Objective:To study the effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen on motor function and intelligence development of infants with brain injury. Methods:Ninety-four infants with brain injuries were divided into two groups:Hyperbaric Oxygen group (study group,64 cases) and non Hyperbaric Oxygen group (control group,30 cases). Nervous system,intelligence development and motor function were regularly studied by using the Developmental Diagnostic Scale of Children aged 0-6 years and Fine Motor Function Measure (FMFM). Usual physical examination and education were applied in the two groups. Results:Physical development was better and effective rate higher in study group than in control group,but there was no significant difference (P0.05);Development quotient (DQ) and FMFM scores in study group were higher than in control group (P0.05). Conclusion:The Hyperbaric Oxygen could improve the prognosis of infants with brain injury,which was related with the triggering of the protective mechanism of the central nervous system.


Various declustering techniques have been proposed in the literature for raster-geospatial data. Their primary focus is on reducing response time for static range queries. We focus on interactive navigation queries, which exhibit a new class of data access patterns. We analyze and compare the performance of three well-known declustering schemes: Disk Modulo, Exclusive-OR, and Hilbert Curve Access Method. The results show that Disk Modulo is close to optimal and, contrary to the case of range queries, is significantly better than Hilbert Curve Access Method. In addition, we propose a new scheme that further improves Disk Module for a realistic situation when the navigation window is bounded by a maximum size-a common constraint due to either monitor resolution or limited memory size. Performance properties of the scheme are also analyzed.


Few insects have the sensory ability to sense and use the earth's magnetic field. Studies have revealed a wealth of information on the magnetic sense of some insects. However, the mechanism of sensing the earth's magnetic field, called magnetoreception, is still enigmatic in insects. Magnetoreception studies in fruit flies, bees, and ants are well-documented. Of two hypothesized types of magnetoreception mechanisms in those insects, one is ferromagnetic, and the other is light-dependent. Although experimental results appear to be consistent with the proposed hypothesized mechanisms it is possible that there is still an unknown mechanism that would explain and confirm the experimental results. Thus, theories explaining magnetoreception in insects are yet to be come out. Magnetoreception plays a role in migration, orientation, as well as navigation in insects. Several sensory cues play significant role in migration. Moreover, our understanding of magnetoreception requires information from various branches of science, such as physics, behavioural biology, zoology, and environmental biology. The article attempts to update the account of magnetoreception in the said insects as well as to identify the gaps in our knowledge thereof.


Cathode units are described that have metal emitters in the form of disks 10-30 mm in diameter of tungsten or tantalum that are heated by electronbombardment from a directly heated circular auxiliary cathode of tungsten wire. For a tungsten cathode 25 mm in diameter and an emission current of 15 A, the electron-heating power is 2.3 kW for a direct-heating power consumption of 0.4 kW. The heating efficiency is increased by proper formation of the electron beam from the auxiliary cathode.


The issues of cockpit automation, types of automation, and task allocation (including dynamic allocation) are discussed in regard to the near future of the single-seat tactical aircraft. The application of these considerations to the development of a prototype 'electronic crewmember' is described. Examples of the formal steps taken in the task-analysis process that directed subsequent hardware and software engineering are included. Some of the more significant tradeoffs required by the incorporation of dynamic allocation into the capabilities of the electronic crewmember are addressed.<<ETX>>


# 2006 International Union of Crystallography All rights reserved The title compound, [NiBr2(C4H12N2)2], is a molecular nickel(II) complex. The nickel(II) center is pseudo-octahedral six-coordinate with a trans geometry and is located on an inversion center. The molecules exhibit limited hydrogen bonding between the axial bromide ions and the secondary amine H atoms (each halide interacts with two H atoms) of adjacent molecules.


To achieve accurate vision-based control with a robotic arm, a good hand-eye coordination is required. However, knowing the current configuration of the arm can be very difficult due to noisy readings from joint encoders or an inaccurate hand-eye calibration. We propose an approach for robot arm pose estimation that uses depth images of the arm as input to directly estimate angular joint positions. This is a frame-by-frame method which does not rely on good initialisation of the solution from the previous frames or knowledge from the joint encoders. For estimation, we employ a random regression forest which is trained on synthetically generated data. We compare different training objectives of the forest and also analyse the influence of prior segmentation of the arms on accuracy. We show that this approach improves previous work both in terms of computational complexity and accuracy. Despite being trained on synthetic data only, we demonstrate that the estimation also works on real depth images.


In the past, traditional treatment methods for drug addiction and alcoholism have been characteristically intense and confrontational. They are designed to break down a client's denial, defenses, and/or resistance to his or her addictive disorders, as they are perceived by the provider. Admissions criteria to substance abuse treatment programs usually require abstinence from all illicit substances. Potential clients are expected to have some awareness of the problems caused by substance abuse and be motivated to receive treatment. In contrast, traditional treatment methods for mental illness have been supportive, benign and non-threatening. They are designed to maintain the client's already-fragile defenses. Clients entering the mental health system are generally not seeking treatment for their substance abuse problems. Frequently clients within the mental health system who actively abuse drugs and alcohol are not formally identified. If they are, they do not admit to such substance use. As some attention began to focus on clients with both substance abuse problems and mental illnesses, it quickly became apparent that new methods and interventions were necessary. Working with dual disorder clients who deny substance abuse, who are unmotivated for substance abuse treatment, and who are unable to tolerate intense confrontation, required a new model, a non-confrontational approach to the engagement and treatment of this special population. I first developed such a treatment model in 1984, with the goal of providing nonjudgmental acceptance of all symptoms and experiences related to both mental illness and substance disorders.


A Lagrangian-Eulerian model for the dispersion of solid particles in sudden-expansion flows is reported and validated. The fluid was calculated based on the Eulerian approach by solving the Navier-Stokes equations. A Lagrangian model is also applied, using a Runge-Kutta method to obtain the particle trajectories. The effect of fluid turbulence upon particle dispersion is taken into consideration through a statistical model. The predicted axial mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy of both phases agree well with experimental data reported by Sommerfield.


IntroductionAt the present stage women's boxing that was included in the program of Summer Olympics in 2012 has received recognition in the world arena [11]. The pressing issue is the fiercer world competition in this kind of sports between the world-powers. This situation raises a question of effectiveness and result of training and competitive process in women's boxing as influenced by gender factor [1; 2]. Psychologists concur that women's boxing has features of surrogate sports [6]. According to specialists, women boxers have less speed, punching power, endurance, combat intelligence, patience and quiet confidence in self-superiority than men [5; 6]. It is assumed that many high-class sportswomen are born with male somatotype as at birth they have large body mass (macrotype of physical development) and masculine dermatoglyphics [6]. Women's essential ambition to achieve high sport performance requires full-scale scientific substantiation and sets several topical issues for scientists and experts. One of these issues is scientific research on the woman's body as influenced by specialized intensive training and competitive loads in boxing [10]. The second topical issue is development of research and instructional foundations for optimization of training and competitive loads that allow high sport performance without threat to women's health [6]. Account must be taken of specifics of adaptation processes in the woman's body.Research technique. We examined 20 skilled boxers - participants and winners of national and international competitions at the age of 20-25 during precompetition training for the Russian Championship. All boxers were divided into 2 groups by gender (10 athletes in each group): 1 group - women boxers (weight categories: from 51 to 64 kg); 2 group - men boxers (weight categories: from 52 to 75 kg). The research was conducted in the morning, at relative physiological rest. Before each test athletes received preliminary instruction that was always followed by the tentative testing. We used psychophysiological hardware-software complex "Psikhotest" produced by "OOO "Neyrosoft"" (LLC), Ivanovo [3]. Psychoemotional state features were defined by means of eight-colour Luscher test (adapted by L. Sobchak) [3]. We calculated the numerical index of Luscher's method - "total deviation from autogenic norm" and anxiety level [8]. Rate of visuomotor reactions was measured under different conditions: simple (simple visuomotor reaction - SVMR) and complex (choice reaction - CR; discrimination reaction - DR and reaction to a moving object - RMO). Accuracy of reactions was calculated using Whipple's index (ratio between wrong reactions and total of presented signals). Basing on ratio of forward and deferred reactions we calculated balance of excitative and inhibitory processes [3]. The present functional status of the central nervous system (CNS) was defined using three criteria offered by T.D. Loskutova: functional level of the system (FLS), stability of reactions (SR) and level of functional capabilities (LFC). FLS is specified by absolute values of SVMR time; SR is interpreted as CNS stability; LFC suggests that the examined is able to form the functional system appropriate for the task and to keep it long enough [3].For processing of the results we used program Statistica 6.0. Significance of differences between two gender-specified groups of boxers was defined using Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's ratio test. Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman's rho [4].ResultsMean group values of FLS, SR and LFC were within average range and did not have gender-related differences (Table 1). Average level of functional status of the CNS in all athletes was optimal for the precompetition training period of the full-year cycle.Mean group anxiety level in athletes of two different samples was low. However, in women boxers the value of this parameter was close to medium level (Table 2). …


To improve the torque accuracy for open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (OEW-PMSM) with common dc bus, it is necessary to eliminate the zero-sequence torque (ZST) caused by zero-sequence current (ZSC) and the third back electromotive force. But the third flux linkage mismatch can enlarge ZSC which causes torque ripple. To deal with the above problem, firstly, a q-axis current injection method combined with deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) is adopted to inject an extra current into the reference q-axis current. The extra torque generated by this injected current can compensate for ZST. Secondly, to ensure the accuracy of the q-axis injected current, a parameter identification method based on recursive least square (RLS) algorithm with forgetting factor is presented to identify the third flux linkage accurately. The identification value can reduce ZSC and torque ripple under different working conditions. And the accurate q-axis injected current can be obtained to counteract ZST and output accurate torque. Finally, three methods are comparatively analyzed in this paper, namely the traditional DPCC method, the DPCC method with q-axis current injection and the proposed DPCC method based on RLS with forgetting factor. The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed DPCC method.


Certain biological organisms are born with shape, texture, and color morphing skin with the purpose of adapting to their surroundings or morphing their skin for camouflage, signaling, and hunting, among others. The recent demonstrations on artificial surfaces for mimicking biological capabilities, such as dry adhesives on geckos' feet or the low drag coefficient of sharks' skin, were achieved by controlling its surface topographies (i.e., shape, size, and distribution of asperities). Similarly, there have been tremendous interests in optimizing artificial surfaces that can continuously morph their surface texture for various applications. While several innovative artificial skins based on mechanical metamaterials have been developed, achieving controllable surface morphing remains challenging. In this study, a Bio-Inspired Active Skin (BIAS) that could selectively change its surface topography was designed and controlled by manipulating its local stress concentrations when subjected to strains. The 3D-printed and thin-film-like BIAS is based on a preconceived auxetic pattern designed to yield a Poisson's ratio of zero. When strained, these mechanical metamaterials can release stress concentrations in the form of bending and twisting, thereby enabling surface morphing. The main focus of this work was to investigate the geometrical dependence (i.e., width and rib angles) on surface morphing performance, as well as the effects of various designed geometrical imperfections (i.e., notch dimensions and locations) to prevent an uncontrollable and unpredictable morphing response. A slight adjustment in the notch design was enough to change the stress concentration, resulting in various deformed states. The nonlinear response of 3D-printed BIAS was characterized using both experiments and finite element simulations to design the unit cell geometries and to optimize the configurations and locations of the designed imperfections.


Johnson (2009) argues that gapping — e.g. Some had ordered mussels, and others swordfish — does not arise through ellipsis because gapping has properties that VP-ellipsis does not. He proposes instead that the gap in gapping results from low coordination and across-theboard movement. I argue that the across-the-board movement component of Johnson's account should be abandoned, as it does not derive any of the unique properties of gapping. Moreover, it fails to derive the correct surface form for gapping in certain syntactic contexts. I revive an ellipsis account of gapping in which it is low coordination plus VP-ellipsis. This correctly generates the gapping sentences that are problematic for Johnson. Once the information-structural properties of low coordinations are taken into consideration — their coordinates must have parallel focus structures— it also derives the unique properties of gapping.


Purpose: The 3T3 feeder layer cells are commonly used for stem cell maintenance and expansion. Although feeder free systems are recently being developed for embryonic stem cells culture, deciphering the ability of new sources of feeder cells is still important for accurate expansion of epithelial stem cells. This study was aimed to introduce a new feeder layer for the culture of human limbal stem cells which can be applied for therapeutic corneal regeneration. For this purpose, the potential of unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) isolated from umbilical cord blood was investigated. Methods: Human limbal stem cells were co-cultured with mouse 3T3 fibroblasts in addition with human unrestricted somatic stem cell (USSC), isolated from full term-pregnant women. The expression of surface markers including CD73, CD90, CD105, CD45, CD34, and CD44was evaluated using flowcytometry. Lmbal stem cells were cultured on two feeder layers in which mitotic activities were inhibited using mitomycin C. The morphology of cultured cells was assessed using phase-contrast microscopy. Furthermore, stem cell characteristics were assessed using immunocytochemistry and real-time PCR for stem cell markers including p63, KRT19, KRT3, Cx43, vimentin, involucrin and ABCG2. Additionally, chromosomal karyotype analysis was preformed. Results: Cord blood somatic stem cells with spindle-shaped morphology can be quickly split up. The results demonstrated that limbal stem cells cultured on USSC surface were positive for ABCG2, p63 and KRT19. These results were confirmed by real-time PCR analysis. Limbal stem cells grown on a USSC feeder layer maintained a stem cell-like phenotype, comparable to cells grown on a 3T3 feeder layer. Karyotype analysis of USSCs and Limbal stem cells represented a normal 44XX karyotype. Conclusion: USSC could successfully support the growth of human limbal stem cells even better than 3T3 feeder cells. Since USSC are derived from human beings, it has an advantage over 3T3.


A change in climate would be expected to shift plant distribution as species expand in newly favorable areas and decline in increasingly hostile locations. We compared surveys of plant cover that were made in 1977 and 2006–2007 along a 2,314-m elevation gradient in Southern California's Santa Rosa Mountains. Southern California's climate warmed at the surface, the precipitation variability increased, and the amount of snow decreased during the 30-year period preceding the second survey. We found that the average elevation of the dominant plant species rose by ≈65 m between the surveys. This shift cannot be attributed to changes in air pollution or fire frequency and appears to be a consequence of changes in regional climate.


The present invention provides a remote control device for an air-conditioning apparatus, with favorable operability while taking advantage of convenience of a touch panel, and further provides a remote control device for an air-conditioning apparatus which can save power. The remote control device includes a plate-like display to display an operation state of the air-conditioning apparatus or a control command; a touch panel provided on or under the display to receive input of a control command for the air-conditioning apparatus through detection of a change in an electric signal, the change occurring when a display position of the display is touched; a transmitter to transmit to the air-conditioning apparatus a signal of the control command input through the touch panel; and a start/stop button provided at a position different from the touch panel and configured to trigger start of operation of or stop of operation of the air-conditioning apparatus.


Abstract In this paper we use Thurston's work on the dynamics of diffeomorphisms on surfaces to show that a diffeomorphism ƒ on a surface is isotopic to a Morse- Smale one if and only if the growth rate of the length of the words representing elements of the fundamental group under iteration by ƒ is one. Morse-Smale isotopy classes are also shown to be the same as Nielsen's algebraically finite type.


Possible soft-switching solutions for a Multiple DC-inputs Direct Electric Power Converter are investigated. Quasi-Resonant DC link circuits are considered for the task. By optimizing the resulting combination, a novel topology is developed. The resonant operation in combination with multiple power sources is modelled. Equations for the resonant circuit trip current calculation are adjusted to support dual input operation.


The study of the effects of drugs on spinal reflexes and the identification of substances liberated during nervous activity are of interest in connexion with the hypothesis of the chemical transmission of nervous impulses. The object of the present work was to study the effects of drugs on spinal reflexes in the frog, and to try to detect the liberation of active substances during activity. Ringer solution then interference from tissues, and substances in appear in the fluid perfusing the vertebral canal without being exposed to possible destruction blood.


Inorganic nanotubes of layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) have been of interest due to their promising electronic and mechanical properties. Changing the d-electron occupation, as a result of changing the transition metal, can vary the electronic properties of TMD nanotubes. For instance all MoS2 nanotubes are expected to be semiconducting unlike carbon nanotubes where most samples contain both metallic and semiconducting tubes. Therefore TMD nanotubes may be used for various applications without having to first separate metallic and semiconducting tubes. The MoS2 nanotubes, with an average diameter of 100 nm and lengths of up to several hundred microns, were synthesized by the template method. A DMF solution of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate was loaded into the pores of an alumina membrane and pyrolyzed at 500°C for 60 minutes. The alumina membrane was then dissolved in NaOH. A droplet of nanotubes suspension in methanol was then dropped onto the surface of a silicon wafer with a thermally grown SiO2 surface. A gold layer was then deposited using a square patterned TEM grid resulting in a checkerboard of gold squares separated by 10 μm wide insulating SiO2 regions. Optical microscopy, SEM and AFM were then used to identify tubes that bridged two gold electrodes (Figure 1). These nanotubes can then be used for electrical measurements.


Objective To evaluate efficacy and safety of reboxetine in treating depression.Methods In this randomized,double-blind,double-mimicry,fluoxetine parallel controlled,the study group was treated with reboxetine capsule and the control group with fluocetine.Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was taken to evalu- ate efficacy score while.Results At the end of six weekend,compared with the total scores of HAMD before and after treatment,rebocetine(16.8±5.8)and fluoxctine(16.0±6.3)group both showed the significant differ- enee,while the difference compared between two groups,the efficacy(78.6% and 64.3%)for depression and side effects were no significance.Conclusion Reboxetine is a efficient and safety antidepressant.


The theory of Fuchs (1963) is widely used for calculation of the steady-state charge distribution on (submicron) aerosol particles in a bipolar ion environment. Hoppel and Frick (1986) and others showed that the Fuchs theory is no longer valid for particle diameters in the order of magnitude of the ionic mean free path. In their 1986 and 1990 papers, Hoppel and Frick published a new calculation method based on the concept of thee-body trapping, which is applicable for small particles down to the size of ions. Some print and procedure mistakes were made in the named publications. Additionally some important calculation information was not given. In this article, the relevant equations are shown, corrected and appended. A recalculation of the charge distributions for small particles based on three-body trapping shows a pronounced difference in comparison to data calculated according to the theory of Fuchs.


Recently, it was shown in vitro that the polymorphic enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 mediates O‐demethylation of diltiazem. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its major metabolites in healthy human volunteers representing different CYP2D6 genotypes.


In the ZEUS experiment at HERA, photoproduction processes have been studied for photon-proton centre-of-mass energies in the range 100 < W_gamma p < 300 GeV and jet transverse energies extending to E_T^jet ~ 70 GeV. The data contribute to our understanding of QCD dynamics, and also provide new constraints on the photon's parton density.


A Chebyshev center of a set A in a normed space is a location that minimizes the maximum distance to the set A. In many applications, this center may be regarded as an optimal location. In an inner product space, we characterize the linnearly constrained optimal location in terms of the unconstrained optimal location of an associated set (and show that this characterization is always possible if and only if the norm is induced by an inner product). We then use this characterization to design a finite algorithm for the calculation of the constrained optimal location of a finite point set. We conclude by demonstrating that the guarantee of convergence of this algorithm characterizes inner-product space.


Organizational actors involved in cultural change programmes have a consciousness and experience that is often fragmented, contradictory and ambivalent. Studies documenting ambivalence have, however, tended to assume that there is a relatively clear and unambiguous change programme about which employees are ambivalent. This article argues that the nature of such programmes is more uncertain and ambiguous than this suggests. Drawing on a six-year study of the introduction of a cultural change programme in the coke-making plant of an integrated steelworks, this article details how cultural ambivalence intertwines with practical ambiguities in the course of such programmes to create complex cultures of ambiguity


Transformations of natural river systems following tremendous cascade development greatly influenced the natural habitats and landscapes in Yun'nan province.Taking hydropower development of Yun'nan Province as an example,this paper analyzed the impacts of the hydropower development by relating hydropower development status and drought frequencies in the province.The results show that the construction of hydropower has caused a variety of environmental problems such as vegetation destruction and natural landscape fragmentation,biological habitat deterioration and species reconstruction,unbalanced hydro-environmental system,and so on.In order to cut down negative impacts on the environment,following protection measures were proposed,i.e.,(1) rational planning for watershed development;(2) standardizing construction procedures and carrying out environmental impact assessment with hydropower development planning;(3) establishing dispatching centers for cascade exploitation of the rivers;(4) enhancing environmental propaganda and related scientific research.


Mundam Village is an area that is famous for its peatlands. Pineapple is a type of fruit that is very suitable for peatland types. This study aims to 1) Characteristics of farmers and pineapple farming profile, 2) Production costs, gross income, net income, and farm efficiency. This research was conducted for 7 months starting from June to December 2021, located in Mundam Village, Medang Kampai District, Dumai City. The location selection was done purposively with a simple random sampling of 47 farmers. The data used are primary and secondary. The data analysis used is descriptive, farming analysis, and cobb-Douglass function analysis. The results showed that: (1) Characteristics of pineapple farmers in Mundam Village are 41 years of average age, which means productive age, the average length of education for farmers is 8 years (SMP), average farming experience is 18 years, and average farming experience is 18 years. The number of members of the farmer's family is 4 people. While the business profile obtained the average land area is 1.62 ha, land status is borrow-to-use, farmers do not have a business license, the average working capital is 14,967,617/MT, production is 36,482 pieces and productivity is 22,276 pieces/arable /MT. (2) the production cost obtained is Rp. 18,559,530/MT, the gross income obtained by pineapple farmers in Mundam Village is Rp. 68,735,159/MT, net income is Rp. 50,175,619/MT, obtained an RCR (Revenue Cost Ratio) of 3.70, meaning that pineapple farming in Mundam Village is feasible to cultivate.


Abstract : This report results from a contract tasking Imperial College Consultants Limited (ICON) as follows: It is here proposed to build upon the experience gained and extend ongoing work in two directions. The first is related to the sensitivity of the initial explosion phase to the state of the mixture resulting from injection of the relevant mixture. The second aspect of the proposed work features computations of two-dimensional unsteady flows with comprehensive chemistry and a transported PDF approach closed at the joint scalar level. The contractor proposes the evaluation of a computational approach in the context of the computation of time-dependent compressible flows in two spatial dimensions. Such computations constitute an essential step in the direction of establishing an ability to model Deflagration to Detonation Transition (DDT) in the context of POEs and are exceptionally resource intensive. Although a limited study is here proposed to be accomplished (due to funds limitations). it is expected that significant information will be gained


The invention relates to a high-efficiency energy-saving gas stove core which comprises an outer cup body and an igniter, wherein a premixing cup is positioned inside the outer cup body; a first distance ring is arranged on the edge of the cup body of the premixing cup; an air path is formed in the bottom of the cup body; the inlet of the air path is abutted with a gas inlet of the bottom of the outer cup body; the outlet of the air path is positioned in the center of the bottom in the cup body; air holes are uniformly formed in the side wall of the cup body, the first distance ring and the cup cover; a first air chamber is formed among the cup body, the first distance ring and the outer cup body; a combustion barrel is positioned above the cup cover of the premixing cup; a second distance ring is arranged on the upper edge of the combustion barrel; the lower opening of the combustion barrel is communicated with the air hole in the cup cover of the premixing cup; air holes are uniformly formed in the barrel wall of the combustion barrel and the second distance ring; a second air chamber is formed among the combustion barrel, the first distance ring, the second distance ring and the outer cup body; the igniter is positioned in the combustion barrel; and a fire collection ring is arranged above the second distance ring. According to the high-efficiency energy-saving gas stove core, the fire outlet temperature is extremely high, and the energy-saving and environment-friendly effects are obvious.


Cross beam effct to lateral distribution is considered and live load effect is analysized using generalized grillage simulation.How to adopt parameters is described when using this method to calculate different kinds of skew bridges.The interrelated programme is completed using Fortune 90.The forces of the widened bridge are calculated and the changing rules about different kinds of skew bridges are discussed.The conclusions have some reference value to skew bridge design.


Water‐in‐oil emulsion separations are important to the petrochemical industry for product quality, safety, environmental, and economic reasons. Glass fiber filter media are often used to remove water droplets out of water‐in‐oil emulsions. The experimental results in this work show that 1% by mass of polyamide nanofibers with diameters of about 150 nm added to conventional micron‐sized glass fiber filter media improves the separation efficiency of the filter media from 71 to 84%. The addition of similar amounts of micron‐sized polyamide fibers to the glass fiber media do not improve filter capture efficiency.


BACKGROUND
To explore the prevalence, pharmacologic treatment, and control of hypertension among US non-pregnant women of reproductive age by race/Hispanic origin to identify potential gaps in care.

METHODS
We pooled data from the 2011 to March 2020 (pre-pandemic) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles. Our analytic sample included 4,590 non-pregnant women aged 20-44 years who had at least one examiner-measured blood pressure (BP) value. We estimated prevalences and 95% CIs of hypertension, pharmacologic treatment, and control based on the 2003 Joint Committee on High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) and the 2017 American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines. We evaluated differences by race/Hispanic origin using Rao-Scott chi-square tests.

RESULTS
Applying ACC/AHA guidelines, hypertension prevalence ranged from 14.0% (95% CI: 12.0, 15.9) among Hispanic women to 30.9% (95% CI: 27.8, 34.0) among Non-Hispanic Black women. Among women with hypertension, non-Hispanic Black women had the highest eligibility for pharmacological treatment (65.5%, 95% CI: 60.4, 70.5); current use was highest among White women (61.8%, 95% CI: 53.8, 69.9). BP control ranged from 5.2% (95% CI: 1.1, 9.3) among women of Another or Multiple non-Hispanic races to 18.6% (95% CI: 12.1, 25.0) among Hispanic women.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings highlight the importance of monitoring hypertension, pharmacologic treatment, and control by race/Hispanic origin and addressing barriers to equitable hypertension care among women of reproductive age.


This paper reports the need of protection from electro magnetic rays which have harmfu l effect on human brain and tissue as well as electronic devices and gadgets. Here text ile materials have been explored as electro magnetic shielding protector. Though conventional text ile materials are not suitable for this purpose, but modification of them in form of composites or other they can be used for this purpose. Various approaches of preparing text ile electro magnetic shield have been described here with relative merits and demerits. Recent advancements of application of conductive polymers in the field of electro magnetic shield ing are also taken into account. Conductive polymer treated text ile materials showed superior electrical property as electro magnetic shield. So me co mmercial p roducts available in market for shielding purpose are also reported here.


Freund, Nikitin, and Ritter (this issue) have written an intriguing article on the challenges and opportunities that arise from historical increases in life expectancy for psychological functioning. The authors convincingly argue that the relative lack of social norms and expectations for the years gained in life constitute a major challenge for the self-regulatory system. More specifically, an extended lifetime perspective and the normative deregulation of old age allow, and at the same time require, people to set, pursue, and disengage from personal goals in a relatively self-structured and self-directed manner. The empirical evidence reviewed supports their proposal in three key domains of adult life: Social relations, leisure, and work. We would like to applaud the authors for this thought-provoking article that covers a lot of ground in illustrating the role of self-regulation for aging successfully.

Our intent in this commentary is to build upon and extend some of the arguments that were mentioned in the target article, but were not the major focus there. Our comments raise three issues intertwined around the limits of self-regulation. Specifically, drawing on some of the tenets of lifespan psychology (Baltes, 1987) we highlight (1) potential constraints on self-regulation imposed by broad-based dysfunction that occurs in very old age, (2) that age-related changes in the health and cognitive domains may limit self-regulatory potential, and (3) the potential consequences of the increasing importance of self-regulation on heterogeneity and differential aging. We fully agree with the perspective of considering self-regulation as the "leading edge of positive aging", but we would like to complement and, in part, qualify the picture drawn by Freund and colleagues.


PURPOSE
Students in audiology clinical doctorate programs in the United States are required to participate in direct patient care under the supervision of a licensed precepting audiologist during their schooling. Audiology student clinicians commonly rotate through a variety of clinical settings with their own organizational structure, policies, and precepting clinicians. Systemic prejudice and stigma cause many of these student clinicians to experience bigotry from the patients they work with.

METHOD
This review discusses the populations of audiology students at highest risk of patient bigotry and discusses the intersectionality of students with several historically marginalized identities.

RESULTS
Little scholarship exists in the field of audiology on the bigotry that graduate student clinicians experience. The effects of bigotry are reviewed, and practical guidance on preparing for and responding to bigotry from patients is provided.

CONCLUSIONS
As health care workers, these students are essential workers contributing to the health and health care of the population, making their well-being a critical public health concern. Bigotry from others has been shown to contribute to mental illness, burnout, and poorer physical health among the people experiencing it.


To construct harmonious doctor-patient relationship in outpatient department of gynecology,hospital administration,both medical staff and patients play essential roles.This article analyzes the above relative factors from ethical aspect,and puts forward corresponding advises as enhancing hospital administration;improving service attitude and professional skills;objective and positive propaganda of medical staff to improve patient satisfactory and doctor-patient relationship.


A pair of dizygotic twins discordantly affected by heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) was reported previously by Riikonen, suggesting the role of genetic risk or protective factors in the etiology of alcohol‐induced developmental disorders. Now, we have re‐examined these 25‐year‐old twins and explored genetic origin of the phenotypic discordancy reminiscent with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Furthermore, we explored alterations in DNA methylation profile of imprinting control region at growth‐related insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF2)/H19 locus in twins' white blood cells (WBC), which have been associated earlier with alcohol‐induced genotype‐specific changes in placental tissue.


Linalool is a monoterpene alcohol which is present in the essential oils of several aromatic plants. Recent studies suggest that (-)-linalool has antimicrobial, anti- inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and antinociceptive properties in different animal models. The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize inclusion complexes of (-)-linalool with b-cyclodextrin (b-CD). Equimolar binary (-)-linalool/b- CD systems were prepared by physical mixture, paste (PM), and slurry methods (SC) and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Karl Fisher titration, and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal characterization indi- cates the occurrence of complexation, mainly in paste com- plexes, which is present in the interval from 140 to 280 Ca gradual mass loss (4.6 %), probably related to (-)-linalool loss. FT-IR spectra showed changes that may be related to the for- mation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between (-)-linalool and b-CD. The new solid-phase formed using the PM and SC methods, had a crystal structure which was different from the original morphology of b-CD.


The invention relates to a tire sensor-based mileage tracking system and method. According to the invention, a tire tracking system and method for tracking travel mileage experienced by a vehicle tire includes a tire-affixed identification transponder operative to generate tire-specific identification data; a vehicle-based incremental vehicle travel distance estimator for generating a synchronous stream of incremental vehicle travel distance estimations; and a timestamp synchronization and distance traveled estimator operative to generate a continuous synchronous stream of incremental tire travel distance estimations from the incremental vehicle travel distance estimations. A mobile network uploads the incremental tire travel distance estimations and the tire-specific identification data to a remote server that generates an aggregate of the tire travel distance estimations in a form accessible by the tire-specific identification data.


Parallel corpora are indispensable resources for a variety of multilingual natural language processing. This paper describes a system, which mines automatically parallel corpora from web pages. It attempts to overcome the shortage of parallel corpora in minority languages. Learning from the existing technology of mining web bilingual corpora, and combining with the characteristics of minority languages bilingual websites, a method, mining parallel corpora in minority languages based on heuristic information extracted from content, is proposed. Experiments, carried out on the Chinese-Mongolian language pair, show that the system is successful in automatically identifying a significant amount of parallel texts from the World Wide Web.


THANK YOU TO the University of San Francisco School of Law for holding this event dedicated to the issue of affirmative action. It is important we get together and discuss issues such as this. In Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1,1 Chief Justice Roberts' opinion states, "[t]he way to stop discrimination based on race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race."2 I love that Roberts quote, except he left out two words, and they are important: against Whites. What Roberts meant to say—but couldn't— was, let's stop discrimination against Whites by stopping discriminating against Whites. I look around this room and I see a lot of White folks here. I would ask you to raise your hand if you have felt the stings of discrimination in this society for being white, but I do not want to make any attendees feel uncomfortable. Let it suffice to say that even today, the instances of non-Whites in the United States facing discrimination based upon their race probably outnumbers the instances of Whites confronting the same by several orders of magnitude.3 It boggles the mind that "discrimination against Whites" has been the primary emphasis of the last thirty-five


Inequality has been linked with numerous negative consequences at the societal and individual levels. The detrimental effects of inequality are proposed to operate at the individual level through social comparisons, where perceived unfair disadvantage leads to the experience of personal relative deprivation (i.e., subjective feelings of anger and resentment), which in turn causes psychosocial stress. To date, little empirical work has investigated how individual differences in personal relative deprivation influences group dynamics. In a simulated high-pressure hypothetical scenario, first-year business students (n = 150) in groups of four to six were tasked to reach a consensus decision despite being assigned roles with competing interests, then they individually completed a survey. Greater feelings of personal relative deprivation were associated with reduced group engagement. Personal relative deprivation explained 9% of variance in group exercise engagement over and above demographic and situation-related variables (e.g., stress, perceived competition, role fit), and the overall regression model accounted for 58% of total variance in group. These findings suggest that such negative socioemotional comparison reactions as personal relative deprivation have important implications for group-based decision making and small group dynamics.


Two kinetic models were developed to describe thermal cracking and low temperature oxidation (LTO) reactions of Athabasca bitumen for the in situ combustion process. These unified kinetic models can describe the compositional changes in the Athabasca bitumen under thermal cracking or LTO. Bitumen composition was expressed in terms of the pseudo-components maltenes, asphaltenes, and coke. Oxidation reactions occurring in the low temperature range (less than 300° C) are complex with two primary oxidation reaction modes: oxygen addition and bond scission. For Athabasca bitumen, oxygen addition reactions are generally dominant in the low temperature range (less than 300° C) however bond scission or carbon oxide forming reactions occur to some extent at reaction temperatures greater than approximately 150° C. The variation in the oxygen uptake rate with time at a given temperature is accounted for through rate equation describing the change in composition of the oil and the rate of oxygen uptake at the temperature of interest for each of the pseudo-components. The oxidation model for the low temperature range that was developed in this work accounts for both oxygen addition and bond scission modes of reaction. It is capable of predicting the effect of temperature, pressure, oxygen concentration, and time on bitumen composition and oxygen uptake rates.


This paper investigated awareness and adoption levels of improved smoking oven among fish processors in four fishing communities along Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 153 respondents who were engaged in fish smoking. Data collected using structured interview guides were subjected to descriptive and inferential analyses. Results revealed that majority of the respondents were young, married women with average fish smoking experience of 22.6 years. Majority (90.8%) of them were solely engaged in fish smoking while 9.2% combined fish smoking with other income-generating activities. All the processors used traditional smoking oven (drum, box and mud ovens). More than 66.0% of the fish processors were not aware of improved fish smoking equipment. Lack of awareness, inadequate access to the technologies, low relative advantage and lack of maintenance services and high cost of procurement were responsible for low adoption levels of improved smoking oven. Irregular visits of extension agents to the study area had negative impact on the adoption of improved traditional smoking ovens. Proper dissemination of innovations developed on improved fish processing equipment to the active fish processors in Lagos State using available communication channels is hereby advocated.


The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) in various regions of the world is estimated to range from 0.1% to 15%. The area with high prevalence is the west Pacific region. The carrier rate of hepatitis B surface antigen among 1,310 healthy residents in Taegu city, Korea ws investigated in November 1982. Another sample of 729 pregant women and 43 neonates born to HBs Ag‐positive mothers was tested to survey the vertical transmission of HBs Ag between mother and infant from February 1982 to May 1982.


In 2013-2014 we took out a survey of Moscow small river name Serebryanka. One of the goals of our observation was to determine possible pollutants of this river and to identify possible ways of pollution. According to the results of our survey, the main pollutants are heavy metals and petroleum products. The main sources of pollution are traffic arteries and anthropogenic activity.


The 2D drawing of a rear axle is transformed into the 3D model by use of Pro/Engineer software.Then the stress and strain distribution on the rear axle under static load and in emergency brake situation are analyzed with ANSYS.The analysis results could provide reference for improving the design of rear axles.


BACKGROUND
Body contouring is a common procedure, but it is worth attention due to concerns for a variety of complications, and even potential for death. As a result, the purpose of this study was to determine the key predictors following body contouring and create models for the risk of mortality using diverse machine learning models.

METHODS
The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2015 to 2017 was queried to identify patients undergoing body contouring. Candidate predictors such as demographics, comorbidities, personal history, postoperative complications, operative features were included. The outcome was the in-hospital mortality. Models were compared on area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and decision curve analysis (DCA) curve.

RESULTS
Overall, 8214 patients undergoing body contouring were identified, among whom 141 (1.72%) patients died in the hospital. Variable importance plot demonstrated that sepsis was the variable with greatest importance across all machine learning algorithms, followed by Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI), cardiac arrest (CA), and so forth. Naïve Bayes (NB) had a higher predictive performance (AUC 0.898, 95% CI 0.884 to 0.911) among these eight machine learning models. Similarly, in the DCA curve, the NB also demonstrated a higher net benefit (ie, the correct classification of in-hospital deaths considering a trade-off between false-negatives and false-positives)-over the other seven models across a range of threshold probability values.

CONCLUSIONS
The machine learning models, as indicated by our study, can be used to predict in-hospital deaths for patients at risk who underwent body contouring.


"Dem Freunde auch das Innerste aufzuschliesen" Limits of Sincerity in Tiecks Der blonde Eckbert My paper argues that Ludwig Tiecks short text Der blonde Eckbert reflects upon the 18th century ideal of sincerity and shows its limits in the light of the new ideal of authenticity. When the underlying model of subjectivity erodes and discards ethical foundations of sincerity, the attempt of generating social bonding and friendship through sincerity will lead to a catastrophe. Keywords / Anahtar Sozcukler: Sincerity, Authenticity, Romanticism, German Literature


INTRODUCTIONIn the last third of the 20th century, children's special protected status has been affirmed by nearly every nation (UNICEF 2002). Yet throughout the world, children are still more likely to live in poverty than are adults (European Commission 2001). Some national governments have attempted to reduce and eliminate childhood poverty. In 1964 the American President Johnson launched a 'War on Poverty.' In 1975 the European Commission created its first European Poverty Program, and the British Labour Party under the leadership of Tony Blair took a child poverty pledge in 2001, aiming at bringing another million children out of poverty in the UK by 2005 (Lemann 1998; Gauthier 1996; BBC 2001). The United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child had been signed by every nation, signifying their intention to eliminate child poverty and create "a world fit for children" (UNICEF 2002a). Despite these political efforts, poverty still affects one child out of four in the United States, and one child out of five in the United Kingdom. Globally, the World Bank estimated that 1.2 billion people world-wide were living in poverty in 1998 - a large proportion of which was children (World Bank 2002).Poverty is, however, only one dimension of inequality. In recent decades, the political discourse has endorsed a larger definition of inequality, going beyond a monetary definition of poverty, and referring more broadly to the right to health and education, and equal social participation. For example, the United Nations and other organizations have called for the elimination of discrimination against children, as well as women and girls, and the elimination of racial discrimination - all obvious forms of inequality (UNFPA 2000; UN 2001 ; UNICEF 2002a). And the European Union has mandated the elimination of social exclusion as part of its 1999 Treaty of Amsterdam (EU 2002). The mandate to combat these inequalities is broadly construed, including addressing such problems as unemployment, low levels of education, school drop-out, and occupational training, low incomes, poor housing, high crime rates, poor health and family breakdown (UK Social Exclusion Unit 2001 ; UNICEF 2002a).While social scientists have long studied the economic well-being of children and have in fact been responsible for bringing children's problems to the attention of politicians, they have only recently begun to measure children's status using more complex and nuanced methodologies (Mauser, Brown, and Presser 1997). Our intention in this volume is to bring together some of these new measures and methods for studying children and inequality.The articles included in this special issue all examine specific dimensions of inequality among children, ranging from the traditional monetary dimension to issues of health, schooling, and public resources, and the intervening factors of family structure and resources. In this introduction to the special issue, we discuss the dimensions of inequality that serve to group the articles included in the volume - dynamic measures of income inequality, inequality in health and education, particularly by gender and ethnicity, and finally, a multi-dimensional measure of social exclusion. In doing so, we intend to point out the unique insights provided . by viewing children's inequality through different lenses. We go on to discuss the policy implications suggested by these studies and others that address children, families, and inequality.MEASURING INEQUALITYWhen different dimensions of inequality are considered, measuring inequality becomes more complex. Measuring inequality has been the subject of numerous recent books and articles (Bradbury and Jantti 1999; Ringen 1988; Vleminckx and Smeeding 2001). We summarize here three approaches in an attempt to map some of the between and within-country variations, as well as locating the contribution of each paper in this special issue.INCOME-BASED ENEQUALITYChildren's economic well-being generally depends upon their parent's income. …


Crystal structure investigations of VFeSb as-cast and heat treated compounds besides the differential thermal analysis confirmed the polymorphic transformation at 1042 K in these ternary intermetallics. Structure refinements for both low- and high-temperature modifications were performed. The resistivity and thermopower were measured. The charge carrier concentration was calculated from the Hall coefficient measurements for /spl alpha/-VFeSb phase with MgAgAs type structure The figure of merit for this material is /spl sim/0.2/spl times/10/sup -3/ K/sup -1/ at room temperature. Substitutional solid solutions based on the ternary compound were prepared with Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Sr, Ta and Bi. The most efficient dopants for these p- and n-type materials namely Ti, V, Mn and Cu were found.


Sometimes parents struggle with substance abuse problems, which affects their parenting skills. This guide has been complied on the basis of the review of family skills training programs, a meeting and a literature review and focuses on providing basic information and guidance to those policymakers and program managers interested in launching a family skills training program at the universal or selective level. It includes an overview of the importance of family environment, basic principles for launching an effective family skills program, challenges to implement them as well as ways to improve the recruitment and retention rates of parents.


CONTEXT
Valid and reliable measurements of ankle-complex motion have been reported using the Hollis Ankle Arthrometer. No published normative data of ankle-complex motion obtained from ankle arthrometry are available for use as a reference for clinical decision making.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the distribution variables of ankle-complex motion in uninjured ankles and to establish normative reference values for use in research and to assist in clinical decision making.

DESIGN
Descriptive laboratory study.

SETTING
University research laboratory.

PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS
Both ankles of 50 men and 50 women (age = 21.78 ± 2.0 years [range, 19-25 years]) were tested.

INTERVENTION(S)
Each ankle underwent anteroposterior (AP) and inversion-eversion (I-E) loading using an ankle arthrometer.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
Recorded anterior, posterior, and total AP displacement (millimeters) at 125 N and inversion, eversion, and total I-E rotation (degrees) at 4 Nm.

RESULTS
Women had greater ankle-complex motion for all variables except for posterior displacement. Total AP displacement of the ankle complex was 18.79 ± 4.1 mm for women and 16.70 ± 4.8 mm for men (U = 3742.5, P < .01). Total I-E rotation of the ankle complex was 42.10 degrees ± 9.0 degrees for women and 34.13 degrees ± 10.1 degrees for men (U = 2807, P < .001). All variables were normally distributed except for anterior displacement, inversion rotation, eversion rotation, and total I-E rotation in the women's ankles and eversion rotation in the men's ankles; these variables were skewed positively.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study increases the available database on ankle-complex motion, and it forms the basis of norm-referenced clinical comparisons and the basis on which quantitative definitions of ankle pathologic conditions can be developed.


PURPOSE: A manufacturing method of porous anode material is provided to easily control pore size and distribution in the porous anode material by controlling the size and content of polymer ball. CONSTITUTION: A manufacturing method of porous anode material comprises: a step of manufacturing a first particle by pulverizing Si or Sn group anode material; a step of mixing the Si or Sn group anode material with polymer ball and coupling agent, drying, and bulking; a step of pulverizing the bulked Si or Sn group anode material into a fixed size; and a step of manufacturing a second particle of the porous Si or Sn group anode material by removing the polymer ball with high temperature heating and sintering the coupling agent. [Reference numerals] (AA) Si or Sn based cathode active material; (BB) Polymer ball; (CC) Porous secondary particle


The purpose of this research study was to critically analyze the plans of China to develop its economy by connecting itself with the rest of the world through roads network. For this purpose, qualitative research was adopted in which secondary sources were taken. The literature available was thoroughly reviewed, and an interpretive analysis technique was used to analyze and reach a conclusion. The study has concluded that the economic corridor of Central and West Asia has to face a multitude of problems, but these regions are also replete with natural resources. The challenges like infrastructure development and lack of funds could hamper local growth. The study observes that the CCWAEC will promote economic and commercial collaboration and capital flows to these regions and improve regional economic and social development.


Abstract This study investigated the function of telomerase RNA component (TERC) in spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI models were established in rats via laminectomy and PC-12 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TERC and miR-34a-5p expressions in cells and rat spinal cords were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, followed by overexpression/knockdown of TERC/miR-34a-5p. Spinal cord histopathological changes were examined via hematoxylin–eosin staining. miR-34a-5p′ relation with TERC and XBP-1 was predicted by TargetScan and checked by dual-luciferase reporter/RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Cell biological behaviors were assessed by Cell counting kit-8, wound healing, Transwell, and flow cytometry assays. XBP-1 and inflammation/apoptosis-related protein expressions were analyzed by western blot. TERC was upregulated and miR-34a-5p was low-expressed in SCI tissues and LPS-induced PC-12 cells. TERC-knockdown alleviated histopathological abnormalities yet upregulated miR-34a-5p in SCI tissues. In LPS-induced PC-12 cells, TERC knockdown promoted cell viability, migration, invasion, and inhibited apoptosis, while TERC overexpression ran oppositely. TERC knockdown downregulated the XBP-1, IL-6, TNF-α, Bax, p-p38/t-p38, and cleaved caspase-9/-3, but upregulated Bcl-2 and p-Akt/t-Akt. TERC targeted miR-34a-5p, which further targeted XBP-1. miR-34a-5p downregulation exerted effects opposite to and offset TERC knockdown-induced effects. TERC knockdown facilitated the regeneration of neuron tissues yet inhibited inflammation in SCI through Akt activation and p-38 inhibition via the miR-34a-5p/XBP-1 axis.


This paper represents an attempt to analyse the verbs that appear in what is called the double predicate in the light of the prototype theory of categorization and the theory of metonymy and metaphor in cognitive linguistics. The analysis of actual data brings to light the fact that these verbs have undergone semantic changes by means of metonymy and metaphor,and found their way into the linguistic category of BE or BECOME so that they play the double functions of realizing relational process as well as material process.


Since 1990's, Snapshot Isolation (SI) has been widely studied, and it was successfully deployed in commercial and open-source database engines. Berenson et al. showed that data consistency can be violated under SI. Recently, a new class of Serializable SI algorithms (SSI) has been proposed to achieve serializable execution while still allowing concurrency between reads and updates.


The manner in which the Mott insulating state gives way to superconductivity when the number of charge carriers is changed is one of the fundamental questions about high-Tc superconductors that remains unanswered. This is because of both the complexity of the high-Tc superconductors and the lack of experimental data on very clean underdoped samples. We have developed a novel technique for continuously varying the doping in a single sample of YBa2Cu3O6+x without changing the oxygen content. This allows us to access different dopings with transition temperatures between 0 K and 17 K. This thesis presents our data on the temperature and doping dependence of the superfluid density, which shows clear linear temperature dependence, typical of a good d-wave superconductor. An apparent phase transition as the doping is varied through a transition temperature of 11 K is discussed and evidence is shown for a small spectroscopic energy gap that is proportional to Tc.


A polyurethane adhesive system was prepared by reacting a resin consisting of palm kernel oil-based polyester and dimethyl cyclohexanediamine with an aliphatic adduct based on 2,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Brushing technique was used for applying the adhesive (of thickness 0.05–0.10 mm) onto the wood substrate. Shear strength test for substrates that have been exposed to moisture and various degrees of heat was carried out. Collected data indicated that the adhesive exposed to heat at 70°C has the highest shear strength. At this point, the shear force was at the maximum of 2562 N with strength of 2.65 MPa. However, at higher testing temperature, there is a decrease in the shear force and strength of the adhesive. The presence of moisture, however, does not affect much on the shear strength. The morphological observations via optical microscope were made to explain the relationship of heat and moisture with the shear strength of the adhesive. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1759–1764, 2006


Modern organizations prize teamwork. Management schools have responded to this reality by integrating teamwork into the curriculum. Two important challenges associated with integrating teams in the management classroom include (a) designing teamwork assignments that achieve multiple, sophisticated learning outcomes and (b) instruction in, and management of, the classic social loafing problem. This article addresses these two challenges. First, it provides a method for designing teamwork assignments using Student Written–Instructor Facilitated (SWIF) case learning. SWIF provides the ideal vehicle for achieving all six of Bloom's (1956) Educational Objectives— knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Second, it demonstrates the use of the Signatory Code, a team-contracting device that helps teams minimize social loafing. Survey results from 112 students speak to the efficacy of this tandem teaching methodology for blending complex management concepts with genuine team experience.


Guangxi Qinzhou Bounded Port Area is a special supervision area of China Customs,which functions as a port and carries out favorable and convenient policies. With the carrying-out of regional development strategies of our country,Guangxi Qinzhou Bounded Port Area becomes the only free trade port area in the Southeast of China,and plays an increasingly remarkable role. By analyzing the situation and meaning of the construction of Guangxi Qinzhou Bounded Port Area,this paper tries to put forward suggestions for the future construction and development of Guangxi Qinzhou Bounded Port Area.


The purification of black olive washed waters has been studied by an aerobic biological treatment, an ozonation process and by the combination of both sequential processes: ozone-biological and biological-ozone. Biodegradation experiments have been carried out modifying the initial substrate and biomass concentration. In the ozonation experiments, temperature, pH and ozone partial pressure has been varied. A kinetic study applying the Contois'model to the biological experimental data was performed. In the ozonation process, supposing a firsts-order kinetic reaction with respect to COD and ozone, the kinetic constant was determined. In both combined treatments, the previous stage improved the reaction rate of the second stage. For the purification of these wastewaters, an aerobic biological treatment followed by an ozonation process was the most effective sequence.


The magnetic field sensitivity of p-i-n diodes fabricated in silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) depends on the establishment of a bipolar conduction region. Because of low effective lifetimes of the SOS material, tau /sub eff/ approximately=10 ns, the bipolar regime occurs at high electric fields, the junction temperature rises, and magnetosensitivity is reduced. The reproducibility of Si-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ interfaces is also a problem. A novel two-terminal devices has been built in 5-10 Omega -cm n-type 1.0- mu m-thick


It is not often that federal political parties exhibit courage. Labor's decision to change the rules on negative gearing is a rare instance. It targets directly what is most dangerous and unfair in our financial system. Expect howls of protests from powerful lobby groups if it ever looks like becoming policy.


In an attempt to characterize the general systematics of the (p,t) reaction in the rare earth region of the periodic table, the (p,t) reaction on $sup 141$Pr, $sup 159$Tb, $sup 165$Ho, and $sup 169$Tm are investigated. (auth)


A metal–organic framework, [Co4(μ-Cl)4(DPB)4]·6DMF·8H2O (NJU-Bai18; NJU-Bai for Nanjing University Bai's group) (HDPB = 3,5-di(pyridin-4-yl)benzoic acid), with (3,12)-connected sum topology was presented, which is the first MOF based upon the S4N4-like [Co4(μ-Cl)4] cluster and exhibits high CO2 uptake (20.0 wt% at 1 bar) and high selectivity to CO2/N2 (27.5) at 273 K.


A technique for the insertion of the Holter ventriculo‐atrial shunt for the treatment of infantile hydrocephalus and the pre‐ and postoperative management of such patients is described.


Introduction: Ralstonia solanacearum IPO1609 (Rs IPO1609) is a gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria that causes severe bacterial wilt disease in potatoes. Agricultural practices and agrochemicals are often ineffective solutions to control it. Identification of essential antibacterial targets in the phytopathogen could enable the design/development of suitable bactericides and eventually, control potato brown rot. Objective: To reveal prospective antibacterial targets in Rs IPO1609 utilizing subtractive genomics strategy coupled with differential pathway analysis, subcellular localization, virulent prediction and drug bank database screening. Methods: The study was designed to identify potential antibacterial targets in Rs IPO1609. Among the 4545 proteins present in the pathogen, non-orthologs cum non-paralogs were obtained and subjected to in silico comparative analysis against potato proteome to reveal non-homologous proteins present in the bacterium. Furthermore, the essentiality of these non-homologs for pathogen's survival was determined using DEG Database. Metabolic pathways involvement of the short-listed essential proteins was implemented using KAAS and virulent proteins were determined using MP3 web server analysis. Intracellular localization of essential virulent proteins determined using CELLO2GO & PSORTb programs enable enlisting of plausible antibacterial targets. Results: Subtractive genomics-based approach revealed that a list of 136 proteins of Rs IPO1609 were potato non-homologs and essential. A total of 55 targets are involved in the unique biochemical pathways of the pathogen. Of 55, 29 proteins were found virulent. Furthermore, based on intracellular localization, 3 virulent proteins were identified as promising therapeutic targets. Conclusion: Among the 55 targets identified in this study, three proteins were found highly potential as antibacterial targets in Rs IPO1609 based on their metabolic pathway, virulence and intracellular localization properties. The outcome might be used as a design in genomics-based strategies to control bacterial phytopathogens.


SUMMARY The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of an incompressible, viscous, electrically conducting fluid in an infinite channel, under an applied magnetic field has been investigated. The MHD flow between two parallel walls is of considerable practical importance because of the utility of induction flowmeters. The walls of the channel are taken perpendicular to the magnetic field and one of them is insulated, the other is partly insulated, partly conducting. An analytical solution has been developed for the velocity field and magnetic field by reducing the problem to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, which has been solved numerically. Solutions have been obtained for Hartmann numbers M up to 200. All the infinite integrals obtained are transformed to finite integrals which contain modified Bessel functions of the second kind. So, the difficulties associated with the computation of infinite integrals with oscillating integrands which arise for large M have been avoided. It is found that, as M increases, boundary layers are formed near the nonconducting boundaries and in the interface region for both velocity and magnetic fields, and a stagnant region in front of the conducting boundary is developed for the velocity field. Selected graphs are given showing these behaviours.


The treated oil palm ash and kaolin powder are used as the starting material for the synthesis of zeolites materials. The method chose for the zeolites conversion is alkaline hydrothermal treatment. The chemical composition and crystalline phases of treated oil palm ash and as-synthesized samples were characterized and studied. From the analysis, the treated palm ash was a fertile source of silica and exists as quartz phase. The zeolite synthesis was carried out under hydrothermal conditions by activation with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The results indicated that the synthesized zeolite products obtained from 2 M NaOH concentrations contain zeolite gismondine as major constituent phase, whereas quartz was found as minor phase. The outcomes have significant motivation for the production of zeolites by using low cost material such as treated palm ash.


The Helly defect of a graph G is the smallest integer i such that the iterated clique graph Ki(G) is clique-Kelly. We prove that it is NP-hard to decide whether the Helly defect of G is at most 1.


1. Tilly - a Lancashire mill worker 2. Josh - a lad with problems 3. David - a law abiding customer 4. Kylie - a nervous mum 5. Robert - a traumatic blow 6. Jess - the disappearing teeth


Plastoquinone was extracted from the lyophilized spinach thyla-koid with hexane. The Mg+2 regulating excitation energy distribution effect was lost. However the activity could be partly restored by addition of PQ2. At the presence of DBMIB the change of Mg+2 induced fluorescence emission spectra at 77 K was diminished. But the rate of electrophoresis mobility of thylakoid par ticle was found to be unchanged.The above evidence supports that plastoquinone has a control function on the Mg+2 regulating excitation energy distribuion effect and it is independ on the surface charge of thylakoid.


Ground Control Points GCPs are the only way to obtain accurate positions in aerial surveys. At least three points should be utilized, and the model will get increasingly accurate in X, Y, and Z coordinates as the number rises. The accuracy of the 3D model created from aerial photography is also affected by the arrangement of GCPs. The goal of this research is to determine the optimal number and arrangement of GCPs in order to obtain the lowest possible error in point positioning. A conventional UAV called DJI Mavic 2 pro was used to photograph one and a half square kilometer site at an elevation equal to hundred meters from earth's surface with nadir camera configuration. GSD (ground sampling distance) of 2.3 centimeters was used to collect 1515 pictures. 62 GCPs were observed in PPK (Post Processing kinematic) method using a DGPS (differential global positioning system) receiver GS 15 from Leica. The study area was split into two areas, one with a straight arrangement of GCPs and the other with a diagonal arrangement of GCPs. The pictures were processed using 3Dsurvey and 3DF Zephyr software utilizing a full bundle adjustment procedure with increasing GCPs number beginning with three GCPs and ending with twenty-six GCPs for both arrangement layout, with the other points serving as check points for the model's accuracy at each attempt. The check point coordinates obtained were compared to the DGPS coordinates. The result indicates the optimal GCP number needed for the most accurate position and spread layout. That the minimum gap between adjacent GCPs ought to be not over than 100 meters and spread homogenously.


Tactile maps are important substitutes for visual maps for blind and visually impaired people and the efficiency of tactile-map reading can largely be improved by giving assisting utterances that make use of spatial language. In this paper, we elaborate earlier ideas for a system that generates such utterances and present a prototype implementation based on a semantic conceptualization of the movements that the map user performs. A worked example shows the plausibility of the solution and the output that the prototype generates given input derived from experimental data.


We  study  the  problem:   if  a˜i,   i  ∈  N   are  fuzzy  numbers  of  triangular  form,  then  what is the membership function of the infinite (or finite) sum -˜a1   +  a˜2   +  · · ·   (defined  via  the sub-product-norm convolution)


In 2008, the Constitution of Ecuador, acknowledged nature as a subject of rights, for the first time in the history of the world. In a country as biodiverse as Ecuador, the inclusion of these rights should guarantee the protection of nature. Even though the actual Ecuadorian government was the mastermind of the Rights of Nature, they are not being respected. Large-scale mining is developing in this country, without even caring about the environment.
Three trials have been held over the Rights of Nature since 2008. However, lawyers realize how difficult it is to develop them.


The purpose of this work was to gain better overall picture to the thermal process involved in ablation of biological media performed by means of both continuous waves (cw) and pulsed laser irradiations. The theoretical analysis is based upon a computerized laser evaporative model. This scheme has been applied in order to clarify the following situations: (1) Ablation of tissue assimilated as water with finite absorption coefficient. (2) Tissue ablation by cw argon laser using gel (tissue-like phantom material) as a model system for tissue. (3) Skin ablation performed by pulsed Er:YAG laser radiation. In each case the role played by optical absorption in the dynamics of the ablation process is depicted. Typically, it appears that the position of the ablation front (or crater depth) and the transient ablation velocity are both influenced by tissue absorption while the steady-state stays independent on this parameter and evolves linearly with power density. Additionally, the ablation temperature beyond the moving front can reach a maximum higher than ablation threshold temperature. The peak temperature and its location are mediated by tissue type. Calculations show that for small absorption coefficients higher temperatures are reached at deeper levels. In contrast, at fixed absorption coefficient, the growing of the power density increases the peak temperature but reduces the penetration depth of the heated volume. The whole of computed data confirms that thermal laser ablation of tissue can be described as an explosive event and that a decrease of water content in the target alters the penetration depth which control the ablation rate.


This book is the fruit of a long-standing research and writing partnership. First published nearly five years ago, Ulrich Brand and Markus Wissen's text is one of two to offer a plenary analysis of our current societal and environmental condition (the other book is called The Limits to Capitalist Nature [Wissen and Brand 2018]). The Imperial Mode of Living has recently been translated from German courtesy of the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation. For those unfamiliar with Brand and Wissen's previous writings, this provides a clue: Issued by Verso, their book offers a holistic Marxist interpretation of our crisis-afflicted world. Although the duo rarely publish in the discipline of geography (an exception is an entry about socioecological transformation I commissioned for the American Association of Geographers–sponsored International Encyclopedia of Geography [Richardson et al. 2017]), their work is known to many critical geographers who study society–environment relations. This is because they analyze issues of interest to people such as myself, Geoff Mann, Jason Moore, Alex Loftus, Michael Ekers, Matthew Huber, Karen Bakker, Scott Prudham, Dick Walker, David Harvey, and many others. Although Brand and Wissen are located in political science, their concerns range far beyond international relations and the state system. The question is this: Does The Imperial Mode of Living advance understanding relative to existing theoretical and empirical insights? Although the book is highly stimulating, it will probably not add much value to current geographical work about the political economy of environmental and social change. Written in an essayistic and assertive style, The Imperial Mode of Living makes a set of highly general claims about the causes and consequences of our world historical condition, and the prospects for a less violent mode of living. For those familiar with Marxian research into economy, society, and environment, these insights are pretty familiar (indeed almost axiomatic). For those new to research of this kind, the book is hard to engage with because—although written (and translated) very clearly—the style does not encourage debate (either with the authors or the often nonconsensual literature inspiring their analysis). It simply "tells it like it is."


Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), especially the ones with high transconductance, are highly promising in sensitive detection of chemical and biological species. However, it is still a great challenge to design and fabricate OECTs with very high transconductance. Herein, wereport an OECT with ultrahigh transconductance by introducing ionic liquid and dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBSA) simultaneously in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the semiconductive channel. Compared with the OECT based on pristine PEDOT:PSS, ourOECT based on co-doped PEDOT:PSS demonstrates a significant enhancement of tran sconductance from 1.85 mS to 22.7 mS, because of the increase in volumetric capacitance (55.6 F cm-3 ) and conductivity (1015 S cm-1 ). The enhanced transconductance is attributed to the DBSA-facilitated phase separation between the ionic liquid and PEDOT:PSS, which helps to form conductive domains of ionic liquid in PEDOT:PSS matrix, and the partially dispersion of ionic liquid in the PEDOT:PSS phase. Furthermore, by using the interdigitated electrodes as the source and drain electrodes, an ultrahigh transconductance of 180 mS is obtained, which is superior to that of the state-of-the-art OECTs. Because of the ultrahigh transconductance, the obtained OECT demonstrates sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose, making it promissing in clinical diagnosis, health monitoring, and environmental surveillance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Direct binary search is used to optimize spatially dithered distributions of transparent and opaque pixels for beam shaping, improving the performance of spatial gain precompensation for laser systems, and wavefront metrology by optical differentiation.


Our experiences are what shape our thoughts, our character, and our lives. I see my life not only through personal experiences but also through historical and current events to create a better futu...


Wind turbines suffer from severe weather and complex environment for a long time, so wind turbine towers can cause structural damage. As an important part of wind turbine, tower damage detection is particularly important. In this study, a structural damage detection device for cylinder tower is introduced and its mechanical analysis is carried out. Due to the special structure design of the device, it has the characteristics of comprehensive detection, accuracy and efficiency.


Possibly the most daunting task faced by critical care medical personnel are emergency intubations. Often times you are presented with a patient you are unfamiliar with who needs to be intubated in order to increase their chances of survival. In an attempt to cut costs many rural hospitals staff their emergency rooms with personnel whose intubation skills may be marginal at best and an experienced anesthetist may be unavailable. In order to allow ourselves every advantage in critical situations we must evaluate any device that may afford a greater chance of success at a reasonable cost. The Airtraq laryngoscope appears to be such a device. The Airtraq is known as an indirect laryngoscope, meaning that a view of the glottis is obtained by looking into a viewfinder rather than by direct observation such as with a traditional Macintosh or Miller laryngoscope blade. The Macintosh laryngoscope is the accepted standard device for intubation and numerous studies have been undertaken to compare the Airtraq laryngoscope to it. In this paper I will examine evidence that the Aitraq laryngoscope has been found to be superior to the Macintosh laryngoscope in many scenarios.


By using questionnaire survey,interviews,documents,data statistics,etc.to analyze the students' physical health state reflected in the implementation of "National Health Standard of University Students",in order to provide a scientific basis for the institute to know the students' physical health state and grasp the focus of Physical Education as well as the direction of our effort,simultaneously aiming at proposing some corresponding improvement measures according to the teaching characteristics of our institute.


Colorless transparent apoferritin (Mr = 450KDa) crystals have been grown from gel with Cd(2+) as precipitant in the presence of reddish brown-colored ferritin dimers (Mr = 900KDa). In agreement with our previous measurements, showing preferential trapping of dimers (distribution coefficient K = 4), the apoferritin crystals become strongly colored while the gel solution around them became nearly colorless. The depth of the depletion with respect to the colored dimer impurity allowed us to visualize the impurity depletion zone. Depletion with respect to impurity as compared to the crystallizing protein is discussed.


A measure of rhythm, the tempo is vital in any music retrieval, analysis and synthesis task. Tempo estimation algorithms in some cases provide wrong estimate that are usually multiple (1/2,1/3,2,3) of the actual tempo. We present a method base+octv to correct such estimates (octave errors) by using an octave classifier. The basic algorithm involving spectral flux method of onset detection, autocorrelation for obtaining self similarity and cross correlation with regular pulses to capture beat periodicity is inspired from previous works. Five features extracted from the audio are used to predict the octave error class which leads to corrected tempo. The evaluation of the technique is performed on an extensive dataset of 4011 audio files from popular datasets with a cross validation accuracy of 75.56%.


Hilly and mountainous landscapes in all parts of the world are blanketed with soils that vary based on the five state factors of soil formation (Heimsath et aI., 2001). Many of these landscapes are not in a state of equilibrium-the processes acting on these landscapes are attempting to reach a state of morphological equilibrium. One of the primary processes involved is soil eroding in a "slide" or movement event. Such events are given many names, including soil creep, mass wasting, mass movements, slumping, debris slides, rockslides, landslides, etc. While some distinction among these terms exists, all of them play a major role in controlling long-term landscape evolution (Fernandes et aI., 2004), with the overall effect being material movement downslope. A combination of some or all of these terms will be used in this article, with a universal meaning.


Using a depth camera, the KinectFusion with Moving Objects Tracking (KinFu MOT) algorithm permits tracking the camera poses and building a dense 3D reconstruction of the environment which can also contain moving objects. The GPU processing pipeline allows this simultaneously and in real-time. During the reconstruction, yet untraced moving objects are detected and new models are initialized. The original approach to detect unknown moving objects is not very precise and may include wrong vertices. This paper describes an improvement of the detection based on connected component labeling (CCL) on the GPU. To achieve this, three CCL algorithms are compared. Afterwards, the migration into KinFu MOT is described. It incorporates the 3D structure of the scene and three plausibility criteria refine the detection. In addition, potential benefits on the CCL runtime of CUDA Dynamic Parallelism and of skipping termination condition checks are investigated. Finally, the enhancement of the detection performance and the reduction of response time and computational effort is shown.


The methods and techniques used by a group of general aviation pilots during the landing phase of light airplane operations are documented. The results of 616 landings made by 22 pilots in 2 modern, four-place, single-engine, flight airplanes (one having a low wing and the other, a high wing) are presented. The landings were made on both a long runway (1524 m (5000 ft)) and a short runway (762 m (2500 ft)); both runways were considered typical of those used in general aviation. The results generally show that most of the approaches were fast with considerable floating during the flares and with touchdowns that were relatively flat or nose-low.


Dioscorea zingiberensis grown in field was found to be influenced by light intensities with cage experiment.The germination ratio of rooted-stem under weak light (141~215μ mol[KG-4]·[KG-4]m -2 [KG-4]·[KG-4]s -1 ) was only 55%, while those exposed to stronger sun light were about 100%. Water contents in leaves decreased with the increase of light intensities.Leaf area increased with the decrease of light intensities with an exception of weakest light condition. Under 525~615 μmol[KG-4]·[KG-4]m -2 [KG-4]·[KG-4]s -1 of light, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves and the peroxidase (POD) activities were the lowest,whereas the above-ground biomass were the highest.The highest subterranean biomass was obtained in condition of 913~1 004 μmol[KG-4]·[KG-4]m -2 [KG-4]·[KG-4]s -1 of light exposure .


The manuscript presents a miniaturized four-way power divider with a sequential phase difference of 90°. The proposed power divider is designed using one rat-race coupler (RRC) and two branch-line couplers (BLC). For the minia-turization three open stub conversion of a single transmission line technique with meandering has been used. A Four-way power divider for the frequency of 145.825 MHz is designed and fabricated to discuss the proposed concept. The measured result shows a low insertion loss of 6.7 to 6.8 dB at each output ports. Also, the return loss for each port is better than 20 dB. Isolation between different output ports are better than 30 dB. The measured phase imbalance at each port is not more than 3°. The fabricated circuit size is $0.265 \lambda_g \times 0.275 \lambda_g$.


In recent years, a systemic crisis has been observed in Ukraine in accounting theory. It manifests itself in the absence of deep scientific research and the development of new teaching aids for the course "Theory of accounting", which would meet the requirements of the time and consider the current state of development of the national accounting system. The purpose of the article is to analyze the differences in basic accounting concepts in different models of accounting theory, and identify problems and directions for the development of accounting theory in Ukraine. The role of legislative documents in the formation of theoretical foundations of accounting has been disclosed. Three main models of understanding accounting theory in Ukraine (national normative; normative according to IFRS; educational accounting theory) have been allocated. Peculiarities of origin and content characteristics of each of the selected models have been analyzed. Three areas of research conducted by scientists in the field of accounting theory have been allocated. The lack of clearly defined conceptual proposals among scientists for further development of accounting theory in Ukraine has been grounded. Based on the analysis of normative legislation, the problem of lack of common understanding of basic accounting concepts (business transactions; actions; events) has been identified. Three options for the relation between basic accounting concepts have been allocated. Two main problems have been formulated, which arise due to the existence of a multivariate understanding of the essence and correlation between basic accounting concepts (content-classification problem; the problem of content-time interpretation). Examples of incorrect interpretations of basic accounting concepts by national and foreign scientists have been given. The peculiarities of the relation between basic accounting concepts in the Conceptual Framework for the Financial Reporting and IFRS have been analyzed. The peculiarities of the interpretation of basic accounting concepts according to SFAC no. 6 "Elements of financial statements" have been grounded. The necessity of making changes in the national accounting legislation to clarify the content and correlation between basic accounting concepts has been grounded. In response to modern changes in the economic reality of enterprises and the system of accounting regulation, it has been proposed to develop the national accounting theory by increasing the number of elements of the accounting method, in particular, by including the object identification to the elements of accounting method.


By a variety of methods N- hydroxy-3- [4 - [[[2- (2-methyl -1H- indol-3-yl) ethyl] amino] methyl] phenyl] -2E-2-propenamide free base and to produce a form of its salt more than homogeneous.


A one-dimensional thermodynamic entrainment-detrainment model is used to determine updraftvirtual temperature excess, updraft velocity, and other updraft properties from sounding data.The model correctly predicts most updraft properties and explains how work of buoyancy isdissipated. The unique feature of the model is that fractional entrainment and detrainment areboth functions of the virtual temperature excess of the updraft and independent of updraft massor diameter. The updraft temperature and composition are rigorously determined before updraftvelocity is considered. The entrainment and detrainment functions allow the flows in and outof the updraft to vary in a physically realistic way and are used from the base of the soundingto cloud top. The model limits the growth of cumulus under conditions of dry air aloft. Themodel shows that entrainment inhibits deep convection. The model predicts higher intensityfor continental than for oceanic updrafts. High humidity at the bottom of the atmospheredecreases the intensity of the updrafts because it lowers the condensation level, the level atwhich evaporative cooling comes into play. High humidity aloft increases the intensity of theupdrafts because it reduced evaporative cooling. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1998.t01-2-00003.x


This paper provides the description and results of a ground-based experiment designed to support the spaceflight program SHIVA, which started its flight definition in 1998. SHIVA will apply new diagnostic tools and experimental techniques to test the validity of a newly discovered analytical solution to the general equation of motion of a particle in a fluid. We have designed a spaceflight experiment with the help of the theoretical model that is optimized for testing the model, and for measuring g, g-jitter, and other microgravity phenomena. Our ongoing, ground-based particle/fluid experiment supports both the experimental and theoretical aspects of the project. The ultimate spaceflight experiment will be similar to the ground-based experiment. The "virtual spaceflight chamber" concept asserts that certain spaceflight experiments can be recorded in holograms in such a manner that having the holograms on earth is optically equivalent to being back in space with unlimited time to conduct the experiment. Properly exploited, this concept can save a significant amount of experiment time in space by effectively bringing the. experiment optically back to earth. SHIVA will accomplish the following: record a large number of holograms of particle fields in space under controlled conditions, extract the precise, three-dimensional position of all of the particles as a function of time, examine the effects of all parameters on the motion of the particles, and test these against predictions of the Coimbra-Range1 solution to the general equation of motion. Particle sizes will range from hundreds of microns up to about 2 mm in diameter and will cover a range of densities and fluid viscosities. Forcing functions will be introduced onto the particle field, including at least the following: a) No isolation in the Spacelab vibration environment. b) Isolation from Spacelab. c) Oscillatory motion from 1 to 100 Hz with amplitudes of a few millimeters. d) Convective fields to be introduced mechanically. The first objective of this research is to understand the physics of particle interactions with fluids and other particles in low Reynolds number flows in microgravity. Secondary objectives are to: (1) observe and quantify g-jitter effects and microconvection on particles in fluids, (2) validate an exact solution to the general equation of motion of a particle in a fluid, and (3) to characterize'the ability of isolating platforms to isolate experiments containing particles in liquids.


Animal models of obesity are numerous and diverse in terms of identifying specific neural and peripheral mechanisms related to obesity; however, they are limited when it comes to behavior. The standard behavioral measure of food intake in most animal models occurs in a free-feeding environment. While easy and cost-effective for the researcher, the free-feeding environment omits some of the most important features of obesity-related food consumption—namely, properties of food availability, such as effort and delay to obtaining food. Behavior economics expands behavioral measures of obesity animal models by identifying such behavioral mechanisms. First, economic demand analysis allows researchers to