The RAS method aims to update a technical coefficient matrix of Leontief type inputoutput table based on the assumptions of substitution and fabrication effects. It is well known that a direct application of the RAS method deduces a significant bias in some industry sectors which have fast growth. This paper proposes an expectation model to adjust initial values of selected elements from base matrix based on historical data, and applies it to the modified RAS method for updating of Japan interregional rectangular input-output table. The accuracy and validity of the model were confirmed through a case study.


Summary Seventeen elderly men and women and 31 male and female college students were assessed and compared on a variety of Piagetian conservation tasks. Findings obtained did not support the hypothesis that cognitive regression takes place as a part of normal aging. Findings were also compared with those of earlier studies utilizing similar tasks with elderly and college-aged Ss, and the contrary outcome of the present study was discussed in relation to the importance of (a) defining normal aging, (b) actual assessment on the same tasks of other age groups to be compared with the elderly group, and (c) potential effects of the assessment situation itself on older persons' performances.


Variance in business process can lead to various changes and modifications of business requirements, strategies and functionalities since it is a valuable source of organizational intellectual capital and represents a preferred and successful work practice. It is important to provide an effective method to analyze the similarity between these variants since it can bring benefits for organization productivity. Through this paper, we propose an efficient approach for undertaking the structural similarity analysis and subsequently providing a formula to compute the degree of similarity between the structural relationships of the variants in a systematic way. We hope that the systematic method introduced in this paper can be applied successfully to solve the ambiguity issue in defining and measuring the structural similarity between the process variant.


Surveys of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) have shown that Germans donated around 5.3 billion euros in 2009- right in the middle of the financial and economic crisis. The type and amount of donations made is well documented in Germany. However, until recently, there was very little information available on the identity of Germans who share their income with people in need. A new survey in the long-term SOEP study has now made it possible to collect this information systematically for the first time and to investigate questions such as: Which social groups do people who make donations belong to? Does a high income increase the willingness to donate money? Do education and age play a role? Do people who are happy donate more? Do the same motives apply for giving money as, for example, giving blood? In order to find answers to these questions, existing data sources on the Germans' willingness to give were analyzed, verified and matched with SOEP data for the first time. The results are conclusive: Women donate more than men, older people more than younger people. This only applies to donating money, however. As regards giving blood, social and financial differences are of much less importance. Here almost all social groups and classes donate as much-albeit much less frequently. While almost 40 percent of all Germans donated money in 2009, only seven percent gave blood.


ABSTRACT Herein, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets coated with insulated polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were integrated into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) to investigate the effects of the insulating PVP shell, loading, and its reaction time on the dielectric properties of the nanocomposites. Compared with the pristine GO/PVDF, the GO@PVP/PVDF nanocomposites show an improvement of the filler dispersion, and significantly suppressed conductivity and loss. Activation energies of GO/PVDF and GO@PVP/PVDF nanocomposites are calculated as 1.247 eV and 0.435 eV, respectively, indicating that the presence of PVP layer on the GO surface reduces the relaxation activation energy and makes the relaxation occurrence at low temperatures.


Provides practical guidance on the design and implementation of sustainable non-formal education and rural skills training programmes. Describes the organization, delivery and evaluation of programmes, financial aspects and the role of government, NGOs and the business sector. Includes case studies of programmes in three countries.


Objective:To summarize operative methods,efficacy and experience of laparoscopic pull-out for Hirschsprung disease.Methods:Nineteen cases with Hirschsprungs' disease were operated by Soaves' procedure under laparoscopy from Jan.2007 to Dec.2010.Results:All the cases were successful for first-stage radical treatment,with an average of 120 min of operation duration Postoperative hospitalization was 7 to14 days.All cases had daily spontaneous bowel movements.Conclusions:Laparoscopic-assisted Soaves' procedure for congenitalHirschsprungs' disease should be a new standard for Hirschsprungs' disease.


While analyzing organization life cycle, stages of development and slump the article found out that the stage of restoration is similar to the stage of start, but it differs from the latter, as a new spiral of enterprise life cycle is formed with regard to previous developments, experience and work trends. After SWOT-analysis the necessity to use strategies of the pretender to leadership on market is assessed. Estimation of weak sides showed that the absence of advert materials for a store with a limited geography cannot foster successful product promotion. The simplest way to attract customers is to use social nets. Estimation of opportunities focuses on studying the product range. By comparing different products within one category of goods we can understand what is profitable to buy and which products should be rejected. The enterprise can increase profit, if it changes the product range, raises the purchase of popular positions and rejects illiquid goods. The mentioned indicators show that the enterprise being analyzed is competitive and acts as an active participant on market. Today its key goal is to expand market. The author underlines the importance of using measures aiming at changing enterprise life cycle stages with the help of tools of digital economy.


Being a pioneer not only in the field of aesthetics,but in the subject of Chinese art,Ma Cai was studied mainly for his aesthetic theories in the past.This paper,however,emphasizes his thoughts about the subject of art and its research methods as well as the basic theories of art,which will enlighten our research on both the macrostructure and the microscopic study of art.


We reviewed 57 arthroscopic lateral release of the knee-joint during the period from January 1985 to December 1988. A high percentage of chondropathies affecting the patella and the patellofemoral joint was the mainly indication to this surgical operation. Included in the above mentioned cases were 8 traumatic patella luxations. Therefore, the necessity of strict indication and adequate postoperative therapy is emphasized.


This thesis presents new design techniques for source coding of video signals. The main application is high-definition television (HDTV), characterized by roughly twice the vertical and horizontal resolution of current systems; aggressive source coding is required to compress the large amount of video information into the relatively narrow channels envisioned for the new service. Video source coders conventionally use block transforms with small support (typically 8x8 pixels). Such independent blocks result in a simple scheme for switching a predictor from a motion-compensated block to a purely spatial block; this is necessary to prevent the coder from wasting capacity in some situations. Subband coders of the multiresolution or wavelet type, with their more desirable localization properties, lack of "blocking" artifacts, and better match to motion-compensated prediction errors, complicate this process of switching predictors, since the blocks now overlap. This thesis presents a novel predictive coding scheme in which subband coders can combine the benefits of good representation and flexible adaptive prediction. Thesis Supervisor: Jae S. Lim Title: Professor Thesis Supervisor: Gilbert Strang Title: Professor


Epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) alteration is a common feature in most of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Robust response of anti-EGFR treat- ments has been mostly associated with the EGFR deletion mutant variant III (EGFRvIII) and expression of PTEN. We have performed a prospective trial in order to confirm the efficacy of erlotinib treatment in patients with relapsed GBM who expressed EGFRvIII and PTEN. All patients included in the trial were required to be PTEN (???), EGFR (???) and EGFRvIII (???) positives by immu- nohistochemistry. This new phase II trial enrolled 40 patients and was design to be stopped in case of fewer than two responses in the first 13 patients. Patient eligibility included histopathology criteria, radiological progression, more than 18 years old, Karnofsky performed status, KPS ( 50, and adequate bone marrow and organ function.


This study was conducted to understand the influence of swim up time on the motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity of spermatozoa to meet the best quality of spermatozoa used in In Vitro Fertilization. Ram semen was
collected using artificial vagina then fresh semen motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity were examined. Semen collection was conducted twice a week. In this study sample were divided into four treatment group 0 minute, 30 minute, 60 minute, and 90 minute incubation. After meet the requirement for further study the semen then incubated using BO (Brackett – Oliphant) medium, for every treatment group were added 0.3 semen added 0.6 BO medium then incubated for 0 (zero), 30 (thirty), 60 (sixty), 90 (ninety) minute then were checked motility, and viability. All incubation was performed at room temperature. Plasma membrane integrity was checked using HOS (Hypo-Osmotic
Swelling) test 0,1 ml semen added with 1 ml HOS incubated for 30 minute at room temperature for each treatment. Motility examination was done under microscope with 400 magnifications. Viability examination using eosin – negrosin
staining then also assessed under microscope examination using 400 magnifications. Incubation up to 60 minute gave the best result not only highest percentage of motility, and viability but also the lowest plasma membrane damage.


Our study develops theory about the role of language in the competitive engagement of rival firms. We start with the widely- researched action-response model of Smith, Grimm and Gannon (1992), desc...


The 2-site IRMA assay for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),1 as produced by Nichols Institute Diagnostics, was considered the gold standard in the US (1). This assay is no longer available. It was recently demonstrated that a manual IRMA ACTH assay produced by Scantibodies yielded results equivalent to those obtained with the Nichols Institute Diagnostics assay (2). We have observed that the results from the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Proficiency Survey samples for ACTH using the Scantibodies IRMA yielded higher results than those from the Immulite platform (Siemens), which …


In this paper, a vision based system has been used for controlling an industrial 3P Cartesian robot. The vision system will recognize the target and control the robot by obtaining images from environment and processing them. At the first stage, images from environment are changed to a grayscale mode then it can diverse and identify objects and noises by using a threshold objects which are stored in different frames and then the main object will be recognized. This will control the robot to achieve the target. A vision system can be an appropriate tool for measuring errors of a robot in a situation where the experimental test is conducted for a 3P robot. Finally, the international standard ANSI/RIA R15.05-2 is used for evaluating the path-related characteristics of the robot. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method experimental test is carried out. Keywords— Robot, Vision, Experiment, Standard.


Theimpulsive acceleration ofactive protection current isverylarge, effect oftheelectromagnetic force must elements can preferably be realized by single-stage be considered inmanufacture of PPS.To prevented electromagnetic launcher systems using pancake coils. In electromagnetic interference, thecontrol boxofPPS is ordertoproduce timevarying magnetic field, during the shielded. Thepicture showninFigure. 1is600kJ powersupply year2004,a pulsedpowersystemwithtwomodular foranELsystem. Thepicture showninFigure.2 ispancake structured energy packs(300kJ)hasbeenbuilt upasa coils launcher. Theselection ofthelaunch direction canbe basic facility fortesting pancake coils systems. Eachpower changed by a shortdelay(afewmicroseconds to10 supply modulecomprises 6capacitors, animproved spark millisecond) between thetrigger pulses. gapswitch adapted to200kAdischarge current, acrowbar Thefundament technology issues needtobeconsidered: diodes, a highfrequency PWM rectifier and a *Optimize layout ofeachdevice well-designed coaxialpower lineserving as a Toreduce effect ofelectromagnetic force bythe


A 13-bit 160MS/s hybrid ADC in 65 nm CMOS is presented in this paper. By combining the pipelined, flash and SAR architectures, a hybrid ADC architecture is proposed to improve the power efficiency. An input offset storage technique of dynamic comparator is proposed to increase the conversion linearity. A reference voltage buffer with the charge compensation is proposed to save power and reduce the decoupling capacitor. The achieved peak SNDR, SFDR, and FoM are 64.2 dB, 80.5 dBc, and 107.3 fJ/conversion-step, respectively.


Objective and Metheds The standard CRRT instrument is too expensive for some small hospitals to afford for severe patients. hence From 1995, we used common dialysis machine to design a bedside blood purification device. Results Until now we have used it to treat 123 patients with chronic or acute renal failure caused by any kinds of diseases. We performed 643 episodes of treatment, including IHD intermittent hemodialysis (203 patient times), HDF hemodiafiltration (107 patient times), HP hemoperfusion or HP plus HD hemodialysis (45 patient times), SUF single ultrafiltration (28 patient times) and CVVHDF continuous venorenous hemodiafiltration (146 patient times) and CVVH continuous venovenous hemofittration (114 patient time) . Every treatment episode continued 4-22 hours (mean value 7. Shours), blood flow was about 60 - 250ml/dl, dialysate flow was about 500 - 800ml/l. In our experience, we can use this device to decrease BUN or SCr to 50 - 85% and it can also decrease inflammatory mediator such as TNF, IL- 6 or CRF to 43-63% in one treatment episode. Conclusion This device is safe and it is easy to perform in clinical practice. And it can increase the survival rate of MOF, CRF and ARF patients in ICU just as CRRT does.


The aerial stilt roots of Socratea exorrhiza allow this palm literally to pick itself up and "walk" out from under fallen limbs and obstacles that are major hazards for immature palms. The lower trunk and older roots rot away and are left behind as the tree sends out new roots and moves away from its germination point. THE IRIARTEOID PALMS of the American tropics form a unique group distinguished by their prominent stilt roots (fig. 1). These roots are particularly well developed in Socratea exorrhiza (Martius) Wendland [Iriartea exorrhizaj.1 In this species (fig. IA) the base of the trunk may be elevated more than a meter from the ground and is supported by an open cone of spiney stilt roots. According to Corner (1966: 9192), stilt roots are "an unexplained deviation from the normal method of trunk-making," but he hints at a possible relationship to water when he states-"They grow in swampy places and elevate the trunk above the normal floods...." To our knowledge, no one has presented convincing evidence that stilts are an adaptation to flooding, nor have any other explanations of either the origin or function of these remarkable structures been suggested. During an intensive field study of palm cultural ecology in eastern Peru2 we observed that the stilt roots of Socratea exorrhiza allow seedlings and juveniles that are flattened by falling trees, limbs, or palm fronds to right themselves and "walk" out from under the obstacle. They also support seedlings that lean toward light, as when a plant germinates at the base of a large tree. We apply the term "walking" to these phenomena because of the leg-like action of the stilts, and because the plant eventually straightens itself at a new location, but we do not mean to attribute purpose to the plants. The special significance of the stilts is that they allow a tree to establish itself at some distance from its original germination point because the oldest roots and lower trunk are left behind as they are broken or rot away. The lower trunk quickly becomes superfluous as Socratea grows and the bulk of the roots supersedes that of the trunk. Each new stilt root emerges from the trunk above the previous root. The soft new roots turn from rufous to chocolate brown, and then gray as they mature. They are very dry and hard at maturity and are covered with sharp spines. In a mature adult of 15 m in height, we observed a root grow an average of 70 cm/month over a three-month period until it reached the ground. Three months later it was firmly anchored in the ground. The newest root in a "walking" juvenile with a trunk length3 of 172 cm grew 22 cm in one month. The most dramatic moves occur when large juveniles are knocked down (see fig. 2C and F and the reconstruction in fig. 4). Here the distance moved is determined by the length of the trunk when it is downed. The trunk arches gradually upward as it grows, bending sharpy at the base of the crownshaft (see fig. 3B). New roots emerge along the horizontal trunk and elevate it off the ground as they elongate. Based on trunk measurements, leaf scar counts, and leaf production measurements4 in undisturbed 1Various names have been applied to this species in the literature. Moore et al. (1960) tentatively identified it as Socratea Orbignyana, and he was followed in this by Jordan (1970). MacBride (1960) and Glassman (1972) have assigned it to Iriartea exorrhiza. We prefer to retain the earlier name Socratea exorrhiza (Martius) Wendland in order to emphasize the striking differences in the stilt roots between this species and Iriartea ventricosa. Locally S. exorrhiza is known as "Cashapona." 2Fieldwork was conducted in 1967-1977 in dry tropical forest within a 5 km radius of the Shipibo Indian village of San Francisco on the north end of Lake Yarinacocha, 16 km northwest of the city of Pucallpa in Loreto Department, Peru. 3A11 trunk measurements were taken from the trunk base at the ground to the base of the newest leaf sprout. The crownshaft is included but not emerged leaves. 4This finding assumes an average annual leaf production rate of 2.71 leaves obtained from observations of 22 tagged individuals over a six-month period. Trunk and leaf scar measurements were obtained for 42 individuals. All ages given are approximations based on these data. BIOTROPICA 12(1): 67-71 1980 67 This content downloaded from 188.8.131.52 on Mon, 05 Sep 2016 06:14:50 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms


In this paper, the influence of the socio-economic development factors of the regions on retail is studied. The regions with considerable trade growth potential under current values of personal income are revealed using a fixed effects model. This potential can be realized through the expansion of global and federal retail chains into those regions,. The investment potential and the business risk dealing in a region are the main dominants of such expansion.


With the development of technology and civilization in our country,the rubbish classification becomes imperative. The design of dustbin and its functions have also been changed. This artlcle focuses on the significance and necessity of the classification dustbin designs and its design idea.


The principles of functioning of mechanisms of transformation and management of the enterprises and their associations are universal; they are based on basic provisions of the theory of the competition, the theory of eco-nomic behavior, the globalization theory, and also is defined by economic ideology. On the basis of functional approach it is possible to allocate functions of development, adaptation and self-organization in management of economic systems. As development we understand realization of opportunities of the organization to solve various problems. Development of the enterprises is provided at the weighed balance of all tasks, and also the balanced approach of identifications of factors of external and internal capacity of the enterprises. Function of adaptation consists in the adaptation of economic system to external factors of an institutional and market order by change of structure, organizational opportunities and development strategy. The understanding of function of self-organization as synergetrics of the open systems being in a condition of a nonequilibrium resource exchange with environment is widespread


In analyzing the motivations behind the formation of insurgent groups and their activities against the state, academic debates have been sharply divided. On the one hand are scholars who emphasize insurgency as fallout of religious activities, while on the other hand are those who prioritize geostrategic politics or political marginalization as the root cause. Either claim, however, is only valid in part and obscures a holistic understanding of insurgency as a political phenomenon. Using Boko Haram as a case study, this article interrogates literatures on the aforementioned perspectives and highlights the empirical inadequacies in emphasizing one perspective at the expense of the other. This study suggests that only a synergized and balanced consideration of both perspectives can broaden the understanding of the motivations behind the emergence of Boko Haram as one of the world's deadliest insurgent groups.


A process for forming, in particular for smoothing fibers containing keratin, in particular human hair, in which (I) forming a composition containing glyoxylic acid and its hydrate and / or its salts is applied to the keratin fibers and is left (Ii) the fibers after a contact time - are not flushed, - optionally dried, (Iii) the fibers are mechanically deformed under the action of heat, significantly reduce and minimize the negative consequences of the transformation in particular electrostatic charging and hydrophilization of the hair.


Ring diagram analysis of solar oscillation power spectra obtained from Michelson Doppler Imager data is carried out to study the velocity fields in the outer part of the solar convection zone. The three-dimensional power spectra are fitted to a model that has a Lorentzian profile in frequency and includes the advection of the wave front by horizontal flows in order to obtain the two components of the subsurface flows as a function of the horizontal wave number and radial order of the oscillation modes. This information is then inverted using the optimally localized averages method and regularized least squares method to infer the variation in horizontal flow velocity with depth. The average rotation velocity at different latitudes obtained by this technique agrees reasonably with helioseismic estimates made using frequency-splitting data. The shear layer just below the solar surface appears to consist of two parts, with the outer part measuring up to a depth of 4 Mm where the velocity gradient does not show any reversal up to a latitude of 60°. In the deeper part the velocity gradient shows reversal in sign around a latitude of 55°. The zonal flow velocities inferred in the outermost layers appear to be similar to those obtained by other measurements. A meridional flow from equator poleward is found. It has a maximum amplitude of about 30 m s-1 near the surface, and the amplitude is nearly constant in the outer shear layer.


: Explanations for gender differences in spatial visualization and mental rotation typically center on lack of experience or cognitive deficits of females. Our research offers an alternative explanation for these differences–one rooted in the materials used for mental rotation tasks, informed by sociocultural approaches and posthumanist perspectives. Combining a gender sorting task and a mental rotation assessment, this study shows that students–regardless of gender–perceive consistent gender differences of everyday objects. Their ability to mentally rotate each object is related to their gender and the objects' perceived gender. Females perform significantly higher on mental rotation tasks that involve objects that are perceived as feminine, matching scores of males. Yet, the stereotypical mental rotation differences between females and males are seen only on objects perceived as neither feminine nor masculine. The perceived gender of materials included in educational design may shape mental rotation ability.


The article develops a wavelet neural network for trip chaining pattern recognition. Based on the data obtained from Beijing Resident Trip Survey, a set of socioeconomic and demographic factors related to the of traveller situation which potentially influence trip-chaining patterns are selected as input variables of neural network, and a categorical trip chaining pattern (simple and complex trip chaining) are used as output variables. In order to quantify prediction accuracy, two performance measures are applied to evaluate it. Besides, BP neural network and a logistic regression model are also introduced to make a comparison, and the conclusions indicate wavelet neural network performs much better in convergence rate and prediction accuracy; actually its generalization capability is much better too.


Time and costs are often the most critical constraints in implementing a development impact fee (DIF) for local infrastructure installation planning in South Korea. For this reason, drafting quality plan alternatives and calculating precise DIFs for improvement remain challenging. This study proposes an application of a procedural modeling method using CityEngine as an alternative to traditional methods, which rely on AutoCAD. A virtual low-density suburban development project in Jeju, South Korea was used to compare the workability of the two methods. The findings suggest that procedural modeling outperforms the other approach by significantly reducing the number of steps and commands required in the planning process. This paper also argues that procedural modeling provides real-time 2- and 3-dimensional modeling and design evaluation and allows for a more efficient assessment of plan quality and calculation of DIF. We also argue for the need to diffuse procedural modeling to better support local planning practices.


Using femtosecond laser pulses (150 fs duration at λ = 400 nm) for ablation experiments on glass samples with and without enclosed silver nanoparticles, characteristic sub- micrometer surface topologies are observed on the flat bottom of the ablation craters produced. The structures show increasing order towards periodic ripple-like features with an increasing number of successive pulses applied. Depending on sample and experimental conditions, the spatial periodicity varies between 340 nm and 1900 nm, despite a constant laser wavelength and incidence angle. An analysis based on electron and atomic force microscopy of the structures indicates that the formation of the ripples in this work is due to instabilities and self-organization of the surface relaxation after ablation.


A computer top table was manufactured with the solid wood wastes that has been landfilled, combustion or burnt as a fuel at the present time. The computer table is different in form and size to that of existing fixed rectangular. It is ideal product not only convenient and functional to use and beautiful design but also processing performance of edge area and overlaying properties. The main technologies to develop this computer top table are the plan for moulder to mould the product and producing, molding the most suitable material and composition, suitable adhesives selecting and synthetic technology, investigation for the moulding conditions such as temperature, time etc, adequate overlaying materials selecting and overlaying technology have to be checked.


Abstract Context: Hypotension causes histologic changes in the hippocampal CA1 area, while behavior remains unchanged. We believe that an even stronger insult may also cause behavioral changes. Objective: We used a rat hemorrhagic shock model plus temporary hypoxia to assess functional outcome at different time points post-injury. Our hypothesis is that the damage can be attenuated by the use of isoflurane. Materials and methods: Rats were subjected to brief hypotension. Animals were evaluated at different time points after receiving hypoxia and hypotension, with and without isoflurane treatment. Results: The administration of isoflurane after the insult protected the animals from memory alterations. No histopatologic changes were found in any of the groups. Discussion and conclusions: This observation suggests that in this model of hypotension plus hypoxia there is mild cerebral damage that is reflected by memory changes. Exposure to isoflurane after the insult can prevent the onset of memory deficits.


Introduction: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health problem and one of the most common conditions seen by otolaryngologists. AR is characterised by one or more symptoms, including sneezing, itching, nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, and it may be classified by the temporal pattern of exposure to a triggering allergen (seasonal, perennial/year-round or episodic), frequency (intermittent or persistent) and severity of symptoms. Objectives of the study: The main goal of the study is to find the role of Allergic rhinitis (AR) as a common allergy disorder and its relationship with asthma. Methodology: This study was conducted at Polyclinic Hospital. Islamabad during 2017 to 2018. The data was collected from both genders. The sample size for this study was 50, ad those patients which was suffering from nose allergy and any other form of allergy was selected for this study. Data collection: Environmental and behavioral factors and medical history with a focus on allergies, including specific months when rhinitis symptoms without a cold occurred, were assessed at 9 time points by using face-to-face, paper, telephone, and online questionnaires. Result: Symptom scores were higher in the rhinitis than in control group during all of the experiments (P < .001) and were significantly elevated in both groups 4, 24, and 48 hours after beginning the challenge compared with baseline. Total cell count was significantly elevated in both groups. Table 1 summarizes the status of some SNPs associations with asthma in Pakistan and in some other populations as well as their allele frequency comparison with global MAF. Conclusion: It is concluded that allergy is generally caused by a sustained overproduction of IgE in response to common environmental antigens such as indoor and outdoor allergens, foods and other allergens and there is a need of more studies for the clarification of role of AR as a immunological disorder in Pakistan. Corresponding author: Dr. Khaliq ur Rehman, Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad Please cite this article in press Khaliq ur Rehman et al., A Study on Allergic Rhinitis (AR) As a Common Allergy Disorder and Its Relationship with Asthma., Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2019; 06(01). QR code IAJPS 2019, 06 (01), 349-352 Khaliq ur Rehman et al ISSN 2349-7750 w w w . i a j p s . c o m Page 350 INTRODUCTION: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health problem and one of the most common conditions seen by otolaryngologists. AR is characterised by one or more symptoms, including sneezing, itching, nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, and it may be classified by the temporal pattern of exposure to a triggering allergen (seasonal, perennial/year-round or episodic), frequency (intermittent or persistent) and severity of symptoms (mild or severe) [1]. The traditional classification system that divides AR into seasonal and perennial AR has limitations because the pollen season is dependent on geographic location and climatic conditions. When the pollen season is yearround, as in tropical locations, it is difficult to distinguish between symptoms provoked by pollens and mites [2]. In recent times, the incidence of allergic diseases, particularly bronchial asthma, has been increasing worldwide. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common immunological disorder and is characterized by an immunoglobulin E (IgE)mediated inflammation induced by allergen exposure. Infiltrating cells, including T cells, eosinophils, mast cells and basophils, release several mediators, that cause the symptoms occurrence, and cytokines, that promote and amplify the inflammatory cascade. Therefore, AR triggers both a local and a systemic inflammatory process [3]. The main symptoms are the so-called irritative ones, such as itching, sneezing and rhinorrhoea, that are histamine-dependent, and obstruction, that is inflammation-dependent [4]. AR is a risk factor for asthma. Two recent studies provided convincing confirmation that AR is an independent risk factor for asthma onset. It is reported that patients with AR are at three times the risk of developing asthma compared with those without AR. In addition, a cross-sectional study of representative samples of young adults, who completed a detailed questionnaire and underwent lung function tests, bronchoprovocation challenge, IgE measurement and skin prick test, has been performed in Europe [5]. Objectives of the study The main goal of the study is to find the role of Allergic rhinitis (AR) as a common allergy disorder and its relationship with asthma METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted at Polyclinic Hospital. Islamabad during 2017 to 2018. The data was collected from both genders. The sample size for this study was 50, ad those patients which was suffering from nose allergy and any other form of allergy was selected for this study.


The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Medicine, (2005, 43(11): 970). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Host Emma Woodhouse, neuro-developmental specialist at Clinical Partners, and autism specialists Dr. Ann Ozsivadjian and Dr. Marianna Murin, discuss discover practical actions you can take to help your child.


We study distribution of extreme values of a mixture of an infinite sequence of independent normally distributed variables with the same mean and an increasing sequence of standard deviations, and prove that the common distribution function belongs to the domain of attraction of Gumbel extreme value distribution. The norming constants for the maximum also are given.


This paper establishes a mixed integer programming(MILP)model to minimize the total cost,which consists of transportation cost,operating cost,and fixed cost for new facilities.Government action effects are taken into account.The model is tested with an example,in which the government's influence on waster recycling is discussed.


Organic nitrogen and mineral contents in soil, forages and blood serum of beef cattle sampled in June-July and September-October in 1987 from 12 different pasture areas of Cheju island were determined and the results are summarized as follows 1. The contents of all mineral studied were significantly different (p$lt;0.01) between soils of different pastures sampled in June-July, and the contents of P, Mg, Fe, Na, Ca and Zn were significantly different (p$lt;0.01) between soils of different pastures sampled in September-October. The contents of P and Ca were much higher in soils sampled in June-July than in soils sampled in September-October, but the contents of K and Mg were opposite to those of P and Ca. 2. N, P, Mg, Cu and Co contents of orchard grass sampled in June-July were significantly different (p$lt;0.01) between the pastures, and K, Ca, Mg, Na and Co contents of orchard grass sampled in September-October were significantly different (p$lt;0.01) between the pastures. Cu, Fe, Na, Cu and Zn contents were higher in orchard grass sampled in September-October than in that sampled in June-July. 3. Except for Mg, mineral contents of ladino clover sampled in June-July were different between the pastures, and N, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na and Zn contents were significantly higher in ladino clover than in orchard grass. 4. The contents of Zn and Fe in blood serum of beef cattle sampled in June-July were significantly different (p$lt;0.01) between the pastures and the contents of K, Ca, Mg, Na and Co in that sampled in September-October were different between the pastures. No difference was found in serum mineral contents between beef cattle from different pastures. 5. Serum Co content (0.07ppm) in the cattle raised in lsidore was below the normal, Co deficiency being suspected. Serum contents of the other minerals were found to be normal in the cattle of all pastures. 6. Only Fe content was significantly (p$lt;0.05) correlated between the content of forages and the blood serum (R=0.84).


Effect of the different cooling rate (from 0.008 to 100°C/s) on the morphological evolution of the Ag3Sn, Cu6Sn5 and β-Sn formed during the solidification of Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) and Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu (SAC387) solder was investigated. The tensile tests and high temperature storage tests were also used to estimate the tensile strength and thermal influence of microstructure under different cooling rates. Experimental results showed that cooling rate has a significant effect on the solidification time, and therefore influences both the size and the morphology of the eutectic Ag3Sn compound. Specifically, as the cooling rate is reduced, the Ag3Sn compound exhibits a coarsening evolution: particle-like → needle-like → plate-like. The Ag3Sn particles have average diameters of about 0.2µm by fast cooling. The tensile strength is reduced by the coarsening of Ag3Sn. The tensile strength for SAC305 tensile specimens decreased from 60.8MPa to 39.5MPa. SAC387 solder possesses more additional Ag and Cu than SAC305, and its tensile strength is degraded seriously due to the formation of coarse primary Ag3Sn compounds. SAC387 under slower cooling, cracks tend to occur at plate-like primary Ag3Sn compound and extend into the matrix. As a result, such a large and brittle primary compound precipitation is harmful to strength and ductility of solders. In summary, Ag content and cooling rates have influences on morphological evolution of Ag3Sn compound where faster cooling and/or less Ag addition seem to have beneficial effect on morphological evolution of Ag3Sn and mechanical properties as well.


A method is proposed to perform plastic deformation experiments of compound semiconductors at high temperatures under liquid encapsulation with B2O3. This method is applied to CdTe. Several experimental techniques (SIMS, DLTS, capacitance-voltage characteristic of Schottky diodes) are applied to investigate the properties of samples annealed in air and in liquid B203. First results of plastic deformation experiments show an influence of the encapsulant on the plastic properties of CdTe.

Une methode a ete concue pour effectuer la deformation plastique a haute temperature des composes semiconducteurs en utilisant B203 comme liquide de confinement. Cette methode est appliquee a CdTe. Des echantillons recuits sous air ou dans B203 liquide ont ete etudies en faisant appel a diverses techniques (SIMS, DLTS, caracteristique capacite-tension des diodes Schottky). Les premiers resultats de deformation plastique montrent que le liquide de confinement joue sur les proprietes plastiques de CdTe.


kBSTRACT Callahan, Daniel: And others ) Up the Pyramidf Application of a Multi-Pimunsional Model for $T1 Behavior Research. Applied communication Research, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif. National Science Foundation. Washington, 0.,C. Div. of Information Science and Technology. May HO ITS7H-10531 21P.: Paper presented at th0 American SocleAy for Information Science Mid-Year Meeting (Pittsburgh, PA, May 15-17, 1990).


Based on the analysis on historical process of pension insurance system reform in our country,this paper discusses the background,reasons,present situation and main features of current double-track retirement pension system.It exposes the problems of double-track retirement pension system and other problems such as social justice,the gap between rich and poor.Difficulties and the necessity of the abolition of double-track retirement pension system are analyzed.Finally,the paper puts forward some suggestions and countermeasures on promoting pension insurance system in China.


An in‐situ straining device has been developed, which enables one to apply a load of 240 N to a specimen in hot water at 561 K and a pressure of 8 MPa, simulating the environment in a boiling water reactor (BWR). The device is equipped with sapphire glass windows for a light path, that is, the device can be used for dynamic measurements of stress induced in the specimen using a synchrotron radiation facility. In‐situ stress measurements have been carried out at SPring‐8 (BL02B1) on a specimen prepared from SUS316L stainless steel. Inhomogeneity in stress distribution and time‐dependent changes in stress were successfully measured.


The proposed system is a process which could double or even triple the rate of crop growth and cultivation if done efficiently. It involves basic water flow motors, soil nutrient sensors (will vary based on the crop cultivated), soil pH sensor and an IoT based controller (Arduino nano) integrating them together. The system will allow for the best delivery of water and nutrients to the crop with minimal losses, hence significantly improving the rate of growth and significantly reducing the area of cultivation. Water streams will be passed directly through the plant roots which only grow to the required lengths instead of water streams or sprinklers in the soil which may cause severe water and nutrient losses as mentioned. Hydroponics farms are estimated to have an increase in crop cultivation and production by around 110 tons (160 tons to 270 tons). This is paired with a 90% improvement in water saving when compared to present systems. An estimated area of $10\ \mathrm{x}\ 10 \mathrm{x}\ 10$ meters would be able to produce a crop yield equivalent to 1 acre of conventional agriculture when using hydroponics.


Objective To search for new lumbar puncture approach for lumbar-leg pain caused by card presses from posterior branch of lumbar never.Methods By the entopic X-Ray films CT film of lumbar vertebrae,we surveyed the intersection of the upper limb line and the outer line of the superior articular processes of the vertebrae body "a",and the intersection of the upper limb line with the vertical line of spinous process"b",then the bottom point of spinous is called"c".The length from"a"to"b",both actual distance of depart by processus spinous,can be derived by equal proportion conversion,by the same way we can derived the length of b-c.Results Take "a"as the transpedicular entry point,when the 7th acupuncture needle,10cm long,reached the bone ligament,that is the case of "a"point,pass through and the needle reached foraminal.400 cases of the patients were randomly divided into group A and B,group A punctured by new approach,group B punctured by lumbar epidural puncture,and two group were injected the same pain compound liquid.Then we compared the thera-peutic effect and the side effect of the two groups,and the therapeutic effect of the two groups have remarkable significance(P0.05).The in-cidence rates of side effects in the above two group were significantly differen(tP0.05).Conclusion Lumbar vertebrae needle approach let the drug effectively concentrated in the part of the damaged nerve.


Microcomputers are now sufficiently powerful to permit cost-effective implementation of improved real-time Doppler Current Profiler data acquisition, processing, and multipurpose display systems. An IBM-PC/XT microcomputer based system is described for use with the Ametek/Straza DCP 4400A/300. The system, in conjunction with a compound pendulum stabilized ship's motion sensing package, performs geodetic motion compensated current averages while simultaneously acquiring Doppler, navigation and motion data to 9-track tape. It displays, prints and records to disk processed current profiles. Doppler data are screened using quality estimators to improve profile accuracy. Post processing of raw data from tape is also possible thereby facilitating the development of improved processing algorithms. Some preliminary results are presented.


Summary Single industry small towns are commonly defined as those with a high proportion (usually over 30%) of employment based in a single industry or even firm. They are typically conceptualised as communities established for resource (minerals, wood, fish, food) extraction and/or first-stage processing. The stereotypes of such small towns focus on their 'boom and bust' economies; lack of resourcefulness in diversification; dependency; and lack of alternative economic opportunities. There are also skewed economic opportunities between genders. Such characteristics associate with remote specialised and mono-functional centres, with limited economic and social options for inhabitants and highly vulnerable to processes of globalization and/or resource exhaustion. In addition, small single industry towns are often associated with multi-national corporations, poised to shift production to cheaper locations as opportunities arise. Such stereotypes ignore several important factors and lessons from recent research and policy initiatives. For example, they tend to neglect small towns based on 'retirement economy', 'tourism and recreation', or 'college towns', which can be highly successful and indeed relatively stable over time. They also neglect the fact that 'resources are not given, but are made' and indeed that they may be malleable (be capable of transformation into different uses). In other words, human beings give the (economic, social and aesthetic) values to different kinds of resources in different historical periods and contexts. In the current economic crisis, we can observe that some single industry small towns have proved to be highly resilient, while others (e.g. linked to energy intensive processing, housing and construction, luxury manufacturing) have suffered disproportionately. This diversity of experience argues for a more nuanced approach to the problems of single industry small towns than in the past, where a typical policy response was to subsidise the industries concerned. Although such subsidy policies are 'out of fashion', banks and the auto industry provide contemporary examples. Equally typical in the past has been 'industrial recruitment' to replace one industry or firm with another of similar size. Such policies have been criticised as 'beggar my neighbour' policies. Other more recent approaches rely more on ideas of 'bottom up' or endogenous development, and these often offer the best hope, especially for more vulnerable communities. In this paper, I will seek to set out a framework for analysing the vulnerability of - and options for – small 'single industry' towns in rural contexts of OECD countries in the hope that this may assist discussion of policy options.


In this paper, a new nonlinear control strategy is proposed for hovering control of planar vertical takeoff and landing (PVTOL) aircraft. The control of this typical nonlinear, nonminimum-phase system is treated as a robust control problem. The robust control design is then converted to an equivalent optimal control design so that both stabilization and performance can be guaranteed. The primary contribution of this work is to provide a closed-form solution to the resultant nonlinear optimal control problem by employing a recently emerging nonlinear control approach, called the θ−D technique. The θ−D technique is based on optimal control theory and derived from an approximate solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation via a perturbation process. This formulation will not only enhance the system performance but also simplify the design process in that robustness and optimality are integrated in one unified optimal control framework. Furthermore, the closed-form control law is very suitable for onboar...


The utility model discloses a device for preventing a seal cover and a pump shaft of a low-temperature pump from icing; the device comprises the seal cover and the pump shaft; a reverse U-shaped pipeline is arranged around the seal cover and the pump shaft; a plurality of air outlet holes are arranged in the inner wall of the reverse U-shaped pipeline, wherein one air outlet hole is arranged on the top of the reverse U-shaped pipeline and the other air outlet holes are respectively arranged on both sides of the reverse U-shaped pipeline, and the air outlet holes are towards the seal cover and the pump shaft; and the reverse U-shaped pipeline is externally connected with an air source through an air pipe. According to the device for preventing the seal cover and the pump shaft of the low-temperature pump from icing, the structure is simple, the cost is low, the operation cost is low, the icing of the seal cover and the pump shaft of the cold-state backup low-temperature pump can be effectively prevented, and the normal operation of the equipment is ensured.


Currently, it is usual described industrial engineering as the branch of engineering that is concerned with increasing productivity through the management of people, methods of business organization and technology or by others words industrial engineering is human effort engineering and system efficiency engineering. The present book, Industrial engineering: concepts, methodologies, tools and applications , in 3 volumes, explain research in industrial engineering with quality in 8 sections (109 chapters). The sections are: (1) Fundamental concepts and theories, (2) Development and design methodologies, (3) Tools and technologies , (4) Utilization and application, (5) Organizational and social implications, (6) Managerial impact, (7) Critical issues, and (8) Emerging trends. Section 1 provides information on crucial theories essential to the understanding of industrial engineering. Section 2 discusses the conceptual design and architecture of industrial engineering, focusing on aspects including parametric design, service design, fuzzy logic, control modelling, supply chain systems, and many more topics. Section 3 discusses extensive coverage of various tools and technologies used in the implementation of industrial engineering. Subsequently, section 4 describes


Problems of rational and balanced nutrition for children and teenagers attract the attention of scientists around the world. Nowadays, pediatricians, nutritionists, and parents are interested in researches that study the nature and structure of children's diet. The food market is wide and diverse. However, most foods, including confectionary products for children, do not correspond with the principles of healthy nutrition, food legislation, and the achievements of modern food science. As a result, it is difficult for consumers to select physiologically important products for their children. The government of the Russian Federation has defined the main directions for the development of food products designed for children. The program involves expanding their range and improving their quality and safety. In addition, domestic food industry should be based on echnical regulations, the latest scientific achievements, and global trends in production management and choice of raw materials, as well as in the design of specialized confectionery products and healthy foods. The present paper describes how specialized confectionery products for children of preschool and school age can be improved and fortified with vitamins and minerals. The authors introduce some criteria that distinguish this category from mass products. In this connection, the paper also covers some basic problems of the development of food for children in the Russian Federation. It describes the regulatory legal acts for confectionery products for children in the countries of the Customs Union. The authors believe that there is a need for a single regulatory document to control the development and sales of specialized products for children. The results of the research confirm the relevance of the work performed by the All-Russian Research Institute of Confectionery Industry on the development of State Standards for cookies for preschoolers and schoolchildren.


This work explores Routh–Hurwitz stability and complex dynamics in models for awareness programs to mitigate the spread of epidemics. Here, the investigated models are the integer-order model for awareness programs and their corresponding fractional form. A non-negative solution is shown to exist inside the globally attracting set (GAS) of the fractional model. It is also shown that the diseasefree steady state is locally asymptotically stable (LAS) given that

 R

 0

 is less than one, where

 R

 0

 is the basic reproduction number. However, as

 R

 0

 >
 1

 , an endemic steady state is created whose stability analysis is studied according to the extended fractional Routh–Hurwitz scheme, as the order lies in the interval (0,2]. Furthermore, the proposed awareness program models are numerically simulated based on the predictor-corrector algorithm and some clinical data of the COVID-19 pandemic in KSA. Besides, the model's basic reproduction number in KSA is calculated using the selected data

 R

 0

 =
 1.977828168

 . In conclusion, the findings indicate the effectiveness of fractional-order calculus to simulate, predict, and control the spread of epidemiological diseases.


The sports sector is often liable for illegal activities, such as money laundering. Football, the most popular sport in the world, is one of several places where illegal money might enter, with the UNODC estimating that the sport facilitates the laundering of roughly USD 140 billion annually. The aim of this paper is to identify the main money laundering schemes used in the sports industry and to provide a complete plan for mitigating these risks. Key methods of money laundering in the sports sector, such as football example, are considered. Key cases of illicit activities in football are considered in the context of money laundering and other criminal offences. A comprehensive strategy is proposed to prevent money laundering in professional sports, including anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism funding (CTF) legislation and regulations, due diligence, transparency, sanctions, whistleblower protection, international collaboration, training and education, and the use of cutting-edge technology such as AI and machine learning. These preventative measures require constant awareness and innovation to be successful and include establishing a regulatory organization with responsibility for regulating money dealings in the sports industry, due diligence, transparency, sanctions, whistleblower protection, international collaboration, training and education, and the use of cutting-edge technology. This paper's results may be used by researchers and analysts, professional associations, non-governmental organizations, legislators, and the general public.


The present demand of energy is increasing day by day due to various reasons such as increasing population, the aspiration for improved living standards and general economic and industrial growth. In the wake of the increasing world energy crisis, which mostly affected the least developed countries, the interest in alternative energy resources has been increased considerably. In this regard, wind as a source of energy can hold good prospect for a underdeveloped country like Bangladesh. Besides, utilization of wind energy has been growing rapidly in the whole world due to environmental pollution, consumption of the limited fossil fuels and global warming. Bangladesh has fairly wind energy potential, exploitation of the wind energy is still in the crawling level. In the current study, wind characteristics and wind energy potential of Teknaf, Kutubdia, Sandwip, Kuakata, and Mongla in the Coastal Areas are investigated. The measured wind data were processed as hourly and monthly basis. Weibull probability density functions of the locations are calculated in the light of observed data and Weibull shape parameter and scale parameter are also calculated. The main objective is to find out wind energy potential for the utilization. Keywords: Wind energy, Weibull distribution, Wind power, Coastal area. doi:10.3329/jme.v39i1.1833 Journal of Mechanical Engineerin g, vol. ME39, No. 1, June 2008 45-49


Patchouli ( Pogostemon cablin Benth.) as the oil-producing plant is known through patchouli oil. Patchouli oil is one of natural ingredient that has a very important role in the industry of cosmetics and perfumes. Patchoulol ( patchouli alcohol/PA ) is the most important compound which secretes aroma and are often used as an indicator of the quality of patchouli oil. But this time, the PA content of Indonesian patchouli oil mostly <31%, whereas the ISO standard requires over 31%. Therefor, efforts to increase the patcouli alcohol content is higher indispensable either through improved crop and post harvest. Various studies have been conducted from land suitability and climate, varieties and post-harvest. The results showed that the content of PA can be improved more than 50% Key words : Patchouli, patchouli alcohol, technology, improvements


In this paper, the notion of cyclic $varphi$-contraction in fuzzymetric spaces is introduced and a fixed point theorem for this typeof mapping is established. Meantime, an example is provided toillustrate this theorem. The main result shows that a self-mappingon a G-complete fuzzy metric space has a unique fixed point if itsatisfies the cyclic $varphi$-contraction. Afterwards, some results inconnection with the fixed point are given.


OBJECTIVE:We present a case of pineal apoplexy with coincidental acute ischemic stroke.
BACKGROUND:The current body of relevant case-reports of pineal apoplexy is limited due to the rarity of this entity. A Pubmed literature search revealed no reported cases of pineal apoplexy with acute stroke.
DESIGN/METHODS:A 38 year-old previously healthy right-handed obese Hispanic female with no vascular risk factors presented to an outside hospital with headaches, decreased vision, and difficulty walking progressing to severe weakness, complete loss of vision, and altered level of consciousness. She was transferred for higher level of care to our academic center. Upon arrival, she rapidly progressed to decorticate posturing. Initial CT head scan revealed pineal hemorrhage and cerebellar herniation diagnostic of pineal apoplexy with hydrocephalus. Following external ventricular drain placement, intracranial pressure normalized and patient immediately began to follow commands. Post-shunt diffusion-weighted MRI revealed scattered areas of restricted diffusion compatible with acute ischemic strokes in both cerebral hemispheres, which were not seen on initial CT.
RESULTS:The ischemic infarctions on MRI were in more than one vascular territory in both the anterior and posterior cerebral circulation. This indicates an embolic mechanism of stroke originating from a cardiac or aortic source or from paradoxical embolism. Our patient had no obvious vascular risk factors other than obesity. To explain the co-occurrence of pineal apoplexy and acute cerebral infarctions, the same cardiac source may have embolized to both the pineal gland causing secondary hemorrhagic infarction and to the cortex causing ischemic infarctions.
CONCLUSIONS:Although it appears that the infarcts were caused by the apoplexy due to their temporal progression, we conclude that pineal apoplexy was unlikely to cause the patient's stroke and that the potential culprit of both events was a proximal source such as a cardiac or aortic thromboembolism. Disclosure: Dr. Truong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Young has nothing to disclose. Dr. Naderi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brizuela has nothing to disclose. Dr. Handwerker has nothing to disclose. Dr. Al-Khoury has nothing to disclose.


Chemical preparation is an important technique in palaeontology that uses a dilute aqueous acid solution to remove calcareous matrix from fossils, but which leads to the evolution of salts as a by-product. Acid preparation is usually undertaken using formic and acetic acids, whereas sulphamic acid has only rarely been considered. Sulphamic acid is a strong acid, with many industrial uses, but which has fewer health and safety concerns, and produces fewer irritant fumes, than formic or acetic acids. Three comparative procedures were undertaken to understand the action of sulphamic acid in relation to formic and acetic acids, using calcareous matrix from Colombian (South American) large Mesozoic marine reptiles. The results of these procedures indicate sulphamic acid acts in a comparable manner to formic acid, and more rapidly than acetic acid, in terms of rate of matrix removal. Afourth procedure investigated the removal of acid and salt residues following sulphamic acid preparation of a Colombian large Mesozoic marine reptile fossil, a process essential for the long-term survival of any acid prepared specimen. The fossil was immersed in type 1 deionized water, and increasing electrical conductivity was used as a proxy for ionic leaching. The results imply the preparators 'rule of thumb' of soaking a specimen in water for three times the length of time spent in the acid solution, is inadequate to ensure satisfactory removal of acid and salt residues. Although tested on a specimen prepared using sulphamic acid, the technique for post-preparation ion removal is equally be applicable to all fossils prepared using sulphamic, formic or acetic acids in aqueous solution.


The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify of yeast-form fungi from the oral cavity of dogs. Oral samples from 38 dogs were cultured on Brucella-blood agar for total organisms, and selective media for fungi. The distribution and characterization of the isolates were studied. The fungi were present in 52.6% of the examined dogs. The average detection rate against total cultivable bacteria was 0.0018% (0∼0.013%). Most yeast-form fungi could grow on CHROMagar Candida medium for 5 days and formed small, smooth colonies. Malassezia spp. was detected from 52.6% of the tested subjects. The genera Candida, Trichosporon and Cryptococcus were identified at a low percentage. However, Candida albicans was not detected in any of the dogs. The conclusions of this study are that dog inherent C. albicans was absent, and the predominant fungus was Malassezia spp. These results suggest that the composition of yeast-form fungi in oral cavities of human and dogs differs.


Gorham's disease is a rare osteolytic disorder of still controversial etiology that may affect any bone. The histopathological substrate for such a condition is the replacement of normal bone by aggressive non-neoplastic expansile vascular tissue. The authors describe radiographic, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in a case of this entity initially affecting the left scapula and, two years later, the ipsilateral clavicle.


We study c-completeness on domains in C^n. We reprove Sibony/Selby result on completeness on the complex plane. We also give a characterization of c-completeness in Reinhardt domains.


The lending interest rates in Kenya have a great impact on the performance of the economy. There is a need to evaluate the various factors affecting lending interest rates and their impacts on the general performance of the economy. The problem of this study was the determination of the factors affecting the lending interest rates in Kenya. After the liberalization of interest rates in Kenya in 1992, there has been an upward trend in the interest rates. However, macroeconomic policies from the onset of year 2002 led to the stabilization of interest rates. The study focused on the factors that have contributed to the variation in Kenyan lending interest rates from the year 1980 to the year 2010. The specific objectives of the study were to: determine the effects of budget deficit financing on lending interest rates; secondly, to investigate the effects of international interest rates on local lending interest rates in Kenyan economy since 1980 to 2010; third, to determine the effects of inflation on lending interest rates in Kenya since 1980 to 2010; fourth, to determine the effects of demand for credit on lending rates in Kenya since 1980 to 2010 and finally, to determine the effects of supply of money on interest rates in Kenya since 1980 to 2010. Annual secondary time series data from the World Bank annual reports, IMF annual reports, annual government publications and reports and other relevant publications were used to collect data. The EVIEWS software was used to conduct descriptive analysis as well as inferential statistics. Specifically, unit roots, cointergration tests and the Error Correction Model (ECM) were carried to investigate the dynamic behavior of the model. Results of the study indicate that the impact of budget deficit on interest rates of Kenyan economy was positive and significant. In addition, findings indicate that the effect of inflation on lending interest rates in Kenya was positive. Therefore, monetary and fiscal policy initiatives that aim to reduce inflation will also reduce the lending interest rates. Results indicated that the effect of money demand/National Income (GDP) on the lending rate was negative. Therefore, an increase in the demand for real balances for transactional balances leads to a decline in the lending interest rate. Therefore, macroeconomic policy that is expansionary may lead to a reduction in lending rates. The study found that the effect of the money supply on the lending rates is negative but insignificant. The study also found that the effect of international interest rates on local lending rates is negative. However, the impact is insignificant. The study recommends that policy makers need to consider the effect of the variables under study when designing policies aimed at reducing or increasing the lending rates. For instance, it is recommended that the policy makers should pursue expansionary policies aimed at increasing the national Income /GDP in an effort to reduce the interest rate. Such policies can be achieved through fiscal policies such as reduction in taxes or increased in government spending. It is also recommended that policy makers should pursue expansionary monetary policies by enhancing the money supply in the economy. This would reduce the interest rates. Policy initiatives that wish to keep the lending interest at a low level should also take into consideration the need to reduce the budget deficit. Furthermore, policy makers should design policies aimed at reducing inflation. Such policies would be through addressing structural and non structural causes of inflation. For instance, the policy makers should enact policies to reduce the cost of doing business in Kenya and effectively reduce the effect of cost push inflation.


With the acceleration of lead nuclei in the LHC, heavy-ion physics will enter a new energy domain. One of the main novelties introduced by the 30-fold energy-jump from RHIC to the LHC is the abundant heavy-quark production. After discussing a few examples of physics issues that can be addressed using heavy quarks, we present a selection of results on the expected experimental capability of ALICE, the dedicated heavy-ion experiment at the LHC, in the open-heavy-flavour sector. PACS numbers: 25.75.-q, 14.65.Dw, 13.25.Ft


Design, implementation, and operation of services for interactive 3D geovisualization are faced with a large number of challenges including (a) processing and integration of massive amounts of heterogeneous and distributed 2D and 3D geodata such as terrain models, buildings models, and thematic georeferenced data, (b) assembling, styling, and rendering 3D map contents according to application requirements and design principles, and (c) interactive provisioning of created 3D maps on mobile devices and thin clients as well as their integration as third-party components into domainspecific web and information systems. This report presents a concept and implementation of a service-oriented platform that addresses these major requirements of 3D web mapping systems. It is based on a separation of concerns for data management, 3D rendering, application logic, and user interaction. The main idea is to divide 3D rendering process into two stages. In the first stage, at the server side, an imagebased representation of the 3D scene is created by means of multi-layered virtual 3D panoramas; in the second stage, at the client side, the 3D scene is interactively reconstructed based on these panoramas. Beside the interactive client introduced earlier, scalable variant for provisioning of virtual 3D city models is described, that utilizes the capabilities of our rendering service for data preparation.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce a robotic boring system for intersection holes in aircraft assembly. The system is designed to improve the boring quality and position accuracy of the intersection holes. Design/methodology/approach – To improve the boring quality of intersection holes, a robot posture optimization model is established. The target of the model is to maximize the robot stiffness and the variate is location of the robot on the guideway. The model is solved by the iterative IKP algorithm based on the Jacobian matrix. To improve the position accuracy of intersection holes, a robot positioning accuracy compensation method is introduced. In the method, a laser tracker is used to measure the actual position and orientation of the boring bar. Combined with the desired position and orientation, the error can be obtained and compensated. Findings – In practical case of the robotic boring system, the robot stiffness is effectively improved and the surface roughness of intersection holes achieves a grade of Ra0.8. Besides, the robot end achieves a position accuracy of 0.05 mm and an orientation accuracy of 0.05°. Practical implications – The robotic boring system has been applied successfully in one of the aircraft assembly projects in northwest China. Originality/value – The robotic boring system can be applied for machining intersection holes in an aircraft assembly. With the robot posture optimization method and accuracy compensation method, the boring quality and position accuracy of the intersection holes can be guaranteed.


ABSTRACT Fecundity, an important demographic variable for wildlife populations, is time consuming and expensive to measure. For seabirds, reproductive success is often estimated from 2 surveys of the colony, 1 during incubation and 1 during chick rearing. Using 33 yr of data on Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), we compared reproductive success estimated from 2 surveys per season, from infrequent nest checks, and from daily nest checks to answer 4 questions: (1) Is reproductive success estimated from 2 surveys per season accurate enough for population models (within 15% of the 'true' value)? We found that the answer was yes, if surveys were done on optimal dates and chick counts were adjusted by the percentage of chicks that were heavy enough to fledge. Optimal dates depended on the synchrony and phenology of the species. If penguins bred particularly late or early in a given year, estimates were wrong even if counts were done on the average optimal date. (2) Can counts of occupied nests be adjusted based solely on date? We determined no, not without additional information on egg dates and egg and chick losses. (3) Can long-term trends in reproductive success be detected from 2 surveys per season? Our answer was yes; even using biased data from counts on suboptimal dates, trends with similar slopes were detected using both methods (2 surveys vs. nest checks). (4) How often must nests be checked to get reproductive success estimates comparable with those calculated from daily nest checks? We discovered that checking nests every 2 days was as good as doing daily checks. Reproductive success was overestimated by <5% when checks were conducted every 3–8 days and by <15% (in 90% of years) when checks were done every 9–30 days. The degree of overestimation depended on the timing of nest checks relative to egg laying, loss, and hatching. We conclude that reproductive success can be estimated from 2 surveys, but only if timing, synchrony, and variability of breeding are also known.


From inception, taxation has been the main source of Government revenue across the globe, in the past 30 years, the Zambian government has been raising revenue through taxes despite the Country failing to raise enough revenue to finance the national budget. In many developing countries including Zambia, the prominent source of tax revenue is direct tax despite this tax type being identified as a threat to the growth of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). This study sought to evaluate the effect of taxation on the economic growth of Zambia following various policy changes aimed at achieving middle income status as enshrined in the Vision 2030. The study used multiple regression analysis to analyse time series data. The Augmented Dicker Fuller (ADF), Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Error Correction Models (ECM) were employed to test the stationarity of data in order to establish both the short-run and the long-run relationship between taxation and economic growth. The study revealed that despite various tax types giving varying results on how they affect economic growth both in the short-run and long-run, they have a positive effect on the growth of the Zambian economy. It is recommended that the Zambian Government improves efficiency in the collection of taxes by further digitalising their systems and embark on tax payer education programs in the quest to increase tax compliance. Further, there is need to reduce on tax exemptions or incentives as this narrows the tax base and introduce systems that will make tax payments easier for tax payers. Lastly, there is need to improve audit capacity by increasing the number of inspectors across the country, this increase poised to improve efficiency in the collection of the tax revenues.


Inertially stabilized platform (ISP) is indispensable for various imaging systems to segregate the base angular movement and achieve high LOS (Line-Of-Sight) stability. The disturbance rejection ratio and command following performance are of primary concern in designing ISP control systems. In this paper, the redundant gimbals ISP system is considered and it is shown to experience complex disturbance and parameter variation during operation. To meet advanced LOS stabilization requirement, a disturbance observer based (DOB) dual-loop controller design for ISP is proposed of which the DOB is the internal-loop. Using a nominal plant model and a low-pass filter, the disturbance signal is estimated and used as a cancellation input added to the current command of torque motor. If the DOB works well, the disturbance torque and mismatch between nominal plant and actual plant will be compensated and the internal-loop will behave as nominal model parameters. On the other hand, the external-loop will be designed for nominal model parameters to meet stabilization requirements. This paper will mainly focus on the DOB design method. Since the low-pass filter of DOB determines the sensitivity and complementary sensitivity function as will be shown in this paper, designing the filter is the most important consideration. In this paper, an optimal low-pass filter design method is proposed. The method is intuitive, simple to implement and allows on-line tuning. Simulation results show the performance enhancement of our control structure in the presence of disturbance and measurement noise.


Piping erosion is one of the main causes responsible for dam and barrage failures. The issue of most important concern is to estimate the critical hydraulic gradient that triggers piping. Using the Kovacs's pore channels model, Darcy's law, Stake's law and a critical tractive stress condition, a mathematical model was developed for the critical hydraulic gradient. The model was verified with lab tests, which means the model is effective and could be used to predict the critical hydraulic gradient with different parameters.


Vpx and Vpr are related lentiviral accessory proteins that enhance virus replication in macrophages and dendritic cells. Both proteins are packaged into virions and mediate their effects in the target cell through an interaction with an E3 ubiquitin ligase that contains DCAF1 and DDB1. When introduced into primary macrophages and dendritic cells in viruslike particles, Vpx can enhance the efficiency of a subsequent infection. Here, we confirm the ability of Vpx to enhance simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunode- ficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of macrophages up to 100-fold by using single-cycle reporter viruses and by pretreatment of the cells with Vpx-containing viruslike particles. Vpx was also active in differentiated THP-1 cells but not in other cell lines. Induction of an antiviral state in macrophages with type I interferon significantly magnified the effect of Vpx on HIV-1 infection, suggesting that Vpx helps the virus to overcome an inducible intracellular restriction. Quantitative PCR quantitation of SIV and HIV-1 reverse transcripts in newly infected macrophages showed that the block was at an early step in reverse transcription. In spite of its structural similarity, Vpr was inactive. This difference allowed us to map the functional domains of Vpx with a panel of Vpr/Vpx chimeras. Analysis of the chimeras demonstrated that the amino-terminal domain of Vpx is important for the enhancement of infection. Fine mapping of the region indicated that amino acids at positions 9, type were type infected at a multiplicity (MOI) of with stocks been treated (Invitrogen)/ml remove the plasmid To control for residual plasmid 25 M one isolated and 48 h Reverse


Country's economic future: Two starkly different views offered Strikingly different views of the U.S. economic picture were presented by two of the main speakers at PRSA's National Conference. One speaker, Clyde V. Prestowitz, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C., warned of a country that is declining because of poor trade policies. The other, Ben Wattenberg, senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, a think tank also based in the nation's capital, cited statistics that he interprets as signs of economic vitality for the United States in the decade ahead. Describing the United States as a nation "mortgaging the future of its children," Prestowitz, a former U.S. trade negotiator and author of the best-selling book, "Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to Take the Lead," warns that unless American business and government work together to develop a competitive trade policy, we risk becoming a "declining Third World power." "America is a nation in trouble," he asserts. "The bottom line is that we have an uncompetitive business philosophy. When the going gets tough, we get out." A failure of consensus? Prestowitz believes that bottom-line, short-range business attitudes, too little investment and too much spending, and the adversarial relationship between business and government are hurting U.S. business and must change. "We're not working together," he says, noting that one reason Japanese companies have been so successful is because they respect long-term relationships and are members of powerful "corporate groups," such as the Mitsui Group. "We're in the situation we are today--with a deteriorating standard of living, a deteriorating infrastructure, and rising social ills--because we have not achieved consensus from diversity," Prestowitz argues. Moreover, the probelm goes far beyond economic factors, to an "illness of the spirit," he contends: "A nation that has a president who can't control the streets across from the White House is a nation in trouble." The United States will continue to lose large slices of the economic pie until we learn to cooperate as a nation, set priorities and determine a future direction, Prestowitz predicts. "Right now, we don't have a domestic trade strategy; therefore, we don't have an international trade strategy,: he says. Exciting changes underway Wattenberg, now writing a book on the '90s whose tentative subtitle is "Leading Indicators and Ideas for a Promising Decade," presented an outlook as positive as Prestowitz's was somber. We are currently going through a period of "stunning change," he says. The last such period occurred after World War II; this one is occurring largely because of the upheaval in the Soviet Union and Eastern European nations. While many say the United States will end up in a decline as a result of a change from a bipolar world power structure to a multipolar one, "I think that we will be more prosperous and creative, especially if we shape our own destiny," he contends. "The problems ahead are ones that we're already dealing with." Wattenberg points out that, much as we've always taken pride in our "melting pot," the United States did not really become the "first universal nation in history" until the 1970s, with the huge influx of immigrants from Asian, African and other countries. Rather than have a negative effect on, or "steal" jobs from U.S. citizens, these immigrants are revitalizing our country, he maintains. "It is the same process of reinvigoration that gave us Einstein, Iacocca, Cuomo, Muskie, DiMaggio and many others," he adds, noting that an immigrant from Taiwan recently came up with what seems to be a cure for osteoporosis. …


A generalized equivalent-continuum method is presented for calculating variably saturated seepage flow in fractured porous media. The model neglects fracture capillarity, sets up a threshold composite saturation value that corresponds to a prescribed pore saturation, and assume: (1) if the composite saturation in a fractured porous medium is less than the threshold saturation, water flow can take place only in the pores, and the fractures are free from water; (2) otherwise, if the composite saturation exceeds the threshold value, water enters and flows inside of the fractures. Various equivalent-continuum calculation methods are analyzed and compared. In order to illustrate the features of the proposed method, a calculation example is provided for modeling of coupled water and heat transport in variably saturated fractured rocks. The results indicate that the presented method is relatively general, and can be employed to model the main features of variably saturated seepage flow in fractured porous media.


Marianna EULER, Norbert EULER and Niclas PETERSSON Department of Mathematics, Lule̊a University of Technology, SE-971 87 Lule̊a, Sweden E-mails: firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com Submitted for publication in the Proceedings of the Öresund Symposium on Partial Differential Equations; May 23-25, 2002 Abstract In our article [5], "A tree of linearisable second-order evolution equations by generalised hodograph transformations [J. Nonlin. Math. Phys. 8 (2001), 342-362] we presented a tree of linearisable (C-integrable) second-order evolution equations in (1+1) dimensions. Expanding this result we report here the complete set of recursion operators for this tree and present several linearisable (C-integrable) hierarchies in (1+1) dimensions.


Cognitive grammars and particularly the GAG have supplied the theoretical basis of the analysis of tenses in Greek and French. The division of states, events and processes has allowed us to clarify the similarities and differences between Greek and French (aorist, " imperfect ", perfect in Greek, passe compose, passe simple, imparfait in French). The comparison between the two languages has given us the opportunity to capture fundamental differences in the way the speakers of these languages perceive the " past ". We have used extensively the theory of Enunciation: the speaker's point of view. This thesis is based largely on the assumption that languages influence the way speakers of different languages perceive and verbalize human experience.


A number of studies suggest that crimes and punishments can be scaled. Some evidence indicates, however, that development of such scales may be hampered by the number of items which appropriately can be evaluated by respondents. In the present study two survey instruments were administered to 90 respondents. The results suggest that although the rankings of identical items derived from two survey instruments (one containing a large number of items and the other containing a subset of the larger set) were highly correlated, the instrument containing the larger number of items resulted in several instances of scale item displacement.


Two studies were made to determine the sequence in which essential amino acids become limiting for
growth of rats fed rations containing 10% protein from cottonseed meal. In the first study, a mixture of
six essential amino acids in which cottonseed proteins are deficient, as compared with human milk
proteins, was added to the meal. Each of the amino acids was omitted sequentially and the effect on protein
efficiency ratio (PER) and growth was studied. In the second study, the amino acids were added to
the meal singly and in combinations. Data regarding PER and net protein utilisation (NPU) obtained
in the two studies show that lysine is the first limiting amino acid in cottonseed proteins, followed by
threonine, isoleucine and sulphur amino acids.


Design thinking is the source of product birth,and is the primary condition of design. Product design thinking requires the accumulation of knowledge,a keen intuition and strict logic reasoning,and also requires care for the people about the product functionality and use,infiltration of cultural concepts and considering aesthetic forms,as well as material based on modern technology and other factors together; thus the product design is of vitality.


This paper presents a means for automatic generation of a level of detail (LOD) representation of three‐dimensional (3D) building data, with the formally well‐defined scale‐spaces as the underlying theory. More specifically, we propose an approach that employs vector‐based mathematical morphology and discrete curvature‐space to generalize two‐dimensional (2D) building outlines as well as 3D building surfaces. Scale‐space events that are related to the semantics of objects are the major triggers of the generalization. The implemented approach preserves right angles. Additionally, more heuristic means to square buildings are presented. The test results have validated the approach.


The physics beyond the Standard Model with parameters of the compressed spectrum is well motivated both in the theory side and with phenomenological reasons, especially related to dark matter phenomenology. In this letter, we propose a method to tag soft final state particles from a decaying process of a new particle in this parameter space. By taking a supersymmetric gluino search as an example, we demonstrate how the Large Hadron Collider experimental collaborations can improve sensitivity in these nontrivial search regions.


Customer adoption of distributed energy resources and public policies are driving changes in the uses of the distribution system. A system originally designed and built for one-way energy flows from central generating facilities to end-use customers is now experiencing injections of energy from customers anywhere on the grid and frequent reversals in the direction of energy flow. In response, regulators and utilities are re-thinking the design and operations of the grid to create more open and transactive electric networks. This evolution has the opportunity to unlock significant value for customers and utilities. Alternatively, failure to seize this potential may instead lead to an erosion of value if customers seek to defect and disconnect from the system. This paper will discuss how current grid modernization investments may be leveraged to create open networks that increase value through the interaction of intelligent devices on the grid and prosumerization of customers. Moreover, even greater value can be realized through the synergistic effects of convergence of multiple networks. This paper will highlight examples of the emerging nexus of non-electric networks with electricity.


ABSTRACT This review article summarized the research on chemical reactions in surfactant aggregates which has been carried out in China in the recent ten years.


Series of novel artemisinin derivatives were designed and synthesized in which the amino propanol group was bonded to the artemisinin nucleus through C-C linkage. Ten new compounds were thus successfully prepared and evaluated as cytotoxic agents, revealing an interesting anticancer activity in KB and HepG2 cancer cell lines.


Abstract : The investion is related to the field of cermet friction materials which are used for braking gear, for example, aircraft brakes. The purpose of the invention is to raise the thermal, tensile and flexural strength. This is achieved by introducing graphite fiber into the proposed cermet friction material containing boron carbide, boron nitride, iron group metals and zirconium carbide.


Background: Acetabular labral tears are increasingly recognized as a source of hip pain in a younger active population. Given the significant focus on surgical intervention, there has been limited investigation on the nonsurgical management and natural history of such injuries. Hypothesis: Patients undergoing nonsurgical treatment for symptomatic acetabular labral tears experience functional improvement based on patient-reported outcome measures over the course of 1 year. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Seventy-one patients were identified who had acetabular labral injuries confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging or arthrography, received a minimum of 1 year of nonsurgical treatment, and completed baseline functional outcome questionnaires: modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Hip Outcome Score (HOS)–Activities of Daily Living, HOS-Sports, and iHOT-33 (International Hip Outcome Tool–33). Of these, 52 (73.2%) completed the minimum 1-year follow-up questionnaires. Chart review was conducted to obtain demographic information. Statistical significance (P < .05) was determined by paired t test, independent samples t test, and chi-square test. Results: Twenty-two male and 30 female patients completed 1-year follow-up questionnaires. Mean ± SD follow-up time was 16.2 ± 3.1 months. The cohort had a mean age of 38.9 ± 9.3 years. Baseline radiographs demonstrated minimal arthritis (Tönnis grades 0-2). Mean alpha angle differed significantly between men and women at 52.9°± 8.6° and 46.3°± 8.5°, respectively. At 1-year follow-up, patients experienced a significant improvement in all 4 functional outcome measures (mHHS: 72.6 vs 81.8, HOS–Activities of Daily Living: 78.6 vs 86.4, HOS-Sports: 56.0 vs 71.1, iHOT-33: 47.5 vs 67.9). Patients with and without femoroacetabular impingement demonstrated a significant improvement in the mHHS. However, 48.1% reported no improvement in their pain; 69.2% were limited in their activities; and 40.4% were still considering surgery. Overall, 71.2% were satisfied with nonsurgical treatment. Conclusion: Patients with symptomatic labral tears can experience functional improvement after a minimum 1 year of nonsurgical treatment in the presence and absence of femoroacetabular impingement. However, many report residual pain, alteration of their activities, and interest in surgery. This information is important when patients are counseled in the treatment options for this injury. Identifying the population that responds best to nonsurgical management and comparing outcomes with those undergoing surgical management should be the focus of future research. Longer-term follow-up may be necessary to reevaluate pain, function, and return to activities.


The long-run economic performance of Argentina since World War One has been relatively disappointing until recently. Yet, in the interwar period, signs of future retardation and" recurring crises were not so obvious. It is often claimed that an unmitigated success was the" remarkably rapid growth of domestic financial markets. In conventional models deepening industrializing economy such as" Argentina's. Yet the promise of this trend was unfulfilled: first the outbreak of World War One" and then the Great Depression proved a setback for the fledgling financial system deterioration set in after 1940. In this paper we trace the course of financial development using" historical and international comparisons and we analyze both macro- and microeconomic aspects" of financial intermediation.


lfred Jaretzki III, Professor Emeritus of ClinicalSurgery at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Centerin New York City, died at age 94 on May 29, 2014.Fred, as he was known to family, friends, and col-leagues, was born in Greenwich, Connecticut. Hehad a distinguished career as a cardiothoracic sur-geon in the Department of Surgery at the Collegeof Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University,a career that spanned nearly a half century beforehis retirement from the operating room in 1992.Fred remained highly engaged in academic surgeryand medicine after his retirement by continuingclose collaborations with neurologists who sharedhis interest in myasthenia gravis.While at Harvard College, Fred served as cap-tain of the junior varsity football team and treas-urer of the Lampoon troupe. After graduating in1941, he enrolled in Harvard Medical School, latermoving to New York City, where he spent nearlyhis entire academic career. He trained in surgeryat Presbyterian and Lenox Hill Hospitals between1944 and 1955, a period that was interrupted bymilitary service. In 1954, he was hired as aninstructor at the College of Physicians andSurgeons, beginning a 48-year tenure in theiroperating rooms as a member of the surgical fac-ulty. Early in his cardiothoracic surgery career hewas part of the team that developed synthetic vas-cular grafts. In neurology circles, Fred was knownfor the crucial role he played in the definition ofthe anatomy of the thymus and in its complete ornear-complete excision from the anterior mediasti-num as therapy in myasthenia gravis. He pio-neered the maximal thymectomy that includedboth transsternal and transcervical incisions to fullyremove thymic tissue from retrothyroid, cervical,and inferior mediastinal regions. In work per-formed with neurology colleagues from Columbiain the 1990s, he demonstrated that crude remis-sion rates with the maximal thymectomy approachexceeded those from less invasive techniques. Fredhad the reputation of being meticulous in theoperating room, attending personally to everydetail of the surgery. He publically challenged sur-gical colleagues at other institutions to demon-strate that less extensive thymectomy approacheswith less complete thymus removal were equallyeffective in managing myasthenia; in the end, hisviews that a complete resection was needed pre-vailed. Fred also led the charge to standardize clin-ical classifications and outcome assessments inmyasthenia gravis, culminating in the seminal rec-ommendations for clinical research standards pub-lished in 2000.


This article identifies the therapeutic differences between psychodrama and drama therapy with psychologically distressed teenagers, in order to help practitioners to direct the adolescents to one or the other of these two clinical settings. The author first states the current use of these two clinical settings in mental health facilities for suffering adolescents in France. It appears that there is growing confusion in these institutions between psychodrama and drama therapy. Based on a case study, the author then discusses the therapeutic specificity of drama therapy with teenagers. Role play leads patients to rebuild their link to reality and to others. The joint attention of therapists and patients toward acting results in the teenagers' aesthetic presence on stage, which allows them to question differently their struggle to separate themselves from their parental figures, and thus intervenes on processes towards subjectivation. Results show that patients benefit from both clinical settings, in different ways. Drama therapy can help to initiate psychotherapeutic care with reluctant teenagers.


Based on small‐scale synthesis (0.3 g), a 100‐g scale‐up synthesis of crude [Aib8, Arg34]‐glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) (7–37) was completed. The crude [Aib8, Arg34]‐GLP‐1 (7–37) was purified using a dynamic axial compression column 200 (DAC‐200). Approximately 61 g of [Aib8, Arg34]‐GLP‐1 (7–37) with a purity of >99% was obtained through one‐step reverse‐phase chromatography. The purification yield was approximately 92%. The yield from the total reaction was approximately 60%. In summary, we developed an economical and environmentally friendly route to the synthesis and purification of crude [Aib8, Arg34]‐GLP‐1 (7–37), laying a foundation for subsequent industrial production.