Two paradigms pervade the policy debate on the causes of urban joblessness and poverty: (1) a structural, nonvoluntaristic perspective emphasizing the roles of urban economic change, residential segregation, and spatial and skills mismatches, and (2) a rational-choice, voluntaristic perspective contending that the generosity and ready availability of welfare programs have removed the incentive for poor persons to accept low-paying jobs. This article brings together propositions of each paradigm into a comprehensive theoretical model. The study measured and tested key causal operators of the model for a sample of 67 large U.S. cities, with special attention to race and gender. Results show that structural and welfare disincentive perspectives are not in conflict but rather operate side by side to reinforce joblessness and poverty. Race and gender, especially the role of urban space for women's work, are important. The article raises pertinent policy issues derived from the two perspectives and from the analysis.


Power systems operating with a high level of inverter-based renewable generation resources, e.g. photovoltaic systems and wind turbines, may impose significant challenges on the power system dynamics, including the system frequency stability. The Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) has been recognised as a viable solution for system stability issues as it can rapidly respond to system disturbances, and also it provides high flexibility in terms of the storage capacity and placement locations. In the literature, the focus of BESS placement in frequency stability studies is mostly limited to that, the BESS placement is being identified based on the location of the highest frequency deviation in the power system using different optimisation techniques. The main issue of this technique is that it partly or even completely ignores some of the important factors in power systems, i.e. the overall system dynamics, the uncertainty of load demand and intermittent generation sources output power and the locations of the loads and the intermittent generation sources. This research, therefore, aims to fill this gap by considering the aforementioned factors in the BESS placement under two different analysis approaches, i.e. deterministic and probabilistic (long-term investigation). The simulation has been carried out in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software with Python interface and has been demonstrated using the IEEE 39-bus power system. The obtained results revealed that the BESS placement closer to the load's side (consumers' side) provides better frequency stability than when the BESS was placed near the wind farms' side (generation side).


I examined the effects of a multisensory program (the TOUCH MATIP program1; Bullock, Pierce, & McClellan, 1989) on the acquisition of addition and subtraction skills by students with mild disabilities. I taught three elementary students with mild disabilities (learning disabilities and mental handicaps) to use the TOUCH MATH counting technique for addition and subtraction problems within the context of a multiple-probe design across math skills. Target skills included (a) adding two-digit numbers with regrouping, (b) adding columns of two-digit numbers with regroup- ing, (c) subtracting single-digit numbers from numbers up to 18, (d) subtracting two-digit numbers with regrouping, and (e) subtracting three-digit numbers with regrouping. Results showed significant gains in acquisition of target skills for all three subjects. Maintenance and generalization results also were observed in that the subjects maintained mastery-level performance on all skills and generalized the TOUCH MATH strategies to novel math...


The structure and calculation principles of a rainfall-runoff model,SIMHYD model,were introduced.Based on the data of the main water originating watershed in the Goulburn catchment,the model was calibrated and verified.The rainfall data used in this study was from a CD called Rainman Streamflow made by the Primary Industry of Queensland,Australia.In this CD,all the data with null daily rainfall were neglected.In order to make the input file for the SIMHYD model,which asked daily rainfall data even with a null value,a excel macro was made to fill in those data.The results showed that SIMHYD model could very well simulate this catchment,with a Nach-Sutcliffe coefficient of 90.6% and 94.0% for calibration and verification respectively.The advantages of SIMHYD model were not only for its simple structure and a few parameters,but also its consideration of infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff generation mechanisms.Furthermore,the requirements of input data to SIMHYD model were low,which were available for most of the catchment.So this model could be widely used.


The existence of quantum locally generated codes is a long standing open problem in quantum information theory. In this thesis, we consider a bound concerning this conjecture as well as a few constructions with codes that are `barely non-local'. We establish a complementary result to [30], and show quantum codes which are strongly not embeddable into nite dimensional lattices must also have poor distance. Along the way we derive some results concerning pseudorandom classical codes. Given that quantum codes seem to be di cult to construct, it seems useful to examine bad quantum codes for applications in information and communication. Indeed, most of the work in quantum error correction by researchers today is in this direction. We construct a nearly local quantum erasure code which can achieve the capacity of the quantum erasure channel. This code has very poor (adversarial) distance, but still manages to correct random erasure errors with high probability. The codes use random Erdos-Renyi graphs to construct quantum states which are nearly local, but also highly entangled across xed cuts with high probability. We derive some new results concerning classical codes with log-sparse parity check matrices which may be of independent interest. iii Inspired by this construction, we are able to construct new approximate unitary 2-designs or scramblers . The study of scrambling is the study of the mixing properties of di erent distributions of random unitaries. There is an inherent duality between the study of scrambling and the study of error correction: A good quantum code will make a good scrambler and vice versa. We study the scrambling properties of our random Erdos-Renyi graph state encoding circuits. We are able to show that these circuits, when supplemented by some local Expander Graph quantum circuits, form approximate unitary 2-designs. This construction, strictly speaking, does not achieve more e cient parameters than existing approximate 2-designs, but might have implementation advantages over other designs and points to a conjecture which could yield approximate unitary designs with time independent qubit-to-qubit coupling. This would be an extremely interesting construction in the context of experimental randomized benchmarking.


Understanding and knowledge of complex biological systems on the scale of single molecules is of fundamental importance to control biological reactions and to develop new biological materials. Particularly, direct measurements of biological interactions on the molecular scale will provide new insights into biological processes. We use different biophysical techniques to observe single proteins, their function and their assembly under physiological relevant conditions at a resolution < 1 nm. Multifunctional atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes allow several signals to be detected simultaneously. Recorded with submolecular resolution these signals can be directly assigned to structural details of individual proteins. Examples discussed are the detection of structural variability and flexibility, of surface charges, and of electrostatic potentials of transmembrane ion channels (Figure). The recently invented combination of single-molecule imaging and force-spectroscopy enables the controlled manipulation of single proteins and to detect their inter-and intramolecular interactions. Improved experimental procedures and data analysis allows observing unfolding secondary structural elements of biological macromolecules such as α-helices, β-sheets and polypeptide loops. In future these and forthcoming methods will provide novel molecular biological insights into factors determining structure, stability and function of cellular machines. Electrostatic potential detected on the transmembrane OmpF porin channels. The left image represents the negative potential from 0 (black) to 12.5x10 7 V/m (bright), the right image represents an overlay of electric potential and topography recorded simultaneously by AFM. In this talk I will discuss recent examples on how to nucleate and grow nanostructures on metal surfaces. In doing so we have exploited the unique resolving power of our STM to reveal the dynamics of surface processes by recording STM movies, i.e. many sequential atom-resolved, time-lapsed STM images with a fast-scanning STM [1]. I will start out by discussing discuss surface diffusion of adatoms and clusters on surfaces. I will show how STM movies (see e.g. www.ifa.au/camp/movies) recorded at variable temperature can provide quantitative information on the surface diffusivity [2]. We have found that gas impurities enhance the diffusivity of the metal adatoms [3]. I will furthermore briefly address the area of nanocatalysis where the chemical activity is controlled by small nanoclusters. I will briefly show how fundamental insight into the surface structure and reactivity can be applied to design new catalysts [4]. Also I will show how STM has led to unprecedented new insight into the morphology and the details of the active sites for CoMoS nanoclusters relevant for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysis …


This paper introduced the original nephogram IF simulator for FY-2B Satellite. There are three parts in this device: burst data source, noise source and modulator. Theory and construction of each part is introduced in detail. This device has already been field tested and now using in the Command and Data Achieve Station of the satellite.


A non-intrusive method for monitoring salmon stock has been developed which includes the use of two matched monochrome CCD cameras. Stereo image sequences are grabbed and digitised. The images are used to calculate various measurements from the fish, which are then used to estimate its mass. Methods for estimating the fish mass have been investigated. An image analysis algorithm for locating salmon from an underwater image has been developed and more advanced techniques are under development.


Random walk is a fundamental concept with applications ranging from quantum physics to econometrics. Remarkably, one specific model of random walks appears to be ubiquitous across many fields as a tool to analyze transport phenomena in which the dispersal process is faster than dictated by Brownian diffusion. The L\'{e}vy walk model combines two key features, the ability to generate anomalously fast diffusion and a finite velocity of a random walker. Recent results in optics, Hamiltonian chaos, cold atom dynamics, bio-physics, and behavioral science demonstrate that this particular type of random walks provides significant insight into complex transport phenomena. This review provides a self-consistent introduction to L\'{e}vy walks, surveys their existing applications, including latest advances, and outlines further perspectives.


The authors provide both a theoretical and empirical analysis of the relation between register and survey data. By distinguishing between different sources of deviations between survey and register data the authors are able to reproduce several stylized facts in the literature. In doing so, they deviate from the almost universal assumption that the register data represent the truth. They illustrate the implications of different error sources for estimation in (simple) econometric models. The analysis is applied to Swedish data that have been collected for a validation study as part of a larger European health and retirement study (SHARE: Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe). Thus this paper makes two contributions: (1) it adds to the limited number of empirical validation studies of earnings measurement in surveys and (2) it shows the sensitivity of some findings in the literature for the assumption that register data represent the truth. They find in particular that the common finding of substantial mean reversion in survey data largely goes away once we allow for a richer error structure.


Introduction: Cataract-induced refractive change is the refraction change caused by a cataract. It can reach multiple diopters (D). It modifies expected refraction errors during cataract surgery by modifying axial length measurement.
Objective: To find the effect of the Posterior subcapsular Cataracts on the refractive status of the eye.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was progressed in Eye OPD in Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. 102 patients having Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts were part of this study. The anterior segment was examined with a slit lamp for evaluation of the posterior subcapsular cataract. The refractive status of an eye having a posterior subcapsular cataract was determined using Retinoscopy and subjective refraction techniques. The axial length of the eye was measured using A-Scan. Keratometric reading was measured using Keratometer.
Results: A total of 102 patients were included in this study. Of these, 27 were males and 75 were females. The mean age was 60.5 years with 5.8SD. Results from the study showed refractive error due to Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts were mainly myopic astigmatism and spherical myopia with 0.16SD. Patients with PSCs had myopic astigmatism with a mean value of (1.7diopters, 15.7%) with 0.93SD and spherical myopia with a mean value of (0.1D, 2.9%) with 0.67SD.
Conclusion: The most common refractive error found in PSCs was Astigmatism followed by Myopia.  These results may help to clarify the types of refractive errors in patients with PSCs and the prediction of visual outcomes with spectacles.


Evaluation is used in many models, across many different disciplines. It is also used for many different purposes. For models used in modelbased testing, the evaluation of their testability is an important issue. The United Model Language (UML) has been applied in various areas and disciplines. Among UML, the class diagram is an important descriptive means to model requirements. But it is still lack of feasible and effective validation method which can be utilized to formalize and revise the UML class diagram. This paper investigates and presents a number of approaches. Approaches are surveyed; achievements and main issues of each approach are considered. Investigation of that classification will help researchers who are working on model testability to deliver more applicable solutions.


The dynamics of aqueous micelles of triblock EnPmEn copolymers (En = poly(ethylene oxide); Pm = poly(propylene oxide)) is investigated. It is shown on a theoretical basis that the amplitude of the relaxation process associated with the EnPmEn micelle formation−breakup must go from negative to positive upon increasing temperature in relaxation experiments using the temperature-jump (T-jump) method with light scattering detection. New experimental T-jump results for solutions of two different EnPmEn copolymers clearly confirm this prediction. These results do not support the claim made by Kositza et al. [Langmuir 1999, 15, 322; Macromolecules 1999, 32, 5539] that the temperature at which the amplitude of the slow process observed in T-jump experiments goes through zero corresponds to a change in the nature of this process, from micelle formation−breakup below this temperature to micelle clustering above this temperature.


Albino rats have been maintained on high fat diets containing derris and rotenone for a minimum of 140 days. Growth curves failed to show any appreciable retardation of growth of the experimental rats as compared with control rats. Histological examination of the tissues failed to show any evidence of tissue damage.


Effects of soil fertility and fertilization on the tea plantations in Fujian were discussed.With the generous applications of fertilizers,almost no tea plantations were found to be deficient in N.Some even substantially surpassed the threshold amount.The cases of P and K deficiencies were declining,as the lack of K continued to be pronounced in the region.The amounts of Pb and Hg in the soil were more than average.The available Mn and Cu in certain areas were rather low.The appropriate rate of N fertilization for a tea plantation was 185.0-350 kg·km-2,while N∶P∶K ratio to be 2∶1∶1.By combing organic and synthetic fertilizers,superior results were obtained as compared to using the synthetic fertilizer alone.Based on the current status,some possible means to improve the soil feritilty in the province through the construction of appropriate farming system,establishment of adequate irrigation and drainage projects,and/or application of grass mulching,agricultural wastes recycling and green manure were proposed.


Secularization, according to Max Weber's classic theory, shatters social cohesion. But if this is so, what are the prospects for democratic solidarity in a secular age? In this article, I examine the response given by one of democracy's leading intellectual architects, Jürgen Habermas. Whereas Weber thought that rational modernity enfeebles solidarity, Habermas believes that rational discourse itself inherits religion's moral-aesthetic power, a process that he calls the "linguistification of the sacred." Habermas's stress on language, I argue, is partly justified. Yet as I show by tracing linguistification's roots to Émile Durkheim's sociology of religion and Walter Benjamin's theory of language, Habermas's program for solidarity falls short in one crucial respect. While shared discourse cultivates a basic interpersonal tolerance, it lacks the power to transport us beyond our narrow interests. Nonrational and prelinguistic aspects of our psychology remain decisive. Consequently, democratic solidarity in a secular age remains an unfinished project.


We introduce a new efficient algorithm for Helmholtz problems in perforated domains with the design of the scheme allowing for possibly large wavenumbers. Our method is based upon the Wavelet-based Edge Multiscale Finite Element Method (WEMsFEM) as proposed recently in [14]. For a regular coarse mesh with mesh size H, we establish O(H) convergence of this algorithm under the resolution assumption, and with the level parameter being sufficiently large. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by extensive 2-dimensional numerical tests including those motivated by photonic crystals.


This paper provides a model-free framework for real-time control of wind farms to accurately track a power reference signal. This problem requires tractable dynamical models for capturing the aerodynamic interaction between wind turbines and controllers that can make decisions in realtime given varying atmospheric conditions. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning framework to provide real-time yaw control of a wind farm. Modifications have been made to FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS), a modeling tool that incorporates transient wake behavior. The control problem is formulated to track a synthetic power reference signal based on historical atmospheric (wind speed and direction) information, price signals, and regulation deployment data from U.S. regional transmission operators. Results indicate that a wind farm, with this control paradigm, can achieve good tracking performance when tested with real atmospheric data.


Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral infection more frequently described during recent years in our country, and has a high mortality rate. A 13-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital with a history of fever, malaise, chills, headache, muscle and back pains, fatigue and vomiting. Physical examination revealed a petechial rash on his legs and soft palate with petechial haemorrhages into the skin. Laboratory findings showed elevated liver enzymes, prolonged phrothrombin time and thrombocytopenia. His history indicated contact with livestock. Based on the clinical and laborotary findings, CCHF virus infection was suspected. The diagnosis of CCHF was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. He recovered completely with ribavirine therapy for 7 days. In conclusion, CCHF should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who have contact with livestock and present with fever, fatigue, rash, elevated liver enzymes, thrombocytopenia and prolonged prothrombin time.


In a transcutaneous energy transmission system for a totally implantable artificial heart, it is necessary that the efficiency of the implantable devices be improved and the temperature rise be minimized. In this paper, we first discuss the properties of Li-ion and Ni-MH batteries for driving an artificial heart, and then consider driving methods for a vibrating flow pump that is used in some electromagnetic artificial hearts. A pump using asymmetrical-wave voltage is 1-4% more efficient than one driven by square-wave voltage.


This paper deals about relation between Coptic icon and Scripture, in old and new pictorial artefacts. After a historical survey of Christianity in Egypt, with correspondence in Egyptian and Hellenic culture, we show the value of Coptic icon, also in aesthetical and theological perspective. The Bible speaks about Egypt even in Isaiah's prophecy and also in Matthew's quotation about the flee into Egypt. The specific of saint's face are the great head and eyes, always frontal oriented.


Oxide nodules form on Zircaloy nuclear components under irradiation. Similar nodules were observed on Zircaloy coupons in cold rolled or extended conditions after autoclave treatments at 475 and 500/sup 0/C in steam at 1500 to 1700 psi. Stages of nodular corrosion in the autoclave were nodule nucleation, growth, coalescence, propagation to accelerated uniform corrosion, and complete specimen oxidation. Observations on BWR fuel rods suggest that a similar progressive attack has occurred; however, in no case has the in-reactor attack progressed to the stage of complete fuel rod failure. Recent autoclave tests confirmed the nodular character of the attack on cold-worked materials. Alpha anneals (up to 790/sup 0/C) did not consistently suppress the nodular attack. However, alpha + beta (840/sup 0/C) and beta (1010 and 1040/sup 0/C) anneals did suppress the attack if followed by a fast cool. The efficacy of the anneals applied similarly to Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4. Stresses associated with U-bend specimens and heavy (86 percent) cold work did not enhance the nodular attack before stress relief occurred. The nodular attack on reactor components appears to depend on nuclear flux, and develops in oxygenated reactor coolants, principally in the vicinity of fuel rod spacers. Experience with irradiated specimens inmore » reactor loops suggests that uniform concentrations of dissolved oxygen alone do not initiate nodular attack. Localized water chemistry associated with flow disturbances or, in some cases, dissimilar metals in fuel spacers, may be factors in the nodular attack in-reactor.« less


Martyrdom has a central and increasingly popular role in Islamic social movements, but remains undertheorized and empirically underexplored in sociological studies. In this chapter, I examine the social meanings and aims of martyrdom acts by analyzing the statements of jihadists. I find that these violent acts to be framed as self-defense, restorative rituals, and honor displays. Such frames indicate that, in the context of Global Jihad, martyrdom constitutes a violent repertoire of contention that enables aggrieved men to resist domination, elicit deference, and claim genderbased rewards. Through integrating critical constructionist perspectives on gender and Donald Black's theory of self-help, along with recent critiques of Black's pure sociology framework, I argue that martyrdom is a form of masculine self-help—a gender signifying act that constitutes an expression of a grievance through self-sacrificial and embodied aggression. This conceptual approach suggests that gender ideologies are critical to understanding why acts of martyrdom and mass violence are advocated over other methods of handling grievances, and that masculine self-help is a major impetus for men's violence in social movements.


Polystyrene/Fe3O4 composite microspheres were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. The composite microspheres comprised of polystyrene core and magnetite nanoparticles as shell. Magnetite is modified with silane coupling to modify strong hydrophilic property, for a function of co-stabilizer. Acrylic acid as a co-monomer was employed to link polymer with magnetite nanoparticles. The microspheres were homogeneous distribution, The thickness of the shell was from10nm to 25nm. The morphology and structure of the composite microspheres were characterized by FT-IR, TEM, XRD, TG and XPS et al. The Effects of co-monomer, auxiliary emulsifier, emulsifier on the composite microspheres have been discussed.


Hydroelasticity theory, considering the second-order fluid forces induced by the coupling of first-order wave potentials, is introduced briefly in this paper. Based on the numerical results of second-order principal coordinates induced by the difference frequency and sum-frequency fluid forces in multidirectional irregular waves, the bending moments, as well as the vertical displacements of a floating plate used as a numerical example are obtained in an efficient manner. As the phase angle components of the multidirectional waves are random variables, the principal coordinates, the vertical displacements, and the bending moments are all random variables. Extreme values of bending moments are predicted on the basis of the theory of stationary stochastic processes. The predicted linear and nonlinear results of bending moments show that the influences of nonlinear fluid forces are different not only for the different wave phase angles, but also for the different incident wave angles. In the example very large floating structure (VLFS) considered in this paper, the influence of nonlinear fluid force on the predicted extreme bending moment may be as large as 22% of the linear wave exciting forces. For an elastic body with large rigidity, the influence of nonlinear fluid force on the responses may be larger than the first-order exciting forces and should be considered in the hydroelastic analysis.


Liposuction is not a risk‐free procedure and potentially fatal complications may occur, especially liposuction‐induced fat embolism syndrome (FES). Here we report the case of a 29‐year‐old woman who developed FES suddenly during a liposuction operation in a cosmetic medical clinic. She was transferred to the hospital and achieved complete recovery within 11 days by comprehensive therapeutic strategies, including noninvasive ventilation (NIV), corticosteroids, albumin, diuretics and anticoagulation. Liposuction‐induced FES is a life‐threatening condition, which can be treated with complate recovery by comprehensive therapeutic strategies according to its pathophysiologic mechanism.


Abstract This paper presents an adaptive Mamdani fuzzy control scheme for a class of uncertain strict-feedback nonlinear systems with unknown time-varying delays. Within this scheme, fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate nonlinear functions and the developed adaptive fuzzy controller is recursively designed via backstepping technique and Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals, which not only significantly compensate for the unknown time-varying delays but also, avoids controller singularity problem. The proposed adaptive fuzzy controller guarantees that all signals in the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded, while tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. The main advantages of the proposed controller are that the designed control law is time-delay independent and only one adaptive parameter is required to be updated online. Simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.


Based on setting up space complex girder,engineers divide steel pipe arch into longitudinal fibre by different materials.Each fibre is divided into several elements which fulfilled by several integral points.In this way,engineers can roundly trace the process of ultimate bearing capacity,using this method,engineering get better effect in the analysis of large span concrete arch bridge filled steel tube.


Scene text detection has been studied for a long time and lots of approaches have achieved promising performances. Most approaches regard text as a specific object and utilize the popular frameworks of object detection to detect scene text. However, scene text is different from general objects in terms of orientations, sizes and aspect ratios. In this paper, we present an end-to-end multi-oriented scene text detection approach, which combines the object detection framework with the position-sensitive segmentation. For a given image, features are extracted through a fully convolutional network. Then they are input into text detection branch and position-sensitive segmentation branch simultaneously, where text detection branch is used for generating candidates and position-sensitive segmentation branch is used for generating segmentation maps. Finally the candidates generated by text detection branch are projected onto the position-sensitive segmentation maps for filtering. The proposed approach utilizes the merits of position-sensitive segmentation to improve the expressiveness of the proposed network. Additionally, the approach uses position-sensitive segmentation maps to further filter the candidates so as to highly improve the precision rate. Experiments on datasets ICDAR2015 and COCO-Text demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods. For ICDAR2015 dataset, the proposed method achieves an F-score of 0.83 and a precision rate of 0.87.


This paper summarizes the responses of 256 women to a questionnaire whiah focused on their recent experiences in the process of moving with their families. These women see the role of the wife-mother as central in the moving process. Typically they are happy with the new community and with the personality changes which have occurred as a result of their moving experiences. Indications of strain vary with the stage in the moving process and individual characteristics. A number of factors which facilitate the adjustment of the wife-mother are revealed in the study.


We study density–density, nematic–nematic, and density–nematic order‐parameter correlation functions in an incompressible system of rigid–flexible diblock copolymers. Rigid parts are modeled as rods of zero thickness, and flexible parts as chains with freely rotating bonds. The Hamiltonian contains interactions of the isotropic Flory–Huggins and anisotropic Maier–Saupe forms. Correlation functions are calculated in the Gaussian approximation, and are found to oscillate with a characteristic period equal to the length of the rigid part. They also show that lamellar domain boundaries of systems with longer rods are sharper than those with shorter ones, and that the linear density measured along any direction is anticorrelated with the order parameter measuring nematic order in that direction. This latter effect is due to the isotropy of the system, and is relatively independent of the Maier–Saupe and Flory–Huggins parameters. We also study the stability of the system against nematic and lamellar perturbatio...


Objective To study the effects of health education and ultra early intervention on social adjustemt behavior of children with Central coordination disorder(CCD).Methods To choose 36 cases of 0 to 6-month old children with CCD as the treatment group,selecte normal and healthy children with the same(similar) age and gender as control group and the treatment group were given comprehensive intervention including functional training,nutrition,brain cells,hyperbaric oxygen,ect.All children were evaluated by using the Infant Social Adaptive Capacity Scale(ISACS) after one year treament.Results The scores of social life ability in independent living,motion capacity,operating capacity,communication skills,participating in group activities showed that there was no significant difference and no statistical significance(P0.01) between the two groups(compared with the control group),while children with CCD ultra early comprehensive could improve children's adaptive behavior,but the score of self-management ability in the two groups of children didn't get any points.Conclusions The ultra-early intervention can reduce the suffering of individuals and families,and improve their quality of life.


Background People with mental illness are subject to stigma, which is the process of stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination. Patients' experience of discrimination from the health care community may be a barrier to help‐seeking in mental illness. Mental health‐related theoretical education and clinical placement in mental health settings during student years may reduce stigmatising attitudes towards mental illness. Objectives The objective of the review was to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the effectiveness of mental health‐related theoretical education and clinical placement in mental health settings in changing the attitudes of health care students towards mental illness. Search strategy A three‐step search strategy was utilized to find studies published in English from 2001 to 2010 (inclusive). An initial search of Medline and CINAHL was undertaken to identify keywords. Secondly, the keywords were used to search CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, PsycINFO (via OVID), ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Mednar, Proquest and TRIP. Thirdly, reference lists of the articles identified in the second stage were searched for other relevant studies. The final decision to include studies was made through the consensus of two independent reviewers. Selection criteria Articles were assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity using critical appraisal instruments adapted from the "Critical Review Form ‐ Quantitative Studies" by Law et al. and JBI‐MAStARI. Disagreements that arose between reviewers were resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. Data collection and synthesis In total, 55 full text articles were retrieved from an initial 1957 search results. Twenty‐six studies were found to have met all the inclusion criteria and were subjected to critical appraisal. Twenty‐two were selected for inclusion and four were excluded. Of the 22 included studies, one was a randomised controlled trial, five were non‐randomised controlled trials and 16 were before and after studies. Specific details about the study methods, interventions, participants, instruments used, and outcomes of significance to the review were extracted using a table developed by the reviewers. Statistical pooling was not appropriate due to the variety of instruments used to measure outcomes, thus the results of included articles were synthesized in narrative summary. Main results Both mental health‐related theoretical education and clinical placement in mental health settings are effective in changing the attitudes of health care students towards mental illness. Conclusions Theoretical education in the form of videos, lectures, presentations delivered by people with mental illness and coursework are effective stigma reduction interventions. Clinical placement is more effective when combined with theoretical education. However, the effect of educational interventions may be transient. Implications for Practice Videos, lectures, presentations delivered by people with mental illness should form the basis of anti‐stigma interventions. Educational interventions should be offered regularly to promote lasting change in attitudes. Mental health coursework and clinical placement must remain part of the corecurricula in health care courses. Implications for Research There is a need to investigate the effectiveness of educational interventions using RCTs and longitudinal designs. Interventions which can produce more lasting change could be developed. More research can be done to investigate effects of interventions in other student groups and with regards to specific mental illnesses. Lastly, a "gold standard" for measuring attitudes needs to be developed.


Ultrasonographic and radiographic findings in 72 cases of pelvic masses which have been proved histopathologically were analyzed The res비15 were as follows; 1. Among 72 cases, 28 cases were uterine masses and 44 cases were adnexal masses. 2. Pathologic accuracies of ultrasonographic diagnosis were 64 .3% in uterine masses, 70.5% in adnexal masses, and 68.1% in all pelvic masses. 3. Plain or IVP findings were not specific in diagnosis and showed secondary mass effec15 or functional disturbances 4. Because of its high accuracy of pathologic diagnosis and safety, ultrasonography can be regarded as the most valuable and preferential study. But in cases of cystic myomas, endometrioses, cystic missed abor tions and huge masses, the accurate diagnoses were difficult.


Aiming at the local equipments to support the present condition of management currently,put forward the basic thought that adopts the health maintenance to carry out the science management of the equipments.The thesis discussed the basic problem of healthy appearance evaluation,the healthy maintenance strategy of equipment,elaborated the contact of health maintenance and modern equipment management,indicated the substance of equipment management is the quality management of the product,and emphasized to analyze the equipment to choose the type and install to adjust in prophase manage etc.At last,it is pointed out that carrying out the normal operation is one of the best equipment maintenance management methods.


From 1857 to 1947, the Empire negotiated with thousands of Indian prisoners to form a convict society in the Andaman Penal Settlement and built an elaborate archive. Devised by punishment and reward, human copulation, and judicial surveillance, the Settlement created a unique penal culture away from 'mainland' India with religious, class, and caste divides. The Andaman Archives not only amounts to frequent commentaries, administrative studies, reports, opinions on prison reformation, and prisoners and their families, the study also encompasses significant documentations on Andaman aborigines, ocean politics, and agriculture and trade and offers insights into the work undertaken by the Empire for its overall governance. Staring 1909 elite political prisoners were transported, and after the influx of political prisoners, during 1932–1937, the Andamans entered a period of strong resistance movement. The inverted personal and political activism/nationalism and continuous hunger strikes in the Cellular Jail generated a lot of debates and agitations in India, and the repatriation of political prisoners started when Gandhi and Tagore intervened. Moreover, the contribution of petty and hereditary 'criminals' and female prisoners transported to the Andamans remains as important as that of V.D. Savarkar and other famous political prisoners who were incarcerated in the Cellular Jail. With a detailed introduction that recounts the genesis of the penal settlement in the nineteenth century and follows its story till the arrival of the Azad Hind army of Subhas Chandra Bose in the Andamans during the Second World War, this book introduces readers to key documents and events that remain symbolic of the themes and motifs of the penal culture and of the counterculture of nationalism that evolved with it for which the Andamans, after the independence of the country, became an integral part of India.


Initial baseline 1‐g heat transfer results are reported for an instrumented spray cooling experiment, developed to study effects of electric body forces on spray cooling heat transfer in variable gravity conditions. Heat transfer performance in 1‐g for both vertical downward and horizontal spray impingement has been documented for spray volume flow rates of 4.8×10−6 m3/s ⩽ Q ⩽ 9.8×10−6 m3/s, and heater power levels from 10 W to 70 W using a Thick Film Resistor (TFR) heater. As flow rate is increased at fixed heater power the heat transfer effectiveness increases, as indicated by reduced heater surface temperatures. Heat transfer effectiveness for the vertical downward spray and horizontal spray configurations are nearly identical, but the horizontal spray has slightly better heat transfer performance when a confining cap is removed at the highest flow rate of 9.8×10−6 m3/s. A transparent Indium‐Tin‐Oxide (ITO) heater consistently has somewhat better performance than the TFR heater. The heat transfer coeff...


A model reaction of o-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid (amic acid) with threefold amounts of 1-phenylethyl bromide (PEB) and 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5,4,0]-7-undecene (DBU) was carried out in NMP. The reaction gave N-[m-(1-phenylethoxycarbonyl)phenyl]phthalimide in almost quantitative yield at room temperature for 2 h. Polyimide containing pendant 1-phenylethyl ester (P-1a) was also prepared from polyamic acid with PEB using DBU according to the model reaction. The obtained polymer was exactly consistent with P-1a synthesized stepwise from the esterification of the corresponding polyimide containing pendant carboxylic acid with PEB. Therefore, the reaction of polyamic acid bearing pendant carboxylic acid with alkyl bromide proceeded quantitatively to give polyimide containing pendant ester in the presence of DBU. Also, this method was applied to the synthesis of polyimide containing 1-phenylethyl ether. However, the polyimide with quantitative etherification was not synthesized. The acid-catalyzed deesterification of P-la film was carried out by heating the irradiated polymer film containing 10 wt % of p-nitrobenzyl 9,10-diethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate, which produced sulfonic acid by irradiation, at various temperatures. Although thermal deesterification of P-1a started at 220°C without any acid catalyst, the deesterification occurred when the irradiated film was heated at the lower temperature. The degree of esterification can be determined from the disappearance of absorption at 700 cm -1 . The deesterification obeyed first-order kinetics.


1Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China; 2Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China; 3Second Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China; 4Science Experiment Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China; 5Department of Pathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China


The current control method based on double hysteresis current control and space vector is taken, so that the current tracing control of three phase VSR can realized. The predictive current control based on BP algorithm is presented, and the drawback that there is beat during the control of SVPWM based on hysteresis can be made up, which has serious influence on the current tracing when the difference value changed violently. Without the rise of sampling frequency, the reference offset current of next time is predicted using of historical current. The simulation results show that the predictive current control based on BP algorithm is correct and valid. The deadbeat control of SVPWM based on hysteresis is realized, less harmonic current and better tracing are got.


Resumen en: Cattle producers were surveyed to evaluate the use and potential of trees and shrubs in 60 livestock farms from the municipalities of Tlapacoyan, Misantl...


The purpose of this study is to analyze visitor preferences and the degree of service satisfaction for campsites and investigate factors that influence visitor satisfaction so that the study may provide proper data needed to build and operate campsites. The results are as follows. 1. It was found that men use campsites more frequently than women. Campsites are most often used by those in their thirties, the highest percentage out of all the age groups. Relaxation proved to be the main purpose for using campsites. It was also found that usually 2 to 4 people use a campsite at a time, the highest percentage as well. 2. The factor-analysis of 13 items related to campsite satisfaction can be divided into facilities, psychological factors, the surrounding-environment and access. 3. It was found that the satisfaction of lavatories has the most influence in the facilities factor. The satisfaction on the intention to revisit has the most influence in the psychological factor. The landscape element has the most influence in regards to the surrounding-environment and the guidance and sign system has the most influence in the access factor. 4. It was found that the factors that most influence overall satisfaction are facilities factor, psychological factors and the surrounding environment, in that order.


In this work, to investigate the role of the third body in the fretting behavior of 690 alloy, the fretting capabilities of 690 alloy against 405 stainless steel have been performed under various e...


Research into audience engagement in the arts is a growing area of interest because of the need to build audiences and to provide convincing evidence of the value of arts programs to funding bodies. In addition, the way in which music works so as to touch the listener is of ongoing interest to music psychologists and is increasingly being considered in the context of live listening situations. This paper considers the phenomenon of emotional contagion, or the transference of emotion between audience members, and how this contributes to the audience experience. Audience members (N = 105) were surveyed at three concerts by a 'pro-am' orchestra – an orchestra made up of both professionals and amateurs – about their response to the concerts and factors that influenced that response. It was found that emotional contagion can enhance the emotional response of audience members at concerts, and that this is mediated by the sense of social bonding participants have with other people present. Social bonding is also associated with attendance at enhancement events such as pre-concert talks.


biopsies taken. While the patient was recovering, she complained of lower abdominal, epigastric, and left upper quadrant pain. She developed dyspnea and left shoulder discomfort and was transferred to the emergency room. Her vital signs were stable. Physical exam revealed abdominal distention, hypoactive bowel sounds, epigastric and left upper quadrant tenderness, and questionable rebound. Hemoglobin was 12.3 g/dL and platelets were 134 units/nL. Abdominal fi lm showed no free air. CT scan showed a 7 cm x 3.5 cm perisplenic hematoma and low attenuation fl uid in the pelvis and Morison's Pouch measuring 4.9 cmx4.9 cm which was contiguous with the spleen, suggesting splenic capsular tear. Th e patient remained stable with observation. A repeat CT scan performed two days later showed no signifi cant changes. A month later, CT scan showed that the hematoma was resolving and the free fl uid had dissipated. Splenic injury following colonoscopy was fi rst reported in 1974. It is a rare complication following colonoscopy. Risk factors include female gender, technically diffi cult colonoscopy, anticoagulation, splenomegaly, infl ammatory bowel disease, adhesions from previous surgeries, and colonoscopy in which polypectomy or biopsies are performed. Th e mechanism of injury is pulling on the splenocolic ligament causing tears in the splenic capsule or capsular avulsion, adhesions from prior surgeries connecting the spleen and colon leading to increased traction, and direct trauma to the spleen. Most patients develop symptoms aft er discharge from the recovery room but within fortyeight hours of the procedure. Abdominal pain is the most common symptom. Kehr's sign, which is pain referred to the left shoulder, is frequently seen and is due to splenic capsular distention or diaphragmatic irritation. CT scan with intravenous contrast is the diagnostic test of choice. Operative or non-operative management depends on hemodynamic stability, peritoneal fi ndings, need for blood transfusions, and the presence of coagulopathy. Th is case highlights one of the few reported occasions when a patient presented with symptoms of splenic injury almost immediately following colonoscopy. As colonoscopy has become the standard for cancer screening, splenic injury, which can be fatal, should be considered in patients with post-colonoscopy abdominal pain, shoulder pain, or hypovolemia, and should be discussed when obtaining informed consent.


It is known (Perron (10); Frobenius (5, 6)) that if A = (a ik ) is a finite matrix with elements aik ⩾ 0, then A has a real, nonnegative eigenvalue μ, satisfying μ =max|λ| where λ is in the spectrum of A, with a corresponding eigenvector x = (x 1, … , xn) for which x i≥ 0. Moreover if a ik > 0, then μ is a simple point of the spectrum with an eigenvector x (unique, except for constant multiples) with components xi ≥0. Much has been written on this and related issues; cf., for example, the recent papers (4, 12) wherein are given several references.


Primary carcinoma of the seminal vesicles and tumors of the rectal shelf or of Blumer's shelf may offer confusion in the differential diagnosis. The relative frequency with which extrarectal metastatic deposits and primary extrarectal growths are encountered is a subject that has received little attention from the profession until recent years. The differential diagnosis of the two conditions is highly important and constitutes the primary step in affording relief, if possible, to the patients suffering from them. Extrarectal carcinoma is frequently confused with primary rectal carcinoma, although a wide chasm of symptoms and physical findings exists between the two conditions. Because of their importance clinically and because of their physical properties, considerable attention has been focused on rectal tumors and on Blumer's shelf tumors by the proctologic surgeons. There is little in the literature on primary carcinoma of the seminal vesicles. The site, contour and palpable qualities of extrarectal metastatic


A simple and sensitive spectroscopic method in ultraviolet region was developed and validated for the estimation of Furazolidone in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method is based on Furazolidone, showing absorbance at 259 nm for zero order derivative spectroscopy respectively in acetonitrile and distilled water. This method obey's Beers law in the concentration range of 2 to 18 ug/ml respectively. The proposed method is precise, accurate, linear, stable and reproducible and can be extended to the analysis of furazolidone in bulk and tablet formulations.


The Utah Transit Authority provides bus and light rail service for the Salt Lake City-Ogden and ProvoOrem metropolitan areas. Buses serving line 18 regularly jump the curb and roll over the sidewalk at a tight right turn along the route. The problems associated with the awkward turn include sidewalk damage, passenger discomfort, stresses on bus suspension systems, and a safety hazard to pedestrians, cyclists, and oncoming motor vehicles. Eight solutions are proposed and evaluated. Site-specific strategies include geometric improvements, repairing and reinforcing the sidewalk, a street orientation change, and increasing the curb radius at the corner. Broad-based strategies include using a smaller bus, rerouting the bus, and special driver training. Four strategies would significantly reduce the damage and safety-related problems: relocating an adjacent stopline to provide space for the bus' right turn, increasing the curb radius, smaller buses, and bus rerouting. Relocating the stopline would require the least investment, at $1,725, but would increase annual delay costs by $125,490. Increasing the curb radius would cost $650,000, but there would be no additional annual costs. Rerouting the bus would involve the introduction of a new route "29" to replace portions of line 18. Although this option would be the most expensive (net present value of $3.77 million), route 29 would serve areas that currently have no transit, and would provide reduced travel times to downtown Salt Lake City for some riders who use the existing route 18. The findings of this case study might serve as a template for improving similar situations in other areas. BACKGROUND During the spring semester of 2002, 20 students completed a course in public transportation in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Utah. For their term project, seven of the students chose to examine a problematic right turn on one of the Utah Transit Authority's (UTA's) bus routes. This paper combines the findings of five of the students with some enhancements to their efforts. The lead author instructed the course and merged the individual projects. The project was strictly an academic exercise, and involved neither funding nor an endorsement from the UTA. INTRODUCTION The UTA provides bus and light-rail service for a six-county urban region, including Salt Lake CityOgden and Provo-Orem. As of the year 2000, the UTA was providing 2,594 directional kilometers of fixed-route motorbus service on 129 routes, operating over one of the largest service areas in the U.S (1). One of the routes, number 18, operates between downtown Salt Lake City and the residential neighborhoods in the northwestern part of the city. A map of the route is shown in Figure 1. Along the inbound portion of the route, the bus must make a 90 right turn from northbound Redwood Road, a fourlane arterial, to eastbound 500 North, a two-lane collector road. This is a four-legged, signalized intersection, although the west leg has no outlet. Because of the tightness of the turn, the right rear tires of the bus habitually jump the curb and roll over the sidewalk. A disabled access ramp is cut into the sidewalk at this location. Among the problems associated with this turn are: • Damage to the sidewalk and access ramp, • Passenger discomfort (because of the rocking motion of the bus), • Stresses on the suspension system of the motorbus, and TRB 2003 Annual Meeting CD-ROM Paper revised from original submittal.


It appears that U. S. and Republic of Korea coordinated closely to deal with the Korean Peninsula issue before and after EC-121 Incident of 1969. In fact,new evidences reveal a profound suspicion between Washington and Seoul. The incident deepened the ROK's mistrust of U. S. security commitment and led up to new U. S.-ROK confidence crisis. Finally,Seoul sought ways to improve relations with DPRK and achieve self-reliance in national defense. On the other hand,EC-121 Incident obliged President Nixon shelve his plan of reducing U. S. armed forces in ROK. Washington considered the implementation of U. S. presence reduction until November 1969. The main reason for U. S.-ROK confidence crisis lies in the obvious difference of cognition and conduction for Korean peninsula affairs between Washington and Seoul. The case study also indicates that although common enemy may promote the two countries or regions with very different capabilities to form an alliance,they do not necessarily share similar strategic thinking and judgment.


Objective To investigate the possible death mode of dopaminergic neurons during the development of Parkinson's disease(PD). Methods TdT mediated biotinylated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) method, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry were performed for apoptotic detection of substantia nigra neuronal cells in 6 hydroxydopamine(6 OHDA) induced PD model rats. Results [WT5",6BZ]Apoptotic cells were observed in the substantia nigra pars compacta(SNpc) in PD rats with TUNEL method and flow cytometry. The apoptotic rate of SNpc was (48 5±5 5)%, (11 0±3 0)% and (6 5±3 0)%, the percentage of sub G1 cells was (57 3±9 7)%, (11 7±3 6)% and (6 5±1 7)% respectively detected by TUNEL method and flow cytometry in 2 weeks,1 and 3 months model rats. The results obtained from the two methods were comparable. The difference of results between 2 weeks and 1 and 3 months model rats was significant( P 0 001). Conclusions The study showed that apoptosis was a main death mode of nigral neuronal cells in 6 OHDA induced PD model rats, which may play a key role in the development of Parkinson's disease.


Background: Overweight and obesity is a major global problem and various medical conditions have been associated with overweight and obesity such as knees osteoarthritis, heart diseases including high blood pressure, diabetes and stroke. Obesity is also associated with unhealthy dietary intake and lack of physical activity. Objectives The objective of this survey was to find out the frequency of overweight and obesity among housewives related to inadequate and unhealthy dietary intake. Method and Materials. 62 housewives were participated in this cross-section design study and conducted in a private sector hospital, Karachi. Body Mass Index (BMI) was taken using weighing machine (Camry Company) and height measured using a standard measuring tape. A structural interview questionnaire Performa was devised to capture information's about demographic profile and specific questions related to meals habit and unhealthy dietary intake. Results Large percentages of housewives were obese (51.61%) and unhealthy dietary intakes was observed among housewives with consumption of red meat, sweat dishes, snacks between meals, carbonated/soft drinks and junk foods on regular basis. Conclusion: The study findings revealed that obesity is a major problem among housewives with inadequate and unhealthy dietary intake appeared common in this study population. Keywords: Overweight, Obesity, Housewives, unhealthy diet and Physiotherapy


Debt financing, as an important method of corporate financing, affects the efficiency and effectiveness of corporate financing, and the board of directors, as an important corporate governance institution, will inevitably affect financing costs through financing decisions. This article uses 2011-2017 Chinese A-share listed companies as a sample to study the impact of board characteristics on debt financing costs. The study found that board size and debt financing costs are not related; The separation of the chairman and general manager will significantly reduce the level of debt financing: the number of board meetings is positively related to debt financing costs; The proportion of the board of directors' shares and the proportion of female directors is negatively related to the cost of debt financing. This study enriches the research on the characteristics of the board of directors and the cost of corporate debt financing.


A dissertation presented to the college of higher degree and research Kampala International University
Kampala, Uganda in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters in Science (Physics)


Node deployment plays an important role in the wireless sensor network. The proper deployment solves the basic problem in the wireless sensor network. The efficiency and lifetime increase with the choice of the node deployment. The importance of a good deployment strategy is also needed to be considered. In this paper three contenders of Distributed Dynamic node deployment for a sensor network are examined: a regular hexagon based, an octagon-square based and a tri-beehive based pattern. Performance and comparison are evaluated for all the three sensor node deployment strategies.


Functional oxides are a very interesting class of materials due to their singular properties. Material engineering is commonly employed to tune and manipulate such properties at will, thus being functional oxides often used to build active reconfigurable elements in complex systems. In this regard, Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) stands as an interesting material since it has stable thermal and chemical properties and offers a wide transparency range from the visible to the mid-IR wavelength range. Moreover, it has a moderate refractive index of 2.1 which provides a good potential for the development of low-loss waveguides when grown over a low contrast substrate. While these optical properties are very interesting for various applications, including on-chip optical communications and sensing, YSZ has remained almost unexplored in photonics. In this regard, we recently demonstrated YSZ waveguides with propagation losses as low as 2 dB/cm at a wavelength of 1380 nm3. Based on the encouraging preliminary results, we have recently explored the possibility to introduce active rare-earth dopants into YSZ waveguides to demonstrate on-chip optical amplifiers based on YSZ. This work explores the introduction of Er3+ ions using a multilayer approach deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique, providing outstanding luminescence around λ = 1.55 μm, in correspondence with C-band of telecommunications. Such active layers have been grown onto different platforms, including SiNx and sapphire. The optical properties of Er-doped YSZ waveguides under resonant pumping and its propagation losses will be discussed in this paper. These results pave the way towards the implementation of new rare-earth-doped functional oxides into hybrid photonic platforms in a customized and versatile manner, adding novel light amplification functionalities.


ROCK Springs, Wyoming, is a mining town, booming today from coal and trona; its population has probably tripled to 30,000 people in the last decade. The town began with construction of the Union Pacific Railroad, and the downtown with its main streets still lined with many single-story buildings is cut in half by tracks. Housing in the old part of town is neatly divided: large, well-maintained homes on the south side of the railroad; on the north, shacks divided in tiny apartments rented at big-city prices to young people with $10,000 jeeps parked out front. Farther from the core, and extending until Rock Springs abuts public-domain lands, hundreds of new homes have been added helter-skelter in the last decade. Many streets are blind, incomplete, or under construction long after the houses on them are sold and occupied. Covered mostly with big sagebrush, smaller black sage, and pungent saltbush, the country around Rock Springs is dominated by a central dome called the Rock Springs uplift, bordered east and west by sedimentary basins (Fig. 1).' Major trona mines are in the western basin, drained by the Green River. Coal comes from the Paleocene beds whose cuestas neatly rim the uplift. Uranium and natural gas come from the Great Divide basin on the east side of the uplift. The landscape is so big, however, that visitors and even many residents miss its structural symmetry. This land of dome and basins-of railroads, mines, and boomtowns-is superlative winter-sheep country, a haven for all its barrenness. There is so little snow here that sheep find plenty of feed, yet snow enough that sheep need not be watered. The combination is precious in the Rocky Mountains: naturally provided winter-long feed and water. From December to April, motorists on Interstate 80, which parallels the Union Pacific Railroad through the basins and across the stream-breached uplift, see an odd turbulence in the distance or perhaps a winking mirror on the horizon. Suddenly they recognize the milling surface to be thousands of sheep, the mirror to be an aluminumroofed sheepwagon. Australia now dominates the lamb and wool market, and American growers are plagued by labor shortages, coyotes, and a dependence on publicgrazing lands whose use ranchers control less and less. In nearly constant decline since 1900, the number of sheep in Wyoming has decreased to the 1887 level.2 In Sweetwater County-its seat, Green River, is fifteen miles west of


Sea-freight is the head manner of water transport of Yuan Dynasty. studying the cause of formation,the development phases,the head sea route,the food transport, the management, and the author thinks that the sea-freight is a characteristic of not only Yuan Dynasty but also ancient China.


A new auto method to identify the lunar terrain of LROC DEM data has been proposed. The new method combined topographic factors and the texture feature parameter together to form feature vectors for descripting the different lunar terrains of DEM. Then the new method will normalize these feature vectors for getting the better classifying results. Normalized feature vectors would be clustered to two categories, which are lunar mare and lunar highland. The new method has been tested by near 1000 different terrain samples of DEM data and the testing results were satisfied compared with known methods, especially for lunar mare areas, the correct recognition rates of the new method were more than 88.29%, and the overall correct recognition rates of the new method were up to 95%.


ABSTRACT. Selenium deficiency is a frequent finding in children with phenylketonuria (PKU) receiving dietary treatment. We report the occurrence of episodic ventricular tachycardia in a 9‐month‐old infant with PKU. Serum selenium (Se), 0.13 μmol/1 (normal range 0.28–1.12 μmol/1, mean ± 2 SD), and whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX), 16 U/g Hb (normal range 19.5–34.3 U/g Hb, mean ± 2 SD), were low. Auscultation of cardiac rhythm is recommended during the routine follow‐up of young children with PKU. Se deficiency should be considered in the aetiology of a dysrhythmia and corrected with Se supplementation.


Sulfur based solid-state Na+ conductors exhibit high ionic conductivity and are promising candidates for electrolytes used in the next generation all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries. Sodium thioantimonate (Na3SbS4), for example, shows an ionic conductivity of 1 mS/cm, comparable to its liquid counterparts. In contrast to the well-known thiophosphate solid-state electrolytes, Na3SbS4 is chemically stable in dry air. However, solid-state Na-ion batteries assembled using Na3SbS4 as the electrolyte show a decaying performance over the charge and discharge cycles. This work characterized the molecular processes occurring at the interface between Na3SbS4 solid electrolyte and the anode. This interfacial chemistry was probed in real-time (in-situ) using Raman spectroscopy while the battery was in operation. Combined with the characterization results obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we observed a largely irreversible decomposition of SbS4
 3- while Na3SbS4 was directly exposed to negative potentials (vs. Na/Na+). Sb2S3 and elemental Sb are the two major decomposition byproducts formed and accumulated at the Na3SbS4/anode interface. This result unravels the decomposition mechanism at the Na3SbS4/anode interface in all-solid sodium batteries. It provides deep molecular insights into designing ideal protective layers at this critical interface.


Many will agree with Professor Lipson (August 1967 Bulletin) that physics has indeed lost its way, but I think that few will agree that the solution that he proposes would do more than scratch the surface of the problem which is, I believe, much more deeply rooted. There seem to me to be two, inter-related, aspects of the problem: (a) The part that physics and physicists play and are seen to play in the life of the country.


In this article, we analyze the devotion manual Mestre da vida que ensina a viver e morrer santamente, (Master of Life that Teaches How to Saintly Live and Die), written in 1731 by the Portuguese Dominican Joao Franco. The analysis focus on the representations of the deadly sins, the advice to combat them, and the "remedies" suggested for the salvation of souls. It also approaches the discursive strategies employed by the celebrated preacher to promote repentance and internalization of guilt in Catholic readers. To highlight the circulation and diffusion of perceptions of sin and guilt and, above all, on the salvation of souls in the first half of the eighteenth century, the guidance offered in Mestre da vida is compared to images of the punishment suffered by sinners in Hell, which illustrate the work Desengano dos pecadores (Sinners Disillusion), written in 1724 by Jesuit priest Alexandre Perier.


The process of making sense of the other person includes the interpretation of the assessed with the sense organs as well as the translation of the social structure under the guidance of cultural values and norms. In this process, the stereotypes that the individual learns and internalizes since their participation in social life play a very important role. The individual starts the communication process established between individuals by taking a position in line with the stereotypes categorized in her mind and continues the communication process in accordance with this position. When this situation is considered from the perspective of intergenerational communication, it is seen that age stereotypes have an important determinant in all interpersonal communication processes involving elderly individuals. These stereotypes shape the evaluations of elderly people, often causing unrealistic inferences about them and negatively affecting the communication process between the parties. Based on this perspective, the study focuses on the role of age stereotypes in the process of interpersonal communication, discusses how stereotypes can turn into negative outcomes in terms of evaluating and evaluating them, and discussing the intergenerational communication models in the literature and suggesting possible solutions.


A brief overview on the evolution of neural network_based control and applications is given.The emphasis is put on some recent advances on stable adaptive control for continuous and discrete_time systems using neural networks and neuro_fuzzy models.Open problems and problem_solving approaches are discussed.As one of the problem_solving approaches for neuro_adaptive control,Type_2 fuzzy neural networks and quantum neural networks are also introduced.Finally,the further research direction and new subjects are proposed.


Wayfinding system needs to supply a sensible "conceptual model" for passengers to guide their travel path, The good research to "conceptual model" needs to carry out from the ways of the human thoughts, needs and actions. The basic principles of the model are fitting, correcting and feedback. These principles are very important in the process of wayfinding system design.


This article reports on a longitudinal qualitative study that involves the interviews of four adults who participated in one of two 10-day wilderness therapy trips 25 years ago. Using qualitative data collection techniques, we conducted in-depth interviews. Respondents were asked to reflect on their lives, the wilderness therapy trip, and the trip's impact on them. Analysis of the interviews identified the following themes for discussion: Sense of Time, Importance of Relationships, Sense of Place, and Lessons for Life. Themes were discussed and implications were suggested.


[Objective] To explore the effect of sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate(DMPS) on gene expression of kidney in HgCl2 treated rats by gene chips technology,and to provide theoretical basis for the molecular machinery of inorganic mercuryinduced kidney injury and treatment.[Methods]Thirty SD male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups(10 each group).An animal model of kidney injury was established by subcutaneous HgCl2 injection into the positive control group and the treatment group,and the negative control group was given 0.9% NaCl.Then the treatment group were intramuscularly injected with DMPS,the negative and the positive control groups were injected with 0.9% NaCl.After treatment,differentially expressed genes were identified by gene chips and validated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).[Results]A total of 385 genes were identified differentially expressed between the negative and the positive control groups;183 between the negative control group and the treatment group;and 223 between the positive control group and the treatment group.Among the 23 genes expressed differentially involved in DMPS treatment,the functions included xenobiotic metabolism,oxidative stress response,inflammatory response,ion transport,signal transduction,transcription regulation,cell proliferation and apoptosis,collagen fibril organization and cartilage development,neurotransmitter metabolism,and lipid,glucose and amino acid metabolism,etc.Selected results were confirmed by RT-PCR.[Conclusion]DMPS can recover the differentially expressed genes of kidney induced by HgCl2,and these genes may possibly play an important role in kidney injury by mercury exposure and in subsequent DMPS treatment.


The high amount of residual metal ions released in wastewaters from process such as mining, painting, smelting, batteries manufacture, and others, becomes a problem to the environment. In view of this, the adsorption process arises as an alternative treatment to metal ion removal. The use of some biological materials as adsorbents like aquatic plants has shown high affinity by metal ions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of aquatic macrophyte Salvinia natans in Pb2+ removal. Langmuir model best fitted to equilibrium data and the maximum uptake capacity was 0.614 mmol.g-1. In order to know the biosorption mechanism FT-IR analyses were performed for S. natans before and after uptake of metal ion. The results showed different functional groups on the biomass surface and the ability of these groups bind with Pb2+ ion in aqueous solution.


along with the vertical and horizontal smoke wire pictures, indicate that the area-averaged drag reductions are not just a result of a shift in the transition region location (e.g., thicker boundary layer), but are most probably a result of the production of smaller turbulence scales. As stated earlier, the purpose of this investigation was to attempt to produce local skin-friction reduction through alteration of the Emmons spot structures. Having produced such a drag reduction, it is of interest to examine the overall efficiency of such an approach. The expected longitudinal extent of the skin-friction reduction is of 0(1206).10 Based on this length, the power saved is of 0(5.21 x\Q~3 W). The power required to run the acoustic horn driver trigger is of 0(3.16 W). Obviously, the present trigger system does not allow a net reduction; however, other, perhaps passive, trigger approaches may do so. Conclusions In summary, an Emmons spot generation system was designed to trigger closely spaced Emmons spots in the spanwise and longitudinal directions. For certain combinations of generator frequencies and amplitude, hole size, and hole spacing, quantitative and qualitative results indicate smaller turbulence scales and a reduction in skin friction [of 0(15%)]. This reduction in local drag does not appear to be a result of simply shifting the transition region location. The efficiency of the present trigger system does not allow a net drag reduction. However, other, perhaps passive, trigger approaches may do so.


The use of fire to prepare agricultural areas is a technique still used by small farmers in eastern Amazon. This type of management changes the dynamics of soil nutrients, especially phosphorus, which constitutes the most limiting nutrient for crop production in tropical soils. This study was carried out to evaluate changes in phosphorus forms in an Argissolo Amarelo Distrofico (Ultisol) submitted to burning and trituration of secondary forest in eastern Amazon. The evaluated systems were: slash-and-burn of vegetation; slash-and-mulch of vegetation; and secondary vegetation. The labile, moderately labile, moderately recalcitrant, available and total phosphorus fractions were assessed at the soil depths of 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m. The results showed a predominance of soluble P in acid (moderately labile P) over other forms in all management systems. The management systems influence the content and distribution of the forms of P, where the slash-and-mulch system presented the prevalence of the labile fraction, and the slash-and-burn system contained less labile forms. The slash-and-mulch system favored the accumulation of labile P and total organic P.


Activity patterns in animals are influenced by a number of factors, including the animal's physiological adaptations, prey availability and distribution, and disturbances caused by predators and humans. We compared coyote (Canis latrans) activity patterns estimated using radio-tracking locations between 1983 and 1988 with those documented between 1996 and 1997 on the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, in southeastern Colorado. We tested the hypothesis that changes in the type of disturbance experienced by coyotes would result in changes in their activity patterns. Disturbance experienced by the coyote population studied during 1983-1988, included >50 years of intense exploitation (shooting and trapping by ranchers) and intensive removal efforts using aerial gunning. In contrast, coyotes tracked during 1996-1997 experienced some periodic disturbance from army maneuvers occurring in the area, but were not exposed to any direct form of persecution (e.g., shooting). From August 1983 to July 1988, 49 coyotes (26 male...


Willard Swartley asks a provocative question: how can it be that peace and peacemaking, terms which occur 100 times in the New Testament, are so little noticed in contemporary works of New Testament theology and ethics? Calling this 'the missing peace' in New Testament studies, Swartley seeks to redress this surprising lacuna. Certainly for an Anabaptist – Swartley is Professor Emeritus of New Testament at Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary – the topic of peace is not marginal. Yet he persuasively makes his case, sifting through Scripture, exploring in detail each part of the New Testament, showing how, far from being a peripheral issue or limited only to personal or 'spiritual' realms, peace and peacemaking are central to the mission and message of Jesus and his earliest followers. Throughout, he interacts thoughtfully with a wide range of contemporary scholarship. The initial chapters of this study provide the foundation for the book, first showing how peace was 'integral to the gospel of the kingdom that Jesus proclaimed and brought in his own person' (p. 23). The author also explores the biblical terms for peace, sorting through the varied witness of the Bible to war and peace. The heart of the book comprises ten chapters analysing different aspects of the New Testament, showing how peace and peacemaking are central to these writings, and closely bound up with issues of Christology and ecclesiology. This work is strengthened by his attention to cognate concepts such as reconciliation and non-retaliation. Particularly illuminating in this section is Swartley's examination of Paul's (nearly) unique phrase 'God of peace' (p. 208f.). The book concludes with three thematic chapters. The first explores imitating Christ, a discussion leavened by the work of René Girard. The penultimate returns to the issue of peacemaking as reflecting the deep reality of God. Finally, Swartley turns to how the substance of this book might inform moral formation among Christians. Two appendices close the volume, the first of which is particularly significant. It examines standard works of biblical theology and ethics to evaluate their treatment of peace and peacemaking, an evaluation which quite reinforces Swartley's thesis that such themes have been neglected. Although his book is intended as a scholarly work, Swartley writes accessibly. He does not assume familiarity with biblical languages, as Greek and Hebrew terms are always transliterated in the body of the text, and nearly always in the footnotes as well. He also enriches his


The article used the control theories to set up the digital model of self-adjusting pumps, and proceeded research with analyzing their dynamic characteristics, and provided the theories for improving the dynamic quality of the self-adjusting pumps.


The injector I of China Accelerator Driven Subcritical system (C-ADS), which is composed of an ECR ion source, a low energy beam transport line (LEBT), a radio frequency quadrupole accelerator (RFQ), a medium energy beam transport line (MEBT) and cryomodules with SRF cavities to boost the beam energy up to 10 MeV. The injector linac will be equipped with beam diagnostics to measure the beam position, the transverse profile and emittance, the beam energy as well as beam current and beam losses. Though many of that are conventional design, they can provide efficient operation of injector linac. This paper gives an overview of C-ADS linac beam instrumentation. INTRODUCTION The Chinese ADS project is aimed to solve the nuclear waste problem and the resource problem for nuclear power plants in China. With its long-term plan lasting until 2030th, the project will be carried out in 3 phases: Phase I of R&D facility, Phase II of experiment facility and Phase III of industry demonstration facility. The driver linac of the CADS consists of two injectors to ensure its high reliability. Each of the two injectors will be a hot-spare of the other. Although the two injectors that are installed in the final tunnel will be identical, two different design schemes, named injector I and II respectively are being pursued in parallel by the Institute of High Energy of Physics (IHEP) and the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP). [1] The Injector I ion source is based on ECR technology. The beam will be extracted with an energy of 35 keV. The ion source will be followed by a Low Energy Beam Transportline (LEBT), which consists of 2 solenoids, a fast chopper system and a set of beam diagnostics including CTs and faraday cup. A Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) will accelerate the beam up to 3.2 MeV and will be followed by the first Medium Energy Beam Transport line (MEBT1), fully instrumented and also equipped. The next section is two cryogenic modules named CM1 and CM2 with seven cold beam position monitors in each, which accelerate beam up to about 10 MeV. The last section is the second Medium Energy Beam Transport line (MEBT2). The drift tubes between magnets provide the gap for diagnostics. The injector I linac is equipped with beam diagnostics to measure the beam position, the transverse profile, the beam emittance, the beam energy as well as beam current and beam losses. This will provide efficient operation of drive linac and ensure the beam loss at a low level. A list of the different type of monitors using in the injector I linac is presented in Table 1. Table 1: List of beam instrumentation in C-ADS linac Device Accuracy Resolution Quantity Beam position monitor ±100um 30 um 25 Wire scanner ±0.5mm 50 um 4 Beam emittance unit 10% 2 Beam current monitor 1.5% 0.01mA 5 Beam loss monitor 1% 8 Beam energy monitor ±1deg 0.5deg 3 IPM 1mm 200 um 1 Electron scanner 1mm 300um 1 Figure 1: Beam instrumentation layout in C-ADS linac. ___________________________________________ *Work supported by China ADS Project (XDA03020000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 11205172, NO. 11475204) Proceedings of IPAC2015, Richmond, VA, USA MOAB2 6: Beam Instrumentation, Controls, Feedback, and Operational Aspects T03 Beam Diagnostics and Instrumentation ISBN 978-3-95450-168-7 21 Co py rig ht © 20 15 CC -B Y3. 0 an d by th er es pe ct iv ea ut ho rs BEAM POSITION MEASUREMENT In the injector I linac, there are 25 BPMs of which 14 is cold BPM installed in two cryostats. Measurement of the particle beam position in CADS injector I proton linac is an essential part of beam diagnostics, and the Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) provide the basic diagnostics tool for commissioning and operation of accelerators. The BPMs could provide information about both the center of mass position and the beam phase that can be used to detect energy on line by using the time-of-flight (TOF) method. [2] The sum signal of BPM could be used for beam loss measurement which can be detected by a Differential Beam Current Monitor (DBCM) measuring beam current difference at two locations along the accelerator, especially for the beam energy is lower than 10MeV. [3] This part will be described in the beam loss part. The signal of pick-ups will also be used for machine protection, if one of them output is much bigger than some thresholds, the electronics will provide signal to the fast interlock protection system. BEAM PROFILE MEASUREMENT Three different types of transverse beam profile monitors are adopted to monitor the beam profile. The wire scanner is a typical profile measuring system using solid material as a probe inside the beam to sample the charge at different location. It is an intercepting diagnostics cannot survive in a high beam power density such as ADS injector I linac with CW mode, so they are only employed to measure beam profile during the period of machine tuning. There are three wire scanners in MEBT1 separated by two Q-magnets from each other, and also one wire scanner is positioned in MEBT2. Fig. 2 shows the MEBT1 beam profile measured with wire scanner. Two non-invasive beam profile measurement methods were developed for the CADS Injector I Proton Linac. One is an IPM (ionization beam profile monitor) system which detects the ionized products from a collision of the beam particle with residual gas atoms or molecules present in the vacuum pipe, the other is an electron beam scanner as figure 3 shown which using a low energy electron beam instead of a metal wire to sweep through the beam. The deflection of electron beam by the collective field of the high intensity beam is measured.[4] The two systems will be installed in MEBT2. Figure 2: The MEBT1 beam profile measured with wire scanner. Figure 3: The electron beam scanner installed on the beam line for transverse beam profile measurement. BEAM CURRENT MEASUREMENT Beam Current Monitors system is composed of AC Current Transformers (ACCT), Fast Current Transformers (FCT) and DC Current Transformers (DCCT). ACCT is used to measure the average current over the beam pulse, the pulse charge and the longitudinal pulse profile. FCT is for checking bunch shape with fast rise time and measuring the beam phase. One ACCT, one DCCT and one movable faraday cup are installed in the LEBT. The DCCT is positioned before the second solenoid, for LEBT beam current monitoring. The ACCT is located at the end of LEBT and before RFQ. It measures the beam transmission in the RFQ with another ACCT installed at the MEBT1. Two FCTs are located in the MEBT1 with the distance is about 1 meter. They are used to measure the beam energy of the MEBT1 by using the time-of-flight (TOF) method. In the MEBT2, there also are two FCT to measure the beam energy acquired from the SRF. Also there is an NPCT for measuring the beam current when the linac in CW mode. MOAB2 Proceedings of IPAC2015, Richmond, VA, USA ISBN 978-3-95450-168-7 22 Co py rig ht © 20 15 CC -B Y3. 0 an d by th er es pe ct iv ea ut ho rs 6: Beam Instrumentation, Controls, Feedback, and Operational Aspects T03 Beam Diagnostics and Instrumentation Figure 4: The beam energy of RFQ is 3.199MeV measured with two FCT with TOF. EMITTANCE MEASUREMENT An Emittance Measure Unit (EMU) is installed after the LEBT, this device is based on Allison scanner [5] and can measure the emittance when ion source is tuning. This device is removed when the RFQ and LEBT join together. Transverse emittance measurement is also required in the MEBT and is equipped with a double-slits system. The first slit could not be able to stand the high beam power of the CADS Injector I Proton Linac, therefore, the beam pulse frequency is reduced to 10Hz and the beam pulse length has to be reduced to 100us or less, even though the first slit is made of tungsten with high melting point. A cooling system is also requested. Studies are done for the first slit. The Special beam modes are applied to the first slit to ensure the first slit can survive in the beam. The emittance of the RFQ is measured and shown as below in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 when RFQ commissioning. To verify the results using the double slits, the measurement base on changing Q-magnet strength is also used, the wire scanner near the RFQ exit is selected. Figure 5: The horizontal emittance of RFQ is 0.1203mm.mrad measured with double slits system. Figure 6: The vertical emittance of RFQ is 0.1347mm.mrad measured with double slits system. BEAM LOSS MONITORING The beam loss monitor is the most important diagnostic system for proton linac. The purpose of the beam loss monitor is to avoid the accelerator damage and excessive machine activation by beam loss. Ionization chambers will be the main beam loss detector. However, at low energies, ionization chambers are not effective to detect beam loss due to the self-shielding from the copper cavities and the low energy particle can't penetrate the shielding. The differential current measurement between two beam position monitor will be the primary input to the fast machine interlock system. Also the ports signal of beam position pick-ups are used for the fast machine interlock system if the voltage exceeds some thresholds.


This paper examines the compositional changes that occur in economies experiencing current account reversals using sectoral-level data on output and employment growth around 55 reversal episodes. The experiences of developing and industrialized countries are compared, and the role of currency crises is also examined. Labor market adjustment following reversals in developing countries is shown to differ from that of industrialized economies. The possibility that this difference is related to labor market informality is briefly examined.


I t is commonly believed that ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by diffuse continuous involvement of the colon, and always involves the rectum. Rectal involvement is a clinical and pathologic hallmark of UC, and is presumed to be involved in all patients at initial presentation, and the rectum is often the most severely inflamed region of the colon in UC. Histologic features of chronic colitis, such as crypt architectural distortion, basal lymphoplasmacytosis, Paneth cell metaplasia, basal lymphoid aggregates, and diffuse mixed inflammation in the lamina propria, among others, may be present as early as 1 week after the onset of clinical symptoms, and are usually well established after 3–4 weeks time.1–3 However, there are several clinical situations in which the rectum may be partially, or completely, spared of active or chronic inflammation, and these are outlined below. It is important to be familiar with these situations so that a misdiagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD), based on the finding of rectal sparing, can be avoided.


The invention provides a fluorescence detection device which comprises a detection pool, an emitting fiber, a focusing lens, a receiving fiber and a receiver, wherein the detection pool is cylindrical, a side wall of the detection pool is a transparent side wall, and an opening is formed at the upper end of the detection pool; the focusing lens is mounted above the opening of the detection pool; one end of the emitting fiber corresponds to a position above the focusing lens, and the other end of the emitting fiber is mounted on an excitation light source; the receiving fiber comprises a winding part and a transferring part, the winding part is provided with a fiber core, and the transferring part is provided with a fiber core and a coating layer; the winding part winds outside the side wall of the detection pool, and the tail end of the transferring part is coupled with the receiver. The fluorescence detection device provided by the invention can effectively improve the fluorescence collection efficiency, receive fluorescence from all dimensions and improve the detection precision, and has the advantages of small volume and facilitation of implementation.


The design of DSS based on the logistics cost subject field data warehouse is still a new subject in our country.This paper,according to the design of data warehouse in the logistics cost subject field,introduces the star schema,that is,the data warehouse model centers on the logistics cost fact table surrounded by several dimension tables.In the data mining section,it gathers dada at first,then applies the association rule mining(ARM) techniques to proceed data mining from different dimensions based on the records of logistics cost database.


Two new species belonging to the subfamily Tillandsioideae from Machu Picchu, Cusco, Peru are described and illustrated here. The new species Tillandsia machupicchuensis is close to T. tovarensis and the other new species Guzmania inkaterrae is close to G. morreniana and G. tenuifolia. Both species are abundant in the area.


The article explains how to do a good job in building corporate culture by"Three Grasps,Four Combinations, Five Implementations",based on the characteristics of geologic survey.


This paper deals with the mechanical design of a novel assistive exoskeleton for the paraplegic and the elderly. In order to reduce the inconvenience that traditional devices have in long distance travel, this paper developed a deformable exoskeleton which merges the exoskeleton and the wheelchair. What have been taken into consideration include the characteristics of human joints, DOF configuration, actuator characteristics and human-machine interaction. Then according to these factors, this paper introduced the deformation principle based on the four-bar linkage and designed the hip and knee joint structures. Finally, this paper analyzed the stability of the deformation process with CoG judgement, proved the feasibility and introduced an adjustment method to improve the stability margin to avoid the risk of turnover when facing slopes.


Editor's Note: Alfred North Whitehead was a British mathematician, logician and philosopher. His early work, as a student and professor at Cambridge University, was on mathematics and logic. The second period, 1910-24, when he had appointments at University College London and Imperial College of Science and Technology in London, he concentrated on the philosophy of science. The last period, beginning in 1924 and during which he taught philosophy at Harvard, he concentrated on metaphysics. His philosophy is known as both Alfred North Whitehead


A LOta1 of 873 Flehmen (lip curl) displays by bison (Bison bison) was recorded and statistically analyzed in relation to individual factors such as age and sex, and external factors such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, and Flehmen stimulus to determine if differences between subgroups of individuals existed and if Flehmen was environmentally affected. The mean lip curl display duration for all individuals was 8.4 seconds. Statistical tests of Flehmen duration means grouped by Flehmen stimuli showed a significant difference (P<0.05). Lip curl duration means for males (8.3 sec.) and females (9.3 sec.), "maturity classes", all age-classes, cowage-classes, and bull age-classes were significantly different (p<0.05). Because of a marked decrease of duration means for' 'prime" bulls, some relationship between Flehmen duration and sexual behavior of bulls was suggested. Windspeed, humidity, and temperature were determined to have little influence on lip curl duration. No significant correlation was found between lip curl direction and wind direction. LocaJ variations of windspeed, wind direction, humidity, and temperature around the curling individual do not permit legitimate conclusions regarding their effect cn Flehmen duration and direction.


In computing the fields excited inside the fuselage of an aircraft [1] when subjected to external electromagnetic (EM) radiation, the results of [2]-[4] have been used and the fields were assumed to propagate in free space instead of inside a cavity. This measurement program shows that it is improper to do so since the presence of metallic structures and the cavity resonances may account for deviations ofover 20 dB in relation to the free-space field.


Interconnected sensor and actuator objects creating Constrained‐Node Networks (CNN) are among the most prominent technologies of the Internet of things. Deployed to monitor our lives, surroundings, and critical infrastructure, CNN communications must be strongly secured in order to prevent devastating unauthorized access to critical information. This, however, faces severe challenges imposed by CNN constraints in terms of energy, memory, and computational power. To address such conflicting requirements, this paper presents a chaos‐based efficient lightweight secure communication system for CNNs. The proposed cryptosystem performs optimized confusion‐diffusion operations at the byte level allowing it to be fully implemented on an 8‐bit microcontroller. Obtained results from extensive experiments at both statistical and implementation levels confirm the robustness of the proposed cryptosystem against a multitude of attacks. Additionally, the evaluated encryption/decryption speeds along with the low memory and energy consumption grant the proposed cryptosystem attractive lightweight aspects enabling its deployment in very constrained CNN applications having soft real‐time requirements.


Lin Yifu believed that the traditional explanation for the agricultural crisis between 1959 to 1961 was inconsistent with the empirical evidence.He further explained the catastroph by applying Game Theory based on "one-shot game".This paper tests the hypothesis by a quantitative test.The results shows that the specified farming policy mainly resulted in the low productivity,and the natural disaster itself should not be ignored as a main factor.