model theory has turned out to have more to say about the relations between various properties of logics than about the characterization of logics by their properties. In general, abstraction can serve many different masters. It can be used to systematize a body of examples, notions and results, and in this organization, help us to understand more explicitly what we already know. This usually leads to the emergence of new concepts for unifying properties of the material, concepts which are overlooked in specific cases. And new problems and theorems that can be formulated in terms of the new concepts that emerge. Studying only the model theory of first-order logic would be analogous to the study of real analysis never knowing of any but the polynomial functions: core concepts like continuity, differentiability, analyticity, and their relations would remain at best vaguely perceived. It is only in the study of more general functions 16 I. Model-Theoretic Logics: Background and Aims that one sees the importance of these notions, and their different roles, even for the simple case. One of the aims of abstract model theory is develop an analogous classification of logics by means of their most important properties. This entails understanding the relationships between these properties. Properties of logics that are co-extensive in the first-order case often have quite different extensions in the general setting. For example, in first-order logic, the interpolation theorem and the Robinson consistency theorem appear to be equivalent results. However, in general, the latter is much more powerful than the former. ίfωiω, for example, has the interpolation property but not the Robinson consistency property. So too, the difference between strong compactness and countable compactness is not too noticeable in first-order logic, because of the Lowenheim-Skolem theorem. In general, however, countable compactness is much weaker. Like properties of logics, so too methods of proof that seem more or less equivalent in the context of first-order model theory often split and come into their own in abstract model theory. For example, the Ehrenfeucht-Fraisse partial isomorphism method has come to the fore in two ways. First, it generalizes in different ways to a host of model-theoretic logics. Second, it is used as a means of classifying logics, into those that have and those that do not have the "Karp property". In the next subsections, we discuss three particularly important links that come up repeatedly in extended and abstract model theory, the Δ-closure of a logic, and the least ordinal pinned down by a bounded logic, and the Hanf number of a logic. In each we have a property of first-order logic that is largely overlooked until put in the context of the more general theory. 2.4. The Interpolation Theorem and the ^-Closure The interpolation theorem illustrates a number of the issues discussed above. The Craig interpolation theorem (stated below) shows that first-order logic is closed under a very general form of implicit definability, so that the concepts embodied in first-order logic are all given explicitly. Closure under implicit definability is obviously a highly desirable result from the perspective of defining logics that embody a given mathematical notion. Craig's result was discovered about the same time as the Robinson consistency theorem, and they were widely perceived to be more or less the same result, one that implied the Beth definability theorem. As mentioned above, the Robinson consistency property turns out to be a much stronger property of logics than the Craig interpolation property in the context of extended model theory. In fact, as long as the number of symbols in any single sentence is finite, or at all reasonable in size, one can say that a logic has the Robinson consistency property just in case it satisfies both the compactness property and the Craig interpolation property (see Chapter XVIII). Neither J£?(β 0) n o r -Sf (61) satisfy the Craig interpolation theorem. But whereas Mostowski found a principled reason for the failure of interpolation for 2. Abstract Model Theory 17 there is no such explanation known for ^ ( d ) . (Keep in mind that ^ ( Q J is not in any sense an extension of JSf(βo) The logic ^{Qγ) satisfies the countable compactness property so "finite" is not definable in this logic.) Rather, the counterexamples that were found to the Craig and Beth theorems for J^iQi) and related logics have repeatedly suggested additional concepts that were in the constellation of notions around countability but that were not definable in J^(βi). That is, the counter-examples all suggested that we just did not yet have the right logic, rather than that there was an essential obstacle. This is presumably part of the reason there is no convincing characterization theorem for any of these logics. The problem of finding a countably-compact logic extending ^£(Q^) with the interpolation property has become known as Feferman's problem. It has led to the study of many interesting and useful extensions of JSf(d)—extensions that remedy various deficiencies in 5£(Q^) by building in other notions that seem still in the spirit of the countable/uncountable distinction. Some of these extensions are discussed in Kaufmann's chapter. Nevertheless, there is still no conclusive solution to Feferman's problem either positively, or negatively by a result that shows, under some reasonable assumption, that an essential obstacle exists. Feferman's motivation in stating the problem goes back to the issue of completeness. For first-order logic, there are both model-theoretic and proof-theoretic proofs of the interpolation theorem, the latter deriving the theorem from the completeness of Gentzen's cut-free set of axioms and rules. (Gentzen's rule of "cut" is the analogue of modus ponens for his system. He showed that this rule is redundant in his system.) For J2?ωiω, it was this latter proof that Lopez-Escobar managed to generalize. It was harder to find a purely model-theoretic proof. The basic idea of the proof-theoretic proof is that if you are able to prove φ(R, T) from φ(R, S), where R, S and T are relation symbols, and if the proof does not use "cut", then there should be a proof that only uses the common symbol R in an essential way, in that you should be able to isolate a sentence Θ(R) so that both φ(R, S) -• Θ(R) and Θ(R) -> ψ(R, T) are provable. One can use the interpolation property as a yardstick for measuring whether there is a good proof theory. In the case of J£(Qι\ knowing that interpolation fails shows that one is not going to have a good Gentzen style proof theory for «^(6i) What Feferman was after was a richer logic that had a better completeness theorem in this sense, and he was using the interpolation property as a modeltheoretic test for such a better theorem. The proof theory of strong logics has not kept pace with their model theory, partially due to the interests of the people working in the field, partially due to the fact that proof theory is not seen as being particularly central to the subject since many of the logics do not have an r.e. set of valid sentences. And from a model-theoretic point of view, it has turned out that interpolation is not a particularly important or natural property for a logic to have. Interpolation is a much stronger property than is needed for a logic to be closed under implicit definability. The notion that has turned out to be more important in this respect is that of a Δ-closed logic. A class K of structures is called PC (or Σj) in a logic if if there is a class K of structures that is definable in 5£ so that 9W e K if and only if some expansion 18 I. Model-Theoretic Logics: Background and Aims W of 9Jί is in K'. The interpolation theorem can be restated as: If Ko and Kx are disjoint PC classes then there is a definable class K containing one and disjoint from the other. An obvious consequence is that if a class K is both PC and co-PC (that is, its complement is PC) in ££ then K is definable in <έ'. A logic with this property is called A-closed. Any logic satisfying the interpolation property is automatically Δ-closed, but not conversely. And whereas there is no known way to start with a logic $£ where interpolation fails and find a smallest extension where it holds, there is a way to define a smallest logic Δ(if) containing <£ and Δ-closed, called the A-closure of if. This operation on logics preserves many of the nice properties of the original logic. The Δ-closure is completely overlooked in first-order logic because we have so much more. And Δ-closure, rather than the stronger interpolation property, is really what shows us that we have a well-rounded logic. A frequent use of the Δ-closure is to show that two logics i? and if' are really the same up to implicit definability by showing that Δ(if) = Δ(j£?'). Several such results appear in Chapters VI and XVII. For example, the various logics if (Qo), weak second-order logic (where one quantifies over finite sets) and ω-logic are the same up to implicit definability. Makowsky [1975a] and I (Barwise [1974a]) independently noticed that Mostowski's result, that no logic with finitary syntax that can define finite and infinite has the interpolation property, could be turned into a characterization of the common Δ-closure of these logics as a certain infinitary logic, the "hyperarithmetic" fragment of ifωiω (see Chapter XVII for a proof of this result). 2.5. Pinning Down Ordinals Another property of first-order logic that goes all but unnoticed in that setting, but assumes a central place in the general theory, is the undefinability of wellorderings. The distinction between logics where well-ordering is undefinable and those where it is definable turns out to be an important one. A logic if is said to be bounded by an ordinal α if α is greater than all ordinals that can be "characterized" in the logic. Second-order-like logics


Objective To study short-term therapeutic efficacy of mesh plug repair for gerontal groin hernias.Methods 62 gerontal patients with groin hernia were treated by mesh plug hernia repair with mesh Perfix plug. Results 54 cases(87.1%)were followed up for two years and no recurrence was found.. Couclusions The mesh Perfix plug is a kind of ideal material for herniorrhaphy especially for gerontal patients or those with other diseases.


In these notes we discuss the efficiency of a Monte-Carlo estimator. This naturally leads to the search for more efficient estimators and towards this end we describe some simple variance reduction techniques. In particular, we describe common random numbers, control variates, antithetic Variates and conditional Monte-Carlo, all of which are designed to reduce the variance of our Monte-Carlo estimators. We will defer a discussion of stratified sampling and importance sampling until the next set of lecture notes.


PURPOSE
To evaluate glomerular injury in the rat model during renal warm ischemia (WI), comparing artery and vein (AV) clamping with artery only (AO) clamping.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-four adult male rats underwent 60 minutes of renal WI in the left kidney. The animals were divided into three groups: AV clamping, AO clamping, and Sham surgery. After 30 days, the animals were euthanized, and both kidneys were processed for paraffin embedding and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Glomerular volume density (Vv[glom]), mean glomerular volume (MGV), and number of glomeruli per mm(3) (Nv[glom]) were evaluated in the renal cortex.

RESULTS
The Vv[glom] was reduced in the left kidney (ischemic) when compared with the right kidney in both AV and AO groups by 11.1% and 35.4%, respectively; however, the difference was significant only in the AV group. The Nv[glom] was reduced in the left kidney when compared with the right kidney in both AV and AO groups by 11.6% and 31.4%, respectively; nevertheless, the difference was significant only in the AV group. The MGV of left and right kidneys was the same in both Sham and AO groups and was diminished by 6.7% in the AV group-not significant.

CONCLUSION
AV clamping causes a significant decrease in the number of glomeruli in the rat model, while AO clamping reduces the glomerular number, but not significantly. To minimize renal injury, AO clamping may be preferred over AV clamping when WI is necessary in patients with previously compromised renal function.


The present invention provides an apparatus, for example, for use in semiconductor processing equipment heater comprising a substrate having at least one functional layer of the functional area. The substrate is secured to the functional layer on the substrate, and the tuning layer is fixed to the substrate, the functional layer opposite to the substrate. The tuning layer comprises a plurality of regions, the number of the functional layer larger than the area of the substrate, and the substrate layer is lower than the power function of the tuning layer. Further, the member, such as, for example, a chuck is fixed to the tuning layer, opposite the substrate. Defining the thermal conductivity of the substrate, the substrate to dissipate the power of the desired amount of the functional layer.


ABSTRACT In 1993 Afro-Colombians were granted multicultural rights as members of a distinct ethnic group and as collective subjects of 'black communities'. In recent years, this discourse has intersected with national and international apparatuses that seek to identify victims of Colombia's war in order to grant them rights and reparations. This has resulted in the emergence of a new political subject that is both racialized and defined as a victim: the afro-desplazado, or black Internally Displaced Person (IDP). Using ethnographic description from an urban IDP arrival site in Bogotá, I illustrate how these two discourses have become interwoven in practice and explore their consequences for afro-desplazados. I explore the political limits and possibilities of this new category by showing how Afro-Colombians both adopt it and push at its limits.


The article presents a psychological analysis of Johannes, the seducer of Kierkegaard from the Existential Psychology. In this mode of Psychology matter flow of existence in the historical horizon in which this is, and I like the notion of ceaseless motion, and therefore cannot be encompassed by any universal classification. The self is despair, as indexed by Kierkegaard. Johannes exemplifies the aesthetic experience extreme stage, marked by transience, processing, impermanence and inconsistency. And its in these experiences, marked by the aesthetic character of existence, that we find the so-called psychological problems of today. The question that imposes itself is how to get the output to an existence that at the very moment it reaches its goal, it empties just for having been achieved? This drain is very present today, revealed in Johannes, to want to stay, what to be done, no more remains.


Background The postpartum period is critical for maternal health status after childbirth. The traditional Chinese postpartum confinement practice, "doing-the-month", is considered especially effective in helping mothers recover during the postpartum period. However, research has not provided evidence to confirm its benefits. Postpartum depression is a common postpartum disease that seriously threatens maternal health. The systematic review aims to explore the association between "doing-the-month" and postpartum depression in the Chinese female population and to provide a scientific foundation for evidence-based postpartum maternal care. Methods Five databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) were searched according to the protocol (INPALSY202320102). The JBI assessment tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results Sixteen quantitative studies from China and Chinese female immigrants in other countries, including 15 cross-sectional studies and 1 randomized controlled study, were identified. Four studies indicated that "doing-the-month" rituals reduced postpartum depression risk while 2 studies showed opposite results; 10 studies did not show a significant association between "doing-the-month" practices and postpartum depression. Conclusion There is conflicting evidence regarding the association between "doing-the-month" and the likelihood of developing postpartum depression. Some studies have explored the impact of family ties, particular rituals, and specific stressors during the postpartum period on the occurrence of postpartum depression in Chinese women. According to current research, "doing-the-month" practice failed to show a significant protective effect on postpartum depression in the Chinese maternal population. Evidence-based medical health education for the Chinese postpartum female community is urgently needed.


MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN,-I need hardly say it was with great pleasure I acceded to your secretary's request that I should open your Society with some remarks bearing on the subjects in which we have a common interest. I have the most pleasant recollections of my visit in 1885, at the time of the British Medical Association's meeting, and am glad once more to meet old friends, Dr. Taylor, Dr. Edwards, Mr. Sheen, and others. Societies like yours play a very important part in medical life. They give facilities for discussions, and papers on scientific and practical subjects, afford opportunity to the experienced practitioner of giving the younger men the benefit of his knowledge, as well as stimulate the beginner fresh from the schools to work up some case or series of specimens to his own benefit and that of his fellows. One specially good effect of such societies is that of keeping up good feeling and tone in the profession, and if for nothing else they are worthy of all support. In thinking over some subject on which I might say a little, it occurred to me that it would be of interest to you if I discussed a condition many of you must have seen in practice, perhaps on more than one occasion, and one on whose investigation I have spent a little time recently-viz., the condition known as hydatid mole. This remarkable pathological change in a pregnancy must have always struck the practitioner, and, indeed, has been known for long. Since 1889, however, when Sanger first drew attention to the remarkable form of apparent malignant disease following abortion or pregnancy, and since it has been known that it most frequently follows hydatid mole (in about half the cases), great attention has been paid to such abortions, and a large number of questions await solution. The most clamant of these are : What is the nature of hydatid mole ? Can we tell histologically what form will develop malignant disease ? How is hydatid mole, in certain cases, followed by metastatic deposits ? and


—In recent years, researchers have made significant progress in handling dynamic multi-objective optimization problems (DMOPs), particularly for environmental changes with predictable characteristics. However, little attention has been paid to DMOPs with stochastic changes. It may be difficult for existing dynamic multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (DMOEAs) to effectively handle this kind of DMOPs because most DMOEAs assume that environmental changes follow regular patterns and consecutive environments are similar. This paper presents a Mahalanobis Distance-based approach (MDA) to deal with DMOPs with stochastic changes. Specifically, we make an all-sided assessment of search environments via Mahalanobis distance on saved information to learn the relationship between the new environment and historical ones. Afterward, a change response strategy applies the learning to the new environment to accelerate the convergence and maintain the diversity of the population. Besides, the change degree is considered for all decision variables to alleviate the impact of stochastic changes on the evolving population. MDA has been tested on stochastic DMOPs with 2 to 4 objectives. The results show that MDA performs significantly better than the other latest algorithms in this paper, suggesting that MDA is effective for DMOPs with stochastic changes.


ABSTRACT Bacteria of the genus Citricoccus have been isolated from ecological niches characterized by diverse abiotic stress conditions. Here we report the first genome draft of a strain of the genus Citricoccus isolated from the extremely oligotrophic Churince system in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) in Coahuila, Mexico.


This study examined the relationship between job insecurity and psychological well-being of bank sector employees and the role of core self-evaluations and self-perceived employability in that relationship. Employing a two-wave panel design, we surveyed 259 casual employees of commercial banks in Southeast, Nigeria (female = 72%; mean age =35.83 years, SD = 4.70 years, range = 27 to 47 years). Regression analysis revealed higher job insecurity to predict lower psychological well-being with lower self-perceived employability. Core self-evaluations did not influence the relationship between job insecurity and psychological well-being among the casual bank employees. Self-employability may have a less well recognised personal asset of employees with job tenure uncertainty.


In autumn 1993, in front of the MSRI in Berkeley, a marble sculpture by Helaman Ferguson called The Eightfold Way was revealed. This sculpture shows a compact Riemann surface of genus 3 with tetrahedral symmetry and with a tessellation by 24 distorted heptagons. The base of the sculpture is a disc which is tessellated by hyperbolic 120◦-heptagons thus suggesting that one should imagine that the surface is "really" tessellated by these regular hyperbolic polygons. In the celebration speech Bill Thurston explained how to see the surface as a hyperbolic analogue of the Platonic solids: Its symmetry group is so large that any symmetry of each of the 24 regular heptagons extends to a symmetry of the whole surface — a fact that can be checked "by hand" in front of the model: Extend any symmetry to the neighboring heptagons, continue along arbitrary paths and find that the continuation is independent of the chosen path. The hyperbolic description was already given by Felix Klein after whom the surface is named. The large number of symmetries — we just mentioned a group of order 24 · 7 = 168 — later turned out to be maximal: Hurwitz showed that a compact Riemann surface of genus g ≥ 2 has at most 84(g − 1) automorphisms (and the same number of antiautomorphisms). The sculpture introduced Klein's surface to many non-experts. Of course the question came up how the hyperbolic definition of the surface (as illustrated by the sculpture) could be related to the rather different algebraic descriptions. For example the equation W 7 = Z(Z − 1)


20 Background: Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are the most common injury type in Australian football 21 and the rate of recurrence has been consistently high for a number of years. Long lasting 22 neuromuscular inhibition has been noted in previously injured athletes but it is not known if this 23 influences athletes adaptive response to training. Purpose: To determine if elite Australian footballers 24 with a prior unilateral HSI (previously injured group) display lesser improvements in eccentric 25 hamstring strength during pre-season training compared to athletes without a history of HSI (control 26 group). Study design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Ninety-nine elite Australian footballers 27 participated (17 with a history of unilateral HSI in the previous 12 month period). Eccentric hamstring 28 strength was assessed at the start and end of pre-season training using an instrumented Nordic 29 hamstring device. Change in eccentric strength across preseason was determine in absolute terms and 30 normalised to start of preseason strength. Start of preseason strength was used as a covariate to control 31 for differences in starting strength. Results: The left and right limbs in the control group showed no 32 difference in absolute or relative change (left limb absolute change, 60.7±72.9N; relative change, 33 1.28±0.34; right limb absolute change, 48.6±83.8N; relative change, 1.24±0.43) . Similarly, the 34 injured and uninjured limbs from the previously injured group showed no difference for either 35 absolute or relative measures of change (injured limb absolute change, 13.1±57.7N; relative change, 36 1.07±0.18; uninjured limb absolute change, 14.7±54.0N; relative change, 1.07±0.22N). The 37 previously injured group displayed a significantly lesser increase in eccentric hamstring strength 38 across the preseason (absolute change, 13.9±55.0; relative change, 1.07±0.20) compared to the control 39 group (absolute change, 54.6±78.5; relative change, 1.26±0.39) for both absolute and relative 40 measures (p < 0.001), even after controlling for differences in start of pre-season What is known about the subject: The rate of recurrence of hamstring strain injuries in elite 50 Australian footballers has been high for a number of years, however the reason for this remains 51 largely unknown. There is an increasing evidence base of prolonged deficits in neuromuscular 52 function in previously injured hamstrings. What remains to be seen is whether previously injured 53 athletes exhibit a muted adaptive response to training interventions. 54 What this study adds to the existing knowledge: This study looked specifically at changes in 55 eccentric hamstring strength across preseason training, due to the important role of eccentric strength 56 in preventing hamstring strain injury. Previously injured Australian footballers with a history of 57 hamstring strain injury displayed smaller improvements in eccentric hamstring strength across 58 preseason compared to uninjured controls. This study draws to attention the possibility that previously 59 injured athletes may have long term restrictions in strength improvements even after 'successful' 60 rehabilitation and return to play. 61 62


Competing in this year's Sundance Film Festival was an ambitious and provocative documentary, The World According to Sesame Street. Co-directed by Linda Hawkins Costigan and Linda Goldstein Knowlto...


One of the contributions of Component Based Software Development (CBSD) is the reuse of software components across multiple systems by software developers. However, the developers often face a difficulty to determine the reusability of the components during the component selection process. Similarly, the component developers also have a problem to measure the component reusability during component development. Nowadays, even though many studies have been conducted in this field, which the researchers suggested many approaches with metrics but they still lack in empirical confirmation and evidences. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate and develop the component reusability evaluation approach to support CBSD. The proposed approach, which is called Component Reusability Evaluation Approach (CREA), is supported by the developed automated tool (CREATool) that may automate the reusability evaluation. CREA is then evaluated by applying five Java component in this approach and CREATool to the selected software components. The results from the application approach and then validated with results from the controlled experiment using statistical analysis. The results indicated that CREA able to provide an acceptable reusability measure, which it is confirmed by similarity results between evaluation using statistical analysis through the controlled experiment and by applying the CREATool. It shows that the proposed approach could be used as an alternative approach in component reusability evaluation. Although the developed approach are not intended to make a holistic and an ultimate decision whether the components can be reused or not, but it is useful enough to be considered as a guide for both component users and developers in making decisions related to reusable components.


Spinach (Amaranthus spp.) is an annual plant originating from tropical America. In Indonesia, only two types of cultivated spinach are known, namely pulled spinach (Amaranthus tricolor) and snapper spinach (Amaranthus hybridus). Spinach snapper is also known as year spinach, turus spinach or bathok spinach, and is grown as picked spinach. Pulled spinach consists of two varieties, one of which is red spinach. It has the main constituent compounds, namely rutin and violaxanthin


AS/ICETE, B. Z. 1964. A study of the sclerotic ring in birds. Science Studies (St. Bormventure Univ.), 22: 5-31.--Variation in diameter of the sclerotic ring is correlated with the ecology and behavior of the passeriform species studied; the diameter is large in woodland species and smaller in related grassland types. Within the order the percentage of sclerotic rings with interlocking plates increases from more primitive to specialized families. In Robins the structure increases in diameter with age through the first six months.--C.F.S. CorLi•s, C.T. 1965. The down-like nestling plumage of the Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus (Lichtenstein). Ostrich, 36: 201-202.-•By the sixth day, nestling Palm Swifts are covered with a gray post-natal "down" composed of semi-plumes. It is similar in many respects to that of the Neotropical Cypseloides.--M.A.T. HARem, AvE, L. L. 1965. Identification of feather fragments by microstudies. Amer. Antiquity, 31 (no. 2, pt. 2): 202-205.--Describes the accuracy of specific identifications of feather fragments; introductory to Messinger (1965), q.v.--M.A.J. KRUSC•I•SKI, L. W., W. M. SWETUCHrNA, I. N. MoLonKIVA, N. P. PArOVA A•n W. N. MAZ. 1963. Vergleichende physiologisch-morphologische Erforschung Komplizierter Verhaltensformen von VSgeln. Zeit. f. Tierpsychol., 20: 474-486.--A central nervous mechanism permits birds to comprehend elementary cause and effect relationships of environmental events. The hyperstriatum accessorium is probably the site of this.•M.S.F.


It has been almost thirty years since the Dartmouth Conference on artificial intelligence. Since then, AI has emerged from a laboratory curiosity to a blossoming technology with world wide strategic implications. As this technology proliferates, the PC will become a major delivery vehicle for expert systems. The PC is already being used to deploy small expert systems and It's power is bound to increase over the coming years. This panel will examine the history of the PC in AI, the current state of development and attempt to en vision future developments in the marriage of these technologies


Distinguishing distributions is a major part during cryptanalysis of symmetric block ciphers. Essentially, the goal is to distinguish two distributions; one that characterizes the number of certain events which occur totally at random and another one that characterizes same type of events but due to progagation inside the cipher. This can be realized as a hypothesis testing problem using as the reference distribution the one corresponding to a random permutation. Suppose that a source is used to generate independent random samples in some given finite set with some distribution P, which is either $P = P_0$ or $P = P_1$. Distinguisher's goal is to determine which one is most likely the one which was used to generate the sample. Discovery of such distinguishers can be potentially exploited to attack a certain number of rounds, and sometimes but more rarely, could lead to attacks against the full number of rounds. A good example of this, is the differential attack described in [?]. In this paper, we study a general hypothesis-testing based approach to construct statistical distinguishers using truncated differential properties [5], as firstly discussed in [13], [6]. The observed variable in our case is the expected number of pairs which follow a certain differential property of the form $\delta X  \to \delta Y$  after some number of rounds R. As a proof of concept, we apply this methodology to GOST and SIMON64/128 block ciphers and present distinguishers on 20 and 22 rounds respectively, that allow us to distinguish the distribution corresponding due to encryption with the correct key from a random permutation with a very low false-positive rate.


Inversion of chromosome 16 is a consistent finding in patients with acute myeloid leukemia subtype M4 with eosinophilia (AML M4Eo), which generates a CBFB-MYH11 fusion gene. The prevailing hypothesis for the mechanism of leukemia development by CBFbeta-SMMHC, the fusion protein encoded by CBFB-MYH11, is that CBFbeta-SMMHC is a dominant negative repressor of RUNX1, a transcription factor that physically interacts with CBFbeta and CBFbeta-SMMHC. If this hypothesis is correct, reducing RUNX1 activity should facilitate leukemogenesis by CBFB-MYH11. In fact, loss-of-function mutations in RUNX1 are common in human AML, but not in inv(16) AML. However, we previously demonstrated that CBFB-MYH11 has RUNX1-repression independent functions (Hyde et al., Blood 115:1433, 2010). Moreover, we recently showed that a dominant negative allele of Runx1, Runx1-lz, delayed leukemogenesis by CBFB-MYH11 in a mouse model (Hyde et al., Leukemia 29:1771, 2015). These findings challenge the RUNX1-repression model for CBFbeta-SMMHC mediated leukemogenesis. However, our previous findings are not conclusive since the Runx1+/lz mice used in the previous study have one wild-type Runx1 allele, and still retain some Runx1 function. To definitively address this question, we crossed Cre-based conditional Runx1 knockout mice (Runx1f/f) with Cre-based conditional Cbfb-MYH11 knockin mice (Cbfb+/56M) and Mx1-Cre mice to generate Runx1f/f, Mx1-Cre, Cbfb+/56Mmice, which express CBFbeta-SMMHC but not Runx1 after pIpC (poly I:C) treatment to induce Cre expression. Runx1f/f, Mx1-Cre, Cbfb+/56Mmice had more severe platelet deficiencies and higher numbers of Lin-/Sca1-/C-kit+ progenitors and Lin-/Sca1+/C-kit+ hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow when comapred with Runx1f/f, Mx1-Cre mice. Unexpectedly Runx1f/f, Mx1-Cre, Cbfb+/56Mmice also developed severe macrocytic anemia within two weeks after pIpC induction, which was lethal in about 1/3 of the mice. However, none of the Runx1f/f, Mx1-Cre, Cbfb+/56M mice developed leukemia up to one year after pIpC treatment. In contrast, all Mx1-Cre, Cbfb+/56M mice developed leukemia with an average survival of 4 months, as reported previously. These results suggest that Runx1 is strictly required for Cbfb-MYH11 induced leukemogenesis. To further study the mechanism of leukemogenesis, we performed RNA-Seq on C-kit+ bone marrow cells isolated from mice two weeks after pIpC treatment, to explore the global gene expression changes caused by Runx1 knockout on Cbfb-MYH11 expressing mice. Our preliminary data analysis showed that 1688 genes were differential expressed (Padj ≤0.05, FC ≥ 2) between Runx1f/f, Mx1-Cre, Cbfb+/56M and Mx1-Cre, Cbfb+/56M mice. Interestingly, many of these genes (48%) are Runx1 target genes. The above results suggest that mis-regulating the expression of Runx1 target genes contributes to leukemogenesis by CBFbeta-SMMHC. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Islamic-based corporate social responsibility should be practiced especially for Islamic-based organizations to provide a good impact to the organization. This is because, the achievements of excellent Islamic organizations are also influenced by the practice of Islamic CSR. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of Islamic CSR practices towards the employees of Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB). This study applies qualitative methods using phenomenological approach through in-depth interviews with nine informants consisting of employees who are involved in CSR activities at BIMB. The results of the study found that there are three main impact of Islamic CSR activities toward employees, namely strengthening relationships, increasing their motivation to work and creating loyalty to the organization. In strengthening relationships, employees can connect with their superiors more closely, establish a good relationship with the community, build team spirit as well as be able to serve customers. Findings on their motivation shows that the employees feel valued, able to communicate with the community, build self-awareness and change their behaviour towards goodness. Loyalty to the organization is also formed when the organization implements CSR that is in line with Islamic principles, employees also have the opportunity to involve in welfare activities and the organization has a good reputation as a result of CSR implementation.Therefore, these findings help organizations to identify the impact of implementing CSR activities especially from Islamic perspective and at the same time the organization able to plan their CSR activities that can give good impact to their employees.


As students, faculty members, and the public bring more suits, trustees must become aware of potential legal problems and secure competent legal advice.


BACKGROUND
Recent literature defines lateral violence as nurses covertly or overtly directing their dissatisfaction inward toward each other, toward themselves, and toward those less powerful than themselves. Newly licensed nurses are an identified group that is vulnerable to lateral violence during their socialization to nursing practice. The use of cognitive rehearsal, an applied cognitive-behavioral technique, was used as an intervention and the theoretical underpinning for this study.

METHOD
Twenty-six newly licensed nurses hired by a large acute care tertiary hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, participated in an exploratory descriptive study. They were taught about lateral violence in nursing practice and the use of cognitive rehearsal techniques as a shield from the negative effects of lateral violence on learning and socialization. Small laminated cueing cards with written visual cues for the appropriate responses to the most common forms of lateral violence were provided. One year later, videotaped focus groups designed to collect qualitative data about the applied intervention were conducted.

RESULTS
Twenty-six newly licensed nurses in three different focus groups were videotaped responding to six open-ended questions designed to elicit information on their experience with lateral violence, use of cognitive rehearsal as an intervention, and the overall socialization process.

CONCLUSIONS
Knowledge of lateral violence in nursing appeared to allow newly licensed nurses to depersonalize it, thus allowing them to ask questions and continue to learn. The learned cognitive responses helped them confront the lateral violence offender. Confrontation was described as difficult but resulted in the resolution of the lateral violence behavior. Overall, the retention rate in this study population was positively affected.


Background —Triggered Purkinje ectopy can lead to the initiation of serious ventricular arrhythmias in post–myocardial infarction patients. In the canine model, Purkinje cells from the subendocardial border of the healing infarcted heart can initiate ventricular arrhythmias. Intracellular Ca 2 (cid:1) abnormalities underlie these arrhythmias, yet the subcellular reasons for these abnormalities remain unknown. Methods and Results —Using 2D confocal microscopy, we directly quantify and compare typical spontaneous Ca 2 (cid:1) events in specific subcellular regions of normal Purkinje cells with those Purkinje cells from the subendocardium of the 48-hour infarcted canine heart (IZPCs). The Ca 2 (cid:1) event rate was higher in the subsarcolemmal region of IZPCs when compared with normal Purkinje cells; IZPC amplitudes were higher, yet the spatial extents of these events were similar. The amplitude of caffeine-releasable Ca 2 (cid:1) in either the subsarcolemmal or core regions of IZPCs did not differ from normal Purkinje cells, suggesting that Ca 2 (cid:1) overload was not related to the frequency change. In permeabilized Purkinje cells from both groups, the event rate was related to free [Ca 2 (cid:1) ] in both subsarcolemmal and core, but in IZPCs, this event rate was significantly increased at each free Ca 2 (cid:1) , suggesting an enhanced sensitivity to Ca 2 (cid:1) release. Furthermore, decays of wide long lasting Ca 2 (cid:1) release events in IZPC's core were significantly accelerated compared with those in normal Purkinje cells. JTV519 (K201) suppressed IZPC cell wide Ca 2 (cid:1) waves as well as normalized the enhanced event rate and its response to free Ca 2 (cid:1) . Conclusions —Increased spontaneous Ca 2 (cid:1) release events in IZPCs are due to uniform regionally increased Ca 2 (cid:1) release channel sensitivity to Ca 2 (cid:1) without a change in sarcoplasmic reticulum content. In addition, Ca 2 (cid:1) reuptake in IZPCs is accelerated. These properties would lower the threshold of Ca 2 (cid:1) release channels, setting the stage for the highly frequent arrhythmogenic cell wide Ca 2 (cid:1) waves observed in IZPCs. ( Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol . 2008;1:387-395.) Although the precise mechanisms of the triggering premature ventricular contraction generation had not been shown, our current work on Purkinje cells that have survived in the infarcted heart elucidate one of the cellular mechanisms for these arrhythmias. Also, we show here that a drug that stabilize Ca 2 (cid:1) release channels, JTV-519 (K201), is effective in correcting the abnormality and as such may also be effective for Ca 2 (cid:1) dependent arrhythmias in post–myocardial infarction patients.


The changes in the concentration of lipids during the in vitro degeneration of cat brain slices and sciatic nerve have been determined after incubation in bicarbonate buffer for periods of time from 1 to 14 days. In brain slices incubated for 14 days there was a great decrease in the concentration of total phospholipid with no change in the concentration of cerebroside or total cholesterol. Of the individual phospholipids, there was a decrease in the concentration of sphingomyelin and cephalin and no significant change in the concentration of lecithin. In sciatic nerve incubated for eight days, there was a significant decrease in the concentration of cephalin and a decrease of borderline significance in the concentration of total phospholipid. There was no significant change in the concentration of cerebroside, free or total cholesterol, sphingomyelin, or lecithin. Thus in tissue of the nervous system, there appears to be a phospholipid-splitting mechanism, possibly enzymatic in nature.


In this paper,the management model,a comparative analysis of large-scale coal enterprises.Summed up the lack of large coal enterprise management features and contemporary coal enterprise management mode.How to optimize large coal enterprise management mode and put forward some specific proposals in mode of financial management,technology management model innovation,selection and management aspects.


Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret (1114 aa, ~124 kDa) is encoded by the human RET gene. This protein plays a role in the proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural cells.


....................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................ xi CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ..................................... ........ 1 1.1 The Background of the Study ............................... 1 1.2 The Problems of the Study ................................... 4 1.3 The Object of the Study ...................................... 5 1.4 The Scope of the Study........................................ 5 1.5 The Significances of the Study .............................. 5 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................ 6 2.1 Definition of Play ............................................. 6 2.2 Kinds of Play ................................................... 8 2.2.1 Tragedy ............................................. ......... 9 2.2.2 Comedy .................................... .................. 11 2.2.3 Tragic Comedy ............................................... 11


The paper discussed the speciality of modern jewelry design taking emotional beauty as a theme based on the research of the relationship of the social function,art taste and the changing diathesis of designer and comsumer with modern jewelry design-sentiment requirement.It is believed that the speciality makes the connotation and sculpt of the design more emotional expression and the emotional transfer,inclination expression and individuality is becoming the new character and requirement of modern jewellery design.


Boron compounds are efficient wood preservatives against fungi and insects, and are widely recognized to be safe towards both environment and mammals. Their natural water solubility allows them to easily treat timber. On the other hand, this property makes borates readily leachable from treated timber. Thus, borates provide only short term protection in outside exposure. Wood preservatives based on albumin borates have been shown to greatly reduce boron leachability, even when the treated timber is in ground contact under natural exposure. Aqueous mixtures of boric acid and albumin (albumin 1% m/m and boric acid 3% or 5% m/m) were used to treat pine small poles (1 m length, 20 cm diameter). The treatments were performed with a vacuum-pressure pilot plant system. Further to this impregnation, the poles were dried at 90°C, 70% RH in a convective wood dryer. The aim of this drying operation was to coagulate the protein, creating thus an insoluble polymer network able to retain the boron within the wood. Half of these treated poles were buried in a field test site. Retentions and distributions of boric acid and albumin in the poles were determined after the treatment and after 3 years of field testing. Observations of the degree of biological attack revealed that poles treated in this manner with only 3% boric acid were moderately durable, and the poles treated with 5% boric acid remained durable, even in ground contact. (Texte integral)


The assessment of soil elemental concentrations nowadays mainly occurs through conventional laboratory analyses. However, proximal soil sensing (PSS) techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry are proving to reduce analysis time and costs, and thus offer a worthy alternative to laboratory analyses. Moreover, XRF scanners are non-destructive and can be directly employed in the field. Although the use of XRF for soil elemental analysis is becoming widely accepted, most previous studies were limited to one scanner, a few samples, a few elements, or a non-diverse sample database. Here, an extensive and diverse soil database was used to compare the performance of three different XRF scanners with results obtained through conventional laboratory analyses. Scanners were used in benchtop mode with built-in soil calibrations to measure the concentrations of 15 elements. Although in many samples Cu, S, P, and Mg concentrations were up to 6, 12, 13, and 5 times overestimated by XRF, and empirical recalibration is recommended, all scanners produced acceptable results, even for lighter elements. Unexpectedly, XRF performance did not seem to depend on soil characteristics such as CaCO3 content. While performances will be worse when expanding to the field, our results show that XRF can easily be applied by non-experts to measure soil elemental concentrations reliably in widely different environments.


Zhongxing New Village is located in Nantou City, Nantou County, Taiwan. It was given the beautiful name of the Garden City in 1956. Using smart living technology to reproduce the village prosperity is a relevant research topic for this location. This paper discusses 3D coloring augmented reality to increase community interaction and marketing in the village. We innovated three models for three mobile applications, including postcard design for famous attractions, cooperation with local institutions, and cooperation with art workers. This paper will introduce the three modes of application and their advantages and disadvantages. We have found that using augmented reality not only increases interactions with users and illustrates past cultural values, but also preserves cultural assets without destroying historical buildings.


final few programming assignments for this course make up a single project that you will work on as part of a two- or three-person team. In this project, you will simulate a simple world of animals ("critters") that wander around, eat food, reproduce, and evolve. You will build a graphical visualization that enables a user to take control of individual critters. Different species can also interact in this simulated world. Because of evolution, there will eventually be multiple species, even if initially there was only one. Critters move around on a regular hexagonal grid. Critters need energy to survive, because everything they do requires energy. They gain a little energy from the sun in each time step, as long as they are not moving. Critters may also attack each other. When critters run out of energy, they die and become food for other critters. If critters accumulate enough energy, they can reproduce. and perhaps evolve to


This paper mainly uses Delphi, questionnaire and other research methods to investigate the comprehensive literacy standards of horse racing talents in Hubei. According to the survey, the comprehensive literacy indicators for horse racing talents in Hubei are mainly composed of four first-level indicators of moral quality, ability, professional skills and performance. At the same time, there are 11 secondary indicators and 24 third-level indicators, respectively. The indicators have been analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for formulating corresponding policies for regulating the management of horse racing talents and promoting business improvement, ensuring the high quality and quality of horse racing talents.


In this paper we describe the development of stored energy in pure and doped NaCl samples as well as natural rock salt during irradiation. The dependencies of the stored energy value on the irradiation temperature and the presence of dopants have been studied. Irradiation experiments at controlled temperatures between 50 and 150°C and doses up to 150 Grad have been carried out. For pure NaCl we have found that the damage is formed only in a relatively narrow range of irradiation temperatures. In almost all cases the effect of doping is that the stored energy value is larger and the temperature range where stored energy develops is wider as compared to pure NaCl.


Cannabis is one of the most present and easily accessible narcotics in the world. The responsibility of cannabis in these consumers in the occurrence of psychiatric and neuropsychiatric effects has been demonstrated by researchers for a long time, but in recent decades it has been indexed in the occurrence of somatic events, notably cardiovascular. We will report the case of a young patient aged 29, with no pathological history; hospitalized in the vascular surgery department of the CHU Hassan II for ischemic stroke and acute ischemia of the right upper limb after the consumption of cannabis. The etiological research of these clinical events orients us to direct the responsibility of cannabis whose consumption emerged during the anamnesis in our patient, after the elimination of all possible etiologies that may be responsible for the clinical events. This case highlights the possible involvement of cannabis in the occurrence of stroke and acute ischemia of the limb in a young subject without any cardiovascular risk factors. Note that the responsibility of cannabis in the occurrence of ischemic stroke is well known but its responsibility in the occurrence of acute limb ischemia has not been reported in any literature.


Fundamental coverage, simplified mathematics, and up-to-date software applications are hard to find in a single text on the finite element method (FEM). This book makes the search easier by providing a comprehensive but concise text for those new to FEM, or just in need of a refresher on the essentials. The text explains the basics of FEM, then relates these basics to a number of practical engineering applications. Specific topics covered include linear spring elements, bar elements, trusses, beams and frames, heat transfer, and structural dynamics. Throughout the text, readers are shown step-by-step detailed analyses for finite element equations development. The text also demonstrates how FEM is programmed, with examples in MATLAB, CALFEM, and ANSYS allowing readers to learn how to develop their own computer code. Suitable for everyone from first-time BSc/MSc students to practicing mechanical/structural engineers, the text presents a complete reference text for the modern engineer.


Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was originally developed for evaluating function of cortical and peripheral neurons without pain nor and invasion. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) was expected to substitute the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Headache is the most common side effects seen in 10–20% of subjects. Other rare side effects are mood elation, anxiety, and convulsive seizure. We found that electroencephalogram abnormalities in the deep brain structures in rabbits was induced by 30 daily rTMS. The threshold of after-discharge was reduced after the 30th and 60th rTMS. The cortical evoked potential was shortened in latency and increased in amplitude. No convulsive seizure was observed in any rabbit. Therefore, cortical excitability seems to be heightened by repeated rTMS in rodents. P300 event-related potentials were not significantly affected by 20 pulses of rTMS, however, 60 pulses of rTMS prolonged P300 latency transiently. rTMS was reportedly effective for treating major depression. Finally, in March 2001, the Canadian Health Ministry has approved the use of rTMS for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression. In our experience, five out of 10 patients with treatment-resistant depression were remitted with rTMS. rTMS effect for schizophrenic symptoms like auditory hallucinations was transient. Further experiments are needed before the consensus treatment guidelines using rTMS are established.


Objective: To Compare the ratio of the resected prostate tissue evaporization between plasma kinetic electrosurgical system with bipolar(ESSB)and electrosurgical system with monopolar(ESSM) in vitro.Methods: There were 30 cases of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in this study,who underwent suprapubic prostatectomy.The weight of the enucleated adenoma was(49.7±17.9)g.Two small cubes of the adenoma tissue,which weighed 5 g and volume was 1.7 cm3,were resected in 10 pieces respectively in vitro by ESSB or ESSM respectively.The pieces of resected small cubes were weighed respectively.Then the ratio of resected prostatic tissue evaporization by ESSB or ESSM were calculated and compared respectively.The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: In group ESSB,the weight of the pieces was(2.7±0.1) g,the ratio of resected prostatic tissue evaporization was(52.9±2.8)%.In group ESSM,the weight of the pieces was(2.7±0.1) g,the ratio of resected prostatic tissue evaporization was(54.0±2.6)%.There were no significant differences between them(P0.05).Conclusion: The ratio of the resected prostate tissue evaporization between ESSB and ESSM in vitro has no obviously differences.


The three foundational laws of Genetics would be a logistic implication in the textbooks.The methods of lecture about the three foundational laws of Genetics,logical analysis in different chapters,and enhancing interest of students are discussed in the present paper.


Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic joint diseases and is the leading cause of permanent impairment in patients over 55 years of age. OA's social significance is also determined by their economic weight, which is between 1% and 2.5% of GDP in a number of Western European countries. The main subject of this work is to present the most common degenerative joint diseases and their impact on the quality of life. Material and Methods:


The present teachings provide one or more surgical instruments for repairing damaged tissue, such as in the case of a vertebral compression fracture. The present teachings can provide a bone cement system. The system can include a housing, which can define at least a throughbore that can extend from a proximal end to a distal end of the housing. The system can also include a dispenser housing received in the throughbore of the housing that is adapted to receive a bone cement. The system can include a plunger, which can be releasably coupled to the proximal end of the housing and received into the dispenser housing so that movement of the plunger can dispense the bone cement. The system can also include a pressure release system, which can be coupled to the housing and can be movable to release pressure within the dispenser housing without moving the plunger.


Contents: Preface Introduction: Britain and the economic problem of the cold war: themes and questions. Part I the political economy of British defence expenditure: Securing the people's peace: reflections on the anachronistic nature of the British warfare state in the early cold war, 1945-55 An antagonistic partnership: Britain and American economic assistance, 1945-50 'Tied to the tail of a Kilkenny cat'?: the Anglo-American relationship, British rearmament and the political crisis of 1951. Part II British defence production policy: 'The next war is bound to come': defence production policy, supply departments and defence contractors in Britain, 1945-57 The wasting of high technological potential?: the British warfare state, the aircraft industry and technological nationalism, 1950-58 Maintaining the war potential: rearmament and productivity in the British ammunition industry in the 1950s. Part III the economic impact of British defence expenditure: The British defence effort and investment during the transition from war to peace, 1945-55 Britain and the economic impact of the Korean war Too much defence, too little peace production?: the British capital-goods industry, regional development and the Korean war rearmament. Conclusion: Britain and the economic problem of the first cold war: reconsidering the political economy and economic impact of British defence expenditure, 1945-55 Bibliography Index.


Recursive least-squares adaptive decision-feedback equalizers (DFE) can be classified into the direct adaptation (DA) and channel-estimation-based adaptation (CEBA) approaches. The CEBA provides better performance than DA when the channel length is known exactly. However, for wireless channels, the channel length is a random unknown quantity. We evaluate the performance of the DA and CEBA DFE without assuming knowledge of the channel length. We find that the DA DFE is more robust with respect to delay-spread variations than the CEBA DFE. We also use a regularization technique for the fractionally-spaced CEBA DFE, which achieves a gain as large as 6 dB. Since we did not assume knowledge of the channel length, these results apply for wireless communication systems.


The evolution of both general purpose and domain-specific meta-models and its impact on the existing models and modeling tools has been discussed extensively in the modeling research community. To assess the impact of domain-specific meta-model evolution on the modeling tools, a number of measures have been proposed by Durisic et al., NoC (Number of Changes) being the most prominent one. The proposed measures are evaluated on a case of AUTOSAR meta-model that specifies the language for designing automotive system architectures. In this paper, we assess the applicability of these measure and the underlying data-model for their calculation in a case study of Modelica and UML meta-models. Our preliminary results show that the proposed data-model and the measures can be applied to both analyzed meta-models as we were able to capture 68/77 changes on average per Modelica/UML release. However, only a subset of the data-model elements is applicable for analyzing the evolution of Modelica and also certain transformation of the data-model is required in case of UML. Despite these encouraging results, further studies are needed to assess the usefulness of the actual measures, e.g., NoC, in assessing the impact of Modelica/UML meta-model evolution on the modeling tools.


Abstract Indigenous occupation of Australia for at least the last 60,000 years, was followed by European settlers in 1788. Christian missions and government reserves established at this time, often removed Aboriginal children from their parents, families and land. These children are 'the Stolen Generation'. One such mission was Umeewarra Mission at Port Augusta in South Australia, which was established by the Brethren church in the 1930s and operated until recently. Some of the former children who were raised at the Mission have established a committee, the Umeewarra Nguraritja (meaning 'place' or 'home'), to oversee the Mission site. The Umeewarra Nguraritja wants to establish an Interpretive Centre to tell the Aboriginal and missionary history of the Mission. It needs to preserve and interpret the mission culture in a way which maintains the integrity of that history and presents the material culture, the oral histories and stories from former children of the mission, sensitively to visitors. This paper...


I propose in this communication to inquire whether any law can be discovered which determines the relative magnitude of the areas of the tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic orifices—the four principal openings in the heart. Although to ordinary observation these orifices appear to exhibit no mutual relationship of size, there can be no doubt that an instrument so accurate in the adaptation of its valvular apparatus, and so exact in the working of its different parts, must reveal on close examination the existence of laws which not only determine the force required to be impressed upon the blood traversing its chambers, but also the relative sizes of these apertures to one another.


Context. The primary alcohol n -propanol (i.e., normal-propanol or propan-1-ol; C 3 H 7 OH) occurs in five different conformers: Ga , G g , G g (cid:48) , Aa , and A g . All rotational spectra of the three conformers of the G family are well described, making astronomical search of their spectroscopic signatures possible, as opposed to those of the Aa and A g conformers. Aims. Our goal is to facilitate the astronomical detection of Aa and A g conformers of n -propanol by characterizing their rotational spectra. Methods. We recorded the rotational spectra of n -propanol in the frequency domain of 18–505GHz. Additional double-modulation double-resonance (DM-DR) measurements were performed, more specifically with the goal to unambiguously assign weak transitions of the Aa conformer and to verify assignments of the A g conformer. Results. We derived a spectroscopic quantum mechanical model with experimental accuracy (with J max = 70 and K a , max = 6) for Aa n -propanol. Furthermore, we unambiguously assigned transitions (with J max = 69 and K a , max = 9) of A g n -propanol; in doing so, we prove the existence of two tunneling states, A g + and A g − . Conclusions. The astronomical search of all five conformers of n -propanol is now possible via their rotational signatures. These are applied in a companion article on the detection of n -propanol toward the hot molecular core Sgr B2(N2).


Abstract Background While urine biomarkers are widely used to diagnose bladder cancer (BLC), little is known about plasma protein levels in patients with BLC. The current research is aimed to evaluate diagnostic potential of 13 plasma markers including tumor antigens, inflammatory markers and apolipoproteins (Apo) as well as combinations of thereof. Methods In total 203 healthy volunteers (HV) and 59 patients with BLC were enrolled into the study. Concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (СА 19-9), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), beta 2 microglobulin (B2M), human-specific C-reactive protein (hsCRP), D-dimer, сytokeratin 19-fragments (CYFRA 21-1), ApoA1, ApoA2, ApoВ, transthyretin (TTR), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) in plasma were measured via ELISA. t-test after log-transformation was used to identify between-group differences in biomarker levels. Diagnostic accuracy of the single biomarkers as well as trained random forest (RF), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers was assessed by ROC analysis. Results Plasma levels of ApoB, B2M, CA 19-9, CYFRA 21-1, D-dimer, hsCRP, sVCAM-1 and TTR were significantly higher (p-value Conclusions Numerous abnormalities in plasma biomarker levels were detected in patients with BLC, hence, blood-based tests represent a promising strategy to improve performance of urinary-based tests and cystoscopy in BLC detection and prognosis. Combining several biomarkers allows to increase diagnostic test accuracy. Legal entity responsible for the study I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. Funding I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Highway alignment landscape is the important components in landscape design, study visual characteristics in high-speed operation conditions, analyze the request to road geometry design under dynamic vision, put forward highway alignment landscape design method.


ARIMA (p, d, q) model is used to simulate and describe the series of the logarithmic flare index that represents the process of the solar activity in this paper. On the basis of above model, the method of the medium-term prediction of the solar activity is built. The prediction for i980. 1-1980. 12 are verified, the correlative coefficient of the first half of the year is 0.604, the correlative coefficient of the second half of the year is 0.633, the prediction is linearly correlated with the reality at the confidence level of 99%(R_(0.01)~0.325 for 99%).


Background : The efficacy of high‐dose intravenous proton pump inhibition has recently been shown, yet its cost‐effectiveness remains poorly studied.


Former guest workers in Germany who stayed on after retirement are now older than 70 years. Nursing homes (NH) are broadening their offer to meet specific requirements of this population. The nutritional status and related problems of the older ethnic minority group living in German NH has so far not been investigated. The aim of this study was, thus, to compare the nutritional situation of older migrants to that of native residents in two "multicultural" NH (cross-sectional study). All residents 65 years and older with a migration background were enrolled and compared to nonmigrants using frequency matching for age and gender. Nutritional status was assessed using body mass index (BMI; cut-off for undernourishment: BMI < 22 kg/m2) and calf circumference (CC; CC < 31 cm). Care staff completed a questionnaire on residents' health. Consecutive 3-day food records were evaluated to analyze the intake of energy, macro-, and micronutrients. Participants were n = 23 migrants (76 ± 6 years, 52% female) and n = 37 nonmigrants (78 ± 7 years, 59% female). Undernourishment was more prevalent in migrants according to BMI (39 vs. 11%; P < 0.05) and CC (57 vs. 22%; P < 0.05). Main nutritional problems in both groups were "loss of appetite" (56 vs. 19%; P < 0.05) and "refusal to eat" (56 vs. 25%; P < 0.05). Energy intake was low (6.4 ± 1.4, 6.8 ± 1.6 MJ/d). More than 50% of participants fell below recommended values for vitamin C, B1, B6, D, folate, calcium, and iron; 61% of the migrants had a low vitamin B12 intake. Migrant NH residents were more often undernourished than German NH residents.


In the 19 thcentury,Russian government has repeatedly adjusted the tariff policy,and most of them are characteristic of protection. The adjustment of the tariff was affected not only by the outside pressure,but also by the domestic social complex situation,with protection of domestic industry being the main purpose. During the process of tariff adjustment for one hundred years,there had been heated debate over tariff policy between those who advocated free trade and those who approved of protective tariff. There also had been struggles among business owners of different department,since the adjustment of tariff would be bound to touch the economic interests of some groups. Russia's tariff policy were flexible in the imports of machinery and equipment. In brief,protective tariff policy had played an important role in the industrial development of Russia.


Proper legal protection and relief mechanism should be given to forest right in the framework of private law such as real right law and law of obligation,as forest right,with the essential attributes of private rights,is usufructuary right to forest resources owned by the non-owners.But the social and ecological benefits of forest resources determine that forest right is not an absolute right.In the law both owner's equity and public interests should be considered.Corresponding restrictions should be placed on the contents,exercise and transfer of forest right.And the limited forest right should be compensated fairly in accordance with the law.


Coming of Age: 21 Years of Ceramics at Utah State University (USU) is a tribute exhibition to celebrate the contributions of John Neely to USU. The exhibition highlights 63 USU alumni and features a wide range of ceramics in both the vessel and sculptural traditions.


Diffuse phosphorus (P) mitigation in agricultural catchments should be targeted at critical source areas (CSAs) that consider source and transport factors. However, development of CSA identification needs to consider the mobilisation potential of legacy soil P sources at the field scale, and the control of (micro) topography on runoff generation and hydrological connectivity at the sub-field scale. To address these limitations, a 'next generation' sub-field scale CSA index is presented, which predicts the risk of dissolved P losses in runoff from legacy soil P. The GIS-based CSA Index integrates two factors; mobile soil P concentrations (water extractable P; WEP) and a hydrologically sensitive area (HSA) index. The HSA Index identifies runoff-generating-areas using high resolution LiDAR Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), a soil topographic index (STI) and information on flow sinks and effects on hydrological connectivity. The CSA Index was developed using four intensively monitored agricultural catchments (7.5–11 km) in Ireland with contrasting agri-environmental conditions. Field scale soil WEP concentrations were estimated using catchment and land use specific relationships with Morgan P concentrations. In-stream total reactive P (TRP) concentrations and discharge were measured sub-hourly at catchment outlet bankside analysers and gauging stations during winter closed periods for fertiliser spreading in 2009–14, and hydrograph/loadograph separation methods were used to estimate TRP loads and proportions from quickflow (surface runoff). A strong relationship between TRP concentrations in quickflow and soil WEP concentrations (r = 0.73) was used to predict dissolved P concentrations in runoff at the field scale, which were then multiplied by the HSA Index to generate sub-field scale CSA Index maps. Evaluation of the tool showed a very strong relationship between the total CSA Index value within the HSA and the total TRP load in quickflow (r = 0.86). Using a CSA Index threshold value of 0.5, the CSA approach identified 1.1– 5.6% of catchment areas at highest risk of legacy soil P transfers, compared with 4.0–26.5% of catchment areas based on an existing approach that uses above agronomic optimum soil P status. The tool could be used to aid cost-effective targeting of sub-field scale mitigation measures and best management practices at delivery points of CSA pathways to reduce dissolved P losses from legacy P stores and support sustainable agricultural production. ã 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).


With the increasing scale of power cables, the lack of reliable and stable power supply for cable monitoring sensors with light load and weak magnetic field has become a key problem, and restricting the development of the Internet of Things for power transmission and distribution. This paper first analyzes the current power supply technology of cable monitoring sensors, and through the analysis of the single core cable structure and its magnetic field influencing factors, proposes a scheme for power supply of weak magnetic field cable monitoring sensors. Combined with the magnetic field energy extraction output model, a self-energy extraction device for the weak magnetic field cable environment is developed. Through the test verification, the device can complete the stable power supply of the light load cable monitoring sensor.


The Diversity performance of correlated Rayleigh fading channels was investigated. The Monte Carlo method was used to study the probability that the output SNR exceeds the given threshold for diversity schemes such as maximum ratio combining and selection combining. In maximal ratio combining, when each branch's average SNR is relatively small compared to the threshold (-4dB or so for two branches and -13dB or so for 3 branches), our results show that the probability that the output SNR exceeds the given threshold grows as the correlation coefficient increases. For other conditions, the probability increases is the correlation coefficient decreases.


Summary.

In a study of the placental transfer of phosphorus in the guniea pig the transfer of inorganic phosphate from foetus to mother has been investigated in the last part of gestation with the aid of radioactive phosphorus. The quantity transferred in this direction across the placenta is approximately 25 % of the amount which is transmitted from mother to foetus at the same stage of gestation. The amount transferred from mother to foetus is about equal to the amount retained in foetal growth plus the amount returned to the mother. The return of phosphate from foetus to mother is facilitated by the concentration gradient from the foetal to the maternal plasma.


Macular Edema (ME) is the retinal disorder which is caused because of fluid deposition in the sub-retinal layers. It causes loss of central vision if left untreated. The symptoms of this disease are not apparent in early stage and as the disease progresses; it becomes very difficult to diagnose. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging is one of the latest and efficient techniques for the detection of macular edema at early stage. This paper proposes a fully automated method for the identification of ME from OCT images using Discriminant Analysis (DA) classifier. We trained the classifier by extracting 3 different features (max and min thickness between Inner Limiting Membrane (ILM) layer and choroid layer and the difference of max and min thickness) from 16 labeled OCT image. 30 OCT images (15 Healthy, 15 ME) are studied in proposed research. Our algorithm correctly classified 100% of ME patients and 93.33% of healthy patients.


The electroabsorption modulator with a high-mesa ridge waveguide has been fabricated on InP:Fe substrate to reduce the capacitance of electrode pads. The cut-off frequency was 40 GHz and the extinction ratio was 15 dB. The preliminary reliability test was carried out at dark state, and the estimated lifetime at 25/spl deg/C was over 1.1/spl times/10/sup 7/ hours.


Field experiment was carried out in 2010 to evaluate the response of different genotypes of barley (Hordeum vulgare) to drought stress at the Agricultural Faculty of Azad University of Karaj, Iran. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement and four replications. Treatments were two levels of irrigation (normal and deficit irrigation) as main plots and barley varieties at 10 levels (Valfajr, Rayhan, Kavir, Zarjo, Goharjo, Karoon, Dasht, Turkmen, Nosrat and Yousef) as sub-plots. A correlation was found between grain yield with spike weight, harvest index, biomass, peduncle length and number of spikes per unit area (at the 0.01 level) under drought stress. Data analysis also revealed that there was a significant and positive correlation between grain yield with spike weight, harvest index, biomass, number of spikes per unit area and total dry weight (at the 0.01 level) under normal stress (at the 0.01 level). Five selection indices including mean productivity index (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI), stress susceptibility index (SSI) and tolerance (TOL) were determined based on grain yield under drought-stress and non-stress conditions. The results showed that MP, GMP and STI were the best indices in identifying high yielding cultivars in both drought-stressed and normal conditions. Genotypes Nosrat, Turkmen and Youseph were the most drought tolerant and Kavir, Karoon and Zarjo were the most sensitive genotypes to drought stress.


Purpose: We report a case of orbital B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in a 7-year-old boy. Methods: A 7-year-old boy presented with proptosis and periorbital swelling of his left eye following a periorbital blunt trauma 1-month prior. During the course of routine ophthalmologic and radiologic examinatinos, the swelling spontaneously subsided without specific treatment. An outpatient follow-up was planned, but the swelling recurred 6 months later. An orbital CT and MRI showed an irregular mass with an indistinct margin in the left orbit, for which an incisional biopsy was performed. Results: The orbital mass consisited of monotonous small to medium sized lymphoid cells with evenly dispersed open chromatin, thin nuclear membrane and inconspicuous nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the cells were positive for CD79a and TdT, but negative for CD3 and CD5. These findings were compatible with a diagnosis of B cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Conclusions: Lymphoblastic lymphoma of the orbit should be suspected and considered in the differential diagnosis for children with acutely progressing orbital mass.


Lithium aluminium hydride reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-2-methylbutanoate (4a), derived from 3-methyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (2-methylbutyrolactone) (1), gave 4-chloro-2-methylbutan-1-ol (5a), oxidation of which with pyridinium chlorochromate afforded 4-chloro-2-methylbutanal (8a). The aldehyde (8a) was converted into 2-(3&38242;-chloro-1′-methylpropyl)-1,3-dioxolan (7a) in 47% overall yield from (1). 2-(3′-Bromo-1′-methyIpropyl)-1,3-dioxolan (7b) was similarly obtained in 49% overall yield from (1). Attempted conversion of 3-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-ol (2) into the corresponding cyclic ethylene acetal gave epimeric mixtures of 2-(3′-methyltetrahydrofuran-2′-yloxy)ethanol (6) and 2,2′-ethylenedioxybis(3-methyltetrahydrofuran) (9).


BACKGROUND
The limited amount of agrochemicals targeting plant bacterial diseases has driven us to discover innovative antibacterial surrogates with fresh modes of action. Notably, fabrication of violent apoptosis inducers to control the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria should be a feasible way to control plant bacterial diseases. To achieve this aim, herein, a series of novel 18β-glycyrrhetinic piperazine amides were constructed based on natural bioactive ingredient 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity and induced apoptosis behaviors on tested pathogens.

RESULTS
Screening results suggested that these designed compounds were extremely bioactive against two notorious pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. axonopodis pv. citri. This conclusion was highlighted by the biological effects of compounds A3 and B1 , affording the related EC50 values of 2.28 and 0.93 μg/mL. In vivo trials confirmed the prospective application for managing rice bacterial blight disease with the control efficiency within 50.57%-53.70% at 200 μg/mL. Particularly, target compounds could induce the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species in tested pathogens, and subsequently leading to a strong apoptotic effect at a very low drug concentration (≤ 10 μg/mL). This finding was consistent with the observed ROS-enhanced fluorescent images and morphological changes of pathogens from SEM (scanning electron microscope) patterns.

CONCLUSION
Given these privileged features, we anticipate that these novel piperazine-tailored 18β-glycyrrhetinic hybrids can provide a perceptible insight for fighting against bacterial infections by activation of apoptosis mechanism. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


The purpose of the study was to determine whether there was any significant difference in speed, accuracy, retention and transferability between the Decomposition (DEC) and the Base-Complement Additions (BCA) algorithms for performing compound subtraction in non-decimal bases. Fifty-nine students with a mean age of approximately 15 years from two Agona Swedru Junior High Schools in the Agona District participated in the study. The study employed the pretest-posttests non-equivalent design. The two schools were randomly assigned to the treatment groups. The data collected on the four achievement tests namely Pretest, Posttest, a Third test and Retention test administered were then studied and analysed by employing the ttest at 0.05 level of significance. From the study it was found out that the mean performance of the BCA group was significantly higher than the DEC group on measures of accuracy. There was no relationship between the BCA and the DEC groups on the measure of speed. The BCA group produced significantly better computational accuracy than the DEC group. The mean score of the BCA group in the retention measures were significantly higher than that of the DEC group. The third test which was the test for understanding and application of the two methods showed that the BCA group performed better than the DEC group though the difference was slightly significant. Based on the findings, it was established that BCA method has substantial gains over the DEC method and as such recommended that the BCA should thus be included in the Junior Hugh mathematics curriculum as alternative method of solving compound subtraction in non-decimal bases.


The Dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) has been previously linked to financial risk-taking propensity. Past works demonstrated that individuals with a specific variant of the DRD4 gene (7R+) are more risk-seeking than people without it (7R−). The most prominent explanation for this effect is the fact that 7R+ individuals are less sensitive to dopamine and thus seek more stimulation to generate "normal" dopaminergic activity and feel pleasure. However, results about this relationship have not been conclusive, and some revealed a lack of the relationship. In the current work, we tested if those unclear results might be explained by the motivation that underlies the risk-taking activity; i.e., if people take risks to feel excitement or if they take risk to obtain a specific goal. In our study we tested the differences in risk-taking between 7R+ and 7R− among people who are experienced in financial risk-taking (113 investors) and non-experienced financial decision makers (104 non-investors). We measured risk-taking propensity with the Holt-Laury test and the Stimulating-Instrumental Risk Inventory. Moreover, we asked investors about their motivations for engaging in investment activity. Our study is the next one to report a lack of differences in risk-taking between 7R+ and 7R− individuals. As well, our results did not indicate any differences between the 7R+ and 7R− investors in motivation to engage in investment activity. We only observed that risk-taking propensity was higher among investors than non-investors and this was noticed for all measures. More research is needed to better understand the genetic foundations of risk-taking, which could answer the question about the substantial variation in the domain of risky financial decisions.


Ripe cherry fruit and seeds can be used as a medicine. Acid berries as a food and medicine has a long history, and has clear fall blood sugar, and other activities. Modern research has shown its fall blood sugar, antioxidant and radical scavenging, a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory immune resistance, is one of the most promising Chinese medicines in the treatment of diabetes. In this paper, the acid berries stem leaf flavonoids to study the immune function, provide reference for further exploitation and utilization of acid berries.


The research was conducted from February up to May 2017. The aims of this research is to know the level of influence of production factors of land area, seeds, fertilizer and labor to the number of cassava production and to know the level of technical efficiency, price efficiency and economic efficiency. Analysis model used is production function Cobb Douglass and efficiency calculation. Level of influence Factors of production to the number of elephant cassava production is calculated by multiple linear regression analysis using aplication program SPSS 16 . The results of the research mentioned simultan eously (F test) with 10 % error rate of factors of production have a significant effect on the number of cassava production, partially ( T test ) shows that the factor of land area production has a positive but not significant effect on the number of cassava production, No significant effect on the production of cassava while labor production factors significantly affect the production of cassava. Keywords: efficiency, production factors, farming, cassava.


T HE DESERT NIGHT WAS DARK, and the small town seemed asleep. In the pre-dawn hours of March 9, 1916, however, at least one man remained awake Private Fred Griffin, 13th Cavalry, on sentry duty, who was making his usual rounds. On turning the corner of the headquarters building, he saw three riders emerge from the blackness. As was his duty, Private Griffin challenged the horsemen. His greeting was returned with gunshots. He fired back, and all three toppled from their horses, dead. The signal had been given. Pancho Villa and his men converged upon the town of Columbus, New Mexico, and the raid began.' For over half a century scholars and laymen alike have quarreled over the particulars of the raid. The focal points in the debate have been the motives behind Villa's assault, the strength of his band, and Villa's whereabouts at the time of the attack. Historiographically Villa's raid upon Columbus and the earlier outrage at Santa Isabel have been glossed over in order to provide room for more significant events. One factor which has hitherto received too little attention is the influence of German intrigues in deciding Villa to invade the United States.2 A brief analysis of the historical antecedents and events leading to *The author is Instructor in History, Fresno State College. 1 The foregoing is based on the following sources: Frank Tompkins, Chasing Villa: The Story Behind the Story of Pershing's Expedition into Mexico (Harrisburg, 1943), 48-49. Haldeen Braddy, "Pancho Villa at Columbus: The Raid of 1916, " Southwestern Studies, III (Spring 1965), 16-17. James Hopper, "What Happened in Columbus?" Colliers, 57 (April 15, 1916), 11. 2 Friedrich Katz, in his article "Alemania y Francisco Villa," Historia Mexicana (July/September 1962), 88-103, and in his book, Deutschland, Diaz und die mexikanische Revolution: Die deutsche Politik in Mexiko, 1870-1920 (Berlin, 1964), 342-348, raises the question of German complicity in the Columbus raid. Katz also introduces the possible role that Felix A. Sommerfeld may have played in this incident. Because of Katz' inability to utilize sources in the National Archives and the Library of Congress, however, his discussion of German involvement in the raid is limited.


Changing natural conditions determine the land's suitability for agriculture. The growing demand for food, feed, fiber and bioenergy increases pressure on land and causes trade-offs between different uses of land and ecosystem services. Accordingly, an inventory is required on the changing potentially suitable areas for agriculture under changing climate conditions. We applied a fuzzy logic approach to compute global agricultural suitability to grow the 16 most important food and energy crops according to the climatic, soil and topographic conditions at a spatial resolution of 30 arc seconds. We present our results for current climate conditions (1981–2010), considering today's irrigated areas and separately investigate the suitability of densely forested as well as protected areas, in order to investigate their potentials for agriculture. The impact of climate change under SRES A1B conditions, as simulated by the global climate model ECHAM5, on agricultural suitability is shown by comparing the time-period 2071–2100 with 1981–2010. Our results show that climate change will expand suitable cropland by additionally 5.6 million km2, particularly in the Northern high latitudes (mainly in Canada, China and Russia). Most sensitive regions with decreasing suitability are found in the Global South, mainly in tropical regions, where also the suitability for multiple cropping decreases.


From factors affected the reviewers decision-making capacity of the editorial,Several initiatives to improve the reviewers decision-making capacity of the clinical medicine journals editors in China were elaborated: Strengthening the cultivation of expertise of the clinical medicine journals editors in China,including to encourage editor to learn,gain expertise from foreign magazines and the review list of the expert reviewers,participate in the doctor' s shift and rounds,consult professionals.Strengthening the quality training of clinical medicine journals editors,including to transfer the initiative of the clinical medicine journals editors and open the international perspective of the clinical medicine journals editors.


At present, wastewater discharged from many industries contains a large amount of Cu (II). In this study, an O-modified activated carbon fiber (O-ACF) with high adsorption activity was prepared by oxidation modification of activated carbon fiber with 20% nitric acid. O-ACF was used to adsorb Cu (II) in water. Electrode adsorption experiments showed that O-ACF had excellent electro-adsorption performance for Cu (II), and the maximum adsorption capacity was 48.60 mg/g, which was 1.63 times that of commercial activated carbon. After optimizing and adjusting the voltage (0.6–1.2 V), pH (2–10) and electrode plate spacing (5–20 mm), it was found that the most favorable working conditions for electro-adsorption of Cu (II) by O-ACF electrode were voltage of 1.0 V, solution pH of about 6, and electrode plate spacing of 10 mm. The kinetic model fitting showed that the adsorption effect of O-ACF on Cu (II) was mainly chemical adsorption. The intraparticle diffusion model further found that the adsorption of Cu (II) by O-ACF was influenced by membrane diffusion and internal diffusion. Adsorption regeneration experiment showed that O-ACF still maintained 95% adsorption performance for Cu (II) after 5 times of adsorption regeneration, which had good practicability. This study provides an excellent material for capacitive deionization system, which is expected to be applied in sewage treatment, seawater desalination and nutrient recovery.


A new annual survey of breeding birds was introduced in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1994 following a series of field trials and a desk-based study to evaluate the suitability of different sampling strategies. The intention was to develop an extensive survey of abundant and widespread breeding birds based upon a formal sampling strategy. We describe results from pilot fieldwork that assessed the suitability of line and point-count transects. We then explore the suitability of three different models for the selection of survey squares using pre- existing data sets on the abundance and distribution of birds across the UK. The three models were based upon a random selection, a selection based on a regular or systematic grid, and a random selection stratified by landscape type. In each case, squares were also stratified by potential observer density, which is equivalent to stratification based on the cost of sampling, thereby making most effective use of volunteers. Results and their implications for the design of an annual survey are described.


AbstractComposite dropsonde profiles are analyzed for developing and nondeveloping tropical waves in an attempt to improve the understanding of tropical cyclogenesis. These tropical waves were sampled by 25 reconnaissance missions during the 2010 Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) field campaign. Comparisons are made between mean profiles of temperature, mixing ratio, relative humidity, radial and tangential winds, relative vorticity, and virtual convective available potential energy (CAPE) for genesis and nongenesis cases. Genesis soundings are further analyzed in temporal progression to investigate whether significant changes in the thermodynamic or wind fields occur during the transition from tropical wave to tropical cyclone.Significant results include the development of positive temperature anomalies from 500 to 200 hPa 2 days prior to genesis in developing waves. This is not observed in the nongenesis mean. Progressive mesoscale moistening of the column is observe...


Chapters 4 and 5 tackle die resistance to die Russian conquest led by die diree imams. Chapter 4 deals widi die first two imams—Ghazi Muhammad (1830-1832) and Hamzat Bek (1832-1834). Chapter 5 discusses the third imam—Shamil (1834-1859). This is on die whole probably die most intensively studied period in die history of die Caucasus. Still, die use of Arabic sources enriches and refines die picture known to us so far and adds a great deal of detail, nuance, and shadow. Chapter 6 is die book's longest (at 87 pages, it is almost twice as long as any odier chapter) and probably die most important contribution to scholarship. Inter alia it discovers, perhaps not as surprisingly as it might look, diat die Wats contained a great deal of borrowings from die shari'a and diat Shamil, contrary to his image, was a pragmatist who did not fight die 'adat blindly. (But dien, a blind fanatic would not have succeeded in holding on to power for a quarter of a century.) The chapter's main contribution, however, is die detection of what Kemper calls "die shari'a movement" in Daghestan in die late seventeendi and eighteenui centuries. (This "shari'a movement," being contemporary to similar movements all over die world of Islam, must be studied in connection with and as part of diem.) This leads to Kemper's major diesis diat die jihad movement was not connected to die arrival of die Naqshbandiyya in Daghestan but was radier an internal, independent development. The Naqshbandiyya merely converged into and reinforced diis movement In diis Kemper joins odier scholars denying any role to die Sufi Naqshbandi brodierhood in die resistance movement. Such a division between internal developments and external influences, however, errs in looking at Daghestan as isolated from die outside world, while it was, in fact, an integral part of die Muslim world and its cultural and intellectual life. It is diis latter point diat needs to be studied dioroughly in order to give us a clearer picture of Daghestan itself as well as die wider world of Islam.


We were unable to find transient changes in the amount of cAMP or cGMP that had been proposed to mediate the light-growth response in sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus.


The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding to the performance assessment and broaden its applicaion by summarizing the nature of performance assessment ( concept, backgrounds and necessity, features, and specific techniques), and presenting the alternatives to the problems in the process of its implementation.
Performance assessment is an alternative assessment method to the traditional multiple choice test and it demands teachers to observe and judge students\' knowledge and skills in authentic situaion. There are lots of backgrounds that make performance assessment necessary: social transition to the information age, change in the concept and purpose of evaluation (from test to assessment, from grading to improving teaching and learning). The sepcific techniques in performance assement are as follows: constructed responses(label a diagram or a picture, show student\'s work, and visual presentation), products(essay, research pater ,lab report, poem, portfolio , art exhibit, model), performances(oral presentations, dance/movement, science lab demonstration, debate), and process-focused (oral questioning, observations , interview, conference, learning log).
Although performance assessment has contributed a lot in teaching and learning, it also has brought about many problems due to misunderstanding the nature of performance assessment(anxieties and burden on teachers and students, excessice assignments, rater\'s subjective judgement, and school administrators\' blind belief in its effectiveness), insufficient preparation(inappropriate curriculum, poor educaional environments, and lack of valid and reliable testing tools), and lack of administrative support(lack of programs and budget for training, guidelines for successive implementation, and high quality testing tools). Some parents and students do not trust in the reliablity and objectivity of performance assessment results.
To overcome theses problems, every educaional partivipant(administrators, teachers, parents, students) has to do one\'s role. First of all, administrators have to change their view of performance assessment. It is not a master key to every educaional problems but one of various assessment methods. They must not comple schools and teachers to implement performance assessment without sufficient preparaion and support. Rather, they should provide high quality assessment tools and chances for professional development, and improve educaional environments, Teachers need to dismiss negative ideas about performance assessment, and actively partivipate in the development and implementation of high quality performance assessment tools in the classroom. Parents and students, as educaional consumers need to undersant the nature and importance of performance assessment, and cooperate with administrators and teachers to root it in the classroom. If they do so, performance assessment will bring many meaningful results in learning and teaching.