements from different components, thus it gives the way how to make an AG-3-band. AMS Mathematics Subject Classification (2000):


To provide a nonwoven fabric producing machine which it is possible to obtain different grades of nonwoven for the same feed given to the spunbond tower. The invention relates to a nonwoven fabric production machines with spunbond tower (1-4), the same one machine from long fibers of the same nature, the web N .FIELD 1


Hypericum perfortum L ,also named St John's Wort in Europe and USA,is a kind of Chinese traditional medicines,it has been used to morderate depressed patients for several hundred years in German Extracts of Hypericum perfortum L has a benefit antidepressant effect on derpressed patients or model animals The recent pharmaclogical researches suggest hyperforin is the main active component of Hypericum perfortum L with antidepressant action Hyperforin inhibits the reuptake of serotonins by synaptosomes,such as 5 HT、DA and NE,and it also inhibits the reuptake of GABA and L glu The molecular mechanism of inhibition of monoamines reuptake by hyperforin is yet unclear,it may be relate to an increase in free intracellular Na + ion concentration or disspate an existing ΔpH across synaptic vesicle membrane


The Chinese community has greatly influenced Thailand's domestic development. Since the beginning of the XX century the Thai authorities began to view it as a factor that prevented the creation of a nation-state. The most decisive measures in resolving the so-called Chinese question were taken by Prime Minister Phibun Songkhram. This article examines the impact of his nationalist policies on the life of the local Chinese community.


The analysis results of the current state of promising male lines of Zabaikalsky horse breed are presented, a brief description of each line is given. Research material is data from the regional archival documents and summary sheets on the appraisal of horses of pedigree farms ofTrans-BaikalTerritory(2010–2018). The following parameters of horses were studied: type, conformation, adaptive qualities, live weight, measurements (height at withers, body length, chest girth, cannon girth). On the basis of the measurements, the indices of the body build were calculated – index of format and index of blockiness. The current linear structure of Zabaikalsky horse breed is represented by seven lines that have living successors. In the genealogy of the breed, the leading lines are Argali, Kagor, Chetky and Premiere. The most numerous Argali line accounts for 21.6% of the total structure. The line is characterized by the best indicators of height at withers and length of the body, which allows the horses of this line to effectively pasture in winter. The second place in terms of the number of descendants is occupied by the Chetky line (18.9%). These animals have a curl gene in their genotype. The Premier line, whose descendants are distinguished by their tall height (up to146 cm) and long body (up to152 cm), ranks third (15.3%). The Kagor line of the black-marked coat colour type ranks fourth in terms of the number (12.7%). The latter are compact, strong and solid in constitution, with good conformation. On the basis of Argali, Kagor, Chetky and Premier lines, the intra-breed type of Zabaikalsky horses is created, distinguished by a massive constitution and good adaptability to year-round grazing and keeping.


The study was conducted on 8335 eggs obtained from two long-term growth selected (PQ1&2), a control (PQ3), a growth cum sexual maturity selected (PQ4) and three plumage -and egg -colour variant (WP, WB & WE) lines of Japanese quails. Incidence of dried -off eggs during incubation varied between 2.6 to 6.3%, and was highest in the growth selected lines, and lowest in the plumage and egg-colour lines. Selection for body weight over 24 generations led to decrease in fertility, hatchability and increase in embryonic mortality as indicated by the comparison of PQ1 and PQ2 with PQ3 line. Selection for sexual maturity led to restoring of fertility and hatchability. Plumage and egg colour variant lines had higher fertility and hatchability than other lines. The pattern of embryonic mortality also differed among lines with proportionally higher mortality during 0–11 d in the selected than the control line. The plumage and egg colour variant lines had lowest early (0-11d) but highest late (>12d) and piping mortality.


The purpose of this communication is to present the evolution of the chemical quality of surface water and groundwater used for irrigation of citrus and vegetables in Pego village (Southeast of Spain), during the years 2004-2014, considering the annual rainfall and the vulnerability of the area to the real risk of seawater intrusion and contamination by the application of organic fertilizers and synthetic origin. This is because irrigation is an area near the Mediterranean coast from a distance of between 2 and 11 km. It is a very interesting study area because it brings together two Cretaceous aquifers formed by dolomites and limestones cracked very karst landforms formed by geological materials of different chemical and solubility composition with other detrital aquifer quaternary occupying the flat and depressed area and terrain marl and clay that forms a swampy marsh (dedicated to rice and natural park) that separates it from the sandy shoal and the line of dunes along the beach of the Mediterranean Sea immediate sand.


Gene Set Enrichment Analysis is one of the most common tasks in the analysis of omic data, and is critical for biological interpretation. In the context of Epigenome-Wide Association Studies, which typically rank individual cytosines according to the level of differential methylation, enrichment analysis of biological pathways is challenging due to differences in CpG/probe density between genes. While a number of recent methods, which overcome this bias have been proposed, we have found that these algorithms may overadjust, rendering them less powerful to detect genuine biological enrichment. Here we propose an empirical Bayes Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ebGSEA) algorithm, which does not rank CpGs but genes according to the overall level of differential methylation of its CpGs/probes, allowing unbiased and sensitive detection of enriched pathways. Using simulated data and real data scenarios, we demonstrate that ebGSEA substantially outperforms the existing state-of-the-art. ebGSEA is freely available and anticipate that it will become the tool of choice for GSEA in the context of DNA methylation studies.


W ediscusswhethertheN uTeV anom aly can beexplained,com patibly with allother data,by Q CD e(cid:11)ects (m aybe,ifthe strange sea is asym m etric,or there is a tiny violation ofisospin),new physics in propagators or couplings ofthe vector bosons (notreally),loopsofsupersym m etricparticles(no),dim ension six operators(yes,for one speci(cid:12)c SU (2) L -invariant operator),leptoquarks (not in a m inim alway),extra U (1) gauge bosons (m aybe: an unm ixed Z 0 coupled to B (cid:0) 3 L (cid:22) also increases the m uon g (cid:0) 2 by about10 (cid:0) 9 and givesa 'burst'to cosm ic raysabove the G ZK cuto(cid:11)).


Introduction . The concept of heterogeneity in obesity depending on the risk of developing cardiometabolic complications has garnered attention in recent decades, since not everyone with obesity goes on to develop metabolic dysfunction. The aim of the work is to study specific characteristics of colonic microbial communities in patients with different obesity phenotypes and in healthy individuals by employing metagenomics methods. Materials and methods . A total of 265 individuals (44 men and 221 women; mean age 47.1 ± 4.8 years) were enrolled in the study. They were further divided into clinical groups: Healthy normal-weight individuals (n = 129); patients with obesity (n = 136), including metabolically healthy obesity (n = 40) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (n = 55). Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the intestinal microbiome was based on metagenomic analysis. Fecal samples were used to isolate DNA and perform sequencing of the variable v3-v4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results . The study revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between quantitative and qualitative variables in studied phylotypes of colonic microorganisms in healthy individuals without obesity and in patients with different obesity phenotypes. Discussion . Patients with obesity had higher levels of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and lower levels of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, TM7 (Saccharibacteria), Fusobacteria, and more frequently detected phyla Tenericutes, Planctomycetes and Lentisphaerae compared to healthy individuals. Metabolically healthy obese patients had more rarely detected phylum Lentisphaerae in their colonic microbiome, increased numbers of Firmicutes and reduced numbers of Bacteroidetes compared to metabolically unhealthy obese patients. Conclusion . The findings demonstrate alterations in the colonic microbiome in patients with different obesity phenotypes.


Attempting to identify the separate components of the creative process creates an artifical atmosphere not immediate l y recognised by the classroom teacher in the workshop, as being of re l evance to t h eir job. And yet these components are essential l y what is required. The ";sensitivity to al l areas of experience"; and ";the quality of being c r itica l of ones products"; are what is being de m an d ed by teachers of C . D.T. (Whether or not they are r ecognised w h e n achieved is ano t he r matter). What is obv i ously of val u e and coincident l y w h at can be re l atively easi l y recognised, is that of f l uidity. The quality of ideas ge n erated create an atmosphere wh i ch enab l es the qualitive aspects of the work to be enhanced . In other words if you have more ideas to choose from there i s a greater relevance to the prob l em in hand. If we can therefore take these and similar ideas from within the realms of psychological tests into the workshop and classroom and attempt to identify those traits which occur as part of the everyday work of our pupils we may help to promote a fuller understanding of the development of creativity in the practical situation of the school . 1 am convinced that other aspects of creativity, such as originality, flexibility and elaboration could all be identified in the norma l conversation of our pupils directed towards specific tasks. This research is therefore based primarily on t h e analysis of audio tapes recorded during a period of problem solving based in the workshop during a C . D.T. lesson . Following on from earlier work I decided to try a change in methodology and substitute some small group work instead of the chalk and talk methods employed previously. In my earlier work I analysed a lesson which was in two parts. In the first part I was aiming at the introduction of a project by talking to the group as a whole. In the second part of the lesson the pupils were working at a drawing board and I was discussing their work with them in a one to one relationship.


University philosophy (sometimes the term "professorial" is used)1 consists of the philosophical doctrines that were developed and taught at universities and some other secular institutions of higher education. The term "university philosophy" is conventional to some extent: it does not denote a type of philosophical theory but all the philosophical doctrines that were officially recognized or "sanctioned" by the relevant authorities (the Ministry of People's Enlightenment, the Chief Administration of Schools, or the professorial conference headed by a director appointed by the government). Academy philosophy, that is, the philosophy taught at theological academies, had a more determinate character because without exception it had to agree with Christian doctrine and could not contradict it under any circumstances. University philosophy could have the most diverse foundations, but this did not exempt its programs and courses from government control. What is characteristic of university philosophy is the fact that it is professional philosophy; that is, a philosophy developed and taught by specialists in philosophy or professional philosophers. There were always university professors or lecturers in other disciplines who in their lectures and scholarly works touched on philosophical problems. But because these faculty members did not belong to the "corporation" of university philosophers, their philosophical ideas can hardly count as university philosophy, although these ideas sometimes had an important influence on the philosophical views of students and colleagues.


Dialogic communication plays a remarkably substantial role in sustaining good interactions between teachers and students in the shared-learning process inside the class. Within a case study approach, this research explores dialogic communication's role in increasing teacher-student interaction in Eksperimental Mangunan Elementary School's shared-learning process. The research's data collected through in-depth interviews with two teachers and six students combined with external observations. There are three notable findings: the teachers act as a facilitator who helps and motivate students; the teachers act as a midwife who helps students in the shared-learning process; and students act as subjects of open and participatory learners. A comfortable atmosphere in the shared-learning process helps to increase students' participation. This research intended to provide an overview of the importance of applying dialogical communication in the shared-learning process.


Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are one of the most intensively studied pathogens, due to the severe global mortality and economic disruption associated with influenza pandemics [1]. In addition to annual epidemics, pandemics sporadically occur when a novel IAV host jumps to humans from an animal reservoir [2]. Wild waterfowl have long been considered the most important reservoir host and pandemic risk, but there are indications that mammals are emerging as key reservoirs. Here, we describe how the modernization of swine production during the last half century provided new opportunities for IAVs to become established in swine globally [3–5], resulting in the first influenza pandemic of swine origin in 2009 [6]. A key lesson is that the landscape of pandemic risk is not static but continuously shifting in response to demographic changes in host populations. It is therefore vital to track how transformations in the economy and global trade impact animal contact rates, disease dynamics, and pandemic risk among livestock and companion animals.


Abstract Objective: To determine the relation between extent of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places and smoking uptake and smoking prevalence among school students. Design: Cross sectional survey with merged records of extent of restrictions on smoking in public places. Setting: United States. Participants: 17 287 high school students. Main outcome measures: Five point scale of smoking uptake; 30 day smoking prevalence. Results: More restrictive arrangements on smoking at home were associated with a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (P<0.05) and a lower 30 day prevalence (odds ratio 0.79 (95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.91), P<0.001). These findings applied even when parents were smokers. More pervasive restrictions on smoking in public places were associated with a higher probability of being in a earlier stage of smoking uptake (P<0.05) and lower 30 day prevalence (0.91 (0.83 to 0.99), P=0.03). School smoking bans were related to a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (0.89 (0.85 to 0.99), P<0.05) and lower prevalence (0.86 (0.77 to 0.94), P<0.001) only when the ban was strongly enforced, as measured by instances when teenagers perceived that most or all students obeyed the rule. Conclusions: These findings suggest that restrictions on smoking at home, more extensive bans on smoking in public places, and enforced bans on smoking at school may reduce teenage smoking.


The development of national and international strategic environment facing today and in the future require a paradigm change in the institutional system updates, enhancing the competence of human resources in education and development of the nation as well as the relations between nations that lead to the implementation of good leadership. This study was conducted to determine the significance: 1). The influence of leadership on motivation, 2). The influence of organizational culture on the motivation, 3). Leadership effects on performance 4). The influence of organizational culture on performance, 5). Motivational influence on the performance of lecturers. Data was collected using sampling methods total population. Data analysis was performed through the analysis of research instrument that includes testing the validity of using the product moment correlation and reliability testing using Cronbach alpah techniques, hypothesis testing include path analysis, the coefficient of determination (R 2 ), t test ,  F test and correlation analysis. The results of this study will prove that: 1). Leadership has a positive and significant effect on the motivation, 2). Organizational culture has an influence in a positive but not significant to motivation, 3). Leadership has a positive and significant effect on the performance and 4). Cultural organizations have influence in a positive way and not significant to the performance, 5). Motivation has a positive effect full peripheral is not significant to the performance of lecturers. Keywords: leadership, organizational culture, motivation, performance


A series of TiO_2 samples were prepared from the precursor P25 using impregnation method followed by a calcination. The phase compositions of the samples were controlled by addition of various additives, including NaNO_3, NaHCO_3, Na_2SO_4, Na_3PO_4, Na_2SiO_3, and Na_2MoO_4. X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrate that the phase transformation from anatase to rutile can be suppressed to a different extent by these additives. Photocatalytic H_2 production reactions were performed in methanol aqueous solution. The catalysts, with the addition of NaNO_3, NaHCO_3, and Na_2SO_4, show a great improvement in the H_2 production activity, while others show a negative effect. This indicates that both the phase structure and the properties of the additives are important for the photocatalytic activity. Infrared spectra of pyridine adsorption on the catalysts reveal that the decreased acidity of the samples may be responsible for the suppressed CO production in the photocatalytic methanol reforming.


The aim of this research is to investigate whether professional satiety sources predict burnout in teachers. Pro- fessional values, including satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the teaching profession, are investigated using the Professional Satiety Inventory. Of 698 teachers, 478 primary school teachers were chosen randomly as the research group. Using the "Professional Satiety Inventory," the teachers were initially divided into ten groups according to their "occupational satisfaction sources." In addition, the "Maslach Burnout Inventory," was used to examine which professional satiety sources predicted emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment, and depersonalization. Based on results of this study, the occupational values for the teaching profession in Turkey were defined as being satisfactory or unsatisfactory.


Airborne particulate matter (PM), especially PM2.5, can be easily adsorbed by human respiratory system. Their roles in carrying pathogens for spreading epidemic diseases has attracted great concern. Herein, we developed a novel gelatin filter-based and culture-independent method for investigation of the microbial diversity in PM samples during a haze episode in Tianjin, China. This method involves particle capture by gelatin filters, filter dissolution for DNA extraction, and high-throughput sequencing for analysis of the microbial diversity. A total of 584 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of bacteria and 370 OTUs of fungi at the genus level were identified during hazy days. The results showed that both bacterial and fungal diversities could be evaluated by this method. This study provides a convenient strategy for investigation of microbial biodiversity in haze, facilitating accurate evaluation of airborne epidemic diseases.


The MacAndrew and Holmes alcoholism scales differentiated older domiciled alcoholics and residents with disciplinary problems related to problem drinking from nonalcoholics. It is suggested that the scales can identify older problem drinkers along similar dimensions as alcoholics and that they might be applied to studying problem drinkrs who have as yet not received diagnoses of alcoholism.


In an extension of cooperation begun earlier this year, health insurance plans and pharmacist groups have created a booklet and a Web site to guide Medicare beneficiaries through choosing a 2007 Part D plan, just as open enrollment is set to begin on Nov. 15.


Abstract Some organosilicon(IV) complexes of the formulae Me2SiL2 and R3SiL (where L = monoanoion of N‐benzoylamino acids: hippuric acid [HL1], N‐benzoyl‐DL‐alanine [HL2], N‐benzoyl‐DL‐valine [HL3] and N‐benzoyl‐DL‐leucine[HL4]; R = Me or Ph) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance, electronic, infrared, 1H and 13C NMR spectral studies. On the basis of the spectral studies a distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal and a distorted octahedral geometries around the central silicon atom have been suggested for all of the triorganosilicon(IV) compounds and dimethylsilicon(IV) compounds, respectively. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the dimethyl‐ and trimethylsilicon(IV) complexes has also been screened against bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida‐2252, Aeromonas formicans, Staphylococcus aureus‐740, and fungi, viz. Aspergillus niger ORS‐4, Aureobasidium pullulans‐1991, Verticillium dahliae‐2063 and Penicillium notatum‐1348. The thermal behaviour of some complexes using TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), DTA (differential temperature analysis) and DTG (derivative thermogravimetric) techniques is also discussed.


The invention relates to an inhaler for drugs in powder form, PROVIDING SUPPORTS Inhaler (1) PLANES microstructures (3) OF REGULAR SURFACE among which is incorporated inhalable powder.


Animal agriculture in North America is undergoing significant change. As new products are developed to meet changing consumer preferences, new production systems are being put in place to reduce costs, and contracts are increasingly replacing open markets and redefining relationships among stakeholders in the system. Technological developments have increased productivity and efficiency at the producer level, and in processing, distribution systems and marketing. Participants throughout the animal agriculture supply chain, from genetics to retail to food service outlets, are adjusting to ongoing changes which bring opportunities but also controversy and challenges. The issues arising from the various factors impacting animal agriculture go beyond matters of supply and demand, cost of production and transportation, and other economic factors. They include the structure of basic institutions, customs of trade and social factors that underlie the production, distribution, transformation, sale and consumption of animal products. These articles reflect the shifting forces of change, anticipate some of the direction and impacts, and identify options that will allow farmers and ranchers, meat processors, food retailers, policy makers, and consumers to make more informed decisions about the future. Farm Foundation led an 18-month project–The Future of Animal Agriculture in North America. The goal was to develop a comprehensive, objective overview of the range of issues that will shape the industry over the next decade. This partnership of industry, government agencies, academics and nongovernment organizations explored the opportunities and challenges facing North America's livestock sector, the driving forces behind them, and their potential consequences. Funding for this effort was provided by industry, government agencies and foundations throughout North America. The final report was released in April 2006 and is available on the Farm Foundation Web page, www.farmfoundation.org. It was organized around seven Working Groups headed by academic experts and composed of industry, government, nonprofit and academic leaders. More than 150 individuals from Canada, Mexico and the United States actively participated in the development of the Working Group reports. The objective was to give all stakeholders a clear understanding of the current state of the industry, a glimpse into the future, ideas for change and their potential consequences, and an inventory of issues that need further research, industry actions or government policy. These articles have been prepared by leaders of the Working Groups. The authors have drawn heavily, but not necessarily exclusively, on the Farm Foundation report. In the first article, we identify a number of cross-cutting issues that will affect the future of animal agriculture in North America. These are topics on which we need to Articles in this Theme:


In this work we propose a direct method for solving systems of linear equations which is based on a successive LU-decomposition of matrices of the form l + uv T . Simultaneously, the factors of an ...


In the last decade, numerous student assignment systems have been redesigned using input from economists in the large American cities and elsewhere. This article reviews some of these case studies and uses practical experiences to take stock on what has really mattered in school choice mechanism design so far. While some algorithm design details are important, many are less practically important than initially thought. What really matters are basic issues that market operators in other contexts would likely be concerned about: straightforward incentives, transparency, avoiding inefficiency through coordination and well-functioning aftermarkets, and influencing inputs to the design, such as applicant decision-making and the quality of schools. INTRODUCTION In recent years, there has been a great deal of research activity and excitement among economists who study the design of systems used to assign students to schools. Motivated by Turkish college admissions, Balinski and Sonmez (1999) first defined the student placement problem, and Abdulkadiroglu and Sonmez (2003) defined the closely related school choice problem, motivated by K-12 public school admissions in the United States. Both articles showed how insights from matching theory could be used to re-engineer and potentially improve existing centralized school assignment systems. Abdulkadiroglu and Sonmez (2003) proposed two alternativemechanisms, which are adaptations of widely studied mechanisms in the literature on matching and assignment markets, following seminal contributions by Gale and Shapley (1962) and Shapley and Scarf (1974). Since that article was published, I have been involved in a number of efforts to redesign school choice systems, including those in New York City (2003), Boston (2005), New Orleans (2012), Denver (2012), Washington DC (2013), and Newark (2014). New systems have also been developed in England, Amsterdam, a number of Asian cities, and elsewhere. The purpose of this article is to review some facts from the field about these redesign efforts and to take stock on what I think has been important in practice so far. This article is not a survey of research on school choice market design (for surveys see, e.g., Pathak, 2011 and Abdulkadiroglu and Sonmez, 2013). My inspiration comes from Klemperer (2002), who presents his views on what matters for practical auction design based on his experience in designing auctions and advising bidders. Klemperer concludes that "in short, good auction design is mostly good elementary economics," whereas "most of the extensive auction literature is of second-order importance for practical auction design."


Object detection may result with some noises, the correct detecting of such object plays a major role for later recognition steps, the interior noise of the object must be removed, the morphological operations are used successfully for this purpose, these morphological operations are applied for 2D holes filling using dilation operation, in this paper we have enhanced this algorithm to get better and faster version that will reduce the processing time dramatically by using a dynamic marker, we have applied two kind of markers with different structuring elements but same size which is 3x3 and those markers are used according to the structure of the subwindow of the object, the processing time is reduced, and our algorithm reduces this time approximately to one third, the results also enhanced since there are some cases missed by the extant version of morphological operations holes filling algorithm.


Rhodococcus equi is a Gram‐positive, facultative intracellular bacterium which infects macrophages and causes rhodococcal pneumonia and enteritis in foals. Recently, this agent has been recognized as an opportunistic pathogen for immunocompromised humans. Several murine experimental models have been used to study R. equi infection. High (HIV‐A) and Low (LIV‐A) antibody (Ab)‐producers mice were obtained by bi‐directional genetic selections for their ability to produce antibodies against sheep and human erythrocytes (Selection IV‐A). These lines maintain their phenotypes of high and low responders also for other antigens than those of selection (multispecific effect). A higher macrophage activity in LIV‐A mice has been described for several intracellular infectious agents, which could be responsible for their intense macrophage antigens (Ag)‐handling and low Ab production. Due to these differences, LIV‐A mice were found to exhibit a better performance to trigger an effective immune response towards intracellular pathogens. The objective of this work was to characterize the immune response of Selection IV‐A against R. equi. HIV‐A and LIV‐A mice were infected with 2.0 ×106 CFU of ATCC 33701+R. equi by intravenous route. With regards to bacterial clearance and survival assays, LIV‐A mice were more resistant than HIV‐A mice to virulent R. equi. LIV‐A mice presented a higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) endogenous production by splenic macrophages than HIV‐A mice. LIV‐A expressed the most intense cellular response, available by the Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, which activated macrophages and produced more H2O2 and NO. The three times higher specific antibodies titres in HIV‐A indicated that Selection IV‐A maintained the multispecific effect and the polygenic control of humoral and cellular responses also to R. equi.


The tertiary structure of the isoinhibitor A (Kazal) isolated from bovine pancreatic tissue has been characterized by 'H-NMR studies in 'Hz0 solution. A num- ber of slowly exchanging backbone amides are observed. The dynamics of the aromatic side chains and their interaction with methyl groups from aliphatic residues are essentially identical in the bovine and in the homologous inhibitor from porcine pancreas. Both inhibitors contain two tyrosines in positions 20 and 31 as the only aromatic residues. The previous assignment of the aromatic resonances in the porcine inhibitor is valid for the bovine homolog, as deduced from selective nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) experiments. The tyrosine which exhibits an NMR spectral pattern characteristic of rapid ring motion does not show ap- preciable NOE to backbone or sidechain protons, in agreement with the solvent exposure predicted for Tyr- 20 in the porcine inhibitor. In contrast, the immobilized Tyr-31 exhibits a NOE pattern that indicates close in- teraction with a number of backbone amide protons and aliphatic side chain groups, confirming that the aromatic ring is buried. At 90 "C, pH* 5, the protein is still substantially folded, as manifested by both backbone and side chain resonances. The results are com- pared with previous optical rotatory dispersion find-ings. A number of side chain resonances were assigned to specific amino acid


The continued survival of the Baltic International Freight Futures Exchange (Biffex) would certainly have come as a surprise to many critics that were present at its inauguration. In an effort to explain, at least partially, the reasons for its continued existence, this paper presents the results from a behavioural and attitudinal survey of shipowners. Through the analysis of the responses received, the paper attempts to evaluate the degree of success achieved by Biffex in providing shipowners with a powerful, flexible and viable mechanism for hedging their market risk. The results imply that there is great scope for improving the acceptability of the market amongst shipowners, particularly as a hedging tool. In the light of these results, the paper comments on potential future innovations within Biffex and suggests changes in marketing policy that might lead to an increased level of acceptance amongst shipowners. In conclusion, recommendations are made with respect to aspects of Biffex that are worthy of...


Fifteen microsatellite primers containing A/T repeat motifs were developed from the chloroplast genome sequence of cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.).Of the primers,12 located in non-coding regions and the rest three in coding regions.All the 15 primers had amplified products in 21 cucumber accessions,but only non-coding region located microsatellites displayed polymorphism.Each pair of primers could detect 1~3 alleles(mean=2.0) and their gene diversity value(polymorphic information content,PIC) was between 0 and 0.484 with a mean of 0.202.All the primers could be transferred to melon and pumpkin,and 13 pairs could be transferred to watermelon.This study indicated these primers reported here could be used in the study of chloroplast heritance in cucumber and its related species.


Due to increasing use of the Internet, there is a trend of increasing attacks over networks. Therefore, we have need of study for network anomaly detection and measurement scheme to network state. In this research, we propose a scheme for anomaly detection based on the traffic behavior of Hidden Markov Models. The proposed scheme detects anomalies in traffic using a time series. We decide whether or not anomaly detection is a network anomaly via an anomaly decision process using Hidden Markov Models. These processes are implemented in the Perl programming language, and decisions are made using a real-world trace containing de facto attacks. Despite the fact that the results are not clear-cut, we conclude that this does not invalidate this study, because this result is caused by an insufficient learning process using real-world traffic. On the contrary, assuming real-world states, increases the ability to detect and make decisions about attacks, because the manager is involved in decisions about access or application. We expect that this research will be applicable for determining real-time states of networks, detection and classification of new types of attack from networks.


In this paper we present a novel approach for hand written character recognition using image processing and feed forward neural network using gradient decent back propagation algorithm. Input to the system is in jpeg format picture which is then processed using different methods to extract feature of selected input. Extracted features are then applied to a neural network recognizer to produce recognized output.


The main contents of the invention relates to two or more prefabricated, environmentally friendly design and construction methods and building community-style. These buildings can be residential buildings such as apartments, commercial housing such as hotels, only to sleep and rest purposes capsule buildings, office buildings or commercial buildings and so on. The method comprises the step of substantially conventional manner construction of the frame structure, a sometimes all the houses and more portions of previously processed member, all or part of these houses insertion of said basic frame structure, and form a plurality of channels next to their step living space and environment-friendly facilities of the traditional type. Corresponding construction cost and period can be reduced, and may provide the internal structure and architecture customized.


Experiments were made on anaphylaxis with the digestion products of egg-albumin, recrystallized once. They require completion because the albumin still contained egg-globulin and probably a little ovomucoid. Nevertheless the results seem to leave little doubt as to the formation of sensitizing antigens as a result of the digestion. The digestion products killed, with typical symptoms of anaphylaxis, guinea pigs sensitized several times with 0.1 gm. of these substances, but did not shock animals—with one exception—sensitive to egg-albumen or egg-globulin. Conversely, the animals sensitized to the "peptone" were not definitely sensitive to re-injection with albumin but reacted distinctly to globulin. Acid albumin resulting from peptic digestion of the egg-albumin had practically no effect on the animals sensitized with either albumin or peptone and did not desensitize them against a subsequent injection of the homologous antigen. The nature of the active substance in the digestion products is still to be determined (cleavage or some other change), also the degree of species specificity. Two peculiarities appeared from the experiments, namely, the fact that the injection of the digestion products had but a very small desensitizing effect (see Walzer and Grove 1 ) and, secondly, that a subcutaneous reinjection of the peptone produced a distinct local reaction, hyperemia and edema. Inconstant effects resulted from injections of horse serum proteins heated for several hours with 10 per cent sulfuric acid on the steam bath. 2 In a number of cases the animals reacted on reinjection of the original protein. It is difficult, however, to exclude the presence of small amounts of the original or slightly changed proteins in the material used.


In the fast developing knowledge economy age, the internal resources of an enterprise are usually not enough for proper development, and cooperation with external organizations becomes a popular approach for many enterprises to improve their knowledge storage and technology level, the background of which is called open innovative environment. The knowledge and technology development of Chinese enterprises in the open innovative environment is the research focus of this paper. This research is about the mechanisms and development of knowledge and technology of Chinese enterprises through cooperating with external organizations in the open innovative environment. System Dynamics, a method to provide model analysis and dynamic simulation of large and complex social problems, is applied to model this case and answer the following questions: -What factors can influence knowledge absorption and technological innovation in a Chinese enterprise? -What are the relationships among the key factors in the system? -How to explain the dynamic process of knowledge flow from external sources through organizational cooperation and technology changes in the inner organization? -What policy alternatives can be implemented to improve the system behaviour of the enterprise? And what are the consequences of the alternatives? The complex phenomenon is structured and explained and the above questions are answered by following the classic steps of System Dynamics modelling, i.e. conceptualization, formulation, verification and validation and system behaviour analysis. The conclusion is that, in the open innovative environment, the process of organizational cooperation and knowledge absorption indeed has a strong influence on the development of knowledge storage and technology innovation in a certain time period, through interacting of various factors and relationships. And the influence can be effectively measured and actively controlled. Then, several policy alternatives to improve the system behaviour are proposed as follows: -Alternative 1 of "Consideration of external cooperating organization" means in the beginning of the cooperation, investigation of the external partner from many aspects is necessary and important. -Alternative 2 of "Emphasis on self-development" means to improve the knowledge absorptive capacity of the enterprise in order to make knowledge absorption more feasible and effective, and to prepare the proper basis for internal technological innovation. -Alternative 3 of "Increase in market sensitivity" means the enterprise should speed up the process of market investigation, strategies planning, decision making and policy implementation, in order to be more flexible in market competition. Based on specific analysis and simulation results, there are both advantages and disadvantages in each of the alternatives. Alternative 1 is a necessity and can improve the knowledge storage in the enterprise to a high level in the long term, but an incorrect application of it has the risk of rushing into the "cooperation trap" that seems profitable in a short period while is actually not suitable or even harmful to the long-term development. Alternative 2 is the most sustainable policy and its effect can be obvious from at least five years on, while the price is that it requires high and continuous investment. The effect of Alternative 3 is obvious for both knowledge and technology of the enterprise, even in a short period of time; but the effort cost is also large, in human resource, financial input and policy design. Therefore, a kind of combination of the three policies is recommended based on the above idea. With proper and allowable budgets and conditions, an objective selection of external resources goes first, and then special efforts should be put into increasing market sensitivity and continuous and stable self-development, instead of sharp and intensive.


We report on a nanoscale patterning method on Si substrates using self-assembled metal islands and low-energy ion-beam irradiation. The Si nanostructures produced on the Si substrate have a one-to-one correspondence with the self-assembled metal (Ag, Au, Pt) nanoislands initially grown on the substrate. The surface morphology and the structure of the irradiated surface were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). TEM images of ion-beam irradiated samples show the formation of sawtooth-like structures on Si. Removing metal islands and the ion-beam induced amorphous Si by etching, we obtain a crystalline nanostructure of Si. The smallest structures emit red light when exposed to a UV light. The size of the nanostructures on Si is governed by the size of the self-assembled metal nanoparticles grown on the substrate for this replica nanopatterning. The method can easily be extended for tuning the size of the Si nanostructures by the proper choice of the metal nanoparticles and the ion energy in ion irradiation. It is suggested that off-normal irradiation can also be used for tuning the size of the nanostructures.


The poems are classed as Hallelot, Zaffat, Ijidduyot, Nashid poems, Shirot, and as le-cinyan shabbat. Hallelot are poems beginning and ending with hallelujahs or similar words of praise. Zaffat (v ) are those sung at nuptial processions. The Hidduyot are sung immediately after the marriage ceremony. The native scholars claim that the term is not related to the Arab. uhduwwa or ihdiyya, "the camel driver's song," but is derived from the Heb. 1'r7, "to rejoice." The Nashid (obviously the well-known Arabic term) and Shirot constitute the principal chants at banquets and convivial gatherings. These differ not only in metrical composition but also in content and melody. The sixth and last group consists of recitations in honor of the Sabbath. The number of poets cited in the book is 138 and the number of poems is 389. Professor Idelsohn, whose contributions to Jewish music and synagogal poetry have been signal in the past, has further obliged the scholarly world by the edition of this anthology so redolent with the hopes and sorrows of an outlying Jewish settlement that has for centuries been crushed under the heels of the fanatical Zaidites, and even up to this day continues to be ruthlessly persecuted by this exceptionally bigoted Moslem sect. An analysis of the grammar of the interspersed Arabic stanzas-a characteristic of the Yemenite Hebrew poetry-would be a linguistic treat, but, as the editor remarks in the Introduction, this would be outside the domain of his studies and the scope of his task. Bacher attempted to explain some of the peculiar forms and expressions, but a systematic philological study of the vocalized Judeo-Arabic verses is yet to be made. Such a survey would materially advance our knowledge of the dialects of South Arabia. In order to insure a critical edition, Professor Torczyner has collated the texts with extensive manuscript material as well as with printed specimens of Yemenite poetry. Besides notes here and there, he offers at the end of the volume a list of variants and a glossary of the peculiar Hebrew words.


1. A composition comprising biological fat containing 20-100 wt.% Wax esters, preferably 70-100 wt.% Of wax ester, wherein said wax esters consist of monoesters, preferably mono- or polyunsaturated C16-C22 fatty acids, preferably monounsaturated C16-C22 fatty alcohols for use as a medicament for the treatment of cardiovascular zabolevaniy.2. A composition comprising biological fat of claim 1 for use as a medicament for preventing or treating ateroskleroza.3. A composition comprising biological fat of claim 1 for use as a medicament for preventing or treating giperholesterinemii.4. A composition comprising biological fat of Claim 1 or 3, characterized in that said composition comprises 5-20 wt.% Stearidonic acid (SDA) .5. A composition comprising biological fat according to any of claims 1-3, characterized in that said composition comprises 3-15 wt.%, Eykozapentaenoevoy acid (EPA) and 2-10 wt.% Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) .6. A composition comprising biological fat according to any of claims 1-3, characterized in that said composition contains fatty alcohols and SDA, DHA and EPA in the form of monoesters with fatty spirtami.7. A composition comprising biological fat according to any of claims 1-3, characterized in that said composition comprises mlnastaksantina.8 1000-4000. A composition comprising biological fat according to any of claims 1-3, characterized in that said composition is isolated from copepods rakoobraznogo.9. A composition comprising biological fat according to claim 8, characterized in that said copepods Calanus.10 belongs to genus. composition


Within the framework of cold magnetized SU(2) Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model we evaluate the π0 and σ pole mass, as well as, fπ0, gπ0qq at zero baryon density. We employ a magnetic field dependent coupling, G(eB), fitted to reproduce lattice QCD results for the quark condensates. In particular, we find that the π0 meson mass systematically decreases when the magnetic field increases, in good agreement with recent lattice calculations.


The complex LW V S(µ-S) 2 W V S(S 2 PPh 2 ) [L = tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)hydroborate] results from the reaction of LW VI O 2 Cl with PPh 3 in refluxing pyridine, followed by the addition of NH 4 S 2 PPh 2 and reflux for a further 4 days. Crystals of LWS(µ-S) 2 WS(S 2 PPh 2 )·0.5CH 2 Cl 2 are monoclinic and belong to space group Cc with a 12.356(2), b 30.067(6), c 22.082(4) A, β 96.08(2)° and Z 8. Refinement of 10507 data measured with Mo Kα radiation converged at R 0.0466 and R w 0.1421. The two independent molecules in the unit cell are dinuclear with a syn-[W 2 S 2 (µ-S) 2 ] 2+ core. One tungsten centre is further coordinated by a tridentate L ligand, making it six-coordinate with a distorted octahedral geometry while the other bears a bidentate dithiophosphinate ligand and is five-coordinate and square- pyramidal in geometry. The terminal thio–tungsten distances average 2.120 A, and the parameters of the core [W–W av. 2.832 A, W–(µ-S) av. 2.311 A, S–W–S av. 100.2°, W–S–W av. 75.2°] are typical of syn-[W 2 S 2 (µ-S) 2 ] 2+ complexes.


AbstractPotential for energy recovery exists at any point within a water distribution system where the mechanical energy of excess water pressure can be converted into electrical energy. Energy con...


The somatic aspects of the psychosexual stages have been used as points of departure for the elaboration of hypotheses testing psychoanalytic theoq. Wolowin. ( 4 ) inferred from the contiguity of che oral function and dependency in early infancy that differential food taste is related to corresponding psychological aspects ,of dependency. He used this maxim to develop the Food Preference Inquiry, a set of 103 items contrasting spicy vs bland foods, sweet vs sour foods, and soft vs hard foods. This inquiry has several inadequacies, namely, the inclusion of some items which do not permit a choice between two foods ("eat soup" vs "not eat soup"), as well as one non-food item (whisper vs shout). A simple tally yields a score which places the respondent on a dependent-sadistic continuum in orality. Validity studies reported include the differentiation of alcoholics vs nonalcoholics as dependent vs sadistic (3, 6 ) and the similar differentiation among gastro-intestinal ulcer patients vs non-ulcer patients (5, 7 ) . The flaw is the confounding effect of the conditions, both of which are medically-rather than psychoanalyticallydirect effects of the food intake by an individual. To determine the internal consistency, the scale was administered to 73 male and 122 female college students. The Kuder-Richardson-20 formula was then used, yielding a reliability index of .62 for men and .74 for women, suggesting that the inquiry has a fair degree of inter-item reliability. To determine its validity, the scale was administered to 41 male and 44 female students who also took the Rorschach. The Rorschach was then content scored for oralicy (which includes oral and dependent themes) and for sadism, using a lexical word-count approach which has been used in a variety of studies of psychoanalytic hypotheses. Inter-rater reliability has been shown to be high for the method ( 2 ) , and a description of the method and related validity studies are reported elsewhere ( 1 ) . The orality score on the Rorschach correlated weakly with the inquiry score in the expected direction for men (+ = .27, p = .04) but not for women ( r = -.18). The sadism score on the Rorschach did not correlate significantly with the inquiry score for men ( r = . l o ) or women ( s = .13). These results, although confirming that the inquiry is reliable for measuring differential food preference, do not support its use ac; a measure of the dependent-sadistic continuum derived from psychoanalytic theory.


Objective To evaluate the effect of CT-guided iodine-125 seed(125Ⅰ)implantation to rabbit model VX2 tumor cell apoptosis. Methods VX2 tumor cells were implanted into muscle of 40 rabbits legs, 3 weeks later, as the diameter of tumor reached 2 cm available for test. Randomly selected the sampling tumor on one leg of rabbit as for the test team and tumor on the contralateral leg as for control team. Under CT guidance, 125Ⅰ seeds were implanted into 20 tumor lesions of the test team, and hollow seeds were implanted into 20 tumor lesions of the control team. Instantly, 72 h, 1, 2, 3 w after operation, percutaneous tumor tissue sampling was done 0.5-1.0 cm and 1.0-1.5 cm away from seed implanted site under CT guidance; and apoptosis was investigated by FCM. Results Instantly, 72 h, 1, 2, 3 w after treatment with iodine-125(125Ⅰ) implantation,the tissue sampling away from seed 0.5-1.0 cm showed the apoptosis rates of control team and test team were respectively as follows:(5.43 ± 0.67)% and(5.48 ± 0.66)%,(P 0.05),(5.45 ± 0.58)% and (11.60 ± 0.87)%,(P 0.05), (6.07 ± 0.69)% and (18.8 ± 0.64)%,(P 0.05),(5.94 ± 0.43)% and (37.20 ± 0.39)%,(P 0.01),(6.30 ± 0.58)% and (36.56 ± 0.67)%,(P 0.01); and those away from seed implantation site 1.0-1.5 cm in the apoptosis rates showed no significant difference(P 0.05)of the control team and test team. Conclusions 125Ⅰ seeds implantation can induce tumor cell apoptosis, beginning at 72 h and reached peak at 2 w and kept the high level here afterword. The apoptosis rate descended rapidly along with the increase of distance away from the 125Ⅰ seedling.


To determine whether a Brief Negotiation Interview (BNI) performed in the emergency department (ED) can reduce future rates of alcohol use among older adults who are high‐risk drinkers.


NTRODUCTION Obturation of the cleaned and formed root trench framework is a basic stride in root channel treatment to repress the entrance of microorganisms and their results into the cleaned and purified root waterway framework, and in addition keeping the recolonization of microbes staying after root channel treatment. Giving a filling in the root trench fit for fixing the coronal, apical, and parallel openings is one of the fundamental treatment destinations. 1, 2 Fixing the root trench framework depends on the satisfactory adjustment of a filling material to pulverize the waterway space and its complexities: balances, deltas, isthmuses and sidelong canals. Obturation of the root channel framework hermetically, both apically and coronally, averts spillage and sullying of the root channel space. 36 Hence we planned the present study to assess the efficacy of different obturation techniques.


Objective
To study the gradual-onset rate (GOR) mode on human centrifuge G-tolerance determination and the applications in pilot selection and training.

Methods
Twenty-five pilots were undertaken the G-tolerance examination under centrifuge GOR operating mode and completed high G centrifuge training at + 8.0 Gz level for 10 s. The pilots were divided into excellent group (n=13), good group (n=7) and mediocre group (n=5) by the high G training result. The pilots, G-tolerance under GOR mode and the anti-G effect of performing HP maneuver were analyzed.

Results
Under GOR mode pilots, strained tolerance (GOR2) was significantly higher than their relaxed tolerance (GOR1) (t=14.420, P=0.000). The differences on GOR1 tolerance and HP maneuver anti-G effect were not significant among different groups (F=2.593, 0.176, P>0.05). The GOR2 tolerance of excellent group was significantly higher than that of other 2 groups (P 0.05).

Conclusions
The G-tolerance and the effect of performing anti-G straining maneuver could be precisely and conveniently evaluated with GOR mode. It is necessary to establish the G-tolerance examination method and assessment criterion under centrifuge GOR mode for the G tolerance determination and training of high performance fighter aircraft pilot.

Key words:
Acceleration; Centrifuge; gradual-onset rate; relaxed G tolerance; Anti-G training


Article history: Received: January 2020 Accepted: May 2020 Published: July 2020 "Aku Suka Menolong" is a community service program that focuses on improving the prosocial behavior of children in school-age at Desa Kalisapu Slawi, Tegal Central Java. This program has 3 fun activities, the first activity is the movie session with the main theme is about helping each other, then the second activity is a puppet show which tells the story about helping then the third is giving the reward for the respondent who practices prosocial behavior in everyday life. As an evaluation of the effectiveness of the program, we gave a questionnaire to gather data about the prosocial behavior of the respondents, as the result we know that 80,65% respondent is classified to high score and 19,35% classified to low in prosocial behavior.


Highly-available and scalable software systems can be a complex and expensive proposition. Traditional scalable software architectures have not only needed to implement complex solutions to ensure high levels of reliability, but have also required an accurate forecast of traffic to provide a high level of customer service. This traditional software architecture is built around a common three-tier web application model that separates the architecture into presentation, business logic and database layers. This architecture has already been designed to scale out by adding additional hosts at these layers and has built-in performance, failover and availability features. Even with all these developments in architectural designs, some software still lacks in scalability, reliability and efficiency. This paper therefore examines the shortfalls of traditional software architectural problems with a view to addressing them using the cloud computing approach. Index Terms—Scalability, Software, Systems, Architecture, Service