Objective To explore the relationship between FAK expression and the carcinogenesis of epithelia,invasion,metastasis and prognosis of esophageal carcinoma.Methods The expression of FAK was examined in normal epithelia,simple hyperplastic epithelia,dysplasia and esophageal carcinoma by immunohistochemistry(EnVision) technique.Results Normal epithelia were negative for FAK expression.The positive expression rateof FAK was 10.0% in simple hyperplastic epithelia,31.25% in hyperplastic epithelia and 62.5% in esophageal carcinomas.The positive rate of FAK expression was significantly lower in situ carcinoma than in invasive carcinoma(P=0.026).Tumors with lymphatic metastasis showed significantly higher positive rate than those without lymphatic metastasis(P=0.0002).FAK overexpression significantly correlated with cell differentiation(P=0.0001) and depth of tumor invasion(P=0.018).Survival rates at 3 and 5 years were 41.54% and 38.38% respectively for positive staining group of FAK,however,that in those of negative FAK expression were 89.66% and 72.41% respectively.Significant difference existed between 3 and 5 yearsurvival rates of two groups.(P=0.0011 and P=0.026).Conclusion FAK overexpression in esophageal carcinoma was related to cell differentiation,tumour invasiveness,lymph node metastasis and prognosis.Patients who had FAK overexpression had a poorer prognosis than those without FAK expression.


While the variety of applications for Aerial Manipulators (AMs) has increased over the last years, they are mostly limited to push-and-slide tasks. More complex manipulations of dynamic environments are poorly addressed and still require handcrafted designs of hardware, control, and trajectory planning. In this letter we focus on the active manipulation of articulated objects with AMs. We present a novel planning and control approach that allows the AM to execute complex interaction maneuvers with as little as possible priors given by the operator. Our framework combines sampling-based predictive control to generate pose trajectories with an impedance controller for compliant behaviours, applied to a fully-actuated flying platform. The framework leverages a physics engine to simulate the dynamics of the platform and the environment in order to find optimal motions to execute manipulation tasks. Experiments on two selected examples of pulling open a door and of turning a valve show the feasibility of the proposed approach.


This study shows the surface temperature patterns of Munich, Germany, as recorded by satellite and airborne remote sensing and relates these to the spatial characteristics of eight common urban structure types. The eight UST analysed in this study showed different spatial characteristics as well as LST properties. They influence the LST profile, for which imperviousness and vegetation density seem to be the dominant parameters. However, there is also a large variation within USTs, both of spatial properties as well as LST.


The problem concerning the coloring is the research topic having important practical and theoretical significance and it is one of the main contents of graphic study.The basic issue of graphic coloring is to determine the method and number of coloring.The vertex-distinguishing proper edge chromatic number of K~c_4∨K_t is discussed in this paper,and the vertex-distinguishing proper edge chromatic number of joint graph K~c_n∨K_t is also studied.


The new method to implement frequency offset estimation in cell search of the TD-SCDMA system is proposed in this paper.The received partial data of the synchronous downlink(SYNC-DL)code is used to calculate frequency offset before the scrambling code and the Midamble ID is identified.The received midamble data can be used to calculate frequency offset before controlled Multi-frame synchronization.The frequency offset estimation with two stages can use the same 64chip to calculate structure,and the hardware resources can be also conserved.The simulation results show that the method can control the residual frequency offset within 0.05PPM(part per million)by smoothing of sub-frame or IIR filtering,which matches with the requirements of TD-SCDMA system for residual frequency.


The present invention, alpha, a polyether compound A aliphatic β- unsaturated HSi- compound B and for continuous industrial implementation of the catalyst C and optionally reacting the reaction in the presence of further auxiliary substances a facility, reactor and process, the equipment, component a (1) and B (2) reactant combiner (3) and, in the form of replaceable preliminary reactor at least two reactors for unit (5.1) and at least one multielement reactor comprises at least one further reactor unit (5.3) is post-connected to the pre-reactor system (5), the product workup unit ( 8) and about what the format that basis.


This thesis studies from a theoretical point of view the implications of price discrimination in spatial oligopolies. In Chapter 1, we provide a selective survey of the main contributions regarding price discrimination and product differentiation in the Hotelling framework. In Chapter 2 we study the firms' incentive to price discriminate when product differentiation is endogenous. Two different versions of a three-stage game are considered. In the first version, firms first choose which variety to produce, then choose whether to price discriminate or not, then set prices. A Prisoner Dilemma arises: firms price discriminate and profits are lower than under uniform pricing. In the second version of the game, the first two stages are reversed: in this case uniform pricing emerges in equilibrium and there is not Prisoner Dilemma. In Chapter 3, we study the relationship between product differentiation and collusion sustainability when firms may price discriminate. Three different collusive schemes are analyzed: collusion on discriminatory prices, collusion on a uniform price, and collusion not to discriminate. We obtain that the sustainability of the first and the third scheme does not depend on product differentiation, while the sustainability of the second scheme depends negatively on product differentiation.


A case of meningitis due to Hemophilus influenzae in a 6-month-old child treated with ampicillin is presented. The child had a recurrence of bacteremia with orbital cellulitis 3 days after the conclusion of 14 days of parenteral treatment with 200 mg per kilogram per day. Although a substantial amount of clinical experience has already been presented as to the value of ampicillin in acute bacterial meningitis due to the common agents, careful observation of each patient for signs of lingering infection is still necessary.
 This case represents a failure of ampicillin to eradicate H. influenzae infection.


Today, the telecommunication world is focused on mobility. This is popular because since the 1990s most people have integrated their mobile phones into their life. A new factor is the rise of the v ...


: The work presents technologies of materials, energy and water management that can be used for sustainable buildings, reducing costs and environmental impacts. The aim was to encourage the reduction of energy consumption, adequate water management and more sustainable material choices in new or existing buildings. For this, a diagnosis of existing technologies and alternatives was carried out in the first stage of the work. The second stage consisted of analyzing among the technologies and alternatives diagnosed from the methodology which can be applied in a fictitious case study of housing, its implementation and maintenance and viability analyzing, finally, environmental indicators, social and economic. The results showed that the best evaluated technologies/alternatives were in Energy: ventilation and natural light; in Water Management: double-action sanitary basin, flow restrictors, aerators with constant flow, and minicistern systems; and in Materials: bamboo, wood, soil-cement brick, earth, steel frame and wood frame, aggregate with ash from rice husks, aggregate with ash from sugarcane bagasse, glass, phase change materials, aggregate with residues of construction and demolition, Portland cement and cement with blast furnace slag; which can be used in the civil construction sector, and provide socio-environmental and economic benefits, encouraging new studies and its use for public/private buildings, aid in the elaboration of public policies to reduce costs and improve the quality of buildings.


Representational State Transfer (ReST) architecture provides a set of constraints that drive design decisions towards architectural properties such as interoperability, evolvability and scalability. Designing a ReSTful service API involves finding resources and their relationships, selecting uniform operations for each resource, and defining data formats for them. It is often a non-trivial exercise to refine a functional specification, expressed in terms of arbitrary actions, to a resource-oriented, descriptive state information content. We argue that this process can be described as a series of model transformations, starting from service functionality and gradually refining the phase products until a ReSTful service API is reached. This paper outlines the process phases, transformations and intermediate models based on our experiences in developing ReSTful services and service APIs at Nokia Research Center. The process captures our understanding on how to systematically transform functional specifications into ReSTful Web service interfaces.


Advancements in technology typically have major impacts on health care and health care education. As the capabilities of smartphones continue to grow, their role in the educational arena is expanding with increasing functionalities. Technologically capable health care professionals-in-training commonly use the power of innovative applications or "apps" to improve learning. Smartphone-based medical apps are increasingly usedby health care professions students because of their increasing availability, convenience, ease of use, and cost. Apps are available for use in clinical environments for several purposes: information management (ie, note writing), time management, electronic health record access, communication, patient monitoring, reference access, clinical decision-making, and clinical education and training. Commonly used apps for health care training include clinical references, medication references, diagnostic assistance, and medical calculators. Because of the increased availability of medical apps on smartphones and tablets, physician assistant (PA) educators should carefully consider themost appropriate apps to recommend for use during training. When PA faculty analyze educational opportunities provided for PA students during clinical training, it is evident that teaching and learning are not restricted to the patient's bedside. In a busy clinical environment, the volume of bedside and examination room teaching that faculty can provide may be limited by increasing clinical demands, including higher patient volumes, decreased time with patients, and constant interruptions. Health care professionals who teach students at clinical sites also face the challenge of educating multiple learners at different levels of training and of developing ways to educate learners effectively at the bedside while keeping up with clinical demands. Technological innovations should be introduced during training so that students fully understand and appreciate how new technologies can be ethically and effectively applied to everyday practice. As technology advances and the scope of medical knowledge continues to expand, it is important to be able to findupto-date, evidence-based information relevant to patient care. The use of just-in-time learning strategies allows students and educators to choose the timing, location, and amount of new knowledge needed for each patient encounter. This type of learning previously depended on computer-based instruction or online learning modules, but with advancing technology, now smartphone and tablet apps are available that allow a student to review information at the point of need. The versatility and portability of these platforms provide students with a plethora of clinical resources conveniently located at their fingertips. Physician assistant educators should focus on guiding their learners to use apps that provide evidence-based information. The following questions can help evaluate different apps and identify the best one for the situation and goal: Does the app contain factual information based on reliable resources? Is the app up-to-date? Has the app received positive reviews? Is there a cost to use the app? A recent medical school study focused on the use of one specific smartphone type noted that 77% of participants— self-identified as medical students, residents, or faculty— indicated that they used at least one medical app regularly, with more than 50% using a preferred app at least once daily. These study participants identified a broad range of apps they preferred to use, which included medical references and calculators. Learners asked about the best way to find good apps, and more importantly, how they could recognize whether the information provided was of high quality.


Creativeness plays an important role in the judgment of the comprehensive quality of university students in the new century. In order to develop the students' creativity it is necessary solve such problems as the correct proportioning of specialization and extensiveness of learning, the reasonable construct of direct and indirect experience, and the command of free choice of information in the right frame of reference.


ABSTRACT The G20 and the OECD recently claimed two successes in global tax governance: adopting automatic exchange of banking information in 2014, and the 2015 BEPS project on taxation of multinational companies. While the former signifies an essential step forward in reducing tax evasion, the BEPS outcomes were criticized for merely patching up flawed taxation principles based on the arms'-length standard. The emergence of global automatic exchange of information is often ascribed to the US who unilaterally enforced its own FATCA automatic information-exchange standard, while no comparable action happened during BEPS. This article investigates the US position on the BEPS outcomes and if a similar unilateral action would have led to more far-reaching cooperation concerning BEPS. By examining the distributional consequences of cooperation in both processes, we conclude that US power in tax governance in both issues is more limited than generally assumed and insufficient to explain global cooperation.


The Anapa sand bar at the Black Sea coastal zone now is one of not numerous sand beaches in Russia. This very important resource of healthfeels strong anthropogenic press. Cartographic estimation of the Southern part of Anapa sand bar statement includes comparison of a series of observing maps of morph metric characteristics, aeolian and anthropogenic processes. By these maps the Southern part of Anapa sand bar was divided into 5 regions. The maps will help to investigate adaptive solutions for Anapa sand bar conservation and defence.


Abstract Glacial abrasion was simulated in experiments in which a small artificial glacier bed was pushed beneath a fixed ice block under pressure. The experiments provide a means of testing theoretical models of abrasion, particularly those factors that govern the magnitude of stress concentrations beneath abrading rock fragments. In preliminary experiments, vertical ice flow around a sphere mounted on the bed was studied. In subsequent experiments, marble tablets were pushed beneath granitic rock fragments frozen into the base of the ice block. Unlike previous abrasion experiments, the sliding velocity was realistic (25 mm d−1), and ice near the bed was at the pressure-melting temperature. Resultant striations closely resemble those observed on glaciated bedrock. As predicted by Hallet (1979), the component of the ice velocity towards the bed strongly influenced stresses beneath fragments, and classical regelation and creep theory provided an approximate estimate of the downward drag force on fragments. Half of the rock fragments rotated significantly, accounting for 10–50% of their motion relative to the bed and influencing abrasion rates and the shear stress supported along the ice-bed interface. Striation patterns indirectly suggest that fragment rotations were inhibited by increases in ice pressure, which presumably increased the drag on roughness elements on fragment surfaces. This may have resulted from a reduction in the thickness of the water film around fragments, facilitated by leakage of water from the bed.


Background: The negative effects of climate change on human health and well-being are widely documented in recent literature. The poorest countries, and the most vulnerable and marginalized individuals, experience the worst consequences from climate change. Laborers are more prone to climate-related conditions (CRC) as they are considered one of the under-privileged populations with low salaries and unfortunate living and working conditions. Objectives: To measure the burden of CRC on health services in the main laborers' clinic in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Methods: A cross-sectional study of expatriate workers who attended Al-Razi Health Centre (ARHC) during the study period. A convenience sample was selected and a specific questionnaire was designed for the purpose of this study. The variables included in the questionnaire were age, gender, nationality, occupation, work setting, diagnosis including CRC, medications prescribed and length of sick leave given. CRC were identified and grouped by a panel of experts in line with the published literature. Results: Out of a total number of 3,715 visits during the study period, CRC visits represented 1,111 with a proportion of 29.9%. The majority (70%) of the CRC patients were working solely outdoors. Infectious diseases were the most common (62.9%) CRC followed by heat-related diseases (16.5%). Conclusion: CRC have a significant burden on the health services at ARHC. CRC appear not to be significantly associated with age, nationality or place of work of laborers.


This paper describes an approach to the online state estimation of systems described by a general class of linear noncausal time-varying difference descriptor equations subject to uncertainties. An approach is based on the notions of a linear minimax estimation and an index of causality introduced here for singular difference equations. The online minimax observer is derived by the application of the dynamical programming and Moore's pseudoinverse theory to the minimax estimation problem.


Multi-input multi-output control system was established which regarded the mathematics model of the helicopter's active twist smart rotor as controlled object.The outputs were the harmonic component of the hub load caused by deflected tip.The inputs are the deflected angle of the rotor tip.Based on a model of dynamics and control system about smart rotor of active tension,the controlled simulation of the smart rotor for researching the relation between harmonic component of the hub load and different harmonic control inputs has been completed.


An integrated inductor assembly (102; 1300; 1400; 1500; 1600; 1700) is provided. The integrated inductor assembly includes a magnetic core (138; 1602; 1702; 1800), a first inductor (104), and a second inductor (106). The magnetic core has a first side, an opposing second side, and an opening (166) defined within the magnetic core. The opening extends into the magnetic core from at least one of the first side and the second side. The first inductor includes a first conductive winding (140) inductively coupled to the magnetic core. The first conductive winding includes a first shorting segment (194) positioned within the opening. The second inductor includes a second conductive winding (142) inductively coupled to the magnetic core. The second conductive winding includes a second shorting segment (200) positioned within the opening. The first and second inductors are configurable to operate independently of one another.


Material components follow non-linear degradation because the material loss with time is non-linear; the components present different levels of resistance during a degradation process. Constructing predictions of the component life span and performing reliability analyses regarding degradation is possible by non-linear regression. In this paper, we propose new means for predicting time to failure of the components, using an extrapolation process of a calibration regression method for measuring the error prediction; an accelerated test of a polymeric coating process was performed. Results showed that the proposed model has the ability to estimate component reliability to a certain trust interval and a clear error measurement.


The reliability of a wireless sensor network (WSN) is often assessed on node-to-node communication performance through link characterization. Long-term routing stability is an aspect of a WSN that is often overlooked in routing protocol implementations. In this paper, we investigate the routing stability of ZigBee PRO implemented WSN nodes that are deployed in a real-world environment. Frequent changes in next hops along routing paths between source and destination nodes can result in an increase in undesired energy consumption of the WSN. Hence, the relative routing path usage count, usage rate of unique next hop and switching frequency count are proposed as routing stability indicators. Our findings show that routing stability is subjected to not only the quality of a link but also to the implemented routing protocols, deployed environment and routing options available. More importantly, next hops with low usage rates are shown to experience a higher probability of disconnection from the Neighbor Table of respective source nodes, causing them to be short-lived. The need to avoid these links shows the importance of evaluating routing stability and identifying network bottlenecks.


Simple Summary The prohibition on the use of antibiotics in animal nutrition has resulted in the more frequent use of phytobiotics, which are natural medical preparations made from herbs. When used in the nutrition of ruminants, phytobiotic preparations affect the motility of the gastrointestinal tract and the secretion of digestive juices, and also stimulate the development of the intestinal microbiota. Their effect on the development of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with subsequent effects on the degree of microbial homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract, is particularly important. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of herbal supplements on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in the faeces of lactating dairy goats. It was assumed that the specific chemical composition of herbal supplements would positively affect the digestive processes of does, and thus the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) colonies. The research was conducted on dairy goats assigned to five nutrition groups of twelve animals each. The animals in the experimental groups received a supplement made of (seven or nine) herbs at a rate of 20 g or 40 g per animal per day. A statistically significant effect of lactation stage on the intestinal Lactobacillus bacteria count was found. The highest concentration of LAB was found in the group receiving a feed supplement consisting of nine herbs at 20 g per animal per day. A probiotic strain of Lactobacillus fermentum absent from the control goats was identified in the faecal samples of goats that receiving the herbal supplement. Abstract Sixty dairy goats of the Polish white improved breed were randomly assigned to five feeding groups of twelve animals each. The animals received a supplement containing seven herbs at 20 or 40 g/animal/day (experimental groups 1 and 2) and a supplement containing nine herbs at 20 or 40 g/animal/day (experimental groups 3 and 4)m, along with pelleted concentrate feed. Group 5 (the control group) received pelleted feed without any herbal supplements. A significant effect of herbal feed additive on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count was observed (p < 0.001). The highest number density of LAB was found in the goats receiving the feed additive with nine herbs at 20 g/animal per day (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant effect of lactation stage on intestinal LAB count (p < 0.001). Regardless of the feeding group, the highest number density of LAB was found in animals at the peak of lactation. The LAB count was also affected by the interaction of diet group × lactation stage (p < 0.0001). A probiotic strain of Lactobacillus fermentum was identified in the faecal samples of goats receiving the herbal additive, but not in the controls. Genetic identification of the microorganisms isolated from the faeces of the experimental goats did not reveal the presence of harmful mould spores, although spores of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus were detected in the controls.


This dissertation aims to clarify the regulation concerning particularly distressing circumstances in Swedish migration law and how the enforcement of this regulation works in practice and in which way propositions and superior court decisions has an effect on the practical application. The purpose has also been to clarify what distinction there are between children and adults within the Swedish migration law. The regulation concerning particularly distressing circumstances is intended to be used when all other grounds for residence have been tried which is why particularly distressing circumstances does not regulate specific situations. Because of this there is no obvious procedure when it comes to the practical application.

The dissertation starts with an overall description of the grounds for residence and which specific situations they regulate. The next part gives a deepened description of the different areas which falls within the regulation concerning particularly distressing circumstances. Finally the practical application of the regulation is described by an analysis and comparison of seven lower court rulings. The comparison shows how the practical application of the regulation actually is and how the propositions and the superior court decisions affect the reasoning of the lower court.

Some general conclusions can be drawn regarding the findings made. One of these is that the regulation concerning particularly distressing circumstances is a nonspecific and general regulation which rather regulates coherency rather than specific situations. The gaps resulting from this vagueness have been filled by the decisions made by the superior court which, because of this, has become normative in some questions. Another conclusion is that the propositions and mostly the superior court decisions are affecting the practical application. This is clearly shown by the fact that the lower court in large scale refers to the superior court decisions in their argument. This fact also confirms the first conclusion that the superior court has become normative in some questions. Another conclusion is that children and adults are assessed differently and that the distinction is already made clear in the propositions and that the superior court decisions also is normative in this area.

The various areas falling within the regulation concerning particularly distressing circumstances have in common is that the application in most cases must be based on several factors and that there are no clear lines between them. The conclusion that has been made within the field of this dissertation is that the specific cases where residence is granted, because of particularly distressing circumstance, more or less all have been connected to other migration grounds and that this usually has been a requirement for application of the rule.


The role of real-time man-in-the-loop simulation across the entire life cycle of a weapon system is examined. Novel aspects of the concept include the potential for the selective use of the developer's engineering simulator during operational test and evaluation as well as the merits of a tightly coupled approach to the design of the engineering simulator and that of related training devices/simulators. Attention is given to the model which is emerging at the helicopter component of McDonnell Douglas and its relationship to some advanced thinking about a US Army preliminary master plan for simulation. The author draws some parallels between the approach as implemented by the 'prime' and the approach as it might be implemented between different Government laboratories in the context of the draft master plan. The author examines a particular aspect of this application, the simulation of the operational mission environment and where that responsibility might best lie. The issue of 'fidelity' is discussed with respect to current simulation technology limitations and their known effects upon performance.<<ETX>>


GOTT, V. L., KOEPKE, D. A., DAGGETT, R. L., ZARNSTORFF, W., and YOUNG, W. P. (1961), "The Coating of Intravascular Plastic Prostheses with Colloidal Graphite", Surgery, 50: 3811. GOTT, V. L., WHIFF'EN, J. D., and DUTTON, R. C. (1963), "Heparin Bonding on Colloidal Graphite Surfaces", Science, 142: 1297. LOVELOCK, J. E., and PORTERFIELD, J. S. (1961), "Blood Coagulation: Its Prolongation in Vessels with Negatively Charged Surfaces", Nature (Lalld.), 167: 39. REGELSON, W., and HOLLAND, J. F. (1962), "Eft'ect of an Anionic Polyelectrolyte In Patients with Cancer-eUnlcal Pharmacology of a Macromolecule", Olin. Pharmacal., 3: 731. Ross, J., jnr., LAZAR, J. G., BOWMAN, R. L., and MORROW, A. G. (1961), "The Chemical Structure and Surface Properties of Certain Synthetic Polymers and their Relationship to Thrombosis", In "Prosthetic Valves for Cardiac Surgery" Thomas, Sprlngtleld, Illinois. '


The present invention relates to a plurality of force vectors against the mechanically locking the circular saw blade having a cutting tip. One kind of circular saw blade comprising: a substantially planar body having a substantially circular periphery forming a plurality of tip support portion annularly spaced in a substantially circular peripheral edge; and a plurality of cutting tips, by brazing the support fixed to the tip portion of the body. Each cutting tip has a mounting base, the mounting base formed with at least two locking surfaces along which the brazing at least two locking surfaces of the mounting base secured to a respective tip support portion. The locking surface relative to each other with respect to the main body and configured to be positioned against rotation during the cutting operation the blade force acting on the cutting tip in different directions in the plane of the body.


Studies researching second/foreign language (L2) motivation have mainly focused on the students' motivation to learn. They yielded interesting results which should be considered in the process of teaching. However, studies limited in number have attempted to shed light on teachers' motivation to teach which is very crucial in the process of learning. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the goal orientations of in-service English instructors at various Turkish universities to reflect upon their motivational profiles. The data of study were derived from 61 (F=43; M=18) instructors of English who responded to the Measure of Achievement Goal Orientations which comprised items about distinct mastery, abilityapproach, ability-avoidance, and work-avoidance goal orientations, and a demographic questionnaire. The findings of the study showed that Turkish in-service ELT instructors have a high degree of mastery goal orientation (M= 4.18; SD= 0.62). There was a significant negative correlation between mastery goal orientation and work-avoidance goal orientation (p < 0.01) and there was a significant positive correlation between abilityavoidance goal orientation and work-avoidance (p < 0.01). In addition, non-parametric analyses comparing English instructors' gender, degree, age and the university they work with instructors' goal orientations yielded only one significant difference. Mann Whitney U-test showed that English instructors who have Bachelor of Arts (BA) diploma adopt more ability-avoidance goal orientations than Master of Arts (MA) holders (p<0.05).


Non-state actors are frequently involved in the efforts of states to acquire Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). UNSCR 1540 was passed by the UN Security Council in 2004 seeking to limit non-state actors' role in this regard. This paper explores the drivers for and against nonstate actor state proliferation as exporters, suppliers and brokers. A framework through which to analyze the drivers for and against non-state actor involvement is developed. This framework considers that non-state actors can be innocent, ignorant, indifferent, or ideologically motivated, while also taking into consideration factors against involvement. The framework is used to analyze three specific case studies. The paper concludes by considering the lessons that can be derived from this framework in efforts to counter proliferation in the future.


Regulatory T cells (Treg) suppress T effector cell proliferation and maintain immune homeostasis. Autoimmune liver diseases persist despite high frequencies of Treg in the liver, suggesting that the local hepatic microenvironment might affect Treg stability, survival, and function. We hypothesized that interactions between Treg and endothelial cells during recruitment and then with epithelial cells within the liver affect Treg stability, survival, and function. To model this, we explored the function of Treg after migration through human hepatic sinusoidal‐endothelium (postendothelial migrated Treg [PEM Treg]) and the effect of subsequent interactions with cholangiocytes and local proinflammatory cytokines on survival and stability of Treg. Our findings suggest that the intrahepatic microenvironment is highly enriched with proinflammatory cytokines but deficient in the Treg survival cytokine interleukin (IL)‐2. Migration through endothelium into a model mimicking the inflamed liver microenvironment did not affect Treg stability; however, functional capacity was reduced. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous IL‐2 enhanced PEM Treg phosphorylated STAT5 signaling compared with PEMCD8. CD4 and CD8 T cells are the main source of IL‐2 in the inflamed liver. Liver‐infiltrating Treg reside close to bile ducts and coculture with cholangiocytes or their supernatants induced preferential apoptosis of Treg compared with CD8 effector cells. Treg from diseased livers expressed high levels of CD95, and their apoptosis was inhibited by IL‐2 or blockade of CD95. Conclusion: Recruitment through endothelium does not impair Treg stability, but a proinflammatory microenvironment deficient in IL‐2 leads to impaired function and increased susceptibility of Treg to epithelial cell‐induced Fas‐mediated apoptosis. These results provide a mechanism to explain Treg dysfunction in inflamed tissues and suggest that IL‐2 supplementation, particularly if used in conjunction with Treg therapy, could restore immune homeostasis in inflammatory and autoimmune liver disease. (Hepatology 2016;64:138–150)


The procedure affords mainly or exclusively 3-substituted derivatives which are used to synthesize novel green to purple spirooxazine photochromic dyes.


Transperineal punch biopsy using an obturator-canula assembly ('Tru-cut') was performed successfully under general anaesthesia in twenty-three dogs suspected of having prostatic disease. Diagnostic portions of tissue were obtained in all cases. One dog developed transient post-operative orchitis and scrotal oedema.


As the population continues to age, aortic stenosis remains as the most prevalent valvular disease in Western countries. The number of elderly patients with aortic stenosis continues to pose both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Despite new advances such as transcatheter aortic valvular replacement (TAVR), there is still much patient-provider decision making that needs to take place given the comorbidities and complex goals of care in an elderly patient population. The increased longevity due to advances in health care has resulted in an increase in diagnosis of aortic stenosis. While the prevalence is low in patients < 60 years of age, it increases to approximately 10% in patients > 80 years of age. The severity of aortic stenosis increases with age, with one in eight people older than age 75 showing moderate to severe aortic stenosis. This represents a significant health care burden that is projected to increase as the population progressively ages. Age related, or degenerative valvular heart disease, represents the most common etiology of aortic stenosis in the elderly population. Degenerative aortic valve disease affects over 25% of all patients over the age of 65. Most patients have only mild thickening and normal valve function, called aortic sclerosis. However, 2%–5% of these patients have significant aortic stenosis with obstruction of left ventricular outflow. Clinical risk factors for degenerative aortic valve stenosis mirror those associated with coronary atherosclerosis. Tra-


Processing techniques and selection of mterials of processed cheese were determined by texture analyzer.Texture of processed cheese texture analysis were shown by specific data and images with a graphic representation,in order to find the correlation between the cheese sensory characteristics and texture characteristics,According to difference of texture on different raw materials and different processing techniques,the key process parameters of processing techniques of processed cheese were showed as follows: cheese ratio of 1:2,water content was 45%,emulsifying salt content was 1.8%,emulsifying temperature was 85 ℃ and the emulsification time was 5 min.


An algorithm integrating the characteristics of principal and subordinate hierarchial decision-making,multi-objective decision-making,and multi-stage decision-making to construct an optimal allocation model for regional water resources with sustainable development.The algorithm synthesizes the multiple-objective satisfaction computation degree,principal and subordinate hierarchial game decision-making,evolutionary game solution technology with the particle swarm algorithm,and dynamic programming.The model is verified by a case study.This research presents an excellent approach for complex decision-making problems.


Some forty years ago, Lasswe!!, one of the nation's most ~teemed polit.ical scientists, observed: "Students of politics are expected to have something pertinent to offer about the probable effects of adoption of one form 0f government or another, Or one policy or another relating t o power." 1 Judging by the published literature, however, such expectations are apparently not held by most scholars who study politics. Moreover, from the paucity Of political scientists who piay important roles in' government o r as counselors to those who govern~ one might also infer that the notionthat political scientists have s0meth!ng to say to policy makers is not widely shared by those witfi political power. Political Scientists have been known to argue to exhaustion about the proper conc&'ns'0f their "discipline." While countless definitions of politics have emerged from-such debates, the formulation that appears to have I~oth the greatest currency and the greateststaying power is Lasswe11's~ Politics, he says, is "who gets what, when and how." ~ Whether one accepts Lasswell's definition or other such widely held and related conceptions that politics involves the authoritative allocatiofi of resources and values, 8 my point is the same-political scientists have been more interested in studying the political trrocesses than tliey have been in studying who receives what benefits from the political process.


We investigate the spacetime of a global monopole in a five-dimensional spacetime in the presence of the cosmological term. Also the gravitational properties of the monopole solution are discussed.


On the basis of the existing findings,the author divides words meaning into two categories: static meaning and pragmatic meaning.This paper advances the term "static meaning" which is employed to describe word meaning in static state.In the actual verbal communication,as the effect of context,the target language may appear various variations and form a temporary pragmatic meaning apart from its static meaning.The relation between them can be expressed in mathematical formula: pragmatic meaning static meaning,including: 1) pragmatic meaning = static meaning + temporary additional meaning;2) pragmatic meaning = static meaning,i.e.pragmatic meaning = temporary transfer of meaning.


Abstract—This paper deals with the design of a 500 W permanent magnet (PM) machine used to drive the air-compressor of a 5 kW fuel cell (FC). The authors focus on the optimization of the motor efficiency in order to minimize the energy consumption of the air-compressor which can represent up to 30 % of the electrical energy delivered by the FC. The authors justify the use of a PM machine by the fact that, by using rare earth Nd-Fe-B magnets, such a type of machine makes it possible to reach a high efficiency as well as a high power density. The optimized machine presented in this paper have theoretically more than 25 % of its working area with an efficiency higher than 90 % and the efficiency at the rated point equals to 92 %. Those promising results of computation are confirmed by the first experimental results obtained with a prototype. Index Terms—Fuel cell, auxiliary components, compressor, high-speed permanent magnet machine, efficiency I. I NTRODUCTION Fuel Cell Systems (FCS) offer clean and efficient energy production. Since last 10 years, intensive researches and developments have been done in order to achieve industrial systems for both stationary and mobile applications. Different issues must be solved, but, considering the mobile applications, and more particularly the ones of transport, the efficiency of the system is the key issue. To improve this feature, the whole system, and not only the stack, must be considered. Different ancillaries are necessary to produce the electrical energy. Basically, cons idering a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), commonly considered as a good candidate for automotive applications [1, 2, 3], the FCS consists of 6 subsystems [see Figure 1]:  the hydrogen supply, which often consists of an hydrogen tank associated with a pressure reducer;  the air (oxygen) supply, which often consists of compressor, possibly coupled to a turbine;  the humidifier to maintain gas and membrane hydration;  the cooling circuit, to extract the heat produced during the electrochemical reaction;  the static converter to realize the interface between the FC and the direct current (DC) bus;  and finally the supervision system to control the different working variables (temperature, air flow, hydrogen flow, hydration of membranes ) and to supervise the safety of the system. For mobile applications, the previous ancillaries are fed by the FC itself. Then, the energy consumption of the pumps, compressors must be provided by the stack and it can represent up to 40 % of the produced energy. Consequently, it highly decreases the efficiency of the FCS. Among the whole ancillaries, the air-compressor is a key one, because it is the most power-hungry (approximately 80 % of the system's intrinsic power consumption). Then, the optimization of the FCS efficiency needs to take care of the compressor, its driving motor and its control. In this paper, the authors focus on the optimal design of the electrical machine. Even if the aim of this paper is not to design the compressor, its choice has an influence on the specifications and the design of the electrical machine. Different types of compressor are available and the following specifications must be verified, whatever the power of the FCS:  the compressor should not be lubricated with oil because the FC stack can not support even ppm of oil;


Objective To retrospectively analyze the clinical efficiency of surgical treatment of terrible triad of the elbow. Methods Fifteen patients from Jan. 2008 to Jul. 2013 with terrible triad of the elbow were involved into the research and treated with open reduction and internal fixation surgery to repair ligaments at the same time,of whom ten cases were male,5 were female aged from 19- 45 years old( average 31 years old). Early postoperative functional exercises were implemented. The Mayo Elbow Performance Index( MEPI) was employed to evaluate the efficiency. Results Fifteen cases were followed up for 4-24 months with 20 months on average. All fractures achieved good reduction and the bones healed well. The bone healing time was 12 weeks on average( 8-20weeks). The average range of motion of the elbow was 105. 5°,and the mean pronation- supination angle of the forearm was 122° respectively. No complication such as stiffness and iatrogenic injury of radial nerve occurred. According to MEPI,the results were excellent in 4 cases,good in 8 cases and fair in 3 cases. Conclusion The terrible triad of the elbow should be actively treated with operation to reconstruct the joints and soft tissue. Early postoperative functional exercise could be implemented in order to avoid immobilization and recover the articular function.


The traditional journal - running modes and management methods meet the new challenges in the process of further reform on the higher education and the speed - up information society and socialist marketing economy. Therefore, the improvement of journal' s editorial management should follow such methods as the all - round raising of the management personnel' s qualifications, the carrying - out of overall quality management, the adoption of electronic edition, the realization of jurnal' s open running.


The internal friction of C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites was investigated by means of forced vibration from room temperature to 600℃ under different strain amplitude, and the internal friction mechanism was also discussed. The results show that the internal friction of C/SiC composites decreases at first and then increases with increasing temperature, and the minimum of internal friction occurs at about 120℃. While the internal friction of SiC/SiC composites increases monotonically with the increase of temperature. C/SiC composites have a higher internal friction value and lower dynamic modulus than SiC/SiC composites. The internal friction of both C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites decreases when the strain amplitude is increased, while the dynamic modulus of both the composites is independent of the strain amplitude.


In Brasil, Minas Gerais is the sixth state in soybean production. Adverse climatic conditions such as short mini-droughts ("veranicos"), irregular rainfall distribution and especially high temperatures can compromise the proper development of the crop in that state, especially in relation to the production of high quality seeds. The aim of this study was to collect and analyze data in order to establish an agro-climatic zoning of the state of Minas Gerais for the production of high quality soybean seeds. These values were georeferenced in terms of the latitude and longitude coordinates and, with the use of a geographic information system, a thematic map was created, in which the best growing regions in Minas Gerais are represented. The definition of higher or lower climate risk areas was associated with the occurrence of average temperatures during the seed maturation phase, the most sensitive stage of growth. On the basis of the data obtained on temperature and altitude of different locations, and considering the normal growth period, it was possible to outline a map with three distinct areas: Favorable - average temperature 25,0 o C.


The sorption of phenol, p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA), Na-p-toluenesulfonate (Na-p-TS), 1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-benzene disulfonic acid disodium salt (Tiron), and 3-hydroxy-4(sulfonaphthyazo)-5,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid trisodium salt (Poceau 4R) on the macroporus anion exchangers with acrylamide structural units (weak and strong basic anion exchangers) and on the ion exchangers with amidoxime groups were studied. The maximum specific sorption of p-TSA was almost identical with the total exchange capacity for both the weak and strong basic anion exchangers. The sorption of Na-p-TS is strongly related to the functional group structure of the anion exchangers, being significant on the strong basic anion excahngers. The maximum specific sorption of Tiron was higher tan the total exchange capacity of the strong basic anion exchangers because it is mainly dependent on the ionic exchange properties. The morphological characteristics influenced only the establishement rate of the sorption equilibrium. The sorption of Ponceau 4R, which has the highest molecular weight, is important on the strong basic anion exchangers with high permanent porosity. The sorption of the organic anions is also dependent on the number of the sulfonic groups. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Y-130/39 type oil-fired boiler air preheater in SINOPEC Jiujiang branch company existed serious corrosion.By means of analyses on corrosion perforation at large area frequently occured on medium temperature,high temperature section,obtained that was not a new problem.In fact,it was caused by low temperature dew point corrosion rised up step by step.Some measures for retarding low temperature dew point corrosion of air preheater was given from the fields of operation and material selection.


Since the foundation of the people's Republic of China, accounting systems have been changed a lot to be adapted to the society and economy. This thesis uses the theory of the Western New Institutional Economics, analyzes the reasons and styles of the changes of accounting systems in China, and gets the conclusion that the trend of changes of accounting systems in China will be as follows: The content is drawn close to the international accounting practice and the style of accounting changes is the coexistence of the demand leaded and supply oriented changes.


In an angle detection method with a resolver, the method being for detecting a rotational angle of a rotator by synchronously detecting a first signal and a second signal that are two phase sine wave modulation signals obtained from a one phase excitation/two phase output resolver, the method includes: a first signal detection process which detects a signal in the order of the first signal and the second signal; and a second signal detection process which detects a signal in the order of the second signal and the first signal.


The right of mortgage is right in a thing under the control of another. It doesn't exterminate certainly when right of mortgage and ownership belong to one person because of the two rights becoming confusion. The holder of mortgage of owner can resist late holder of right of mortgage based on his post right of mortgage of owner. This system of mortgage of owner should be accepted in Chinese civil law, and be standardized and perfected by legislation.


Here, we report analysis and summary of research in the field of localization microscopy for optical imaging. We introduce the basic elements of super-resolved localization microscopy methods for PALM and STORM, commonly used both in vivo and in vitro, discussing the core essentials of background theory, instrumentation and computational algorithms. We discuss the resolution limit of light microscopy and the mathematical framework for localizing fluorescent dyes in space beyond this limit, including the precision obtainable as a function of the amount of light emitted from a dye, and how it leads to a fundamental compromise between spatial and temporal precision. The properties of a "good dye" are outlined, as are the features of PALM and STORM super-resolution microscopy and adaptations that may need to be made to experimental protocols to perform localization determination. We analyse briefly some of the methods of modern super-resolved optical imaging that work through reshaping point spread functions and how they utilize aspects of localization microscopy, such as stimulated depletion (STED) methods and MINFLUX, and summarize modern methods that push localization into 3D using non-Gaussian point spread functions. We report on current methods for analyzing localization data including determination of 2D and 3D diffusion constants, molecular stoichiometries, and performing cluster analysis with cutting-edge techniques, and finally discuss how these techniques may be used to enable important insight into a range of biological processes.


Surgical fixation, early weight-bearing, and bony union remain a challenge in the treatment of peritrochanteric femur fractures, especially if the fractures are comminuted or unstable. A randomized prospective study of 154 fractures treated by either the Gamma nail (43), Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) (30) or Ender's nail (81) is reported. The average follow-up for Ender's nails was 36.7 months; for DHS 39.4 months and for Gamma nails 37.3 months. The Ender's nails required a significantly (p<0.001) shorter operation time of 42±13.4 min. The Gamma nail group required a higher mean duration of screening, 193±92 sec. Few screws in either group were in a bad position, but 12 (32%), in the Gamma nail group, and 2 (10%) in the DHS were placed superiorly in the head. From this experience, the Gamma nail appears to allow for early patient ambulation regardless of the fracture configuration with good clinical results, but the potential advantages of the Gamma nail are still unclear in these already compromised patients.


Introduction There were an estimated 55,102 new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Brazil in 2020, comprising 9.3 percent of all newly diagnosed cancers, and making it the third most common cancer in the Brazilian population. Up to half of all patients with CRC will develop liver metastases, and the prognosis for these patients is poor. The objective of the present analysis was to evaluate the cost-utility of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) using Y-90 resin microspheres versus best supportive care (BSC) in patients with unresectable, liver-dominant, chemotherapy-refractory metastatic CRC (mCRC). Methods A three-state partitioned survival model was developed in Microsoft Excel to evaluate the cost-utility of SIRT using Y-90 resin microspheres versus BSC. Membership of the three model states of pre-progression, post-progression and death was governed by parametric models of Kaplan-Meier data from a retrospective, interventional study. Costs associated with SIRT using Y-90 resin microspheres, BSC, and adverse events were obtained from Brazilian sources and reported in 2021 United States dollars (USD). Future costs and effects were discounted at 5 percent. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were performed. A willingness-to-pay threshold of USD 53,936 was used based on a 2017 review of Brazilian healthcare technology adoption. Results The base case analysis showed that Y-90 resin microspheres would result in an increase of 0.76 QALYs versus BSC, increasing quality-adjusted life expectancy from 0.67 QALYs to 1.43 QALYs. The improvement in quality-adjusted life expectancy was accompanied by an increase in costs from USD 9,884 to USD 40,399 over the model time horizon, corresponding to an increase of USD 30,515, and yielding an incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) of USD 40,265 per QALY gained. PSA showed there was a 90.8 percent likelihood of cost-effectiveness at USD 53,936 per QALY gained. Conclusions SIRT using Y-90 resin microspheres was cost-effective versus BSC in the treatment of unresectable, liver-dominant mCRC patients and should be considered for incorporation in the Brazilian Private Healthcare System.


During the last decades, mathematical epidemiological models have been used to understand the dynamics of infectious diseases and guide public health policy. In particular, several continuous models have been considered to study single influenza outbreaks and the impact of different control policies. In this dissertation, a discrete time model is introduced in order to study optimal control strategies for influenza transmission; since epidemiological data is collected on discrete units of time, a discrete formulation is more efficient. From a mathematical point of view, continuous time model are easier to analyze, however, the numerical solution of discrete-time models is simpler and therefore can be easily implemented. We formulated a discrete susceptible-infected-treated-recovered (SITR) model. We evaluated the potential effect of control measures, such as social distancing and antiviral treatment in the context of a single influenza outbreak. The objective was to minimize the total number of infected individuals at the end of the epidemic in a most economical way. The potential effect of antiviral treatment was evaluated by considering both unlimited and limited supply. We found that the use of single and dual strategies (social distancing and antiviral treatment) resulted in reductions in the cumulative number of infected individuals. In the case of limited resources, our results showed that in order to control the epidemic, most of the resources must be utilized at the beginning of the epidemic until all the resources exhausted. The optimal control problem was solved by using two different techniques: 1) By using a discrete version of Pontryagin's maximum principle, with the commonly used forwardbackward algorithm; and 2) by using the primal-dual interior-point method. The later approach allowed the inclusion of constraints more efficiently and solved the problem in fewer iterations. The main advantage of interior-point methods was that constraints can be included in a simple way; in particular, the isoperimetric constraint in the case of limited resources. However, since this technique is based on the Newton Method, the solution was very sensitive to initial conditions.


A voice recognition system includes a microphone for converting a voice to an electrical voice signal including voice and non-voice sound portions. An acoustic processing unit detects power and spectrum of the electrical voice signal, and outputs power time-series data and spectrum time series data. A voice section detection unit uses the power time-series data to detect a start point and an end point of the voice sound portion, and outputs an end decision signal indicative of such end point. A word dictionary stores word labels ordered in accordance with frequency of use, as well as word numbers and word templates. A recognition unit receives the feature time-series data and calculates a degree of similarity between the voice and the word templates. A sorting unit sorts data calculated in the recognition unit in accordance with the degree of similarity. A selection unit selects one or more words having a higher degree of similarity from words sorted in the sorting unit, and outputs these words to a display unit. A word frequency dictionary stores word labels, word numbers, word templates, and frequency data attached to each word label. Finally, a word dictionary sorting unit coupled between the word dictionary and the word frequency dictionary, sorts the word label of the word frequency dictionary in accordance with the order of higher frequency, and outputs sorted words to the word dictionary.


The aim of this research is the study of the laminar boundary layer separation phenomena on aerodynamic bodies by infrared thermography. The presence and the size of laminar bubble are mainly observed. A thermographic method is adjusted to detect the presence and the longitudinal dimension of the laminar bubble. In this region the convective heat transfer coefficient is lower than in the surroundings, because of the recirculating flow. Heating the airfoil surface, the laminar bubble will appear warmer than the other zones and so it is possible to know its presence and position. Laminar separation bubbles are caused by the presence of the adverse streamwise pressure gradient in the boundary layer flow field. When separation occurs the disturbances in the shear layer are amplified and a transition to turbulence may develop. In this condition the shear layer may reattach on the body surface generating a so called Laminar Separation Bubble (LSB), see Fig.1. Separation bubbles are common in several engineering applications, e.g. low Reynolds number airfoils, turbine blades, ecc… where their presence can increase dramatically the body pressure drag. An extensive literature is available to understand the bubble behaviour and many numerical studies have been carried out but a systematic analysis regarding low Reynolds number airfoils is actually limited, owing to the difficulties to experimentally investigate the phenomenon. Three characteristic points distinguish the LSB: separation point, transition point and the turbulent reattachment point. The streamwise position of the separation point may be find by the investigation of the 'similar' solution of the laminar boundary layer equation introducing the Falkner-Skan equation [1], or by approximate methods based on the integral approach at the boundary layer problem [2]. Two flow regions are present in the separated flow: a shear layer and a recirculating zone; the transition of the shear layer is normally studied by the Orr-Sommerfeld stability equation, since this equation is based on a linear approach only the first instability point is carried out. The distance between the separation and transition points is based so on some experimentally suggested criterions. Horton [3] and Van Ingen [4] results have been extensively used. Actually the e n criterion [5-6] seems more suitable for airfoil applications. The turbulent reattachment point is generally obtained using the skin-friction and velocity profile formulas of Swafford [7]. More recent studies [8-12] point out the difficulties to study the LSB because of the unsteadiness of the phenomenon and the dependence on the spectral components of the main flow turbulence. In the present work, IR thermography is proposed as a quantitative experimental technique to determine the three characteristic points of the LSB by analyzing the surface heat transfer coefficient with the heated-thin-foil technique [13]. A comparison with numerical and analytical results, obtained by the applications of the previous discussed criteria, are presented for the tested airfoil.


This presentation is devoted to bending vibrations of vertical, submerged pipelines (risers) in marine currents. The focus is placed on the phenomenon of vortex-induced vibrations (VIV), whose origin is as follows. When a sea current flows about a riser, the streamlines separate from its outer surface and vortices are formed in the downstream wake. The alternate shedding of the vortices results in oscillating lift and drag forces. The lift force oscillations have zero mean value and their frequency follows the Strouhal relation and increases proportionally to the flow velocity as long as the riser does not move significantly. The drag force has a significant mean value and oscillates around it with twice the Strouhal frequency. The above-described regime takes place provided that the frequency of lift force is not close to one of the resonance frequencies of the riser. Otherwise, the riser may start to vibrate predominantly in cross-flow direction with a perceptible, yet being a fraction of its diameter, amplitude. This vibration cardinally changes the vortex pattern and causes the vortices to shed with a constant frequency equal to the resonance frequency at a wide range of the flow velocities. This nonlinear phenomenon is called frequency lock-in. It should be noted that VIV of marine risers is an undesirable phenomenon indeed as it significantly shortens the service life of the risers. Several approaches can be used to model VIV of marine risers. In this presentation a family of the so-called wake-oscillator models will be discussed. Those models are phenomenological and, therefore, should be checked against a carefully chosen set of experiments. The experiments, which the wake-oscillator models should satisfy will be discussed in the presentation and then the validity of existing wake-oscillator models will be evaluated. As the wake-oscillator models are nonlinear, a criterion will be proposed for the assessment of the physical correctness of the chosen nonlinearity. Thereafter, a recently developed wake-oscillator model will be presented that takes into account both drag and lift forces. Finally, the latter model will be applied to model VIV of a deep-water riser with intermediate constraints.


This paper presents a compact tri-band bandpass filter, targeting the 2.3–2.5 GHz band for WiFi, the 3.5–3.6 GHz band for 4G mobile communications, and the 4.9–5.1 GHz band for wireless local area networks (WLANs). The proposed filter is based on a tri-section stepped impedance resonator (TSSIR) with arbitrary frequency selection through the control of impedance ratios of the TSSIRs. The filter provides a wide stopband, ranging from 6 to 9.75 GHz with a rejection depth more than 20dB. Wide stopband is achieved by introducing T-shaped feed lines both at the input and output of the filter. The amount of out-of-band rejection is more than four times of that at the fundamental frequency. Measurement results are in good agreement with the 3-D Electromagnetic simulations.


charm events exhibiting apparent strangeness violation; i.e., events where the kaon observed in the recoil system has the same charge as the kaon found in the D°. This study bears on the question of D°D° mixing. Using the TOF kaon identification technique, method A, we find 77 evsnts in our total data sample with a D°(or 6°) -» K*n* can didate and an additional kaon in the recoil system. We estimate that 39$ of these events correspond to background* In the signal region the two kaons have like charge in 15 events and thus a like charge fraction of 20 ± 5$, while for the background regions we obtain 32 ± 6% for this fraction. After background corrections we find a like charge fraction of 12 i 9$. This fraction is consistent with 1%, the frac tion obtained by a Monte-Carlo simulation predicated on no D° - 6° mixing, thus suggesting that the 12$ apparent strangeness violation is primarily due to residual time-of-flight misidentification. After correcting for this'effect, we find that less than 18? of events con taining P D° exhibit an apparent strangeness violation (90^ CL). *Vte to low


Ferroelectric van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure have recently emerged as a low‐power, versatile device paradigm because it combines the great diversity of the 2D materials and the memory nature of ferroelectrics. The non‐volatile field effect generated by the polarization bound charge is the pivotal factor for the device's performance. Unfortunately, microscopic studies on the interplay between polarization switching and electrostatic coupling at the heterojunction remain largely overlooked. Herein, the authors investigate the electrostatic coupling phenomena of vdW heterostructures consisting of semiconducting MoS2 and ferroelectric CuInP2S6. Significant charge injection accompanying the polarization reversal appears to be the governing field effect that modulates the electronic and photoluminescent properties of MoS2, as revealed by correlated ferroelectric domain, surface potential, and photoluminescence microscopies. Conversely, the photoactivity of the MoS2 also affects the polarization stability of CuInP2S6. This work provides direct microscopic insight into the mutual electrostatic interactions in vdW ferroelectric‐semiconductor heterojunctions, which has broad implications for ferroelectric field‐effect applications.


Fingerprints are considered as the sign of each human being, and this has contributed the development of biometric applications based on such features. Since 2002, an important vulnerability has been shown: it is possible to deceive fingerprint scanners through artificial replicas of fingertips. In order to address this shortcoming it is need to recognize a spoofing attempt with artificial fingers looking for some "life signs" each time an user submit a fingerprint (vitality detection problem). Although this research field is still in its infancy, several methods have been proposed so far, based on additional hardware to the existing capture device and also on fingerprint image processing for extracting those "life sign" from the image captured by the sensor. The first goal of this Ph.D. thesis has been to investigate the current state-of-the-art in fingerprint vitality detection. We compared the performance of each fingerprint vitality detection approach. The second contribution of this Ph.D. thesis is the development of two different new approaches ("power spectrum" and "ridge-width"). The former (in the frequency domain) is based on 2D-Fourier Transform of the fingerprint image. The latter (in the space domain) is based on some morphological considerations (intra-distance ridges and ridge width). Experiments have been carried out on a dataset of images of "live" fingers and fake stamps collected at the DIEE laboratory in Cagliari (82 live fingers and 72 fake stamps, 20 acquisition for each finger/stamp).


5.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND Neuropsychological assessment plays a crucial role in the assessment of cognitive decline in older age. In India, there is a dearth of culturally appropriate standardized measure to assess cognitive functions in early dementia. The main objectives of this study was to examine clinical validity of neuropsychological analysis for elderly in identifying early dementia and to evaluate the conversion rates to AD in subtypes of MCI and to identify neuropsychological measures most predictive of the time to conversion. Finally, we sought to identify which baseline neuropsychological measures from the comprehensive battery were the most predictive of time to AD conversion. The neuropsychological tests have been proved to be a useful marker for early diagnosis AD and discriminate the patients and controls. Most of the neuropsychological tests have been in regular use in the memory clinic at SCTIMST for more than 10 years. The proposed study is expected to identify neuropsychological analysis in the South Indian population that may serve as potential predictors of cognitive impairment or dementia in the elderly population in India. With the expected rise in the population at risk for dementia in the coming years in the country and the devastating nature of the disease for the patient as well as the family, ability to make early diagnosis or preclinical diagnosis will provide an enormous potential for disease modifying intervention, which is perhaps one of the most intensely researched areas that is making rapid progress internationally.


The Hellenic countries in a broad sense include the Roman Empire,the Parthian Empire and Pergamos,etc.The features of civilization dialogue in the Hellenic period of the West Asia and the North Africa are as the follows: firstly,the remote and backward ethnic groups rose rapidly and established great empires stretching all over Asia,Europe and Africa while the formerly advanced civilization went downhill;secondly,cultural fusion was the result of military conquest;thirdly,cultural exchange went through one-way exchange to two-way exchange;fourthly,the civilization centers moved to new metropolises in the bordering areas between Asia and Europe or Mesopotamia;fifthly,the tendency of cultural exchange led to the replacement in the pure Eastern and Greek cultures by the mixed culture;sixthly,Hellenism met strong opposition from some people in the Middle East;seventhly,Hellenism promoted the fusion of the Western and Eastern religions and the formation of world religions and the Civilization Circle of the Middle East.


This poster won best graduate poster for Chemical Engineering. As a path to this artificial kidney, the micro¬rheological properties of blood in the hemodialyzer are analyzed at the microscopic scale based on continuum mechanic approaches. Once the proper understanding of the microscopic behavior is attained (with the possible impact on the macroscopic scale), the system will be downscaled to a size ideal for potentially designing an artificial kidney.  As the system is downscaled the importance of electrokinetics comes into question in a more detailed manner. In fact, the role of electrokinetics in kidney function (as well as its malfunction) has come into consideration recently and is much debated. A glomerular capillary has three main layers of which have various characteristics that determine their filtering specificity due to size and charge. As a preliminary step toward a more detailed understanding, in this presentation, a single capillary of cylindrical geometry will be used as a potential domain for a "nephron"- the most crucial element of the kidney filtration. Principles of EKHD (see Pascal et al., 2016) will be used in modeling the "capillary-nephron" domain to understand the role of membrane imperfections in the filtration efficiency. These potential malfunctions will be mimicked with suitable mathematical functions as the capillary boundary conditions. The role of electrokinetics in influencing the separation performance of the capillary-nephron domain under a variety of operating conditions will be considered in the development of both an asymptotic solution for separation (cleaning) efficiency and other suitable approaches.


Provided are a two-dimensional code processing method and apparatus. The method comprises: when a two-dimensional code generation request sent by a two-dimensional code display client is received, generating static two-dimensional code information according to a user identifier carried in the two-dimensional code generation request; generating a random feature value, the random feature value being used for defining a display feature of dynamic feature information displayed by the two-dimensional code display client; and sending the static two-dimensional code information and the random feature value to the two-dimensional code display client, so that the two-dimensional code display client displays a combined two-dimensional code, the combined two-dimensional code displayed comprising the static two-dimensional code information and the dynamic feature information displayed according to the random feature value. The present application improves the security of the application of a two-dimensional code.


In this issue of the Journal, Bessudnov et al .1 paint a disturbing picture of the state of inequalities in male mortality in Russia. The existence of inequalities is in itself not surprising; inequalities of varying magnitude have been seen across Europe.2 It is the magnitude of the inequalities that gives cause for concern; elevated hazards among men aged 21–70 years in manual occupations of between 99% and 226% relative to higher professionals were not greatly attenuated even after adjustment for education, income and perceived social status.

The authors note some limitations to their research, including the small sample size and the exclusion of men who lived in single-person households, which make direct comparisons …


This paper describes the use of a set of manufacturing planning and control (MPC) system activities for assessing the functionality suitable in individual companies. Field studies were carried out in medium‐sized batch manufacturing companies and the set of activities was used to investigate the functionality and level of computer support suitable in each case. The field studies verified the set of activities and the findings were used to refine the activities and identify additional activities to be included in the set. The field studies were also used to develop detailed reasons why each activity was considered relevant or not relevant. From the field studies it was possible to conclude that the overall type of company (i.e. make‐to‐order (MTO), make‐to‐stock (MTS), etc.) was not in itself sufficient to predict which activity would be relevant to a particular company. It is proposed that there are numerous reasons why an activity is relevant or not relevant and that it is the detailed characteristics of...


List of Tables - Acknowledgements - Notes on the Contributors - PART 1: ANCHORING THE DEBATE - Markets, the State and the Environment: Introduction and Overview R.Eckersley - Sustainability and the Market: A Typology of Environmental Economics M.Jacobs - PART 2: MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENTS VERSUS REGULATION - Tools of Environmental Policy: Market Instruments Versus Command and Control A.Moran - Towards Ecologically Sustainable Development: The Role and Shortcomings of Markets P.Kinrade - PART 3: NEW ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY INSTRUMENTS IN PRACTICE - Financial Incentives: The British Experience M.Jacobs - Economic Prescriptions for Environmental Problems: Lessons from the United States and Continental Europe R.W.Hahn - Market-based Instruments: The Australian Experience P.Christoff - PART 4: COMPETITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE - Governing at a Distance: Self-Regulating Green Markets P.N.Grabosky -Global Competition and Environmental Regulation: Is the 'Race to the Bottom' Inevitable? G.L.Clark - PART 5: ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE, JUSTICE AND DEMOCRACY - Changing Corporate Behaviour: Criminal Prosecutions as a Tool of Environmental Policy S.L.Smith - Sustainability, Justice and Market Relations J.Thompson - Democracy and Environmental Policy Instruments J.S.Dryzek - Index of Names - Index of Subjects


For several purposes, skin parameters like thickness and elasticity can be measured. However, little is known about the accuracy of those measurements.


Two trends can be seen in test and measurement instruments. The first is the movement toward instrument clusters-mini instrument systems-and away from the individual instrument of the past. These instrument systems are either hooked up together with external interface cables, or are tied together on card cages in a single package. The other trend is the development of low-cost dedicated instruments to do well only specific tasks at minimum cost.


ABSTRACT We performed neutron polarization analysis (NPA) of extracted organic phases containing complexes, comprised of Zr(NO3)4 and tri-n-butyl phosphate, which enabled decomposition of the intensity distribution of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) into the coherent and incoherent scattering components. The coherent scattering intensity, containing structural information, and the incoherent scattering compete over a wide range of magnitude of scattering vector, q, specifically when q is larger than q* ≈ 1/Rg, where Rg is the radius of gyration of scatterer. Therefore, it is important to determine the incoherent scattering intensity exactly to perform an accurate structural analysis from SANS data when Rg is small, such as the aforementioned extracted coordination species. Although NPA is the best method for evaluating the incoherent scattering component for accurately determining the coherent scattering in SANS, this method is not used frequently in SANS data analysis because it is technically challenging. In this study, we successfully demonstrated that experimental determination of the incoherent scattering using NPA is suitable for sample systems containing a small scatterer with a weak coherent scattering intensity, such as extracted complexes in biphasic solvent extraction systems.


When proposing the discussion of any problem, teaching or researching, the historian always makes a spatial cutting which judges to be the most appropriate to understand the object in study. That is a crucial problem for any historian, but still more evident for those who study or live in areas considered as peripheral, like Para, since the History taken as "national" frequently ignores or relegates to the second plan the events happened at those places. Starting from research examples about the history of Grao-Para during the independence and the Empire of Brazil, this article intends to contemplate about four main points: 1) the spatial cutting is a methodological subject and, as such, it reflects the vision of the historian professor/researcher; 2) the potential of the study and teaching on peripheral areas to problematize the main national issues; 3) the need to problematize the local events in wider contexts; 4) the different senses of the "regional History" in Sao Paulo and in Para.


Based on prototype theory,this paper analyzes the cognitive domains of singular adjectival possessive pronouns with "my train" as the sample.In Chinese and English context,singular adjectival possessive pronouns have both ICM with the same cognition and ICM with diverse possessive cognition.In light of the cognitive disparity,the paper also explores the E-C translation of singular adjectival possessive pronouns and proposes two feasible translation strategies.


The information and communication technologies (ICTs) have a definite impact on the success or failure of a brand because of the possibilities offered by new media nowadays that generate decentralization of power due to uncontrolled access of stakeholders or target audiences to information. That is why brands should be careful with their communication strategies since, depending on the way information and knowledge is handled, it will affect the relationship with the social environment and therefore the image projected in the mind of the consumers. Besides placing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), this analysis places design as a key aspect of strategic brand planning where the socio-cultural dynamics condition the way they communicate and persuade stakeholders.


Objective To investigate the morbidity rate and clinical characteristics of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with normal coronary angiograms (CAG).Methods The CAG findings and related risk factors were analysed in 456 STEMI patients admitted to our hospital from August 2004 to August 2009.Results The patients with STEMI and normal CAG accounted for 4.6% (21/ 456) patients.The proportion of patients with normal CAG was significantly higher in 31~40-year-old group than in 41~50-year-old group (χ2=19.025,P0.01),and higher in 41~50-year-old group than in 51~60-year-old group (χ2=5.375,P0.05).There was significant difference in age,gender,and the incidence of angina pectoris,hypertentive disease,diabetes,hyperlipidemia and smoking history between groups normal CAG and abnormal (P0.05),but there was not in family history (P0.05).Conclusion Acute STEMI with normal CAG is more likely to occur in young smokers,most of whom have no history of angina pectoris,hypertensive,diabetes,or abnormal blood lipid.


The micro-scale gas flows are usually low-speed flows and
exhibit rarefied gas effects. It is challenging to simulate these
flows because traditional CFD method is unable to capture the
rarefied gas effects and the direct simulation Monte Carlo
(DSMC) method is very inefficient for low-speed flows. In this
study we combine two techniques to improve the efficiency of
the DSMC method. The information preservation technique is
used to reduce the statistical noise and the cell-size relaxed
technique is employed to increase the effective cell size. The
new cell-size relaxed IP method is found capable of simulating
micro-scale gas flows as shown by the 2D lid-driven cavity
flows.


This thesis examines how Vietnamese copyright law should develop to promote innovation and development in the digital age. It focuses on the important role of limitations and exceptions to copyright in encouraging access to and reuse of copyright material. This research provide important recommendations for how the scope of copyright limitations and exceptions might be expanded by adopting fair use in order to embrace new opportunities provided by the digital economy. Furthermore, it suggests that Vietnam should extend the scope of some important provisions that provide privileges for education, libraries and people with disabilities.


Numerical linear algebra plays an important role in computer science. In this paper, we initiate the study of performing linear algebraic tasks while preserving privacy when the data is streamed online. Our main focus is the space requirement of the privacy-preserving data-structures. We give the first {\em sketch-based} algorithm for differential privacy. We give optimal, up to logarithmic factor, space data-structures that can compute low rank approximation, linear regression, and matrix multiplication, while preserving differential privacy with better additive error bounds compared to the known results. Notably, we match the best known space bound in the non-private setting by Kane and Nelson (J. ACM, 61(1):4).
Our mechanism for differentially private low-rank approximation {\em reuses} the random Gaussian matrix in a specific way to provide a single-pass mechanism. We prove that the resulting distribution also preserve differential privacy. This can be of independent interest. We do not make any assumptions, like singular value separation or normalized row assumption, as made in the earlier works. The mechanisms for matrix multiplication and linear regression can be seen as the private analogues of the known non-private algorithms. All our mechanisms, in the form presented, can also be computed in the distributed setting.


Results: In two herds (herds A and B), which received pigs and feed from the same sources, prevalence of positive fecal samples varied widely (60% and 4% respectively). In herd A (60% positive), gutters were flushed intermittently and the prevalence of pigs found to be shedding Salmonella was higher in downstream pens with respect to the flow of effluent. In herd B (4% positive), prevalence of fecal shedding was low, although gutters were flushed continuously with effluent recycled from single stage lagoon. In the other four herds, prevalence varied widely (4% to 59%) and no association between fecal shedding and pen location with respect to effluent flow was evident. In two herds, differences in serotype distribution between sides of barns suggested pen-to-pen transmission to be important. Clustering of positive pigs in some pens was also apparent.


Within the past two or three years there has come into gradual prominence a system of therapeutics known popularly as nuclein therapy, which is attracting more and more attention and receiving a growing recognition at the hands of the medical profession. The use of nuclein was first advocated on purely theoretic grounds, it being claimed that by its use the germicidal power of the blood could be increased and hence the resistance to diseases of germ origin heightened. Of late, however, certain writers have denied that nuclein acts as it was supposed to, and in consequence, its use being founded on a false conception of its powers, have claimed that it was not beneficial. The application of nuclein to the treatment of certain diseases, especially to certain of the infectious processes, seems to be attended with beneficial results, though the observations are as yet too few and too incomplete to


The global positioning system (GPS) has become the most extensively used positioning and navigation tool in the world. Applications of GPS abound in surveying, mapping, transportation, agriculture, military planning, GIS, and the geosciences. However, the positional and elevation accuracy of any given GPS location is prone to error, due to a number of factors. The applications of Global Positioning System (GPS) positioning is more and more popular, especially the intelligent navigation system which relies on GPS and Dead Reckoning technology is developing quickly for future huge market in China. In this paper a practical combined positioning model of GPS/DR/MM is put forward, which integrates GPS, Gyro, Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) and digital navigation maps to provide accurate and real-time position for intelligent navigation system. This model is designed for automotive navigation system making use of Kalman filter to improve position and map matching veracity by means of filtering raw GPS and DR signals, and then map-matching technology is used to provide map coordinates for map displaying. In practical examples, for illustrating the validity of the model, several experiments and their results of integrated GPS/DR positioning in intelligent navigation system will be shown for the conclusion that Kalman Filter based GPS/DR integrating position approach is necessary, feasible and efficient for intelligent navigation application. Certainly, this combined positioning model, similar to other model, can not resolve all situation issues. Finally, some suggestions are given for further improving integrated GPS/DR/MM application.


Abstract— The brain‐specific S‐100 protein is a neuronal as well as a glial protein. Neuronal S‐100 is a migratory protein from soma to terminal of the hypoglossal, vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves of the rabbit (axonal transport of S‐100 protein). There is a distinctive rate of flow for S‐100 in the somatic and parasympathetic efferent fibres of such cranial nerves.


Simulation software developed based on circuit theory has been used for the analyses of electromagnetic transient phenomena in electric power systems. However, the circuit theory is established by considering the propagation of electromagnetic wave in the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode. Thus, the circuit-theory-based simulation software is unable to accurately analyze the electromagnetic transient phenomena in three dimensional structures and grounding systems. To solve these problems, new electromagnetic transient simulation software has been developed based on the numerical electromagnetic field computation methods which have an ability to solve the Maxwell's equations directly. The simulation software enables the full wave calculation while considering the propagation of electromagnetic wave in the TEM, transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) modes. The simulation software therefore has gradually been used for the analyses of electromagnetic transient phenomena in three dimensional structures and grounding systems in Japan. This paper presents current research activities in Japan concerning electromagnetic transient analyses, which use numerical electromagnetic field computation methods, for three dimensional structures and grounding systems.


Two stage emulsion polymerization with VAc as seed, BA added in different condition was studied. Different core-shell constructed latex was obtained in different condition, with PVAc in the core, PBA in the shell in starved condition and inverted core-shell latex in semi-starved, over-flowed condition. The apparent kinetics of emulsion polymerization for PVAc/PBA core-shell in continuous processes was found in the experimental equation: R pw=K×R a, with K=1- 0.02R a. The relation between R pw, R a and initiator/monomer was researched. The effect of apparent kinetics to morphology of latex was discussed. A method by using coefficient of apparent kinetics to decide the condition of semi-continuous emulsion polymerization and morphology of core-shell was given and discussed.


We discuss the problem how "bad" may be lower-order coefficients in elliptic and parabolic second order equations to ensure the Hopf--Oleinik Lemma for solutions to hold true. We also touch the gradient estimates for solutions at the boundary.


. We prove the uniqueness of solutions to the Dafermos regularization viscous wave fan profiles for Riemann solutions of Burger's equation. We rely on suitable adaptations of the famous sliding method from the qualitative theory of semilinear elliptic PDEs. In fact, in the case of increasing solutions our proof works for general scalar Riemann problems with a convex flux.


The trigonometric KZ equations associated with a Lie algebra $\g$ depend on a parameter $\lambda\in\h$ where $\h\subset\g$ is the Cartan subalgebra. We suggest a system of dynamical difference equations with respect to $\lambda$ compatible with the KZ equations. The dynamical equations are constructed in terms of intertwining operators of $\g$-modules.


The future of the world depends upon latest technologies and innovative ideas. The innovative concepts are helps to upgrade our knowledge. In face detection of videos captured in unconstrained real-world scenarios is an interesting problem with many potential applications. This paper presents an efficient approach to face detection, in which the intensity differences between pixels in the grayscale face images are used as features. In this paper we present two schemes of global face-name matching based framework for robust character identification. The contributions of this work include: A noise insensitive character relationship representation is incorporated. We introduce an edit operation based graph matching algorithm. Complex character changes are handled by simultaneously graph partition and graph matching. Beyond existing character identification approaches, we further perform an in depth sensitivity analysis by introducing two types of simulated noises. The proposed schemes demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on movie character identification in various genres of


The redistribution of population over larger regions progressively further away from the dense core seems to be the new feature of the (originally compact) Mediterranean cities. With the aim of better understanding the nature of the urban transition taking place in these cities, we studied the phenomenon of population redistribution in Athens Metropolitan Area (AMA) in light of the city's Urban Life Cycle (ULC). The research was carried out for a time frame of 60 years (1951–2011) using spatial analysis, correlation and multivariate statistics. Results reveal a phase of compact urban expansion occurring in the AMA until 1991, reflected in suburbanisation processes in the immediate proximity of the urban agglomeration. In the following period, the analysis showed signs of a period of transition difficult to interpret within the approach adopted by the ULC theory. A number of municipalities of the urban area experienced positive rates of population growth after decades of decline, while municipalities of the agglomeration and ring remain relatively stable. Altogether, these results can be interpreted as signs of a potential future re-urbanisation. The analysis performed provides insights on the debate over the future of Mediterranean cities, while demonstrating the advantages of adopting a multi-scale assessment methodology for identifying urban transitions.


Amorphous thienotriazolodiazepine compound or its pharmaceutically-resistant mammalian by administering acceptable salt or hydrate or solid dispersion comprising a solvate thereof non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the formula (1), spinal blastoma, and / or ALK + non small cell lung cancer treatment methods: [In the formula, R A phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by halogen atom), and, ]. .FIELD 1A


The study's objective is to test the effect of implementation on the Support Platform for Educators (SWAD) as a method for competitive learning. Two groups participated: GE (n: 111) and GV (n: 114), both groups of students were from the University of Granada (Spain). The questionnaire used closed questions, validated specifically for the study with high reliability. In addition, qualitative data was obtained through the portfolio, constructed during the course as a tool for competitive professional learning. The descriptive analysis took into consideration a range from 1 to 5, and presented expectations and high assessments, 4.13 (0.88), and the analysis, by contrast, demonstrated significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between initial expectations and final assessments in all items of the questionnaire, which indicated a good view of students involved in this type of methodology, and strengthened the idea that this type of methodological strategy is valid for the development of competitive professional training. The qualitative results highlighted that the methodology favored communication abilities in written form and the use of computers, improving individual work capacity through active learning and developing a capacity for document analysis and synthesis.


The article is dedicated to the history of the formation of the legislative practice intended to protect and preserve the archaeological heritage in the historically existed Korean states and in the modern Republic of Korea.


Polymer adhesion and its evaluation are very important both from academic and industrial points of view. Adhesion phenomenon depends mainly on the strength of interfacial bonds and the deformability of adhering partners, which act as another energy absorbing term. Using a combination of acid-base interactions and a coupling agent at the interface of styrene-butadiene (SBR)-polyurethane system, a synergistic adhesion promotion was observed. The SBR surface was treated with an acidified aqueous solution of calcium hypochlorite to obtain polar groups, which can interact with the isocyanate groups of the polyurethane system. Aminopropyltriethoxysilane, a coupling agent, was also deposited at the SBR surface, after treating it with the aforementioned solution. The polar groups on the SBR apparently interact with the OH sites of the coupling agent at the surface and push the amino groups toward the polyurethane surface. This interesting finding, synergistic adhesion promotion, was attributed to the tortuous path for the crack growth at the interface, which was created by formation of the interfacial bonds with different strengths (heterogeneous bond strength). Furthermore, to obtain the highest synergistic effect, it seems that certain ratio of bonds with different strengths should be formed. The ratio itself depends on the deformability ratio of the adhering materials.