Simple Haskell webapp: Generate random tweets using Markov chains - <AUTHOR> http://jaspervdj.be/tweetov <comment><USER2> Using markov chains is fun until it all goes wrong. My Twitter bot sadly seems to have become infatuated with Justin Bieber _sigh_

<http://twitter.com/markov_chains>

<comment><USER3> Not surprising, considering Justin Bieber uses up 3% of Twitter's infrastructure.[1]

[1] <http://mashable.com/2010/09/07/justin-bieber-twitter/>

</comment></comment><comment><USER4> Running @FoxNews into it:

      #UN Security Council, General Assembly evacuated due to hold joint military exercises

_"New Tax Bill: DADT"_ was another good'un.

<comment><USER5> _"TSA releases all 24 hostages after Kim Jong Il introduced son as House member"_

</comment></comment><comment><USER6> Reminds me of Mark V Shaney.

"I spent an interesting evening recently with a grain of salt." <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_V_Shaney>

</comment><comment><USER7> This is a lot like an app I wrote a few years ago for a programming contest. It uses the same technique to generate random invention descriptions using patent application abstracts: <http://eurekaapp.com/> (Yes, I realize how unreasonably slow it is)

<comment><USER8> Hey that's cool! I imagine that you probably caught yourself, a time or two, actually trying to read and understand what the "invention" is. As I just did.

<comment><USER6> I usally get head pain from this sort of things, because I almost understand what it says but I not quite.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER9> > Maple says nlognlogn, which could solve NP party?

And you are all invited.

</comment><comment><USER10> It seems that it needs to sample more tweets. I've done 5 tweets, and 2 of them were exact tweets that I sent (they were only a few words long, and I guess they had words that I rarely tweet, so it had few or no other ways to go once it started repeating the tweet)

Edit: Then again since there are only a few words in a tweet, you'd have to go a really long way back to really ensure that won't happen. Possibly farther back than Twitter will let you.

<comment><USER11> It's more fun if you use it on politicians or celebrities. You get strange alternative world announcements.

<comment><USER12> It generates downright disturbing results when you apply it to <http://twitter.com/Othar>

_Oslaka died 2 kilometers in order to come from seafaring folk, so I do it. I spend twenty minutes left! He is hideously scarred. My host removes his face a lot in college._

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER13> This reminds me of an old Perl script I made with Markov chains for a very similar sort of random nonsense text generation.

I think I fed it some text from a few usenet kooks/conspiracy theorists and something like Alice in Wonderland and got quite a few laughs a long time ago, though it was made to allow you to combine arbitrary texts into a single chain.

</comment><comment><USER14> @jennyholzer:

 _OFTEN AS OFTEN AS OFTEN AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE_

Very apt, but what n-gram length is being used? n=1 is my guess, since "as often as" is a common English construct. Obvious feature request: tweakable lengths.

edit: I'd make the fix myself and send a pull request but I don't know haskell and am too lazy to figure it out.

<comment><AUTHOR> n=1 is indeed being used. The problem with a larger n is that you get original tweets really often, because the dataset is limited (as much tweets as you can get in one request).

<comment><USER15> are you using smoothing for large n? kneser-ney smoothing seems to give the best results.

[http://nlp.stanford.edu/~wcmac/papers/20050421-smoothing- tut...](http://nlp.stanford.edu/~wcmac/papers/20050421-smoothing-tutorial.pdf)

<comment><USER6> I did not read the paper, but what does more accurate mean in this case ? Likelihood of some unseen data ? Seems pretty hard to define or measure to me, if the goal is shear amusement.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER16> I'll leave this here, since it's loosely on-topic (of Markov chains:) <http://www.joshmillard.com/garkov/> — Garfield strips with MC-generated text instead of the original. I've had countless hours of fun with them.

</comment><comment> ryan-allen This is hilarious! Thanks for putting it up, I'm laughing my arse off at what it's generating!

</comment><comment><USER17> Unfortunately, if you do as I did and tweet what it generated, you can't use it again, as it would be eating its own output; and generating nonsense from nonsense is not so entertaining.

</comment><comment><USER18> > And a new every day, I'll bring The first bill, since that was a beer Me > too!. I don't, but some PHP servers aren't set up 64 pixels.

Pretty accurate stuff.

</comment><comment><USER19> Cool! It's great to see real-world haskell in action.

</comment><comment><USER20> <http://twitter.com/chimpinson> (php)

</comment><comment><USER21> How long until the link expires?

<comment><AUTHOR> Until any of the following events occurs:

\- the machine runs out of memory (the tweets are stored in a redis backend);

\- someone (I) accidentally clears the database (this has happened before);

\- zombies attack our datacenter.

But I'll try to keep them up as long as possible.

</comment></comment><comment><USER22> @allah

So, you've a direct connect to the One?</comment>


Sprint to buy a third of Jay Z's music streaming service Tidal - <AUTHOR> http://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/23/sprint-to-buy-33-percent-stake-in-tidal.html <comment><USER2> The linked article doesn't say but it's suggested [1] this was for $200m valuing it at $600m. If that's true that seems a fairly good deal given only last week there was talk that subscriber numbers where hugely inflated. That said, Sprint are planning on using this to sweeten their existing subscribers as opposed to looking for this as a "get users _from_ tidal _to_ sprint".

Still this seems an expensive way to do this. I don't know why they didn't look to do something like their previous specials with Spotify [3].

[1]: [http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/tidal- sells-33-stake-f...](http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/tidal- sells-33-stake-for-200m-to-softbank-owned-us-telco-sprint/) [2]: [http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/20/14336218/tidal- subscriber-...](http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/20/14336218/tidal-subscriber- numbers-inflating-report) [3]: [https://community.spotify.com/t5/Spotify- Community-Blog/Say-...](https://community.spotify.com/t5/Spotify-Community- Blog/Say-hello-to-our-music-partnership-with-Sprint-US/ba-p/774631)</comment>


Here's Some Cryptocurrency. Now Please Use It - <AUTHOR> https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/01/technology/cryptocurrency-ripple.html <comment><USER2> Western Union made a bunch of press by announcing they would be leveraging Ripple to streamline their international payments and reduce costs.

Last month they announce that they are parting ways as the Ripple hype did not deliver: [http://fortune.com/2018/06/13/ripple-xrp-cryptocurrency- west...](http://fortune.com/2018/06/13/ripple-xrp-cryptocurrency-western- union/)

<comment><USER3> Not true. Direct quotes from the article:

Still, Ersek cautioned that the pilot may be too early on and "too small" to draw conclusions, as Western Union has only tested the cryptocurrency for transfers between two currencies—U.S. dollars and Mexican pesos—so far.

"I don't want to kill it," Ersek said of the partnership, adding that the Ripple team working with Western Union "are good people" who are "very innovative."

</comment></comment><comment><USER4> "Despite a dramatic drop in the value of cryptocurrencies this year, Ripple still owns $30 billion worth of XRP,"

But ripple can just make more.. it's not like bitcoin or even wants to be.

[http://hivergent.com/you-shouldnt-invest-in-ripple-and- not-b...](http://hivergent.com/you-shouldnt-invest-in-ripple-and-not-because- its-a-scam/)

</comment><comment><USER5> A related issue is that most crypto currencies are deflationary. This makes people not want to spend them and they become poor currencies because they stifle economic activity.

You can easily prove me wrong, too; use your crypto currencies to invest in something that increases economic activity (such as shares in companies).

<comment><USER6> This is an oft-repeated falsehood. The majority of cryptos I have looked at (the big, non-pre-mined ones in particular) are not and will not be for many, many years. They are disinflationary. They experience inflation at a decreasing rate over time. Eventually, yes, they will become deflationary. Bitcoin will become deflationary on or before (effectively owing to "lost" coins) 2140, but until then the monetary supply increases. That is called: inflation.

<comment><USER7> > _This is an oft-repeated falsehood_

Inflation is a measure between real goods and services on one hand and a single unit of a currency on the other. It is _not_ a measure of money supply. (For that we say "money supply".)

Money supply increases _tend to_ be inflationary. But that's not a hard and fast rule. Bitcoin's money supply is increasing, but on average it's been deflating.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER8> This article really shows up the insanity of the cryptocurrency situation for me -

      > digital token its founders created *six years ago*
      > almost no transactions are happening
      > Ripple still owns *$30 billion* worth of XRP
      > "It's still really, really early days..."

Six years, massive valuations, little real use.

<comment><USER9> Cryptocurrency is a lot like Klondike. The first prospectors made money on gold, but now the profit lies with the brothels, hardware shops and the big kingpins.

If you ran an exchange you'd be extremely rich.

<comment><USER10> More like the South Sea Company. No actual revenue stream, just a self- perpetuating mania that carries on until suddenly it doesn't.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER11> Stellar was created to fix the issues with Ripple [https://www.bitdegree.org/tutorials/stellar-vs- ripple/](https://www.bitdegree.org/tutorials/stellar-vs-ripple/)

</comment><comment><USER12> Ripple could help me a lot but the last time I checked (around one year ago) their platform (Gatehub) was buggy. Plainly unusable. They are not friendly toward small amount testing (they charge your for creating the account and require a minimum balance)

It didn't help the bug debug text was unreadable and the platform way more complicated that the bitcoin blockchain. Steep learning curve.

Apart from that they have a solid offering. Basically, if two parties (exchanges, banks, etc...) support Ripple, you can move your currency (at least USD/EUR) in real time and for no cost.

I'll give a second try and see how they evolved.

<comment><USER13> You might like Stellar - pretty much the same offering as XRP, but with better smart contract support and it has an open test network that anyone can use. You basically just interact via an API so you can develop in pretty much any language you like.

</comment></comment><comment><USER14> I remember reading about a guy giving away 1 BTC to interested people (when it was 7 USD/BTC). My first thought was poor guy, he sure regrets that he gave so much money (in retrospect) away. But at a second thought his remaining BTC probably gained more value by actively spreading the adoption rate of BTC in this early stage.

</comment><comment><USER15> Ripple wants to be a global payment platform for banks.

There's just one problem, the banking world already has a platform (created by the banks) called Swift.

Nearly every bank in the world is signed up to this platform and the banks can send payment requests to each other for pennies. (Basically text promises.)

The network effect in full effect.

So what's the advantage of Ripple? Well as far as I can see they don't have a USP.

And worse, even if a bank wants to start communicating with other banks using the Ripple network , each bank now has to create new agreements with each other. As opposed to Swift where you just sign up once.

Good luck with that.

<comment><USER12> Here is my experience with SWIFT for International payments:

1\. Emitter pays around 35-50 USD to send you the money.

2\. It takes from 5 to 10 days depending on (traffic?).

3\. No clue where your payment is until it hit your account. Basically there is no visibility (unlike the blockchain where you can see in real time if the payment is made even though it is not confirmed).

4\. Your bank take a cut. Usually it is another 10-20 USD.

And here is the worst part. In some countries (maybe many, most?) there is an obligatory FX circle even if you hold USD accounts.

1\. You receive the amount in USD.

2\. Bank convert USD to Local Currency.

3\. Bank convert Local Currency to USD.

4\. USD deposited in your local bank account.

And here is the funny part: The bank make sure it fucks you really well on the FX fees. Around 5-7% both ways. So ends up over 10% of the total amount + the fixed fees.

Welcome to reality.

<comment><USER8> That doesn't sound like the sort of thing Ripple is going to fix - as it's aimed at being an inter-bank settlement layer, those banks would still get to play those games.

As a consumer, sending money to other people where I am is free and effectively instant. Sending within the EU is heading this way too thanks to SEPA.

<comment><USER12> Not really. If two exchanges support the Ripple platform, you can move USD without friction. If businesses started supporting Ripple, then you can transact with them too.

You don't need to be a bank or an institution to start using Ripple. You can do so at Gatehub.

<comment><USER8> > You don't need to be a bank or an institution to start using Ripple.

Sure, but I'm not going to stop transacting using my bank or my national currency any time soon, for a huge variety of reasons. Ripple is angling to be an inter-bank service (see the first sentence in this thread), which doesn't solve the problem of banks playing exchange-rate shenanigans.

<comment><USER16> It lowers the barrier to entry for remittance competitors significantly. Had planned to build a proof of concept for a hackathon back in march but ran into issues with nobody on the team having foreign bank accounts that we could pair with crypto exchanges. We planned to use Bitstamp -> Bitso to change USD to MXN via moving XRP between the exchanges. All the API documentation is there to make it happen but unfortunately we couldn't open real accounts and one or both of the exchanges didn't have a sandbox API. However the cost to make a transfer would effectively be less than 1% and take roughly a day, which is essentially the time it takes to deposit money from a crypto exchange to a bank account.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER17> The rebuke from XRP investors is to "go do more research". Headline catching articles predicting the future value of XRP is not research!

<comment><USER4> after doing research i'm certain ripple can just make more at anytime to keep the value low.

<comment><USER13> Why would they want to keep the value low? They raise capital by selling it.

<comment><USER4> liquidity? Ripple owns most of the XRP in existence now anyway and could just flood the market.

<comment><USER13> Is that a guess? Greater demand -> better market value and greater trading volumes -> better liquidity because it requires less XRP to move x amount of money from A to B, and the market price is less likely to be affected by the move.

The majority of their XRP is in escrow contracts, so they physically can't flood the market with more than 1b a month.</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment>


Intel upgrades to fix SSD performance flaw - <AUTHOR> http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/779/1051779/intel-upgrades-fix-ssd-performance-flaw

<comment><USER2> It told me I didn't have their drive connected and to call or mail (not email, what gives?) tech support. Not too pleased with that. I assure you my X25-M was definitely "connected" to my MacBook.

The URL they pointed me to was <http://www.intel.com/support/9089.htm>

</comment><comment><USER3> The problem with the firmware is that it won't work on a Mac with Nvidia graphics chipset. You have to boot the cd and SSD drive on a different system.</comment>


How Gene Editing Could Ruin Human Evolution - <AUTHOR> http://time.com/4626571/crispr-gene-modification-evolution/ <comment><USER2> It's pretty annoying that this person would have the gall to hitch dead artists to his dead horse when many artists are trying very hard to explain that, in fact, mental illness for the vast majority of them is just a plain old problem and not some mystical insight engine.</comment>


The 10 Stages of Switching from a Mac to a PC - <AUTHOR> http://www.whatevsblog.com/2015/08/the-10-stages-of-switching-from-a-mac-to-a-pc.html

<comment><USER2> So you gave up on Windows 10 because you couldn't figure out how to use the trackpad? Maybe you should have tried a mouse. There's nothing different about selecting text in windows vs mac.</comment>


Watching the Growth of Walmart Across America - <AUTHOR> http://projects.flowingdata.com/walmart/

<comment><USER4> Nice. I live in Southwest MO, where I grew up- I remember when Wal-Mart was known as a regional company. I remember Sam Walton flying in on his own little airplane and landing at the airport across the street from our local Wal-Mart, jumping the fence, and running in to the service desk to say a quick "hello". I don't remember ever seeing his famous pickup truck, but I know people who did. They thought some red-neck had parked their truck in front of the store! (Until they went inside and saw Sam greeting people, then they realized it was his truck).

Sam Walton's autobiography remains one of the great classics in business leadership. Too bad Wal-Mart managers don't seem to read it anymore. If I were Wal-Mart. I'd make reading it a requirement to be a manager. I think if they did that, their customer service would improve drastically.

</comment><comment><USER5> I think this drives an important aspect of growth home: don't over stretch. Their geographic center is probably pretty darn close to the weighted center. They didn't just start and then create stores in every major metropolis overnight.

I'd like to see the overlay of global expansion, to see if their US growth was used as a model for other countries as well.

</comment><comment><USER6> Also check out Target - <http://projects.flowingdata.com/target/>

Walmart grows like a tumor out of Arkansas. Target grows like an ant colony scavenging for pockets of food.

<comment><USER7> You would think that Walmart would have an advantage in distribution since most of its stores seem to have grown out closer together.

Also, it would be nice to avoid the inevitable Walmart bashing. :-)

<comment><USER6> Yes, I was intrigued by this same question. Did a little research on Wikipedia - it tells an interesting story:

First Distribution Center: Target - 1969 in Fridley, Minnesota. $130M in sales on 11 units; Walmart - 1970 in Bentonville, Arkansas. $44.2M in sales on 38 units w/ 1500 employees.

Noted Acquisitions: Target - 1969 Lechmere Electronics in New England. 1982 Fedmart in Arizona, California and Texas; Walmart - 1991 The Wholesale Club (John F Geisse's company). 1994 Woolco's Canadian discount retail units.

Profitability: Target - 1965; Walmart - <USER3>

Founding: Target - 1962 with 4 stores in Minnesota. Founded by the John Geisse for Dayton family (also the founders of B. Dalton book stores). The Dayton family had had investments in department stores since 1902; Walmart - <USER3> with 1 store in Rogers, Arkansas. Founder Sam Walton had experienced previous success with running a Ben Franklin discount retail franchise.

Technology Infrastructure Milestones: Target - 1969, Computerized distribution system; 2004 RFID inventory tracking trials; Walmart - 1987, Satellite network allowing inventory and sales communication between all stores.

Target was an investment from the get-go. The Dayton's were the investors, and Geisse was the visionary who understood and founded the discount retailing business model. The Company grew through acquisition and strategic investment - even booting the founder (Geisse) in 1968.

Walmart was a spin-off of an existing discount retailer franchise. Sam Walton understood his customers, and his business from a local level. He grew the company organically from town to town at first because its all he was familiar with. The company was built from the ground up to distribute and market discount retail products.

<comment><USER8> 1962 was a good year for discount store startups. In addition to Walmart and Target, K-Mart was also founded in 1962.

Like Target, Kmart was founded by someone who had founded a previous chain, namely Kresge dime stores. (Ben Franklin, Walton's previous employer, was/is "dime stores".)

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER9> If you watch it in reverse, you can visualize Circuit City's fate.

<comment><USER10> More accurately: just close the browser.

</comment></comment><comment><USER11> And now with $4.8bn revenue in 2007, Wal-Mart Neighborhood Markets are taking over grocery store market: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal- Mart_Neighborhood_Market>

Nice low prices, snazzier inside than a Super Wal-Mart, but compared to a 'real' grocer, the knowledgeability of the staff is appalling. Good luck if you ever ask where they keep the couscous.

</comment><comment><USER12> I buy ammo at Walmart, nothing else. the store is a shithole.

</comment><comment><USER13> I guess once you get three stores, You will grow like wild fire.</comment>


Mastering Bitcoin - by Andreas M. Antonopoulos - <AUTHOR> https://github.com/bitcoinbook <comment><USER2> This has been submitted to HN multiple times, the most popular discussion with 45 comments is [1]. One new thing is that the book is moved from Antonopoulos' personal Github account into a Github organization specific to the book

[1] [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7493916](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7493916)

[2] [https://github.com/aantonop](https://github.com/aantonop)

</comment><comment><USER3> Along similar lines:

[https://MasteringMonero.com](https://MasteringMonero.com)

Available as a Free PDF, paid eBook, or a physical book for your bookshelf. Discounted/Free paperbacks also available.</comment>


How to filter fake engineeers - <AUTHOR> Reading HN's "Why every company is terrible at firing ineffective engineers". I had a powerful realisation. Why is it not possible to filter those almost fired engineers? Many engineers bounce around every 6-12 months, bad and the good. Due to the fact that it's exceptionally hard to hire an engineer, good and the bad. This activity continues.
A talented coder but bad employee will look good in interviews. The current interview measures; coding tests, technical/scenario questioning, test ability over an hour rather than a year. Once you get to know of people's reputations, you see baffling things. You'll consistently see engineers with bad reputations getting jobs at good companies. The inevitable end result - a short tenure and a new job in 6 months. But when you look at our measures for interviewing, it's not that hard to see how they could have impressed.
It's frustrating for recruiters. It must be even more so for good engineers that do care about their reputations, that lose out. When that talented developer your old company was on the verge of firing for 9 months is hired over you. A group of people know you'll add more value over 2 years but you can't get this across in the interview.
A successful Angel Investor once justified an investment to me by saying "I have the best measure of success for that team. Having worked alongside them full-time for 6 months."
His best long term performance metric - a reference. So why aren't references, working to filter the the bad engineers? The answer is simple they aren't being done, the few that are conducted are ineffective. The answer to the problem is... Start doing referencing again and start doing it better! Don't kid yourself, a date check after you've offered a candidate is no use to anyone.
Engineers that do care about their reputations or companies that want a long-term success metric - sign up for early access to this free tool >> https://rblock.co/ << <comment><USER2> How about fake employers?</comment>


SprayList: multicore-optimized inexact priority queues - <AUTHOR> http://phys.org/news/2015-01-parallelize-common-multicore-chips.html

<comment><USER2> There is a very good FIFO-ish queue which is much simpler than this. It would be interesting to compare their performance on real machines.

FIFO-ish queue

\--

We allocate a fairly large array of pointers (make it a power of two if you need absolute speed). We'll call it a ring buffer.

Writers:

Each writer acquires a random per-thread index into the ring buffer.

A write is performed by CAS into the index, with the assumption that the buffer entry at index is NULL. CAS succeeds index++, job's a good'un. CAS fails index++ and try again.

Readers:

Each reader acquires a random per-thead index into the ring buffer.

A read is performed by first reading a pointer from the index, if the pointer is NULL index++ and try again. If the pointer is not NULL then CAS to NULL. CAS succeeds index++, job's a good'un. CAS fails index++ and try again.

\--

This has a number of desirable properties, it is very memory locality friendly, all we ever do is walk memory word for word in a very predictable pattern. With a well sized ring buffer we can make reads and writes very independent reducing cache-contention etc. It does not perform any memory allocation or create garbage, which can be a problem in some domains.

It's also very simple, it is quite feasible to write a correct version of this data structure without PhD level work.

The design was communicated to me by Martin Thompson and has been implemented in real systems. I do not know how many cores it was used on.

</comment><comment><AUTHOR> Original paper: [http://www.mit.edu/~jerryzli/SprayList- CR.pdf](http://www.mit.edu/~jerryzli/SprayList-CR.pdf)

</comment><comment><USER3> The real question is, if we finally will be able to use lock-free, wait-free concurrent skip-lists with this new variant, without paying patent fees to Oracle?

[http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?CC=...](http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/claims?CC=US&NR=7937378B2&KC=B2&FT=D&ND=1&date=20110503&DB=&locale=en_EP)</comment>


Here comes Britannica 2.0 - <AUTHOR> http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/biztech/here-comes-britannica-20/2009/01/22/1232471469973.html <comment><USER2> >>> "If I were to be the CEO of Google or the founders of Google I would be very [displeased] that the best search engine in the world continues to provide as a first link, Wikipedia," he said."Is this the best they can do? Is this the best that [their] algorithm can do?" <<<

This remark convinces me that they still do not get it...

</comment><comment><USER3> One of the few ways Britannica could make themselves at all relevant in the online world today would be to take the contents of Wikipedia and verify it using whatever method they use to verify and vet their own content. "Wikipedia, verified by Britannica" _could_ be very powerful branding (but it might be too late for that also).

Consider the Britannica website and the Wikipedia website. The Wikipedia website is designed for mass consumption of content. The Main_Page has interesting, topical and relevant links and blurbs on it that _encourage_ you to click and go deeper -- true browsing. When you click on "browse" in the upper right on the britannica.com home page, you are presented with a popup listing the alphabet. This isn't browsing. Britannica's navigation down the right side, with the sliding tabs, is relatively bare in the content topic headings: there are only four or five entries under each one. Compared to Wikipedia, just the "Did you know..." box (one of seven major content divisions on Main_Page) has (as I write this) _23_links_ plus a "nominate an article" link, further encouraging interaction, and deep exploration. And these get updated (most likely automatically) every day. Britannica's interface doesn't seem to encourage exploration. The experience appears to be a direct translation of using a hard-copy of a reference work. Britannica.com is really becoming a poster boy for the complete irrelevance of the ivory tower model of information dissemination (if they aren't already).

Guh, this is embarrassing. Maybe you get more if you pay for a subscription (in which case Wikipedia already has a significant lead), but these two pages:

       http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1494445/Challenger-disaster
       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_disaster

are incomparable. Ignoring the content for a moment, wikipedia has a references list, external links, related wikipedia links, and the edit history. If you don't believe that Wikipedia is accurate, you are well on your way to verifying the content yourself. Britannica's entry contains none of that.

Britannica.com, the company and the website, seems to have barely changed in the nine years since I worked there.

<comment><USER2> This could be done, but only on some subset of wikipedia articles. One of the strong points of W is that it reacts to new events very quickly...for example, look at how detailed is the page for Obama inauguration ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2009_presidential_...](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2009_presidential_inauguration)). And, there are many more current events happening which are continuously updated on W...how could Britannica staff verify it in a timely manner? They will still be behind...

My feelings is, that the Britannica approach, taking the explosion of information and speed everything changes, just can't catch up anymore. They need to reinvent themselves in some more radical way to survive.

</comment></comment><comment><USER4> "Would-be editors on the Britannica site will have to register using their real names and addresses before they are allowed to modify or write their own articles."

And thats why its going to fail.

</comment><comment><USER5> too little, too late.

Britannica should have partnered with Wikipedia, rather than attack them:

Mr Cauz characterised Wikipedia as containing "plenty of cracks on it in terms of the quality".

"It's very uneven, the facts are not always correct, the model contains a lot of pitfalls."</comment>


SBCL and Common Lisp are gaining users - <AUTHOR> http://random-state.net/log/3392575526.html <comment><USER2> Why is the last datapoint on all the graphs 0?</comment>


Misuse of Creative Commons-licensed photo leads to public apology - <AUTHOR> https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/07/12/free-license-misuse-apology/ <comment><USER2> I ran into the issue that some TV show in the UK wanted to use a picture I have on flickr that's marked CC-BY 2.0 (not SA). In other words attribution required but not share alike.

Anyway, for me one point of sharing CC-BY is to just let people use the image without asking. Of course lawyers got involved and the TV station contacted me and said I needed to sign some contract so they could use my image for free ?!???!!

Sorry, I'm not going to sign some contract that I should have a lawyer look at $$$ and that also puts me on the line for any legal issues in the photo that comes up later especially when you aren't paying me. They moved on. Which is fine by me but sad in general that they didn't just take the license as is

<comment><USER3> I had a similar incident with, strangely enough, Microsoft. It wanted to use one of my photographs in promotional material and asked permission. I said that permission had already been given by me in the form of a CC-BY and they were very welcome to use it. It took quite a bit of to-ing and fro-ing before I got annoyed and said that if its legal counsel didn't understand licenses of all things, then they probably should be fired.

<comment><USER4> For things like promotional material, large companies will attempt to get explicit, signed permission instead of relying on something simply thrown up there on the web.

They understood the licensing just fine, they also understand covering their ass explicitly. They don't feel like being left to your whims should you choose to change license to attempt to extort money out of them after they start a large campaign.

<comment><USER5> How about some middle ground where the CC license says if you need explicit written consent, you must compensate the artist for their troubles?

<comment><USER6> Doesn't need to be in the CC license. If they ask, you can just offer them an alternative license that costs them, but gets them a signed piece of paper. Putting "requests for clarification mean you have to pay" in a license sounds like a bad idea.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER7> I really dislike how the media will gladly take and use people's work without credit and yet at the same time they pursue copyright infringement of their cherished 70+ year old works like hounds at the track.

<comment><USER8> "the media" is a lot of different people and companies.

<comment><USER9> substitute Disney for "media" and the comment stands

<comment><USER10> Disney doing this is a net good, as it funds more projects. There are plenty of public domain animated shorts and characters, but once out of copyright no one seems to have any desire or incentive to protect or make new works from them as opposed to bundle bad copies of them on dollar dvds.

<comment><USER11> Disney has lobbied (and succeeded) to have the copyright length extended every time Mickey Mouse is coming up to it's copyright limit. Is it a net good when a multibillion dollar corporation manipulates IP laws to further its own interests? We've had our laws manipulated to protect a cartoon mouse. Copyright was meant to be a short term guarantee that creators could profit from their art, not an eternal claim of ownership.

<comment><USER12> >Copyright was meant to be a short term guarantee that creators could profit from their art, not an eternal claim of ownership.

What's the precedent for that statement? What's your definition of short term?

<comment><USER13> I don't know about the first part (and frankly I don't care) but my idea of the second part is the same length as a patent: 20 years. 20 years after publication all works irrevocably enter the public domain and are free for everyone to use for all purposes. 20 years after death unpublished works also enter the public domain or are ineligible for copyright. And the law that sets this would state that all existing works now have just 20 years copyright.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER14> Open source license regimes are of dubious value unless there's visible case law backing it up. It's great that Niccolo Caranti made the effort to defend the Creative Commons license--this is a lot of effort regardless of whether you recover legal costs.

(Personally I'll make double sure to attribute images from Wikipedia from here on out.)

<comment><USER15> _Open source license regimes are of dubious value unless there 's visible case law backing it up._

The logic is backwards, though - if the license isn't valid, the default in the law is to deny the use of the work.

<comment><USER16> There are some cases where infringement was recognized but damages were $0 because that was the amount the creator would have earned for a licensed use. Unless I'm remembering incorrectly.

<comment><USER9> Citation needed, that's patently absurd. Unless the damages were $0 PLUS following the terms of the license (adding a statement of credit for BSD, offering a download of the modified source for GPL etc)

In general, the remedy for violating a license is to _follow through on the license agreement_.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER17> I recently took video of an elevator fire in North Dakota[1] and posted it on twitter. I was surprised by the number of messages I got asking if various news folks could use the video.

Given this experience, I'm really surprised that this isn't more a of a problem as media really seems to be going into the weeds to find video / pictures of things. I also thought Twitter had some kind of statement in their TOS about this. I wonder what the interaction between externally hosted things with their licenses versus Twitter's TOS.

1) It was on my way home from work and I was parked for a bit

<comment><USER18> You bet it's a problem, and it is a somewhat new trend on Twitter. Someone blazed the trail and now every harried producer has a read-only Twitter account and mimics it; it's a last-couple-of-years phenomenon. I appreciate nothing more than coming across a grieving Twitter page showing photos of horrors with a billion entry level producers underneath it clamoring for usage rights like feeding sharks. This happened to you, it sounds like, and luckily you were removed enough from the story that it was no big deal.

You might react and go "that's horrible, why would they do that?" but remember when Cathriona White died, and every 'news' organization in the world immediately (and I mean immediately) started calling her family demanding an interview simply on the basis of her relationship with Jim Carrey? I seem to recall someone in her family saying that they _heard_ about her death from a reporter calling and asking for comment from a seven year old. He was pissed about it and good for him, really, and I say that as someone who used to be in a slightly more respectable part of that bloody industry.

Twenty four hour news and, later, the Internet did this to us (well, really, _we_ did and these were merely tools to satiate human nature). There is zero regard for "the right time" when interacting with subjects of stories any more by most producers. The right time is now because our readers demand fast content and fuck your feelings.

The irony is that Twitter is probably the one platform that is tirelessly working to make a traditional journalist _go back to being traditional_ by eliminating the urgency of reporting and shifting focus back to analysis and context. So it's weird to watch producers work Twitter to basically digest a primary source and be late by definition. Twitter is way better at telling me what's going on now. I want analysis and context from journalists now, but most haven't picked up on that yet. (This is also why Twitter will not eliminate the media, despite what some people say; half of journalism is placing events in context. Some might say half is a conservative estimate.)

And that's even before you get into the viral video agencies who snap up rights from people who don't know any better, and I can't decide which is worse. Seriously, what a way to make money; what service _do_ you provide, exactly?

</comment></comment><comment><USER19> It's interesting how this keep happening when it is so easy to do it right. In my case someone commented on my flickr that a startup was using one of my photos without attribution, but it only took one email and the CEO/founder immediately responded apologizing. Other times I've got emails asking me if it was OK to use a photo, as if they had to seek permission.

I wonder if the problem is the need for more education/outreach to explain CC?

</comment><comment><USER20> Would BY-SA mean that article illustrated with that photo has to be also published as BY-SA?

Same thing for a movie that has just a glimpse of this photo or a computer game that displays it once?

<comment><USER21> Case law on CC is very minimal so far [0], so this hasn't been explored in court.

ShareAlike is intentionally copyleft, yes. But it isn't clear what would constitute the 'derivative work'. If you had a glimpse of the photo in the movie with a 'Ken Burns' effect, would releasing a CC 2 sec video of that effect applied to the image be okay? Probably. But who knows if anyone would succeed in suing you to either CC the whole film, or pay for another form of license.

Is an article containing an image, used in its original form derivative? Probably not, the Wikipedia citation creator explicitly gives you this option: if you don't modify the image, only use it, then it doesn't prompt you to fill out the derivative information. Obviously that's not in any way legally binding, but gives an indication of how things tend to be used.

[0] [https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Case_Law](https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Case_Law)

<comment><USER15> There's plenty of case law regarding derivative works; it's not CC specific, but why would it have to be? Either the license is valid or it's a straight-up copyright infringement.

For example, there's case law regarding the use of a photo in a movie: [http://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/fair-use/four- factors/#...](http://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/fair-use/four- factors/#too_small_for_fair_use_the_de_minimis_defense)

<comment><USER21> You may have a much better knowledge than I (wouldn't be hard). But that example doesn't quite answer the question. If a work _is_ derivative, what is the extent of the derivative work, for the purpose of copyleft? Can you answer that without specific case law on copyleft licenses?

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER22> If you actually wanted people to use your work freely, you'd release it into the public domain.

This incident shows that CC evangelists can be just as controlling and litigious as the conventional copyright holders they inveigh against. So much for making the world more equitable and accessible.

<comment><USER23> I understand the spirit of your comment, but now seems like a good time to quote this page that someone posted to HN a couple of months ago:

"Just as there is nothing in the law that permits a person to dump personal property in the public highway, there is nothing that permits the dumping of intellectual property into the public domain — except as happens in due course when any applicable copyrights expire. Until those copyrights expire, there is no mechanism in the law by which an owner of software can simply elect to place it in the public domain."

[http://www.rosenlaw.com/lj16.htm](http://www.rosenlaw.com/lj16.htm)

<comment><USER24> That's both perhaps true in a hypertechnical sense but largely false in practical substance in the US; there are a number of legal principles (notably promissory estoppel) which make the practical effect of a stated dedication to the public domain by the creator very similar to what it says on the tin, even if the creator technically retains copyright, as it becomes practically, if not technically, impossible to enforce any of the exclusive rights under copyright to restrict downstream actions like copying or creation and distribution of derivative works after such a dedication.

<comment><USER25> Not in all jurisdictions.

Funnily enough, it is Creative Commons Zero that does what is asked for the best.</comment></comment></comment></comment>


Ask HN: How to hole up in a cabin in the woods to write my great software idea? - <AUTHOR> It's discouraging that it seems that in order to write software I'm expected to have constant and fast internet access to Stack Overflow or whatever search site to find answers or download crazy large toolchains.
How did people program working solutions before instant online answers and is it even possible to hole up in a completely distraction free, out of the way locale for that next great side project?
I'm jealous of the idea of the novelist holing up in a spartan cabin with just an idea and a typewriter. Maybe a dictionary, maybe some prepared research notes; but completely cut off and only running off meager brought materials.
So how would a programmer prepare enough to code up their idea without internet access? What documentation, books, or materials would one bring? Are these materials general, like journal articles about algorithms and CS? Or very specific to the OS, framework, standard library, etc? Are there first principles at each abstraction layer from bare metal, OS, user space, and application level that allows cobbling software solutions without external resources? <comment><USER2> I used to rely on manpages, documentation (bundled in), and lots of trial an error. Honestly, the big difference today is having access to how others have solved a problem. This makes things quicker. Do I still learn? I learn more now because of the access.

Now, are you expected? By who? This is your own project. Just do whatever works for you.

</comment><comment><USER3> If you read The Art of Computer Programming or Djikstra's writings they will tell you how this was done. They took a piece of paper, and they wrote down in a high level what their program should do. Then they took another piece of paper and they started to split up the first piece of paper into smaller subroutines. Then they took some more paper and split the small subroutines up into smaller and smaller subroutines.

Then they sat in front of a computer and they wrote the program from the simplest subroutine up the tree and at some point totally trashed everything realizing they didn't fully understand the problem because architecting a program is difficult until you actually implement it. So back to the paper they did the exact same design algorithm using the new experience they had from actually trying to implement whatever they were doing but this time with the added experience of knowing more about the problem they were trying to solve. Then when the chance came to implement their program on a likely shared computer with limited time, they wrote this program the exact same way from the bottom up testing all the way until it was finished. Everytime I've asked a question on stackoverflow/exchange I realized half way through preparing and formatting my question that my program is too complicated, I should break up the logic and then I don't need to ask a question. I swear this is why they make posting there so tedious where you need carefully format and search for existing questions before posting a new one because odds are, you'll figure out what you trying to ask before even asking it.

<comment><AUTHOR> Sounds like the tried and true way. I'm always interested in learning about computing history and the people that set up the groundwork. The more I read, the more I find that tech doesn't learn much from its past and we're just stuck with many inferior iterations of the same things.

I found a copy of, Notes On Structured Programming, by Dijkstra. I'm going to start giving it a read tomorrow (it's a whopping 88pg essay).

It seems that Dijkstra did a lot of paper design work because he was programming for hardware that didn't exist in a programmable form yet.

</comment></comment><comment><USER4> One potential avenue - download stack overflow data for your particular tech stack -

[https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/221397/is-there- a-w...](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/221397/is-there-a-way-to- download-an-offline-copy-of-the-stack-overflow-questions)

</comment><comment><USER5> Download a pleasant language distribution with a capable base library and documentation, like Racket.

You might not need to do everything in the fastest or most scalable way. Like how a writer in a cabin will produce something that later needs editing and typesetting for mass distribution. So, like, if you forgot how to use an SQL database or didn't bring Postgres, just serialize a big hash table and do your queries in your programming language.

So you can build the program out of parts that you might need to replace once you're back online.

You can also do a lot of work with a specification language like TLA+ where you don't need to actually implement every algorithm. If you need a hash function you can just postulate a function from your domain type to the naturals.

</comment><comment><USER6> On macOS there is Dash - [https://kapeli.com/dash](https://kapeli.com/dash) which can download and make easily searchable many documentations as well as StackOverflow answers. I have been using it sparingly, but for coding without an internet connection it seems ideal

<comment><AUTHOR> Now that you mention it, I tried a program called Zeal on another machine which could also use the Dash Docs format (I'm linux based).

I was thinking one would need to download offline copies of the most immediate tools documents but I guess I was hoping for some tried and true articles or techniques (read: silver bullet) and not have to download the whole internet and cross my fingers that I got everything I needed :)

</comment></comment><comment><USER7> The northern part of the US and lower part of Canada is going to have starlink in theory this year. Hugesnet is pretty terrible but might be workable. Or maybe try putting a cellular phone as a hotspot on hosted to the top of a flagpole might reach service..

</comment><comment><USER8> * Download Stack Overflow data dump.

* Download Wikipedia data dump.

* Download documentation for the technologies you will be using.

* Make sure you have power.

* Take backups regularly.

* If you get stuck, think and solve the problem. Consider it as an opportunity to employ your brain in a way you (probably) have not done before.

</comment><comment><USER9> I would strongly recommend not doing this. The worst thing you can do when creating a piece of software is isolate yourself for x number of months and build it out entirely in isolation. I've effectively done this in the past, only to find out the product I built was not something people wanted to use.

If it's just for personal use, and/or you don't care about people using it, go for it. But if you care about adoption/traction, I would suggest surrounding yourself with people that may use your software, and constantly solicit their candid feedback (e.g. show them the software, but not tell them it's yours, etc...). Building software should be a collaborative process between you and your customer.

</comment><comment><USER10> Have you tried looking into devdocs.io? I believe it supports offline mode.

<comment><AUTHOR> Hmmm, no I've never heard of this although I've used a similar offline doc reader called Zeal.

I just checked it out and it looks cool but I don't think it's for me. I use a Firefox extension called Saka Key that allows me to fully navigate web pages and tabbing with the keyboard but it doesn't work so well when a web page wants to be an app instead of a page. The site forces focus in a text search box and pressing escape doesn't leave the text box, it just replaces displaying the welcome message. It's a usability issue for me :(

</comment></comment><comment><USER11> > How did people program working solutions before instant online answers

Slowly

<comment><AUTHOR> Ha, probably too true!

Part of this question is in response to the feeling I have that when I'm coding, I'm not hyper focused, I'm constantly sidetracked by dipping down documentation and forum rabbit holes because many things are non obvious at first glance, but then once one learns the abstraction or learns the narrative of thought, that it suddenly becomes obvious and second nature. So following that, I was wondering if there were more resources to load up on these kind of insights to make looking up things only for the most arbitrary technical things.

Then I can build a cabin and code up a storm amiright? :)

</comment></comment><comment><USER12> John Carmack did something like that a while ago

[https://lobste.rs/s/o1xjaq/john_carmack_on_openbsd_c_machine](https://lobste.rs/s/o1xjaq/john_carmack_on_openbsd_c_machine)

<comment><AUTHOR> Awesome! Thank you for the article reference, it was great and along the lines of what I was thinking about when I asked my question. Even a novelist in the woods is only going to hack together a rough draft in the woods and then second draft with an editor once they get back to regular life which it sounds exactly what Carmack did.</comment></comment>


How to implement a Queue using Stacks in Python - <AUTHOR> https://ao.gl/how-to-implement-a-queue-using-stacks-in-python/ <comment><USER2> This implements a queue API, but does not implement the queue Big-O performance required for a queue. The queue pop() is implemented as:

       stack.pop(0)

which takes O(N) time. As evidence:

        >>> import time
        >>> for i in range(10, 20):
        ...   values = [0]*(2**i)
        ...   t1 = time.time()
        ...   for _ in range(2**i):
        ...     x = values.pop(0)
        ...   t2 = time.time()
        ...   print(2**i, t2-t1)
        ...
        1024 0.0003371238708496094
        2048 0.0009081363677978516
        4096 0.0019719600677490234
        8192 0.006997108459472656
        16384 0.021010160446166992
        32768 0.09459710121154785
        65536 0.39771080017089844
        131072 1.7854771614074707
        262144 7.326504945755005
        524288 33.3485050201416

This is clearly quadratic.

The article says "A common programming interview question, and for a change, one that you will actually be able to use in the job, is that of implementing a Queue by means of using Stacks in Python."

This sort of solution indicates that the interviewee is a novice programmer. The implementation can only reasonably be used for small queues, where the quadratic behavior is not important.

It is much better to use collections.deque in every real-world use.

        >>> import time, collections
        >>> for i in range(10, 20):
        ...   values = collections.deque([0]*(2**i))
        ...   t1 = time.time()
        ...   for _ in range(2**i):
        ...     x = values.popleft()
        ...   t2 = time.time()
        ...   print(2**i, t2-t1)
        ...
        1024 0.00043392181396484375
        2048 0.0006589889526367188
        4096 0.001123666763305664
        8192 0.0021991729736328125
        16384 0.003899812698364258
        32768 0.004210948944091797
        65536 0.007882833480834961
        131072 0.01650714874267578
        262144 0.03747200965881348
        524288 0.06636691093444824</comment>


How to accept voicemail on your blog? - <AUTHOR>

Does anyone know of a simple way to let people leave voicemail for you online from your website/blog (using their computer microphone)?
Looks like GrandCentral will do this when it fully launches (http://buzz.blogger.com/2008/01/grandcentral-receive-calls-and-post.html), and Odeo used to do this but the link is now broken (http://labnol.blogspot.com/2006/03/let-site-visitors-leave-voicemail-for.html).
Evoca (http://www.evoca.com/) does this, but its offering seems too complicated and it always scares me when a service so simple doesn't publish its prices publicly.
GetABuz.com is down right now -- I don't know if it's permanent or just a tech snafu.
SnapVine.com is being acquired by WhitePages and makes you use an ugly, SnapVine-branded widget. <comment><AUTHOR> Update...

Evoca 'web voicemail':

$30/year for individuals/businesses/bloggers who are OK with Evoca branding on everything and are limited to 180 minutes of recording storage.

I don't know if there's a business here (though Snapvine raised $10 million for this) but I wish there was a simple solution that just worked.

I'd like people to have the option of sending voicemail to me instead of email, because some people much prefer voice to text (but I may not want my ph# public).</comment>


Show HN: Stackdeck – A tool to read multiple Stack Exchange sites at once - <AUTHOR> https://captainzidgel.github.io/stackdeck/ <comment><AUTHOR> Cookies are loaded on page load if you have them. If you wanted to for some reason, you could also reload them arbitrarily from a button in the footer, where I've left some technical options. Included in the technical options is the ability to load panels from JSON string. Here's my dashboard!

      [["stackoverflow",[],[],0],["stackoverflow",["vue"],[],1],["stackoverflow",["lua"],[],2],["gamedev",[],[],3],["softwareengineering",[],[],4]]

Hm it appears cookies are broken. They were working yesterday. I'll work on that but the site is still usable without them.</comment>


Bird's-Eye-View of Largest Floating Structure Ever Built - <AUTHOR> http://gcaptain.com/prelude-flng-taking-shape-birds-eye-view-of-largest-floating-structure-ever-built

<comment><USER2> Longest, maybe, but largest? This: [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneering_Spirit_(ship)](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneering_Spirit_\(ship\)) has 50% more displacement (and also is a proper ship. It can propel itself)

I guess there are some artificial floating islands that could lay claim to being the largest or longest, too ([https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_island#Artificial_i...](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_island#Artificial_islands))

<comment><USER3> That thing belongs in a Neal Stephenson novel.

</comment></comment><comment><USER4> I imagine this is what software would look like if it were physical.

<comment><USER5> No, software is far more modular and rides on the top of a whale.

<comment><USER6> I was just going to write it, then I saw that you did already. Nice one :)

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER7> I couldn't resist...

[http://vmashup.com/tQSLa38u](http://vmashup.com/tQSLa38u)

</comment><comment><USER8> Hey don´t worry! No Koreans where interviewed! They are "just building the ship".

</comment><comment><USER9> The individual sections being loaded reminded me of the Borg ship.

</comment><comment><USER10> is 'oil company background music' a meme yet?

<comment><USER11> "Shell is about people."

<comment><USER12> we're sorry m8s

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER13> Won't we run out of fossil fuels in like 50 years tops? Why make such an investment?

I am still, however, in awe of the magnitude of the project!

<comment><USER14> "Shell plans to moor the Prelude FLNG some 200 kilometers off western Australia at the Prelude gas field for 25 years, where it is expected to produce the equivalent of 110,000 BOE per day."

25 years < 50 years

<comment><USER15> 110000 BOE per day = 7.78 GW. An estimate from 2013 cited on Wikipedia claims the cost of the vessel is US$10.8 to 12.6 billion. Is there a reliable estimate of how much solar power you could install for the same cost?

<comment><USER16> [http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-industry- data](http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-industry-data)

In 2012 something like 3.5 GW were installed for something like $12 billion USD.

See the graph titled "U.S. Solar Industry Forcast" for output

See the graph titled "Value of Yearly U.S. Solar Instalations" for cost

Personally, I hope that the US solar instalations will last more than 25 years. I also hope that Shell is paying Australia for the gass that is being pumped out. I presume that the total cost will be about the same as solar. However, natural gass is really usefull stuff and can be shipped and stored more efficiently than electricity. So even though the price is about the same as solar, the value is higher.

<comment><USER17> > I also hope that Shell is paying Australia for the gass that is being pumped > out.

Why? Australia doesn't hold title to the oceans.

<comment><USER18> This area is being jointly developed by Australia and East Timor, I believe.

200 miles is standard for an Exclusive Economic Zone.

<comment><USER19> Prelude is not near East Timor, you may be thinking of Sunrise.

See eg. : [http://www.smh.com.au/business/woodside-petroleum-calls- for-...](http://www.smh.com.au/business/woodside-petroleum-calls-for- alignment-on-sunrise-gas-20150208-137uhy.html)

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER20> All I read from that article was the word "liquid". I'll get my popcorn ready for when that ship gets a haul breach.

<comment><USER21> LNG quickly becomes a gas when leaked -- you won't see dramatic environmental disasters like with crude oil.

It's also not flammable or explosive in its liquid form, so I suspect you won't see a dramatic explosive failure either.

Of course, it could start leaking and burn when mixed with enough air, but I can't help but wonder how sustainable a fire that would be: The air/fuel mix would not be controlled at all, and would probably quickly burn and stop.

<comment><USER22> Try googling "lng explosion". It is cold, so is denser than air and spreads out on the surface, and when ignited goes off with a big bang.</comment></comment></comment>


MSPaint in JavaScript - <AUTHOR> https://jspaint.app <comment><USER2> Photoshop in JavaScript: [https://www.photopea.com/](https://www.photopea.com/)

I use it all the time, amazing it was created by a single person!

<comment><USER3> Oh my god that's literally insane. Sorry, but I am astonished by what it implements.

Layers? Path editing? Blending options? Content-aware fill? Convert text to shape? In a _web browser_?

I'm just blown away right now. I'm editing a 2000x3000 pixel image and it seems just as fast as my copy of actual Photoshop.

I can't even fathom how much work this must have been. One person? How is that even possible?

<comment><USER4> And some people say 10x programmers don't exist.

<comment><USER5> It also shows how much an individual can achieve without big corporate and nowadays "agile" bullshit overhead.

<comment><USER6> So true!

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER7> I had originally assumed this was some sort of webassembly port of the actual Microsoft Paint source code. But it looks like a completely custom JavaScript app built from the ground up to look and work very similarly to Microsoft Paint. That's actually super impressive, although not quite the technological feat I had originally assumed. It does make this more dubious from a trademark perspective, the author might want to make it more clear it's not actually Microsoft Paint.

<comment><USER8> It would be hard to beat Fabrice Bellard in this game:

[https://bellard.org/jslinux/](https://bellard.org/jslinux/)

<comment><USER9> Oh wow this is amazing. The win2k image runs Paint, and looks like you can upload and download images.

<comment><USER8> There's more where that came from - check out this guy's other work.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER10> This is totally something that I could live with being an Electron app on Linux.

Yes, I should be using GIMP/Krita/Other community FOSS solution, but gosh darnit, sometimes I just wanna make a 20-second markup on a screenshot, and I wanna use the friggin' program that I have a 20-year muscle memory for!

<comment><USER11> The fact that at least 5 people have replied with different tools really just emphasizes your point.

Is it a perfect recreation? Of course not.

Will it do every sort of image editing I might want? A definite no.

Does everybody either quickly learn it or already have its interface burned into their memory? Yep.

Does it work well enough to do a quick edit on pretty much any OS (including mobile) without needing anything but a browser and an easy-to-remember link? YES.

<comment><USER10> I try not to begrudge them because they're just trying to be helpful. :)

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER12> This is huge. I no longer have any reason to keep my Windows partition!

<comment><USER13> Windows XP? :P

</comment></comment><comment><USER14> Ah, this could be used as the missing paint in macOS. Even taking a screenshot and dragging it inside the browser works as expected. Is there an easy wat to turn this into an app that can live locally?

Paint is the only thing I miss about Windows.

<comment><USER15> Presumably Electron, but it may be slightly more comfortable to compile something like KolourPaint for macOS instead.

<comment><USER16> You don't need to compile it, there is already a precompiled version for macOS: [https://binary- factory.kde.org/job/Kolourpaint_Nightly_macos...](https://binary- factory.kde.org/job/Kolourpaint_Nightly_macos/)

<comment><USER15> Ah, that's cool, I didn't know. Seems like a winning solution to me.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER17> Threads from 2018:

[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16174478](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16174478)

[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17275332](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17275332)

An almost unrelated but great thread from 2011: [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2305370](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2305370)

</comment><comment><USER18> Get the real magic* with Konami mode:

up, up, down, down, left, right, left, right, b, a

* Magic being what I'd call a full 90s experience

</comment><comment><USER19> Looks like this is part of a greater project, 98.js.org. Though, you could also add it as a shortcut to Windows 93[1] and it'd fit right in.

[1]: [https://www.windows93.net/](https://www.windows93.net/)

</comment><comment><USER20> The source code/project page is linked in the Help popup.

[https://github.com/1j01/jspaint](https://github.com/1j01/jspaint)

</comment><comment><USER21> Maybe this is false memory, but did old MSPaint have a "feature" where if you are holding down the left click button to draw with the pencil tool or something, and then you scroll the scroll-wheel, it creates a bunch of vertical lines along where you are drawing? I was sad that this didn't have that.

</comment><comment><USER22> Fun but not really useful. I bloody wish someone would implement Paint.Net (which is the most practical + intuitive picture editor ever IMHO) in JavaScript. It's cross-platform Mono clone, Pinta, is tolerable but not nearly as good.

</comment><comment><USER23> Even the speed by which help articles load when clicked on in the Help Topics works the same way as ms paint. This is insane level of attention to details.

On a separate note, I love the Help Topics so much I think I will use it instead of ZenDesk guide pages on our SaaS website. It's so elegant and all contained in one booklet with extremely legible text and iconography. No bs web ui here.

<comment><USER24> > No bs web ui here.

You ain't seen nothing yet: [https://dev.lotw.xyz/desk.os](https://dev.lotw.xyz/desk.os)

</comment></comment><comment><USER7> Works surprisingly well on iOS, although it's difficult to select the menu items (small tap target), there doesn't appear to be any way to right click, and the window size bleeds off the right edge of the screen. Still, much more impressive functionality and performance than I expected, especially since this doesn't seem to be optimized for mobile!

</comment><comment><USER25> The history to GIF is a neat feature but falls apart if your first operation is to invert colors or fill the image as black instead of default white. Having the ability to edit history would be nice (cut out the initial New Document history item) or be able to create a new image from the current one with history erased.

</comment><comment><USER26> My favorite feature is that typing `cmd-[` (browser back) briefly rotates the canvas before the browser navigates back.

</comment><comment><USER27> Oh wow, there's a lot of attention to detail. The application menu looks perfect and is a lot snappier than I thought it would be for an HTML5 app.

On the other hand-- why do the toolbar buttons only trigger on mouseup? I thought they triggered on mousedown on the original MS Paint.

</comment><comment><USER28> Konami code is in effect ;)

</comment><comment><USER29> what strikes me the most is that the "modern" theme (from the "extras" menu) feels so much less user friendly than the "classic" one. where did it all go wrong?..

</comment><comment><USER30> This is awesome! I miss MS Paint. So much easier for markup.

One nit though, they should add a few sleep() in there so it feels like my old PC. :)

</comment><comment><USER31> Here a JS/canvas implementatio n from 2010 (he showed a demo at a code meetup around 2006?) [https://sigilmaster.com/](https://sigilmaster.com/) (desktop) by C3O (now works at the european parlament for the pirate party to my latest knowledge)

would be fun to compare the code

</comment><comment><USER32> Not seeing the Windows 9x theme around the window puts this squarely in uncanny valley for me. (Granted, I'm running this in Chrome on Linux -- if one was on Windows, the "double frame" would probably look wrong, too.)

Reminds me of the "Mac OS 8 in DHTML" page from the 90s...

</comment><comment><USER33> I'd forgotten how much better the old Paint UI was compared to the newer edition...

</comment><comment><USER34> You are using the wrong algorithm for filled circles. IIRC MS Paint uses an algorithm based on the mathematical formula for a circle, which creates a pointy out pixel which looks a bit out of place.

</comment><comment><USER35> This is nice. The Win95-Vista paint interface was IMO the best and i still dislike using the newer versions, especially since they screw up a lot of common things (e.g. try to draw overlapping rectangles).

</comment><comment><USER36> MacPaint in JavaScript: [https://www.cloudpaint.com/classic](https://www.cloudpaint.com/classic)

An elegant weapon, from a more civilized time.

</comment><comment><USER37> Oh man, if this had some WebRTC in there so we could all paint on one canvas that would be awesome.

Love it any how!

Edit: Just noticed under Extras there is Multi-user. Bravo!

</comment><comment><USER38> Is there a Deluxe Paint Javascript version?

</comment><comment><USER39> I can't believe that this application has an Online Help ... book as well. ;)

</comment><comment><USER40> I love the fact that even the retro Help application look and feel was recreated.

</comment><comment><USER41> In MS Edge, click on "Install this site as an app" in the Apps menu.

:mind blown:

</comment><comment><USER42> grumbling to myself "If i could go back in time. this is the covered wagon. this is why cowboys get old."

I love this so much

</comment><comment><USER43> Upload to imgur? This is a meme machine!

</comment><comment><USER44> It doesn't save in BMP format?

</comment><comment><USER45> So sick. Did you make this yourself?

</comment><comment><USER46> That's insane! (in a good way)

</comment><comment> enahs-sf this is great! thanks for making this, brought me back to my childhood and made my day!

</comment><comment><USER47> Why do people do that...

</comment><comment><USER48> render history as a gif is quite cool.

</comment><comment><USER49> haha cool the konami-code easter egg

</comment><comment><USER50> Someone's been on reddit today.</comment>


Finding the most depressing Radiohead song with R - <AUTHOR> http://rcharlie.com/2017-02-16-fitteR-happieR/ <comment><USER2> So presumably the purpose of this experiment was to quantify just how bad algorithms can be at inferring meaning?

Trying to measure the sadness of lyrics with an algo is tantamount to the early scene in "Dead Poets' Society" where the students are supposed to measure the greatness of poetry by plotting it on a chart.

It's demonstrated in the data: one of the most depressing songs of their entire oeuvre is "Fitter, Happier" but because it's completely metaphorical (or sarcastic), the algo rates it as one of the happiest.

This will always be a big problem in AI. Measuring the literal meaning of words is easy. Measuring the semantics and context of words is a completely different matter.

<comment><USER3> > This will always be a big problem in AI

I agreed with everything you wrote except for "always".

<comment><USER4> Considering even actual humans often have disagreements about meanings of songs, I'm not sure how an AI is supposed to deduce the "correct" one.

<comment><USER5> Neither am I. But 10 years ago I would have said I had no idea how an AI was supposed to recognise objects in a picture, and now they do it better than humans. Tech moves fast.

<comment><USER3> Recognising objects in pictures is something that, in principle, a machine could do better than humans, because there is ground truth.

I think it's not possible in principle for a machine to do better than humans at recognising human emotions, because a human can't exactly be wrong at this. (Other than edge cases such as not knowing the right name for an emotion, perhaps.)

But suppose a sample of 1000 humans answered a survey on emotional content of a song and a machine was able to predict the distribution within some tolerance. In a sense, this would be superhuman performance, but even if we don't like that interpretation, it would still be _very good_ performance. And it is possible in principle. So the argument that humans sometimes disagree doesn't prevent a machine doing well on the task.

<comment><USER6> Another possible output for this type of task is an opinion or interpretation and a justification of it. A machine might feasibly be considered "good" if it output an unpopular interpretation with a good justification.

<comment><USER3> Great point! The same type of argument is going in the AI subfield of computational creativity. A computational system might produce a piece (of art or music, say) which nobody initially likes, but could provide a justification/interpretation which might be convincing. In some ways this would be a big improvement over a pure Turing test-style judgement of the output itself. I think Margaret Boden has written this idea into her definition of computational creativity.

EDIT: "The ultimate vindication of AI-creativity would be a program that generated novel ideas which initially perplexed or even repelled us, but which was able to persuade us that they were indeed valuable.", from Boden, Creativity and Artificial Intelligence, 1998. I believe, based on her other writings, that she thinks of it as a sufficient, but not a necessary condition, for AI creativity.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER7> I think you will find wildly varying perspectives on whether a given song is depressive or not. To my surprise, when I read the YouTube comments on Radiohead's track _Nude_ , I found many of the commenters found the song depressing, because of the lyrics:

"Don't get any big ideas, they're not gonna happen."

But, as far as I can see, this is only depressing if, first, you expect all your big ideas to happen and, secondly, you associate a big idea happening with happiness. I mean, why would a big idea not happening be depressing, unless you believe this big idea will make you happy?

I quite like the reminder that big ideas usually don't happen, unless you put in an earnest effort. And that the expectation of happiness from a big idea is the only thing that can cause depression if it doesn't work out, which it often doesn't.

In my experience, big ideas come out of happiness, not the other way around.

<comment><USER8> I think it's the "don't get any big ideas" bit that is depressing.

</comment></comment><comment><USER9> Thom Yorke once said that after touring for OK Computer he was at a local pub and some guy stopped him and said, "No Surprises" is the most miserable song he'd ever heard and why had he written it? At the time Thom said he had to concur with that assessment of the song. I can't remember what interview this was from but I used to have the recording of it where he introduces the song this way.

<comment><USER10> I once walked into my baby's daycare to pick him up after work and the babies were listening to a happy glockenspiel version of No Surprises.

It felt very strange.

<comment><USER11> The makers of those albums are quite prolific: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabye_Baby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabye_Baby)!

<comment><USER10> Oh thanks! I'd tried and failed to find it myself.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER12> Cute! But, well, this is obviously bullshit:

> the cheeriest, 15 Step

The title line: " _fifteen steps and then a sheer drop_ ". A song which makes explicit references to, well, execution by hanging is...

(And "you used to be alright; what happened?" is a repeated motif.)

<comment><USER13> > The title line: "fifteen steps and then a sheer drop"

This song is obviously about Thom Yorke's frustration with the Mario Party minigame "Shy Guy Says". Think about it, 'first you reel me out then you cut the string', 'won't take my eyes off the ball again' (ball, in this case, meaning shy guy's flags). It makes perfect sense.

\-- lankeyjb202

</comment></comment><comment><USER14> They're missing In Rainbow's Disk 2, which includes the song "4 minute warning" which I'd consider the "most" depressing Radiohead song: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtotpiSL700](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtotpiSL700)

<comment><USER15> thank you for pointing this out. i only recently discovered IR2, and i found that "4 minute warning" fot my mood very well.

</comment></comment><comment><USER16> I think this is an example of something machines can't quite do better than humans yet, though it's an interesting problem to solve (trying to analyze how people in general will feel about something).

Personally I'd give it to either How to Disappear Completely, or Exit Music (For a Film).

<comment><USER17> Exit Music might be their most bitter song, but I'd say Street Spirit or How to Disappear are the saddest. I wonder how many people would have an immediate answer at the ready, and how many would have to ponder and classify ( assuming similar familiarity with the Radiohead catalogue)

<comment><USER18> [http://antiquiet.com/music/2012/06/flashback-thom-yorke- expl...](http://antiquiet.com/music/2012/06/flashback-thom-yorke-explains- street-spirit-breaks-our-hearts/)

"'Street Spirit' is our purest song, but I didn't write it…. It wrote itself. We were just its messengers… Its biological catylysts. It's core is a complete mystery to me… and (pause) you know, I wouldn't ever try to write something that hopeless… All of our saddest songs have somewhere in them at least a glimmer of resolve… 'Street Spirit' has no resolve… It is the dark tunnel without the light at the end. It represents all tragic emotion that is so hurtful that the sound of that melody is its only definition. We all have a way of dealing with that song… It's called detachment… Especially me.. I detach my emotional radar from that song, or I couldn't play it… I'd crack. I'd break down on stage.. that's why its lyrics are just a bunch of mini- stories or visual images as opposed to a cohesive explanation of its meaning… I used images set to the music that I thought would convey the emotional entirety of the lyric and music working together… That's what's meant by 'all these things are one to swallow whole'.. I meant the emotional entirety, because I didn't have it in me to articulate the emotion… (pause) I'd crack…. Our fans are braver than I to let that song penetrate them, or maybe they don't realize what they're listening to.. They don't realize that 'Street Spirit' is about staring the fucking devil right in the eyes… and knowing, no matter what the hell you do, he'll get the last laugh…and it's real…and true. The devil really will get the last laugh in all cases without exception, and if I let myself think about that to long, I'd crack. I can't believe we have fans that can deal emotionally with that song… That's why I'm convinced that they don't know what it's about. It's why we play it towards the end of our sets. It drains me, and it shakes me, and hurts like hell everytime I play it, looking out at thousands of people cheering and smiling, oblivious to the tragedy of it's meaning, like when you're going to have your dog put down and it's wagging it's tail on the way there. That's what they all look like, and it breaks my heart."

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER19> I vote for the happiest song being Anyone Can Play Guitar from Pablo Honey. It is hopeful and encouraging. It speaks of life goals achieved.

This article demonstrates how far AI has to go.

[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=GIWwfWaWuaE](https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=GIWwfWaWuaE)

<comment><USER20> Good choice! I've also always thought 'Lift' felt happy.

</comment></comment><comment><USER21> If the winning song wasn't written in D-minor, the algorithm will need further tuning.

</comment><comment><USER22>
      > and then used the tidytext package to break the lyrics into words,
      > eliminate common "stop words" like 'the' and 'a',
      > and count the number with negative sentiment

Is 'not' a "stop word"? How did it count negations after "stop words" removed, i.e. "I am not forgotten". Positive, negative?

<comment><USER23> "not" is a stop word. I don't see an attempt to negate the word sentiments.

</comment></comment><comment><USER24> Would be interesting to see how it handled REM or Dubstar, both of whom have some really upbeat tunes, with really dark lyrics - "The One I Love", for example, with "a simple prop to occupy mind ", or "Not So Manic Now", a happy bouncy pop song about assault...

</comment><comment><USER25> 'Depressing' has a variety of facets made up of sadness, textual content/lyrics, and (at least for me) the placement of the title within its respective album context.

Anecdote: When I previewed Kid A via AudioGalaxy back then (it would not be released for another two weeks in my region) I thought the stylistic choices of 'Everything in its right place' were some kind of encoding error (quite frequent back then) so I trashed the whole album after spending hours on the download.

Imagine my surprise when I listened to the album from the physical album I bought a fortnight later :)

<comment><USER26> I got my first cassette tape player in 1982 and Prince's "1999" album to go with it. The lead track starts with distorted vocals, and I thought my player was malfunctioning. The intro is only about ten or fifteen seconds, so unlike you, I didn't trash the tape.

Closer to topic, listening to the song "1999" as a kid, I thought it was a cheerful party song. After Prince's death, I listened to the song as an adult and realized it's about nuclear annihilation.

</comment></comment><comment><USER27> While great to see, this also highlights just how far we are from where data science needs to be. The amount of code necessary to just pull down and reformat data before any real analytic work is done is always staggering; I see it in my work but it's even painful in a fun example like this. I know, 80% of time in prep, 20% in analysis, yadda yadda, but I hope we can turn some of this magical AI into making data transforms easier in the future so we can actually get to the analysis portion faster, along with more accessible "tidy" data to get to the analysis portion faster.

And no, tools like Paxata or Tamr (or [http://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com/data-preparation- too...](http://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com/data-preparation-tools-and- platforms/) etc.) are indeed a good start, but are not really the solution yet.

We'll always have to code our way out of some wacko data situations, but I look forward to (and dream of!) better and better libraries and approaches to getting prep prepped faster.

<comment><USER28> R in general is _inefficient_ with nontabular data manipulation with text data and web scraping, which is why I fall back to Python for those tasks.

But even in the context of the article, the code the author posted is extremely confusing and is an odd mix of base and dplyr code.

</comment></comment><comment><USER29> "Honey Pablo"?

</comment><comment><USER30> Definitely Exit Music for a film.

</comment><comment><USER31> If I can nitpick a bit about your presentation here:

[http://rcharlie.com/htmlwidgets/fitterhappier/album_chart.ht...](http://rcharlie.com/htmlwidgets/fitterhappier/album_chart.html)

If you're going put each album on its own point in the X-axis, could you not just label those axis instead of using colour-coding and requiring us to look up the corresponding colour in a legend (that's not ordered in the same way).

</comment><comment><USER32> They need to do this with morrissey.

<comment><USER33> As my dad said back in the day(80's), Morrissey is the music you listen to while cleaning your guns.

</comment></comment><comment><USER10> Is there a way to have Spotify users create the mapping, e.g. by using song selection to detect their mood and finding the cluster of Radiohead songs that are only ever listened to in a depressive mood?

</comment><comment><USER34> Note how listening to all suggestions mentioned in the HN comments but only to few or none of those recommended in the blog post is a good indicator of what you think about the power of ML/AI.

</comment><comment><USER35> Guessing "How To Disappear Completely" before I read it

<comment><USER35> and...not on the list. Exit Music and Let Down are pretty glum though

Ingo Mierswa (of RapidMiner) wrote some papers on analyzing audio data, like

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10994-005-5824-7](http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10994-005-5824-7)

[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1150523](http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1150523)

</comment></comment><comment><USER36> I'm waiting for someone to find out the most stolen songs from Radiohead's repertoire using R now :)

</comment><comment><USER37> _True Love Waits_

Edit: according to the article :)

<comment><USER38> How on earth is Street Spirit not even on the list?

Yorke himself had called it "our purest, saddest song.", and went on to say:

 _I can't believe we have fans that can deal emotionally with that song. That's why I'm convinced that they don't know what it's about. It's why we play it towards the end of our sets. It drains me, and it shakes me, and hurts like hell every time I play it, looking out at thousands of people cheering and smiling, oblivious to the tragedy of its meaning, like when you're going to have your dog put down and it's wagging its tail on the way there. That's what they all look like, and it breaks my heart. I wish that song hadn't picked us as its catalysts, and so I don't claim it. It asks too much. I didn't write that song._

True Love Waits is a sweet, quiet, sad little song about yearning and the fear of loss.

Street Spirit is pure dark tragedy.

<comment><USER12> Apparently the second happiest song on OK Computer is "Fitter Happier". (A pig / in a cage / on antibiotics.)

So much of Radiohead's bleakness is in their use of irony.

<comment><USER17> Irony and taunting really confounds sentiment analysis. I mean, street spirit ends in "immerse your soul in love" repeated 2X but is still incredibly bleak.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER39> I can't believe the author got the name Of their first album wrong!

</comment><comment><USER40> How to Disappear Completely is their most depressing song, ever.

</comment><comment><USER41> I wonder how Gloomy Sunday would score with that heuristic.

</comment><comment><USER42> you could have just asked and I would have told you it's "let down"

</comment><comment><USER43> is the answer ALL OF THEM

(j/k)

</comment><comment><USER44> This is a repost (syndication?) of a blog post at:

[http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/02/finding- radiohea...](http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/02/finding-radioheads- most-depressing-song-with-r.html)

which is a summary of a blog post at:

[http://rcharlie.com/2017-02-16-fitteR- happieR/](http://rcharlie.com/2017-02-16-fitteR-happieR/)

I didn't know that Spotify has an API. I see mention of a rate limit in the docs, but I can't find the actual limit. If I want to sort the tracks from albums released in a given year (say, ten to fifty out of a thousand-album collection) by Spotify popularity, will the limit get in the way?

<comment><USER45> Yeah can we please change this to the original blog post at rcharlie.com?

<comment><USER46> Agreed. I'm not sure why the original link is necessary at all. It doesn't add anything and seems to have been written for no reason other than to write a blog post. The author refers to Radiohead's first album as 'Honey Pablo', so it doesn't look like he actually paid attention to the original article.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER47> TLDR: It's High and Dry.

I could have guessed that. But where is Black Star in the list? That is my go to song if I'm really lamenting the state of the world. ;)

<comment><USER48> No it's not. It's actually True Love Waits.

High and Dry is 8th.

TLDR; RTFA

<comment><USER47> You're right. I skimmed it and only saw the first list of Saddest Lyrics.

I'm going to go away now, and listen to Radiohead, whilst I consider my lack of focus, past failures and impending mortality. ;)</comment></comment></comment>