Remote sensing (RS) data have been utilized increasingly for mapping various crops at local and regional scales using various techniques. However, training data collection of these methods is costly and time consuming. On the other hand, time series of RS data have provided valuable information about crop phenological patterns, which can be utilized for automatic crop mapping independent of training data. Hence, the aim of this research is to develop a new automatic method to map alfalfa by identification of specific characteristics of alfalfa based on time series of Landsat 8 OLI images in four study sites in Iran and the United States. Alfalfa fields are usually harvested periodically and two neighboring farms may not be harvested simultaneously. To address this challenge, the alfalfa spectral reflectance values in various bands were compared with those of other crops during the growing season. In the following, three assumptions were made to find suitable relationships for demonstrating alfalfa characteristics as well as separating it from other crops. The results indicated that the summation of differences between the red and NIR reflectance values of alfalfa in the time series of Landsat images is significant; and also, the average values of the NIR and red bands during the growing season are remarkably higher and lower than those of other crops, respectively. Hence, based on these findings, a new specific feature was developed to detect alfalfa with the overall accuracy of 93%, 90%, 94%, and 90% in Moghan, Qazvin, Razan, and Parker Valley, respectively.


Traditionally, preclinical cocaine studies have focused primarily on male behavior and neurobiology, but recent work has suggested that there are distinct differences in male versus female cocaine responsivity. In humans, progression to cocaine dependence is faster in women compared to men. Women also exhibit greater craving and relapse following abstinence. Similar to humans, rodent literature suggests males and females have differential behavioral responses to cocaine, which appear to be estrous cycle dependent. For example, females exposed to cocaine during the estrous phase exhibit augmented behavioral responses, such as increased conditioned place preference and greater cocaine seeking. Furthermore, recent literature has uncovered neurobiological differences between the sexes, specifically related to estrogen, which suggest that differences within the dopamine system, specifically, may underlie the observed increase in cocaine abuse vulnerability in females.


The dramatic enhancement of requirement for meteorological disaster early warning causes that many researchers employ Geographic Information System (GIS) to meteorological disaster early warning and have achieved substantial result consequently. However, most of the existing early warning systems based on GIS still have some limits on exploring characteristic superiority of GIS intrinsically. Beginning with an outline for the most two promising fields in GIS at present, Geographic Information Services (GI Services) and Three-Dimensional GIS (3D GIS), this paper propose an architecture of early warning GIS for meteorological disaster integrated 2D and 3D visualization environment using the technology of GI Services. Moreover functionalities and realizing mechanism of this system architecture are presented and elaborated in detail. Finally, an experimental system has been carried out to validate the architecture. The experimental system not only achieves the purpose of issuing and browsing meteorological disaster early warning online visually, but also integrates 2D and 3D visualization environment with the capability of acquiring meteorological information, meteorological disaster information and basis geographic information in 2D and 3D view synchronously.


To apply tubular finger dressings effectively either a wireframe or finger bob is necessary. These are often not readily available or unclean. A plastic syringe can fulfill the same role. The cost of wireframes varies from £5 to £30. Plastic syringes cost between £0.20 and £0.50. A plastic syringe can also be discarded if contaminated by the wound.

The plunger is removed and the flange around the plastic syringe is cut off using heavy scissors (Fig 1). The tubular dressing is mounted on the syringe in a similar way to the wireframe (Fig 2). A 60ml syringe is suitable for all the digits.

Figure 1

A wireframe and syringe

Figure 2

Tubular dressings applied to a wireframe and a syringe


Quantum characterization tools must keep up with the ever-increasing size of detector arrays for quantum applications. We show quantum detector tomography per-formed on a supercomputer which reconstructs the POVMs up to 2.5 · 105 photons.


According to the characteristics of frequent induced sub-tree,a mining algorithm based on encoding,called EFITM algorithm,is presented.Width-first encoding is used to express the initial database,which minimizes the encoding size of ev-ery single projection in the project database.The intervals with encoding are used to denote the project database of the node on the right-most path of the subtree,and the size of the whole project database is decreased.Experimental results show the correctness and the validity of the EFITM algorithm.


A certain secondary reaction resulting from cathodic protection, such as that caused by the reduction of oxygen leading to alkalinization, can be fundamental in filling fissures appearing in reinforced concrete or concrete linings in metallic piping.


A new simultaneous determination method of tungsten,molybdenum and antimony with tungsten(molybdenum,antimony)-5′-nitrosalicylfluorone-CTMAB coloring system was developed and applied to spectrophotometry.In order to analyze the overlapped spectra of tungsten,molybdenum and antimony,and to prove the accuracy of simultaneous determination for multi-components,the ant colony neural network(ACAN) and wavelet transformation(WT) were combined to establish a new chemometric method to extract useful information.The proposed method has been applied to the simultaneous determination of tungsten,molybdenum and antimony in alloy steel standard samples.The determination results were consistent with the certified values,and the relative errors were 0.14 %,0.13 % and 0.013 %,respectively.


The healthcare system has changed substantially in recent decades. Governments and business organizations have become important stakeholders in the healthcare system. The role of the doctor has also been modified over the period of the past 40–50 years. Patients are seen and taken care by a team of healthcare experts in a multidisciplinary healthcare model. Managed care is a newer health model which is run by business experts. The doctor's role in this model is very limited. The social healthcare model is most popular in European countries. It is largely supported by taxes and managed by government organizations. This chapter discusses the emerging and future role of doctors as leaders of healthcare systems, in patient support groups, and as advocates for patients. Medical doctors have to learn and adapt to these roles by training and skills development.


The interaction of 15 drugs with synthetic levodopa melanin was studied by measuring their relative tendency to compete with 14C- cocaine for sites on the polymer. The binding of cocaine to melanin followed a Type I Langmuir adsorption isotherm in the absence of added drugs. Cocaine in the presence of a ninefold greater concentration of (+)-norepinephrine, levarterenol, dextroamphetamine, levamfetamine, (−)-ephedrine, dopamine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide, and, perhaps, desipramine conformed to a Type I adsorption relationship modified to account for competitive binding. Reciprocal plots for the binding of cocaine in the presence of these drugs permit a comparison of their relative affinities to melanin. Chlorpromazine, promazine, fluphenazine, thioridazine, imipramine, and chloroquine in ratios of 9:1 (drug-cocaine) gave results that are not explainable by a model based on competitive inhibition of cocaine binding. However, studies at ratios of 1:1 for promazine and of 0.25:1 and 1:1 for chloroquine showed conformity with the competitive inhibition model, so affinities could be compared. The behavior of cocaine in the presence of thioridazine even at a 1:1 ratio cannot be judged as competitive inhibition. The overall results showed that the relative binding found was: some phenothiazines ≈ chloroquine > cyclopentolate > tropicamide > sympathomimetic amines.


The 52% energy of the solar radiation is contributed by near-infrared radiation (NIR,780~2500 nm). Therefore, the material design for the energy-saving smart window, which can effectively shield NIR and has acceptable visible transmittance, is vital to save the energy consumed on the temperature control system. It is important to find a non-toxic stable material with excellent NIR-shielding ability and acceptable visible transmittance. The systematic first-principles study on LixSn
 y
 WO3 (x=0, 0.33, 0.66, and y=0, 0.33) exhibits that the chemical stability is a positive correlation with the doping concentration. After doping, the Fermi-energy upshift into the conduction band, and the material shows metal-like characteristics. Therefore, these structures LixSn
 y
 WO3 (except the structure with x=0.33 y=0) show pronounced improvement of NIR shielding ability. Our results indicate that when x=0 and y=0.33, the material exhibits the strongest NIR-shielding ability, satisfying chemical stability, wide NIR-shielding range (780~2500 nm), and acceptable visible transmittance. This work provides a good choice for experimental study on NIR shielding material for the energy-saving window.


The main issues of single bellow mechanical seals used on oil refining high temperature pumps were analysed and a new-type oil-lubricated non-contacting metal bellow mechanical seal was developed.The configurations and the technology advantages were introduced.The results of industrial application indicate that the new seal has series advantages such as long life,high safety and reliability,little consumption of barrier or buffer liquid,no waste of water and low maintenance cost,etc.


Background  Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection exhibit various skin diseases. HIV‐associated eosinophilic folliculitis (EF) and pruritic papular eruption (PPE) are frequently seen.


Obstructive sleep apnea, a condition characterized by repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, affects 2–5% of the general population and leads to substantial neurocogni-tive dysfunction (1). We have recently established that exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH) during the sleep cycle of adult rats is associated with significant spatial learning deficits as well as with increased neuronal apoptosis within susceptible brain regions such the hippocampus and cortex (2). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying IH-associated neurobehav-ioral deficits are currently unknown. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is constitutively present in selected brain neurons (3–5), and its expression is upregulated in several neurologic diseases, including stroke (6), Alzheimer's disease (7, 8), and seizures (9). Furthermore, mounting evidence points to COX-2 as being involved in mechanisms of ischemic brain injury (9–15), as evidenced by the significant reduction in brain injury in COX-2–deficient mice after occlu-sion of the middle cerebral artery (15). In further support of this notion, administration of selective COX-2 inhibitors attenuates ischemic brain injury (15–18). Taken together, these studies suggest that COX-2 is involved in a wide range of degenerative brain injury and that COX-2 could be involved in hypoxia-induced neuronal loss because the induction of COX-2, but not COX-1 gene expression, was linked to apoptotic neuron death (19). The increases in apoptosis found in our rodent model could therefore be mediated by COX-2 induction. Based on previously mentioned considerations, we hypothesized that COX-2 expression and activity may be upregulated by hypoxia and that inhibition of COX2 activity may palliate hypoxia-induced neuronal injury and spatial memory deficits in the rat. METHODS Hypoxic Exposures Male Sprague Dawley rats (172–225 g) were randomly assigned to three experimental groups consisting of (1) chronic hypoxia (CH), 10% O 2 for 12 hours during daylight phase; (2) IH, alternating 10% O 2 and 10% O 2 every 90 seconds for 12 hours during daylight; and (3) normoxic exposures throughout as the control (RA) (see the online supplement). For each exposure time point, four rats were assigned to studies of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA, COX-2 protein, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration , whereas eight rats were assigned to the NS-398 study. The IC50 of NS-398 for COX-2 is 168 times smaller than that for COX-1 (20). NS-398 effectively decreases PGE2 accumulation in postischemic brain (15–18). It has been also reported that NS-398 inhibits not only the synthesis of PGE2 but also other prostaglandins, such as PGI2 (21). NS-398 (15 mg/kg/day, …


Expansion of structure-forming CAG/CTG repetitive sequences is the cause of several neurodegenerative disorders and deletion of repeats is a potential therapeutic strategy. Transcription-associated mechanisms are known to cause CAG repeat instability. In this study, we discovered that Thp2, an RNA export factor and member of the THO complex, and Trf4, a key component of the TRAMP complex involved in nuclear RNA degradation, are necessary to prevent CAG fragility and repeat contractions in a S. cerevisiae model system. Depletion of both Thp2 and Trf4 proteins causes a highly synergistic increase in CAG repeat fragility, indicating a complementary role of the THO and TRAMP complexes in preventing genome instability. Loss of either Thp2 or Trf4 causes an increase in RNA polymerase stalling at the CAG repeats and genome-wide transcription-replication conflicts (TRCs), implicating impairment of transcription elongation as a cause of CAG fragility and instability in their absence. Analysis of the effect of RNase H1 overexpression on CAG fragility and TRCs suggests that co-transcriptional R-loops are the main cause of CAG fragility in the thp2Δ mutants. In contrast, CAG fragility and TRCs in the trf4Δ mutant can be compensated for by RPA overexpression, suggesting that excess unprocessed RNA in TRAMP4 mutants leads to reduced RPA availability and high levels of TRCs. Our results show the importance of RNA surveillance pathways in preventing RNAPII stalling, TRCs, and DNA breaks, and show that RNA export and RNA decay factors work collaboratively to maintain genome stability.


yr), protons interacting with the star's radiation field will produce beamed μ neutrinos with energies of ∼ 50 TeV that could produce the brightest neutrino sources at these energies yet proposed. These neutrinos would be coincident with the radio beam, so that if the star is detected as a radio pulsar, the neutrino beam will sweep the Earth; the star would be a "neutrino pulsar". Looking for νμ emission from young neutron stars will provide a valuable probe of the energetics of the neutron star magnetosphere.


Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a movement that has gained recent momentum in social work following the tradition of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Use of EBP as a guiding philosophy of clinical social work practice has been debated among academics, researchers, and clinicians for more than a decade. An area of complexity within EBP involves selecting the best available evidence while accounting for the person-in-environment model that has traditionally guided our profession. In this article, the author discusses differences between these two models of practice and problems that clinicians might encounter when attempting to adhere to both models concurrently. Case illustrations are used to illuminate the importance of the person-in-environment model to clinical social work practice in the time of EBP. Issues specific to the values and mission of social work are closely examined.


This paper describes the development of a calibration kit for measuring the scattering parameters (S-parameters) of balanced devices on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate as well as the estimated uncertainty up to 25 GHz. The calibration kit is composed of a thru, reflect and a set of transmission lines to calibrate a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) using the Thru Reflect Line (TRL) calibration technique. This work has been carried out through electromagnetic simulations using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The uncertainties of the S-parameters of each standard are estimated and finally propagated to the S-parameters of the device under test (DUT) using the Monte Carlo method.


Tobacco variety H382 was a cigar type tobacco that has a high economic value and potential as export trade commodity in Indonesia. The development stage of tobacco was very sensitive to water stress, like the water excess. Silicon was one of the most abundant elements in earth crust and has a role in water stress reduction to the plant. The objective of this study was to determine the response of tobacco crop variety H382 with the application of silicon fertilizer to adapt in waterlogging stress condition. This study used a factorial randomized block design with first factor was silicon fertilizer (0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 ml) and second factor was excess water stress treatments (50% to 70%, 70% to 90%, 90% to 110% and 110% to 130% of field capacity). All treatments were replicated three times. The results showed that the addition of 0.45 ml silicon fertilizer to waterlogged tobacco crop could escalate the adaptive response of plant to cope with stress; seen from the increasing of the opened stomata, aerenchyma formation and the chlorophyll content of tobacco crop under excess water stress compared to control. Silicon supplementation improves the water availability in root surroundings and repairs the root architecture; thus, lead to a better hydraulic conductivity of the root for water and nutrient intake. Furthermore, authors found that the application of silicon fertilizer helped tobacco crop variety H382 improve plant adaptability to deal with excess water stress.


Generally speaking live broadcasting on the network need cost and complex equipment, it's not easy for a normal school to use it in teaching. The method of live broadcasting on the net in this paper can easy achieve only using free softwares normal computers related equipment and the net condition. So normal school can choose this method to use live broadcasting on the network in teaching.


A pediatric radial neck fracture, is still a challenging problem for the treating orthopedic surgeon. We report a pediatric
patient presenting with radial neck fracture and results of open reduction and xation with k wires.
 A 8-year-old right-handed boy fell on an out-stretched left arm after being tackled during playing kabaddi and had a radial neck fracture. At the
rst radiologic examination, the anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were showing over 80 degrees of angulation at the radial neck and
subluxation of the radiocapitellar joint. We tried to obtain a closed reduction, but we could not succeed. Then, we performed open reduction while
preserving medial periosteal continuity and vascular supply of the radial head by meticulous surgical dissection. Sixth-month radiography control
and clinical examination conrmed the complete healing of the fracture without any epiphyseal injury. Painless full range of motion without any
restriction of pronation and supination was achieved. The patient and his parents were satised with the outcome. We conclude that, if we can
preserve medial periosteal continuity and vascularity of the radial head with open reduction, satisfactory results are obtainable.


Reciprocal sharing of medical devices plays a breakthrough point for strengthening medical alliances, while promoting efficiency building is the core work of medical devices sharing as well. Taking this medical alliance as an example, this paper discussed the effective strategies of large medical devices sharing within the medical alliance. The measures taken include basic information research and expert interview, high-level planning, and information platform, as well as incentive protection, effectiveness evaluation and atmosphere construction. These efforts can enhance the service support, satisfaction, inspection income, full usage, work ability, new function extension, and equipment management. Furthermore, it can promote the service ability, telemedicine and hierarchical medical of the medical alliance.

Key words:
Medical alliance; Medical devices; Reciprocal sharing; Wuxi


We report measurements on the ageing dynamics of a colloid–polymer mixture with a large polymer–colloid size ratio of 0.62. Quenched into a two-phase region the system gels and forms a network with a characteristic radius Rc. We find three distinct regimes in the time evolution of Rc(t), reminiscent of the linear, late and gravity-dominated regimes of coarsening seen in classical spinodal decomposition kinetics of binary fluids. In the early stages of gelation, we observe a peak in the time-dependent structure factor S(q, t) which is stationary in q and grows in intensity characteristic of a linear-Cahn regime. The domain size then coarsens continuously with the age t of the sample. In the late stages the domain size follows the approximate algebraic law, Rc ∼ tθ. The growth exponent θ is a strong function of the quench depth: for small polymer concentrations θ is significantly larger than for large polymer concentrations. The gel networks formed are transient, and in the final stages of phase separation, collapse under gravity when the correlation length of the gel becomes ∼ 2π times the capillary length.


The Spanish pharmacy model has two fundamental characteristics that may be summarised as the credibility of the community pharmacy as a healthcare establishment and the professionalism of the pharmacist as a healthcare agent. Currently, the professional activity of the pharmacist mainly revolves around the patient, with medicine being a healthcare tool he or she uses to practice his or her profession. However, the pharmacy as a healthcare establishment also covers other fields, such as the case of the Parapharmacy, which also require the pharmacist's professional capacity, giving priority to the healthcare aspects over the financial ones. The Parapharmacy field includes health products where the professional action of the pharmacist forms an important added value that is recognised as such by society. As opposed to the Parapharmacy products correctly placed on the market, we find the so-called "Miracle Products". Society is being invaded by products of differing natures and presentations,which try to find a place on the market by virtue of supposed healing or preventive properties for all types of complaints or health problems. Every year, in a seasonal basis, products are being detected (particularly foods or cosmetics) that promote the healing of incurable diseases or weight loss over a short period of time. Generally, the "miracle products" appear surrounded by short term, aggressive advertising campaigns and they disappear as soon as the health authorities act against them. Most of these fraudulent products do not include the clear identification of the company liable for them on the label, just a contact telephone number, web address or P.O. box number. The companies in charge of the marketing of this type of product are also aware of the healthcare value that the community pharmacies provide, and they try to use them for their own benefit. An example of this is that they frequently use, unilaterally, the advertising slogan of "on sale in pharmacies" or "ask your pharmacist for it". They are also presented using devices, energies or apparatus that influence different parts of the human body alleging to produce effects that prevent, alleviate or cure diseases or complaints or soothe pain. In general, they are expensive and they manage to create expectations of success with their use that do not correspond to reality. Therefore:


Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) is a communication protocol suite that addresses many of the communication challenges CubeSats encounter with space exploration including low transmission power, intermittent connectivity, long delay, and high bit error rate. Most research for DTN space communication relies on simulation for protocol validation and integration since real deployments are often either very expensive or impossible. This paper describes a virtual space inter-networking environment to control test bed nodes of Linuxbased hardware candidates for CubeSats. For this test bed, a Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) module modeled physical DTNs up to the data link layer as WiFi-type given topology and mobility patterns, ranges, and data rates. At the networking stack's higher layers, the simulation platform emulates DTN on nodes external to NS-3. Nodes include virtual machines, Linux containers, or external hardware nodes as candidates for an experimental payload for CubeSats. For experimentation, DTN models for CubeSat clusters were designed and compared to UDP/IP clusters and constellations. When compared with UDP/IP cluster, the DTN metrics outperform with higher data-rate, lower bundle-drop ratio, less overhead, and longer transmission windows for the given mobility models. The test bed proves that a DTN inter-networking solution overcomes CubeSat communication limitations for space exploration.


A condition to achieve a mass separation of an ion beam at a given energy by means of applying a transverse radio frequency (rf) electric field was derived. Effectiveness of the scheme was examined with a He ion beam of energy below 2 kV. An array of four-stage electrodes produced distributed 13.56 MHz rf field to realize a function of a velocity filter. When the extraction voltage of the beam was adjusted to yield a velocity predicted from the theory, the beam current showed transmission as large as 80% through the array of electrodes.


OBJECTIVES
We examined the prevalence of psychiatric illness among 3 homeless populations in St. Louis, Mo, in approximately 1980, 1990, and 2000. The 3 studies were conducted with the same systemic research methodology.

METHODS
We compared selected demographics and lifetime substance abuse and dependence and other mental illness among the 3 populations.

RESULTS
Among the homeless populations we studied, the prevalence of mood and substance use disorders dramatically increased, and the number of minorities within these populations has increased.

CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of psychiatric illness, including substance abuse and dependence, is not static in the homeless population. Service systems need to be aware of potential prevalence changes and the impact of these changes on service needs.


This paper presents a numerical investigation on detonation of a kerosene-air mixture in the copper tube and the structural response associated with combustion instability in liquid rocket engine. A single step Arrehnius rate law and Johnson-Cook strength model are used to describe the chemical reaction of kerosene-air mixture detonation and the plastic deformation of the copper tube. The changes of flow field and tube stress which are induced by plastic deformation, are investigated on the different tube thicknesses and nozzle configurations.


solutions are obtained by solving a coupled integral gap equation through an iterative proce dure. Two of these five solutions represent axially symmetric energy gap. By a kind of self-consistency implied in the coupled gap equation the most general solution shows remark able deviation from axial symmetry as a result of the mixing mainly of m 1 = ±2, 0 components but the resulting gap is nodeless. The total energy shifts are very close for all the types of solutions. Although calculations show the largest energy shift for the most general solution, this conclusion is a delicate quantitative one. The 3 P2 gap at high densities depends criti


In this work, we will describe the relational construction NP1 de NP2, in Brazilian Portuguese, in terms of the different meanings this form can be associated with such as purpose, part-whole, identification, among others. We argue in favor of the hypothesis that those senses present similarities that could be associated with Langacker's reference-point model (Langacker, 1991; 2003).The analysis is based on a Usage-based perspective of language, which assumes that grammar is modeled by the general-domain cognitive process and is sensitive the speaker's experience.


In this work, we present a new experimental setup for the assessment of the anisotropic properties of Bovine Pericardium (BP) membranes. The chemically fixed BP samples were subjected to a bulge test with in-situ confocal laser imaging at increasing applied pressure. The high resolution topography provided by the confocal laser scanning allowed to obtain a quantitative measure of the bulge displacement; after polynomial fitting, principal curvatures were obtained and a Degree of Anisotropy (DA) was defined as the normalized difference between the maximum and minimum principal curvatures. The experiments performed on the BP membranes allowed us to obtain pressure-displacement data which clearly exhibited distinct principal curvatures indicating an anisotropic response. A comparison with curvatures data obtained on isotropic Nitrile Buthadiene Rubber (NBR) samples confirmed the effectiveness of the experimental setup for this specific purpose. Numerical simulations of the bulge test with available constitutive equations for anisotropic biological tissues were performed with the purpose of identifying a range of parameters which well describes the obtained range of DA on the BP membranes. The DA values have been partially validated with biaxial tests available in literature and with suitably performed uniaxial tensile tests.


In hybrid electronics, it is a standard practice to perform 100% wire bond pull testing to ensure robust wire bonding of the components. The principle behind Mil-STD-883 method 2023.5 compliant wire bond pull testing is to position the hook underneath the wire and either pull until the wire breaks or, alternatively, pull to a predefined force. With high density layouts, small component geometry or staggered wire bonds, it has been a challenge for manufacturing operations to maintain consistency in "manually" placing the wirepull hook on wires with varying height, looping profiles and wire distances. The influence of loop height and wire distance is a significant factor in determining the true wire pull strength. A low wire loop will result in lower measured pull strength, while a higher loop will result in higher pull strength. Therefore, if we can accurately quantify the loop height and profile then we can place the wirepull hook in the optimum position for pulling. In this study we will demonstrate how ...


The study deals with the revolution of information technology in the functioning of government services in the country. Thinking about globalization, we visualize the application of technology and more specifically Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to reduce the differences in different corners of the economy and make the differentiated world into a truly integrated global village. Utilization of technology in government services has gathered endurance called as electronic governance. The old notion of administration seems to become obsolete as the government at central, state and at local levels are facing challenges posed by increased demand for better quality of governance. Electronic-governance has already been acknowledged as indispensable strength to a revolutionary development in standard, coherence, and efficacy of government. With the massive growth in population, low rate of literacy, cultural differences and above all, profound destitution has created difficulties in running the administration by the government of India. So, nothing was left but a centralized strategy driven by ICT as it seems to bring more transparency and increased accountability. Undoubtedly, in the present scenario, the progress of any government relies on the application of electronic governance. In fact, the success of a government can be judged by the reach of electronic governance to its population. Based on secondary data this study enquires into the challenges raised in front of the Government of India (GOI) to implement this system usefully, restrain challenges to implement it successfully, find out the potential opportunities available and examine the challenges encountered by it.
DOI: 10.5958/2347-6869.2017.00025.5


This is the index of citations that occur in the book Wisdom's Root Revealed. The citations are classified under heads such as: Hebrew Bible, Apocrypha, New Testament, Pseudepigrapha, Josephus, and Rabbinic Sources.Keywords: Hebrew Bible; Wisdom's Root Revealed


In this paper,moreover interval analysis method is used to analysis uncertain structure system with nonlinear material on which there is no much research yet.Because overestimation is one main limitation in interval computation,computation of interval function and solution of interval equations set are transformed into general optimization problems to determine the boundary of each interval element in the solution in this work.Genetic arithmetic of real number coding is used to solve general optimization problems.


Schizophrenia is a strict mental disorder affecting about human population. Being chronic and often incapacitating, it extracts tremendous cost from patients, caregivers and society. Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia face stress and emotional hardship and are frequently forced to assume lifelong care-taking roles. Subjective burden refers to the caregivers' short term and long term reactions to the patient's symptoms and behaviors, and the care giving task resulting from it. Perceived distress and interpersonal strain are examples. It refers to the extent to which the care giver feels he or she is burdened. This study aims to conducted for analysis the burden and coping among caregivers of schizophrenia. This study conducted with 30 Schizophrenic patients and 30 primary caretakers of the patients, totally 60 samples were studied. The result shows that there is association between burden assessment schedules of caregiver with that of caregivers coping scale. It revealed statistical significance. Low coping score seen in caregiver who had high burden score. Lower burden score seen in caregivers who had high coping level.


The invention discloses a sport skateboard made of carbon fibers, bamboo and wood and a production method. The sport skateboard is characterized by comprising a carbon fiber bamboo skateboard, a carbon fiber wood skateboard and a carbon fiber bamboo and wood skateboard which are respectively made by performing assembling, agglutinating, gluing and thermoforming on a plurality of layers of bamboo veneers, wood veneers and carbon fiber veneers. One or two carbon fiber veneers are arranged on the surface or in the middle of the skateboard, so that the sport skateboard disclosed by the invention has the advantages that firstly, the pressure resistance and the collision capacity are high; secondly, the toughness is good, the elasticity is excellent, and firmness and abrasion resistance are achieved; thirdly, the surface is attractive, the weight is light, and the durability and the practical effect are good.


Abstract: This study deals with loss and delay multi-server no passing queueing system with discouragement. To reduce the balking behaviour of the customers in case of long queue, we incorporate additional removable servers. The customers arrive according to Poisson process and departs from the system in the same chronological order in which they join the system, due to nopassing restriction. The service facility consists of s permanent and r additional removable heterogeneous servers. The service times of the customers are exponentially distributed. The departing constraint categorizes customers in two types (i) the customers having zero service time and (ii) the customers having exponentially distributed service time. By stating the state dependent rates, the product type solution for queue size distribution at equilibrium. The analytical formulae for the expected waiting time and the difference between the expected waiting times of both type of customers are also derived. To examine the effect of variation of parameters, the sensitivity analysis is carried out. Numerical results are tabulated and displayed graphically so as to explore the advantage of additional removable servers on the performance metrics.


It analyzes the main causes of serious corrosion of the carbon bricks lined on the furnace wall, high production cost and etc. in the commissioning and trial production of two sets of large scale 80 MW electric furnaces for phosphorus production. The furnace lining corrosion is caused by the particle size, moisture content, usage amount of coke, the furnace operation under low load and frequent shut down of the furnace. After the related improvement measures have been taken, it passed 72 h performance test. It proves that the performance of the electric furnace is good. It shall pay attention to the quality of the raw material into the furnace and avoid the furnace is operated under low load, the economic benefit of the enterprise can be improved.


The invention relates to a material for forming films glassy coating, comprising compounds represented by the general formula (1) to (3): R {sup, 1} {sub, p} Si (OR {sup, 2} ) {sub, 4-p} (1), R {sup, 2} (OSi (OR {sup, 2}) {sub, 2}) {sub, q} OR {sup, 2} (2), M (OR {sup, 3}) {sub, r} (3) where R {sup, 1} is a polymerizable organic group; R {sup, 2} is an alkyl having up to 4 carbon atoms; R {sup, 3} is an alkyl having up to 6 carbon atoms; p is an integer from 1 to 3; q is an integer from 1 to 10; M is a metal ion having a valence 3 or 4; r is an integer of value 3 or 4 depending on the valence of M, provided that when each compound contains more than one group R {sup, 1}, R {sup, 2} or R {sup, 3}, then this it may be the same or different. These materials form films vitreous coating having sufficient flexibility, control of film thickness is excellent in a region micrometer range, and cure rapidly to give a cured film having high adhesion to substrate and excellent resistance to organic solvents. The invention also relates to a coating method employing the aforementioned materials and coater.


The aim of this paper is to mathematically describe and analyze the viscoplastic properties of a magnetorehological (MR) fluid. The scope of the discussed research has been limited to the T-MR SiMR 132 DG damper prototype. Laboratory tests have been performed on a specially developed experimental stand with a kinematic excitation rule. On the basis of the experimental data, conventional yield points and maximum shear stresses for the analyzed MR fluid, including variable shear rate, current intensity flowing through a solenoid, liquid temperature and gap height have been analyzed. Basing on the acquired results, the parameters of Bodner-Partom constitutive equations have been estimated. The identified viscoplastic model has been used to carry out simulation tests that enabled verification of the numerical results and real experimental data.


B12 Patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis (HD) are considered to face an elevated risk for cancer, artheriosclerosis and other diseases. This has been attributed in part to increased oxidative stress, resulting from bioincompatibility of the extracorporal blood circuit, malnutrition and other factors. Uptake of fruit juice with especially high flavonoid/polyphenol content has been shown to reduce oxidative cell damage in healthy probands (Weisel et al. Biotechnol. J., 1, 388, 2006) and might also be utilized as preventive measure in HD-patients. An intervention study is performed with mixed fruit juice (total phenols: 3478 mg/L). After a three week run-in phase (R), 20 HD-patients (non-smokers, stable HD) consume for 4 weeks 200ml/d of the juice (juice uptake phase: J), followed by a three week wash-out phase (W). Blood sampling is performed weekly. DNA damage (COMET assay with/without formamidopyrimidine-DNA-glycosylase) and glutathione (kinetic photometric assay) in whole blood are monitored. Additionally, lipid peroxidation (HPLC/fluorescence of malondialdehyde), protein oxidation (carbonyls, photometrically) and the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) are determined in plasma. Transcription of catalytic and modulatory subunits of γ-glutamate-cysteine ligase (γ-GCl), catalyzing the rate-limiting step of glutathione synthesis is analyzed by quantitative TaqMan PCR. DNA binding capacity of the transcription factor NfκB (ELISA) is monitored in primary blood mononuclear cells. First results (obtained from 13 patients) show a strong decrease of total DNA damage (with FPG) during juice uptake (mean TI%: R: 5.3/J: 3, p 0,05). In conclusion, the red fruit juice clearly shows a marked potential to reduce (oxidative) cell damage and elevates glutathione synthesis in HD-patients. These effects can be attributed to its high content of flavonoids/polyphenols. (Supported by Karin Nolte Foundation)


It is proposed a method (500) for determining a pitch movement of a built-up in a vehicle camera. The method (500) includes a step of generating (510) first Bildgradientendaten of a first camera image, wherein the first Bildgradientendaten representing a change in brightness of adjacent pixels of the first camera image along a vertical axis of the first camera image, and generating (510) second Bildgradientendaten from a hereinafter taken relative to the first camera image, the second camera image, wherein the second Bildgradientendaten representing a change in brightness of adjacent pixels of the second camera image along a vertical axis of the second camera image. The method (500) also includes a step of generating (520) at least one of image shift value representing a shift of an image point of the second camera image relative to a corresponding pixel of the first camera image. Here, the generating (520) is performed using the first and second Bildgradientendaten Bildgradientendaten. The method (500) further comprises a step of determining (530) a pitch movement based on the at least one image shift value in order to determine the pitching motion of the camera.


Fiz is a framework for developing interactive Web applications. Its overall goal is to raise the level of programming for Web applications, first by providing a set of high-level reusable components that simplify the task of creating interactive Web applications, and second by providing a framework that encourages other people to create additional components. Components in Fiz cover both the front-end of Web applications (managing a browser-based user interface) and the back end (managing the application's data). Fiz makes it possible to create components that encapsulate complex behaviors such as Ajax-based updates, hiding many of the Web's complexities from application developers. Because of its focus on components, Fiz does not use mechanisms such as templates and modelview-controller in the same way as other frameworks.


This paper addresses the need for more flexible autonomous systems that detect and correct software failures at runtime. We present new methods for integrated planning and execution that enable runtime verification and repair for software failures, and explore the related issue of integrated procedural and declarative action representations. We present a library for embedding declarative planning methods within procedural C++ code. The library provides an interface to supervisory processes, which monitor software execution and provide last-resort error recovery after pre-programmed error handlers fail. The library provides an interface to search and temporal constraint engines maintained by the meta-processes. The planner and controller use the same procedural representation in order to share context (computational state) between planning and execution.


Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a young research area for researchers. Increasing number of research activities improves several areas such as signal acquisition techniques, hardware development, machine learning, and signal processing and system integration. However, there are many disadvantages of conventional BCI approaches. For example, Motor-imagery based BCIs requires extensive training of the subjects, P-300 based BCIs still requires several stimulus repetitions to obtain reliable accuracy and in SSVEP stimulus; number of commands is limited by the number of stimulus frequencies and many more. To overcome these disadvantages and further improvement in performance of the system, an increasing number of researchers have begun to explore hybrid BCI approaches, in which multiple BCI approaches are incorporated in a single BCI system. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief introduction to the different types of hybrid BCI techniques. There are many different types of hybrid BCI that can be used in a wide range of applications. The paradigm design plays a very important role in the performance of hybrid BCIs.


Abstract:Because readers of Ramona focused on the romantic depictions of Californio hacienda culture, critics often see the inclusion of the Californios as a distraction that undermines Helen Hunt Jackson's political message. However, to read Californio culture as a mere misstep on Jackson's part obscures the important role it plays in her efforts to establish the legitimacy of Native-American land claims. The nostalgic representation Californio hacienda life in Ramona is actually a celebration and idealization of California's Mexican/Spanish past as a time when contracts cemented peaceful relations between Californio land owners and Native American tribes. Ramona illustrates the tragic consequences of replacing Californio-Native American contracts, which involved obligations and groups, with American liberalism's redefinition of contract and its emphasis on individualism and consideration. Jackson criticizes classical liberalism for replacing a Californio racial hierarchy constituted by contractual obligations for an American racial hierarchy that is founded on the suspension of contractual relations between whites and Native Americans. Stripped of the old Californio-Native American contractual agreements and unable to enter into new contracts with white Americans, Native Americans in Ramona have been transformed into a non-contractarian people by white settlers, who are determined to reduce them to a state of barbarism.


NCMJ vol. 73, no. 6 ncmedicaljournal.com ment toward making public places smoke-free began to take place. Representative Hugh Holliman introduced House Bill 76, legislation which would have made restaurants smokefree. The bill did not pass, but the good news was that a legislative champion had emerged: Holliman was a lung cancer survivor who was passionate about the smoke-free issue. Between the 2005 and 2006 legislative sessions, a statewide strategy to move North Carolina toward smoke-free work sites and public places was born. The 2006 legislative session accomplished additional incremental steps toward the long-range goal of making all work sites and public places smoke-free. Advocates focused on making the North Carolina General Assembly smoke-free as their first step. In June of that same year, the US Surgeon General's Report provided incontrovertible evidence that there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke [7]. From there, advocates were ready to pursue legislation that would further restrict smoking in public places. Representative Holliman introduced House Bill 259, which would have banned smoking in work sites and public places. The legislation made history by making it through committee and was voted on the floor of the House, where it was defeated narrowly, by 6 votes Community Leaders and Health Agencies Partner to Stop the Devastation of Diabetes and Hypertension Among African American Men in Hyde County


Method for processing byproducts liquid slag and dust from the baghouse generated by an electric arc furnace to recover valuable metals utilizing an apparatus having a housing (18) bottom and a housing (30) above, said method comprising : introducing dross (16) liquid from said furnace (2) in a part (18) of lower housing; maintaining the temperature of said liquid slag above about 1300; introducing sand to said liquid slag; placing said part (18) of lower housing below said part (30) of upper housing; coupling said portion (18) to said lower housing portion (30) of upper housing to form a chamber; simultaneously adding a source of carbon to the liquid slag, adding the powder (36) of the baghouse to the liquid slag via a lance (40) extending through the housing (30) above, and heating the liquid slag, and forming a melt in said lower shell portion with a slag layer on the metal itself; let out gases from the chamber, containing said gases carbon monoxide, vapor (56) and reduced lead vapor (58) of reduced zinc; disengaging said portion (18) of said lower housing portion (30) of upper housing; and subjecting the indented lower shell portion, thereby removing the slag from the lower layer of molten reduced metal content of the part (18) of lower housing.


This paper concerns the numerical resolution of a data completion problem for the time-harmonic Maxwell equations in the electric field. The aim is to recover the missing data on the inaccessible part of the boundary of a bounded domain from measured data on the accessible part. The non-iterative quasi-reversibility method is studied and different mixed variational formulations are proposed. Well-posedness, convergence and regularity results are proved. Discretization is performed by means of edge finite elements. Various two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations attest the efficiency of the method, in particular for noisy data.


In this paper, we combine research the "Forbes" Top500 selection criteria and the indexes data of Real Estate Public Companies of China in 2005 and 2006, set up an indicators system, and proposed an enterprise's comprehensive strength evaluation model based on neural network. Then we evaluate the comprehensive strength of Real Estate Public Companies of China in 2007. Finally, we compare the evaluate result with "Top 10 Real Estate Public Companies of China" issue by Top 10 Comprehensive Strength of Real Estate Public Companies Evaluation Research Group. The compare result show the business's comprehensive strength evaluation model is effective and has certain value of theoretical and practical application.


A 16-year-old girl with an asymptomatic large splenic cyst. The disease was discovered by an accidental ultrasound of the abdomen due to a urinary infection. The patient was followed up conservatively for 3 years, and after the gradual enlargement of the cyst, laparoscopic surgery was indicated. The operation and postoperative follow-up for a period of 6 months is satisfactory.


#To whom correspondence should be addressed 16 Telephone: 202-687-6090 17 Fax: 202-687-6209 18 Email: email@example.com 19 20 21 Running Title: Methylation of Outer Membrane Protein B from Rickettsia 22 23 24 25


Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, can result from increased intraocular pressure resulting from elevated outflow resistance. In this preliminary study, we consider the potential of ultrasound-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (NDs) to increase the permeability of the outflow pathway. 100nm diameter NDs with a perfluoropentane core and lipid shell were introduced into the anterior chamber (AC) of ex vivo pig and in vivo rat eyes. Imaging (18 and 28 MHz) was performed with a weakly focused (F = 2.9) beam. Activation was induced by increasing the array sub-aperture to tighten the focus to F = 0.62 centrally. Images showed NDs to be distributed widely within the AC, from which they could enter the outflow pathway by virtue of their small dimension. At 28 MHz, NDs were activated at a peak negative pressure of 5 MPa, corresponding to a mechanical index of 1.8.Two days after treatment, rat eyes showed no sign of inflammation, but a few small gas bubbles were present in the AC. In this application, NDs are advantageous as cavitation nuclei with respect to conventional microbubble contrast agents because of their higher density and smaller diameter (<1/10th that of microbubble agents), which facilitate entry into the outflow channels. Future preclinical in vivo studies will assess the effect of treatment on IOP and outflow facility.


Long-term intake of vasopressor and/or sodium-retaining substances such as oral contraceptives, licorice, carbenoxolone, vasoconstrictive nasal drops, cocaine, amphetamines, glucocorticosteroids and mineralocorticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), erythropoietin, and cyclosporine has been widely documented to induce hypertension in normotensive patients and to increase blood pressure (BP) in treated hypertensive patients. A correct diagnostic approach to patients with systemic hypertension should include a detailed medical history, in particular habitual self-administration of substances with documented hypertensive effects. This topic is of paramount relevance in the management of hypertensive patients, because of the increasing use of drugs and substances affecting BP in the general population. About one quarter of the elderly population in the United States has been shown to regularly take NSAIDs. Furthermore, dissatisfaction with conventional medications leads to a growing fraction of the population to assume herbal supplements as complementary cures for a variety of pathologies. The majority of patients consider herbal preparations as safe options for medical treatment. A large body of evidence, however, contrasts this view, as habitual consumption of herbal supplements has been shown to be associated with general and cardiovascular adverse effects, including hypertension. We present the case of a healthy normotensive woman who developed grade 2 symptomatic hypertension during self-administration of Harpagophytum procumbens. This compound, commonly known as devil's claw, contains an iridoid glycoside, harpagoside, which has been found to exert anti-inflammatory activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of hypertension associated with H procumbens administration in humans.


A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF SESAME STREET ON REFORM IN URBAN SCHOOLS (February, 1977) William Burke, B.S., Miami University Ed.D., University of Massachusetts Directed by: Professor Atron Gentry The purpose of this dissertation was to examine reform efforts in a selected sample of big city school systems which have been planned or initiated in response to the reported successes of the popular television program, Sesame Street . School districts with a population of two hundred thousand or more were selected as the population for this study. The sample consisted of forty-six big city school systems. A twentyitem questionnaire was developed to solicit information in six primary categories. The first sought demographic information regarding districts including the percent minority students and percent minority teachers. The second category sought information on the viewing patterns of students in the school district. Category three sought information on the in-school performance of Sesame Street viewers and graduates. The fourth category was designed to determine the use of the Sesame Street program and learning strategies modeled after those utilized


Background: Although several mechanisms of causalgia, which results from a partial injury to the peripheral nerve trunk, have been proposed, whether or not antidromic impulses from the injured neurons contribute to the development of the mechanical hyperalgesia has not been studied. The purpose of this experiment is was to investigate the role of antidromic impulses to the peripheral sensory receptor site on the development of mechanical hyperalgesia in a rat model of peripheral neuropathy. Methods: Rats were prepared with tight ligation of by tightly ligating the left fifth and sixth lumbar spinal nerves. The effect of bupivacaine pretreatment on the development of mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine (0.3 ml) into the plantar surface of the left hind paw before the skin incision was made. For the control group, normal saline (0.3 ml) was injected instead of bupivacaine. To measure the mechanical hyperalgesia, paw withdrawal thresholds were measured using a series of von Frey hairs. Mechanical hyperalgesia was measured a the day before, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days after the surgery. Results: The control group showed decreased withdrawal thresholds from the day after the surgery (the values were 14.0 ± 0.5, 8.9 ± 1.3, 8.4 ± 1.6, 6.9 ± 1.2, 8.8 ± 1.5, 10.5 ± 1.3, and 8.6 ± 1.3 g; at -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days after the surgery, respectively). However, withdrawal thresholds of the bupivacaine-pretreated group showed increased withdrawal thresholds for three days after the surgery (14.5 ± 0.3, 12.6 ± 1.4, 12.7 ± 1.1, 10.5 ± 1.3 g; at 1, 1, 2, 3 days after the surgery). Conclusions: Our result suggests that antidromic impulses to the peripheral sensory receptors are at least partly responsible for the initial development of mechanical hyperalgesia in a rat model of peripheral neuropathy.


Many have argued that contemporary American criminal punishment is overly harsh and unforgiving, especially in its use of mandatory minimum penalties. But what does forgiveness have to do with the criminal law? In this essay review of two recent books on the philosophy of forgiveness, I argue that forgiveness is a form of relational responsibility, in which personal interaction between judge and judged, and the value of an ongoing human relations are central features in determining personal responsibility. This contrasts with legal responsibility, which is idealized as impersonal, rule-dictated and disinterested in personal relationships. Looking at some particular uses of mandatory life sentences in California - for juvenile murderers and third strike offenders - I suggest ways that concepts of relational responsibility, including those from forgiveness, might inform how punishment decisions are made.


The population of Egypt in the 19th century is discussed in terms of uneven population growth the continuity and change in demographic patterns and the urbanization patterns of new developments Cairo and Alexandria. Data are from the censuses of 1800 1846 1847 1882 and 1897 and correspond to 4 main historical events: the French occupation by Bonaparte the reign of Muhammad Ali European imperialism and the nationalist uprising of "Urabi Pasha" and the British rule. There was an Egyptian population increase of 1.2% annually between 1847-82 and an annual increase of 2.4% between 1881-97. Extrapolations indicate that the figures for 1882 and 1847 were not accurate estimates. The century is marked by pre- and post-1840 were pre-1840 is characterized by cholera and plague and the large-scale conscription and harsh requisitions. The procedures for counting are identified. The demographic patterns of the period 1800-30 show an annual population growth rate of 3-4/1000 or 4.5 million inhabitants before Muhammad Ali seized power. Population estimated of 4.5 million are given for 1800 5.0 million for 1830 and 1840 5.4 million for 1848 8.0 million for 1882 and 9.734 million for 1987. The period of 1840-60 was marked by the transition form a semistagnant to a steady and assured population growth. The historical descriptions of 1800-50 show a rather somber state of health with nutritional problems such as faulty conservation and utilization of food and scarcity and deficiency of food. The diseases prevalent were the equivalent of dysentery and rachitis. Infant mortality must have been very high. Plague and smallpox were ravaging the country. Estimates are given of 50000-60000 deaths <5 years with 10-12000 deaths to infants <1 year. Smallpox alone may have contributed 40-50/1000 infant deaths. The increase in the annual death rate was 3-4/1000. The plague accounted for high death rates between 1799-1803 1813-25 1834-44 and figures are estimated at 150- 500000 in 1835. Birth rate was high at 50/1000 and annual births of 220-250000 annually between 1825-30. Vaccinations began in 1827 and were administered by barbers. By the end of Muhammad Alis rule plague and smallpox were almost gone. At midcentury the demographic trend was a high birth rate high mortality rate and a rapid increase in population which contrasts with the preceding stable period. Up to the turn of the century there still occurred outbreaks of cholera which slowed demographic expansion. The foreign population rose after 1840 from .76% of the total population to 1.57% of the population in 1897 and affected urbanization.


T HE PROXY may be defined as the authority a stockholder gives to another to vote for him in the affairs of the corporation. It is a form of agency, the proxy holder being an agent with general or special powers.' The proxy thus provides the stockholder an opportunity to participate in the affairs of the corporation when he is unable personally to attend stockholders' meetings. Although virtually every jurisdiction has recognized the utility of the proxy by legislative provision,2 it has frequently been misused. Management has often used the proxy to perpetuate itself in office, to formulate and execute self-serving policies, and to render the corporation subservient to its will. These undesirable results are often achieved by withholding vital information from the stockholders, information they should have if they are to make intelligent decisions on whether to grant their proxies. It is not uncommon, for example, for management, as well as other groups that are vying for control, to obtain proxies from apathetic stockholders without relating the slightest information on how they will be voted or who will vote them.3


The influence of sea ice on the hydrodynamics, sediment resuspension, and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the coastal area of Qinhuangdao was systematically investigated using 45-day in situ measurements at two stations (with ice at station M1 and without ice at station M2) in the Bohai Sea in the winter of 2018. It was found that the daily fluctuations of temperature and salinity at M1 are more significant than those at M2. During a typical seawater icing event on January 28, the temperature and salinity of the bottom water at M1 were decreased by 1.77 °C and increased by 0.4 psu, respectively. Moreover, due to the shielding effect of the sea ice, the residual current was much less affected by the wind at M1 than at M2. For the vertical distribution of current velocity, it changed from a traditional logarithmic type under ice-free conditions to parabolic type under ice-covered conditions due to the larger drag coefficient of the water body on the solid ice surface. For the SSC and turbidity at the bottom layer, the average values were 4.9 μL/L and 8.6 NTU at M1, respectively, approximately half of those at M2. The smaller SSC and turbidity at M1 can be attributed to the lower near-bottom turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). At M2, however, the larger SSC is closely related to the strong wind forcing, which could induce higher TKE without sea ice cover, and hence stronger turbulent resuspension. The seabed sediment analysis results showed that in the study area, fine sand is most likely to resuspend, while cohesive particles would resuspend only under strong hydrodynamic conditions.


AMERICA has produced a courageous, liberal, forward-looking type of public figure for whom no designation suffices save "progressive." Real progressives appear very infrequently, seem to have a direct connection with our western pioneering, and, unless we take care, may some day disappear, virile breed though they are. Grace Abbott was a progressive. So, too, was Julia Lathrop, her predecessor in the Children's Bureau. Whether men or women, the type is the same, the qualities held in common. Age, sex, neither seems to make any difference. When you think of Grace Abbott, do you not instinctively think of George Norris, the elder La Follette, and Edward Costigan, all her friends and co-workers? Is this a distinct type? Are progressives peculiar to the western United States? I know of no group in any other country whose distinguishing qualities are so marked or whose common traits are so impressive. Do I imagine these things, gloss over differences because of an admiration for persons resembling those whom I have mentioned? I do not think so. Note first of all that, one and all, they were born


This paper reports on a qualitative study about the application of tag clouds for supporting meta-cognition in self-directed and incidental learning. It analyses the use of a personal tag-cloud visualization of the tags that are used at a public social bookmarking service. The study focuses at the types of metacognitive control based on reflection notes of the learners. These notes were analyzed regarding the contents of the reflections as well as regarding their meta-cognitive type. The study has two important outcomes. Firstly, a personal tag cloud can stimulate reflection on the tagging activity of a learner. Secondly, reflecting on the tagging activity is not built into the design of a tag cloud.


This especially small human skull(known as T1) was from a Chinese male with a height of 168 cm and aged about 40 years.Upon measuring and observing various skull features,the following observations are made.The skull is especially small in overall size;the frontal region is particularly small and narrow but the surface area of the skull is relatively large.The maxilla and mandible jut forward prominently.As expected with the small skull size,standard skull measurements,including length,width,height and arc,chord and perimeter are less than the minimum values found in other skeletal reports.Cranial volume is also less,and is assessed at 602 ml,which is less than half of the reported minimum volume of 1340 ml for most humans.


A 8-bit 150 MHz low-power CMOS folding and interpolating analog-to-digital converter with a fully-folding technique is designed in a 0.35 mum standard digital CMOS process. Folding circuits are not only used in fine converter but also in coarse one and in bit synchronization block to reduce the number of comparators for low power. A novel bit synchronization architecture based on folding circuits is presented. A low-power encoder using a novel arithmetic is adopted. The total power dissipation is merely 65 mW at a 3.3 V supply.


Outward directed surface extraction from imaging modalities is the first task in the design of implants. In this paper a method based on level set method is proposed to extract the directed surface from CT images. The process is composed of two steps. In the first step, Level Set method with a new speed function is employed to evolve zero level set to its destination and used to cut the desired bone part from the input CT images. In the second step, a simple method is used to extract the directed surface, usually the outward surface, from the separated bone part by removing the interior surface. The experimental results show the proposed method works well.


Chromosome numbers of 156 individuals representing 19 species from western arctic North America are reported. Previously unreported species include A. alborosea (2n = 56, 70), A. crymophila (2n = 28, 56, 70), A. densifolia (2n = 28), A. ekmaniana (2n = 56, 70), A. elegans (2n = 28, 56, 70), A. isolepis (2n = 56), A. laingii (2n = 56), A. neoalaskana (2n = 28), A. oxyphylla (2n = 56), A. pallida (2n = 56, 70), A. philonipha (2n = 28), and A. subviscosa (2n = 28, 56, 60, 70). Two species were represented by cytotypes previously unreported, A. angustata (2n = 70) and A. monocephala (2n = 42). The remaining counts support previously reported chromosome number determinations for the respective species and are presented to supplement our knowledge relative to chromosome number distributions for these. In populations where staminate and pistillate plants co-occurred, the sex ratios were generally 1:1, but deviations from this ratio existed among the diploid species.


In this paper, we study the role of returns to unobserved skills in the rising residual earnings inequality for the past few decades in the U.S. We identify and estimate a general model of earnings residuals that incorporates (i) changing returns to unobserved skills, (ii) changing distribution of unobserved skills, and (iii) changing volatility of earnings that is not related to skills. Using data from the PSID, we find that the returns to unobserved skills went down since the mid-1980s despite the steady increase in the residual inequality. Using a simple demand and supply framework, we show that both demand and supply factors contributed to the downward trend in the returns to skills over time. when unobserved skills are subject to permanent shocks and the volatile (non-skill) component of earnings is subject to permanent and transitory shocks as in much of the literature on earnings dynamics. We show that, when the panel data cover long periods, the returns to unobserved skills for all periods are identified and the variances of unobserved skills as well as the volatile component of earnings are last few Intuitively, identification skills fact that correlations in earnings residual changes far enough apart in time are due to unobserved skills and not permanent or transitory shocks unrelated to skills. We estimate the returns to unobserved skills, the variances of unobserved skills, and the variances of the non-skill component of earnings using data on log annual/weekly earnings for men ages 30-59 in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) separately by college attendance. We highlight five main findings. (i) The returns to unobserved skills were stable until the mid-1980s, and then fell afterwards. The decline of the return was more substantial for those who did not attend college ('high school workers'). (ii) The variance of unobserved skill rose throughout the sample period. (iii) The variance of the unobserved skill component (i.e., return to skill multiplied by unobserved skill) rose until the mid-1980s, decreased afterwards, and then rebounded slightly in the early 2000s only for those who attended college ('college workers'). (iv) The variance of permanent shocks increased since the mid-1980s. (v) The variance of transitory shocks increased sharply in the early 1980s among high school workers but increased only modestly in the long-run for both high school and college workers. Our results demonstrate that accounting for changes in the distribution of unobserved skills and in the volatility of earnings is important in estimating the returns to unobserved skills. Time patterns of the returns to unobserved skills are quite different from those estimated in the existing studies (e.g., Juhn, Murphy, and Pierce, 1993; Moffitt and Gottschalk, 2012) that do not take into account these factors. The evolution of the variance of log earnings residuals after the mid-1980s cannot be easily explained by unobserved skills alone, as the decline in the returns to unobserved skills pushed down the share of skill-related component in total residual variance. We interpret our empirical findings using a simple demand and supply framework and ask whether the changes in the returns to unobserved skills reflect changes in skill demand or supply. We present an


This paper does some discussion on the application of IC card for individual administration, and focuses on the concrete example of individual IC card administration system for the industrial and business administration bureau of Zhejiang.


From the perspective of marginal intra-industry trade,this paper constructs the relative factor adjustment index(S' index) to distinguish the adjustment pressure differences of different production factors in the same industry and calculates the international trade adjustments cost of 20 Chinese industries through A index,S index and S'index of intra-industry trade based on SAH(the smooth adjustment hypothesis).The result shows that the international trade adjustment cost is relatively low in high-technology industries and high in low-technology industries;the average intra-industry level is higher in import-expanding industries than in export-expanding industries.At the same time,the result manifests that the same industry bears different adjustment pressures on different production factors.Based on these results,this paper provides corresponding suggestions,such as supporting and encouraging the development of high technology industry,actively promoting the reasonable transformation and upgrading of low technology industry,and paying more attention to the adjustment costs of different production factors which reduce the risk of structural unemployment.


Modeling the dynamic interactions within an ecosystem and among ecosystems is essential to the sustainability of the biosphere and remote sensing is a proven technology that can effectively map and characterize cultural and natural landscapes. However, the lack of scalable and reliable algorithms and associated implementations to extract implicit patterns in remotely sensed images has severely limited its success. In this paper, based on a key observation that multiple samples of multispectral sensing form a curve in the spectral space (named as mspectral curve), we propose a novel mathematical change detection and land cover classification framework based on statistical shape analysis for natural ecosystem monitoring using remote sensing. By bridging multitemporal analysis and statistical shape analysis, a rich set of robust estimation and optimization techniques can be utilized via tangent space representation to classify land cover and detect changes. The framework also introduces scalable clustering algorithms based on product quantization and residual vector quantization to deal with the labeling problem. In order to deal with clouds and cloud shadows, an adapted Fmask (Function of mask) method is used. Deep network classification is also incorporated for more efficient and accurate context-sensitive land cover classification. The framework provides a fundamental building block to improve semantic classification and change detection using temporal and spatial context to disambiguate spectral classes into information classes.


Simple Summary Early and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer that has spread to other organs and tissues is crucial, as therapeutic decisions and outcome expectations might change. Computed tomography (CT) is often used to detect breast cancer's spread, but this method has its weaknesses. The computer-assisted technique "radiomics" extracts grey-level patterns, so-called radiomic features, from medical images, which may reflect underlying biological processes. Our retrospective study therefore evaluated whether breast cancer spread can be predicted by radiomic features derived from iodine maps, an application on a new generation of CT scanners visualizing tissue blood flow. Based on 77 patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer, we found that this approach might indeed predict cancer spread to other organs/tissues. In the future, radiomics may serve as an additional tool for cancer detection and risk assessment. Abstract Dual-energy CT (DECT) iodine maps enable quantification of iodine concentrations as a marker for tissue vascularization. We investigated whether iodine map radiomic features derived from staging DECT enable prediction of breast cancer metastatic status, and whether textural differences exist between primary breast cancers and metastases. Seventy-seven treatment-naïve patients with biopsy-proven breast cancers were included retrospectively (41 non-metastatic, 36 metastatic). Radiomic features including first-, second-, and higher-order metrics as well as shape descriptors were extracted from volumes of interest on iodine maps. Following principal component analysis, a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-NN) was used for classification (70% of cases for training, 30% validation). Histopathology served as reference standard. MLP-NN predicted metastatic status with AUCs of up to 0.94, and accuracies of up to 92.6 in the training and 82.6 in the validation datasets. The separation of primary tumor and metastatic tissue yielded AUCs of up to 0.87, with accuracies of up to 82.8 in the training, and 85.7 in the validation dataset. DECT iodine map-based radiomic signatures may therefore predict metastatic status in breast cancer patients. In addition, microstructural differences between primary and metastatic breast cancer tissue may be reflected by differences in DECT radiomic features.


Abstract : An earlier part of this project was to develop a prototype, job-oriented performance test for the SAGE positions of Identification Officer and Technician. The primary goals of the present project were to up-date the test and modify it so hat () it could be administered and scored by Air Force personnel and (b) further forms of the test applicable to other SAGE Direction Centers could be constructed by in-service personnel. In order to replicate the job as closely as possible, photographs were made of Situation and Digital Information Displays under actual job conditions. Even though the photographs were made at the Boston Air Defense Sector, the situations were found to be applicable to other sectors. The techniques employed in the construction and modification of the test seem to be useful for the development of similar tests for local needs. The tests were administered and scored with little difficulty by a number of different people, some of these being Air Force personnel. Within the limits of sample size and of the criterion information available, the form of test as modified appeared to be reliable and valid.


Various mixtures of synthetic apatite, magnesium oxide and silica oxide in various proportions have been fused at 1400℃, for thirty minutes. The citric acid solubility of the products has been determined.
At SiO2/MgO ratios of 1 to 2.6 by weight, the percentage of synthetic apatite in the mixtures corresponding to the highest citric acid solubility of the products, has been found to be within the range of 40% to 46%. It has been found that, if the SiO2/MgO ratio in the mixtures is greater than 3, the citric acid solubility of the products decreases suddenly.
If the R2O3 content in the mixtures is not too high, for example, 5% R2O3, the citric acid solubility of the product is slightly higher than that in the absence of R2O3.


Recycling of reclaimed concrete (RC) is very important in the management of construction and demolition wastes. Most of RC is utilized for land-filling after crushing in this country. In this study, a series of elution experiments were conducted to investigate the type and amount of pollutants released from the crushed RC. Most water quality parameters including heavy metals and some organic compounds were below standards for drinking water. Some of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Pb, Hg were detected in 0.5 N H2S04 solution after 24-hour immersing RC, which was conducted for evaluating a long term release effect. The concentration of the heavy metals were higher than the drinking water standards. The results also showed significant adsorption of heavy metals by crushed Re. Potential risks, based on the result of this study were not high in using crushed RC for land-filling. Appropriate management of RC would reduce the risk, for example the separation of hazardous materials from construction wastes. Long term evaluations for the sites of land filled with RC would be required to assess the environmental impacts.


Ajatus: Yearbook of the Philosophical Society of Finland Vol. XXXIV 1972. Helsinki: Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, 1972, Pp. 160. Belief Truth and Knowledge. By D. M. Armstrong. London & New York: Cambridge U.P.; Toronto: Macmillan, 1973, Pp. ix, 228, cloth $14.50, paper $6.50. Philosophical Tasks. By Graham Bird. New York: Hillary House Publishers, 1972, Pp. 158, $7.50. The Foundation and Construction of Ethics. By Franz Brentano. New York: Humanities Press, 1973, Pp. viii, 390. $16.50. Alternative Goals in Religion: Love, Freedom, Truth. By George Bosworth Burch. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1972, Pp. ix, 118, paper $2.50, cloth $6.50. James Mill on Philosophy and Education. By W. H. Burston. London: Athlone Press, 1973. Pp. 254, $12.00. Meaning and Existence in Mathematics. By Charles Castonguay. Vienna & New York: Springer-Verlag, 1972, Pp. xii, 159, $16.80. The Problem of the Criterion. By Roderick M. Chisholm. The Aquinas Lecture 1973. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1973, Pp. 38, $2.50. The Problem of Fundamental Ontology. Vol. I. By James Clark. Toronto: Limits Book Company, 1973. Pp. xii, 342. Education and Social Ideals. By Brian Crittenden. Don Mills: Longman Canada Ltd., 1973, Pp. xvi, 253, paper $7.75, cloth $12.00. Encounters between Judaism and Modern Philosophy. By Emil L. Fackenheim, New York: Basic Books Inc., 1973, Pp. 275. $10.00 Social Philosophy. By Joel Feinberg. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall Inc., 1973. Pp. 126, cloth $5.95, paper $2.70. History of Philosophy. By Justus Hartnack. New York: Humanities Press. 1973, Pp. 279, $7.50. On Time and Being. By Martin Heidegger, trans. Joan Stambaugh. New York: Harper & Row; Don Mills: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1972, Pp. xi, 84, $5.20. The Varieties of Belief. By Paul Helm. New York: Humanities Press, !973> P9> $"-5°Law and Logic. By Joseph Horovitz. Vienna & New York: Springerverlag, 1972, Pp. xv, 213, $19.90.


The purpose of this study is to offer data that designers can utilize substantially, by developing creative materials in knit fashion through the analysis relevant to expression characteristics on the mixture in high low class culture, which were shown in knit fashion of contemporary women, as one of methods of pursuing a plan for being able to be appeared creative and unique knit wear. As for a method of this research, studied concept and characteristics on the mixture in high low class culture by preceding researches. And women's knit fashion was selected that is seen to be 3~18 gauge among the world's 4 collections from 2000~2008. The analysis was made with the analytical frame in mixture pattern, and the analytical frame in design element, and item. The results are as follows. The mixture of kidult element and high fashion was shown with characteristic of expressing humor and fun with graffiti, expression like character and cartoon, and fairy-tale fantasy through the exaggerated trifling article. The mixture of grungy element and high fashion was shown with the expression characteristic in the mixture of heterogenous pattern, and in tear, slit without the end treatment due to fraying the end strand in the knit fashion with basic stitch, patch work, fringing and tone-down gray, use of khaki and blue color, and match in opposite color. The mixture of underwear and high fashion was shown the expression characteristic with the emphasis on underwear line like volume up, or with the mixture of details such as pants in diverse lengths, mini skirt, underwear lace, and ribbon.


Soil support is routinely incorporated into the design of a buried flexible pipeline, whether straight walled or corrugated. However, there does not appear to be any published design guidelines for a buried ring-reinforced pipeline. Research is needed to clarify how to evaluate the effective value of the transverse moment of inertia. Furthermore, the appropriate value of the moment to be used in the deflection equation is not necessarily the same as the value to be used in the buckling equation. For buckling, until more research is conducted, the writer recommends that the soil support for a ring-reinforced pipeline be ignored and that the soil be considered to be a dense fluid.


The world's economy can be seen as a an excellent playing field for the multiple, multi-faceted scientific disciplines and scientists. But for various reasons and causes, they are or disregarded or sometimes even carefully avoided. Kemal Delic, a lab scientist with Hewlett-Packard's R&D operations and a senior enterprise architect, explains.


The status quo of Guangxi waterpower dispatching is analyzed. The importance of real-time hydrologic data for power dispatching, and the effects on economical power operation are expatiated. The programming for the Guangxi waterpower dispatching automation system is also presented.


Study on investment environment of oil and gas resources in Saudi Arab becomes necessary for China because Saudi Arab is always the largest oil exporter supplying China.According to introduction of oil and gas resources development status,oil-related policies and laws,national petroleum company and its management system and international cooperation in Saudi Arab,combined analysis on the future cooperation between China and Saudi Arab,it suggests that the Saudi Arab is an investment area with low political risks,but meanwhile the strong position of its national petroleum company standing will restrict development of China's petroleum companies in that area.


Real-time and robust road detection is one of the most important researches on Intelligent Vehicle. A feature-based road recognition method is introduced in this article. Based on the watershed transform, this algorithm first defines the minima of road and background according to region features, then expends the basins of them gradually, and finally completes road recognition as finding the watershed between road and background successfully. The performance of this algorithm is tested by single images and videos in this research. Result shows that the speed and validity of the algorithm can meet our request in certain conditions.


Autonomous vehicle (AV) algorithms need to be tested extensively in order to make sure the vehicle and the passengers will be safe while using it after the implementation. Testing these algorithms in real world create another important safety critical point. Real world testing is also subjected to limitations such as logistic limitations to carry or drive the vehicle to a certain location. For this purpose, hardware in the loop (HIL) simulations as well as virtual environments such as CARLA and LG SVL are used widely. This paper discusses a method that combines the real vehicle with the virtual world, called vehicle in virtual environment (VVE). This method projects the vehicle location and heading into a virtual world for desired testing, and transfers back the information from sensors in the virtual world to the vehicle. As a result, while vehicle is moving in the real world, it simultaneously moves in the virtual world and obtains the situational awareness via multiple virtual sensors. This would allow testing in a safe environment with the real vehicle while providing some additional benefits on vehicle dynamics fidelity, logistics limitations and passenger experience testing. The paper also demonstrates an example case study where path following and the virtual sensors are utilized to test a radar based stopping algorithm.


In developing countries, local health authorities do improve health care delivery system based on the results from the studies conducted by the Institutes and Universities. This paper is to introduce an example of such project in East Malaysia. Project to promote child survival has been carrying out for one rural district in Sabah, East Malaysia. The phase I study is collection of baseline data or situational analysis, Phase II is intervention program (health education) and Phase III is evaluation of the intervention program. In Phase I study, five categories of variable for determinants of child survival were socioeconomic determinants, maternal factors, environmental factors, nutritional factors and health service utilization factors. Based on the findings from Phase I study, a number of intervention programs are now being implemented.


The obstetrician and gynecologist is rarely confronted with more serious infections than those caused by the gonococcus and the hemolytic streptococcus. Since its introduction in 1935, sulfanilamide 1 has been used in the treatment of these infections, but not always with favorable results and sometimes with untoward consequences. In sepsis due to the hemolytic streptococcus, the death rate is so high that drastic though hazardous therapy is sometimes justifiable. Gonococcic infection, although frequently associated with serious or incapacitating complications, rarely causes death; so until further studies have been made, routine use of this therapy which may produce dangerous reactions is unwarranted. Some time ago this investigation was undertaken in order to determine the efficacy of sulfanilamide therapyon gonorrhea of the female. The treatment of gynecologic and obstetric patients presented certain problems not previously encountered in the administration of the drug, namely: The elimination of the drug in certain


typical lesions since infancy. There were scars and occasional epidermic cysts over the prominences and dystrophy of the nails. Her mother had suffered from the same condition. (4) A case for diagnosis. The patient, a male aged 70 years, gave a 12 months' history of horny papules appearing on the backs of the hands and on the fingers. Apparently these started as slightly painful macules, subsequently developing into split-pea-sized horny papules with a pin-head-sized, jet black, smooth, shining plug of horn in the centre. A section showed nothing but hyperkeratosis. (5) A case of onycholysis. The patient, a male, a^ed 14 years, gave an 18 months' history of separation of the nail-plates from the nail-beds, leaving a hollow tunnel between the two. Almost all the nails of the hands and feet were afEected. This was not associated with his occupation. (6) A case of tuberculide in a male, aged 66 years. The patient presented a ringed, hyperkeratotic infiltration of the upper left thigh, showing tuberculous structure on biopsy. This lesion was of about 12 months' duration. Five months previous to the meetino; multiple purpuric hyperkeratotic lesions had appeared on both of the lower legs with a large haemorrhage in the tissues behind the ri^ht knee, which resolved with rest in bed. The Wassermann was negative and a fractional gastric analysis showed complete achlorhydria. There was no evidence of visceral tuberculosis.


horal-conducting textbooks generally offer conductors the same basic advice for organizing a rehearsal: begin with a selection that the choir knows well, continue with work on a challenging piece or section of a piece, and end on a positive note with a composition that can be sung successfully. This strategy is a proven, effective teaching method, correctly based on the synthesis-analysis-synthesis cycle well-known to music educators.1 However, it is only a general framework for planning a choral practice session. To achieve artistic results and develop the singers' musicality, a sophisticated conductor needs more planning guidelines than just this three-step cycle. The key to success is determining, ahead of time, a schedule for rehearsing all the music needed to


First, it makes the consumer the focus of the system through an entitlement to support and care. People will have their needs assessed by a new service called the 'Gateway' and then receive an entitlement to a quantum of support and care services that they can receive in the place of their choice, and from whichever providers they choose. This is in contrast to the current system which allocates beds, packages and HACC funding to providers who then offer them to people assessed as in need, usually in predetermined offerings.


The design of robust model reference adaptive control (MRAC) schemes for plants in controllable form, comprising unknown varying but bounded coefficients and varying control gain has attracted a great deal of research. Many nonlinear systems may be described by the controllable form; for instance, second order plants (see (Hong & Yao, 2007), (Hsu et al., 2006), (Yao & Tomizuka, 1994), (Jiang & Hill, 1999)) and systems whose nonlinear behavior or part of it, is represented by some function approximation technique (cf. Nakanishi et al. (2005), (Chen et al., 2008), (Tong et al., 2000), (Huang & Kuo, 2001), (Yousef & Wahba, 2009), (Hsu et al., 2006), (Koo, 2001), (Labiod & Guerra, 2007)).


Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia may show a delayed presentation and it rarely simulates pleural effusion. We report here on two asymptomatic cases that were diagnosed by performing chest CT.


Disclosed is a method for detecting safety of a strong type water heater. The strong type water heater is provided with an air blower and a heater, wherein an operation motor is arranged in the air blower. The method for detecting safety of the strong type water heater is executed after the strong type water heater is started and includes: firstly starting the air blower, detecting the rotating speed value of the operation motor after the air blower has been started for a while; judging whether the rotating speed value of the operation motor is within a preset rotating speed range or not; if no, generating an alarm signal to notify a user that the strong type water heater is abnormal. In addition, the method for detecting safety of the strong type water heater is also suitable for being executed after the strong type water heater stops heating.


Urban greenbelt plays a positive role in improving the ecology and harmonious interacting between human being and nature.Dynamic monitoring of urban greenbelt is in favors of effective managing the city,and also provides the scientific basis and criterion.This paper uses the ETM image in 2002 and TM image in 1988 of the whole city of Nanjing to calculate the bright index(BI) and perpendicular vegetation index(PVI) respectively,and then build the "BI-PVI"plane.After that we can get the variational vector by calculating the distance between the point of "TM3-TM4"plane and the "non-vegetation line".Finally,we got the change of greenbelt.The result shows that,in the past twenty years,because of the ceaseless development of Nanjing and its intensive exploitation,the amount of greenbelt of the city have reduced a lot,and their spatial distribution is very imbalanced.So they can not exert their ecological function effectively.


Abstract.  A common statistical problem involves the testing of a K‐dimensional parameter vector. In both parametric and semiparametric settings, two types of directional tests – linear combination and constrained tests – are frequently used instead of omnibus tests in hopes of achieving greater power for specific alternatives. In this paper, we consider the relationship between these directional tests, as well as their relationship to omnibus tests. Every constrained directional test is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to a specific linear combination test under a sequence of contiguous alternatives and vice versa. Even when the direction of the alternative is known, the constrained test in general will not be optimal unless the objective function used to derive it is efficient. For an arbitrary alternative, insight into the power characteristics of directional tests in comparison to omnibus tests can be gained by a chi‐square partition of the omnibus test.


This paper first divides sixty countries into eight areas, and use the method of principle component analysis to analyze the temperature from 1950 to 1998 of those countries, trying to make clear the main trenes of temperature floating. Furthermore, the method of nonparametric statistics-COX-Stuart Trends Test is also used to confirm whether the guess of the way global temperature changes is true.


In the first part of the paper we study concepts of supremum and maximum as subsets of a topological space X endowed by preference relations. Several rather general existence theorems are obtained for the case where the preferences are defined by countable semicontinuous multi-utility representations. In the second part of the paper we consider partial orders and preference relations "lifted" from a metric separable space X endowed by a random preference relation to the space L^0(X)X-valued random variables. We provide an example of application of the notion of essential maximum to the problem of the minimal portfolio super-replicating an American-type contingent claim under transaction costs.


A rapid, precise, low cost, selective and sensitive paper-based electrochemical device for the determination of H2O2 in milk is described here. Commercially available varnish and a simple hand drawing method were used to develop the hydrophobic pattern to generate a hydrophilic detection zone on the filter paper. The electrode system was fabricated on the detection zone in order to detect H2O2 electrochemically. A commercially available graphite pencil and conductive silver ink were used to fabricate the counter electrode and pseudo-reference electrode, respectively. A paste of Prussian blue (PB) modified graphite, unmodified graphite and phenol-formaldehyde polymer were used to fabricate a PB modified graphite working electrode on paper. This modified electrode showed electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of H2O2 and it was successfully used for the chronoamperometric detection of H2O2 at 0 V vs Ag reference electrode in 0.1 mol l-1 phosphate buffer, buffered at pH 6.0 in 0.1 mol l-1 KCl. Under optimum conditions, the calibration curve for the H2O2 determination was linear from 5 to 50 mmol l-1 with a detection limit (LoD = x ̅ + 3SD) of 4.0 mmol l-1. In addition, the PB modified graphite electrode showed selectivity for H2O2 detection in the presence of ascorbic acid, sucrose and citric acid.