Ask HN: How did you learn about stocks and the market? - <AUTHOR> I find it really hard/confusing to understand stocks and the market from the investing perspective. I'm a beginner in this domain. So, I keen to learn about it so that I can understand the technical details too. I did a search and found out that everybody is recommending "The Intelligent Investor" by Benjamin Graham. I'm kind of person who likes to watch videos, so I also found couple of courses (paid) on Udemy but those aren't good and just wastage of money. I also found that Investopedia is an excellent resource. It contains a lot of good tutorials [0], guides [1] and videos [2].<p>You might have already learnt what I'm trying to. What's your story? It would be really nice if you can also share the resources that proved really useful to you.<p>[0] http://www.investopedia.com/university/stocks/ [1] http://www.investopedia.com/university/ [2] http://www.investopedia.com/video/ <comment><USER2> "A Random Walk Down Wall Street" is THE book I recommend for accessible framework on the different strategies people approach the stock market and investing.

[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0393352242](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0393352242)

Edit: WSJ Review: "Talk to 10 money experts and you're likely to hear 10 recommendations for Burton Malkiel's classic investing book."

<comment><USER3> Khan Academy is a great resource for this. Salman worked in finance.

And it really does depend on how deep down the rabbit hole you want to go. I do equity research now... feel free to contact me.

<comment><AUTHOR> There's no contact information on your profile!

<comment><USER4> [https://twitter.com/dforrestwilson](https://twitter.com/dforrestwilson) [https://www.linkedin.com/in/dforrestwilson](https://www.linkedin.com/in/dforrestwilson)

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER5> You will never, ever beat the market by making smart trades.

Get real- you're a beginner reading investopedia. Active funds employ hundreds or thousands of people who work more than full-time to support an operation of systematically studying investment opportunities and exploiting inside information to beat the market, and even _they_ don't beat the market.

Put your money in a diversified portfolio of index funds and leave it alone. Making targeted trades costs money and will do no better than index funds anyway.

<comment><USER6> Agreed, with one exception: when you as an individual have fairly deep knowledge about something and spot a market opportunity based on that knowledge, you _might_ be able to correctly judge whether you can take advantage of it.

I've done this several times and made good money. Two times I approximately doubled my money over the course of several months. Yeah, not day trading but buying and waiting for the market to figure out what I already knew. The thing about that is, it only happens when it happens. Most of the time my money is sitting in index funds quietly getting solid but undramatic returns, and I don't have to pay much attention at all.

<comment><USER5> I admit that's a possibility, but be very careful and very limited in your domain. Stupid shit is wildly successful all of the time, and brilliant offerings fail all of the time.

The market still hasn't figured out that SharePoint sucks and enterprise lock- in from vendors like Oracle is predatory and bad for business. Amazing achievements like NeXT and the Amiga never made money. Gimmicks like the Amazon Echo and the Apple Watch ship millions of units. It's really hard to tell what the market will do.

<comment><USER7> Or as Keynes put it, "The market can stay irrational longer than you can stay solvent."

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER8> Depends on what you want to do, there is a difference between _investing_ which is supporting companies by buying equity (stocks) or debt (bonds) which are growing, and _trading_ which is taking advantage of information or value gaps in an imperfect market to extract value.

Back when I first started to ask questions about investing my 401k money and diversifying the stock I was getting as an employee at Sun I took a Forbes Stock Market study at home course, big 3 ring binder, a dozen cassette tapes. It was all about reading balance sheets, understanding metrics like price/earnings ratios versus price/income, margins vs profit vs growth. I've spent a fair amount of time "fake" investing, basically doing the research, pretending I had $5,000 to invest, and then investing it in the companies I imagined would be good investments, and tracking that over the course of a year to see how that $5,000 did relative to savings accounts or alternate strategies.

Briefly I looked at trading when "everyone was doing it" back in the dot-com days (that was quite a bull market). And I was struck by how much it felt exactly like playing craps in a casino. For me, I found that for a lot more work I wasn't getting any better returns than simply investing long on quality stocks and spending the time doing other things.

I will tell you that like most complex systems, the more you learn the more you realize what you don't know. And it doesn't help that things change, sometimes in major ways, in response to various events. It isn't something you can learn and then be done with sadly.

</comment><comment><USER9> Keep putting your money(about 10% or more if you can swing it) in a good index fund and ignore it for 40 years. There's a good chance you'll do about as good as 50% of the stock market investors(or more counting fees lost) and you can do something more productive with your time.

Stock market investing reminds me of that insurance commercial with the fishing pole. "you gotta be quicker than that..."

If you want a better investment spend it on educating yourself... or something where you can have inside advantage like your own company.

<comment><USER10> Where's a good place to buy index funds, and how can I set it up on an automatic deposit?

<comment><USER2> Vanguard is the gold standard [https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual- funds/index-funds](https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/index-funds)

<comment><USER11> Cannot upvote this enough. This link should be the only answer to this entire thread...

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER12> Intelligent Investor and it's even denser cousin, Securities Analysis (both by Graham) are often touted as must reads without the recommender actually reading them.

I have read both and you can safely skip most chapters. I can summarize for you, that based on your description in this post, you are what Ben Graham calls a Defensive Investor, as you want to preserve capital without being able to make significant time or resources towards exploring companies in-depth.

The modern way to be a Defensive Investor is to invest 50-50 in a stock and bond ETF/index fund, such as VTI and BND. It provides broad, safe exposure that mimics how you would have done it in Graham's day. If in the future you find wanting to put the time into your investments, that is when I would consider becoming an Enterprising Investor, at which point you should read that chapter in II, and read Margin of Safety.

<comment><USER13> Ive read Intelligent Investor twice - and there is a chapter midway through the annotated version which basically says that if you arent willing to put in the time finding value shares then stick with passive investing in low cost funds.

I also read Buffetts share letter and he frequently touts how well passive investing would do, even with respect to Berkshire Hathaway

Im purely passive now based mostly on bogleheads

<comment><AUTHOR> Would you please mind giving some examples of low-cost ETFs?

<comment><USER13> I use the Vanguard Lifestrategy funds so i dont even have to rebalance at the end of the year. These funds let you contribute - 80%share/20%bonds, 60%share/40%bonds, ... based on your age or risk profile. They also include a global component to your portfolio

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER14> Since we're recommending books, Peter Lynch's "One Up On Wall Street" [1] was a very informative and interesting book.

Peter Lynch ran Fidelity's Magellan fund from 1977 to 1990. He avergaed a return of 29.2%, increasing the value of the fund from $18M in 1977 to $14B in 1990.

His philosophy is to invest in what you know, and that the market misses things that everyday people can notice just from going about their life. I think his advice worked a little better before the age of the internet, but it's still a very solid and easy to read book.

[1] [http://www.amazon.com/One-Up-On-Wall- Street/dp/0743200403](http://www.amazon.com/One-Up-On-Wall- Street/dp/0743200403)

</comment><comment><USER15> Looking at the demographics and political climate of America, I am not at all bullish on the idea of the continuation of long-term bull market.

Ignoring anything technical, there are two extremely strong things going against the markets:

1\. The fact that the boomers will be drawing down on their investments as they retire and begin to spend them.

2\. The sentiment that is growing against our corporatist structure that has propped earnings up (ie the jobless recovery). Whether it's Bernie or Trump you support, it doesn't matter -- well over half the country is voting against policies that have made the stock market so successful at the expense of the American middle class

My point being, market knowledge is always important to have, but I'd advise against putting _all_ of your time into it. It's going to be stagnant for a generation. IMHO you are better off building a real business with your time. Get ahead of the game and see where the future is headed -- the trend is your friend.

<comment><USER16> 3\. Demographic shifts. For example the classic nobody is going to buy cars because we'll all live in luxury city apartments and uber. As if the FIRE sector will simply give up on car loan revenue, those dollars will have to come from somewhere. Or if you laugh at the boosterism people for saying the same things since 1970 and it all fails, then who eats the losses on those luxury apartments and gig economy taxi startups? Either way its going to be very exciting.

</comment></comment><comment><USER17> Mr Money Mustache [0]

[0][http://www.mrmoneymustache.com/2011/05/18/how-to-make- money-...](http://www.mrmoneymustache.com/2011/05/18/how-to-make-money-in-the- stock-market/)

</comment><comment><USER18> Don't forget the flip-side here, too. Some of the first books I read about the stock market weren't about the stock market at all, but about confidence scams, gambling and the inner workings of Wall Street.

Playing the stock market is, at its core, gambling, and any good gambling book will devote a large portion of itself to explaining the basic principle of money management: Of knowing when to cut your losses and how to prevent yourself from going on a huge tilt.

If you learn more about how confidence scams work you can better avoid pump and dump schemes, smooth talking investment "advice" people, and will be more wise about opportunities too good to be true.

Most of all you need to know how these securities are packaged, what the motivation of the players behind the scenes are, and how the market works internally. Be aware of the sharks in the water and what sorts of investments are being manipulated by things like high-frequency trading.

They say the final lesson is to be prepared to set fire to $10,000 in cash because no matter how good you are as an investor there will come a day where that much or more goes up in smoke based on market movements. If you can handle that, psychologically, you'll be fine. If that thought really freaks you out, better hold on to something more conservative.

</comment><comment><USER19> If you really want to dive into the technical details there's really no better book than Hull's "Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives". It's extremely well written and if you have a basic understanding of calculus and probability the math isn't too difficult. The only catch is that it is a very expensive book, but if you buy a used copy a few editions back it is more affordable. Also don't worry about the "derivatives" subject matter, if you want to understand derivatives you naturally have to understand the underlying instrument. If you just read the first 100 or so pages (covering Futures pricing) you'll have a pretty good sense of the basics of thinking about financial markets.

I really recommend this book even if you're not interested in Finance as a general guide for thinking about stochastic processes in a practical manner. Nearly all "basic" business/web metrics can be understood best if you understand how to correctly model financial instruments. Personally, I think the basics of quantitative finance are just as relevant to Data Science as machine learning is.

<comment> lloyd-christmas +1. I worked as an equities trader and this still sat on my desk in place of any equities books.

> Personally, I think the basics of quantitative finance are just as relevant > to Data Science as machine learning is.

100% agree. As a hobbyist on the data science side, I still refer back to the book whenever I get a "this looks familiar" thought.

<comment><USER20> do you have any particular points of crossover OTOH? interested in what some similarities between data science ~ quant finance are.

<comment> lloyd-christmas I guess "data science" is a pretty big term, so it depends what corner of the bubble you're in. My interest leans toward computer vision. The first thing that popped into my head is Kalman filters being useful in time series analysis, whether it be equities or object tracking.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER21> The Bogleheads website is a great community in my opinion. Their Wiki is here [https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Main_Page](https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Main_Page).

<comment><USER13> I can never recommend this book enough

</comment></comment><comment><USER22> A lot of great suggestions already (especially regarding index funds), but I'd add that one of the best things I've done is get a Wall Street Journal subscription. Reading the business and markets section daily really helps. I know it doesn't sound as rigorous as reading a textbook on trading or investing, but after you read the news daily for a while, you start to make connections. You know all the current deals, you know how a lot of businesses are doing. And most importantly you start to build an internal model of how a stock will do based on certain stories that get published.

</comment><comment><USER23> When I first started I read The Wall Street Journal Guide to Understanding Money and Investing [0]. It's probably a bit dated now, but if you're just starting it gives a pretty good overview of the basic terms like what is a stock, a bond, options, futures, put, call, stop, limit, short, etc.

Another similar book is How To Read the Financial Pages[1]. Again, probably a little dated, but I don't think much of the terminology has changed.

I would still recommend index funds for the best returns, but if you want to follow the financial news it helps to understand the lingo.

[0][http://www.amazon.com/Street-Journal-Guide-Understanding- Inv...](http://www.amazon.com/Street-Journal-Guide-Understanding- Investing/dp/0684869020/)

[1] [http://www.amazon.com/Read-Financial-Pages-Peter- Passell/dp/...](http://www.amazon.com/Read-Financial-Pages-Peter- Passell/dp/0446606707/)

</comment><comment><USER24> I started when I was a kid with my brother as we wanted to make money for some reason and learnt very slowly over years.

Don't read The Intelligent Investor, it will just put you to sleep. Realistically, you shouldn't be picking stocks on your own. You should just be putting money into ETFs that track the market and can help you diversify your holdings cheaply.

Look up a few of the key terms in investopedia like stock, bond, etf, etc. Then, either create your own ETF portfolio via an online brokerage account, or go with a robo advisor like Betterment.

Good luck!

</comment><comment><USER25> I've spent long enough investigating this heavily that I feel like I should dole out advice. And I say "investigating" as something light and fluffy when in reality I normally take a unnaturally healthy obsession over researching and learning about new areas.

To me I think about "investing" as trying to guarantee a return over the long haul. All the smart evidence points to taking a strategy that links you to index funds. This is what I ended up doing in terms of carving up my investments [https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Three- fund_portfolio](https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Three-fund_portfolio)

When I started this though what I actually, of course, wanted to know more about was the sexier, potentially much higher return end of "picking stocks". This is still sexy to me, and I still get inclinations to pick stocks every now and again, particularly in the tech sector where I feel like I have an edge. But as I've done dummy investments in the past, the market has bitten me in lots of unexpected ways. General market downturns, edgy sentiment around quarterly earnings, bad product releases etc. etc. So now I call this what it is: high stakes gambling. I do play, but with money I'm ok losing. The kids college fund goes uses the three fund strategy described above making heavy use of index linked funds.

</comment><comment><USER26> I saw my dad looking at charts one day and asked him what he was doing. He explained some stuff and the idea of owning part of a business really appealed to me. I could sit behind a pc, own part of a business, and make money doing it, what wasn't to like?

Since my dad wasn't the richest investor in the world, he wasn't the best so I started googling and quickly came across Warren Buffett. Not only is he the best (personal opinion), he also had a strategy that resonated with me. I had read basic books on technical traders, position traders, day traders and none of that made sense to me since they often neglects the underlying business. (I also didn't find traders close to the top of forbes' list.)

Once I found something that made sense, I pretty much watched every video online or tried to read every book he recommended. Luckily Warren Buffett loves teaching so there is plenty online you can find. The intelligent investor is definitely a must read. So is "security analysis", "common stocks uncommon profits" and a bunch of others. Here [1] you can find a list of "Buffett approved" books in case you run out.

[1] [http://www.bookwormomaha.com/store/c-2-berkshire- hathaway-20...](http://www.bookwormomaha.com/store/c-2-berkshire- hathaway-2009-meeting-selections.aspx)

</comment><comment><USER27> I'd recommend [http://www.amazon.com/Bogleheads-Guide-Investing-Taylor- Lari...](http://www.amazon.com/Bogleheads-Guide-Investing-Taylor- Larimore/dp/1118921283)

I've recently been trying to learn more about investing and this book has been right on the money.

Basically, the advice is don't buy individual stocks, you can't pick them and outperform the market consistently. Instead, get an index fund or ETF that tracks the whole market, like [https://personal.vanguard.com/us/funds/snapshot?FundId=0085&...](https://personal.vanguard.com/us/funds/snapshot?FundId=0085&FundIntExt=INT). Vanguard is the best for index funds as they have the cheapest expense ratios.

If you want to learn more about the basics of economics, which are important as well, I've enjoyed this lighthearted youtube series - [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPNZwz5_o_5...](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPNZwz5_o_5uirJ8gQXnhEO)

</comment><comment><USER16> We're coming off a multigenerational bull market. So writings are a tad unrealistically optimistic. For a slight counterexample, or a dose of reality:

Reminiscences of a Stock Operator by Edwin Lefèvre

Where are the Customers Yachts by Fred Schwed

Nothing has really changed psychologically since those books. The same people are doing the same things for the same reasons, just with different numbers and tools. This will provide some background in those areas. Very much like music or sex (edited to add, or programming), young people like to think their generation invented the topic, but not as much has changed as you'd think.

Note that just because its hilarious reading what Livermore did a long time ago, doesn't mean you won't get thrown in jail if you tried it today. So these are like anthropological case studies, not preachy instruction manuals. Make sure you get that.

Aside from that I'd propose the usual critical thinking skills. Whenever you hear or read something: Follow the money. From his perspective, why is he telling me this? Where is this on the lifecycle of ideas from new (perhaps only to you) to conventional wisdom (may already be obsolete) to obsolete, and is this a linear time or circular time situation?

Finally bad people or bad motivations don't necessarily torpedo an idea. Take for example haircuts. Ask your barber how often you should get a haircut, that will be every paycheck please, because he's paid transactionally. Likewise, you ask your financial advisor or broker how often you should dollar cost average, because he's paid transactionally guess what his advice will be. However, corrupt as that may appear on the surface, it might none the less be correct advice, for reasons having nothing to do with your broker's revenue stream!

</comment><comment><USER28> Well the real question here should be how much pain can you bear to learn the process. Because the term stocks and market covers a big area, you have to select a more specific domain, like bonds,derivatives, stocks, commodities or forex and the learning curve is steeper than the traditional processes like coding or design, plus there is capital involved, if you are a newbie i would advice you to start with "Paper Trading" and read a lot of books.

Do not enter the market, right after you finish a few courses, you will just be chewed up and spit out, and find a book called "A Complete guide to Day Trading" by "Markus Heitkoetter" it is plain and simple with lots of examples, and put "the Intelligent Investor" away for six months at least, that is a good book but is not for now.

I Started three years back when i was in engineering final year, and went on to get the certification as a derivatives and equity trader from the regulatory body.

Good Luck

<comment><AUTHOR> Thank you so much! I'll look into that too.

<comment><USER28> Your Welcome my friend, if you need any further info regarding the stock market, fell free to ask, i will be glad to answer. :)

<comment><AUTHOR> Thank you! HN doesn't have any option to follow but that's ok. I do have a question for you - Does newsletters/pro accounts (costs around $199/yr) like Motley Fool, Morning star of any help, or those are just sham?

<comment><USER28> Well they are not a sham, but they are not very help full either.

look in stock market information is an asset,but if the news is out on any news service, it has already been used and all you are getting are the left overs.

Instead of getting glued to the newsletters or pro accounts or even a business news channel, i would advise you to improve your technical analysis skill, because that way you can understand the market movement in real time, and you do not have to worry about being feed some misguided or hoarding news, and you can see the trader sentiment to understand the mood, and movement of the market. and use the news service as an extra source in decision making, plus you need to learn how to read between the lines or in this case listen to what is actually being said. most of the time you will be amazed by the difference between what has been said and what was the actual case.

And then there will be days when you would just have to sit back and not buy/sell even a single contract at all, and days when you will go bananas by the sheer volume to transaction or market volume.

make your own trading rules, and strategies and then stick to them. dont just give up at the first instance.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER29> Random Walk and Intelligent Investor as already mentioned are great books. I'd put Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits (Philip Fisher) near the top of my list and I enjoy the Value Investor podcast (John Mihaljevic).

If your interest is more the short-term movements, and less investing based on price and intrinsic value, then I'd suggest branching into economics and psychology. The Little Book of Behavioral Investing (James Montier) is excellent.

I think the best way to translate what you're reading to a practical application is a paper portfolio. I wouldn't recommend single-stock selection for your $ portfolio, but researching and following stocks that you pick will make you more aware of the market. As with learning anything, document your decisions (what, when, why) and use that as a feedback loop to improve.

</comment><comment><USER30> The stock market exists at the intersection of a few academic subjects.

One is economics. This is a social science, like psychology, and deals with human beings, and why they act the way they do: why prices go up and down, the effect of regulation and policy, supply and demand, etc. Economics is the bedrock underlying any market because ultimately, markets are made up of people. It's sort of like how math underlies all of programming -- you don't often use it directly, but it's the intellectual foundation of all market behavior.

To learn economics, get a basic micro textbook or listen to Russ Roberts' EconTalk. It's an outstanding scholarly podcast once/week with a huge range of topics including environmental regulation, financial market behavior, food and cuisine, and the effect of law on public welfare.

The second major discipline is finance. In a nutshell, finance is all about trading flows of money, and how that's priced: if you promise to pay me tomorrow, how much should I pay you today? What is a 10% interest in a company worth? Part of finance is "corporate finance", which is "I have a company, how should I fund it" and the other part is "financial economics", which deals with markets for stocks/derivatives/options etc. and how they're priced and traded. Finance is built on economics, because the whole reason financial markets exist is to facilitate the reorganization of money/capital to better align with peoples' preferences: saving vs. spending, borrowing vs. investing, etc.

The third major discipline is business management/analysis. You'll learn this if you work anywhere for a while: how companies operate, why people are hired/fired, etc.

Mostly, just take it in a little at a time, be curious, and pay attention to the markets. Read the news. For instance, there's a lot of discussion about what the Fed will do, raise vs. lower rates. Why does this matter? How will it affect output (how much is produced), securities prices, and firms decision to invest (build stuff) vs hold cash? What will the effect on the housing market be? Will mortgage rates go up or down? Try to fit this into a conceptual model of how the world works, and refine it over time.

EDIT: Accounting, especially tax, is also important. Accounting is the basic language of business. If you want to understand the words people on TV/news are using, like "non-GAAP" or "gross margin" or "restatement", learn a bit of accounting.

<comment><USER31> This is the best answer. You have to know the factors influencing the market. If you are strong in at least some subjets you can spot the opportunities. If you know about economy, you could benefit when the economy is growing and it could benefit almost all companies. If you know economy is weak, you can short, just as an example. Other factors like market, management, managers, consumer behavior, govt policies, foreiegn policy, technology, raw material, rent, trading laws, stock exchanges, accounting etc. will help. Read business magazines and dailies but dont believe everything. But whatever you do, there is chance of failure. So if you are in market read Fooled by randomness and Black Swan. Investing rules from the masters say there is really no rules. You can be daytrader, long-term investor, options and futures, stock picker, index trader, etc. Actually, each style suits personality.

</comment></comment><comment><USER32> I highly recommend William O'Neil's "How to Make Money in Stocks" [0]. There's a lot of chart study involved and high-level advice that's necessary for gaining a higher understanding of what drives the market.

While I agree that you won't ever beat the market by making smart trades, this book will teach you the discipline needed to keep from losing money or being lured into stocks and index funds by Wall Street bullshit.

[0]: [http://www.amazon.com/How-Make-Money-Stocks-Winning- ebook/dp...](http://www.amazon.com/How-Make-Money-Stocks-Winning- ebook/dp/B00916ARYS)

</comment><comment><USER33> I knew a bit about accounting when I started investing and didn't even realize how much it helped me until I heard other investors talk about companies in ways I knew were based on completely flawed assumptions.

I don't think accounting basics will help you much in terms of beating the markt. But they may help you not to be the one who funds other people's outperformance by making stupid mistakes.

Learn to read a balance sheet, an income statement and a cash flow statement. You'll easily find good enough sources for that by googling these terms.

</comment><comment><USER34> Used to watch my dad come back from work and stay glued to the television tracking the tickers. I used to help him keep track of a few stocks as well. Slowly got interested and picked up some random book that explains the stock market terminologies.

The #1 takeaway from the book is "Before you buy the stock, give an elevator speech with facts(data-driven) and reasons as to why this stock is going to be a good buy."

Turns out a lot of my investments don't stand this test!

<comment><USER33> The problem is that there are pros and cons to every stock. Weighing them and getting the timing right is incredibly difficult though.

So if someone makes an elevator pitch for some stock, what I would be asking is why these pros are going to outweigh these cons.

And that's where we're back to square one where everything is just opinion and ituition, albeit better informed, which has to count for something.

I'd like to add some sort of quantitative discipline into the mix. And I mean something that has some statistical credibility.

</comment></comment><comment><USER35> I had a class in high school freshman year where we would get a $10,000 fund to paper trade with. We'd make our selections and record them in a journal. Each day, we'd review the WSJ and track prices on our picks.

I went to watch stock ticker channels on PBS at homes and subscribe to Investor's Business Daily.

From there, I spoke with my parent's financial advisor and was able to make some small purchases to invest some of my family's real money.

</comment><comment><USER36> Short advice: get a low-cost physically-replicating ETF covering a large part of the market (e.g. Vanguard) and dollar-cost average. This is the ultra-low- effort average returns approach.

Stock picking advice and understanding the economy:

I really recommend reading all of Warren Buffett's letters to shareholders which can be found on the Berkshire Hathaway website. They are written in a down-to-earth style and offer a panoramic view of investing, from accounting issues to competitive advantages to macroeconomics. You can also see Warren's investing style evolve and him deal with various issues throughout history, from high inflation to the dot-com boom. Warren boils down many issues into easily remembered sayings ("Be greedy when others are fearful and fearful when others are greedy", though the sayings themselves are probably as old as the stock market itself).

Find investments that have moats is one of Warren's guiding rules, i.e. business advantages that are hard to replicate.

Learn about accounting. You don't have to learn everything, but you should know about the things that will affect your valuation of an investment. Pension contributions, stock-option accounting, etc. Come up with your own metrics to compare companies in a sector to find out who is the most efficient etc.

You will have to find an edge, something that most other people don't know, otherwise you'll just follow the crowd. Things that aren't in fashion are great places to find bargains.

Understand how a discounted cash flow (DCF) calculation works. The important part in a DCF from the point of an investor is to look at how sensitive the results are with regard to changes in the input variables (because the risk- free interest rate and size/timing of future cash flows isn't known in advance).

Understand the effect of interest rates on asset prices (see DCF calculation).

Understand the debt cycle. We are at an interesting point in time, coming ever closer to our debt-carrying capacity.

Here is a nice video by Ray Dalio on this topic:

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHe0bXAIuk0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHe0bXAIuk0)

Some economists probably disagree with some things said there, but i think the gist of it is spot on.

</comment><comment><USER37> I was a total novice, I got a copy of The Naked Trader, read it on the bus and now have made quite a lot of profit using the easy to understand tips.

[https://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Naked-Trader-Anyone- Trading/dp/...](https://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Naked-Trader-Anyone- Trading/dp/0857194135/ref=dp_ob_title_bk)

<comment><USER38> Aha, glad I scrolled down, I was about to suggest this book also. It's the only one I've read where I actually remembered the trading tips the next day. It's got a very easy style, and good for the total novice.

I never got as far as actually playing the market though...

</comment></comment><comment><USER39> Probably not helpful to you, but I originally learned from my grandpa when I was in middle school. He was quite the stock market investor and broke down for me the way the market worked at a basic level so that I could understand. However, I didn't really learn about the fundamentals of the market and the basis of all the derivatives/options/leveraged investments, etc. until I took an Investments class in college.

What's your end goal here? Do you just want to be able to make some good personal investment choices, or are you trying to be a day trader or algorithmic investor? The materials will be different depending on your intended path.

In any case, I definitely wouldn't pay for a class. There are more than enough free materials out there like this MOOC from Stanford GSB: [http://online.stanford.edu/Stocks_and_Bonds_Fall_2014](http://online.stanford.edu/Stocks_and_Bonds_Fall_2014)

</comment><comment><USER40> I didn't know what stocks were until my first job out of college as a junior civil engineer. It was 1999, everyone in the office was talking about stocks, all the time. There were magazines laying around like "Money", one I remember had a photo on the cover of a guy and the jet skis he bought with his smart stock investments. Lucky for me I didn't have any savings to 'invest', because it turned out all the stocks people talked about (Juniper Networks? comes to mind) weren't really worth anything, and led to permanent losses on a significant fraction of my colleagues savings.

So...I think it's important to consider fundamental value. A diversified low cost US fund makes sense. I've also learned about bonds, I think medium grade US corporate is a good trade off, when it comes to bond funds you want fixed maturity date 'bullets'. Municipal bonds are good as well. Yada yada, AAPL.

</comment><comment><USER41> I want to ask, what is it that you consider the "investing perspective?" Unless you _never_ plan on closing out your position, then at _some_ point, you will have to sell (or cover, as the case may be). My point is, even if buy-and-hold investing suits your personality more than any other style, technically, you are still a trader. Or more specifically, if you want to learn to reliably make money more often than not, you are going to need to learn to think like a trader, even if you prefer to fancy yourself an investor.

Things to note: This is going to be hard work. It will take time (years for most). Take notes on everything you think and do (keep a trading journal).

You will loose money at first (consider it your "tuition").

Don't put too much weight on the publication date of a resource. Certainly, some specifics of market implementation have changed over the years, but as a whole, human nature (fear and greed) is the same now as it was when the first humans decided to build financial markets.

I know you didn't mention books as a preferred learning source, but, IMO they contain the most condensed stores of knowledge by the most reputable people (read: retired and/or independent) on this subject. Here's my list of recommendations:

High Probability Trading by Marcel Link

How Technical Analysis Works by Bruce Kamich

How to Buy by Justin and Robert Mamis (out of print; worth every penny)

When to Sell by Justin and Robert Mamis

Trading in the Zone by Mark Douglas (don't underestimate the importance of getting your psyche under control!)

Japanese Candlestick Charting Techniques by Steve Nison Market Wizards by Jack Schwager (these are well worth reading)

And of course, the timeless classic, Reminiscences of a Stock Operator by Edwin Lefevre

Good luck!

</comment><comment><USER42> The way I think about the markets - and a way that may help guide you in your quest to focus on this vast concept called the market - is to figure out what investment time horizon suits you best. On the short end of the scale you have your high-frequency players that care more about market-making and market- structure. On the other end of the scale you have the buy-and-hold investor. They look at the fundamentals of the company and try to invest for the long term. And then there is everyone in between. Your trading style and investment thesis usually lines up with the product you care to trade. For example, people looking for a short-term leveraged play on gold commodity might find that going long gold miners gives them that exposure...

</comment><comment><USER43> > I did a search and found out that everybody is recommending "The Intelligent > Investor" by Benjamin Graham.

This book is too advanced for beginner level. As a beginner, you most probably will not like this book and reading it might turn you off investing and stock market (too complex).

The type of books you want are the ones that cover basics and are easy to read. Instead of considering books recommended by others, I will suggest going to a physical book store (library is another option), pick up any investing book on the shelf, read for 15-20 minutes. If you like what you are reading or book fascinates you and you want to continue reading the book, buy (check out) the book and take it home.

If you are a visual learner, I heard Khan Academy videos are good. Also, consider reading biographies of famous investors and financiers and other story-telling type of investing related books. As I am not visual learner, I can't make any specific recommendations.

If you prefer numbers, I will suggest reading "Millionaire Next Door", "A Random Walk Down Wall Street", and "What Works on Wall Street". The first one is not per se investing book but more of an "encouragement" book that will help you continue learning about saving and investing.

> What's your story?

I learnt stock market as "substitute" for gambling. When I first started out working professionally, some newbies (like me) at work will go out to casinos or have booze and gambling Thursday nights (alternate Friday off from work). A few of these people were hardcore gamblers: studying and learning tips and tricks of blackjack, poker etc. Monday lunch at work cafeteria used to be "whining" session, how we lost so much money and odds are against us, etc.

During one such whining session, an older member at work mentioned that on his Friday off, he goes to library to read Wall Street Journal, Value Line to research stocks and check value of his stocks like checking lottery numbers in newspaper (pre-Internet days). He got his "gambling" adrenaline through stock market and how odds of winning are much better than going to casino. This was the start of my interest in stock market and learning more about trading and investing and saving. I went to library on my Friday off to read and check out any investing and trading book on the shelf. I most probably read 30+ different books in a few months period at the start. Investing and trading is the only hobby that has kept me interested over the years.

</comment><comment><USER44> You've received some excellent answers here. I won't reinvent the wheel, but I will add one small detail.

If you're interested in learning about the stock market, it's also helpful to get a good primer on financial accounting. You don't have to be good enough to actually do a public company's financial statements, but it's helpful to have enough of an understanding that you can look at a company's quarterly report, compare it to past periods and get a good sense of how things are going.

I can't think of an accounting primer that is good for this, but I studied accounting in University so I may be biased. So, if I were you, I'd:

\- pick five or six public companies you are interested in.

\- read their annual reports.

\- Google terms you don't understand.

<comment><USER45> i came here to say this. i'd recommend getting a used accounting book and/or Schaum's guide to have on a shelf as one reviews financials. Also, when i narrow the field down to a small group of companies to evaluate and pick from, I often buy a few (sometimes very few, 5-10) shares. The habit originates from the old days when the positions would get the hard copies of the Filings (k's and q's) sent to me-- but that was the 1990's. Now I find that it keeps me committed and focused into looking at the companies so i can either dump the shares or expand the position.

</comment></comment><comment><USER46> Your question is a bit open ended. You want to learn about "stocks" and "market". The second one is a blanket term, but I'll share what I have been doing as, like you, I too prefer videos/audios over reading books.

For past one year, I have been very actively listening to financial podcasts, reading investopedia, taking classes on Coursera (I avoided Udemy so as not to pay for courses). After gleaning through various resources, I settled on the following:

Podcasts: [1] Money Tree Investing: [http://moneytreepodcast.com/](http://moneytreepodcast.com/) [2] We Study Billionaires - The Investors Podcast: [https://www.theinvestorspodcast.com/](https://www.theinvestorspodcast.com/)

I listened to other podcasts and finally settled on these two. I particularly like [2] for the in depth analysis on markets from each guests perspective/expertise.

Classes: [1] Understanding Financial Markets: [https://www.coursera.org/learn/understanding-financial- marke...](https://www.coursera.org/learn/understanding-financial- markets/home/info) [2] Introduction to Finance: [https://www.coursera.org/specializations/valuation- investmen...](https://www.coursera.org/specializations/valuation-investment)

I took only one course in [2], couple of years back and it was very helpful.

Sites: [1] Investopedia.

Keeping in mind that you are a beginner.

I do not invest money in stocks. As @brianpgordon mentioned below, it is very hard to beat the market, especially for a beginner. I only put money in ETF's and low cost index funds. But listening and or reading above resources keeps me educated about this field.

Personal Opinion: "The Intelligent Investor" is very dense and is not for casual investor. Read it only if you are serious about this subject.

EDIT: Edited too many general statements.

</comment><comment><USER47> I became a global multi-strategy hedge fund manager at 23 ($1bn fund) via a series of odd events so didn't have time to go through the classic CFA analyst => fund manager process.

I get asked this question a lot and usually recommend [http://www.realvisiontv.com](http://www.realvisiontv.com) these days, particularly if you like videos.

Some variable quality, but some really excellent, unique viewpoints from value investors and macro managers there.

I would also recommend the Market Wizards series by Schwager and Inside the House of Money/the Invisible Hands by the Drobnys.

</comment><comment><USER48> In the course of investing and reading about investing sometimes I stumble upon what I think of as particular well distilled pieces of insight. I keep a file of these in my notes. Here are a few of my favorite concepts, quoted from others:

"It all comes down to who is going to buy and who is going to sell and for what reasons," -- Ray Dalio

Determine whether an investment opportunity is a Yes, No, or Too Hard: If you do not understand it after brief study…it's Too Hard. If you do not love it shortly after that, it is a No. -- Warren Buffet, paraphrased

"The market is like a large movie theatre with a small door" - N. N. Taleb

</comment><comment><USER49> Not a joke: I communicated 60 minutes each way for a year and thought about all the ways you could know which lane would travel faster than the other, and when.

For information to input into that way of thinking, I got in the habit of reading primary sources (Fed PDFs, company announcements, etc.) as much as possible. At the time I had a subscription to a service that aggregated primary sources in the sectors that interested you. That service has pivoted a few times since then and is now useless for gaining a real information advantage.

Edit: yes, commuted is what I meant. :) Leaving for posterity.

<comment><USER50> (I think he meant "commuted" 60 minutes each way??)

<comment><USER51> tbh I read it as "commuted" anyways. The human brain is quite the work of art.

<comment><USER49> Haha! Yes, it's funny how a longer, incorrect word goes unnoticed. Thanks for catching it.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER52> [https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Video:Bogleheads%C2%AE_inves...](https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Video:Bogleheads%C2%AE_investment_philosophy)

</comment><comment><USER53> The Market Wizards books are a bit dated, but still do a good job of profiling various trader mindsets across a number of markets.

[http://www.amazon.com/The-New-Market-Wizards- Conversations/d...](http://www.amazon.com/The-New-Market-Wizards- Conversations/dp/0887306675) [http://www.amazon.com/Market-Wizards-Interviews- Weinstein-Hi...](http://www.amazon.com/Market-Wizards-Interviews-Weinstein- High-Percentage/dp/1592802761)

</comment><comment><USER54> Read "Trading and Exchanges: Market Microstructure for Practitioners ([http://www.amazon.com/Trading-Exchanges-Market- Microstructur...](http://www.amazon.com/Trading-Exchanges-Market- Microstructure-Practitioners/dp/0195144708))

This will give you an idea and maybe whet your appetite about how markets and trading actually work, and all the reasons people use markets. From there you can work towards learning more about actually developing trading strategies more complex than buy and hold.

<comment><USER55> Seconded: Harris Trading and Exchanges is an excellent book. I read it in 2006 when I was working for a rates trading desk, and wrote a series of blogs posts on it: [https://etrading.wordpress.com/category/reading- harris/](https://etrading.wordpress.com/category/reading-harris/)

</comment></comment><comment><USER56> IMHO investing is more an art than a science. It's a chaotic game that can be played with several focuses and sets of rules but always with the same goal: make money by predicting his evolution. Which focus is better? I don't think there is one, at most, it depends on your personality, investing time frame, amount of money to invest and how much time do you want to spend.

The best actionable advice I heard from somebody making a living from it, paraphrasing:

"Imagine you are a mouse. Investing is to learn how to steal the cheese without being caught."

</comment><comment><USER57> You may want to look beyond stocks, because stocks are a small part of financial markets.

I've mainly done asset allocation. That means, looking between markets and moving assets accordingly. More an interest in themes than individual companies (though themes between companies often appear).

An excellent blog for this style, generally called 'macro', is [http://macro- man.blogspot.com](http://macro-man.blogspot.com) though the financial market slang can be a bit much at first. It is funny and fresh.

</comment><comment><USER58> Millionaire Teacher[0] is what I read for a layman's approach to index investing. It approaches it mostly from an expat's perspective, but the core approach is the same regardless of where you are or plan to retire. And for Canadian-tilted advice I read the Canadian Couch Potato blog[1].

0 - [https://andrewhallam.com/](https://andrewhallam.com/)

1 - [http://canadiancouchpotato.com/](http://canadiancouchpotato.com/)

</comment><comment><USER59> Easy:

The Bogleheads' Guide to Investing

A Random Walk Down Wall Street

You will know 99.9% of what you need to know.

</comment><comment><USER60> Read the Little Book of Common Sense Investing by Bogle, and have stayed the course every since. The more and more I learned about trading, market analysis, arbitration (trying to take advantage of an information market mismatch), I realized my time would be better spent doing something I enjoy and Investing (with a capital I) the Bogle way. In short, buy into passively managed index funds (Vanguard funds, etc) with low cost ratios over time, and dont touch until you must...

</comment><comment><USER61> Too many naysayers in this thread (get burned before guys?).

Motley Fool Investment Guide is where I started. I've subscribe to their Stock Advisor newsletter for nearly a decade and have picked from their recommendations in that newsletter. Basically i've invested money in one of their picks once per month with the expectation to hold that investment for 10+ years. That portfolio has gained an average of 25% PER year and I've never researched a stock.

<comment><USER12> When did you start investing? Because by saying "never researched a stock" sounds like you have been lucky in a bull market rather than investing for decades across multiple bull/bear cycles.

</comment></comment><comment><USER62> Read Warren Buffets shareholder letters

Howard Marks letters at Oaktree

Jeremy Granthams Letters at GMO

Seth Klarman's Margin of Safety

Investor letters of good hedge fund managers (einhorn, dalio, singer, etc)

</comment><comment><USER55> Two of my faves, Random Walk & Trading & Exchanges, have been mentioned by several others, so I won't comment further. Some other books I've enjoyed have been Lewis: Liar's Poker, Das: Traders, Guns & Money, Niederhoffer: Education of a Speculator, Partnoy: FIASCO and Kinderhoffer: Manias, Panics & Crashes. And Taleb: Fooled by Randomness.

</comment><comment><USER63> I learned about them in a bizarre, backwards way; starting with commodities trading (which is more comprehensible because it is zero-sum and its purpose and flows of cash are comprehensible.) Then I moved to bonds, through munis; then insurance, then finally stocks and other derivatives. It's probably a more historically ordered way of learning than is normal.

</comment><comment><USER64> Khan Academy actually has pretty good videos on all this, which isn't that surprising giving Khan's background before he started Khan Academy.

[https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/core- fi...](https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/core-finance)

</comment><comment><USER65> I read a ton of books. I happened to do an internship at Intel back in 1999, and there was a senior engineer in the group that published his own book on the subject of stock trading. It was quite an ingenious method he used.

I have read many books since then, but none have had the uniqueness or simplicity as his method has.

<comment><USER66> Interesting. Do you have a link to his book / paper back then?

<comment><USER65> He only sold it privately in batches through newspaper classifieds. I remember the method and I can provide a summary of how it works.

I did purchase his book, and I ended up lending it out to a family member who lost it :(

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER67> Since you said you like videos, Khan Academy has a section on stocks: [https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/core- fi...](https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/core- finance/stock-and-bonds)

</comment><comment><USER68> This is a good book (albeit UK focussed): [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Financial- Times-Guide-Investing/dp/...](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Financial-Times-Guide- Investing/dp/1292005076/)

</comment><comment><USER69> As my third job, when I was perhaps around 17-18, I worked in a small publicly listed company. What I saw there in terms of inefficiency, PR, gaming the system and outright corruption turned me off stocks and the market entirely.

</comment><comment><USER70> Over the last couple of years, I have spend a lot of time on investing (e.g. learning about it and actually making picks) and I did not outperform the market (aka "generate alpha"): Seeing how strongly the major indices developed, it would have been better to buy an ETF (a passive investment instrument that replicates the movement of an underlying such as the S&P500 index) and do literally nothing else.

Generating alpha is very, very hard; If you want to maximize your financial wealth it might be better to focus on earning more money (for example by acquiring in-demand skills), living frugally and be content with market- returns (which have been fantastic over the last 200 years).

What is true for most skills is true for investing: instead of reading about it, start doing it right from the start: Pick a company (maybe smallish <$250m market capitalization, so the complexity is less overwhelming) and learn as much about that firm, its competitors and the market it operates in as you possibly can. This process can take weeks of full-time work for a single firm.

At the end of the investment process you have one task and one task only: have an opinion on whether the company is selling for less than it is worth.

You don't actually have to commit capital, just start a watchlist (a couple of dry-runs will be a good learning experience!)

Be aware of the fact that investing requires a lot of discipline: thorough analysis is tough and time-consuming. Also, investing is contrarian by default: you don't outperform the market by doing what the market does (D'oh!), you have to think and act independently.

Investing can be an emotional roller-coaster (e.g. it is tough to admit that your judgement was wrong and cut your losses).

Investing is more art than science, uncertainty about the future and facts you cannot know are lurking everywhere, you'll have to develop your own principles (and refine them over the years) to become successful. I recommend creating a checklist that reflect your principles and sticking to that list religiously.

Fundamental analysis crucially relies on understanding the three parts of financial reporting: the profit & loss-statement, the cash-flow statement and the balance sheet. Studying those from one of the numerous free online resources should serve you well.

In conclusion: investing is a intellectually rewarding endeavor (and I wouldn't want to miss it) but, and that is true by definition, almost no one can reliably generate alpha. So spend your time, effort and (!) money wisely.

</comment><comment><USER71> I'm a big fan of Harry Browne's thoughts on the subject:

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail- Safe_Investing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail-Safe_Investing)

</comment><comment><USER72> (Shameless self-promotion) My notes - [http://ashishb.net/category/finance/](http://ashishb.net/category/finance/)

</comment><comment><USER73> Keep in mind that in order to beat a passive index like the Vanguard 500, you will need to be better than the _vast_ majority of professional hedge fund and mutual fund managers.

<comment><USER74> Or you know a monkey picking randomly.

[http://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-hedge-fund-geniuses- got...](http://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-hedge-fund-geniuses-got-beaten- by-monkeys-again-2015-06-25)

</comment></comment><comment><USER75> I read the intelligent investor and then went an got an MBA.

I would recommend building a business / start up or teaching yourself programming. Over the long term you will make more money.

</comment><comment><USER76> Growing up my father had a subscription to BusinessWeek, which for some reason I took a healthy interest in reading back in the 80's.

</comment><comment><USER77> Ask yourself this question: "What do you know that no-one else does?" Then find a way to trade based on this information.

</comment><comment><USER78> Self-taught. Still learning. I'm avoiding books and trying to draw my own conclusions by watching the market.

One thing I have learned is that most of the other people talking about the market are full of shit. There is so much misinformation and red herrings that it feels like seasoned investors WANT newbs getting lost in the spiderwebs.

</comment><comment><USER79> People recommending VOO as a nice ETF, what about QQQ (mirrors Nasdaq).

</comment><comment><USER80> Hi n13,

>What's my story.

My father was a chemical engineer. He got an MBA and switched to investment banking and then to financial stock analysis. Back in the 80s, he had something similar to ValueLine and would go through them looking for P/E and EPS filters. We had racks of these financial metric newsletters and a couple of interns running this from home. Occasionally I would help out. This was my first introduction to stocks.

My dad then switched to private investment banking. He would come home and tell us stories about startups, how he invested and so on. Then he started writing financial articles for newspapers. Mainly on Technical analysis. Some days, he would be too busy to do it and I would write the articles. I was his tech support for the graphical charting packages. The technical charting packages were also my "fruit fly"/muse for learning new languages. Every time I wanted to learn a language, I would re-implement my charting package. Dad fancies himself an astrologer so for a while there were articles on stocks and astrology. "You must be a Virgo - cause your wallet is so thick ;)"

At one point, he was the owner/editor of a newspaper publication himself and we had the union workers protesting outside our residence for a day on some matter. The newspaper died fairly quickly when we couldn't find advertising to support it.

One event from this period that sticks out. Like twelve years old are wont to do, I'd asked for a bicycle. My dad usually responds to these with - "If I invest in the bike, what will we get back?" I have better answers now. Anyway, he bought me a really unappealing cheap, robust bike that I was ashamed to drive with my friends. It never got much use.

So by the time I graduated college, I knew roughly what stocks were. I had written technical charting analysis packages, understood EPS and P/E and knew that you only put money into something if you get more money back.

For my master's thesis I worked on Genetic programming and growing technical analysis indicators to trade stocks.

This is a formidable head start but my investing record is quite pitiful. I understand a lot of the terms but not how to apply them successfully. I've found quite a few ways to fail and am now comfortable sticking with invest funds.

But I continue to invest and read up on investing. I believe it is the easiest way for me to reach my "magic number". And I enjoy the process. But most of my money is in index funds.

\</comment><comment></comment><comment></comment><comment></comment><comment>-----

Advise: On reflection, I can recommend the following.

1\. Get a broad 30,000 foot view of the different investing philosophies (Technical analysis, Fundamental analysis, value investing, special situations, Dividend investing, etc.). Evaluate these schools against each other and against yourself. For example - I started out as a technical investor, but it made no logical sense to me. So I switched to momentum investing and sucked at that. Now I'm trying value investing on for size. Some of these methodologies will fit your personality and others will not. The book recommendations made in this thread help. Random walk down wall street says markets are efficient so don't try to beat them. Fisher's book will have you picking stocks. Some of these arguments will resonate with you and others won't. Try on these philosophies. "Strong opinions weakly held" comes to mind.

2\. For value investing - forget the technical jargon and Investopedia. Approach the stock from a HN/startup/VC point of view. Imagine you are buying a business. If this company asked for your money, would you give it? What questions would you ask as a VC?

\- What is the market size?

\- Are the users growing?

\- What is the infrastructure cost?

\- What is the exit strategy?

\- Who are the competitors?

\- What are the risks?

Shark tank does a good job making this sort of mental modelling accessible in video form.

You only need the finance terms to answer these questions. But the first task is to ask the right questions.

The problem you'll find is that most public traded companies do lots of things and it gets confusing. Find the 1-3 most important things to focus on or look for smaller companies.

3\. As others have recommended, take a stock and make a recommendation. Write out an analysis of whether you would buy or sell. Then look at the analyst reports for that stock. Look at seekingalpha.com articles. What did you miss? What insight did you have that nobody else did? This is the hard work of having an opinion that cannot be done from videos. Investing is a contact sport for ideas and you need to understand the feel of the soccer ball on your feet.

4\. Be realistic. What kind of returns are you expecting? Anything more than 10-15% is unrealistic in the early days. Even if the return exists, would you be willing to risk enough in that one opportunity to make an overall difference in your net-worth? This is where portfolio management comes in. The more you diversify, the less risk and return you have. The less you diversify, the more certain you have to be in your abilities. For those of us who are unsure, getting to that point of certainty is long road.

\</comment><comment></comment><comment>-

Good luck - you have a wonderfully interesting road in front of you that will keep you excited for years.

</comment><comment><USER81> If your goal is to "make money" by personal selection of equities/futures/options/ETFs you will in the long run lose more money than having kept the money in a savings account. You will lose both the capital and interest.

Since the fastest way in the market to make a million dollars has historically been to start with two million, in todays markets one would need to start with 10 million.

Today 99% of profitable market trades are automated. You will neither have the hardware infrastructure, technical accumen, or market/insider knowledge to EVER compete. You may eventually acquire a sufficient technical understanding. Individually you will never gain the other two.

If you want to "gamble" then I would suggest you figure out how much money you are willing to lose. If it is less than five digits, you will have neither enough for learning nor enough to survive setbacks. Initial minor choice: take this cash to Vegas rather than Wall St.

Once you have your trading account setup and funded, leave it alone for the next month. Watch market news. Read analysis. Join trading forums. Once you are reasonably fluent in the lingo and action, go back to your trading account. Second decision point: IF you are still interested in losing all that cash sitting in the account (think of what you could have used it for this past month, or how much it will accrue in your IRA/401k/saving account), then start tracking sectors which appeal to you.

Develop analysis to track stocks/sectors/etc in such a way that you feel you have insights to offer into the above discussion venues.

Now, the hard part. If you have spent sufficient time to gain understanding, and still have an interest in spending even greater time, then you are ready to start gambling for real.

You will have developed specific sectors/equities which you are interested in trading and so will have a reasonable idea about what to bet on. Do so with 1/4 or 1/3 of your cash. Decide entry, exit and bail out prices. Ignore these at the certainty of loss. Make a buy order, keeping your perviously intuited prices in mind. Wait for either a profit sale or a stop-loss sale. After sale, assess every step of you process. What was accurate? Wrong? Unclear? Resolve all these questions.

Repeat this process until you have no more trading cash available in your account.

Final decision: Either: scrimp, scrounge, beg, borrow and steal another stake; deposit into account and enter a lifelong addictive passion of passing your own money into the coffers of "others." OR: acknowledge you have neither the time, interest, expertise, insider knowledge, infrastructure access or capital to continue this gambling and walk away.

Option 1 will cost you money, health and familial ties. Option 2 will earn you great wealth and free time.

Good luck. Have fun storming the markets and don't say you weren't warned.

<comment><USER33> _> Today 99% of profitable market trades are automated_

Do you mean that 99% of all profits end up with HFT firms?

</comment></comment><comment><USER82> Many others have wisely advised caution. This is an area which interests me as well. A lot. So have read a lot of articles and also some books on the topic (some may only indirectly apply to this topic)

\- 'The Big Short' & 'Liar's Poker' by Michael Lewis

\- AntiFragile by N N Taleb (There are other's by Taleb, which I haven't read)

\- Seeking Wisdom by Peter Bevelin (on lessons learnt from Warren Buffet & Charlie Munger -- Yes, few of the most richest guys, who gained perhaps)[1]

I have also made some mistakes in investing. One so obvious mistake in hindsight, one was around 2007, when I moved a large portion of my networth from a single stock, to a diverse portfolio. Which was a good thing in itself, as I was moving it from all-eggs-in-a-basket to more distributed. But When the crash happened (world wide) I might have gone down 30%! The single stock, was comparatively down by much less. The good thing I did was not to do a panic sell in 2009. Though Discarded some stocks which were proven worthless (some down by 95%), just to avoid the pain of seeing them in my portfolio. But I kept the Mutual funds, which again started to come back to the original levels around 2011 and later on.

In restrospect, I should have reduced the risk fast. That is moved it all to cash. Then gone about investing slowly. By which I would have escaped huge downside (2008/2009). The problem is I knew the mantra already. But it got firmly registered after that experience. Another such golden rule is 'Buy when cheap, Sell when high'. Sounds very simple, but hard to grok it fully, unless you have felt some pain.

Having learnt that lesson. Now I keep most of my investment outside the stock market (exited during the rise of 2014). And keep only lesser amount around 10-15% in stock market. And that too only in index funds.

So IMHO, there is clearly no one size fits all. Investing and gaining from it is very much possible. Wonder if there is any vested interest in the mantra which gurus give i.e. invest only in mutual funds/index funds. Do they want others to not compete with them? :-)

But it does take a lot of time and years and pain to become good at it. And time is the biggest resource constraint, which perhaps we (the non-pros) all have. So at present I like to read everything I find on the topic. But decide to play it safe (i.e. fixed deposits, index funds, and similar). As once you are in the game i.e. investing in stocks/instruments which have huge upsides/downsides and hence riskier. You need to be more involved. And my personal experience its very difficult to do that, with things like programming and trying to grow your own business.

Hope this misc bit of reading pointers and micro experience share, is of tiny bit use. I am ever interested to read as much on this topic - views, articles, particularly the insights people learn from experience.

[1] Had got this reco via Derek sivers [https://sivers.org/book/SeekingWisdom](https://sivers.org/book/SeekingWisdom)

Edit: typo

</comment><comment><USER83> ZeroHedge

</comment><comment><USER84> [Deleted]

<comment><USER85> Anything you upvote shows up in your profile under "saved stories" or "saved comments".

<comment><USER84> Ah, I did not know that, thanks!</comment></comment></comment>


Finding Similar Music Using Matrix Factorization - <AUTHOR> http://www.benfrederickson.com/matrix-factorization/ <comment><USER2> Personally to me, these methods of finding music don't work. I believe it's because most people tend to listen to music in a genre.

Because the above method doesn't work, I have done correlations between different artists I like and the music recommended for that artist. (Example Arists A: Similar B C D; Artists E: Similar C D, then it would recommend C=4 point, D=4 points, B=2 point)

This method sort of works, but it mainly yields music I find 'acceptable' not music I find good.

Music should IMO be recommended using genre/tags(artists, year, ...) as well as:

(rather long list:) tempo, complexity of the music, instruments, amount of instruments, how monotone or varied to music is, then there is music that uses notes to keep you in short suspense and others in long suspense, general sound of the music (rock would be 'rough' while violin would generally be 'smooth'), music patterns, music pattern genre, ...

And then you need to train a small neural net per person to figure out witch of all these features is important to the person you are recommending music to.

(Edit: added to list of features to look for in music)

<comment><USER3> The approach you describe is one of many. Traditional collaborative filtering using matrix factorization will "discover" the features you listed, or other non-intuitive features, from patterns in the data. They don't always need to be listed explicitly, and training individual asymmetric models (like your one NN per person) isn't always ideal. Per person models won't make a lot of sense unless each person has rated a large number of songs, which usually isn't the case.

In general, methods like this require an epic amount of data to work well for consumers. The Netflix Prize made a dataset with 110 _million_ ratings available, and that was barely enough to make impressive predictions. The issue here isn't the statistical model being used, but the paucity of training data. If you trained this or any other model on one billion rated songs, the quality of the recommendations could blow your mind. They would however still skew toward the average musical tastes.

<comment><USER2> Ow the NN would be rather small though: like 1 or 3 layer kind. The bulk of the identification has to be done before. Although music patterns could be a problem.

And the skew toward the average musical taste is exactly my issue. Finding music is more like playing bingo to me.

Disclaimer: I haven't used any note-wordy NN yet, so this might still required a ton of input. But if the NN could start recognizing thinks like for example: likes piano with male singer, but a penalty when it includes a violin in these genres (stupid example) it would IMO be an improvement.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER4> I often find that artists who I like tend to work together (this is especially true in hip-hop and electronica, but also in rock music as well through side projects). I've found some of my favorite albums this way; and it's weird esoteric stuff that other people tend to like (just harder to find unless you know to look for it).

Is there an algorithm that suggests music based on the degrees of connectedness to the individuals who made the music? I discovered Kanye West long, long before he made it big because he did a guest track on a label- produced mixtape. I said "man this shit is dope" and tried to track him down, but was only able to find other guest tracks on like a Mos Def album and a Common album (this was in like 1998, 5 years before he released a solo album).

I really miss that way of finding music, because it introduced me to a lot of artists who were similar enough I would like them, but different enough that genres started to morph into one another. A good example there would be Nine Inch Nails vs. How To Destroy Angels - Trent Reznor is behind both of them, but HTDA has a much more haunting, ambient sound compared to the sharp edges and distorted beats of NIN.

<comment><USER5> PageRank is analogous to this type of music discovery if you created a graph based on artists who have collaborated together. It'd be about the same as having a teleportation vector that always restarts the random walk back at the artist you're wanting to explore around.

</comment></comment><comment><USER6> I did a similar thing for music/movies/directors/actors using word2vec which is also a form of matrix factorization[1]. (Shameless plug) You can try it at [http://rerecommender.com](http://rerecommender.com)

[1] [http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~blei/seminar/2016_discrete_data/...](http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~blei/seminar/2016_discrete_data/readings/LevyGoldberg2014.pdf)

</comment><comment><USER7> Cool stuff, did you look at using Latent Dirichlet Allocation to perform the categorization?

<comment><USER6> LDA actually works better for this in my experience. That is if assessed by the median distance to leave-one-out from the ones liked by a user in the test set.

</comment></comment><comment><USER8> A self-learning, genre agnostic music recommender with a nice interface is [http://www.gnoosic.com](http://www.gnoosic.com)

It has been learning on it's own for years now and works pretty well for me.

<comment><USER9> Nice, except it is artist-based, not song-based.

</comment></comment><comment><USER10> Oh, I thought this was talking about looking through the actual notes of the music to find patterns

</comment><comment><USER11> Rammstein -> Command & Conquer Red Alert 3 :P</comment>


Decentralized Mayhem – Do we know what we're building? - <AUTHOR> https://medium.com/@fvsegarra/decentralized-mayhem-fa463ebe4a1a <comment><USER2> You missed a major point decentralized doesn't mean relatively evenly distributed.

[https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/1-bitcoin-community- controls...](https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/1-bitcoin-community- controls-99-bitcoin-wealth/)

Nor can you guarantee it because it's hard to prove an individual.

</comment><comment><USER2> What scares the shit out of me is some crypto funded decentralized AI. And the first use case seems pretty straight forward. Start with visual search.

<comment><USER2> actually a better use case would be some kind of crypto trading app.</comment></comment>


LinkedIn IPO: How much everyone got - <AUTHOR> http://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2011/05/18/linkedins-ipo-what-everyones-stakes-are-now-worth/ If you ask me, it's another homerun for Sequoia Capital, Greylock Partners and not to mention Reid Hoffman. <comment><AUTHOR> If you ask me, it's another amazing homerun for Sequoia Capital, Greylock Partners and not to mention Reid Hoffman!

And assuming that the stock price goes up pass the $100 mark, this will put Reid Hoffman in the billionaire club.</comment>


Collaborative Mathematics with SageMathCloud and Google Cloud Platform - <AUTHOR> http://googleresearch.blogspot.com/2014/09/collaborative-mathematics-with.html

<comment><USER2> Is there a comparison of Sage capabilities with other CAS such as Mathematica, Matlab or Maple?

<comment><USER3> Such a formal comparison may exist somewhere, but I can summarize the key differences between Mathematica and Sage, two tools I'm familiar with.

Sage relies on Python, Mathematica relies on a proprietary language.

Mathematica can do a number of things that Sage can't do, but Sage has a wider array of mathematical tools and environments bundled with it (and Sage is a big package -- 4.4 GB installed). Sage includes a number of specialized packages for research and scientific mathematics beyond the most often used functions and packages.

Sage can perform the usual symbolic math operations -- solve equations, derive, integrate, produce many kinds of symbolic and numerical results. Mathematica can solve more cases in the same domains.

Sage is free. Mathematica presently costs $2,745 for the default, single-seat license.

Sage: [http://www.sagemath.org/](http://www.sagemath.org/)

My Sage tutorial: [http://www.arachnoid.com/sage](http://www.arachnoid.com/sage)

Mathematica: [http://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/pricing/industry- individu...](http://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/pricing/industry- individuals.php)</comment></comment>


Ways of Looking at Frank Lloyd Wright - <AUTHOR> http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/08/17/twelve-ways-of-looking-at-frank-lloyd-wright/ <comment><USER2> This exhibit is a must see if you get the chance to visit it at the Museum of Modern Art in New York - it runs until October.

The large drawings of the Illinois/Mile High Skyscraper are certainly worth seeing in person, as are models of the Monona Terrace and the Guggenheim.

</comment><comment><USER3> Never been impressed with the usability of FLW's designs.

</comment><comment><USER4> My grandpa lived in a FLW house for the better part of my childhood. I don't remember much of it, but I do remember how in awe I was every time I saw it.

</comment><comment><USER5> MoMA has the nerve to mention Frank Lloyd Wright?

Wasn't it MoMA's very own Nazi loving Philip Johnson [1] that lead the way to relegate (hah) FLW as a has been and push the "International Style" via the cultural propaganda organ of MoMA?

[1]: [https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/one-of-americas-most- famous-...](https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/one-of-americas-most-famous- architects-was-a-nazi-propa-1566021324)

<comment><AUTHOR> MoMA put on its first Wright exhibit in 1940. The book related to that exhibit, _In the Nature of Materials_ , was first published in 1942 and written by Hitchkock (the other author/curator of _The International Style_ ). The Wright book was republished as a paperback and printed at least through the 1980's and sold through mass market bookstores. It's ubiquity on bookshelves is reflected in its $1.99 availability on Amazon today.

Historically, it's worth noting that the decade preceding _The International Style_ at MoMA was not a particularly high point of Wright's career. Partially because of the personal drama he created led to limited commissions. Partially because his architectural vision was mostly manifested in textile block structures. His most interesting earlier works were twenty years old and his most interesting later works were a few years down the road.

None of which is to defend Johnson. I'm not a fan of Van der Rohe either. He led the Bauhaus after the Nazi's kicked out Gropius (of whom I am a fan). The other connection between Johnson and Van der Rohe is both built glass houses. Johnson first and lived in it, Van der Rohe did a knockoff for a client a few years later.

Anyway the political affiliations of architects is always problematic, e.g. Imhotep or Vitruvius or anyone I've ever heard of from the Italian Renaissance. Heck, HOK designed Enron Field.

<comment><USER5> Philip Johnson is on the record apologizing to Wright. "Sorry Frankie".

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER6> The Illinois sketch looks magnificent. I hope we build it someday.</comment>


Introducing Apk2Gold, an easy and comprehensive Android APK decompiler - <AUTHOR> https://github.com/lxdvs/apk2gold <comment><USER2> I'm amazed at how many comments there are in line with "OMG this is amazing, now I can decompile thousands of apps blah blah". I write Android apps all day long, but I have yet to find a (legitimate) need to decompile someone else's apps. I suspect all this decompiling, repackaging, and re-signing is designed for people to strip license checks, remove ads, add some other nonsense, and repackage the whole deal for distribution on 3rd-party app stores or websites, without the consent of any of the original developers. I've seen this with my own apps, which are repackaged with different resources, while keeping the code mostly intact. The result is then re-published by someone else. Instead of spending so much energy ripping off other apps, why not create something new? We certainly haven't exhausted what's possible in terms of app breadth and quality.

<comment><USER3> I wrote the first native Dalvik decompiler, and it wasn't used for any of the things you mention. Decompilers of this sort are tremendously useful tools in security work.

</comment></comment><comment><USER4> Haha... I like this :)

So for you guys that are using this to decompile, say 450,000 android apps in a row, I highly recommend to use:

        ulimit -m $((1024*1024))

These tools sometimes flip out, both dex2jar, and jd-core.

<comment><AUTHOR> would have been impossible without your work :) thanks man

<comment><USER4> I can't wait to be able to release the sources of this bad boy:

<http://viennot.biz/google-play-crawler-dashboard.png>

<http://viennot.biz/google-play-search.png>

Expect it in April :)

EDIT: Notice in the search screenshot how I'm missing the R references. This problem is addressed by lxdvs in Apk2Gold.

<comment><USER5> What analytics app is that in the dashboard screenshot?

<comment><USER6> <https://metrics.librato.com/>

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER7> I'll definitely check this out, thanks lxdvs! I've been doing some research into Android apps and agree that the jumping through all the hoops with dex2jar, jd-gui (which fails to work for me on Linux), etc manually has been a pain.

Another similar tool you might want to look into is Androguard: <https://code.google.com/p/androguard/>

<comment><AUTHOR> thats totally sweet. Actually had not seen that, which is surprising considering the research I've been doing for this project. Thanks for the heads up!

</comment></comment><comment><USER8> Well once v1.5.2 is out. You can trash that 8mb apktool.jar. I got Proguard in v1.5.2 so the jar is only 2.2mb, on top of a lot of fixes.

<comment><AUTHOR> I'm into it. Considering including apktool as submodule and building alongside.

</comment></comment><comment><USER9> Does this decompile to the exact code the developer wrote (without comments etc...) ? Or does this decompile to a usable Java code ?

<comment><AUTHOR> It doesn't even decompile to "useable" code, but it does compile to code that will give you the gist of what what the intention was and what the actual commands are.

Decompilation to java is still a lossy process; if you want a non-lossy process you can check out APKTool which will encode/decode Smali (a Dalvik VM representation/assembly lang). But then you have to learn Smali...

<comment><USER10> You say that as if its a bad thing, smali is a pleasure to read/reverse compared to a lot of other "assembly".

On top of that, using this approach you can edit and rebuild the apk. jd-gui and company are nice, but often times I prefer to just skip ahead to the smali and really know whats going on.

<comment><AUTHOR> Totally agree with everything you just said! I'm not down on Smali; obviously its incredibly powerful because you can tweak and baksmali. I just personally have no need to modify and rebuild Dalvik.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER11> very cool. How does the output compare with something like Virtuous 10 Studio?

<comment><AUTHOR> So I have not _actually used_ V10S (dont have a windows machine for one thing), but my impression is that it was only for smali code. This decompiles to Java, and its for Linux/OSX.

I would say that V10S is for small modification/hax, and java decompilation is for understanding how people did things/what they are doing.

Also becoming a smali god is hard.

<comment><USER11> V10S goes to java as well. I've really enjoyed using it and the work flow is quite nice.</comment></comment></comment>


Yooka-Laylee – A 3D Platformer Rare-vival - <AUTHOR> https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/playtonic/yooka-laylee-a-3d-platformer-rare-vival <comment><USER2> Love what this project is aiming for. I'm glad it's happening. It's also fun to observe framerate fetishism on Playtronic's forums where questions about support for 120+fps are popping all over the place. I tend to feel that people who aren't concerned about, say, gameplay, game length, quality of content overall but hedge their support on the framerate have their priorities in a very weird place. ;)

</comment><comment><USER3> I'm super excited about all this, and if anybody can deliver a game, it's these people, but I can't think of a single Kickstarter that's listed an endless number of stretch goals (including cross-platform support, especially on Linux) and then delivered on them, let alone doing it on time.</comment>


"Paul Graham himself was completely written in lisp" - <AUTHOR> http://secretgeek.net/lisp_truth.asp <comment><USER2> Indeed: here are two of the original functions.

(defun lsb (n i) (cond ((eq n 0) i) (T (lsb (logand (- n 1) n) (+ i 1))) ) )

(defun bits (n) (lsb n 0))

CL-USER (bits #B101100101101001010101101001010101001001111)

22

</comment><comment><USER3> Good work ruining the punch line by putting it in the heading.

<comment><AUTHOR> No reason for that kind of tone, we're all friends here. Besides, picking your own titles is half the fun at this.

<comment><USER3> I didn't mean for my comment to have "that kind of tone", I was just busting your balls buddy.

<comment><AUTHOR> Ok cool. Probably needed it anyway for putting the punchline in the title. :)

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER4> I wonder if the author knows he didn't write reddit.

<comment><USER5> yeh i do know that ;-)

the last words of the article are: "(p.s. first person to write a comment that says "Paul Graham did not write reddit" deserves a lollipop.)"

<comment><AUTHOR> Hey great article dude. Really enjoyed it.</comment></comment></comment>


Drones Get A Messaging Network Aptly Called SkyNet - <AUTHOR> http://thenewstack.io/a-messaging-network-for-drones-called-skynet

<comment><USER2> Awesome! I am really thinking of getting into drones as a hobby. There are so many cool projects you can do, especially when you have a communications system. Imagine a pack of drones "hunting" together for something!</comment>


Another government employee, another private account, another crashed hard drive - <AUTHOR> http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-epas-own-email-problem-1440718297

<comment><AUTHOR> Begs the question, what brand and model of hard drive is being procured that is so unreliable? I don't want to buy them!

<comment><USER2> Western Digital

(obviously don't know, but I have had maybe 3 or 4 failed Segates in my entire career and 50+ dead Western Digital drives)</comment></comment>


This Silicon Valley Billionaire Has Been Secretly Funding Hulk Hogan's Lawsuits - <AUTHOR> http://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2016/05/24/this-silicon-valley-billionaire-has-been-secretly-funding-hulk-hogans-lawsuits-against-gawker/#43a264bd7805 <comment><USER2> Peter Thiel.</comment>


Failure to commit is as bad as failure to start. - <AUTHOR> http://davidhieatt.typepad.com/doonethingwell/2013/06/failure-to-commit-is-as-bad-as-failure-to-start-.html <comment><AUTHOR> Interesting point - but not sure that I agree 100%. I think sometimes things are successful despite a certain lack of commitment.</comment>


Target, Walgreens, CVS and Walmart to Offer Drive-Through Coronavirus Testing - <AUTHOR> https://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/target-walgreens-cvs-and-walmart-offer-drive-through-coronavirus-testing/2244586 <comment><USER2> New York started doing this earlier today in New Rochelle, minus the corporate partnerships [1].

You call a phone number, get a reserved time to show up, and show up. 6 lanes, 200 cars per day capacity.

[1] [https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/new- roche...](https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/new- rochelle/2020/03/13/coronavirus-drive-through-testing-starts-glen-island-park- new-rochelle/5040315002)</comment>


FCC's net neutrality rules open door to new fee on Internet service - <AUTHOR> http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-broadband-fees-20150409-story.html#page=1 <comment><USER2> >That means the cost simply would be spread among more customers, and in many cases a new broadband fee would be offset by a lower fee on a consumer's phone bill.

Yeah, but we don't pay for phone service since we switched to GV and an Obitalk router. I'd like to see someone explain why this is a good outcome and has anything to do with NN.</comment>


Ask HN: Are there people willing to pay for security? - <AUTHOR> <comment><USER2> People pay for services like Cloudflare and Incapsula so it is safe to assume that people will pay for security.

I pay for website backup software that backs up to a CDN, which I also pay for, in case my site crashes, I can restore it in about 10 minutes.

While I love the fact that Cloudflare offers a free plan, I am glad they also have paid plans, as nothing is free, but having that nice gesture helps. Security is definitely a commodity that people are willing to pay for if it "eases their pain", whatever pain they may have.

Outside of a computer, I bought an entire security system with 4 cameras, and paid a guy from Comcast under the table in cash to run them throughout the perimeter of my house, so I can see whats going, and have it recorded. I also pay for ADT security system that will alert me if someone tries to break into my house.

So for sure... security is a necessity for many and as long as you are reasonable with your pricing, people will certainly pay for that peace of mind.

</comment><comment><USER3> Threatstack, Appcanary, etc. There are tons of companies built on the security SaaS tools model.</comment>


A writing career becomes harder to scale - <AUTHOR> http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/arts/la-ca-endurability7-2010feb07,0,3305751,print.story

<comment><USER2> The last two paragraphs, are the most interesting:

'Perhaps there is a clue to be found near the end of Solotaroff's essay: "Writing itself, if not misunderstood and abused, becomes a way of empowering the writing self. It converts anger and disappointment into deliberate and durable aggression, the writer's main source of energy. It converts sorrow and self-pity into empathy, the writer's main means of relating to otherness. Similarly, his wounded innocence turns into irony, his silliness into wit, his guilt into judgment, his oddness into originality, his perverseness into his stinger."

'The writer who has experienced this even for a moment becomes hooked on it and is willing to withstand the rest. Insecurity, rejection and disappointment are a price to pay, but those of us who have served our time in the frozen tundra will tell you that we'd do it all over again if we had to. And we do. Each time we sit down to create something, we are risking our whole selves. But when the result is the transformation of anger, disappointment, sorrow, self-pity, guilt, perverseness and wounded innocence into something deep and concrete and abiding -- that is a personal and artistic triumph well worth the long and solitary trip.'

Perhaps the first time creating something is the most difficult.

</comment><comment><USER3> Publishing is broken.

In the face of the Internet, which is the greatest platform ever created for a single person trying to build a following on the basis of their writing ability, publishers still send out newbie authors on book signing tours. So that they can spend hundreds to go to a city they've never been and put copies of their book into the hands of people who happen by the bookstore that day. Because _that_ is apparently the most efficient use of their time.

My little brother, who is trying to break into comics by sustained guerrilla warfare, has a more sophisticated Internet strategy than most published authors. (A blog, a mailing list, analytics, keyword research, reader surveys, etc. If you're going to make writing a career, make a business out of it.)

And authors have such a case of Stockholm Syndrome that they take what their publishers are doing, borked in many ways, and consider it normal. (There is a precious comment on a blog post I made about the Kindle, where a published author loudly objects at the notion that authors sell books to readers: I have it totally wrong, they sell books to _publishers_. Readers are an afterthought. I don't think I'd be very good at my job if I could even consider uttering the words "I sell software to Paypal.")

</comment><comment><USER4> "My first three books sold, in combination, fewer than 15,000 copies in hardcover."

So what was she living off? Did the publisher pay her for years, just hoping she would one day hit it big? Or what was different from today?

<comment><USER5> Grants, stipends, fellowships. Teaching, odd jobs, seasonal work. Of the writers I have known, none "made a living at it", but few of them stopped writing because it didn't pay enough.

Writing as a profession has always been a rough road, subsidised by elite patronage and government arts programs. Most commercially successful writers barely move themselves above the poverty line by the proceeds of their book sales.

tl;dr It's art. It doesn't have to pay to be worth doing.

<comment><USER4> So it sounds as if nothing has changed, really? If anything, I'd expect more opportunities for writers today, as they don't necessarily need a publisher anymore. Grants and all the other things you mention still exist, I think.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER6> I've written two books (both technical) and kind of know the space. My reasons for writing weren't for fame or fortune but to enhance my resume and become embedded in a community. At no point was I ever convinced that I would make a lot of money (directly from book sales).</comment>