Ask HN: Where can I find a complete list of Selenium IDE commands? - <AUTHOR> I'm new to Selenium and I need to know what each command will do for me. I need to find a complete list of Selenium IDE commands so I can use them to test. any help will be apprecited :) <comment><AUTHOR> Ok I got it! Reffrence tab provides info on how a command works. (I answer myself incase someone needed it)</comment>


CockroachDB beta-20161013 - <AUTHOR> https://jepsen.io/analyses/cockroachdb-beta-20161013 <comment><USER2> So I assume this means cockroachDB currently (probably) meets its promised consistency levels. How does it compare to the usual default settings of PostgreSQL for example? - I think you get SERIALIZABLE, so the behaviour should be very reasonable.

I understand the txn/s numbers are in a pathological scenario, but will these transactions block the whole db from moving faster or have unrelated transactions still normal throughput?

I'm just glad we get linearizable single keys, I had to switch to HBase because it was the only choice at the time. Cassandra did not even give me read-your-own-writes. HBase also had issues while testing on the same host, delete+write lead to deletes being reordered after the writes because they had the same timestamp.

I'm a bit disappointed from HN in this post, everyone only talks about the name. But 90% probably did not even read the article. Aaanyway, heres my 2cents: [https://cr.yp.to/cdb.html](https://cr.yp.to/cdb.html) is CDB for me :P - so better choose another acronym!

<comment><USER3> I don't believe CockroachDB provides SERIALIZABLE consistency for the entire keyspace, rather for subsets of the keyspace that reside in the same Raft cluster.

In practice this means no cross key serializability without including a serialization token in transactions.

I may be mistaken however but that is my understanding from reading CockroachDB docs and Aphyrs post.

<comment><USER4> Cockroach Labs employee here. We provide serializable consistency for the whole keyspace. It's just that it's easier when you stay in one Raft ensemble as less can go wrong.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER5> "For instance, on a cluster of five m3.large nodes, an even mixture of processes performing single-row inserts and selects over a few hundred rows pushed ~40 inserts and ~20 reads per second (steady-state)."

Wow, that's...not fast.

<comment><USER6> Even if they manage to multiply this by 100 on the final release, it's still way weaker than a regular sql db. I hope they have another selling point than performance.

<comment><USER7> There is a better response to this up in this thread ([https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13661735](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13661735)).

The test is testing the worst-case scenario of everything needing locking. CockroachDB uses an optimistic "locking" approach which makes this bad. But if you're use-case is strictly linearizable high-throughput reads good luck finding anything that is not a single-machine database.

<comment><USER6> That's actually the only good answer I received to my comment.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER8> _Like Spanner, Cockroach's correctness depends on the strength of its clocks... Unlike Spanner, CockroachDB users are likely deploying on commodity hardware or the cloud, without GPS and atomic clocks for reference._

I'm curious, do any of the cloud providers offer instances with high-precision clocks? Maybe this is something one of the smaller cloud providers might want to offer to differentiate themselves - instances with GSP clocks.

<comment><USER9> Why can't these datacenters be using a high precision gps source for their NTP source in the building?

<comment><USER10> [Cockroach Labs employee]

In addition to being extremely precise, TrueTime is explicit about error in its measurements.

In other words, a call to TrueTime returns a lower and upper bound for the current time, which is important for systems like Spanner or CockroachDB when operations must be linearized.

In effect, Spanner sleeps on each operation for a duration of [latest_upper_bound - current_lower_bound] to ensure that operations are strictly ordered.

Your suggestion might improve typical clock synchronization, but still leaves defining the critical offset threshold to the operator, and importantly leaves little choice for software like CockroachDB other than to crash when it detects that the invariant is violated.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER11> Wow. Probably fundraising and getting out front of googles new consumer spanner service. I just started experimenting w/ cockroachdb and it sounds/seems great. They def are campaigning hard, landing a Jepsen test and a lot of posts/articles last couple.

I am pulling for them over G on principle. I infer they know people at Stripe where the Rethink team & Aphyr are so hopefully they can learn from them and build an awesome product. G has lost a lot of battles on UX, Docs, attitude and just general product. They have won a lot of battles on sheer size & resources. Be nice to have this stick around.

<comment><AUTHOR> Just as a headsup, I left Stripe in late 2015 to run Jepsen as an independent consultancy.

<comment><USER11> Hey man, didn't realize you left Stripe but did sort of notice Jepsen getting more serious. Jepsen has phenomenal reach:

Interesting and hilarious coverage of technical complexity which assumes just enough knowledge to engage a keen novice while _seemingly_ engaging seasoned experts in the field.

Thanks for that. Your entertainment firm is a bit out if my wheelhouse, but it's such a crowded space and you end up getting really tied down. Maybe get acquihired for an Iditarod team, but I reckon this is more scaleable.

Posts are great. Tganks

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER12> I'd be interested in any comparisons of CockroachDB vs TIDB[1], especially when it comes to speed.

1 - [https://github.com/pingcap/tidb](https://github.com/pingcap/tidb)

<comment><USER13> Yeah I find it odd that most discussions of CDB don't reference TiDB, but in this case speed is not really the focal point.

</comment></comment><comment><USER14> CDB is a really cool db for the time I've been playing with it (just a few months I think).

That said, I'd really appreciate if they'd launch a hosted DBaaS. By that I mean, more in line with dynamodb or documentdb instead of say MySQL on AWS for example.

I know it's on their timeline, but dbs generally get selected during the start of the projects and unless absolutely necessary, companies don't want to change dbs.

<comment><USER15> CockroachDB employee here. DBaaS is definitely on our roadmap. There are a lot of moving pieces to building out DBaaS, so our focus first is on honing our core product. In the meantime, we are working on making it as easy as possible to deploy CockroachDB across different cloud vendors and with orchestration tools like Kubernetes.

</comment></comment><comment><USER16> > Should the clock offset between two nodes grow too large, transactions will > no longer be consistent and all bets are off.

A concern I have is that there could be datacorruption in this context, no? It sounds like on a per cluster basis, i.e. Same Raft cluster, there is a strict serializability guarantee. But without linearalizability system wide, you could end up with data corruption on multi-keyspace writes.

<comment><AUTHOR> You're correct--large clock anomalies (or VM pauses, message delays, etc) can cause serializability anomalies. I don't exactly know what will happen, because our tests explicitly focused on staying within clock skew bounds.

To speculate: if clocks do go out of bounds, I don't... think... you can violate single-key serializability, because that goes through a single Raft cluster, but you can definitely see multi-key consistency anomalies. I think you could also get stale single-key reads, because the read path IIRC relies on a time-based lease. Might be other interesting issues if Cockroach is shuffling data from one Raft ensemble to another--I think the range info itself might have a time-based lease that could go stale as well. Perhaps a Cockroach Labs engineer could comment here?

Note that the time window for these anomalies is limited to a few seconds- nodes will kill themselves when they detect clock skew.

<comment><USER17> (Cockroach Labs CTO) The major issue with clock offsets is stale reads due to the time-based read lease. Pretty much everything else is independent of the clocks. Stale reads are still enough to get you in trouble (some of the jepsen tests will show serializability violations if you disable the clock-offset suicide and mess with the clocks enough), but it's tricky to actually get bad data written into the database, as opposed to returning a stale-but-consistent view of the data.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER18> Could the name actually slow the project's momentum?

I only recently read some cool things about CDB and wondered if I could have been subconsciously skipping articles about it for deep seeded reasons like [http://bbc.com/future/story/20140918-the-reality-about- roach...](http://bbc.com/future/story/20140918-the-reality-about-roaches)

Of course anything good may eventually rise to success on its merits, but in case I'm not the only one with a subconscious aversion maybe the info below will help put some people one less click away. How about SurvivalDB? :)

 _CDB is a distributed SQL database built on a transactional and strongly- consistent key-value store. Scales horizontally; survives disk, machine, rack, and datacenter failures with low latency disruption and no intervention; strongly-consistent ACID transactions; SQL API for querying data. Inspired by Google's Spanner and F1. Completely open source._

[https://cockroachlabs.com/docs/frequently-asked- questions.ht...](https://cockroachlabs.com/docs/frequently-asked- questions.html)

<comment><USER19> I agree completely. I love reading about databases, but apparently have been skipping reading about CockroachDB for that same reason subconsciously. I took a deep dive the other day and was amazed that I've seen the name dozens of times and have never bothered to ask what was special about it. It really is a fascinating database.

<comment><USER20> No, you have not been skipping it subconsciously or seeing it more often, than others, you just feel like you did. People actually have an availability bias [1] that clouds their judgement about unusual things.

[1] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_heuristic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_heuristic)

<comment><USER19> Interesting, perhaps so. I did have a moment of realization that I had a negative bias against the name though.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER21> I wish everyone would stop bikeshedding the damn name.

From my perspective I'm glad something that's trying to do this is coming into existence. a couple years ago I was given the arduous task of ensuring that we never lost data. One of the requirements was that: At any time, any server can (and will) fail.. if you acknowledge that you have data then you MUST never lose it.

You cannot imagine how many database solutions that ruled out. Including basically _all_ noSQL data stores.

We settled on postgresql, because, despite going into toast tables and having to implement sharding on top- it was not only the most sane it could be wrangled into basically doing the right thing in regards to fsyncing and ensuring data wasn't in VFS.

So, Kudos to these guys, who, in a world of people who don't give a shit about consistency (except eventual consistency) are actually trying to further it.

<comment><USER22> It's not bikeshedding. Who the fuck wants to work for a company called Cockroach Labs? Seriously, sure your tech friends and recruiters might appreciate it on your resume but anyone outside of tech? Applying for an apartment, mortgage, car, lol good luck. And also not too sure that anyone outside the immediate tech/startup nerd scene would appreciate it other.

That aside why the hell do I want to thing of cockroaches day in and day out when I am using their product? Seriously, is this someone's idea of a bad joke?

The name has got to go.

<comment><USER21> Nobody is going to give a flying fuck what your company is named on a mortgage application.

Honestly there are companies with _much_ worse names in active use like "Dick & Daughters"[0] or "Ismail ANUS"[1] who even got an appointment to the queen.

Seriously, it's bikeshedding, and the point of the DB is that you don't think about it all day.

I also don't think of women called Cassandra when I use the database of the same name. Bikeshedding. Seriously.

[0] [https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/08610385](https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/08610385)

[1] [https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/5-sFnEsibrDnUR2-...](https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/5-sFnEsibrDnUR2-Y0_IgYEG2I0/appointments)

<comment><USER23> Just one Dick, not "Dicks", and you posted the same link twice :D

<comment><USER21> oops, thanks for pointing that out.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER24> I'm disappointed with the commentary here, I for one would think the discussions around building a distributed system with the consistency guarantees claimed here would be far more interesting than the name of said system.

<comment><USER25> The name may just be low hanging fruit to comment on if one has nothing else to add to the conversation.

<comment><USER26> I think it's hilarious that people are up in arms about the name but apparently something like MongoDB is fine.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER27> CockroachDB might be the worst product name I've come across. I get it; cockroaches are extremely hardy, but they're also much more strongly associated with uncleanliness and disease.

EDIT: Also, cockroaches are BUGS! Bugs cause problems in computer systems.

<comment><USER28> I think it's the most memorable database name I've seen. So at least it has that going for it.

<comment><USER29> I'm not a native English speaker and have troubles pronouncing "cockroach". In my view the naming is rather unfortunate.

<comment><USER28> Do you find it easier to pronounce "postgres"?

<comment><USER29> Yes but I'm not sure the comparison stands. PSQL was created in 1996 and it happens to be one of the 2-3 most common/famous databases ever made as far as I can tell.

If you're postgres, it doesn't really _matter_ because you're already there.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER30> How does this compare to gundb.io?

<comment><USER31> Gundb is garbage.

<comment><AUTHOR> To be a tad more concrete: GunDB can run in the browser as well as on servers; CockroachDB is a traditional, client/server database. GunDB is aiming for eventual consistency, but when I looked a year ago, it seemed like the algorithm they chose wasn't actually convergent--nodes could diverge because non-commutative updates could be applied in different orders on different nodes. CockroachDB, by contrast, is a serializable, single-key linearizable store. I don't think GunDB offers transparent sharding or SQL, both of which are important aspects of CockroachDB.

Both depend on wall clocks.

<comment><USER32> Aphyr, thanks! I appreciate seeing you here and replying. GUN Author here.

First, to answer @sroussey - Kyle is correct, GUN is an eventually consistent graph database that runs browser/server with extremely high availability, while CockroachDB is trying to be a strongly consistent, linearizable key/value SQL store. To read about what we guarantee/don't, check out these articles:

[https://github.com/amark/gun/wiki/CAP- Theorem](https://github.com/amark/gun/wiki/CAP-Theorem)

[http://gun.js.org/distributed/matters.html](http://gun.js.org/distributed/matters.html) (tech talk on how the algorithms work)

[https://github.com/amark/gun/wiki/Conflict-Resolution- with-G...](https://github.com/amark/gun/wiki/Conflict-Resolution-with-Guns)

The last year we've focused on performance, and can now do 25M+ reads/sec (no cache miss, disk I/O performance isn't particularly interesting to us). More on that here: [https://github.com/amark/gun/wiki/100000-ops-sec-in- IE6-on-2...](https://github.com/amark/gun/wiki/100000-ops-sec-in-IE6-on-2GB- Atom-CPU) (we're not kidding about it being able to run in the browser)

With regards to commutative / non-commutative, @Aphyr, slight correction: Different machines will converge to the same value, it is just that you'd need to use a commutative CRDT on top of gun (we have one here: [https://github.com/amark/gun/wiki/snippets-(v0.3.x)#counter](https://github.com/amark/gun/wiki/snippets-\(v0.3.x\)#counter) ) for them to converge to their combined value.

Example: GUN treats primitives as atomic, so if you try to `gun.get('some').path('math').put(5 + 2)` it will converge to the atomic value of 7. So if two machines do `gun.get('some').path('math').put(currentValue + 2)` at the same time, both machines will converge to the fixed atomic value, not a commutative value - you need the CRDT for that.

I mention this in the "What could go wrong?" section of the talk (linked above), and it is easy to add the necessary CRDT when you need it - actually, this was inspired by you @aphyr, from our discussion a few years ago.

Note: @Aphyr, we built a distributed testing framework ( [https://github.com/gundb/panic-server](https://github.com/gundb/panic-server) ), and now that our "performance improvement" stage is done, in the near future we're going to start building distributed correctness tests (we're rolling out to a government client soon). We'll probably be in touch with you in the next half year or so. :)

Great work, keep it up. You are always a huge inspiration. <3

Edit: With regards to sharding / SQL, we don't have SQL support yet but somebody is currently building a prototype for it. Sharding, not built in, but peers store the data they request, which acts as a natural shard, but nothing fancy - for more info check out this article: [https://github.com/amark/gun/wiki/sharding](https://github.com/amark/gun/wiki/sharding) .

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER33> May I suggest renaming the thing already? 90% of the business world can't touch it with a name like that.

How about Duradero ... Spanish for durable. The name doesn't seem to be taken by any other database type software

<comment><USER21> I'm going to be the dissenting voice here and say: Use whatever name you like as long as it isn't something like cuntbagDB.

CockroachDB accurately and immediately conveys meaning. It'll survive when nuclear war happens just like a cockroach. And I might work in the games industry but I would never have a hard time selling this. I would basically force them to use it and explain the benefits.

If your company wont adopt technology because it uses a bug as it's name then your company has much greater problems than technology adoption.

<comment><USER33> It's not my company or me, it's my clients. Here's a sort of long winded story explaining what I mean that the corporate world can't use anything with the name "cockroach". If you disagree after reading, I'm open for a friendly debate.

Average project, some 60 year old VP signing off on 100k of custom software with 8 pages of lawyer speak contracts is NOT going to allow "his" project to run off of "cockroach database". VP's/CEO's like to take personal ownership of projects they feel will go well, and ones done with us usually do. None of these people want ANY chance of their project getting criticized internally, so nobody will use CockroachDb. It's just not going to happen. Having successful projects is an easy way for these people to gather promotions and respect. Having any part of it do with "cockroach" could result in the whole project being an embarrassment.

Imagine the database goes down one day. One of their low level staff calls us(we have ongoing support contract). Problem gets rapidly escalated to development. One of our lead developers replies to the email thread, that by now has a third of the clients' company on it. "Yeah see the problem was the cockroach database that wasn't supposed to go down needed to be restarted" . Most of the staff think we're joking. Guarantee this becomes a big pun around their office, every time anything breaks in the app they say "maybe the cockroaches on the back end died again".

It's made worse by the fact that issues in software systems are commonly called "bugs". Well, our system doesn't have general bugs anymore, it has "cockroaches". Do you think this is an unlikely scenario? Because it's not. Besides the word "cockroach" this is exactly how urgent issues tend to be reported and fixed. Replace "cockroach" with "Microsoft" and I've probably violated my NDA. After that incident, whoever championed the project, probably our strongest ally in the company, resents us for making such a stupid mistake that resulted in his project becoming a joke. Maybe we aren't as great of a dev shop as he once thought? Maybe it's better to do open bidding next time so whoever wins he can't be blamed directly for what happens.

You could say their company culture sucks, maybe it does? But that doesn't change that I can't use it on any client projects because of the chance we'll lose hundreds of thousands over a stupid name.

There's plenty of other names that convey meaning but don't make lawyers nervous. Your attitude of "oh, well if you can't use it your company culture sucks" is EXACTLY why nobody will rename it and why corporate american won't touch it. Nobody cares about how cool it is to be edgy when millions of dollars are on the line.

If you plan on forcing clients to use it you might as well hold a going away party for any of your clients with more than 5M revenue.

<comment><USER21> If your VP isn't trusting his technical directors to make appropriate choices when producing quality reliable software and infrastructure then I would say that is a problem with company culture.

I wouldn't have a problem selling the technical merits of a highly consistent database to a technical director. So everything else is moot to me.

I agree about the "bug" association, that is a negative stigma that I could see attached to it- but there are plenty of projects who have stupid names which pass by unnoticed.

take distro release names; Beefy Miracle.. Wheezy.. Natty Narwahl.

And these terms are used internally too. "Oh, that machine was running Squeeze and not Jessie which is why we can't install the latest gdb" etc;

You're giving this much more credence than it will have in real life.

<comment><USER33> Fair enough, we can disagree cordially on this one. I agree that it shouldn't matter but we disagree that it does.

The other names you mentioned have a more silly connotation then bad or gross but I understand your point.

I will still serve as an example of somebody that will avoid cockroach db due to name alone so there's at least one of us out there

<comment><USER21> Perhaps we can fork it, rename it and offer very expensive business class support so your VP can feel good about using "IronTardigradeDB" :)

<comment><USER33> I had the same issue with another tool I used called "agent ransack". The solution is simple, offer the same product with a different name to corporate clients. They have a different download called "file locator pro" that's literally exactly the same, without the bad name.

Guess which one we use in the office?</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment>


Davos Elite Genetic Secrets for Sale: The Davos Collection Heads to Auction - <AUTHOR> https://designyoutrust.com/2020/02/davos-elite-genetic-secrets-for-sale-the-davos-collection-heads-to-auction/ <comment><AUTHOR> The event had to be postponed due to "unresolved legal issues" already.</comment>


GPU-Friendly Font Rendering Directly from Glyph Outlines [pdf] - <AUTHOR> http://terathon.com/lengyel/Lengyel-Glyphs.pdf <comment><USER2> Stuff like this reminds one how much there is still left to do to achieve realistic dynamic game worlds..

We've just been going too far down the prerendered, precomputed, prerecorded hackjob direction (text, textures, decals, lighting, sounds, voices, music, cutscenes, stories..)</comment>


Candy Japan 2017 Year in Review - <AUTHOR> https://www.candyjapan.com/behind-the-scenes/2017-year-in-review <comment><USER2> Hi, I just checked your site and I noticed you are improving the UI of the web site as I suggested you on Twitter a while ago: now there are images on the pages "check your email for link" and "thank you" page after a subscription. Nice!

Furthermore, about the photos you added on the home page, having good photos of the products you are selling (like examples of older boxes) is a huge improvement. IMHO you did the right thing having them shot professionally. Most of your competitors already had photos of candies, and I finally subscribed to your service mostly because I finally could see in advance examples of what (and how many of them) I will get in the mail.

So, keep going and best of luck! Bye

P.S.: thank you for the discount code in the article :)</comment>


Generate Asana weekly reports with Weekdone - <AUTHOR> http://blog.weekdone.com/generate-asana-reports/

<comment><AUTHOR> Hey, I'm Jüri, one of the co-founders of Weekdone. Would appreciate any feedback and wishes both on the Asana integration and wishlist as well as Weekdone in general. Thanks!</comment>


Facebook's $5B FTC fine is an embarrassing joke - <AUTHOR> https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/12/20692524/facebook-five-billion-ftc-fine-embarrassing-joke <comment><USER2> For a subset of users, Facebook leaked "page likes, birthday, and current city".

Meanwhile, Equifax leaked the social security numbers of more than 145 million Americans, 200 thousand credit card numbers with expiration dates, and more than 175 thousand combined driver's licenses, tax/military ID cards, and passports.

In fact, Equifax has a long history of incompetence in this regard. [http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Equifax#Security_failings](http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Equifax#Security_failings)

Where's the big fine for Equifax? [http://reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1JN2YH](http://reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1JN2YH)

...Or the countless others who leaked much more sensitive data (medical records, for example) and at greater scale? [http://wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_breaches](http://wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_breaches)

Politicians and media have made Facebook a scapegoat to push their agendas, while others get away without consequence. The "embarrassing joke" is that the public buys into it.

<comment><USER3> I would say the media is just as culpable here given how much influence they have on public opinion in America (and I would garner that's where most politicians get their information.) FB directly competes with most media publications for attention and content so they have a direct profit motive to target FB. The ironic part is that all the reporting is done under the guise of protecting or informing public privacy, but media publications continue to be amongst the worst offenders when it comes to user tracking and privacy violations. Of course, they'll never report on how they sell out your address, email, phone number, political views, etc. if you subscribe to their magazine because heaven forbid they hold themselves to some higher standard.

</comment></comment><comment><USER4> No, it's not:

* The fine, an FTC record-breaker, is equivalent to the cost of simultaneous acquisitions of multiple high-profile startups.

* A mid-single-digits repetition of this fine would deplete Facebook's cash reserves entirely.

* The fine covers specific conduct committed by Facebook (violations of their previous consent decree) that almost certainly netted the company multiple orders of magnitude less money than the fine cost them.

* The fine was anticipated long before it was announced and has been priced into Facebook's stock; we can't look at the spot price now and know what it would have been without the fine factored in, because that's not how stock prices work.

The purpose of the fine wasn't to punish Facebook for being Facebook; much as I might want that to happen, FTC doesn't have the authority to do that, nor should it, since it's an unelected administrative apparatus without lawmaking power. The point is to deter future violations of this and similar consent decrees at Facebook and other companies (Facebook being the largest of that cohort of companies). It surely accomplished that: whatever money Facebook made off of Cambridge Analytica and similar enterprises is surely dwarfed by the $5B fine, since chicanery like that isn't Facebook's core business.

In the US, when a wealthy person parks in front of a fire hydrant, we don't give them a $100,000 parking ticket; the fine is scaled to the offense, not the offender.

<comment><USER5> "Scaled to the offense, not the offender" is a good principle, but how do you make it work for offenders like Facebook or Uber? Uber used their massive war chest to basically ignore laws on a massive scale, and we've now seen that Facebook was happy to go on and commit more violations even after being scolded by the FTC before.

What makes this fine different, other than being bigger? They can afford it. Why will they change their behavior now when they didn't before? Other companies of this sort haven't changed their behavior. Will Facebook finally learn after they commit even larger offenses and then get slapped with another larger fine 5 years later?

Like, realistically speaking: "Profit" here is not the goal, especially not in the earlier phase. FB making a billion dollars is a side effect of the other things they really want, which is growing a market and building lock-in - because those things are worth a LOT. It's the same reason Uber is willing to lose money on rides and eat legal penalties and get dragged into court: The costs are worth the result. So I'm not convinced slapping FB with a $5b fine _after this long_ is really going to have a deterrent effect. Hopefully it does...

<comment><USER6> > "Scaled to the offense, not the offender" is a good principle

No, it's not, but it kinda works, well enough for most people. It punishes poor people too harshly and wealthy people can shrug it off too easily. But for the vast majority of people it works.

For companies it doesn't make sense at all, there just is too much variance between companies. I also doubt it is what happened here, the 5 billion looks scaled to the offender as well as the offense.

<comment><USER4> In the sense that $5B almost certainly dwarfs by orders of magnitude any revenue Facebook would have earned from lax API controls and sales of data to analytics and adtech companies (gross as those practices were, they are not Facebook's core business) and thus is wildly out of proportion to the offense and thus unfairly _high_ , yes, I agree.

<comment><USER7> The magnitude of the offence isn't measured by how much profit Facebook made from it.

When a guy robs $1000 from a bank, he'll spend years in prison.

It's a much bigger offence than the loss of $1000.

Likewise, Facebook's offence in intentionally and recklessly disclosing private data on tens of millions of users has no relationship to how much money Facebook made from the disclosure.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER8> There's certainly a good argument to be made that the fine should have been bigger, but statements like this misstate the facts:

 _" Here's another way to say it: the biggest FTC fine in United States history increased Mark Zuckerberg's net worth."_

That's not what happened.

The stock went down in advance of the fine because the market knew it was coming. The fine turned out to be a bit smaller than expected so the stock recovered a bit. But Facebook stock would definitely be worth more if the FTC hadn't acted at all.

<comment><USER9> Or the fine turned out to be exactly as expected and the stock went up because the uncertainty about the fine was resolved

</comment></comment><comment><USER10> Markets will factor in all known information ahead of a fine such as this — the possibility that it's coming and some guess at the size and impact. In doing so, this would depress the price of the stock leading up to any news.

Let's assume that the estimate for the fine was exactly on the money — $5B. In this case, you'd still expect to see a jump in stock price due to the removal of uncertainty. Uncertainty can pull down prices just as much as bad news.

Throwing out any opinions of what Facebook did, the size of the fine, etc. this is the type of simplistic reporting that gives the news media a black eye. It also happens quite a lot with science reporting such as an article last week on tube that could isolate sound based on its shape. The author made many leaps that were ripped apart on HN.

Any particular instance won't get noticed by the majority, but eventually an article will get published to an area of your expertise and it's just glaring. When this happens enough times, you begin seeing the news in a much more nuanced and different light.

</comment><comment><USER11> Fines are always going to be a slap on the wrist to FB. The purpose here was to set precedent, but I don't see it discouraging FB or any similar existing company to change their behavior, because that would also require them to change their business model. That's not going to happen until users stop using their service. Ultimately the net effect of this fine is to provide a roadmap for future companies in how to formulate their business models. The problem there is that tech will always be ahead of regulations by its very nature.

Btw, anyone know where that $5B gets put to use?

Maybe it should subsidize our taxes so that we can benefit from some of the value we have generated for FB as users. Kind of like a refund for allowing them to monetize our personal data.

</comment><comment><USER12> Doesn't this precedent open the gates for class actions?

That seems more important than the actual fine.</comment>


Homelessness rises in U.S., driven by California housing crisis - <AUTHOR> https://www.axios.com/hud-homelessness-rises-in-us-driven-by-california-f231500a-2fee-4477-813e-e838923e0288.html <comment><USER2> These articles keep claiming that high rents, mental illness and substance abuse are the causes of the homelessness surge. But rarely, if ever, are any statistics cited. The HUD report referenced by the article does not discuss causes either.

I can tell you from my experience working in homeless encampments in Oakland that most of the people living there are neither mentally ill, nor abusing drugs. Most of them are people who would ordinarily work on the very bottom rung of the employment ladder, in jobs that 20 years ago would be a good fit for someone undermotivated, or quirky, or otherwise unfit for a more "responsible" job.

But there's no place for them anymore; automation has replaced some of those jobs, and a combination of plunging wages and a more ruthless Amazon-style workplace has made many of the jobs that are left intolerable. People are choosing a tent in the park in Oakland over working three part-time jobs and being micromanaged by an AI just to barely afford 1/7th of an apartment. And, we have imported tens of millions of unskilled, mostly unauthorized immigrants who are happy to take those jobs - another thing you won't hear discussed in these articles.

<comment><USER3> > People are choosing a tent in the park in Oakland over working three part- > time jobs and being micromanaged by an AI just to barely afford 1/7th of an > apartment.

Sounds like you agree that high rents are at least somewhat to blame for homelessness.

<comment><USER2> Proximally, they are. But all too many people point to that as the One True Cause of the homelessness surge, when it is not. The two factors I pointed out - illegal immigration and an increasingly brutal workplace - are topics that news outlets shy away from, for political and business reasons. It's infuriating.

I would take all this a step farther, in fact: the recent surge in illegal immigration is, itself, a proximal cause; that phenomenon is being now driven by climate change. But again, you don't usually hear that mentioned when people and news outlets discuss illegal immigration.

<comment><USER4> _the recent surge in illegal immigration is ... now driven by climate change_

I'm curious what you mean by that. According to the DHS [1], Mexico is far and away the most represented country of origin for people who have immigrated to the US illegally. Are you saying this is caused by climate change acutely affecting Mexico's economy?

[1] [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_U...](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States#Countries_of_origin)

<comment><USER5> There was no recent surge, it peaked out in 2005 and has been declining. [https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2018/11/27/u-s- unauthor...](https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2018/11/27/u-s-unauthorized- immigrant-total-dips-to-lowest-level-in-a-decade/)

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER6> Strange when I see HN diverge from "tech twitter" in this situation. Why are so many on here skeptical of the legitimacy of the housing crisis in California? Maybe it's that this website draws a broader audience, but it's a fairly accepted fact among people that live in CA, including myself, that it is indeed a crisis.

And no, not everyone who is homeless is a meth head.

<comment><USER7> I suspect a lot of people here own housing in the bay and are trying to spread FUD and blame current issues on mental health.

<comment><USER8> Everyone is only willing to believe the facts that support their own interest. California home owners will deny housing is the cause of homelessness similar to how Texas oil barons will deny climate change even exists.

<comment><USER9> This is a poor comparison because nobody is claiming homeless doesn't exist. If you had said "as oil barons will claim oil isn't the cause of the climate crisis" that would be better. It's also better because like fossil fuel burning literally damages the environment, lack of affordable homes in an area is literally the cause of homelessness. But that is a useless point, of course more homes would fix the issue but to what end, are you going to build enough homes so everybody who wants to live in the Bay Area can? Obviously not, so there will still be homelessness. "Just build more houses!" Not being an actual answer is the point

<comment><USER8> > are you going to build enough homes so everybody who wants to live in the > Bay Area can? Obviously not, so there will still be homelessness. "Just > build more houses!" Not being an actual answer is the point

This is a strawman argument. There will always be homelessness because there will always be people that prefer to be homeless. Building more homes will reduce a significant amount of homelessness that exists due to structural reasons.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER10> Homelessness in California is one of the volunteer topics at Hack For LA ([https://hackforla.org](https://hackforla.org)) and Code For America ([https://www.codeforamerica.org](https://www.codeforamerica.org)).

The purpose of the code is to assist social services case managers, who match people at risk with potential resources such as shared housing placements.

If you're interested in volunteering, feel free to message me. If you're interested in donating, see [https://donorbox.org/hackforla](https://donorbox.org/hackforla)

<comment><USER2> We have to treat the causes of homelessness. And I don't think the cause is "not enough software."

</comment></comment><comment><USER11> This article is rather thin on facts connecting the rise of California real estate to homelessness. There's a passing mention of a WaPo article that mostly lists addiction and legal hurdles as the reason for homelessness.

How did this reach the top posting while being...so thin?

<comment><USER12> > How did this reach the top posting while being...so thin?

people upvoted it.

<comment><USER11> Without actually reading anything more than the headline

Edit: Sans real data, this article just fuels anecdata based political pissing matches. This article is flotsam.

<comment><USER13> People don't need to read the article to upvote what they already know. This morning I stood on the balcony of my San Francisco apartment on a very high floor, but not high enough where I could not see and hear the homeless people croak. Someone has to do something.

<comment><USER11> Understandable for sure. I'm not a nimby but I don't see how blindly building housing in certain areas will ever lead to a stopping of public heroin injection and meth smoking.

The housing cost link seems flimsy on its best day. "these people smoke crack on the streets. Housing costs are high. They must need a low income condo, then they'll stop smoking crack outside my balcony."

Fund mental health and public health care if you want to stop the aggro homeless buildup. Don't build more studio apartments.

<comment><USER13> If people spend money on a house, they won't spend it on crack and heroin.

If they are already addicted, throw them in some kind of rehab center, away from sight.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER14> This is one of the rare cases where I agree with the Trump administration. California does deserve all this criticism for years of policies that over- regulated housing, leading to a severe shortage.

And the California solution continues to be stricter tenant protections and more housing subsidies.

But the subsidies are nowhere near enough. This article suggests it would cost $12B for the Bay Area alone. [https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/10/cost-to-end-san- francisco-ba...](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/10/cost-to-end-san-francisco- bay-area-homelessness-would-be-12point7-billion-report.html)

And when polled, 57% of Californians continue to blame the wrong causes: [https://extras.mercurynews.com/blame/](https://extras.mercurynews.com/blame/)

Blaming developers, rather than the local governments that restrict supply.

I've been following these issues closely for years, and have been active in advocacy around them. I'm now convinced it won't get substantially better without federal involvement.

</comment><comment><USER15> This is a problem of supply. "An unprecedented $1 billion" will buy you at most three thousand new dwellings, probably fewer given high cost and inefficiency of housing construction in California.

California has been under-building housing for decades, to the extent that people will call this current activity a housing "boom" even though it's only slightly above historic lows.

<comment><USER16> I wonder how many people you could pay to just sweep streets and clean up garbage for 1 billion.

<comment><USER17> Little Rock is doing this.

[https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/little-rock-homeless- pic...](https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/little-rock-homeless-pick-up- trash-payment-program)

<comment><USER18> It's not like there's a shortage of work that society needs done, but that capitalists won't be able to make money off of. I think this is a perfect target for getting people on their feet.

<comment><USER19> Who is going to pay the homeless to do unprofitable work?

<comment><USER16> The same people that are paying 1bn to build unprofitable housing? (I have to assume the housing is unprofitable or else it wouldn't be so difficult to build it)

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER20> Are some of the reasons its increasing there is because its always warm and it offers the most money/help to the homeless?

A good amount there want to offer a universal basic income of what 1k to every person. I guess you can live off of 1k a month in CA?

</comment><comment><USER21> [redacted because what I wrote was stupid]

<comment><USER22> You're getting a terribly skewed sample if you're only informing yourself based off homeless people who are visible on the street, in front of you.

<comment><USER21> Sure, there are also homeless people who live in cars and vans, motels, shelters. More than most realize. There's families, veterans, etc. But they don't make up the majority of people experiencing chronic homelessness.

<comment><USER23> Evidence/stats?

<comment><USER22> I'm confused why the poster replied with a bunch of stats and then deleted the post. I suppose because they didn't really support the argument and one at least seemed to be misquoted?

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER24> The United States is barbaric when it comes to social support systems.

I used to live in the States and I'm happy to now be in Canada for moral reasons. I can only speculate from my experience (when I went through hard times as a student working on my CS degree with unsupportive family "me being lgbt and they being religious conservatives") and trying to navigate what was available in my area while living in the USA.

I've come to the conclusion that religious ideology is to blame, as similar to rising cost of homes & tuition, and not enough jobs for everyone (when you consider most people have low skillsets); while considering not everyone can become a programmer or whatever in-demand profession because most people just don't have what it takes with age making it increasingly difficult to get into a skilled field with health factoring into the equation.

I think homelessness is rarely the outcome of drug abuse. People aren't going to drugs in a great life for no particular reason. In any case deciding to do drugs with life then spiralling downhill to where they're homeless is just ridiculous to assume is the cause. The idea that people do it to themselves is nonsensical. We're living in a harder time than the 90s, 80s, 70s, for the less privileged and the system needs to be revamped to get people into homes that don't cost them anything if they cannot pay for it.

<comment><USER25> I agree with much of what you said but the religious ideology attribution is a non-sequitur. The Bay Area and Los Angeles are pretty much the opposite of hotbeds for piety, yet they have the most severe homelessness problems.

<comment><USER24> I'm not from California but a lot of homeless people navigate to California from elsewhere. Homelessness is on the rise in general. Religious ideology creates thinking patterns of the blame is on the victim and not from the system they reside in being unfavourable with the person's genetics & environmental upbringing.

<comment><USER26> > a lot of homeless people navigate to California from elsewhere

That's a common misconception. According to this study [0] 70% of people who were homeless in SF in 2019 lived in the city before they became homeless.

[0] [http://hsh.sfgov.org/wp-content/uploads/FINAL-PIT- Report-201...](http://hsh.sfgov.org/wp-content/uploads/FINAL-PIT- Report-2019-San-Francisco.pdf)

<comment><USER27> I think this is a difficult topic to assess. The measures are subtle and hard to define clearly for surveys and for our layman discussions. What thresholds are there to define last residency? What duration or level of security must be met for migrants to become local?

Does someone having an apartment or other arrangements for 1-18 months count as being a local resident prior to their homelessness? I think local natives see these immigrants differently than those who grow up here and fail to thrive.

I don't think most people are imagining that SF or LA homeless are all arriving on a hobo train from the 1930s. But, I think we do see a lot of people who migrate to these regions, attempt to establish themselves, and sometimes fail. More so than there are people migrating out of the regions and then failing at their destination.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER28> I suspect that housing is available, just too expensive.

<comment><USER29> If that were the case, shouldn't supply/demand fix it? That is, available housing would get cheaper if not being utilized, right?

<comment><USER30> Who said that those units aren't used? It's just that they cost is so high, that bigger and bigger portion of the population can't afford it anymore.

It doesn't help that foreign investors also purchase the property and either don't rent it (afraid it will reduce its value) or use it for AirB&B. That causes the supply to go even lower and prices go higher.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER31> IMO at least some of the problem is the historical laxness with which California has approached drugs. You have decades and decades of drug use being de facto legal to the point where now you will not be arrested for shooting heroin in front of a police officer. You could tax all the billionaires out of the state and they still not afford the rehab expense for all of the addicts in California. How many chances do you get at success? Why not just start taking heroin so you get a free stay indoors, with free food at a rehab resort?

<comment><USER18> Why not do it then? And write a blog post and tell us all about how it goes.

</comment></comment><comment><USER32> "The bottom line: Per the Washington Post, California's homeless issue is related to soaring housing costs, mental health and substance abuse issues and "legal hurdles to getting people off the streets — all issues that could complicate federal officials' ideas to stage an intervention."

It would seem that in many cases mental health and substance abuse problems are a more significant factor. People of sound mind typically do not find themselves out on the streets long term because their rent went up.

<comment><USER33> Except, how long will they remain of sound mind and without substance abuse once they're out on the street?

It's not destiny, of course, but it'd be naive to assume that becoming homeless won't change the odds of someone developing a mental illness, or a drug habit to attempt to cope.

<comment><USER34> Based on past data, our current homelessness programs are working for people without mental or drug abuse issues. 80% of the homeless tend to recover within several months, while only about 20% are chronically homeless.

IMO the current homeless problem stems from the shutdown of old mental institutions by the Kennedy's. There were good reasons for their crusade, such as problems with abuse and neglect. The issue is that no solution or alternative was given for shutting down the asylums which leads us to our current predicament

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER35> This is not a housing crisis, there is enough houses built in California. This is an overpopulation crisis : Simply too many people searching for a house. Don't take the problem the reverse way.

<comment><USER36> If there are enough houses how is it "overpopulation". It's clearly a failing of the housing market. It's not able to efficiently allocate houses to people that need them, it's designed to allocate houses only to people who can maximize profit for land owners.

<comment><USER37> Rent control means there isn't a true housing market when only a tiny fraction of apartments are at market rate.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER38> Anyone think it's not just the cost of housing driving this but largely driven by meth and heroin and mental illness? The visibly homeless people I see on the sides of the road in tents in California aren't just becoming homeless due to a rent increase—-their drug addiction and lack of treatment for mental illness are the bigger issues. Lack of universal healthcare means if you're poor and mentally ill, you can easily end up on the street if you don't have family to care for you. Since Prop 47 passed, heroin and meth are basically decriminalized and openly used on the streets in front of police. Likewise, Prop 57 decriminalized theft up to $950/day so now we have an epidemic of car break ins and theft from stores and no real police response. So I think the people we see on the streets would have been in prison before prop 47 and 57 passed. We definitely need more public housing and to build more houses, but I truly think meth and heroin are the elephant in the room that we aren't addressing. We just keep giving out needles and don't even arrest the dealers. It's insanity.

<comment><USER39> Do you have evidence of the $950 figure? I read through prop 57 and it concerns parole boards allowing non violent offenders to be released after they fully complete their initial sentence for the primary crime. From Wikipedia: " Previously, prisoners were often required to serve extra time by a sentence enhancement, such as those for repeated offenders."

Additionally it allows for juvenile judges to have leeway in deciding if a juvenile should be tried as an adult.

<comment><USER40> It was Prop 47, not 57. Classifies theft of up to $950 as Petty Theft.

[https://www.latimes.com/local/politics/la-me-ff-pol- proposit...](https://www.latimes.com/local/politics/la-me-ff-pol- proposition47-20141106-story.html)

[https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_47,_Reduced_P...](https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_47,_Reduced_Penalties_for_Some_Crimes_Initiative_\(2014\))</comment></comment></comment>


Noah Kagan: Explaining the Basic Viral Model - <AUTHOR> http://okdork.com/2008/04/22/learning-viral-the-basic-viral-model/

<comment><USER2> Virality is only a third of the equation. The other two parts are the saturation size (usually a function of the market you're in) and the rate at which your userbase decays (do users visit once, invite ten friends, and then never come back, or do they come back every day?).

Without factoring at least these two things into your model the "viral coefficient" is mostly useless.

</comment><comment><USER3> Use A/B split tests to increase X and Y - even a small increase in either can make a huge difference.

</comment><comment><USER4> something else i've learned is multivariate testing is very effective. google optimizer can do this for free. services.google.com/websiteoptimizer/</comment>


The Unleashed Operating System - <AUTHOR> http://unleashed-os.org/ <comment><USER2> These are not goals. Every OS in the world has contributions and releases. Linux has the goal to be pragmatic, BSDs have the goal to be technically perfect in a certain area, Windows had the goal to be on every desktop computer in the world and more, and OSX has the goal to be smooth and sharp.

If your highest goal is that someone contributes code to your OS why would anybody use it? Think about htat question and you might find your actual goal. If you can't find a goal, then maybe the existing OSes are sufficient. Choose one, live with it, and develop something else on top that doesn't have a satisfiable alternative yet.

<comment><USER3> If you've ever tried to contribute something to the Linux kernel you'd know it's not an easy process. They say that they want to "encourage new contributors to repeatedly contribute". So in this respect it is very different from the Linux kernel.

Now I will admit this is going to be tricky. How do you dissuade junk contributions or misfeatures but at the same time encourage contributions? They may end up with an overall declining quality which kills off other goals such as user adoption.

<comment><USER4> > If you've ever tried to contribute something to the Linux kernel you'd know > it's not an easy process. They say that they want to "encourage new > contributors to repeatedly contribute". So in this respect it is very > different from the Linux kernel.

I have contributed a small 1-time change to the Linux kernel. It was relatively easy and straight forward; I sent my first patch to the wrong list, but the maintainers helpfully corrected me.

The difficult part is finding _what_ to contribute, IMO.

<comment><USER3> I think you're forgetting the large learning curve to get to that point. You learned how to build the kernel, git, the kernel style guide, signed-off-bys, checkpatch, get-maintainer and finally running git-email. And there's the assumption that you knew what to change and how to fix it, but most kernel error messages are opaque - it can often be impossible to find out why a system call returns -EINVAL or where an error message comes from.

And that's just for a small change. Large and/or controversial changes often involve multiple rounds of review and can take (literally) years to get upstream. I'm sometimes amazed when I read LWN about how long it has taken for features to get integrated into the kernel.

I don't know what Unleashed OS is planning but it seems obvious we could make this a whole lot simpler.

<comment><USER5> > I think you're forgetting the large learning curve to get to that point.

Openness in general requires a large learning curve, and I think it's a mistake for any open source project to be marketing itself as a democratic entity that literally anyone can contribute to. If anything, open source is more like a technocratic government (ergo the "Benevolent Dictator For Life" position in a project). Even Wikipedia is a huge pain in the ass to add to at this point.

I've noticed a similar phenomenon with the open science movement, where scientists publicly release their data. Unsurprisingly, few folks from the general public usually work with open data with the necessary assumptions to draw valid conclusions from it. Other scientists, as insiders who've built up decades worth of expertise in statistics and other analytical techniques (at least in theory; in practice not always) are usually the only people who have the ability to fully milk the data for what it's worth. Science, however, is possibly even slower and more political than linux kernel development, although I don't have enough knowledge to make a proper comparison.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER6> "we care about more than just that the code works — we want code we can (for the most part) be proud of."

I am not sure if I would use it, but I like this attitude!

<comment><USER7> Like the OpenBSD developers, a posture much needed these days.

</comment></comment><comment><USER8> > Unleashed is an operating system fork of illumos,

Can someone explain why it was forked ?

<comment><USER9> Probably someone from the unleashed project can give a better answer, but my understanding is mostly unhappiness about the illumos contribution process.

The illumos RTI (request to integrate) process is designed to ensure a certain quality of contributions. The downside of this is that it sometimes takes a long time to contribute a change.

For illumos there is also pretty high expectation of backwards compatibility. What unleashed now offers is a place to do more radical changes and quickly iterate on new ideas.

While the small illumos community is already pretty fragmented my personal hope is that in the future work done by both projects keeps getting merged from time to time. Maybe this also serves as a wakeup call to the illumos project to make some improvements to the contribution process itself.

<comment><USER5> Perhaps unleashed could be to illumos what fedora is to rhel/centos?

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER10> The first goal is to make contribution easy, but I can't find any documentation on how to do this.

A public GitLab instance where everyone could submit pull requests would be really cool (or just host it on GitHub).

<comment><USER11> It's in the docs folder of the public git repo:

[http://repo.or.cz/unleashed.git/blob/HEAD:/docs/illumos- refu...](http://repo.or.cz/unleashed.git/blob/HEAD:/docs/illumos- refugees.md#l37)

</comment></comment><comment><USER12> With no snarkiness intended, why would I want to use this? Is it just for people who want an OS to contribute to for fun? The only features really mentioned are "it's not horrifically legacy" and "it's easy to contribute to".

</comment><comment><USER13> How will Unleashed compare to say FreeBSD? Better desktop support?

</comment><comment><USER14> Is it just me or is the font aligned to justify and the margins set to zero?

Is this an operating system for people who don't care to make a good first impression?

<comment><USER15> Maybe it's an OS for people who like systems and not CSS?

<comment><USER16> Well, they've used CSS to do that. If they'd just left it alone it would have been fine.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER17> i'd like an alternative to linux and BSD that has better RISC compatibility

<comment><USER6> What exactly do you mean by that? Both the Linux kernel and several of the BSD systems run on multiple RISC achitectures.

<comment><USER18> Maybe a typo for RISC-V? Still doesn't make a lot of sense though...

<comment> yjftsjthsd-h Yeah, IIRC FreeBSD supports riscv and Fedora actually ships a full image for it.

<comment><USER19> [https://riscv.org/software-status/#operating- systems](https://riscv.org/software-status/#operating-systems)

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER5> [https://xkcd.com/927/](https://xkcd.com/927/)

</comment><comment><USER20> Yes, but why?

<comment><USER21> Developers. [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Vhh_GeBPOhs](https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Vhh_GeBPOhs)</comment></comment>


Internet Archive's certificate has been revoked - <AUTHOR> http://archive.org/

<comment><USER2> How so?</comment>


PHP Composer: External SAT Solver - <AUTHOR> https://github.com/composer/composer/issues/6685 <comment><AUTHOR> tl;dr: 600x speed up for PHP's dependency manager (Composer) using an external SAT solver (Plingeling)</comment>