With the aging of the population, an increasing sex ratio of women to men, the potential for increased disability-free life expectancy, and increasing health-care costs, health promotion and physical activity personnel engaged in research, policy, or practice need a full understanding of the physical, cultural, and social context in which consecutive age cohorts move through life. This paper integrates research information from health promotion, the physical activity sciences, social gerontology, and demography; it is divided into six sections focusing on demographic and cultural diversity, the cultural meaning of physical activity, active lifestyles, catalysts and barriers to the emergence of an active older population, and promoting lifelong active living. Employing a macro (societal) rather than a micro (individual) level of analysis, the paper emphasizes that aging is a lifelong social process leading to diverse lifestyles in middle and later adulthood, that there is considerable heterogeneity in phys...


The background concentrations of red soil heavy metals such as Hg,Cd,As,Cr,Cu and Pb in small areas of Yingtan City,Jiangxi Province,were investigated.About 48 red soil samples and 78 paddy soil samples taken from the areas without pollution of heavy metals were selected from the total whole 268 soil samples.After analyzing samples with strict quality assure and quality procedures,heavy metal concentrations in the soils were calculated statistically.The background concentrations of red soil were 0.050 mg/kg for Hg,0.105 mg/kg for Cd,10.4 mg/kg for As,47.9 mg/kg for Cr,24.1 mg/kg for Cu,25.7 mg/kg for Pb;and of paddy soil to be 0.063 mg/kg for Hg,0.100 mg/kg for Cd,4.3(mg/kg) for As,42.3 mg/kg for Cr,25.7 mg/kg for Cu,27.1 mg/kg for Pb,respectively.Compared with the concentrations suggested by China national environmental monitor center(CNEMC) in 1990,the Cd and Cu concentrations in red soil in present study are about 61.5% and 31.0% higher than those of CNEMC,the Hg is lower 35.9% than that of CNEMC,others are similar;the Cu concentrations in paddy soil in present study is little higher than that of CNEMC,the others are obviously lower than that of CNEMC;meanwhile,environmental quality results of soil heavy metals in different crop utilization testify that 50% of dryland red soil,20% of vegetables soil,15% of paddy soil and 30% of fruit soil in Yingtan reach the soil criterion without pollution of heavy metals.


Of all Rimbaud's Illuminations, &dquo;F~te d'hiver&dquo; has been perhaps the most unduly neglected The reasons for this are fairly easy to see. In the first place, its shortness in comparison with other texts in this collection, has led it to be overlooked: with &dquo;Ddpart&dquo;, it is the briefest of the IlluminationS2 and it has none of this latter's aphoristic symmetry to attract the attention of the exegete. More particularly, the position of &dquo;Fete d'hiver&dquo; in the Illuminations-towards the end of the &dquo;Visions&dquo; series3-makes it appear overshadowed by the longer (and therefore usually more fully commentated) poems in this group. Secondly, &dquo;Fete d'hiver&dquo; has been


The subject of the invention is a cable securing device comprising a base (32), a housing (40) having an interior and an exterior surface and two spaced-apart edges (46, 46') allowing a plurality of cables (42) to be inserted into the housing (40), and a tongue (50) connecting the two edges so as to hold the cables in the housing. The tongue (50) is connected removably at one end, known as the free end, to the first edge (46). The tongue (50) comprises at least one orifice (52) capable of engaging with a pin (54) provided on the exterior surface of the housing (40). The interior surface of the tongue (50) comprises a touch-and-close structure (56) capable of engaging with a touch-and-close structure (56') provided on the exterior surface of the housing (40).


Quantitative data on corroding steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures are undoubtedly very useful for evaluation of their service life and timely repairs. The method of electrode potential measurement is a convenient and simple test for this purpose, but it provides no quantitative data on corrosion rate and only information regarding active or passive state of steel reinforcement can be obtained. We show here the possibility of obtaining quantitative data on degree of corrosion of steel reinforcement by a potentiodynamic method. The developed method is based on experimentally estimated mathematical relation between the results of potentiodynamic method and degree of corrosion of steel reinforcement. It is possible to calculate the degree of corrosion of steel reinforcement using this mathematical relation and the measured values of current density by the potentiodynamic method.


Based on the data of China Household Tracking Survey (CFPS) in 2 016 and 2018, this paper forms a balance panel by using ordinary least squares (OLS). The model and the Probit model are empirical and study the impact of rural labor mobility on relative household poverty. The findings suggest that rural labour mobility contributes to reducing relative household poverty and remains reliable after robustness tests by changing the measures of the interpreted variables. Therefore, it is necessary to reasonably guide the mobility of rural labor, improve the quality of labor quality, and reduce the relative poverty of families.


Electronic transport processes that take place in insulators are examined in two different temperature regimes. At high temperatures, field-assisted thermal ionization is considered and previous theories are reexamined on the basis of a recently proposed model that includes the role of the internal electric field. As a low-temperature transport mechanism, electron hopping in an impurity band is examined, taking into account the formation of correlated structures due to electron-electron interactions. The theoretical analysis is compared with the experimental electrical conductivity results obtained in CdF/sub 2/-doped crystals over a wide range of applied electric fields and temperatures.<<ETX>>


The article is devoted to the methodology of interconnected teaching of students of the fi rst stage of the native and Russian languages. The analysis of the periods of bilingualism for children of various age groups, examines methodological techniques of development of bilingualism in primary school. Feature of the Russian language training of students with the use of bilingual method is that when learning Russian language, the mother used to the necessary extent. Necessity of use of the native language defi nes the teacher himself, because only he notices his knowledge or by pupils of a second language. With the aim of mastering and learning vocabulary offers instructional techniques: discussion (questions and answers), a story, an explanation of a teacher by means of illustration, a translation into the native language, learning by heart the words of the teacher, the use of electronic textbooks with regards to answer a teacher of the game in Russian, drawing, excursions etc. The relationship of teaching native and Russian, contributes to the development of bilingualism, promotes understanding of the elements of another culture, mentality, increases interest and is a positive motivation to learn languages.


Evidence for the valvular origin of the first heart sound was obtained by simultaneous phonocardiograms and pressure pulses from the left atrium and left ventricle in patients with mitral stenosis. It was consistently observed that the first heart sound begins at the time of mitral valve closure, significantly after the onset of left ventricular contraction. Hemodynamic observations which explain the splitting of heart sounds in the normal and in diseased states were briefly reviewed.


This paper addresses a new restoration mechanism in drop region of EPON network by using the optical switch device to increase the efficiency, survivability and reliability of fiber to the home (FTTH) customer access network. The developed device will be installed at the drop section to detect the failure line that occurs in the multi-line drop section of FTTH network downwardly from passive optical splitter to the customer premises (ONU). The drop section restoration mechanism called smart drop restoration scheme (SDRS) will contribute for tree based and bus based architecture. Conventionally, the failure line of FTTH network can be measured using Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) upwardly from customer premises to the central office. The optical switches will be controlled by Access Control System (ACS). If the breakdown is the detected in drop section, ACS will recognize the related access line by the 3% tapped signal that is connected to every access line. The activation signal is then sent to activate the dedicated protection scheme. But if fault is still not restored, the shared protection scheme will be activated. Results from Optisystem software simulation will be presented so as to prove the solution feasibility.


Background: Transfusion of blood and blood products is an established way of treating patients who are deficient in one or more blood component. Aim & objective: Blood transfusion is a vital therapeutic measure which influences the outcome of transfusion dependent subjects. Although survival has increased in these subjects parallel to advances in chemotherapy and chelating, they are more prone to acquiring various co morbidities like transfusion transmitted infection (TTI), transfusion associated adverse event, and iron overload leading to a negative impact on quality and duration of life of the patients. Objective: To assess the consequences of multiple blood transfusions, leading to incidence of co morbidities in recipients. Method: the present study entitled co morbidities in patients receiving multiple transfusions is a descriptive Study and has been carried out in institute during the period of February 2015 to February 2016. Patients receiving multiple blood transfusions were categorized as hemolytic disease and non-hemolytic disease. Patients were screened for transfusion transmitted infection like HIV and HBs Ag, serum ferrites. Result: out of 100 subjects, 86 had hemolytic disease and 14 had non hemolytic disease. The study performed showed that out of 98 total comorbidities, increased serum ferritin contributed to 67.35%, HIV to 10.20%, HbsAg to 15.31% and 7.14% was contributed by Transfusion Associated Serious Adverse Events (TASAE). Conclusion: Blood transfusion can lead to severe adverse effects which can cause temporary or permanent morbidity. be highly significant. The study also shows the Sr. Ferritin levels in sickle cell disease were higher in 18 out of 34 subjects and 46 out of 52 amongst the non hemolytic cases.


Adaptive testing involves the adjustment of a set of test items, in accordance with an individual's characteristics, to minimize items that do not yield useful information. The best known methodology used to develop adaptive tests, item response theory (IRT), cannot be used with most psychological instruments. The authors propose using cluster analysis to develop a branching logic that would allow the adaptive administration of such instruments. The proposed methodology is described in detail and is used to develop an adaptive version of the Halstead Category Test (W. Halstead & P. Settlage, 1943) from archival data. Real-data simulations show the Adaptive Category Test to yield scores that are not significantly different from the scores actually obtained on the original version of the test


Conclusions: Nurses working in NICU should be informed regarding the therapeutic positions to be applied in the intensive care unit and after the discharge to support the development process of the preterm neonatal.


---------------------------------------------**************************-----------------------------------------------Abstract: It is very hard to debug networks. Every day network engineers struggle with router fiber cuts, misconfigurations, mislabeled cables, faulty interfaces, software bugs, intermittent links and additional reasons that are reason for networks to behave badly, or be unsuccessful completely. Network engineers chase down bugs by means of the most elementary tools like ping and trace route, and trail down origin causes by means of combination of perception and wisdom. Debugging networks is just becoming difficult as networks are getting larger and are getting more complex. This paper proposes an automatic testing and debugging procedure for verifying the various network conditions and to provide safe reaching of the packets to the desired destination. The paper uses the Automatic Test Packet Generation system for debugging and adds an enhancement to that system which restricts the number of test packets generated and removes the threshold violation over the file size limit. This reduces the time taken to debug the entire system.


An algorithm is presented for speckle reduction in time varying images. The algorithm operates in the time domain and is based on a subdivision of the time evolution of each pixel in the image into homogenous zones. The algorithm operates on a finite time window. The intensity evolution in this window is processed individually for each pixel in the image. The restored time evolution is defined as a piecewise linear function with a predefined maximal number of linear segments. The maximal number of segments is a parameter of the algorithm. Dynamic programming has been applied to obtain the piecewise linear function that minimizes the mean square error. For more than one segment the algorithm finds the optimal way to subdivide the time evolution into homogenous zones. Ordinary linear curve regression is used within each homogenous time segment. Several alternatives for temporal filtering based on discontinuity detection are discussed. The proposed algorithm reduces nonstationary speckle and increases the image contrast.


Anisotropy in the Earth's crust seems to be well modeled by orthorhombic symmetry (three mutually orthogonal planes of symmetry. In many places rocks can be regarded as a transversely isotropie (t.i.) background with a vertical symmetry axis (due mainly to fine horizontal layering ) in which is embedded a system of vertical parallel fractures (equivalent to aligned microcracks ), which themselves are assumed to be orthorhombic with respect to the natural coordinate system, with x3 positive downward and x1 perpendicular to the fractures (Schoenberg and Douma, Geophysical Prospecting 36, 571-.590, 1988).


Numerical calculations with time dependant one-dimensional fluid model are performed at various conditions in argon atmospheric pressure to calculate electrical characteristics and plasma parameters including charged and metastable molecules densities. The simulation results show after steady discharge are formed, the voltage of discharge gap nearly remain constant and the phase is 0.36π advance of the applied voltage; The current density are in the same period as the applied voltage, the phase is 0.58π ahead of the applied voltage; The steady state Ar are in high number density in the whole discharge gap; The Ar* number density appear peak at the middle of the discharge gap; The Ar+ number density appear peak in the negative bright area.


This article analyses configuration of architecture,which adapted to the xerothermic climate,though the layout of plane,the construction of building and the aerator measure.It summarizes to the principle of architecture's form,heat insulation and ventilation,and points out the inner climate logicality's reterence for modern construction creation.


Presentation of Case A 39-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of acute leukemia. The patient had been well until four weeks earlier, when he began to have progressive malaise, fever, and lymphadenopathy. Epistaxis occurred and required cauterization. Two weeks before admission, the fever resolved, but the lymphadenopathy increased; his gums became painful and bled intermittently. Two days before admission, he lost central vision in the right eye. Hematologic tests were performed (Table 1). He was referred to this hospital. The patient was a computer specialist. There was no history of the use of tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs; . . .


The active sites of the enzymes superoxide reductase (SOR) and cytochrome P450 feature square pyramidal FeN4S centers, with a thiolate in axial position trans to the substrate binding site but with differing equatorial nitrogenous ligands. The respective catalytic cycles also share a common intermediate – a ferric-(hydro)peroxo species. The detailed catalytic mechanisms are still a matter of debate for both enzymes, as some of their key catalytic intermediates have very short lifetimes. Inhibitors such as cyanide were therefore often employed to probe active sites of these enzymes and identify important structural features controlling reactivity; among these studies, ENDOR spectral data on ferric-cyanide complexes were previously reported. Here, density functional calculations are employed in order to more accurately correlate the experimental data with electronic structure elements. The data are shown to be in good agreement with experiment and also provide new insight.


The understanding of gas sorption mechanism is essential to characterize the
 original gas-in-place for shale gas reservoirs. In this study, experimental
 data of five shale samples have been used to estimate the shale gas-in-place
 with new sights. Langmuir model is commonly used to measure the amount of
 adsorbed gas but this model does not include the amount of absorbed gas and
 its behavior. However, such gas usually contributes about 22% in respect to
 total gas storage even though its input remains undefined. Sorption model
 used in this study includes adsorbed and absorbed gas. Good results are
 obtained from sorption model as compared to Langmuir model. Variable range
 of total gas storage is observed using different approaches in all shale
 samples. Initially at low pressure, total gas storage is observed to be
 higher because of gas absorption contribution in new proposed approach when
 compared to approach-2. When pressure increases, total gas storage is
 altered in keeping with characteristics of adsorption and absorption of gas.
 Adsorbed and sorbed porosity is estimated at two different approaches and
 where total gas storages capacity is affected due to adsorbed or sorbed
 porosity. Further, the contribution of absorbed gas amount is found at about
 19-22% in respect to total gas storage in all shale samples and that is in
 same range as mentioned in literature. The sorption model and new proposed
 approach includes adsorption and absorption of gases and provides new
 insights to understand the gas storage mechanisms and estimation of shale
 gas-in-place.


The rate of caesarean section rate is increasing worldwide, the ideal rate being from 10 to 15% according to WHO. Various complications are associated with this operative procedure, such as intraoperative hemorrhage, wound and chest infections, abdominal wound dehiscence, from anesthesia, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism to name a few. Uterine wound dehiscence is a very rare complication of cesarean section that presents with PPH [1] . Postoperative pyrexia may result from various causes, pelvic abscess being a very rare one, occurring in < 1% of patients with post cesarean endometritis [2] . This report describes anunusual cause of fever following cesarean delivery and presentation of its sequelae, our method of management, its outcome with comparison to similar cases presented in the literature. This the first case report in literature of post-operative pelvic abscess with uterine wound dehiscence, a rare presentationthat was managed with radiological intervention and assistance.


Genetic Algorithms, originally inspired by the nature, have come a long a way in the past decade to establish itself as a numerical optimization tool of choice. The simplicity of its structure, robustness of its operation, global view of its search technique, efficiency of its sorting though the unknown, all contribute to the excellence of genetic algorithm as an engineering design optimization tool. With the advent of modern parallel and distributed supercomputer systems, there is a renewed enthusiasm about fast genetic algorithms that efficiently solves very large numerical optimization problems utilizing these machines. The working of genetic algorithms is analyzed to extract parallelism in its functionality. The effects of various parallelization proposals and details of a parallel implementation are provided. Several representative problem solutions are presented to demonstrate the utility of the implementation. These indicate a strong future for parallel genetic algorithms for solving a large variety of scientific, engineering, and design problems.


There is often a trade-off between the accuracy and the speed of optical flow techniques. Given similar computational resources, this trade-off results in some techniques making infrequent but accurate estimates of motion while others make more frequent but less accurate estimates. This paper proposes a novel method which enables the results of the more accurate techniques to be used to improve the accuracy of the faster techniques. The method is a combination of data fusion methods with predictors.


A rest home used to be the place where only lonely elderly people spent their remaining years. Nowadays, quite a few elderly who have generations of offspring about or retirees with a pension are moving into rest homes. Ideas of where and how to live out one's life when elderly or in retirement are quietly changing in China…


This study examines the determinants of men's exit from female-dominated occupations. Using census data and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set, the author analyzes the job history of men employed in the United States between 1979 and 2006. Supporting the theoretical model, evidence indicates a group of stopgappers—men entering female-dominated occupations and leaving soon after their entry, thereby contributing to the perpetuation of segregation in female settings. By identifying the stopgapper occupational trajectory, this article contributes to the development of a comprehensive theory accounting for the way structural inequality is reproduced.


SIR — We note with interest the recent description of neurocysticercosis in the UK and the recommendations for treatment.1 We would like to describe a rare presentation of this condition in pregnancy. A 35-year-old lady born in the UK, of Indian parents presented with witnessed primary generalized seizures. She is vegetarian. Her elder sister had tuberculosis 20 years ago. Seven months previously, she had travelled to India for 2 weeks. Physical examination was unremarkable and there were no lateralizing neurological signs or impairment of consciousness. Contrast CT of the brain revealed a single ring-enhancing lesion in the right frontal lobe. She was commenced on dexamethasone 4 mg tds, ranitidine 150 mg bd and carbamezepine 200 mg bd. She had a positive pregnancy test. After appropriate counselling MRI of the brain was arranged and this showed a 1.5 × 1.5-cm ring enhancing mass lesion in the right parasagittal area. Serology for toxoplasma and cryptococcosis were negative as was her Heaf test. Cysticercosis serology by immunofluorescence, immunoblot and on ELISA were all negative. The EEG was normal. She underwent a stereotactic biopsy of the lesion which showed a cysticercosis cyst with a scolex and rostellum and muscular suckers. There was no calcification and the features being compatible with a recent cysticercosis lesion, she was commenced on praziquantel 50 mg/kg/day in three divided doses for 15 days together with continuing steroid cover. The carbamazepine, was subsequently changed to lamotrigine as she developed drug-related hepatitis. Three weeks after the biopsy, repeat CT of the brain, after appropriate foetal shielding, showed considerable improvement of the lesion. She had no further problems with her pregnancy and delivered a normal male baby in June of 2000. A repeat CT at 12 weeks has shown further resolution of the right frontal lesion. The lamotrigine has recently been stopped with no recurrence of fits. There are three reports of successful treatment of cystercercosis in pregnancy. There has been one report of maternal mortality associated with this condition. This was after ventriculitis and secondary obstructive hydrocephalus.2,3 Neurocysticercosis is a recognised cause of first time convulsions in pregnant patients. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of seizure at the time of presentation. Patients may be initially controlled on anticonvulsive medications. If they are not controlled on antiepileptic drugs alone, praziquantel should be considered during pregnancy. A clear decrease is seen in the number of neurocysticerci in the brain and improvement in seizure disorder has been demonstrated with anticysticidal treatment.4 Albendazole, though previously thought to be contraindicated in pregnancy has been used without any foetal sideeffects.5 There are recent data to suggest that there are no adverse pregnancy outcomes linked with albendazole. No adverse pregnancy outcomes were recorded in 184 women treated with albendazole for intestinal helminths in the first trimester.6 If seizures are well controlled, antihelminthic treatment can be withheld until postpartum. 4 There is insufficient evidence to determine whether cysticidal therapy is of any clinical benefit to patients with neurocysticercosis. However, more patients remain seizure-free when treated with cysticidal drugs.7 In our case in retrospect the patient could have been managed without anti-helminthic therapy as there appears to have been a single cyst that may have been killed by the biopsy procedure.


Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) is a lymphohematopoietic cancer of follicular origin and diffuse growth. It is a rare small B-cell lymphoma, with an incidence of 7-10% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas, affecting adults (55-60 years), of which 80% are typically male. According to the World Health Organization guidelines, the diagnosis of MCL should be established based on morphological examination and immunophenotyping with detection of cyclin D1 resulting from the chromosomal translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) of the CCND1 gene or SOX11 protein overexpression. Herein we present an infrequent clinical case of a female patient with MCL who presented erythroderma as a paraneoplastic cutaneous disorder. Moreover, we delved into the molecular insights of immune B-cell lymphocytic affections in this communication.


Waiting time in the provision time of hospital medical record documents remains to be an issue to be solved. This study aimed to analyze the long-time provision for outpatient medical records based on the theory of constraints (TOC). An observational study with cross-sectional design used the TOC method. The constraint was found in the process of medical record document provision, the longest average time on the process of provision of outpatient medical records document was the medical record document examination process with an average of 48.91 minutes, and a total time of provision of medical record document was 54.86 minutes. The TOC considers a problem as an opening way for the rest of the system to be managed. An overall management system in accordance with the constraints on the system would reach a steady groove.


Background:  Evaluation of androgen receptor (AR) and cytokeratin 20 (CK20) expression can aid in distinguishing between conventional basal cell carcinoma (characteristically AR+, CK20−) and trichoepithelioma (frequently AR−, CK20+). Within these two groups of tumors, morpheaform/infiltrative basal cell carcinoma (mBCC) and desmoplastic trichoepithelioma (DTE) are particularly challenging to differentiate both clinically and histologically. We investigated whether AR and CK20 immunostains may distinguish between mBCC and DTE.


Transportation planning and programming continue to evolve in response to the availability of sophisticated analysis tools and techniques, a growing number of related considerations, more diverse stakeholders, expanding policies, and the desire for increased transparency and accountability. To further explore the ways in which transportation professionals can use the various tools and techniques at their disposal to achieve transportation planning and programming goals, the Transportation Research Board (TRB) organized Making Progress: Transportation Planners and Programmers Turn Ideas into Reality, a conference held in Denver, Colorado, on May 23–25, 2012. Building on previous successful TRB statewide planning and programming conferences, this conference took a new approach by bringing the two topics, planning and programming, together. Considering these two topics together provided an opportunity to explore the connections between the two processes and to "cross train" the professionals in each area. After the opening session, the conference was organized around four steps: 1) establishing the vision; 2) establishing the roadmap; 3) turning the vision into reality; and 4) monitoring progress. Each step included both general sessions and breakout sessions. The conference also featured a tools and technology showcase and a walking tour of the Denver Union Station. The major topics addressed in the general sessions and breakout sessions are presented in this summary report following the same order as the conference program. The summary also includes further research needs, outreach activities, and implementation opportunities identified by the rapporteur from the discussions in the general sessions and the breakout sessions.


Two knots in three-space are S-equivalent if they are indistinguishable by Seifert matrices. We show that S-equivalence is generated by the doubled-delta move on knot diagrams. It follows as a corollary that a knot has trivial Alexander polynomial if and only if it can be undone by doubled-delta moves.


Transacetalization occurs extensively in gas phase ion–molecule reactions of 1,3-dioxane with a variety of acylium ions [R–C+O; R = CH3, C2H5, Ph, CH3O, Cl, CH2CH, (CH3)2N] and a sulfur analogue, the thioacetyl ion CH3–C+S. Six-membered 1,3-dioxanylium ions and analogues, i.e. cyclic `ionic (thio)ketals', are formed, as evidenced by pentaquadrupole triple-stage collision-dissociation mass spectra and MP2/6–311G(d,p)//6–311G(d,p) + ZPE ab initio calculations, as well as by 18O labelling experiments. Transacetalization with 1,3-dioxane is not a general reaction for sulfinyl cations (R–S+O). They react either moderately (CH3–S+O) or extensively (CH2CH–S+O) by transacetalization, form abundant intact adducts (Ph–S+O) or undergo mainly proton transfer and/or hydride abstraction reactions (Cl–S+O, CH3O–S+O and C2H5O–S+O). Competitive MS2 experiments are employed to compare the transacetalization reactivity of different acylium ions, and that of two cyclic neutral acetals, that is 1,3-dioxane and 1,3-dioxolane. All the cyclic `ionic ketals' dissociate exclusively under low-energy collision conditions to regenerate the original reactant ion species, a simple dissociation chemistry that is amply demonstrated to be a very general characteristic of the transacetalization products. The cyclic `ionic thioketal' formed in transacetalization with CH3–C+S is found, however, to dissociate exclusively to the oxygen analogue ion CH3–C+O, a triple-stage mass spectrometric (MS3) experiment that constitutes a novel gas-phase strategy for conversion of thioacylium ions into acylium ions.


Snake robots offer a useful and unique mobility platform for search-and-rescue applications. However, existing prototypes made of rigid links and joints are hampered by a lack of flexibility that limits their utility in highly cluttered, maze-like environments, and their heavy weight limits their energy-efficiency and performance in three-dimensional (3-D) tasks. To address these challenges, this letter presents a new approach using cylindrical, origami continuum modules driven by internal cables and electric motors, as well as a local feedback control system on each module. Thus, we can distribute actuation, sensing, and control for highly scalable soft robotic continuum origami systems. Using this approach, we develop a 3-D origami robotic snake that is able to locomote using lateral undulation and sidewinding gaits similar to those used by biological snakes. The proposed snake robot is a continuously deformable, lightweight, modular, and low cost robotic system made of a folded thin plastic body. We detail the design, fabrication, and control of this first 3-D origami robotic snake prototype, focusing on the analysis of locomotion parameters for each gait. We experimentally search for the optimal parameters for both types of locomotion, with maximum speeds characterized as 40.5 mm/s (0.1 body-lengths per second) for lateral undulation and 35 mm/s (0.09 body-lengths per second) for sidewinding locomotion.


With the increasing use of pumping to place concrete, the development and refinement of the industry practice to ensure successful concrete pumping is becoming an important need for the concrete construction industry. To date, research on concrete pumping has been largely limited to a few student theses and research papers. The major obstacle to conducting research on pumping is that it requires heavy equipment and large amounts of materials. Thus, developing realistic and simple measurement techniques and prediction tools is a financial and logistical challenge that is out of reach for small research labs and many private companies in the concrete construction industry. Moreover, because concrete pumping involves the flow of a complex fluid under pressure in a pipe, predicting its flow necessitates detailed knowledge of the rheological properties of concrete, which requires new measurement science. This paper summarizes the technical challenges associated with concrete pumping, summarizes the technical advances in concrete pumping that have been published in the technical literature, and identifies future research needed for the industry to develop best practices for ensuring successful concrete pumping in the field. Consolidating these research needs into one document will help to ensure that future concrete rheology research is part of a coordinated and focused larger effort.


ESR experiments on X-irradiated single crystals of the (2R,4S,5R) and (2S,4S,5R) diastereoisomers of2-chloro-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine 2-sul:fide reveal that the yield of radiogenie electron-capture reactions in the solid state strongly depends on intermolecular interactions in the crysta.l. In the present case a high yield of P-Cl three-electron bond phosphoranyl radical anions is found in crystals of the (2R,4S,5R) isomer, whereas no radical formation can he detected for the (2S,4S,5R) isomer. An analysis of non-bonded interactions with neighboring molecules reveals that the geometry relaxation necessary for the radical stabilization is easily accommodated in crystals of the (2R,4S,5R) isomer but not in the (2S,4S,5R) isomer, explaining the observed dUferenee in electron-capture efficiency. Experiments on radical formation in a 2-MeTHF host matrix give further insight in the importance of the environment on radiogenie radical formation. The possible concurrent effect of the matrix on the electronic contiguration and spin density distribution of the resulting phosphoranyl radical is discussed. •o.M. Aagaard, R.A.J. Janssen, B.F.M. de Waal, H.M. Buck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 11!, 938-944.


9 There are substantial subtelomeric interstitial telomeric sequence (ITS) in the human genome, however the origin of these sequences is not well understood. We investigate the possibility that these ITS have arisen via a process of chromosome end extension to the telomere sequence. By analysing the relationship between subtelomeric duplication and ITS, we identify multiple ITS which were ancestral chromosome telomeric capping sequence. Comparison of chromosome terminal sequence between 15 species reveals an ongoing evolutionary process of chromosome extension, with an average extension rate of 0.0020 bp per year per chromosome. Analysis of SNP data from 1000 genomes demonstrates reduced SNP diversity in subtelomeric regions, indicating that many terminal regions are younger than the remaining autosomal sequence. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 INTRODUCTION 19 Chromosome ends contain telomere sequences and subtelomeric regions. Most human chromosome 20 subtelomeric regions are duplications of other chromosome subtelomeric regions arranged in different 21 combinations, referred to as subtelomeric duplications (STD). STD are highly divergent between species 22 or even different populations of the same species (Mefford and Trask, 2002; Linardopoulou et al., 23 2005) and have experienced rapid adaptive selection (Mefford and Trask, 2002). The majority of 24 subtelomeric duplications have the same orientation towards the chromosome end (Mefford and Trask, 25 2002; Linardopoulou et al., 2005). Based on this it has been suggested that they originated from reciprocal 26 translocation of chromosome tips and unbalanced selection (Linardopoulou et al., 2005). 27 Telomere repeat sequences ([TAAGGG]n) the capping sequences of chromosome ends are breakable, 28 acquirable and fusible in the genome. In somatic cells, telomeres are observed to progressively shorten 29 (Blackburn, 2000; Shay and Wright, 2006). If the telomere sequence is lost, the broken chromosome 30 will become unstable (McClintock, 1941; Tanaka et al., 2012; Flint et al., 1994), and multiple types of 31 rearrangements can occur, including chromosome fusion (McClintock, 1941), tips translocation (Sabatier 32 et al., 2005), or direct extension of telomere repeats (Flint et al., 1994). The manual insertion of 33 telomere sequence in the interstitial region results in enhanced chromosome breakages and induces high 34 rates of chromosome rearrangements around the insertion (Kilburn et al., 2001). Interstitial telomeric 35 sequences (ITS) are widespread in the genome (Bolzán and Bianchi, 2006; Lin and Yan, 2008). In 36 subtelomeric regions, they are almost always oriented towards the terminal end of the chromosome, like 37 the STD (Linardopoulou et al., 2005). Human chromosome 2 is a fusion of two ancient chromosomes 2A 38 and 2B which remain distinct in other species, including Chimpanzee(IJdo et al., 1991). At the fusion site 39 of a 2Aq and 2Bp a pair of proper reverse orientated interstitial telomere sequence can be found. 40 The initial studies of chromosome terminal evolution focused on comparison of the terminal regions 41 of the X and Y chromosomes. Recombination between these regions has been documented(Helena Mangs 42 and Morris, 2007), thus the terminal of sex chromosome are referred to as pseudoautosomal regions(PAR). 43 Prior to the availability of high throughput sequencing, studies focused on variation in PAR gene content 44 between eutherian species. For instance, the human p arm terminal(PAR1) contains 24 genes. Only 2 of 45 these genes have homologous copies in the mouse, but they are located at mouse autosomes. An extension 46 PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.26624v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 6 Mar 2018, publ: 6 Mar 2018 and attrition model has been proposed for sex chromosome terminal evolution(Graves, 1995). From the 47 whole chromosome arm scale, genome comparison demonstrated the majority of X chromosome p-arm is 48 an extension to original X chromosome(Ross et al., 2005; Helena Mangs and Morris, 2007). The terminal 49 of X chromosome underwent dramatic extension and loss in eutheria. This study investigates a model of 50 chromosome extension in autosomes, using reference genomes from multiple eutherian speciees. 51 METHODS 52 Relationship of Interstitial telomere and subtelomeric duplications 53 Telomere sequences were annotated from GRCh37 repeatmasker database(Smit et al., 1996). We extracted 54 the non-capping telomere sequences inside subtelomeric regions as subtelomeric ITS sequence. We also 55 included in this analysis the ancient subtelomeric region in the chromosome 2 fusion sites(IJdo et al., 1991). 56 We then searched for all subtelomeric duplications (STD) which are either overlapping or adjacent to 57 these subtelomeric ITS using a database of STD(Bailey and Eichler, 2006). We classified the relationship 58 between ITS and STD we divided into 6 types. Type a is a subtelomeric duplication spanning the entire 59 ITS. Type b and type d are duplications overlap with the ITS from the distal and proximal site, respectively 60 (distal and proximal site refers to relationship to the centromere, so that distal site is the edge of the ITS 61 furthest from the centromere). Type c and type e are duplications which are adjacent to (<50 bps) ITS 62 from the distal and proximal sites, respectively. Type f means there is no duplication adjacent to ITS. We 63 counted the number of duplications for each type for each ITS. We also calculated the average number of 64 ITS in each category at figure1. In order to calculate whether observed distribution of these categories 65 are significantly different from what would be expected by chance, we performed 1000 permutations on 66 ITS by randomly sampling the same number of ITS with the same size distribution in the subtelomeric 67 duplication regions. 68 Chromosome end population genetics analysis 69 SNP frequencies were extracted from 1000 Genome Project vcf files (v5.20130502). Other mutations are 70 excluded. Chromosome 13, 14, 15, 21, 22 p arm (unknown terminal sequence) and sex chromosomes 71 (different average mutation rate) were excluded from analysis. In order to estimate SNP diversity (unad72 justed) , we uniformly divided the subtelomeric duplication regions(definition see above) into 50 windows. 73 Then we uniformly divided sequence 500 kb adjacent to these regions into 50 windows. Considering 74 the difficulty in detecting SNP in duplicated sequences, we downloaded the unmask regions(2.67 Gb in 75 total) from 1000 Genome Project website(Abecasis et al., 2012). We further overlapped these regions 76 with callable divergence region(see below) into merged regions(2.58 Gb). To calculate the adjused SNP 77 diversity, SNP must reside inside these merged regions. If a window contained zero merged region, this 78 window was unable to provide a diversity estimate. Otherwise, the diversity in these merged regions will 79 represent the diversity of this window. 80 For each window, diversity is calculated as the average of the base pair diversity, i.e. h̄ = ∑j=1 h j L , 81 where L is the total (callable) size of the window. The base pair diversity is defined as h = 1−∑i=1 fi , 82 where f is allele frequency and n is the number of observed alleles. Finally, we summarize the average 83 diversity from all the chromosomes for each bin as ̄̄ h = ∑ c k=1 h̄k c = ∑k=1 ∑j=1(1−∑ n i=1 fi jk 2) L c , where c is total 84 number of available chromosomes. 85 In order to calculate regional divergence between Human and Chimpanzee genomes at chromosome 86 ends, we downloaded the alignments from human(GRCh37) to chimpanzee(panTro4) at UCSU(Kent 87 et al., 2002). In brief, this alignment was unique for each base pair. The divergence regions were defined 88 as the human-aligned regions(2.74 Gb). The nucleotide divergence was calculated as the percentage of 89 substitution between two sequences. Non-SNP mutations were ignored in the estimation. 90 We performed a local regression on diversity using R(function geom smooth in ggplot2(Wickham, 91 2016) package and parameter is method=loess,span=0.7). 92 Human extension rate analysis 93 We downloaded pairwise alignment files from UCSC(Kent et al., 2002). These files contain regional 94 alignments from multiple species to Human reference GRCh37. Initially, 21 genomes (Chicken(galGal3), 95 Chimp(panTro4), Cow(bosTau7), Dog(canFam3), Gibbon(nomLeu1), Gorilla(gorGor3), Horse(equCab2), 96 Marmoset(calJac3), Mouse(mm10), Orangutan(ponAbe2), Rat(rn6), Rhesus(rheMac3), Sheep(oviAri3), 97 2/12 PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.26624v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 6 Mar 2018, publ: 6 Mar 2018 Baboon(papHam1), Cat(felCat5), Elephant(loxAfr3), Kangaroo(dipOrd1), Panda(ailMel1), Pig(susScr2), 98 Rabbit(oryCun2) and Zebrafish(danRer10)) were analyzed. For each human autosome as well as ancient 99 chromosome 2A and 2B(IJdo et al., 1991), we sorted the alignments by human chromosome and location. 100 We searched for the most terminal end alignment. Because short alignments could result from common 101 repeat elements and subtelomeric duplications, we only selected the alignments longer than human longest 102 subtelomeric duplication (154k) to represent ancient chromosome sequence. Because sequence divergence 103 and genome assembly quality will significantly affect the alignment length. Baboon, Kangaroo, Panda, 104 Pig, Rabbit and Zebrafish genomes were hard to represent large ancient chromosome sequence and 105 removed from the analysis. 106 We defined the ancient chromosome end for the last common ancestor of species A (typically human) 107 and species B as the most terminal end of homologous sequence between the two species. Unique 108 terminal sequence in species A which starts subsequent to the ancient chromosome end is referred to 109 as chromosome extension sequence which has occurred in species A since the most recent common 110 ances


Results from a new series of experiments on flows generated by localized heating in the presence of a background zonal current on the polar beta-plane are presented. The flow induced by a heater without the background zonal flow is in the form of a beta-plume. Zonal jets of alternating directions are formed within the plume. The westward transport velocity in the plume is proportional to the upwelling velocity above the heater in agreement with linear theory. When the background flow in the form of the eastward zonal current is present, the beta-plume can be overwhelmed by the eastward current. The main control parameters of the experiment are the strength of the heater and strength of the sink which is used to create the background flow. The regime diagram shows the area where a beta-plume can exist in the parameter space. The critical value of the velocity of the zonal flow below which the beta-plume can exist is obtained by considering barotropic Rossby waves emitted by the baroclinic eddies in the heated area.


The Neogene fossil record of the Antilles is particularly rich and can satisfy the interests of most collectors, from foraminifers to vertebrates. The molluscs are among the commonest and most diverse groups, being found in both terrestrial and marine deposits. The Pliocene Bowden shell beds of southeast Jamaica, best known for its hundreds of species of molluscs, also yields diverse members of other groups, the total exceeding 800 species from a mere 5 m of stratigraphical section.


The large amount of knowledge that is structured and unstructured data/information that has been overloaded on the business day by day. However, knowledge is not vital but the data clustering is very important. A huge knowledge is generated anytime and therefore the quantity of the information is approaching a massive data level. However, there are a unit of several unstructured information that can't be synchronized with public data platform, as the quantity of their area unit is large. By using support vector machine, a large amount of data/information can be efficiently classified. The data /information is arranged in a cluster form so that we can easily identify the data.In this paper we have demonstrated the similar outcomes utilizing distinctive part works for all information. Thus, it is important to remove information through arrange this information consequently. Since the data of Resources has their own particularities that must be contemplated in course of action, this paper characterize a SVM based resources modified classifier into existence.


The education system in the 21st century has focused on innovation as a tool that revamps the traditional educational system. The need for quality improvement in the curriculum and the desire to produce students with 21st-century competency skills have made innovation the core emphasis in the educational context. Hence, school cultures that support innovation should be developed and encouraged extensively. However, studies on innovation cultures within the educational context are still scarce. Researchers have also yet to concur on universally agreed features of innovation cultures within education settings. Thus, this systematic literature review has been carried out to identify the norms, beliefs, values, customs and behaviours shared in educational innovation cultures. From a total of 156 studies analysed, this article reviewed 28 most relevant studies within three categories, which were organizational cultures, sociocultural norms and national cultures. Seven studies discussed involved organizational cultures, while 20 studies focused on sociocultural norms. Only one study explored national cultures. The Competing Value Framework, six building blocks of 'Innovation Quotient', the theory of innovation culture, the innovation-oriented culture as well as employee skills and competence had been used to explain the innovation cultures within an organization. The themes that emerged in sociocultural norms were the individual personality, interaction, collaboration and teamwork, support as well as leadership of a teacher. Meanwhile, the national innovation cultures were described through Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory.


Liu, J., Gu, Y. and Chou, Y.X., 2019. Seismic data reconstruction via complex shearlet transform and block coordinate relaxation. Journal of Seismic Exploration, 28: 307-332. Due to practical and economic limitations, real seismic data is not densely sampled in all coordinates, which will affect the subsequent seismic data processing steps, such as migration, surface-related multiple elimination and inversion. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct the incomplete seismic data. This paper explains the application of the complex shearlet transform to seismic data reconstruction. With a L1 constraint and the Block Coordinate Relaxation (BCR) method, performance of the complex shearlet-based, real shearlet-based and well-accepted curvelet-based reconstruction are compared in terms of recovered f-k spectrum and signal to noise ratio (SNR). We also discuss the shift invariance of the complex shearlet transform and compare the performances of the BCR and the widely used Projection Onto Convex Sets (POCS) method. The numerical experiments on synthetic and real data with different under-sampling rates demonstrate the validity of the proposed method, especially for the case of large amounts of traces missing.


This paper argues that one promising recent account of moral worth, Julia Markovits's Coincident Reasons Thesis, does not afford us the ability to draw a traditional distinction between actions that are performed from immediate inclination and actions that possess genuine moral worth ("Kant's distinction"). I argue that a right-making reasons account of moral worth such as Markovits's can in fact accommodate Kant's distinction. To make this possible, we must go beyond the consideration of instrumental reasons and equip a right-making reasons account with a new, more general, sort of reason: a conditional reason. After introducing the notion of a conditional reason, I argue that one class of these reasons, hedonically conditional reasons, are crucial for understanding the reasons for which we pursue hobbies. Kant's figure who pursues morally right action from immediate inclination might be understood as a moral hobbyist whose actions plausibly lack moral worth. This grounds an objection to Markovits's own account as a sufficient condition on morally worthy action.


Objective To predict the needed numbers of community public health personnel,investigate the existing problems of personnel allocation in community health service institutions,and put forward suggestions for improvement.Methods All of the eight public health workers of all the 8 community health service teams in a community health service center in Beijing were recruited as the subjects.The field observation,self recording,and interview analysis of the methods of job analysis were used,in combination with statistical analysis,to determine the quantifiable work items,and workload,work time and work saturation in one year,and further to calculate one year′s working time.Then the improved formula of health manpower demand was applied to predict the public health personnel needed.Results The community health service center should be equipped with 17 public health workers,and there are 8 now.The personnel demand index is 0.47.Conclusion The numbers of community public health personnel in the community health service center are not enough,which can not meet the working need.It is necessary to fill in the gaps in public health personnel,at the same time,conduct training on relevant professional abilities,and enhance the level of service occupation,and thus,to a certain extent,to relieve the stress resulted from shortage of personnel quantity.


The author's purpose in this article is to ascertain the differences in the attitude to innovativeness between bureaucratic and non-bureaucratic hotel organisations. He defines as bureaucratic the organisations establishing standards. As a separate issue he wishes to find out whether bureaucratic organisations employ properly educated staff or not. For this purpose he defines basic terminology: hotel industry, innovativeness, bureaucracy and knowledge, general and knowledge of tourism and hotel trade. He points out that the government is aware of the importance of innovativeness in hotel industry and tourism, whence a number of measures. In the empirical part, using statistical methods, such as the descriptive analysis and the Bonferroni test, the author establishes that there are no statistically significant differences between bureaucratic and non-bureaucratic organisations either with regard to innovativeness or the level of staff education. In this way, by using scientific method, the author rejects the often misinterpreted opinion on the influence of bureaucracy on innovativeness.


The PAR index and Summers' Occlusal Index have both been used to assess orthodontic treatment standards. The validity and reliability of these two indices is compared when applied to a group of 80 study models. The more recently developed PAR index was found to be as reliable and as valid as Summers' Occlusal Index.


Objective To summarize the treatment experience of chronic pulmonary heart disease (CPHD) combined with heart failure. Methods On the basis of improving ventilation and control infection, 80 patients were treated with captopril 25mg t.i.d p.o, dobutamine 40~100mg and phentolamine 20mg intravenously. Results After one week treatment, heart failure of 63 cases were controlled and other symptom were remission. 17 cases obtained obviously effect without side effect. Conclusion Captopril and phentolamine could decrease the preload and after load of heart so that to gain better effect for heart failure of CPHD.


Charge densities on cylindrical spacers placed in a rod-plane gap geometry were measured using a capacitive probe in an SF/sub 6/ environment. Corona discharge occurring at the tip of the rod electrode was found to be a main source of charge accumulation for DC and lightning impulse voltages. Microdischarges occurring at asperities, or other locations with high electric fields, on the plane electrode can explain the nature of spacer charge accumulation under positive polarity voltage application. For DC voltages lower than the corona inception, the charge accumulation can be explained by the drift of charge carriers present in the gas; this mechanism is not effective under impulse voltages.<<ETX>>


Dermatological issues are uniquely represented among certain visually-driven social media platforms, presumably owing to the impact of skin-health on the self-esteem and outward appearance.1 From a dermatology health-promotion perspective, familiar platforms (SnapchatTM , InstagramTM )2,3 have been evaluated; TikTokTM is yet to be explored.


Expressions for peak A-weighted sound pressure level and A-weighted exposure level produced by a train are derived on the assumption that the noise is generated by a continuous line of incoherent dipoles. The attenuation with the distance in excess of geometrical spreading is modelled by a power law. The interaction of theory and measurement procedure is discussed.


The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) represents an attempt to do justice restoratively, but an incomplete attempt. Only time will tell whether the gaps will be fatal.


THE USE OF TRIELECTRODE REMOTE RESISTANCE LOGGING IN STUDIES ON FISSURITY OF CARBONATE ROCS

Summary
The paper deals with the studies on fissurity of carbonate rocks using borehole electrometry methods. The results of measurements made by "two-solution method" with the use of three-electrode remote resistance logging are given. Experimental measurements were made in boreholes from the areas of the Pomeranian Synclinorium and Fore-Sudetic Monocline. The studied rocks represent carbonate Muschelkalk complex. The discussion is illustrated with two sets of measurement data from the boreholes G-4 and Ż-7. The results obtained with the use of three-electrode plummets with cylindrical electrodes may be treated as fully satisfactory from the point of view of qualitative interpretation.


The utility model provides a detection system for insulation aging of a cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable, which is used for detecting local discharge of the cross-linked polyethylene cable and accessories. The system comprises an ultrahigh frequency monitoring module, an acoustic emission monitoring module and a data processing module, wherein the ultrahigh frequency monitoring module is used for monitoring ultrahigh frequency signals generated due to local discharge, the acoustic emission monitoring module is used for monitoring acoustic emission signals generated due to local discharge, and the data processing module is used for connecting the ultrahigh frequency monitoring module with the acoustic emission monitoring module and is used for analyzing and displaying the ultrahigh frequency signals and the acoustic emission signals; and the data processing module is further connected with a detection database used for storing data and an external applied voltage measuring module used for applying external detection voltage. The detection system for the insulation aging of the cross-linked polyethylene cable can respectively detect the high frequency signals and an acoustic wave due to local discharge of the XLPE cable and the accessories through the ultrahigh frequency monitoring module and the acoustic emission monitoring module, thus improving the detection accuracy and sensitivity and enhancing the efficiency.


Terminalia chebula is called as "king of medicines" in ayurveda and has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. Ischemia causes rapid progressive nephropathy in diabetic rats. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of T chebula on unilateral ischemia induced renal damage in diabetic rats. The 4 week treatment with ethanolic extract of T chebula fruit (200 mg/kg & 400 mg/kg) showed reduction in damage caused by ischemia; decreased oxidative stress and improved renal histological appearance of kidney section. From results it was concluded that T chebula attenuates the renal damage caused by ischemia and can be beneficial in diabetic nephropathy.


Introduction: Animation is about creativity, movement, and imagination. It offers the opportunity to bring an object, drawing or person to life. The creative process of animation has been adapted to provide a clinically effective framework to complement evidence-based therapeutic practice. Using simple techniques, this approach has been designed to facilitate motivation with difficult to reach clients. With the flexibility to work with verbal, non-verbal materials animation enables the service user to express thoughts and feelings using visual, tactile, and auditory techniques. Aim: To identify high functioning autism children using the High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ). To review the effect of animation therapy for improving social skills, communication, and self-confidence in an experimental group of youngsters with an autism spectrum disorder. Method: The study was done on 40 subjects, 20 in the control group and 20 in the experimental group. The screening for top functioning autism clients was done using the High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ). The pre-test and post-test were done using the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS-2). The scores of both groups were compared to find out the effectiveness. Result: Statistical analysis shows there is a statistically important distinction in the social interaction of youngsters. Conclusion: This study concludes that animation medical care is simpler in up social interaction in kids with syndrome Autism Spectrum Disorder.


The National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo had its beginnings in the Institute of Art Research, which was the first institution to specialise in research in fine art in Japan. The library at the Institute played a central role from the very start, acquiring and making accessible its large collection of material related to fine art, with an emphasis on books and photographs. In recent years, we have also begun to play a role as an archive and information centre. What were the original aims and objectives behind the establishment of the library, and how have its activities changed? Amidst the many developments in recent years – the role of the internet, now a major information tool, the organisational changes at the Institute itself – it is essential that we continue to do the work for which we have long been recognised in art history research and the preservation and utilisation of cultural properties, and at the same time find ways to collaborate with related institutions.


Indonesian and Dutch cultural diplomacy through the "laying ceremony" at the port of Ratu Sukabumi. One of the characteristics of coastal communities is a strong dependence on the coastal environment. The good and bad of the environment will have a direct impact on their lives. The coastal communities discussed here are the people of Pelabuhan Ratu. The Pelabuhan Ratu community also has culture, namely traditional ceremonies that are still developing today in Palabuhanratu, which is often referred to as the Labuh Saji effort, Labuh Saji or called Fisherman's Day, this is a form of tradition, this tradition is carried out from generation to generation because it is believed to be an expression the gratitude of the Palabuhanratu community for the prosperity and abundant marine products and aims to honor Nyi Putri Mayangsagara or what we often hear as Nyai Ratu Kidul, of course these customs and traditions are quite interesting for the surrounding community. the coastal community of Pelabuhan Ratu in Sukabumi. The research method used is the literature review method which contains a description of the literature review that underlies the idea to solve the problem and support the theory search process. The results of the study indicate that it is true that there is a traditional culture in the Pelabuhan Ratu Sukabumi area, namely the Labuh Saji Ceremony. This tradition is carried out once a year to be exact on April 6 (Fishermen's Day).Keywords: Culture Diplomacy, Coastal Community, Pelabuhan Ratu, Labuh Saji


The purpose of the study was to investigate the perceptions and opinions of culinary art high school and undergraduate students on the curriculum for Korean culinary arts education. The results of the research were as follows. High school students were found to be more satisfied regarding their culinary arts curriculum than college and university students (p


ABSTRACT Ocean surveillance is an important application of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image interpretation. In the ocean, the ship target usually attracts the attention of researchers, hence many interpretation works focus on it. The precise ship segmentation can facilitate further processing, such as feature extraction and target recognition. This paper proposes a refined segmentation method for ship target, in which the ratio of exponentially weighted averages (ROEWA) operator is used to produce the edge map and the elliptical constraint (EC) is incorporated into the energy function of the gradient vector flow (GVF) snake model to extract the ship target precisely. With this prior shape constraint, the snake contour can overcome unexpected distortions stemming from speckle noise and side lobe effect, etc. experimental results based on TerraSAR X-band and RADARSAT-2 C-band data illustrate the effective performance of the proposed method on refined segmentation for ship targets.


The presented method based on the Surface Photo Voltage effect has become an important ion implant characterization technique due to its high sensitivity and non‐contact nature. It is shown that the method can be applied to characterize critical areas of ion implant process, such as source‐drain and source‐drain extension, both before and after annealing step. In the paper we demonstrate the sensitivity of the method to the dopant/implant dose variations in both the source‐drain and halo implant regions.


very definite localized tenderness on slight pressure over the joint. This last point is the most important in considering the differential diagnosis. The skiagrams showed an increase of the intra-articular space. The operation should be performed as early as possible. In these four cases an anterior incision was made, the capsule was opened freely and a small rubber drain was put into the joint. An extension was applied and the limb was fixed in abduction. In three cases the head of the femur became a sequestrum and was removed-the result being somewhat of a flail joint in two cases and ankylosis in the other. In the fourth case the head survived, and the joint is stable and has a good range of movement. An early diagnosis must be made in these cases and free drainage performed at the earliest time possible.


Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com to excessive occlusal wear [4]. Excessive wear of anterior dental elements is a fact of high influence on the smile's esthetics and harmony [3-5]. As cases become more complex, aspects related to the patient's occlusion re-establishment must be observed, including the recovery of the occlusal vertical dimension (OVD), which is defined as the vertical distance between two points, one in maxilla and one in mandible, when the occlusal surfaces are in contact [6-8]. One of the most important aspects in facial appearance involves the Occlusal Vertical Dimension, as the esthetics of the face is affected by facial form and facial height [9]. When a patient presents decreased OVD, because of advanced tooth abrasion, attrition, or tooth loss, its facial appearance is aged due to the decrease of the lower third of the face, lips intrusion, drop of the nose and can also bring phonetic and masticatory disorders and possible involvement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and mastication muscles [5-9]. In general, in a situation that there was loss of dental elements or excessive wear of them, the OVD must be recovered before any definitive restorative procedure is executed, it must be done gradually at the beginning of treatment. Temporary acrylic resin crowns, fixed prosthesis or even interim removable prosthesis should be used for initial adaptation, particularly in determining a stable and functional occlusal vertical dimension [5,10]. After the creation of an optimum maxillomandibular relationship and the restitution of a restorative space the treatment plan can evolve into a definitive rehabilitation [11]. This paper describes the treatment of a 72-year-old patient who presented decrease in OVD. The treatment consisted in an OVD re-establishment by means of using a provisional device (occlusal overlay bilateral splints) made in acrylic resin. The final restoration occurred after a 60-day follow-up and was made with ceramic crowns in posterior teeth and direct restorations in anterior teeth.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * THE IRS SAYS DISTRIBUTIONS of customer-based intangibles to shareholders are taxable. When a firm or corporation distributes to its shareholders all of its assets, both tangible and intangible, and ceases doing business, the IRS says there is a taxable distribution of its intangible goodwill. * THE CRITICAL ISSUE FOR TAX PLANNING is whether the assets distributed are considered property under IRC code section 336 and whether the corporation owns them. * THE QUESTION OF WHO "OWNS" the clients and customer-based intangibles turns on whether there is an employment or noncompete agreement in effect at the time the intangibles are distributed. Without such an agreement, client goodwill attributable to the personal characteristics of a shareholder isn't a property right belonging to, or transferable by, a firm. * A NONCOMPETE COVENANT, to be enforceable, must reasonably reflect an employer's protectable interest in both the nature and the scope of the restraint on the employee. Trade secrets, special processes, patents and proprietary information are among an employer's protectable interests, but how noncompete provisions create an employer property right isn't clear. * THE PRACTITIONER SHOULD ADVISE the client to terminate employment and noncompete agreements with shareholders before liquidation. * WHETHER PLANNING FOR A LIQUIDATION of their own professional practices or advising clients about the liquidation of a commercial organization, CPAs will find that the problems and the solutions associated with each are likely to be the same. Proper planning requires CPAs to examine existing employment agreements with shareholder-employees. Lawyers advise CPAs to have employment and noncompete agreements in their accounting practices. They recommend that all employees, including those who are shareholders, promise--in writing--not to take clients with them if they leave the firm. Such agreements can protect firms, the lawyers say. But what they might not say is that employment and noncompete agreements can create serious income tax consequences when a firm or corporation is liquidated and goodwill assets such as client relationships are distributed among the shareholders. There is the possibility of some relief, however: A CPA firm and its shareholders are in a better position to avoid serious tax consequences if such agreements are not in place when the professional corporation is dissolved. The IRS asserts that distribution of "clients and customer-based intangibles" to shareholders is taxable, but the Tax Court has held that it isn't if a noncompete agreement between the shareholder or employee and the firm does not exist. This apparent contradiction presents some questions to which there are no black-and-white answers. In the cases discussed in this article, the Tax Court did not distinguish between personal service corporations, such as CPA firms, and commercial organizations, such as an ice cream distribution company, in identifying the individual ownership of customer-based intangibles. In planning for a liquidation of their professional practice or advising clients about the liquidation of a commercial organization, CPAs will find that the problems and the solutions are likely to be the same. TANGIBLE OR INTANGIBLE, YOU STILL MAY OWE TAXES In a firm or corporate liquidation, or when a shareholder redeems his or her interest, it's not uncommon for the business to distribute property as well as money in exchange for the capital stock a shareholder held. When such a business distributes its property, it generally is deemed to have sold the property at fair market value, which requires it to recognize a gain (IRC section 336(a)). The shareholder, who treats the fair market value of the property as received in exchange for his or her stock, also recognizes a gain (IRC section 331(a)). The critical issue for tax planning is whether the assets distributed are considered property under IRC section 336 and whether the corporation owns them. …


Vehicular communication is a trendy topic in the academia and the car industry. Globally road accident is considered to be an important issue, which can be reduced by proper vehicle parameters and speed monitoring system. More recently, the advancement in wireless sensor technology shows a great promise in designing Intelligent Transportation System due to its flexibility and cost effectiveness for deployment. The main motto of this research is to develop a prototype vehicle speed monitoring system using accelerometer-based wireless sensor. The research focus on unifying the speed monitoring with embedded wireless technology is the new approaches in intelligent vehicle control for critical location application using ARM. In conventional system they are designed to control the speed of vehicles in all days. The main objective of the proposed system is to operate the vehicle in safe speed at critical zones. The aim of this growing interest is to develop an effective communication system for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).


Since the Asian currency crisis the legal framework for protecting minority shareholders in Thai listed companies has been strengthened. International and Western legal principles have been adopted to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. the main purpose has been to grow investment. The research questions whether the adopted legal principles are appropriate in the Thai context. It considers (i) whether the existing Thai legal framework provides adequate protection for minority shareholders; (ii) whether the transplanting of legal frameworks from other jurisdictions into Thai law is feasible; and (iii) what the obstacles to legal reforms are.


We examine the form of the Walton grain pack model for elastic moduli by performing a perturbation analysis from an isotropic state of stress. The coefficients derived evolve rapidly under low stress conditions, and describe orthorhombic anisotropy with ellipticity in the symmetry planes. The results can be exactly represented by an isotropic third order elastic tensor only for the case in which there is no friction on the grain contacts. We present the results in a convenient form and see that the contact friction between grains controls the amount of influence that stresses perpendicular to polarization and propagation directions have on Pand S-wave velocities. We caution that the results require calibration to experimental data to alleviate the known shortcomings of the Walton model when predicting stress dependent behaviour.


According to the consolidated undrained triaxial shear test of saturated remolded clay, some deficiencies of the Duncan-Chang model in simulating the stress-strain relationship are analyzed, and some causes to the deficiencies are pointed out. In order to come over these deficiencies of the Duncan-Chang model, the nonlinear elastic model proposed by Duncan and Chang is modified with the consideration of the sharp of the stress-strain relationship curve and the strain softening. The new model, containing a curve sharp factor and a softening coefficient parameter, can be used to simulate the strain softening in CU test. The modified hyperbolic model includes six parameters. Each of them has a specific physical meaning and can be confirmed simply. Compared with the Duncan-Chang model, the modified hyperbolic model is much better at simulating the stress-strain relationship of the remolded soft clay.


Aiming at the present problems in program-based TP development technology,a parameter-based TP development technique is developed.The parameter-based TP development principle,the development of parameter TP,the development of parameter-based TP and the design of test executed engine are introduced.Actually, parameter-based TP is the process of parameter selection and confirmation,assembly,debugging and sealing based on test requirement.It is proved that the common problem of repeating program in traditional TP development mode can be solved effectively by parameter-based TP development technology.The technique has enormously value for extension and application.


Network security concerns have recently been increased due to the vast amount of information that flows in a single fiber. At the application layer, data security relies on end-user encryption algorithms, many of which are known to be vulnerable, and authentication algorithms are not foolproof as the sophistication of eavesdroppers and unauthorized bad actors increases. As a result, the communications link may be attacked by eavesdroppers to access data, to mimic the source, or to cause service denial. To accomplish this however, the transmission link must be compromised. Therefore, if an a priori link and channel signature has been established at the receiver, then an unauthorized intervention is possible to be detected, reported and counteracted. In this paper we provide an analysis of the link and channel parameters that affect the signal performance, which also constitute the identification signature of the optical channel. When the medium is compromised, the channel parameters are affected and thus the channel performance. We also develop a model and we simulate conditions of channel attack


The activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) were measured in thymocyte subpopulations separated by peanut agglutinin (PNA), in unseparated thymocytes, in lymph node and in spleen cells. The PNA+ thymocyte subpopulation exhibited the highest ADA activity of all cells studied. The lowest PNP activity was found in the PNA- subpopulation of thymocytes. PNA+ cells, moreover, exhibited a more intensive DNA synthesis than the PNA- cells, and a greater sensitivity to deoxyadenosine toxicity in the presence of erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine (EHNA). The two thymocyte subpopulations exhibited a similar sensitivity to deoxyguanosine (dG) toxicity.


This paper summarizes research or the integration of aerobic biomass treatment and in situ electrolysis. Water is split into oxygen (used for microbial respiration) and hydrogen. The microflora greatly enhanced hydrogen production; Faraday current efficiencies > 100% were seen. There was, however, evidence of microbial inhibition due to the electrolysis.


Latino family caregivers experience disproportionately poor health outcomes and access to caregiver support. We aimed to test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of CuidaTEXT: a tailored text message intervention to support Latino dementia family caregivers.


Newkirk (1996) warns that the research practices which are part of a qualitative approach to research may result in data collection as "an act of seduction" ending in betrayal as participants are reconstructed in the final text to meet the agenda of the researcher. The potential for seduction and betrayal is increased when the researcher is an insider to the participant community. When the researcher is recognized as a member of the participant community there are both advantages in terms of access to rich data and disadvantages as participants share experiences and understandings in ways that would be denied to an outsider. When these friendly conversations are reconstructed and interpreted as research data, the 'person becomes portrait' (Stronarch & MacLure 1997) in ways that may not sit well with their sense of self. This paper explores the ways in which these issues were resolved (and not resolved) in a study of English as a second language (ESL) teacher identity, in which the researcher was positioned as a long-standing member of the ESL teacher community. Newkirk (1996) warns that the research practices that are part of a qualitative approach to research may result in data collection as "an act of seduction" (1996:3) ending in betrayal. Seduction is the process by which participants are recruited for our research. There are the formal aspects of this process. Participants are informed of the nature and purpose of the study. They are provided with explanatory statements, processes for complaint and withdrawal and an 'informed' consent form which is signed to indicate both full understanding and willingness to be involved. There are also more subtle, less clearly defined elements at play. The explanatory statement outlines the value of the study and implies the expert knowledge which potential participants have to share for the greater good. The institution behind the research is usually highly regarded. The researcher may also be a recognized and respected figure. The consent form offers protection for participants both in the process of data collection – 'you may withdraw at any time..., you need not answer any question ...' – and in the publication of the final study – 'pseudonyms will be used ..., all efforts made to preserve the confidentiality of participants ...'. The process of data collection itself, often in the form of a semi or unstructured interview, can be a pleasant enough experience. The interviewer is interested, supportive and appears to agree with all that is being said. For those involved in education this is a novel experience; there are not many people who want to listen to teachers talk about their work. It is in the stages that follow that this initial seduction becomes betrayal. Interviews are transcribed and transcriptions are often returned to participants. Perhaps comment and clarification is invited; perhaps not. Whatever the process, transcripts are often the cause for participant concern. They are never all that was intended, all that is known, all that was meant to be communicated. There may be further contact between researcher and participant in which both struggle to make shared meaning from the data and the process of analysis in which "person becomes portrait" (Stronarch & MacLure 1997:34). The final portrait may be one pleasing to the participant but it may not and, while it is true that participants have the power to withdraw consent and terminate their involvement in the research, this is rarely done. Many participants accept portraits about which they have some reservations, constructions which seem not quite right. For some, portraits become caricature and they struggle to find a sense of self in the construction offered by the research. Why does this happen? Newkirk (1996:3) claims that "every qualitative researcher I know has an ethical story to tell, one in which he or she wrestled with ... bad news". By 'bad news', Newkirk means the process described above in which participants find themselves, their actions and beliefs, constructed in ways other than they intended, other than as they perceive them to be. Are the processes of data collection and analysis used in qualitative research at fault? Should the explanatory statement remind participants that, while the study may indeed be of value to the wider community, "the ,most direct benefits accrue to the researcher" (Newkirk 1996:8). Should the consent form include a warning similar to that found on cigarette packets – 'Participation in this research may be hazardous to your emotional well-being and sense of self'? Should interviewers be required to interrupt participants at regular intervals, reminding them that interest and encouragement to continue talking does not imply agreement with, or approval of, what is being said? Should final reports be only those that end '... and they all lived happily ever after'? Perhaps it is the nature of qualitative research itself which is the cause of the problem. The notion of qualitative research is one which embraces a wide range of interest groups and is diverse, complex, contradictory and shifting. In the words of Denzin and Lincoln (2000:xi), the 'field' of qualitative research is: defined primarily by a series of essential tensions, contradictions and hesitations. These tensions ... work back and forth between competing definitions and conceptions of the field .... [Any attempt at clarification is] in the face of paradigmatic differences, inherent contradictions among styles and types of research, and over the barriers of disciplinary, national, racial, cultural and gender differences. Despite these complexities, there is one connecting element of all research which positions itself as qualitative. It is "the avowed humanistic commitment to study the social world from the perspective of the interacting individual" (Denzin & Lincoln 2000:xvi). It is this single point that is held in common by all who shelter under the large umbrella of qualitative research. It is the point of connection between feminist research, queer theory, race and cultural studies and a myriad of others, including my own study of ESL teacher identity. The philosophical stance behind this commitment is one based on a view of the world in which the 'realities' available for study are largely constructed by "community consensus regarding what is 'real', what is useful and what has meaning" (Lincoln & Guba 2000:167). If the social world is one largely constructed by those within it, it seems sensible that these perceptions and understandings should be the primary focus of research which seeks to first make these understandings explicit and then to bring some version of them into a wider arena in the form of 'knowledge' designed to extend shared understandings of the world. If the central concern of qualitative research is to study the world from the viewpoint of those within it, is it possible to identify other characteristics? Miles and Huberman (1994:6-7) list several other elements of qualitative research including: intense and/prolonged contact with the area under study interest in the everyday life of individuals and groups attempts to capture a holistic view which remains true to the perceptions of participants focus on patterns and themes within the data which should also retain its original form researcher as main instrument of data collection analysis through words. These defining characteristics are echoed by Denzin and Lincoln (2000:3-4). Qualitative research is situated in the world as "qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them". These attempts involve a range of research methods including "case study; personal experience; introspection; life story [and] interview". A range of approaches, or interpretive practices, are used in data analysis in the "hope of getting a better understanding of the subject matter". Flick (1998:5-6) identifies several similar defining features of qualitative research. The first is that the area of study determines the approaches taken, the second that the diversity of participant understandings is acknowledged, the third that the researcher is made an 'explicit part of knowledge production' and finally, that discussion and practice utilizes a variety of theoretical approaches and methods. If the focus of our work is to express the understandings of others in the form of 'knowledge' we seem doomed to failure. The understandings expressed are always our own, not those of our participants. Meanings slip between the margins of that which is specific to time and place and that which is transferable to other contexts. Another time with altered components of being – physical, emotional and immediate experiential – results in a different story being told, a story the same and yet not the same. Understandings appear to be shared, yet meanings are always multi-layered, shifting and subtle. The language we use is overpopulated, peopled with the meanings and intentions of others as well as those imposed upon it in each instance of use. Interview transcripts freeze words in time, but meanings remain fluid. Each time we return to our data, the possibility exists for another and different reading: Both the researcher and the research are on-going constructions that produce each other and are produced within a myriad of possible relationships. Each real and imagined encounter with another, each real and imagined audience, not only reconstructs the researcher but also reconstructs the research (Adam St Pierre 1998:2). The 'realities' presented by our research are multiply constructed and interpreted – by participants as events and understandings that are given form in text, by the researcher as text becomes interpreted data and by each reader as meaning is taken from the text made available by the researcher. Is it possible, given the complexities described


Comparative analysis of genomes allows the rich source of biological genome sequence data to be most efficiently exploited. However, the rate at which microbial genomes are being sequenced is increasing rapidly. Soon the volume of data will put comparative analyses beyond the capability of the computing resources of most individual laboratories. Grid technology promises to provide a scalable solution for analysing genomic data. Microbase is a Grid-based system to support comparative genomics applications. The project aims to use Grid technology to provide an environment that is both scalable, provides access to pre-computed datasets and is also able to permit the execution of user defined, remotely conceived computation.


Strata of burnt deposits can often be regarded as closed finds. They provide special insights into individual households. We visualize their multivariate attribute structure by Chernoff faces. Additionally we quantify mass, locations, production and use of the pottery assemblages of our Neolithic and Bronze Age samples. Among our features we observe high quantitative as well as qualitative intra-site diversity in relation to houses. For every find category added, patterns get even more diverse. Detailed mapping and spatial analysis of find distributions in relation to the archaeological features present are an important first step towards more sophisticated interpretations of the organization of households and settlement communities. It also allows criticising concepts of archaeological culture.


In order to determine whether crude coal tar is an essential component of the Goeckerman regimen, the elements that constitute this therapeutic regimen must be defined. If one adheres strictly and literally to the therapeutic regimen proposed, utilized, and promulgated by Dr. Goeckerman, then definition dictates that tar is a necessary and fundamental component. To a strict constructionist it logically follows that since the therapeutic procedures as defined by Dr. Goeckerman' included application of crude coal tar, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from a medium pressure mercury arc lamp (hot quartz) with the intent to tan the patient, followed by removal of the tar with olive oil and subsequent oatmeal and soda bath, then the Goeckerman regimen must include these elements applied in the prescribed manner and sequence. If one pursues a more "libertarian" approach and allows a modest amount of interpretation and modification of the regimen while maintaining the spirit of the protocol, the conclusion is no longer simply a matter of definition unless one chooses to merely redefine the procedure by fitting all emendations under the broad and inclusive umbrella of the "modified Goeckerman Regimen." It then becomes imperative to determine scientifically those aspects of phototherapy that are required for efficacious and effective UVB phototherapy. In the fifty-seven years since Dr. Goeckerman first proposed his therapeutic method many studies and much empiric unpublished clinical experience have upheld his conclusion that desirable therapeutic results are obtained through application of his techniques. When one carefully examines the available information, it is clear that those studies purporting to show that UVB is ineffective in clearing psoriasis have used suberythemogenic doses of UV radiation. When erythemogenic doses of UVB are used, tar does not seem to play an important role. Using bilateral comparisons we demonstrated in patients with psoriasis vulgaris that tar was no more efficacious than white petrolatum, when clearance


All notations and terminologies in this paper are same as those in the author's previous papers [7], [8], [9], [10] and [11]. All rings shall have identities, and all subrings of them shall have the same identities as them. Whenever we denote a ring and its subring by \Lambda and \Gamma, respectively, we shall always denote the center of \Lambda by C and the centralizers of \Gamma in , i.e. , V_{A}(\Gamma), by \Delta . A ring \Lambda is an H-separable extension of a subring \Gamma if \Lambda\otimes_{\Gamma}\Lambda is \Lambda-\Lambda-isomorphic to a \Lambda-\Lambda-direct summand of a finite direct sum of copies of \Lambda . Some equivalent conditions and fundamental properties have been researched in [3], [4] and [7]. In case \Gamma is the center of \Lambda, this definition is same as that of Azumaya algebra, and we have found in H-separable extension many similar properties to Azumaya algebra. In \S 1 we shall study in what case an H-sparable extension \Lambda of \Gamma become projective. If B is an intermediate subring of \Lambda an\dot{d}\Gamma such that BB\Gamma<\oplus


Purpose: Defect of the interproximal wall of the tooth is filled with use the shaped matrix and wedge which seals bottom margin during filling. Better fit of the wedge and equalization of the pressure forces on the matrix is achieved by the compliance of the wedge structure through cuts and perforations and the use of silicone materials and unidirectionally expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). The work presents a methodology for model studies of the mechanics of dental wedges in order to evaluate and compare the impact of wedge materials on functional features. The hypothesis of the work was that the mechanical properties of ePTFE determine the effectiveness of the dental wedge.
Design/methodology/approach: Effect of modulus of elasticity and friction coefficient of wedge and matrix materials on the functional features of the wedge was studied on the way Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Simulation included contact sliding between wedge and matrix what was simulated in nonlinear large displacements regime. The sealing evaluation criterion was the pressure distribution between the wedge and matrix below the lower edge of the defect. Displacement values were the criterion for the loss of convexity as a result of matrix deformation.
Findings: The material for the wedge should be characterized by a low coefficient of friction, low elasticity (ensuring high compliance of the wedge) and at the same time the ability to large permanent deformations, which allows for plastic shaping of the matrix from the side of the defect in order to achieve the required wall convexity and the tangent point.
Research limitations/implications: Results show tendency of phenomena in limitation to model simplification of the interdental gap and the ideal adhesion of the matrix to the tooth and linear elasticity of materials.
Practical implications: The material that best meets the requirements is unidirectionally expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, which has one of the lowest coefficients of friction and very high plasticity necessary to shape the matrix from the inside of the cavity.
Originality/value: Methodology of model study and criteria of functional characteristics of dental wedge was presented.


A 240 kHz multibeam sonar was deployed on the research platform FLIP off the coast of San Diego for two weeks in July, 2002. The sonar was oriented to measure backscattering from the ambient bubble field near the ocean surface. A bubble population density spectrum shape described by Novarini et al. [IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 23, 423–438 (1998)] is assumed, and the spectrum level is shifted up or down to fit the backscatter measurements. This allows the bubble population to be inferred from the single frequency measurement. The wide field of view for the sonar (1.5° beams distributed over a 150° swath) allowed the spatial structure of the bubble field to be observed over the time period, and compared with environmental measurements including wind/wave conditions and the spatial variation of temperature and salinity. [Work supported by ONR Code 321US.]


The invention discloses a pedometer with an automatic step calibration device. The pedometer comprises: a microprocessing unit; a display connected to the microprocessing unit; a sensor connected to the microprocessing unit and used to sense the steps per second of the human movement signal and transfer the steps per second to the microprocessing unit; a human feature data storage connected with the microprocessing unit, wherein, personal feature data such as personal height, weight, age, gender and so on, are stored inside the human feature data storage; a speed order discrimination unit which discriminates that the speed of the sporter is in different speed orders such as walking, jumping, joggling and running according to the detected steps per second; a step length computation unit which computes the step length of each speed order according to the different step orders discriminated by the speed order discrimination unit.