The present invention relates to a lens (1) for a lighting device, comprising a substrate (2) and the microlens array is formed on a substrate (2), wherein the microlens array comprises a plurality of microlenses (3), a microlens (3 ), respectively, toward a light source having an illumination device (S) of the light incident surface side (4) facing away from the light source (S) side of the light exit surface (5), wherein the light incident surface (4) toward the light source to define a (S ) a first open cavity surface (R), (4), the light exit surface (5) of the second curved surface (5), a second curved surface (5) is designed to be light (4) incident via a first curved surface ( L) in a uniform manner emits diffuse transmission. It may diffuse the light distribution to achieve the desired effect on the object to be illuminated by the light emitted from the lens. The present invention further relates to a lighting device having the above type of lens.


Based on Lambert-Beer's law is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry the calcium content of Chinese rice wine,switch operator multiplied by the coefficient of calcium and calcium oxide,calcium oxide content of the sample drawn.


The invention discloses an online education platform. The online education platform comprises a backstage courseware storage module, a courseware transcoding and uploading module, a WEB application server, a database storage service module, a video service module, a living broadcast service module, a content distributing acceleration module, a data analysis module and a user terminal. The user terminal sends a request to the WEB application server, and the request comprises video-on-demand, living broadcast and downloading; the courseware transcoding and uploading module uploads a courseware to the backstage courseware storage module; the data analysis module, the video service module, the living broadcast service module and the database storage service module are all connected with the WEB application server. A user can select a mode, including the video-on-demand, the living broadcast and the downloading, of online education through the user terminal, and the content distributing acceleration module is adopted; content selected by the user is distributed to multiple service codes, and intelligent regulating and controlling and caching are conducted; the nearest access code is calculated for the user, and the data transmission speed is accelerated.


(57) Abstract: The present invention is, for example PGC-1 which encodes a protein capable of modulating various adipocyte associated activities including heat production and adipogenesis in adipocytes (e.g. brown adipocytes) It provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule which is referred to as a nucleic acid molecule. The present invention encompasses antisense nucleic acid molecules, PGC-1 recombinant expression vector containing a nucleic acid molecule, the expression host cell expression vectors have been introduced, and PGC-1 gene is a non-human being introduced or confusing transgenic animals It is also provided. The present invention provides PGC-1 proteins isolated, fusion proteins, antigenic peptides and anti-PGC-1 antibody still further. Diagnosis utilizing the compositions of the present invention, screening and therapeutic methods are also provided.


The series of cubic pyrochlore structure compounds, R2Mo2O7 (R = Nd—Yb, Y; R ≠ Eu), were prepared as single phase materials by solid state reaction between R2O3 and MoO2 at 1400°C in a CO/CO2 = 1 buffer gas atmosphere. Lattice constants obtained from X-ray powder data compare well with results from previous studies. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization data were obtained for all samples between 300 K and 4.2 K (700 K for R = Gd) and a range of applied fields. For R = Nd, Sm, and Gd magnetic ordering is observed at 97 K, 93 K and 83 K respectively which is assigned to ferromagnetism on the Mo(IV) sublattice. The Mo(IV) moment in the ordered state is about 1 μB. At low temperatures, the Gd(III) and Mo(IV) moments are apparently coupled ferromagnetically in Gd2Mo2O7 yet the high temperature susceptibility data seem to indicate a ferrimagnetic (antiparallel) Gd(III)—Mo(IV) coupling. The low-temperature magnetic properties of Nd2Mo2O7 and Sm2Mo2O7 are complex. For R = Tb—Yb, Y there is no firm evidence for magnetic order although deviations from the Curie-Weiss Law occur below 20 K for R = Tb, Dy, Y, and Ho. For R = Er and Tm the Curie-Weiss Law is obeyed to 4.2 K. Yb2Mo2O7 deviates strongly from the Curie-Weiss Law but this can be assigned to crystal-field effects on the Yb(III) sublattice and not to magnetic order. There is a remarkable variation in the sign of the Weiss constant, Θc, as R varies through the series from + 115 K (R = Nd) to −25 K (R = Yb) and −60 K (R = Y). This indicates a change in sign of the net exchange interaction in these compounds from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic across the rare-earth series for the R2Mo2O7 phases. This change seems to correlate with the electrical properties (to be published elsewhere) which indicate that the ferromagnetic members (R = Nd, Sm, and Gd) are metals while all others (R = Tb → Yb, Y) are semiconductors.


The paper considers the need for COilSt/Ucting high-speedrailway lines in Croatia that would represent a part of Europeanhigh-speed railway network. The economic value of theseprojects is studied and highlighted, within the technological developmentof Croatia, with high-speed tracks as prerequisite forintegration into the European exchange flows.Considering the traffic component of Croatia, scientific researchis proposed, as well as determining and defining of optimalsolutions for the const/Uction of high-speed railway tracks.


Background: The mother's milk is the best gift nature has provided. It is complete nourishment for babies. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed for the first six months, followed by breastfeeding along with complementary foods for up to two years of age or beyond. Absence of remarkable progress in indicators of breastfeeding suggest that certain gaps still exist which restrict achievement of national development goals. These gaps could have resulted from unawareness and lack of knowledge regarding appropriate IYCF practices. Appropriate intervention in terms of awareness programmes may help in achieving the national development goals. Methods: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted over a period of 3 months. Lactating mothers in post natal ward were questioned using self-administered breastfeeding knowledge questionnaire about their knowledge, attitude and practices of breastfeeding. Results: Total of 100 lactating mothers were enrolled. Majority of the mothers were in the age group of 20-25 years (72%), 65% of mothers were from rural area. only 27% mothers practiced initiation of breastfeeding after birth. 62% of mothers initiated breastfeeding after 30 minutes of birth. 10% mothers gave prelacteal feeds, honey was the most commonly given prelacteal feed. 90% of the mothers fed their baby colostrum. 90% of mothers knew that breast milk is ideal feed for newborn. Conclusions: The primary care givers need to implement strategies to educate mothers about breastfeeding in antenatal and post natal checkups to enhance good breastfeeding practice thereby reducing infant mortality and morbidity. A special strategy to reach out to poor socio economic status and illiterate mothers is need of the hour.


The bone repair process is controlled by complex molecular mechanisms that involve systemic and local factors. Fibrin glue is derived from human plasma and mimics the final pathway of coagulation network. Tranexamic acid inhibits fibrinolysis and prevents or decreases the formation of degradation products of fibrin and fibrinogen. The purpose of this study was to evaluate histologically in rats the effect of tranexamic acid associated with the fibrin glue on bone healing. The experiment used 60 (n = 5) male rats in: GI: Control, GII: fibrin glue, GIII tranexamic acid and GIV /fibrin glue/tranexamic acid. Bone defect (2.5mm diameter) was created in right tibia. The animals were euthanized at 7,14 and 30 days postoperatively, and the pieces were processed with hematoxylin and eosin. The results showed at 7 days post-operative surgical cavity filled with dense connective tissue rich in fibroblasts, permeated by delicate neoformed bone trabeculae in percentage of 70-80% for GI, GII and GIII and GIV to 94.8%. At 14 days post-operative newly formed bone was found between 75-85% for GI, GII and GIII and percentage above 95% for GIV. At 30 days postoperative GI and GIV showed 95-100% of mature bone tissue; GII and GIII in percentage close to 80-90%. Based on the results and methodology is concluded that fibrin / tranexamic acid glue association has positive action on bone repair. Descriptors: Wound Healing; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive; Tranexamic Acid.


In order to study the relationship between fabric shear and bending vibrational properties and beautiful appearance of clothes, correlation coefficients between those characteristic values and the score of beautiful appearance of moving flared skirt obtained subjectively were calculated. If the damping ratio of fabric shear vibration was smaller, the skirt was evaluated to be more beautiful. If the damping ratio of fabric bending vibration at small curvature (curved with large radius of curvature) was smaller, the skirt was evaluated to be more beautiful. There was no good correlation between the beautifulness of moving skirt and fabric weight, drape coefficient, SHINAYAKASA, and Total Hand Value. (Received April 9, 1992) (Accepted for Publication July 13, 1992) 摘 要 目的:布 のせん断および曲げ振動特性から得 られ る特性値 と,主 観評価によって求めた衣服の外観の美との関連を見い出し, 衣服の動的 ドレープ挙動の美 しさに寄与する要因を明 らかにする. 成果:フ レアスカニ トの回転時の揺動の美は,布 のせん断振動特性および曲げ振動特性 と多いに関連がある.せ ん断振動特性 との関連では,せ ん断角の大小によ らず,振 動の減衰率が小さい(よ く振動する)ほ ど,ス カー トはより美 しいと判定 された. 曲げ振動特性 との関連では,曲 率の小 さな領域(大 きな湾曲部)に おける減衰率が小 さい(よ く振動す る)ほ ど,ス カー トはよ り美 しいと判定 された.布 の自重,SHINAYAKASA,THV,ド レープ係数などとスカー トの美 との相関は小 さかった. (平成4年4月9日 受理) (平成4年7月13日 審査終了)


Beginning in 1947, with the first waves of UFO sightings, and continuing in the subsequent decades, debates on the existence and gestalt of extraterrestrial life gained unprecedented prominence. Initially an American phenomenon, flying saucer reports quickly became global in scope. Contemporaneous with efforts to legitimize the possibility of spaceflight in the years before Sputnik, the UFO phenomenon generated as much sensation in Europe as in the USA. In the public imagination, UFOs were frequently conflated with technoscientific approaches to space exploration. As innumerable reports of sightings led to a transnational movement driven by both proponents and critics, controversial protagonists such as 'contactee' George Adamski became prominent media celebrities. Incipient space experts including Willy Ley, Arthur C. Clarke, and Wernher von Braun sought to debunk what they considered a great swindle, or, following C.G. Jung, a modern myth evolving in real-time. Yet they failed to develop a response to the epistemic-ontological challenge posed by one wave of UFO sightings after another. Studying a phenomenon whose very existence has been non-consensual since its genesis presents a particular challenge for historians. Posing complex questions of fact and fiction, knowing and believing, and science and religion, this article analyzes the postwar UFO phenomenon as part of a broader astroculture and identifies transcendental and occult traditions within imagined encounters with extraterrestrial beings.


Objectives: The goal of this study was to summarize the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and prognosis of primary tracheal carinal tumors. The features of this disease were characterized to improve the quality of life of patients. Method: Clinical information of a patient was collected and presented for those with confirmed primary tracheal carinal tumor and having undergone therapy in our department. The related literature regarding primary carinal tumors (PCT) is also reviewed. Results: The patient was admitted to the hospital because of a chronic cough, which was further diagnosed as a PCT. The tumor was resected and his tracheal carina was reconstructed. Postoperative pathology revealed that the size of the tracheal tumor was 3 × 2.5 × 1 cm, and the microscopic images displayed moderate differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma and partly presented a papillary structure. Postoperative diagnosis was primary tracheal carinal squamous cell carcinoma. The patient recovered well after surgery and has been regularly followed up to date. Conclusions: Tracheal carinal tumors are rare, and the clinical manifestations are not typical; this type of tumor is easy to misdiagnosis. These tumors' clinical diagnosis mainly relies on CT and bronchoscopy biopsy. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma are the most common types of trachea tumors. Surgical therapy is the most important treatment, and the main purpose of the treatment is relieving the airway obstruction. According to postoperative pathological staging, the doctors decide whether to offer chemotherapy and other follow-up treatments.


Xifeng District, Qingyang City, Gansu Province is located in the hinterland of Dongzhi tableland in the East Gansu Loess Plateau. The common geological disasters in here are landslides, unstable slopes, and debris flows. From the multi-source data, 14 factors with obvious influence are selected to constitute the index system, and the weight of each factor is obtained by using the AHP method. Based on the multi-source data integration method, the 14 factors are superimposed to obtain the geological hazard-prone zoning and evaluation in this area. The evaluation results show that the area is divided into 3 areas prone to geological disasters, and 9 sub-areas. (1) The high-prone area accounts for 48.96% of the total area, and the geological disasters mainly are unstable slopes. (2) The medium-prone area accounts for 22.64% of the total area. (3) The low-prone area accounts for 28.4% of the total area. The results not only provide a theoretical and practical basis for the establishment of a geological hazard assessment system in the East Gansu Loess Region, but also provide an important basis for the urban planning development and environmental coordination in Qingyang City.


This research is trying to estimate inter-plate coupling rate off the south coast of Central Java Indonesia which is located in the subduction zone between Indo-Australia Plate and Eurasia Plate. According to seismicity in Java Trench, seismicity along Central Java part shows no large (M>8) earthquake in the last 100 years. Recent big earthquakes were the 1994 M7.8 East Java in the east and 2006 M7.7. Java tsunami earthquake in the west. It is interesting to study whether subduction south of Central Java slipping a- seismically or accumulating earthquake energy. In this research, GPS observation data originated from Indonesia Continuously Operating Reference Station (InaCORS) 2010-2016 in Central Java are used and processed using GAMIT 10.6 to obtain displacement rates. The results show that currently Central Java is moving at direction 103-121 degrees at a rate of 23.7–28.4 mm/yr and experiencing subsidence at a rate of 2–6 mm/yr, except in CBLR and CPKL stations. Central Java motion is may be influenced by post-seismic effect of 2006 M7.8 earthquake in the west part, inter-seismic effect in southeast part and Kendeng fault system in northeast part. Interplate coupling rates are estimated by the geodetic inversion based on the formulation of Okada (1992) as surface displacements relate to position, fault geometry, and its movement in half-space. We use ABIC method proposed by Yabuki and Matsu'ura (1992) to estimate hyperparameter that weighs observational and smoothing constraint equations. As result, subduction are in south of central Java is currently accumulating 9.896 x 1019 Nm of energy every year which possibly to generate a magnitude Mw 8.78 in 300 years.This research is trying to estimate inter-plate coupling rate off the south coast of Central Java Indonesia which is located in the subduction zone between Indo-Australia Plate and Eurasia Plate. According to seismicity in Java Trench, seismicity along Central Java part shows no large (M>8) earthquake in the last 100 years. Recent big earthquakes were the 1994 M7.8 East Java in the east and 2006 M7.7. Java tsunami earthquake in the west. It is interesting to study whether subduction south of Central Java slipping a- seismically or accumulating earthquake energy. In this research, GPS observation data originated from Indonesia Continuously Operating Reference Station (InaCORS) 2010-2016 in Central Java are used and processed using GAMIT 10.6 to obtain displacement rates. The results show that currently Central Java is moving at direction 103-121 degrees at a rate of 23.7–28.4 mm/yr and experiencing subsidence at a rate of 2–6 mm/yr, except in CBLR and CPKL stations. Central Java motion is may be influenced...


A new breast cancer detection approach is proposed as an accurate, non-invasive Yes-No diagnostic tool without the need for breast imaging. The approach is based on the processing of ultra wideband (UWB) mono-static radar signals backscattered around heterogeneous two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) breast models. Suitable data are extracted and input in an artificial neural network (ANN) able to detect the presence or absence of the tumor for each single radar trace. Then, a diagnostic criterion is applied, considering the collective ANN outputs. The best results were obtained for tumors positioned outside the fibro-glandular tissues. Using 2D breast models and an ideal skin artifact removal technique, tumors were detected with 80% accuracy for 2000 testing data values. When a realistic model-based skin artifact removal technique was applied, 74% accuracy was obtained. Using a realistic 3D breast model, this technique correctly detected tumors with diameters as small as 2 mm located at different distances from the chest. Moreover, for the analyzed cases, the application of the diagnostic criterion showed an accuracy of 100%. The ANN processing technique applied to radar systems realizes a simple, fast, and highly accurate breast cancer diagnostic criterion with low computational burden. Keywords— Artificial neural network, breast cancer detection, inverse scattering.


This is the first complete publication of the poetical works of Jean-Baptiste Camoussarry (1815-1842) from mss n.o 93 and 94 of the Basque Museum of Bayonne. Besides the edition a detailed studie of both mss is given, and differences between the few previously published poems and their original analyzed. The introduction offers the biographical data available about this priest, romantic poet, who was born in Ziburu. The analysis of C.'s contemporary celebrity puts and end to the paper.


This essay discusses two books on the continuing global economic crisis that occupy the highly contested intersection between economics and sociology. In exploring the possibilities for progressive alternatives to neoliberal globalization, two leading French theorists, Daniel Cohen and Alain Touraine, both integrate social, political, and cultural factors with economic analysis. Each illustrates how the dominance of financial imperatives has steadily displaced moral considerations, leading to socioeconomic polarization and fragmentation. For Cohen, in his critique of the key neoliberal concept of 'homo economicus,' a reassertion of human values of reciprocity and cooperation is required in order to construct a viable postmaterialist project. Touraine proposes a political future based on the enduring principles of human rights, through which a radically progressive individual and global subjectivity can be realized. The essay evaluates the arguments of each theorist, while examining the possibilities for morally informed alternatives to neoliberal globalization.


ABSTRACT Two new species, Poecilagenia bifasciata He et Ma, sp. nov. and P. fulvipes He et Ma, sp. nov., are described and illustrated. Two species, P. maruyamai and P. rufithorax are newly reported from China. A key to eight species of the genus Poecilagenia Haupt from China is provided. He, Yi, Li Ma & Qiang Li. In Press. Two new species of the genus Poecilagenia Haupt, 1927 from China, with a key to the species (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae).http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:20229F2A-D637-42B1-B4CF-97D8C54C5BE4 Poecilagenia bifasciata He et Ma in He, Ma & Li, In Presshttp://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A8B2C837-4E31-484F-B288-913F7C90CA49 Poecilagenia fulvipes He et Ma in He, Ma & Li, In Presshttp://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:65989B7A-9821-4562-BE64-52D8A6F47826


Introduction.-To what extent does family background enter into the placement of illegitimate children?, A review of the literature leads one to the belief that it plays a large part in the choice of a home. At least for more than two decades social workers have been exhorted to "fit the home to the child." To do this demands a knowledge of the child and his family background as well as a knowledge of the foster-home. The highly subjective element of the task is evident. Nowhere are there objective measures of personality of sufficient reliability to warrant a diagnosis and a prognosis for adjustment of the individuals involved. How much objective facts such as age, education, occupation, etc., serve as bases for inferences as to intellectual potentiality can be only a matter of speculation. How much they may serve as bases for inferring other traits is guesswork. Nevertheless, family-background data are in all probability being constantly used as guides in placement of children. Purpose.-This study seeks to discover whether the usual placements of illegitimate children, namely: (i) retention by mother, (2) boarding-home, (3) institution, and (4) adoption differ radically one from the other when any single fact of history or any combination of such facts is considered. Data were taken from the records of the Board of Control, state of Minnesota, covering the period I9I8-28. The mean period of supervision of the individuals involved was two and one-half years, computed from the date of opening of the record to date of last entry. At the time of transcription no record was less than two years old. With the exception of children going into institutions, the average age of placement was less than nine months. Since so little can be known of the child as an individual at this early age, the importance of the family background in placement becomes manifest. Findings: age of parents.-Irrespective of the type of placement of the child, the mothers were, on the average, twenty-one and one-half years of age. The fathers of the children receiving adoptive-home placement were younger


European consumers were more likely, until recently, to eat Indian, Israeli or Brazilian mangoes rather than Malian ones. However, since 2001, sea-freighted Malian mangoes produced in the South of the country by small-scale farmers have been successfully exported and retailed in Northern Europe. This achievement was quite a challenge given the prior failure of different similar projects and the overall difficulty to find investors ready to embark on the exportation of perishables from landlocked countries like Mali, with poor transportation connections. The exportation of Malian products are controlled by Ivorian exporters leaving little returns to the producers on the other side of the border. Despite the high quality of its fresh fruit and vegetables, the high cost of air-freight was impeding the actual expansion of the production and exportation. By establishing a multi-modal shipment system and improving every step of the supply-chain, the mango export pilot project not only proved how feasible but also how profitable such endeavor could be, thus demonstrating the relevance of innovative strategies relying on connecting farmers to markets, promoting private investment in rural areas, furthering multiple and cross-border partnerships, while supporting agricultural diversification, and facilitating trade and export logistics This paper presents, through the Malian mangoes case study, a successful example of agro-business development and rural private sector promotion. It sets out the factors and the role of the different actors that contributed to the results of the operation. This case can be used as an example in the setting up of operations in similar environments. The paper also wishes to highlight the need to promote innovative ways of designing development projects, emphasizing on a multi-sectoral approach (transportation, agriculture, trade), and on the value of indigenous resources (social capital), integrating their idiosyncrasies into new practices (local practices and values, work and business codes of conduct).


This paper reviews Bolivia's economic and social development over the period 198599, and investigates the country's future prospects for pro-poor growth using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. Model simulations show that under optimistic assumptions the growth and poverty goals envisaged in the Bolivian poverty reduction strategy may be achieved, but that performance will fall short of expectations once external shocks are taken into account. The evolution of poverty is likely to remain uneven, with considerable improvements in urban areas and a high persistence in rural areas. JEL classification: D58, 054


Abstract The famous lion‐seal of Shemac, the servant of Jeroboam, is normally though to have belonged to a servant of Jeroboam II. However, based on stratigraphical, palaeographical, as well as artistical arguments, it is more likely that Shemac was the servant of King Jeroboam I of Israel. In this way this seal may be the oldest surviving evidence of the existence of the state of Israel in the 10th century B.C.E.


Insulin protein was exposed to mildly denaturing conditions (heat and low pH) to encourage the formation of beta-sheet rich amyloid fibrils. This resulted in an increase in viscosity of our protein samples and the morphology and thermodynamics of the resulting hydrogel were monitored using environmental scanning electron microscopy and micro differential scanning calorimetry respectively. It was found that the beta-sheet fibrils aggregated further to form macrofibrils, 2 μm in diameter and several microns in length. These long, flexible macrofibrils became entangled to form hydrogels with controllable mesh size: the higher the incubation temperature the higher the number of entanglements, and consequently the smaller the mesh size.


SUMMARY It is known that seeds with more than one embryo (polyembryonic) as well as germ¬ less seeds are found to occur in the cultivated species of Coffea. Fruits with more than one seed per locule (false polyembryony) or fruit locules without normal seeds are also found as well as fruits with only one developed locule (peaberry seeds), or tri-locular fruits presenting three seeds. This paper presents the observations made on the frequencies of these abnormalities in several varieties of C. arabica, in C. canephora, C. Dewevrei, C. congensis and C. liberica and also in some interspecific hybrids. C. arabica var. typica was considered as a standard in comparisons made among arabica varieties. As a rule, polyembryonic seeds present two embryos. However, seeds with three normal embryos were also found with very low frequency. It vas observed that 1.19 per cent of polyembryonic seeds occurred in var. typica, while the incidence of this type of seed was 3.47 per cent for var. angustifolia


The article proposes a personal approach to the formation in Russian legislation a closed system of limiting access to information that is a system with several types of secrets. Under the presented conception, the secrets are classified by the type of their formation. Primary secrets directly related to the activity of a subject and ensure his right to the restricted access to the information. Such secrets deal with the information processed by the subject during his activity. Derived secrets relate to the obligation of a subject as to the protection of information of another subject and communicated on a secret basis (regime of confidentiality). The article specifies the elements of legal regime for each type of secrets including subjective elements and the elements of legal regulators. The article proposes the principles of transforming the regimes for secrets when transmitting information. It studies the regimes of confidentiality acceptable to protect personal data (commercial secret, professional secret, state secret, business secret) and makes a conclusion on the necessity to use these regimes instead of establishing an independent regime of the personal data protection. The author examines certain problems of protecting personal data in the regime of commercial secret, related to the RF Labour Code and the Federal laws On Commercial Secret and On Personal Data. The paper also formulates the conditions of achieving the balance of interests of the subject of personal data (employee) and the operator (employer). A question is studied as to the balance of responsibility of norms for disclosing different types of secrets. It is noted that the balance of sanctions is inconsistent. In particular, maximum sanctions for disclosing commercial or state secrets are equal, the balance has not been arranged properly as to the criminal liability for breaching privacy (breaching the secret of correspondence, disclosing the secret of adoption), sanctions vary too much in relation to the disclosure of professional secrets. All these aspects require the further development of liability measures within the system of secrets.


Given a symmetric tensor on a real vector bundle of dimension two, we construct a space where this tensor corresponds to a scalar function. We prove that under certain regularity conditions such a space and the corresponding scalar function are smooth. We study the topology of this space for the case of surfaces and produce a version of Morse inequalities for symmetric tensors. We apply our results to the geometry of surfaces.


Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors can be used at high switching frequency and have a high breakdown voltage and high junction temperature rating which make them appealing for use in power conversion. This paper sets forth a rigorous multi-objective optimization based design paradigm for a DC generation system. Using this paradigm, the loss versus mass trade-off (i.e. Pareto-optimal front) of the generation system is explored as a function of semiconductor type. The method co-designs the machine and converter. The optimization results show that the application of Silicon Carbide (SiC) can achieve a 30% mass savings at the same loss level relative to Silicon (Si) for a 10 kW application.


Observational and theoretical work has now established that the fossil fields of magnetic massive stars are surviving remnants from an earlier event, or an earlier evolutionary phase. However, many important questions remain regarding the effects of these fields on the late stages of stellar evolution, as well as their impact on the core-collapse mechanism and the formation of exotic compact objects such as magnetars and gravitational wave progenitors. There is currently a critical need to incorporate the impact of fossil fields in models of the structure and evolution of magnetic stars, and to determine the evolutionary history of magnetic massive stars. We present a preliminary population study of a cluster of co-evolving stars based on MESA evolutionary tracks that account for the effect of magnetic mass-loss quenching.


The invention relates to novel compounds containing 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole. Said compounds can be used as active components (= functional materials) in a series of different applications that can be attributed in the broadest sense to the electronics industry. The inventive compounds are defined by the formulae (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X) and (XI).


The term cohousing indicates a particular social phenomenon that makes its first appearance in Denmark in 1972. It consists of a community of people who have chosen to live together in villages or condominiums which have established in advance the rules of coexistence and in which there are areas of common use. The cohousing observed in recent years a significant spread in the world by binding to the ideas of ecological matrix, and there are some pilot projects in northern Italy. The paper intends to present the phenomenon in its general aspects, focusing in particular on what can be called the "philosophy" that animates these communities of residence, which appear, for many reasons, "weak". An analysis made above with reference to publications and interviews with developers and some members of the Italian projects shows critical aspects. Among these, the absence of a political vision wider and more general, an ambiguous relationship with the marketing and the logic of capitalist market and, finally, a reminder at times casual to cultural values, symbols and discourses which refer to a logic of "good time past" and a now-lost "community spirit".


The present study was undertaken to determine the physicochemical, rheological, and thermal properties of six types of Tunisian honey samples from various floral origins (eucalyptus, orange, thyme, mint, rosemary, and horehound). All the honey samples exhibited non-Newtonian behavior at a shear rate ranging between 0.01 and 500 s–1, with the highest levels of viscosity (µ) being observed for thyme, followed by eucalyptus, rosemary, mint, orange, and horehound honeys, respectively. The effect of temperature on the dynamic viscosity of the samples followed an Arrhenius-like pattern, with activation energy values ranging from 21.23 to 34.91 kJ/mol. The results from oscillatory rheology analysis also revealed that the loss modulus predominated over the storage one in the whole frequency range. As determined by differential scanning calorimetry, the glass transition (Tg) and melting temperatures of the Tunisian honey samples varied between –41.55 and –47.06 °C and between 197.9 and 221.1°C depending on their sugar compositions, respectively.


The invention relates to an intermedin analogue prepared by bonding a ring core sequence with biotin or cell-penetrating peptides and a preparation method and application of the intermedin analogue. The intermedin analogue is prepared by bonding a functional unit with the biotin or a load unit; the functional unit is a seven-peptide structure formed by connecting the ring core sequence c (Asp-Dab-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys) with a connection unit Arg, the structure is Arg-c (Asp-Dab-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys); the load unit is the 48th-57th peptide segments Gly-Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-Arg or the 55th-57th peptide segments Arg-Arg-Arg in the 47th-60th segments of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-1TAT protein. The intermedin analogue disclosed by the invention can penetrate through mucosa or skin to be absorbed, and can be applied to treatment of diseases such as male and female sexual dysfunction, obesity, pigmentation deficiency and the like.


Wavelet transform based techniques were developed and investigated for isolation and enhancement of objects in images. The primary motivation is the development of image processing algorithms as part of an automatic system for the detection of concealed weapons under a person's clothing; a problem of considerable potential utility to the military in certain common types of deployment in the post cold war environment such as small unit operations. The issue has potential for other dual use purposes such as law enforcement applications. Wavelet decompositions of the currently available images in the Rome Laboratory database, namely, noisy, low contrast, infrared images, were studied in space-scale-amplitude space. An isolation technique for separating potential suspicious regions/objects from surrounding clutter has been proposed. Based on the images available, the study indicates that the technique is promising in providing the image enhancement necessary for further pattern detection and classification.


If one looks at the vast area of Central Asia from the Iranian plateau to the northern plains of China in the seventh century B.C. and then compares this area in the seventh century of our era the changes are striking. In the early period we have no written sources and archaeology must tell us everything, but the disparity of information between the western and eastern parts of Central Asia is enormous. Archaeologists in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan have detected the presence of man far into prehistoric times, but by the seventh century B.C. we have distinct cultures based on pottery and other artifacts which reveal the spread of similar religious beliefs, and similar irrigation technology which almost presupposes the existence of states.


The most significant addition to the methodological toolbag of social scientists since the days of Aristotle has no doubt been the increasingly widespread use of quantitative data and techniques during the post-World War II era. The explanations for the quantitative revolution are a mixture of the academic equivalent of the sacred and the profane, of motivations scientifically sound and those less so. Certainly the strongest and most scientifically sound motivation behind the quantitative revolution has been the strong and often justified feeling that without "hard data," social science often consists of no more than the subjective impressions of individual scholars which are reported without any clear standards or procedures and which cannot be tested, replicated, or compared in any methodologically sound way across time or space with other findings on similar subjects. Good quantitative data are often enormously useful in disproving what is regarded as common knowledge. For example, the general impression given by the mass media in the 1985-86 period that Americans are at high risk from and the prime targets of international terrorism takes on a very different perspective when one learns that in 1985 more Americans drowned in their bathtubs than were killed by terrorists and that only twenty-three Americans were among the 982 worldwide deaths attributable to terrorism.' Even where good quantitative data merely confirm "common knowledge" or common sense-as in a 1986 study which reports that doctors who gain a financial benefit from ordering medical tests order 50 percent more cardiograms and chest x-rays than doctors who are paid fixed salaries and do not


In this work, we report a RF power amplifier behavioural model with temperature effects suitable for predicting the long-term memory effects in standalone and multiple-PA arrays. The model employs iso-thermal pulsed-measurements to estimate the sensitivities of the gain and drain current for a temperature range from 20° to 80° C. For different input power levels, duty cycles and waveform shapes, the model can estimate the PA output power in presence of self-heating and for a wide temperature range. With an error of < 4 %, the model is favourable due to its low complexity and cost effectiveness.


A layer of vegetation over the soil surface absorbs some of the radiation emitted from the soil and emits at its own temperature. This results in a reduction of the information in the microwave radiation about the soil surface. To study this problem further the authors use the model of F.T. Ulaby and M.A. El-Rayes (1987) for the dielectric constant of vegetation to estimate the absorption loss and optical depth, tau , of plant canopies for frequencies between 1 and 40 GHz. The authors treated tau as the product of a vegetation parameter b and vegetation water content, VW. They compared both the linear and square root (refractive) mixing models with the observed data in terms of the b parameter. These data were obtained from published reports on the values of tau and VW for crops ranging from prairie grass to corn and soybeans. The data fit the curve for the refractive model quite well. For the refractive model the value of b was independent of VW, while for the linear model there was some dependence on VW. For both models b is roughly proportional to the frequency. >


This paper deals with greybox modeling of a diesel combustion process for the purpose of model-based combustion control. For this, a real-time capable model with a high prediction quality and a high interpolation and extrapolation capability is required. An existing neural network model of the process will be introduced. The model inputs are the quantity of injected fuel, start of injection and the intake manifold fraction of recirculated exhaust gas. The variables to be predicted are the position of the combustion phasing, the indicated mean effective pressure and the maximum cylinder pressure gradient, which correlates with the combustion noise of the engine. To enhance the existing model, an analytic description of the scalar dissipation rate is used as a new input into the neural network. The aim here is to decrease the model error, improve the model robustness and reduce the complexity of the neural network. The scalar dissipation rate describes the diffusivity in mixture fraction space and represents a combustion characteristic quantity. For a couple of engine operating points, the scalar dissipation rate is calculated by 3D CFD simulations. Afterwards, the calculation results are utilized to find an analytic description. To use this new model information a restructuring of the neural network is necessary. The modeling results will be shown and compared to the existing blackbox model.


Abstract Background: Teenage pregnancies are associated with negative outcomes. Prevention requires understanding them and their families. Objectives: This study aimed to describe personal and family attributes of pregnant teenagers in Sri Lanka. Methods: This was a community-based study in Sri Lanka among 510 pregnant teenagers. Results: Half (50%) of the subjects were 19 years of age at the time of pregnancy. A majority (79.8%) had studied up to grades 6–11. Confidence in decision-making (80.7%) and in refusing unnecessary requests (88.3%) was "excellent" in a majority. Mean age of marriage/co-habiting was 17.6 years. For 31%, marriage/cohabiting was a sudden decision taken jointly with their partner (81.6%) and 83% reported being "legally" married. Substantial proportions of mothers (17.6%) and fathers (13.9%) had not attended school, and 33.1% mothers had worked abroad. Teenagers reported the death of a parent (14.1%), parental separation (10.9%) and being brought up by relatives (20%). Only a few rated strictness of rules/regulations (32.4%), freedom to discuss problems regarding puberty (25.5%), love affairs (12.7%) and sexuality (26.7%) as excellent/good. Of the spouses, 12.9% were <20 years, 71.9% had low education and 98.8% were employed. A majority had "planned" the pregnancy, and for 79.8%, the reason was "husband's wish to have a baby". Conclusions: Pregnant teenagers were mostly in their late teens, from poor families and with low formal education. Though teenagers showed confidence in decision-making, the decision to have a pregnancy had mostly been their spouses. Parents and spouses of the teenagers were also young, less educated and poor. There was evidence of poor parenting practices.


We propose and experiment a practical multi-level approach to maintain contradiction-free knowledge when some incoming additional information that can contradict the preexisting knowledge must be taken into account. The approach implements an any-time strategy that triggers successive reasoning paradigms ranging from credulous to computationally more intensive forms of skepticism about conflicting information. It makes use of recent dramatic computational progress in constraint satisfaction techniques for finite domains and Boolean-related search and reasoning.


The invention relates to a door body structure and a refrigerator with the door body structure. Specifically, the invention provides a door body structure comprising an outer layer door, an inner layer door and a self-locking mechanism. The self-locking mechanism is configured by: locking the outer layer door and the inner layer door together during the process of opening the inner layer door when the inner layer door and the outer layer door are both in a close state so that the outer layer door is opened along with the opening of the inner layer door and the mutual locking is maintained; closing the inner layer door and the outer layer door when the inner layer door and the outer layer door are both in an open and an mutual locking state; unlocking the lock between the outer layer door and the inner layer door when the inner layer door and the outer layer door are closed and in place. The invention also provides a refrigerator with the door body structure. According to the door body structure and a refrigerator with the door body structure, by use of the self-locking mechanism, the outer layer door and the inner layer door are locked together, the outer layer door can be opened along with the opening of the inner layer door, and the mutual locking is maintained so that the occurrence of collision of the outer layer door is greatly reduced.


The relationship between the structure and function of the human brain is of immense importance in neuroscience and cognitive science, but little is known about how the brain structure shapes the function. Recent studies have shown that the graph Laplacian of structural connectivity (SC) plays an important role in generating functional connectivity (FC) in the resting state. However, the graph Laplacian can only simulate part of function due to the sparseness of the structural connection matrix. Additionally, it fails to model the negative functional correlations since it ignores the connection type information (excitatory or inhibitory) between brain regions. In this paper, we generalize the graph Laplacian to the hypergraph Laplacian, which can build relations between structurally unconnected brain regions, thus better results are obtained. Further, in order to simulate the negative correlations, we extract a sign matrix from the FC matrices of the first two subjects and then incorporate it into the model. We test the model on one empirical connectome dataset with 246 regions of interest (ROI) and the results show that the proposed hypergraph Laplacian model can describe FC with more accuracy than the graph Laplacian model.


The authors have observed the initial oxidation stages of Cu(001) thin films by in situ ultrahigh vacuum-transmission electron microscopy, examining the role of surface defects, such as surface steps, as possible nucleation sites for the Cu{sub 2}O on Cu(001) due to oxidation. Weak beam techniques were used to image surface steps. In contrast to previous speculations, the authors did not observe evidence that surface steps are preferential nucleation sites.


In connection with the loss of glide performance experienced by some sailplanes upon entering the turbulent air in thermals, we review experimental and theoretical investigations into the response of a laminar boundary layer to external (e.g. atmospheric) turbulence. Contrary to intuition, the excitation of Tollmien-Schlichting waves is such a feeble process that it is unlikely to play any significant role at all. The excitation of low frequency, high amplitude streaks, on the other hand, is a very efficient process that must be considered as a likely source of early laminar-turbulent transition within the boundary-layer.


Using high-quality spectra of the twin stars in the XO-2 binary system, we have detected significant differences in the chemical composition of their photospheres. The differences correlate strongly with the elements' dust condensation temperature. In XO-2N, volatiles are enhanced by about 0.015 dex and refractories are overabundant by up to 0.090 dex. On average, our error bar in relative abundance is 0.012 dex. We present an early metal-depletion scenario in which the formation of the gas giant planets known to exist around these stars are responsible for a 0.015 dex offset in the abundances of all elements while 20 M⨁ of non-detected rocky objects that formed around XO-2S explain the additional refractory-element difference. An alternative explanation involves the late accretion of at least 20 M⨁ of planet-like material by XO-2N, allegedly as a result of the migration of the hot Jupiter detected around that star. Dust cleansing by a nearby hot star as well as age or Galactic birthplace effects can be ruled out as valid explanations for this phenomenon.


Background. Mutations in the RARα-region ligand binding domain (LBD) of PML-RARα were detected in 30 – 40% of patients (pts) tested after first relapse from ATRA-chemotherapy (CT) regimens in 2 North American Phase III trials. However, no follow-up data were reported to assess whether this affected subsequent outcome. Methods. In the current study, 8 relapse pts were tested by previously-published techniques for PML-RARα LBD mutations after relapse from ATRA-CT regimens of the EAG. Treatment was according to the APL2000 protocol: randomization to induction with ATRA+DNR with AraC (arm-A) or no AraC (arm-B) followed by 2 consolidation courses with DNR with (A) or without (B) AraC and then 2 years maintenance with ATRA for 15 days every 3 months, as well as, 6MP and MTX (Ades, et al, J Clin Oncology24, 5703, 2006); 1 off-protocol (OP) pt was treated according to APL-93, which is similar to APL2000-A (Fenaux, et al, Blood94, 1192, 1999). Results. Mutations were observed in the reported incidence range: 3/8 pts (37.5%). However, the findings were unusual, since 2/3 mutations were deletion mutations, while only 2/30 reported mutations were deletions, and since 2/3 pts harbored 2 mutant subclones, while only 1/30 such cases has been reported. Also, the nature of the mutations was unusual. In pt 7, the ΔK227∅S229/M227 mutation was atypically located in the amino-region of the LBD. In pt 4, a very atypical deletion/insertion (del/ins) mutation began in the hinge RARα-region at S157, extending 630 nt to R367, and was associated with a 547 nt insertion from the beginning of intron 4 that changed the translational reading frame, encoding a truncated protein lacking the entire LBD. Most notably, the 3 pts harboring these uncommon mutations either failed to achieve a second complete remission (CR) or suffered subsequent relapses, leading to death in 2 pts from resistant disease (pts 4 & 7), while 0/5 non-mutant pts relapsed (pt 5, death in CR2 was treatment-related). Discussion. With such a small sample size, it is not possible to determine whether the uncommon mutations occurred by chance or related to some unrecognized element in the EAG pts. No readily apparent basis could be identified: the modest treatment dose-schedule differences from other Phase III studies using common therapeutic agents seems an improbable cause; one each of the mutant/non-mutant pts had an extra chromosome (trisomy 8); 2 of the non-mutant cases had treatment-related APL. Although further study is needed to determine whether the poor outcome in 3 pts was related to the uncommon nature of their mutations, these results suggest that testing for PML-RARα mutations at first relapse may be of prognostic and potential therapeutic value.


Financial Derivative Instrument(FDI) has been included in Chinese Corporation Accounting Rule emendated in 2006.The risk of FDI can be eluded and supervised by these rule and standard.And this can provide solution for the construction of FDI risk supervision system.


Two field experiments were carried out during 2015 and 2016 summer seasons at private farm in Aga, El-Dakahlia governorate, Egypt to study the effect of application methods of some stimulants and their interaction on vegetative growth parameters, chemical components in leaves, yield and tuber quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Cara. The experiment was done in split plot with in complete block randomized. This study included 12 treatments consist of 3 application methods of stimulants (soaking tuber pre planting, spraying plants after emergence and soaking tuber pre planting plus spraying plants after emergence) and 3 stimulants i.e., amino acids (AA) at 3 g L, 6 benzyl amino purine (BAP) at 50 mg L and seaweed extracts (SWE) at 3 ml L in addition control treatment (tap water). Obtained results showed that application methods significantly affected on vegetative growth, chemical components in leaves, yield and quality. Treatments of soaking tubers pre planting plus spraying after emergence gave the highest values of vegetative growth parameters, chlorophylls, N, P, K contents in leaves, yield and tuber quality, followed by soaking tuber pre planting treatments. All stimulants significantly promoted measured parameters compared to control treatment. Amino acids at 3g L gave the highest values of most vegetative growth parameters, chemical components in leaves, yield and quality. Thus, It can be recommended that soaking tuber pre planting plus spraying plants after emergence with AA promote vegetative growth parameters, yield and tuber quality of potato.


This research study investigates the influence of sampling direction on the microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar joints formed by friction stir welding (FSW). The specimens were cut in two directions: perpendicular (transverse) and parallel (longitudinal) to the FSW joint. The tests conducted included X-ray diffraction (XRD), macrostructure, microstructure, tensile, microhardness, and fractography analysis. Different phases were noted in the XRD patterns and explained, with the aluminum phase being the dominating one. The results further showed that the transverse dissimilar joint exhibited higher microhardness compared to the longitudinal dissimilar joint, which is consistent with the respective grain sizes. Moreover, the ultimate tensile strength of the longitudinal joint exceeded that of the transverse joints, showing a substantial 47% increase. Similarly, the elongation of the joints followed a similar trend, with the longitudinal joint displaying a significant 41% increase in elongation compared to the transverse joint. Fractographic analysis revealed ductile fracture behaviour in all joints.


In this paper, two new noise reduction algorithms are presented which are robust to the mismatch problem commonly exist between the ideal array look direction and actual speaker's Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA). Deriving a set of leakage constraints and incorporating them into the state-of-the-art Generalized Sidelobe Canceller (GSC) algorithm leads to two new noise reduction algorithms, namely Constrained Least Mean-Squares Generalized Side-lobe Canceller (CLMS-GSC) and Constrained Recursive Least-Squares Generalized Sidelobe Canceller (CRLS-GSC). Conducting several simulations, it is demonstrated that the proposed algorithms will flatten the array mainlobe and as a result, can significantly improve noise cancellation of the beamformer in the presence of DOA mismatch. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithms successfully attenuate the closely-placed interferers as well as they are robust to small changes in desired source DOA.


The work to be reported here was carried out during an attempt to obtain vitamin B, containing radioactive cobalt, e°Co. Previous experiments by Fantes, Page, Parker & Smith (1949) have shown that it is not possible to label the vitamin h2 molecule with radiocobalt by direct exchange with the cobalt of either radiocobalt chloride or hexam-minocobaltic chloride, nor could exchange be demonstrated in the presence of liver tissue under the conditions employed. In the work to be reported here radioactive cobalt was administered under a variety of conditions to rats, in the hope that exchange reactions or biological synthesis would lead to the production of labelled vitamin B,, and that this could then be isolated from the animals' livers. given


OBJECTIVE To determine the content of residulal organic solvents in methyldopa methyl ester.METHODS Headspace GC method was adopted. The GC was equiped with a headspace injector, a flame ionization detector and a 0.32 mm×30 m HP-5 capillary chromatographic column.Nitrogen was the carrier gas. The assay of residual solvents were calculated according to the external standard method.RESULTS The standard curves of methanol,chloroform,1.2-dichloroethane,toluene were linear in the ranges of 13.18-131.80 mg·L 1( r=0.9998),0.30-14.89 mg·L -1(r=0.9984),0.10-10.14 mg·L -1(r=0.9972) and 3.02-302.00 mg·L -1(r=0.9994) and the average recoveries of 98.1%(RSD=2.7%,n=5),95.5%(RSD=4.9%,n=5),89.0%(RSD=7.8%,n=5) and 99.5%(RSD=1.1%,n=5),respectively.CONCLUSION This method is sensitive,accurate,repeatable and easy to operate.


Treating epilepsy is about striking the right balance between the effectiveness of the treatment (controlling the epileptic episodes) and tolerating the medication (the side effects). There are different antiepileptic drugs and non-pharmacological treatment options available for which the cognitive effects are known. Fluid cognitive functions and mental speed in particular are often the first to be affected. Subjective patient experiences are useful in identifying these cognitive effects in a clinical setting. We used a brain scan to determine why these side effects occur. Using MR spectroscopy, we were able to associate mental slowness with a reduction in stimulating neurotransmitter (glutamate) function and an fMRI helped us to identify changes in brain connectivity.


Farm activity has the potential to be developed as a tourist destination, the problem is why it has not developed optimally. This study aims to assess the perception of the Panagbunga Festival in Conner, Apayao. The study is  descriptive method of research. There are 110 respondents in the study. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Results revealed that regarding tourism importance, the participants strongly agreed Panagbunga Festival promotes and showcases Conner municipality as the fruit basket of the north. Regarding cultural relevance, the participants who consider themselves fruit lovers strongly agreed that the Panagbunga Festival enhanced local pride in culture. Regarding socio-economic value, the participants strongly agreed that Panagbunga Festival improves the employment and standard of living of the farmers. As to the promotional measures to promote the festival, Television advertising ranks first. It is concluded that the Panagbunga Festival of Conner, Apayao provided the perceived promotion to the increase of fruit production within the municipality and to the realization of its vision to become the fruit basket of the north. So promotion through festivals is very important for developed as a tourist destination


In this paper we show that if R is a semiprime assosymmetric ring with ascending chain condition for the right annihilators of the form r(x), x2N(R), and also R contains no infinite direct sums of nonzero right ideals then the right quotient ring of R relative to S exists and it is semisimple and artinian.


I N C 0 N T R A S T to the experience with staphylococci, in which resistance to antibiotics is generally attributable to infection from a carrier with an already drug-fast strain, possibly even ones of natural occurrence (Fairbrother, 1956), the problem in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis has been quite different up to the present time. Strains of tubercle bacilli, in the great majority of cases, have been initially sensitive to such drugs as streptomycin, p-arninosalicylic acid and isoniazid; but have tended to acquire resistance while undergoing treatment (Medical Research Council, 1948a, 1953), and evidence is accumulating that the change is a lasting one (Joiner et al., 1956). No doubt some of these resistant cases date back to the era of single-drug therapy; but expectations that combinations of drugs would completely eradicate the risk appear to have proved unduly sanguine. There are wellauthenticated cases of meticulously conducted courses of multiple drug therapy merely inducing multiple resistance (Keers, 1956). It seems clear that the need for periodical drug sensitivity tests on every case will increase rather than diminish even with combined drug therapy, and with a lengthening list of drugs there is urgent need for a drastic simplification of method. The slope diffusion test introduced five years ago (Tinne & Henderson, 1950) has been found to give consistent results, and has several advantages in the modified form now described. It depends upon the fact that if the antibiotics, streptomycin or viomycin, are placed in suitable strength at the foot of a Lowenstein-Jensen slope, diffusion will occur for about two inches. There appears to be a gradient in this diffusion diminishing towards the neck of the vial so that some visible growth of Myco. tuberculosis can survive to define its limits after about three weeks. That it is diffusion and not capillary spread is suggested by the phenomenon occurring equally well when the bottles lie flat. For the same reason, the originally suggested name of 'vertical diffusion test' is inappropriate. Such a gradient of diffusion occurs only with the macromolecular compounds such as the sulphates or chlorides of antibiotics, whose molecular weights are between 500 and 1,500. The method is impracticable for p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), isoniazid (INH), and for pyrazinamide (PZA), presumably because their molecular weights of about 150 are so small that rapid diffusion occurs throughout the whole slope. For these the usual media with the drugs incorporated are retained, in the case of pyrazinamide, incidentally, acidification to pH 5 being necessary to ensure full potency.


Objective: To prepare hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) matrix tablets of propranolol hydrochloride (PNL) using a simplex centroid design.
Methods: HPMC matrix tablets with different amounts and types of HPMC were prepared by direct compression. A simplex centroid design was used to evaluate tablet weight (Y1), thickness (Y2), hardness (Y3), axial swelling time at 0.5–12 h (Y4-Y9), radial swelling time at 0.5–12 h (Y10-Y15), and % released at 1–12 h (Y16-Y19).
Results: The tablet weight, thickness, and hardness were 397.6–400.4 mg, 3.967–4.029 mm, and 106.9–139.0 N, respectively. The % swelling (axial) and % swelling (radial) at 0.5–12 h were-8.715 to 59.889 and-1.887 to 49.287, respectively. The negative % swelling could be attributed to erosion of the tablets. The in vitro release of PNL from the tablets in buffer solution pH 1.2 (1 h) and pH 7.5 (3–12 h) was 21.12–76.22%. Tables with a high proportion of K100M HPMC had high PNL release, and the mechanism of PNL release was diffusion-and erosion-controlled.
Conclusion: The simplex centroid design is potentially advantageous for formulating PNL-HPMC matrix tablets.


270 women underwent laparoscopic tubal sterilizations with Yoon silicone rings at the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic of the Dakar teaching hospital in Senegal between 1979-84. Written consent of the husband was required for all married women. 235 women underwent sterilization because of grand multiparity and 34 for medical reasons. The medical indications included 1 case of cardiopathy, 12 of severe psychosis, and 3 of serious vasculorenal syndrome. 70 operations were done under local and 200 under general anesthesia. 1 patient was 20 years old and the rest were 33-44. The average age was 32 and the average parity was 8. Observations during the laparoscopies included 40 cases of pelvic adhesions, 10 of uterine retroversion, 30 of congestive tubes, and 13 of ovarian cysts. Placement of the rings was usually accomplished easily 2-3 cm from the cornu. In 6 cases, rings were lost in the peritoneal cavity and in 14 cases a tube was ruptured. In 1 case the extent of a patient's obesity was underestimated and an IUD was inserted instead of a ring. 1 case of allergy to pethidine and 1 case of subcutaneous emphysema were observed. 174 follow-up hysterosalpingographies were done. 1 pregnancy occurred 4 months after the sterilization operation. Postpartum hysterosalpingography revealed a broken ring. The period of hospitalization varied from 48-72 hours and averaged 60 hours.


Under both Labor and Liberal governments Australia has been one of the world's leading proponents of privatisation. One of the key arguments about privatisation is that it would end the ineffi cient state monopoly of public services and reduce the power of public sector trade unions. Within a relatively short period of time there has been a reconsolidation of ownership in the energy and transport sectors which raises new challenges for the trade unions. After a period of consolidation following privatisation, the main trade unions in the Victorian rail and electricity sectors have adapted to the new circumstances to renew and rebuild their structures and strengthen their capacity to challenge the new private oligopolies.


This article discusses a number of common conditions which, although urological in nature, may present to other specialists as well as to general practitioners. They are of course limited to men (which includes male members of the medical profession!), but do not necessarily need treatment. Hydrocoele occurs in an estimated 1% of men, curvature of the penis (Peyronie's disease) in 3% and varicocoele in 15%. Other conditions are less common but are discussed below together with their management.


Robot technology at small- and medium-sized enterprises has become a crucial part of current business operations. Beginning with the manufacturing industry, more industries than ever before have recently begun making use of robot technology to increase operational efficiency and productivity. However, prior studies regarding innovation related to intelligent robot use have been limited to developing strategies for describing robot technologies in general. Therefore, we developed a research model for investigating process innovation as it relates to intelligent robots. Based on the literature, two variables of technology benefits (direct usefulness and indirect usefulness) and two constructs of environmental pressure (industry and government) were incorporated into the research model as key determinants of a firm's process innovation. Furthermore, organizational supports as moderating variables were added to the relationship between technology benefits and process innovation. We collected 257 responses in managerial position at various firms in order to test the proposed hypotheses using structural equation modeling in the statistical software (AMOS 22.0). The results revealed that all variables have a significant impact on process innovation, as well as the moderator. The findings of this study provide theoretical and practical implications for process innovation based on intelligent robot technology.


Abstract The differential analysis of the symbolic expression and of the symbolic symptom enlightens the relation between body, language and symbol. The displacement and condensation, which explain the symptom, involve a bodily perception of a symbolic nature. Consequently, Freud tends to interpret the symbol according to the symptom formation. as opposed to J. Lacan. who equates displacement with metonymy, and condensation with metaphor. The author, in analyzing the similarities and differences, interprets the symptom as a desymbolization, which presupposes a presymbolic perception, which phenomenology has thematized. However, it is language which structures this perception as symbolic, and which introduces the symbolic finality; which the psychological dynamisms do not have by their own selves.


Finite element model of three-way tube bulging using rubber medium was established at the software platform of ANSYS/LS-DYNA,and the tubular blank parameters were optimized.Compound bulging process was simulated after the counter balance force being designed on the basis of the axial-compressive bulging.The simulation results of axial-compressive bulging were compared with those of compound bulging,which indicated that slower thinning rate,more uniform thickness and bigger branch height could be got from compound bulging.


A gas turbine engine transition duct 34 is used to convey exhaust gas and bypass air away from the engine (10, Figure 1), towards an exhaust nozzle. The duct 34 defines the outer extremity of the path for gas and/or air through the duct. The duct comprises a plurality of flat panel members 36 which together define the outer extremity of the path. Preferably the downstream edges 38 of the flat panel members 36 form a polygonal duct outlet (Figure 5); this may be rectangular, square, triangular or any other polygon. The flat panel members 36 may extend downstream from an inlet which is narrower than a cross-section defined by flat panel members 36 along at least one axis. Optionally guide panels 60 which may be triangular may be located around the duct inlet and may be orientated obliquely to the flat panel members 36 to widen the path from the inlet towards the outer extremity defined by panels 36.


RGB-based pedestrian detection is a challenging task in low light and adverse weather conditions because image quality can degrade rather significantly. Including other modalities such as thermal and gated imaging sensors can, on the other hand, significantly improve the detection performance in these conditions. However, these sensors are expensive, and including them may cause design and manufacturing challenges. In this paper, we propose a new framework that utilizes Cross Modality Knowledge Distillation (CMKD) to improve the performance of RGB-only pedestrian detection in low light and adverse weather conditions. Specifically, we develop two CMKD methods that rely on feature-based knowledge distillation and adversarial training to transfer knowledge from a pedestrian detector (teacher) that is trained using multiple modalities to a single modality detector (student) that is trained using RGB images only. Experimental results using the "Seeing Through Fog" dataset show that both of our proposed methods outperform the baseline detector in terms of detection accuracy without increasing computational complexity during inference. In particular, the proposed methods reduce the performance gap between teacher and baseline models by up to 55%.


A study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of physical and morphological characteristics of soft and hard wheat flours on dry mixing. Two soft wheat flours with different particle size ranges ( 38 μm SWF) were mixed with each of three hard wheat flours with different particle size ranges ( 75 μm HWF) at three ratios (20:80, 50:50 and 80:20, w:w) in a laboratory drum mixer. At set intervals, mixtures were sampled from 10 points in the mixer to measure the degree of mixing. The shape and surface of flour particles were examined with a scanning electron microscope. Flour mixing in a double ribbon mixer also was investigated in the same manner. In both mixing studies, the mixture containing smaller, smoother, more spherical, flour particles achieved a higher degree of uniformity (p<0.05) and required longer mixing time than the mixture containing bigger, rougher, more irregular, flour particles. The mixing ratio of SWF:HWF 50:50 (w:w) required a significantly longer mixing time than the mixing ratio of SWF:HWF 80:20 (w:w). The dry mixing of both soft and hard wheat flours was well explained by the exponential decay model. The mixing mechanisms for both mixers were identified, and a predictive integrated model for mixture uniformity was developed.


An improved Principal Component Analysis(PCA) method was proposed for the deficiency of traditional PCA method in processing nonlinear data.Firstly,this method made linearization on the original nonlinear data by logarithm conversion.Then it adopted equalization method to realize non-dimensional treatment and try most to keep the original information in data as well as to make the dimension of data reduced dramatically.Combining entropy method,an integrated comprehensive evaluation method was proposed after improving the comprehensive evaluation function.That is to say,two kinds of comprehensive evaluation values were obtained by using traditional PCA and entropy method respectively followed by the consistency test by Kendall-W.If the two kinds of values pass the coherence test,they would be integrated together for further comprehensive evaluation.Otherwise,system clustering method would be employed for comprehensive evaluation.Finally,these methods mentioned above were applied to the water quality monitoring of a water factory.The experimental results show that the method can reflect the water quality more objectively.


Approaches for dealing with medical injuries are developing quickly today. Publication of the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) report, To Err Is Human , in 2000 unleashed a variety of innovative ideas, some of which have already prompted policy changes. But the field of patient safety is in its infancy and policy responses to the problem of medical errors remain in flux, suggesting that significant changes lie ahead in the way we address the challenge of reducing the number of patients injured by medical care. To help anticipate how these new policies may affect the medical profession and health care industry, it is critical to examine the recent medical malpractice "crisis." The connections between strategies to reduce medical injury and the medical malpractice system are vital and often overlooked. Developments in the medical liability arena will affect the evolution and eventual shape of methods used to combat error in medicine. Moreover, we believe that medical injury policy can and will significantly affect medical liability policy. This chapter focuses on the implications of the medical injury/medical malpractice dynamic for physician behavior. It is informed by research on defensive medicine we undertook with support from The Pew Charitable Trusts in 2003 and 2004. This research was motivated in part by the ongoing national crisis in medical liability, which hit Pennsylvania particularly hard from 2001 onward.


A simple proof is given of the property that the set of strongly normalizing lambda terms coincides with the set of lambda terms typable in certain intersection type assignment systems.


The profit growth was an increase in profit or reduction earnings in certain periods expressed percentages. Asset growth is the variable that reflects the size of a company. This study uses five factors to affect profit growth as well as the impact on asset growth is the level of cash turnover, credit growth rate, the growth rate of savings, interest expense growth rate, and the growth rate of labor costs. This study aims to determine the analysis of the factors-factors that affect earnings growth and impact on asset growth LPD. This research was conducted at LPD in Gianyar regency. The number of samples obtained as many as 162 samples by purposive sampling method. Data collection methods is documentation, while the data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the variable rate cash turnover, credit growth, deposit growth, and labor costs petumbuhan effect on earnings growth.


This paper is concerned with liquid sloshing in a partially filled container due to 3-dimensional vehicle motion. The liquid sloshing is described by a set of linear modal equations derived from the potential flow theory, which can be applied to liquid sloshing induced by arbitrary combination of lateral, longitudinal, and rotational excitations. The sloshing force and moment are expressed with a set of hydrodynamic coefficients that are determined by the linear velocity potential. These coefficients can be precalculated and incorporated into the motion equations of the vehicle system so that a fully coupled vehicle-sloshing model is available. In addition, we propose an approach to calculate the hydrodynamic coefficients using the outputs of commercial frequency-domain boundary element software in order to maximize the efficiency of modelling and computation. The accuracy of the proposed model is examined by comparison with available CFD and model test data in the literature. The case of a road tanker encountering a road bump during acceleration/braking is investigated. Results show that the tank rotational motion will affect the amplitude and the sloshing force, and neglecting tank rotation may lead to underestimation of the sloshing force magnitude.


according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) (WHO) figures obtained sectio caesarea incidence increased 5 times compared to previous years. The incidence of sectio caesarea in Indonesia in 2012 was 606 797 of the total labor 4,902,585 or approximately 12.4% (MOH, 2012). Complications that arise after done sectio caesarea one of which is pain in the incision area. the impact of post SC pain if left untreated in women is limited mobilization, bonding attachment interrupted / is not met, Activity of Daily Living (ADL) is disturbed. The purpose of this paper is to explain the nursing care of hand-held relaxationtherapy on post-sectio caesarea mother. The results obtained from the assessment of nursing care of pain, pain when the client says will move, as was slashed with a pain scale 7, pain is often raised. nursing problems that arise are acute pain. Interventions that have been done that is with the provision of hand-held finger relaxation therapy. After hand-held relaxation therapy fingers decreased the scale of pain. it can be concluded that effective hand-held relaxation therapy to help control pain.


Models and processes developed in learning analytics research are increasing in sophistication and predictive power. However, the ability to translate analytic findings to practice remains problematic. This study aims to address this issue by establishing a model of learner behaviour that is both predictive of student course performance, and easily interpreted by instructors. To achieve this aim, we analysed fine grained trace data (from 3 offerings of an undergraduate online course, N=1068) to establish a comprehensive set of behaviour indicators aligned with the course design. The identified behaviour patterns, which we refer to as observed study strategies, proved to be associated with the student course performance. By examining the observed strategies of high and low performers throughout the course, we identified prototypical pathways associated with course success and failure. The proposed model and approach offers valuable insights for the provision of process-oriented feedback early in the course, and thus can aid learners in developing their capacity to succeed online.


Electron.microscope studies have been made of the cells of the phloem and pericyclic ground parenchyma of the stem of Cucurbita pepo (Duchesne). The mature sieve element contains no cytoplasm, either on the side walls or at the sieve plate, such as occurs in other cells. The walls are lined with a parietal layer which encloses an aqueous solution in which are dispersed fibrils of slime. The parietal layer appears to be composed of from one to several membranes, with which are associated numbers of vesicles and a very few mitochondria. The parietal layer lines the sieve plate and extends as a lining to the open sieve pores. There is no closing layer or membrane across the sieve pores. Slime is dispersed more or less uniformly through the lumen, and is continuous through the pores. Dense connecting strands of slime are considered to be an artefact. The individual elements are continuous with each other via the open sieve pores, forming a conduit, the sieve tube. The absence of cytoplasm and organelles suggests that the sieve tube IS metabolically inert. The companion cells, in contrast, are rich in cytoplasm. They are packed with mitochondria and other inclusions, and appear capable of high levels of activity in several aspects of metabolism. The phloem parenchyma cells are similar in appearance to the pericyclic parenchyma cells and are much less rich in cytoplasmic content,s than the companion cells.


ABSTRACT The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is an international soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. The currently valid version is the update 2015 of its third edition. WRB has two levels: first and second. The first level comprises 32 Reference Soil Groups (RSGs), identified using a Key. At the second level, the soil names are constructed by adding a set of qualifiers to the name of the RSG. In the WRB, diagnostic horizons, properties and materials are defined. Diagnostic materials are materials that significantly influence soil-forming processes. Diagnostic properties and horizons have a combination of attributes that mostly reflect results of soil-forming processes. The RSG Technosols was introduced in the second edition of the WRB in 2006. In the current version of the WRB, two diagnostic materials are defined for Technosols: artefacts and technic hard material. Artefacts are substances that are created or substantially modified by humans or brought to the surface from a depth, where they were not influenced by surface processes. The technic hard material is a (relatively) continuous consolidated material resulting from an industrial process. The Technosols are at the third place in the Key after Histosols and Anthrosols. A soil is a Technosol if it has technic hard material within 5 cm or a geomembrane or a significant amount of artefacts within 100 cm. If a soil has no technic hard material and no geomembrane but a layer with artefacts that has undergone enough soil formation to develop a diagnostic horizon typical for advanced pedogenesis, the soil is excluded from the Technosols. There are specific qualifiers to further characterise the Technosols. They are also important to characterise soils other than Technosols that have artefacts or technic hard material. Human-transported natural soil material does not qualify as Technosol.


The quality and efficiency of maintenance work are decided by good maintenance technology and its conditions.In practice,the maintenance conditions are often ignored,so that the unsatisfactory maintenance would be inevitable.This paper introduces each aspect of the maintenance conditions and its basic requirements,such as hardware conditions,software conditions,resource conditions,place conditions,safety conditions,physical conditions and management conditions.


Among the emerging photovoltaic technologies, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most promising ones with efficiencies close to crystalline silicon. However, stability and reliability issues are still a limit for future applications of this technology. This manuscript investigates the intrinsic instability of PSCs by focusing on the role of the hole-blocking layer (HBL). PSCs were fabricated employing SnOX and bathocuproine (BCP) as an HBL, and their performances were monitored in time. The two architectures show initial similar performances; hence, they are good candidates for comparison, but they feature different instability phenomena. It is shown that cells fabricated with SnOX present larger instabilities mainly ascribable to open-circuit voltage fluctuations (variations in the short-circuit current are negligible). In contrast, the BCP-based cells are more stable with a marginal increase in their power conversion efficiency that follows the increase in the short-circuit current (while the open-circuit voltage does not change).


Abstract : The Network-Centric Warfare concept has extensively used civilian sector models during development. As the transition from concept to application occurs, these civilian sector models should be further utilized for insights into network-centric operation. Stock market investment companies maintain the human-centric approach to their network-centric operations. The focus of technology, organization, and intelligence is with the human user in mind. By observing network- centric operations of investment companies, the gap from Network-Centric Warfare concept to application can effectively be bridged.


INFLAMMATORY pseudotumor of the lung previously has been believed to be of a solitary nodule or solitary infiltrate-type pattern. However, as illustrated in the following case report, this may not always be the case. A review of the literature did not reveal any other similar, recognized examples of this entity seen initially as a multicentric, mixedpattern pneumonia in a young adult. Report of a Case A 19-year-old x-ray technician was admitted to the hospital in February 1977 for evaluation of a dry nonproductive cough that had lasted one month and abnormal findings on the chest x-ray film. Symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection had been present in February 1976. At that time, the chest x-ray film showed multiple bilateral parenchymal nodules with a suggestion of cavitation in the right midlung field infiltrates. Those symptoms resolved with symptomatic and antibiotic therapy; however, the radiographic findings persisted. The patient denied having


This article analysis the rectify of the paper,one kind of packaging material used in tea bag machine.Because of the rectify of the paper in landscape orientation,very high percentage of waste tea bags produced during tea produce.According the analysis,some part′s modification concerned and the structure so improved.After modification,the machine can run well and the tag is not a puzzled any more.


PURPOSE
Unlike conventional IMRT plans, PET-based dose painting plans can include high dose modulation and steep dose gradients within target volumes; these can be challenging for some therapy systems to deliver. The purpose of this study was to assess tomotherapy's ability to accurately deliver PET-based dose painting plans.

METHODS
Five canine patients with sinonasal tumors were imaged with [61 Cu]Cu-ATSM PET/CT prior to treatment. Dose painting prescriptions were created with the following parameters: 1) PTV = 42 Gy, 2) GTV voxel doses were linearly related to Cu-ATSM SUV, and 3) GTV voxel doses had a lower limit of 42 Gy, an upper limit of 100 Gy, and a mean GTV dose of 50 Gy. Plans were split into 10 fractions. Voxel dose prescriptions were converted into 8 contours representing dose levels and imported into tomotherapy TPS for optimization. One fraction from each optimized plan was delivered to the tomotherapy phantom. Absolute and relative measurements were performed with ion chamber and EDR2 film, respectively.

RESULTS
Maximum voxel doses varied between patients, ranging from 69 Gy to 100 Gy, depending on Cu-ATSM uptake patterns. Good conformity was obtained between optimized plans and voxel prescriptions: on average 89% of voxels received +/-10% of their prescribed dose. Absolute dose measurements were within 3% of dose plans for all patients, with an average difference of -1.4%. Film dosimetry showed tomotherapy was capable of delivering the highly modulated plans. Gamma analysis (3%/3mm) showed that plans on average had only 0.1% of gamma values greater than 1.

CONCLUSION
Tomotherapy was able to deliver dose painting treatment plans for all five of the test patients with a high degree of accuracy. Despite high dose modulation within planning structures, PET-based dose painting is feasible with tomotherapy.


Thomas Haskell, Objectivity is Not Neutrality: Explanatory Schemes in History (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 145-173; John T. McGreevy, "Faith Histories," in Andrea Sterk, ed., Religion, Scholarship, andHigherEducation: Perspectives, Models, and Future Prospects (University ofNotre Dame Press, 2002), 63-75. 5 Cynthia Gorney, Articles ofFaith: A Frontline History of the Abortion Wars (Simon and Schuster, 1994); David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making ofRoe v. Wade (Scribner's, 1994). 6 Christopher Shannon, A WorldMade Safefor Difference: Cold War Intellectuals and the Politics ofIdentity (Rowman and Littlefield, 2001 ), xi-xxii.


Image and its aesthetic value are possibly translated due to the common recognition in human's affective world. The author argues some translation strategies of images with the case of Xu's poems including conversion of form and rhyme, dynamic-static substitution and domestication. It is thus concluded that the understanding of original images and artistic conception is the key factor in poetry translation; translators should do their utmost to interpret the symbolic use of images so as to transfer and reproduce the aesthetic beauty of original artistic conception.


PurposeThis paper deals with the performance optimization and sensitivity analysis for crystallization system of a sugar plant.Design/methodology/approachCrystallization system comprises of five subsystems, namely crystallizer, centrifugal pump and sugar grader. The Chapman–Kolmogorov differential equations are derived from the transition diagram of the crystallization system using mnemonic rule. These equations are solved to compute reliability and steady state availability by putting the appropriate combinations of failure and repair rates using normalizing and initial boundary conditions. The performance optimization is carried out by varying number of generations, population size, crossover and mutation probabilities. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed to analyze the effect of change in failure rates of each subsystem on availability, mean time to failure (MTBF) and mean time to repair (MTTR).FindingsThe highest performance observed is 96.95% at crossover probability of 0.3 and sugar grader subsystem comes out to be the most critical and sensitive subsystem.Originality/valueThe findings of the paper highlights the optimum value of performance level at failure and repair rates for subsystems and also helps identify the most sensitive subsystem. These findings are highly beneficial for the maintenance personnel of the plant to plan the maintenance strategies accordingly.


Chapter 1 explores the demands for colonial restitution by the former officials, with particular emphasis on Heinrich Schnee, the last governor of German East Africa, and Theodor Seitz, the last governor of German Southwest Africa. In order to maintain imperial/national conceptions of the "self," these individuals argued against the idea of colonial guilt and reasserted German Europeanness in a world where empire was an essential component of this identity. They engaged with the new political vocabulary of empire and civilization made normative by the Allies and the League, using it in conventional ways to legitimate past actions and to reassert German Europeanness as well as manipulating it to claim moral superiority. Their arguments against colonial guilt can therefore be broken into three categories: (1) pointing to past praise of Germany's colonial record; (2) reconfiguring the relationships between the terms "violence," "European," and "civilization"; and (3) highlighting Allied hypocrisies and claiming to be the only true embodiment of the new ideals of empire. The intention of this threefold line of argument was to preserve imperially constituted identifiers of the German nation in a postcolonial situation. The end result was a tricky negotiation of Colonial Germans' identity as a group. German colonial irredentists simultaneously claimed the status of victim alongside their former colonized subjects, and yet insisted they were separate from and more advanced than these groups. They demanded recognition of the word "German" as synonymous with the term "European," and yet also claimed moral superiority over the rest of European civilization.


This paper presents a method for speech emotion recognition using spectrograms and deep convolutional neural network (CNN). Spectrograms generated from the speech signals are input to the deep CNN. The proposed model consisting of three convolutional layers and three fully connected layers extract discriminative features from spectrogram images and outputs predictions for the seven emotions. In this study, we trained the proposed model on spectrograms obtained from Berlin emotions dataset. Furthermore, we also investigated the effectiveness of transfer learning for emotions recognition using a pre-trained AlexNet model. Preliminary results indicate that the proposed approach based on freshly trained model is better than the fine-tuned model, and is capable of predicting emotions accurately and efficiently.


We report standard growth curves in Japanese Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) for height. Growth patterns for height are quite different between PWS and normal controls, showing the mean height in PWS ranging at -2SD of normal control data until pubertal age and dropping off far below -2SD of normal control after puberty. These data indicate that the pathogenesis of the short stature of PWS originates from both chromosomal abnormalities and hypogonadism. In addition to these factors we suspect that bone dysplasia seen in patients with this syndrome is also one of the factors in the short stature of PWS.


The three major polyamines—putrescine, spermidine, and spermine—were studied and changes of their levels were examined in extracts of cerebral ganglia and fat body from adult Acheta domesticus. In nervous tissue, only spermidine and spermine were present and spermine was two- to three-fold more abundant than spermidine. The polyamine levels were high up to day 3, decreased on day 4, and then remained relatively unchanged up to day 10. The spermidine/spermine ratios decreased during the imaginal life. Higher spermidine titres were observed in the neural tissue of egg-laying females compared to virgin females. In the fat body, putrescine was detected together with spermidine and spermine. Spermidine and spermine levels were two-fold higher than putrescine. Fat body of virgin females contained two times more polyamines than male fat body. Low at emergence, spermidine and spermine concentrations peaked on days 2–3 only in females, and egg-laying was characterized by an increase of putrescine and spermidine titres. Starvation did not change polyamine contents, implying homeostatic regulation of the intracellular polyamine metabolism. These data showing tissue specific changes in polyamine levels during the imaginal life of Acheta domesticus point to the physiological importance of polyamines as possible intracellular regulators during adult insect development. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


Summary The paper investigates the length Lm of the m-th instability interval of the Hill equation (1 + ∊A(x))y″ + ∊B(x)y′ + (λ + ∊C(x))y = 0 with A(x), B(x), C(x) being trigonometric polynomials. The leading term in the expansion of Lm in powers of the perturbation parameter ∊ is found. The results are extensions of earlier work of Levy and Keller (1963).


The Enchova paleocanyon, located at the southeastern portion of Campos Basin, has had its sedimentary history investigated in detail through biostratigraphic analysis of calcareous nannofossil contents, electrical logs, and tracing the most significant seismic features. Integration of these data led us to conclude that the paleocanyon was carved during a meaningful erosive episode by the Late Oligocene, after deposition of the Sphenolimus aperoensis Zone (N-540) approximately 24 Ma ago. The terrigenous sediments of the Helicoponthosphaera recta Zone (N-545) of Early Miocene age, filled up the paleocanyon during a relatively short-lived event of 1 Ma, geologically speaking. The tertiary section carved by the paleocanyon, of Middle-Eocene/Late Oligocene age, shows two olller erosive episodes: one at the top of the Micrantholithus procerus Zone (N-460) of Late Eocene age, and another at the uppermost Reticulofenestra umbilica Zone (N-51O) Early Oligocene in age. Probably, the Early Oligocene episode gave rise to a paleocanyon, this preceding that of Enchova. The obtained data allowed the construction of a qualitative curve of sea level fluctuations for the Oligocene and Early Miocene. Comparison with Vail's global curve of eustatic variations evidence some similarities as well as some contrasts.


AbstractBy using the home-made femtosecond laser system and the time-of-flight mass spectrometer, the decay dynamics of excited carbon disulfide (CS2) and ammonia (NH3) are investigated in real time by pump-probe multiphoton ionization detection. The estimated lifetime constant of the NH3 Ã1A″2 state (51 ± 4 fs) agreed quite well with the literature report. For the first time, the decay lifetime constants of the NH3 E ′1A′1, state (937 ± 93 fs), the CS2 ã3A2 state (153 ± 10 fs), and the CS2 Rydberg state
$$\left[ {\frac{3}{2}} \right]6s\sigma _g \left( {{}^3\Pi _g } \right)$$
 (948 ± 23 fs) are obtained.


The focus of this article is recent work by the Assessment Reform Group (ARG) on the role of teachers' judgements in the summative use of assessment. A brief overview of the early work of the ARG is followed by discussion of the desirable properties of assessment for summative uses. The work of the ARG's Assessment Systems for the Future project provided evidence and arguments concerning the validity, reliability, impact and cost of tests and of summative assessment by teachers. Whilst there is ample evidence that the teachers' judgements are more valid than, and equally reliable as, tests, there is a danger of unwanted impact on teaching as long as results are used for 'high stakes' evaluation of teachers and schools. Implications for policy include an end to the practice of using the results of pupils' summative assessment, however they are derived, as the sole basis for target setting and school accountability.


Using a multiple scale method for the Taylor-Couette instability, we obtain, in a suitable moving frame, a diffusion equation for the phase variable of the vortex system. The transversal diffusion coefficient D ⊥ is found to be positive. The phase diffusion equation restricted to the one-dimensional case seems to be relevant for interpreting Snyder's experiments on the relaxation of vortex systems in the Taylor-Couette flow En utilisant une methode d'echelles multiples pour l'instabilite de Taylor-Couette on obtient, dans un repere mobile particulier, une equation de diffusion pour la variable de phase du systeme de vortex. Le coefficient de diffusion transversal calcule est positif. Application a l'interpretation de resultats experimentaux concernant la relaxation des etats cellulaires dans l'ecoulement de Taylor-Couette